### Treatment of individual words

For treatment of proper nouns, see proper nouns and especially Unique entities.

> A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | +T

| In general, the information on this page focuses on morphologically simple items, including bound morphemes like -WARD. Morphologically complex words are the focus of Splitting and joining words.

#### ABOARD

> The variants of ABOARD are treated as follows. `NP-COM` is used only when BOARD is spelled as a separate word. Cf. AMID.

>     (PP (P on)				(PP (P+N aboard)
>         (NP (N board)			    (NP (N ship)))
>             (NP-COM (N ship))))

>     (PP (P on)				(PP (P+N aboard)
>         (NP (N board)			    (PP (P of)
>             (PP (P of)				(NP (D the) (N ship))))
>                 (NP (D the) (N ship)))))

#### ABOUT

> ABOUT in adverbial use is tagged `ADV`. See also Number phrase (`NUMP`).

>     (NP-TMP (ADV about) (D the) (ADJ same) (N time))

#### ADO

#### ADOWN

#### AFAR (see FAR)

#### AGAIN

>     (ADVP (ADV again)		<-- no ADVP-TMP

> See also ONCE AGAIN.

#### AGO

> AGO is treated as a temporal adverb (despite being derived from AGONE, originally used as the predicate of an absolute small clause).

>     (ADVP-TMP (NP-MSR (D a) (N week))
>               (ADV ago))

#### ALBEIT, ALL BE IT (THAT)

> Treated differently in the PPCME2 and in the PPCEME/PCEEC. See ALBEIT, Concessive clauses.

#### ALL

> See also ALBEIT, Concessive clauses.

> ALL is always tagged `Q`, but it is not always easy to distinguish floated quantifier ALL from adverbial/intensive ALL. We therefore apply the following default rules.

> - In the floated quantifier position, ALL is labelled `Q` at the clausal level if the subject is plural or collective.
> - When immediately preceding a preposition, ALL is treated as a specifier, if that is possible (as in ALL OVER THE PLACE).
> - Otherwise, ALL is labelled `ADVP`, as in the following examples.

>     (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (ADJ hyhe) (N masse))
>                   (BEP be)
>                   (ADVP (Q all))
>                   (DAN done))
>           (ID CMMALORY,7.197))

>     (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR$ Gryfflettis) (N spere))
>                   (ADVP (Q all))
>                   (VBD to-shevirde))
>           (ID CMMALORY,38.1206))

>     (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ hir) (N horse))
>                   (BED was)
>                   (ADVP (Q all))
>                   (VAN beswette))
>           (ID CMMALORY,626.3508))

#### ALMIGHTY

#### ALONE

> ALONE has a focus particle use.

#### ALSO (see ALSWA)

#### ALSWA

> ALSWA and ASSWA are not treated alike. ALSWA appears in various reduced forms (ALS, ALSE, ALSO, AS), which can be spelled together or apart.

> In conjunctive use, ALSWA/ALSO is tagged with its own tag `ALSO`. Cf. OR ELSE.

>     lordes_NS of_P gret_ADJ honour_N ,_, &_CONJ Also_ALSO power_N

>     &_CONJ Brutes_NPR$ Sones_NS also_ALSO loueden_VBD wonderly_ADV wel_ADV
>     to-gydere_ADV

>     &_CONJ also_ALSO +tey_PRO were_BED vnarrayed_VAN

> When used as an adverb, whether as a modifier or absolutely, ALSWA is tagged `ADV` when spelled together and `al_Q swa_ADV` when separated.

>     +Gef_P +ge_PRO finde+d_VBP +tt_C +ge_PRO don_DOP alswa_ADV as_P +ge_PRO
>     rede+d_VBP ._, +tonke+d_VBI god_NPR $._, +georne_ADV ._.

>     Riht_ADV alswo_ADV do_DOI +du_PRO ,_,

>     Al_Q swa_ADV me_MAN mai_MD ,_, mang_P alles_Q kennes_NS liues_NS menn_NS
>     ,_, sume_Q gode_N and_CONJ sume_Q euele_N finden_VB ._.

>     Al_Q swo_ADV he_PRO de+d_DOP +to_D men_NS +de_C sennen_NS habbe+d_HVP
>     forhaten_VBN te_TO laten_VB ,_,

> In prepositional use, ALSWA is tagged `P` when spelled together and `al_Q swa_P` when separated. See AS, SO, THAN (preposition).

>     for_CONJ alswa_P weter_N acwenche+d_VBP fur_N ;_, alswa_ADV
>     acwenche+d_VBP sunne_N ._.

>     Luue_VBI +dine_PRO$ nexte_ADJ al_Q swa_P +de_PRO seluen_N ,_,

>     Al_Q swa_P +de_D angel_N was_BED +gedriuen_VAN ut_RP of_P heuene_N
>     riche_N for_P modinesse_N ,_, swa_ADV was_BED Adam_NPR ,_,

#### AMEN

#### AMID (and variants)

> The variants of AMID are treated as follows. `NP-COM` is used only when MID spelled as a separate word. Cf. ABOARD.

>     (PP (P in)				(PP (P+N amidst)
>         (NP (N midst)			    (NP (NS difficulties)))
>             (NP-COM (NS difficulties))))

>     (PP (P in)				(PP (P+N amidst)
>         (NP (N midst)			    (PP (P of)
>             (PP (P of)				(NP (NS difficulties))))
>                 (NP (NS difficulties)))))

#### AN

> For cases ambiguous between AN (`D`) and ONE (`ONE`), see AN.

> For AN meaning IF, see AND.

#### AND

> AND is generally tagged `CONJ`, including in number sequences.

>     two_NUM hundred_NUM and_CONJ fifty-four_NUM

> AN(D) meaning IF is tagged `P`.

>     (PP (P and)
>         (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                 (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO hit))
>                         (MD myghte)
>                         (VB please)
>                         (NP-OB2 (D the) (N kynge))
>                         (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>                                   (VB make)
>                                   (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO her))
>                                           (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N quene))))))
>        (ID CMMALORY,4.108))

#### ANE (see ONE)

#### ANOTHER (see OTHER)

#### AS (complementizer)

> See also AS, SO (preposition).

> AS is tagged `C` in the following cases:

> - in complement clauses, including degree complement clauses, where Modern English has THAT

>       +ta_P ha_PRO weren_BED iseten_VAN up_RP ;_, sehen_VBD as_C +te_D
>       engles_NS wi+d_P smirles_NS of_P aromaz_NS smireden_VBD hire_PRO$
>       wunden_NS

>       I_PRO shall_MD so_ADVR avaunce_VB $you_PRO as_C ye_PRO shall_MD be_BE
>       pleased_VAN

> - in exclamations

>       O_INTJ ;_, mine_PRO$ Leoue_ADJ sustren_NS as_C eue_NPR haue+d_HVP
>       monie_Q dochtren_NS ._, +tt_C fole+ge+d_VBP hare_PRO$ moder_N ._, +tt_C
>       ondswere+d_VBP on_P +tisse_D wise_N ._.

>       O_INTJ +te_D mihte_N of_P mei+dhad_N as_C +tu_PRO art_BEP iwepnet_VAN
>       to_TO weorrin_VB a-+gein_P us_PRO ._.

> - in free relatives (HE DOES AS HE IS TOLD)

>       Only_FP doo_DOI as_C I_PRO say_VBP +te_PRO

>       do_DOI as_C the_D prophete_N saith_VBP

> - in locative relative clauses, especially with THERE, THIDER, WHERE, etc.

>       And_CONJ ye_PRO shall_MD nevir_ADV reste_VB one_ONE nyght_N there_ADV
>       as_C ye_PRO do_DOP another_D+OTHER ,_,

>       ha_PRO beon_BEP istihe_VAN +tider_ADV as_C hare_PRO$ brudlac_N+N
>       schal_MD

>       a+tt_P ha_PRO beon_BEP istihe_VAN +tider_ADV as_C hare_PRO$ brudlac_N+N
>       schal_MD ... sitten_VB buten_P ende_N

>       Hwer_WADV as_C ani_Q of_P +teose_D wes_BED +ter_ADV wes_BED +te_D
>       cundel_N o+der_CONJ +te_D alde_ADJ moder_N of_P +te_D attri_ADJ neddre_N
>       of_P onde_N

>       for_CONJ swa_ADV ach_MD ancre_N hire_PRO ane_ONE in_P anli_ADJ stude_N
>       as_C ha_PRO is_BEP chirmin_VB &_CONJ chiterin_VB hire_PRO$ beoden_NS

#### AS, SO (degree)

> This item includes the first AS in AS GOOD AS GOLD or AS WELL AS. For the second AS, see AS, SO, THAN (preposition).

> When modifying adjectives, adverbs, or quantifiers in comparative or degree contexts, AS (and ALS, ALSE, ALSO, ALSWA, etc.) and SO (and SE, SWA, etc.) are tagged `ADVR`.

>     as_ADVR unbelievable_ADJ
>     as_ADVR unbelievable_ADJ as_P it_PRO may_MD sound_VB
>     as_ADVR comfortably_ADV as_P was_BED possible_ADJ
>     as_ADVR many_Q olives as_P grow_VBP in_P Greece_NPR

>     so_ADVR simple_ADJ
>     so_ADVR slowly_ADV as_P to_TO be_BE undetectable_ADJ
>     so_ADVR many_Q good_ADJ examples_NS

> When used as a sort of qualifier, AS GOOD AS or AS MUCH AS are treated as a measure phrase as follows:

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D the) (NS hens))
>               (BEP are)
>               (ADJP (NP-MSR (ADVR as) (ADJ good)
>                             (PP (P as)))
>                     (ADJ dead)))
>        (. .))

#### AS, SO, THAN (preposition)

> This item includes the second AS in AS GOOD AS GOLD, AS WELL AS, and SUCH AS. For the first AS, see AS, SO (degree).

> When AS (and its variants ALS, ALSE, ALSO, ALSWA, etc.), SO (and SE, SWA, etc.), or THAN introduce NP or clausal complements (whether adverbial, comparative, or degree clauses), they are tagged `P`. See also ALSWA, ASSWA.

> When (SUCH) AS introduces examples, it can take complements of essentially any syntactic category, including (exceptionally) `CP-THT`.

> > Examples with AS

> >     in_P the_D same_ADJ way_N as_P I_PRO did_VBD it_PRO

> >     as_P you_PRO like_VBP it_PRO

> >     such_SUCH problems_NS as_P often_ADV arise_VBP

> >     problems_NS such_SUCH as_P often_ADV arise_VBP

> >     as_ADVR unbelievable_ADJ as_P it_PRO may_MD sound_VB
> >     as_ADVR comfortably_ADV as_P was_BED possible_ADJ
> >     as_ADVR many_Q olives as_P grow_VBP in_P Greece_NPR

> >     '_' I_PRO wylle_VBP wel_ADV ,_, '_' said_VBD the_D kynge_N ,_,
> >     '_' as_P thow_PRO wilt_MD have_HV it_PRO ._. '_'

> >     and_CONJ the_D same_ADJ nyght_N ,_, as_P I_PRO shal_MD ansuer_VB unto_P
> >     God_NPR ,_, this_D child_N was_BED begoten_VAN upon_P me_PRO

> >     and_CONJ suche_SUCH knyghtes_NS as_P Uther_NPR Pendragon_NPR loved_VBD
> >     best_ADVS

> >     ye_PRO shall_MD sende_VB unto_P me_PRO three_NUM knyghtes_NS of_P
> >     youres_PRO$ suche_SUCH as_P ye_PRO truste_VBP

> >     he_PRO nis_NEG+BEP nawiht_NEG alse_ADVR leful_ADJ alse_P him_PRO
> >     bi-houede_VBD

> >     ha_PRO make_VBD him_PRO sunegen_VB on_P hire_PRO swa_ADVR hali_ADJ as_P
> >     he_PRO wes_BED

> > Examples with SO (only Middle English)

> >     Toward_P +te_D preostes_N$ tiden_N hercni+d_VBI se_ADVR for+d_ADV se_P
> >     +ge_PRO ma+gen_MD ,_.

> >     and_CONJ swa_ADV se_P +tu_PRO for+geuest_VBP +tam_D monne_N +te_C wi+d_P
> >     +te_PRO agulte+d_VBP ;_, swa_ADV +tin_PRO$ drihten_NPR for+geue+d_VBP
> >     +te_PRO +tine_PRO$ misdede_N ._.

> >     Nis_NEG+BEP me_PRO nan_Q ofrende_N swa_ADVR lief_ADJ swa_P godes_NPR$
> >     luue_N and_CONJ alre_Q mannes_NS$

> >     hie_PRO hauen_HVP al_Q swa_ADVR michel_Q swa_P hie_PRO +dar_ADV uppe_P
> >     l+anden_VBP ,_,

> > Examples with THAN

> >     more_QR unscrupulous_ADJ than_P we_PRO could_MD have_HV imagined_VBN

> >     but_CONJ I_PRO wote_VBP wel_ADV ye_PRO are_BEP of_P an_D hyher_ADJ
> >     blood_N than_P I_PRO wende_VBD {of}_CODE ye_PRO were_BED

> >     Nan_Q +ting_N ne_NEG fli+d_VBP mon_N sonre_ADVR +tenne_P his_PRO$
> >     a+gen_ADJ heorte_N ._.

> >     and_CONJ nime+d_VBP him_PRO .vii._NUM deofle_NS +te_C beo+d_BEP
> >     muchele_Q wurse_ADJR +tenne_P he_PRO

#### AS WELL AS

> Instances of AS WELL AS is always treated as a comparative construction, even when AS WELL AS is interpreted as a correlative conjunction.

>     (NODE (IP-MAT=1 (ADVP (ADV soo))
>                     (VB full)
>                     (NP-OB1 (PRO$ hor) (N wombe))
>                     (PP (P wyth)
>                         (NP (N drynke)))
>                     (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV well)
>                           (PP (P as)
>                               (PP (P wyth)
>                                   (NP (N mete))))))
>           (ID CMMIRK,84.2249))

> Often, the PP headed by the prepositional AS is extraposed, in which case it is coindexed with an `*ICH*` trace within the ADVP containing the degree modifier AS.

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV well)
>     	        (PP *ICH*-1))
>               (NP-SBJ (NS boys))
>               (PP-1 (P as)
>                     (NP (NS girls)))
>               (MD can)
>               (VB play)
>               (NP-OB1 (D this) (N game)))
>       (. .))

>     (NODE (NP-PRN (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV wel)
>                         (PP *ICH*-3))
>                   (NS men)
>                   (PP-3 (P as)
>                         (NP (N wymmen))))
>           (ID CMAELR3,27.40))

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI Tak)
>               (NP-OB1 (D this) (N rewle)
>                       (ADJP (ADJ generall)))
>               (, ,)
>               (ADVP (ADVR as) (ADV wel)
>                     (PP *ICH*-1))
>               (PP (P on)
>                   (NP (D the) (N bak)))
>               (PP-1 (P as)
>                     (PP (P on)
>                         (NP (D the) (N wombe) (N syde))))
>               (E_S .))
>       (ID CMASTRO,664.C2.63))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (NP-SBJ (D the) (N gardyn))
>               (BEP is)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV alweys))
>               (ADJP (ADJ grene) (CONJ &) (VAG florisshing))
>               (, ,)
>               (NP-MSR (Q all) (D the) (NS cesouns)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (D the) (N +geer))))
>               (ADVP (ADVR als) (ADV wel)
>                     (PP *ICH*-1))
>               (PP (P in)
>                   (NP (N winter)))
>               (PP-1 (P as)
>                     (PP (P in)
>                         (NP (N somer))))
>               (E_S .))
>       (ID CMMANDEV,35.878))

#### ASSWA

> Unlike ALSWA, ASSWA is always treated as a unitary item.

>     (ADV asswa)			(ADV (ADV21 as) (ADV22 swa))

>     for_CONJ as_ADV21 swa_ADV22 as_P mon_N islein_VAN is_BEP grislich_ADJ
>     &_CONJ atelich_ADJ in_P monnes_N$ ech+ge_N alswa_ADV is_BEP +te_D
>     sunnefule_ADJ bifor_P godes_NPR$ echnen_NS ._.

#### AY (see EVER)

#### A+TET

> A+TET (and variants) meaning UNTIL is treated as a unitary preposition, since it can take NP complements as well as clauses.

>     +Teos_D Meiden_N +tet_C ich_PRO munie_VBP stot_VBD +turh_P
>     +teos_D steauene_N stercliche_ADV istrenget_VAN ant_CONJ
>     abad_VBD baldeliche_ADV a+det_P me_MAN com_VBD

>     +tt_C neauer_ADV a+det_P tes_D dei_N ne_NEG funde_VBD we_PRO
>     nohwer_Q+WADV nan_Q swa_ADVR deop_ADV ilearet_VAN +te_C
>     durste_MD sputi_VB wi+d_P us_PRO

>     ne_CONJ we_PRO nusten_NEG+VBD hwet_WPRO we_PRO duden_DOD
>     a_P21 +det_P22 he_PRO undutte_VBD us_PRO

#### BECAUSE

> BECAUSE is treated as a fused form. When it is written together, the clause following it is treated as the `CP-ADV` complement of the compound head `P+N`. When it is written apart, the clause following it is treated as a THAT complement of the noun CAUSE.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
>               (NP-SBJ (NPR$ Balynes) (N oste))
>               (MD myght)
>               (NEG $not)
>               (BE be)
>               (VAN lette)
>               (RP in)
>               (PP (P+N because)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                   (HVD had)
>                                   (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N lady)))))
>               (E_S .))
>               (ID CMMALORY,63.2096))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (NP-SBJ (Q lytyll))
>               (VBP appereth)
>               (PP (ADV+P +tereof))
>               (PP (P+N because)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                                   (BEP is)
>                                   (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ longe))
>                                           (PP (P sith)
>                                               (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                                                               (BED was)
>                                                               (VAN destroyed))))))))
>               (E_S .))
>               (ID CMMANDEV,10.179))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
>               (PP (P by)
>                   (NP (N cause)				<--- by cause that
>                       (CP-THT (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                       (VBD knewe)
>                                       (NEG not)
>                                       (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N sheld))))))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (VBD demed)
>               (CP-THT (C 0)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                               (BED was)
>                               (NEG not)
>                               (NP-OB1 (PRO he))))
>               (E_S .))
>               (ID CMMALORY,68.2300))

#### BESIDE(S)

#### BID

> BID takes bare infinitive as well TO infinitive complements. The former are treated as ECM complements; the latter as instances of object control.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (VBD bade)
>               (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO him))	<-- postverbal NP = complement subject
>                       (VB come))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (VBD bade)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO him))		<-- postverbal NP = matrix indirect object
>               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (VB come))))

> To bid s.o. farewell, welcome is always treated as a ditransitive construction; if necessary, VERY is treated as an adjective.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (VBD bade)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
>               (NP-OB1 (ADJ very) (N welcome))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (VBD bade)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO him))
>     	  (ADVP (ADV heartily))
>               (NP-OB1 (N farewell))))

#### BOTH

> BOTH is tagged `CONJ` when part of the correlative conjunction BOTH ... AND and `Q` when a quantifier. Cf. EITHER, NEITHER.

>     both_CONJ ryche_ADJ and_CONJ poure_ADJ

>     on_P bothe_Q partyes_NS

#### BUT

> BUT is ordinarily tagged `CONJ`. It is tagged `FP` in the NEG ... BUT construction, where NEG + BUT is semantically equivalent to ONLY, and it is attached as low as possible in the tree.

>     (NODE (NP (D a)
>               (N treasure)
>               (, ,)
>     	  (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>     		  (C 0)
>     		  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>     			  (VBD knew)
>     			  (, ,)
>     			  (CP-THT (C 0)
>     				  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     					  (MD cou'd)
>     					  (NEG not)
>     					  (FP but)
>     					  (BE be)
>     					  (ADJP (ADV extremely)
>     						(ADJ dear)
>     						(PP (P to)
>     						    (NP (PRO him)))))))))
>           (, ;)
>       (ID BEHN,161.98))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D This)
>     		  (IP-INF-PRN *ICH*-1))
>     	  (MD $can)
>     	  (NEG $not)
>     	  (CODE {TEXT:cannot})
>     	  (BE be)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (FP but) (D a) (ADJ great) (N folly))
>     	  (, ,)
>       (ID BRINSLEY,45.193))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ but)
>     	  (NP-SBJ=1 (PRO it))
>     	  (MD $can)
>     	  (NEG $not)
>     	  (CODE {TEXT:cannot})
>     	  (FP but)
>     	  (VB make)
>     	  (IP-INF (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (Q all) (N+N Mankind))
>     			  (TO to)
>     			  (VB tremble))
>     		  (CONJP (CONJ and)
>     			 (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *con*)
>     				 (TO *)
>     				 (BE be)
>     				 (VAN filled)
>     				 (PP (P with)
>     				     (NP (N Horror))))))
>     	  (, ,)
>     	  (CP-THT-1 (C that)
>     		    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (SUCH such) (D a) (ADJ wretched) (N Creature))
>     			    (MD should)
>     			    (VB live)
>     			    (PP (P upon)
>     				(NP (D the) (N Earth)))))
>     	  (. :))
>       (ID LISLE,IV,122C1.413))

>     (NODE (IP-MAT (CONJ neither)
>                   (MD can)
>                   (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>                   (VB chuse)
>                   (IP-INF (FP but)
>                           (BE be)
>                           (ADVP (ADV reasonablie))
>                           (VAN satisfied))
>                   (. ,))
>           (ID tchambe,Q_CHM_A_1597_TC_JCHAMBERLAIN:I,32.46))

>     (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>                   (MD could)
>                   (NEG not)
>                   (VB chuse)
>                   (IP-INF (FP but)
>                           (VB like)
>                           (NP-OB1 (PRO her))))
>           (ID tosborn,Q_OSB_A_1653_FN_DOSBORNE:41.923))

> Examples of the following sort are semantically distinct (the BUT seems semantically vacuous and syntactically equivalent to TO), but they are annotated the same way.

>     (NODE (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (MD will)
>                   (NEG not)
>                   (VB fayle)
>                   (IP-INF (FP but)
>                           (VB remembre)
>                           (NP-OB1 (NP-POS (PRO$ your) (N$ lordships))
>                                   (N sute)
>                                   (PP (P for)
>                                       (NP (D the) (VAN forfayted))))
>                           (CODE <P_413>)
>                           (NP-MSR (QR less))
>                           (PP (P of)
>                               (NP (NPR Salisbury)
>                                   (PP (P at)
>                                       (NP (NPR Denbigh)
>                                           (, ,)
>                                           (RRC (BAG being)
>                                                (NP-OB1 (D the)
>                                                        (N land)
>                                                        (PP (CODE )
>                                                            (NP (PRO$ your) (N lordship))))))))))
>                   (. .))
>           (ID tleyces,Q_LEY_A_1586_T_WCECIL:413.2820))

>     (NODE (IP-SUB-7 (NP-SBJ *T*-5)
>                     (MD could)
>                     (NEG not)
>                     (VB stay)
>                     (IP-INF (FP but)
>                             (VB salute)
>                             (NP-OB1 (PRO you))
>                             (, ,)
>                             (PP (ADV togither)
>                                 (P with)
>                                 (NP (PRO$ your) (ADJ honorable) (N espouse)))))
>           (ID troyal1,Q_RO1_A_1590_FO_ELIZABETH1:60.356))

> Inherently negative or questioning verbs (DENY, DOUBT, FEAR, HINDER, LET, MISTRUST, PREVENT, QUESTION) as well as other verbs or degree words when negated sometimes take THAT complements preceded by BUT. As in the NEG ... BUT construction, BUT is tagged `FP` and attached low (that is, as part of the complement clause).

>     ( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV yet))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (D that))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (NEG not)
>     	  (ADJP (Q+ADV altogether)
>     		(ADVR so)
>     		(ADJ necessary)
>     		(CP-DEG (FP but)
>     			(C that)
>     			(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (ADJ low) (NS Walls))
>     				(MD may)
>     				(VB serve)
>     				(NP-OB1 (N turn)))))
>     	  (. ,))
>       (ID LANGF,127.319))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (VBP doubt)
>     	  (NEG not)
>     	  (CP-THT (FP but)
>     		  (C 0)
>     		  (IP-SUB (PP (P at)
>     			      (NP (ADJ yonder) (N tree)))
>     			  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     			  (MD shall)
>     			  (VB catch)
>     			  (NP-OB1 (D a) (CODE <font>) (N Chub))))
>     	  (CODE <$$font>)
>     	  (. ,))
>       (ID WALTON,215.150))

> Relative clauses of the following type are handled similarly.

>     (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ=1 (EX there))
>          	      (BEP is)
>        	      (NP-1 (Q no)
>     		    (N part)
>     		    (PP (P of)
>     		        (NP (D the) (N skin)))
>                         (CP-REL (FP but)
>     		            (WNP-2 0)
>     			    (C 0)
>     			    (IP-SUB-4 (NP-SBJ (D the) (N blood))
>     			              (BEP is)
>     				      (VAN dispers'd)
>     				      (PP (P into)
>     					  (NP *T*-2))
>           (ID HOOKE,212.152))

>     (NODE (PP (P as)
>        	  (CP-ADV (WADVP-5 0)
>     		  (C 0)
>        		  (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-5)
>     			  (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N man)
>     			 	  (CP-REL *ICH*-6))
>        			  (VBP handleth)
>     			  (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
>     			  (, ,)
>       			  (CP-REL-6 (FP but)
>     				    (WNP-2 0)
>     				    (C 0)
>     				    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2)
>     					    (VBP handleth)
>     					    (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
>     					    (ADVP (ADV well))))))))
>           (ID BACON,1,13R.4))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>     	  (NP-SBJ=1 (EX there))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV hardly))
>     	  (NP-1 (D a)
>     		(ADJ large)
>     		(N Feather)
>     		(CP-REL *ICH*-2))
>     	  (PP (P in)
>     	      (NP (D the)
>     		  (N wing)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (D a) (N Bird)))))
>     	  (, ,)
>     	  (CP-REL-2 (FP but)
>     		    (WNP-3 0)
>     		    (C 0)
>     		    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-3)
>     			    (VBP contains)
>     			    (NP-OB1 (NUMP (ADV neer) (D a) (NUM million))
>     				    (PP (P of)
>     					(NP (ADJ distinct) (NS parts))))))
>     	  (. ,))
>       (ID HOOKE,166.176))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>     	  (ALSO also)
>     	  (NP-SBJ (Q no) (N man)
>     		  (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
>     	  (ADJP (ADJ present))
>     	  (, ,)
>     	  (CP-REL-2 (FP but)
>     		    (WNP-1 0)
>     		    (C 0)
>     		    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>     			    (ADVP (ADV wel))
>     			    (VBD knew)
>     			    (CP-THT (C that)
>     				    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N harme))
>     					    (BED was)
>     					    (ADVP-TMP (ADV euer))
>     					    (ADJP (SUCH such))
>     					    (PP (P since)
>     						(NP (PRO$ his) (N birth)))))))
>     	  (. .))
>       (ID MORERIC,48.89))

#### CITY

> When used on its own to refer to the oldest part of London, CITY is tagged `NPR`. In collocation with OF LONDON, the referent of CITY is not always clear, and it is tagged `N` by default. Note the difference with TOWER.

>     (NP (D the) (NPR City))		but:	(NP (D the) (N City)
>     					    (PP (P of)
>     					        (NP (NPR London))))

#### COUPLE

> See discussion of COUPLE under NP-COM complements of N.

#### DO

#### DOUBLE, TRIPLE, etc.

#### DOZEN

> See DOZEN, Number phrase (`NUMP`).

#### EITHER

> EITHER is tagged `CONJ` when part of the correlative conjunction EITHER ... OR and `Q` when a quantifier. Cf. BOTH, NEITHER.

>     eyther_Q knyght_N

>     in_P ey+ter_Q side_N

>     ai+der_CONJ +ge_CONJ hodede_VAN +ge_CONJ leawede_ADJ

#### EKE

> EKE is always tagged `ALSO`.

>     in-to_P mornyngge_N and_CONJ eke_ALSO in-to_P wepyngge_N

>     to_P me_PRO byhoue+t_VBP gret_ADJ bysynesse_N and_CONJ eke_ALSO trauayle_N

>     Of_P this_D roote_N eek_ALSO spryngeth_VBP a_D seed_N of_P grace_N

>     And_CONJ eek_ALSO Job_NPR seith_VBP that_C in_P helle_NPR is_BEP noon_Q
>     ordre_N of_P rule_N

#### ELSE

> The word ELSE in the sequence OR ELSE is tagged `ELSE`. Cf. AND ALSO.

>     (PP (PP (P with)
>             (NP (D a) (ADJ sherpe) (N spere)))
>         (CONJP (CONJ othir) (ELSE ellis)
>     	   (PP (P with)
>     	       (NP (D a) (ADJ sherpe) (N swerde)))))

> When it clearly means something like OTHER or OTHERWISE, it is tagged `ADJ` or `ADV`. ELSE as a post-head modifier (as in somebody else, somewhere else) is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and in the PPCEME/PCEEC.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ for)
>     	  (ADVP (ADV else))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (D this) (N exposition))
>     	  (BED were)
>     	  (NEG not)
>     	  (ADJP (ADJ right))
>     	  (. .)))

#### ENOUGH

> ENOUGH is a degree word and hence tagged as a comparative. It is tagged `ADJR` if it stands alone or modifies a noun. Otherwise, it is tagged `ADVR`. ENOUGH as a post-head modifier (as in money enough, rich enough) is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and in the PPCEME/PCEEC.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (HVP have)
>               (HVN had)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (ADJR enough))
>               (. .)))

>     (NP (ADJR enough) (N room)
>         (PP (P for)
>             (NP (Q+N everybody))))

#### EVEN

> Ordinarily, EVEN is tagged `FP`. But when it means CLOSE AT HAND (as it can in Middle English), it is tagged `ADV`.

>     as_P they_PRO com_VBD by_P an_D ermytage_N evyn_ADV by_P a_D chyrcheyerde_N

#### EVER

> EVER is always tagged `ADV`. See also EVERY.

>     swottre_ADJR +ten_P eauer_ADV eani_Q +ting_N

>     for_P whi_WADV for_P the_D knytting_N togidrere_ADV of_P the_D heed_N
>     to_P the_D body_N hooly_ADJ scripture_NPR spekith_VBP sumtyme_Q+N of_P
>     euer_ADV either_Q vndir_P oo_ONE resoun_N

>     (ADVP (ADV ay) (D the) (ADVR worse))

>     (ADJP (ADV ever) (D the) (ADJR better))

>     similarly:

>     (ADJP-LOC (ADV never) (D the) (ADJR nearer))

#### EVERY (and variants)

> EVERY (with its variants), though derived from EVER-EACH, is tagged as a unitary `Q`.

>     Et_P +te_D biginning_N of_P eauer_Q21 vh_Q22 tide_N

>     eauer_Q21 euch_Q22 bruche_N

#### FAR

> FAR is always tagged `ADJ.` See NP measure phrases for the conventions concerning adjectives used as measure phrases. AFAR is treated as a unitary variant of FAR. FARTHER, FURTHER is treated as the comparative of FAR and tagged `ADJR` in all uses.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>               (MD must)
>     	  (VB go)
>        	  (NP-MSR (ADJR further)))
>               (. .))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-MSR (ADJR further)))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>     	  (VBP see)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (D the) (VAG following) (N problem))
>               (. .))

>     (CP-ADV (C that)
>             (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>     	        (MD might)
>     		(NP-ADV (D the) (ADJR better)		<-- exceptional NP-ADV because of conjunction
>     		        (CONJP (CONJ &)
>     			       (ADJX (ADJR farder))))
>     	        (BE be)
>     		(VAN knowen)
>     		(PP (P with)
>     		    (NP (N prayse)
>     		        (PP (P of)
>     			    (NP (ADJ vulgare) (NS folk)))))))

#### FAREWELL

> FAREWELL is always tagged as a unitary item, either as `INTJ` or `N`.

>     (IP-MAT (QTP (INTJ farewell))
>             (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>             (VBD murmured))

>     (IP-INF (TO to)
>             (VB bid)
>             (NP-OB2 (Q+ONE someone))
>     	(NP-OB1 (N farewell)))

>     (NP (D a) (ADJ fond) (N (N21 fare) (N22 well)))

#### FAST

> FAST as the predicate of a small clause (SHE MADE THE GATES FAST) is tagged `ADJ` and projects a bare `ADJP`. In locative uses like FAST BY THE CASTLE, it is tagged `ADJ` and projects a locative ADJP (`ADJP-LOC`). Otherwise, FAST is tagged `ADV`.

>     fast_ADV asleep_P+N
>     The_D two_NUM brothers_NS strove_VBD fast_ADV for_P the_D land_N .
>     The_D arrows_NS flew_VBD fast_ADV and_CONJ furiously_ADV .
>     to_TO run_VB faster_ADVR

#### FIRST

> FIRST is tagged `ADJ` when used as an ordinal number and `ADV` when used as a temporal adverb, but in neither case as a superlative.

>     (NP (D the) (ADJ first) (N time))

>     (ADVP-TMP (ADV first))

>     (PP (P at)
>         (NP (D the) (ADJ first)))

>     (PP (P at)
>         (ADVP (ADV first)))

>     +t=e=_D firste_ADJ me_MAN callyd_VBD Lotryn_NPR ,_, +t=e=_D secounde_ADJ
>     Albanac_NPR ,_, &_CONJ +t=e=_D thryd_ADJ kambyr_NPR ._.

>     So_ADV firste_ADV they_PRO put_VBD kynge_NPR Idres_NPR in_P the_D cite_N
>     of_P Nauntis_NPR

>     for-as-miche_P+ADVR+Q as_P +tai_PRO were_BED of_P Engistes_NPR$
>     Kynrede_N ,_, +tat_C first_ADV hade_HVD al_Q +te_D lande_N of_P
>     Britain_NPR ;_.

#### FOR

> FOR can be an ordinary preposition or a subordinating conjunction (`P`), an infinitive marker (`FOR`), or a coordinating conjunction (`CONJ`). Where ambiguous between `FOR` and `P`, FOR is tagged `P` if it goes with one of the following verbs, and as `FOR` otherwise.

> > ask, ache, aim, burn, burst, call, care, clamour, contend, crave, hope, itch, long, plan, prepare, sue, wait, yearn

> When a causal conjunction, FOR is tagged as a subordinating conjunction (`P`) in the cases listed below and as a coordinating conjunction (`CONJ`) elsewhere.

> 1. When followed by the complementizer THAT, in constructions with FORTHI, FORTHAN, etc., or if it is clause-internal and thus clearly subordinate.

>        (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N somme)
>                              (PP (P of)
>                                  (NP (NS thingis)
>                                      (CP-REL (WNP-2 0)
>                                              (C that)
>                                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-3 *T*-2)
>                                                      (BEP ben)
>                                                      (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *-3)
>                                                              (TO to)
>                                                              (DO done)))))))
>                      (BEP is)
>                      (VAN taken)
>                      (IP-INF (TO to)
>                              (VB governe)
>                              (PP (P to)
>                                  (NP (ADJ good) (N folk))))
>                      (, ,)
>                      (PP (P for)		      <-- FOR THAT
>                          (CP-ADV (C that)
>                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D the) (N malice)
>                                                  (ADJP (ADJ haboundaunt))
>                                                  (PP (P of)
>                                                      (NP (NS schrewes))))
>                                          (MD scholde)
>                                          (BE ben)
>                                          (VAN abated)))))
>              (ID CMBOETH,453.C2.523))

>        ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>                  (PP (P for) (D +ti)		<-- FOR THI THAT
>                      (CP-ADV (C +tat)
>                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                                      (BEP es)
>                                      (NP-OB1 (N vice)
>                                              (PP (P of)
>                                                  (NP (N propirte)))))))
>                  (, ,)
>                  (MD sal)
>                  (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                  (BE be)
>                  (VAN scorn)
>                  (PP (P als)
>                      (NP (N +tifte)))
>                  (E_S .))
>          (ID CMBENRUL,36.1179))

>        ( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ and)
>                      (, ,)
>                      (PP (P for)		<-- clause-internal
>                          (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                          (VBP dredith)
>                                          (IP-INF (TO to)
>                                                  (VB lesen)
>                                                  (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N fortune))))))
>                      (, ,)
>                      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                      (VBP forletith)
>                      (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N wikkidnesse))
>                      (E_S .))
>          (ID CMBOETH,454.C1.543))

>        ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>                  (NP-SBJ *con*)
>                  (VBD told)
>                  (NP-OB2 (PRO hym))
>                  (, ,)
>                  (PP (P for)			<-- clause-internal
>                      (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                      (BED was)
>                                      (NP-OB1 (N Kyng)
>                                              (PP (P of)
>                                                  (NP (NPR Brytaigne)))))))
>                  (, ,)
>                  (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV how))
>                          (C +tat)
>                          (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>                                  (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N brother))
>                                  (BED was)
>                                  (VAN slayn)))
>                  (E_S ,))
>          (ID CMBRUT3,12.337))

> 2. When it means SO THAT

>        ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>                  (NP-OB1 (D +tis))
>                  (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                  (DOP do+t)
>                  (PP (P for)			<-- SO THAT
>                      (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                      (MD wil)
>                                      (NEG not)
>                                      (VB reuerse)
>                                      (NP-OB1 (NP (D +te) (N ordre))
>                                              (CONJP (CONJ or)
>                                                     (NP (D +te) (ADJ ordinel) (N cours))))
>                                      (PP (P in)
>                                          (NP (D +te) (N cause)
>                                              (PP (P of)
>                                                  (NP (PRO$ his) (N creacion))))))))
>                  (E_S .))
>          (ID CMCLOUD,20.116))

> 3. When the clause is incomplete without the FOR clause because the cause is an integral part of the meaning. This is most common in copular constructions in connection with giving the reason for the naming of something (IT IS CALLED A ROSE FOR IT SMELLS SO SWEET)

>        ( (IP-MAT (PP (P In)
>                      (NP (D +te) (N hei+gt)))
>                  (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                  (BEP is)
>                  (, ,)
>                  (PP (P for)   <-- copular construction
>                      (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                                      (BEP is)
>                                      (PP (P wi+t)
>                                          (NP (Q al) (D +te) (N my+gt)
>                                              (PP (P of)
>                                                  (NP (D +te) (N spirit))))))))
>                  (E_S .))
>          (ID CMCLOUD,75.304))

>        (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N si+gt))
>                      (MD may)
>                      (BE be)
>                      (NP-TMP (NP (Q any) (N tyme))
>                              (, ,)
>                              (CONJP (CONJ or)
>                                     (PP (P in)
>                                         (NP (Q any) (N +ting)))))
>                      (, ,)
>                      (ADJP (QR more) (ADJ cleer)
>                            (PP (P +ten)
>                                (PP (P in)
>                                    (NP (D+OTHER ano+ter)))))
>                      (, ,)
>                      (PP (P for)       <-- copular construction
>                          (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                                          (BEP is)
>                                          (ADVP-TMP (ADV euermore))
>                                          (ADJP (ADJ vnchaungable))))))
>              (ID CMCLOUD,89.527))

>        (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (Q alle) (D the) (NS sterres)
>                                (RRC (VAG sitting)
>                                     (PP (P within)
>                                         (NP (D the) (N zodiak)
>                                             (PP (P of)
>                                                 (NP (PRO$ thin) (N Astrelabie)))))))
>                      (BEP ben)
>                      (VAN clepid)      <-- are called
>                      (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
>                              (NP-OB1 (NS sterres)
>                                      (PP (P of)
>                                          (NP (D the) (N north)))))
>                      (, ,)
>                      (PP (P for)
>                          (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                  (IP-SUB
>                                   (NP-SBJ (PRO thei))
>                                   (VBP arise)
>                                   (PP (P by)
>                                       (NP (N northe)))
>                                   (NP-DIR (D the) (N est) (N lyne)))))
>                      (E_S .))
>              (ID CMASTRO,667.C2.146))

#### FORASMUCH

> The AS in FORASMUCH is tagged `ADVR`, but the AS clause is always labelled `CP-ADV` (not `CP-CMP`). Depending on the spelling, the `CP-ADV` is treated as the complement of the compound `P+ADVR+Q` or of the quantifier. INASMUCH and INSOMUCH are treated the same way.

>     (PP (P+ADVR+Q forasmuch)		(PP (P for)
>         (PP (P as)				    (QP (ADVR as) (Q much))
>             (CP-ADV ...)))			        (PP (P as)
>     					            (CP-ADV ...))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (PP (P when)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Humbar))
>                                   (VBD saw)
>                                   (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO hem))
>                                           (VB come)))))
>               (, ,)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>               (BED was)
>               (ADJP (ADV sore) (VAN adrad))
>               (, ,)
>               (PP (P+ADVR+Q forasmyche)
>                   (PP (P as)
>                       (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (NS men))
>                                       (VBD wist)
>                                       (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
>                                       (NEG not)))))
>               (E_S ,))
>               (ID CMBRUT3,13.347))

>     (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
>                   (BEP be)
>                   (NP-OB1 (NP-POS (D +te) (N$ kynges)
>                                   (PP *ICH*-1))
>                           (N douter)
>                           (PP-1 (P of)
>                                 (NP (NPR heuene))))
>                    (, ,)
>                    (PP (P for)
>                        (QP (ADVR as) (Q muche)
>                            (PP (P as)
>                                (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
>                                                (HVP hast)
>                                                (VBN ywedded)
>                                                (NP-OB1 (PRO$ his) (N sone)
>                                                        (NP-PRN (NPR Criste)))))))))
>             (ID CMAELR3,33.204))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ For)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>               (DOP dooth)
>               (NP-OB1 (N wrong))
>               (PP (P to)
>                   (NP (NPR Jhesu) (NPR Crist)))
>               (, ,)
>               (PP (P in)
>                   (QP (ADVR as) (Q muche)
>                       (CODE <P_311.C1>)
>                       (PP (P as)
>                           (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                                           (VBP bynymeth)
>                                           (NP-OB1 (D the) (N service)
>                                                   (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                                                           (C that)
>                                                           (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                                                                   (NP-SBJ (NS men))
>                                                                   (MD oghte)
>                                                                   (DO doon)
>                                                                   (PP (P to)
>                                                                       (NP (NPR Crist)
>                                                                           ))
>                                                                   (PP (P with)
>                                                                       (NP (Q alle) (N diligence)))))))))))
>               (, ,)
>               (PP-PRN (P as)
>                       (CP-ADV (WNP-2 0)
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
>                                       (VBP seith)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (NPR Salomon)))))
>               (E_S .))
>               (ID CMCTPARS,311.C1.973))

>     ( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                   (HVP haue)
>                   (VBN preuyd)
>                   (NP-OB1 (PRO +te))
>                   (PP (P be)
>                       (NP (NP (Q many) (NS tribulacyons))
>                           (, ,)
>                           (CONJP (NP (Q many) (ADJ gret) (N heuynes)))
>                           (, ,)
>                           (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                                  (NP (Q many) (ADJ grevows) (N sekenes)))))
>                   (PP (P in)
>                       (QP (ADVR so) (Q mech)
>                           (CP-ADV (C +tat)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO +tu))
>                                           (HVP hast)
>                                           (BEN ben)
>                                           (VAN $a-noynted)
>                                           (PP (P for)
>                                               (ADJP (ADJ deed)))))))
>                   (E_S ,))
>                   (ID CMKEMPE,51.1159))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-VOC (N Suster))
>               (, ,)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
>               (HVP hast)
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV ofte))
>               (VBN axed)
>               (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (PRO me)))
>               (NP-OB1 (D a) (N forme)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (N lyuyng)))
>                       (RRC (VAG accordyng)
>                            (PP (P to)
>                                (NP (PRO$ thyn) (N estat)))))
>               (, ,)
>               (PP (P+ADVR+Q inasmuche)      <--- written as one word
>                   (PP (P as)
>                       (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
>                                       (BEP art)
>                                       (VAN enclosed)))))
>               (E_S .))
>               (ID CMAELR4,1.10))

#### FORTH

> FORTH has a focus particle use.

> When used as a directional adverb, it projects an `ADVP-DIR`.

#### FORTNIGHT and similar expressions

>     (PP (NP-MSR (NUM+N Seven-night))
>         (P after)
>         (NP (D the) (N Fight)))

>     (NP-TMP (D the) (ADJ very) (N Day)
>             (PP (NP-MSR (N Fortnight))
>         	    (P before)
>                 (NP (NPR Michaelmas-Day))))

>     (NP (D the) (NPR Wednesday)
>         (ADVP (NP-MSR (NUM+N seven-night))
>     	  (ADV after)))

>     (NP-TMP (D this) (N day)
>             (NP-TMP (N fortnigt)))

>     (NP-TMP (NPR Saturday)
>     	(CP-ADV (IP-SUB (VBP come)	<-- by analogy to COME THE REVOLUTION
>                             (NP-SBJ (NUM+N senight)))))

>     (NP-TMP (NPR Monday)
>             (ADJP (ADJ last))
>             (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ *pro*)	<-- correct structure unclear
>                         (BED was)
>         	            (NP-OB1 (NUM+N sevenight)))))))

#### FORWHI

> See Splitting and joining, FORWHI plus clause.

#### FURTHER (see FAR)

#### HALF

The default tag for HALF is `NUM`, but it can also be tagged `N` or `Q` (see below). The following instances of the default are common:

1. HALF directly precedes a head noun (possibly empty)

       before_P another_D+OTHER half_NUM year_N had_HVD passed_VBN

       they_PRO had_HVD travailled_VBN half_NUM year_N and_CONJ more_QR

       a_D year_N and_CONJ a_D half_NUM

       the_D king_N challenged_VBD half_NUM that_C was_BED won_VAN in_P
       Cypress_NPR

2. HALF is part of a measure phrase (head N may be empty)

       you_PRO need_MD not_NEG pull_VB half_NUM so_ADVR hard_ADV

       your_PRO$ bounty_N may_MD no_Q man_N praise_VB half_NUM unto_P
       the_D value_N

HALF is tagged `N` when it is modified by a quantifier, or when it means SIDE. See also discussion of HALF under NP-COM complements of N. .

    (PP (P in)
        (NP (Q no) (N half)))

    (NP (D this) (N half)
        (NP-COM (NPR Humber)))

    (PP (P on)
        (NP (D this) (N half)
            (NP-COM (D the) (N sea))))

HALF is tagged `Q` when it precedes a determiner or acts adverbially (roughly comparable to PARTIALLY).

    half_Q a_D year_N

    they_PRO had_HVD gotten_VBN half_Q the_D world_N

    if_P the_D bishop_N that_C is_BEP but_FP half_Q given_VAN to_P Gods_NPR$
    service_N does_DOP nothing_Q+N ...

#### HER

The morphologically ambiguous HER is treated as accusative by default (including when part of the reflexive pronoun HERSELF).

#### HOWBEIT, HOW BE IT (THAT)

Treated differently in the PPCME2 and in the PPCEME/PCEEC. See HOWBEIT, Concessive clauses.

#### IF

> IF is tagged `P` when introducing adverbial clauses and `WQ` when introducing questions (including direct questions) (parallel to WHEN). When IF is tagged `WQ`, there is no containing phrasal tag and no associated trace, and a complementizer position is always included, as it is sometimes filled (parallel to WHETHER).

>     If_P you_PRO notice_VBP anything_Q+N strange_ADJ, let_VBI us_PRO know_VB

>     I_PRO will_MD ask_VB if_WQ they_PRO noticed_VBD anything_Q+N strange_ADJ

>     Tell_VBI me_PRO if_WQ you_PRO notice_VBP anything_Q+N strange_ADJ

>     Than_ADV she_PRO salewed_VBD the_D kynge_N and_CONJ the_D quene_N
>     and_CONJ asked_VBD if_WQ that_C sir_NPR Launcelot_NPR were_BED there_ADV
>     ,_.

>     thynke_VBI at_P +te_D begynnynge_N if_WQ +tat_C it_PRO be_BEP Goddes_NPR$
>     will_N or_CONJ noghte_NEG ._.

>     and_CONJ sche_PRO asked_VBD him_PRO +gif_WQ +tat_C he_PRO were_BED a_D
>     knyght_N

#### ILKE

> ILKE is tagged `ADJ` when it follows a determiner (or basically means SAME rather than EACH).

>     +tat_D ilk_ADJ day_N

>     with_P +tilke_D+ADJ Iuditha_NPR

>     +tey_PRO schulde_MD in_P +tilke_D+ADJ dayes_NS faste_VB and_CONJ be_BE
>     chaste_ADJ

> ILKE is tagged `Q` when it means roughly EACH. The nominal head with which it is construed can have a determiner, as in ILK A ONE.

>     in_P ilk_Q anger_N +tat_C he_PRO suffers_VBP

>     ilk_Q ane_ONE bryghter_ADJR +tan_P other_OTHER

>     ilk_Q a_D man_N

>     ilk_Q a_D morsel_N

#### INASMUCH, INSOMUCH (see FORASMUCH)

#### KIND

> See discussion of KIND under NP-COM complements of N.

#### LAST

> LAST is tagged either `ADJ` or `ADV` (but in neither case as a superlative).

>     (NP (D the) (ADJ last) (N chapter))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (VBD read)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV last))))

>     (PP (P at)
>         (NP (D the) (ADJ last)))

>     (PP (P at)
>         (ADVP (ADV last)))

#### LEAST

> LEAST is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and the PPCEME/PCEEC.

#### LESS

> LESS is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and the PPCEME/PCEEC.

#### LESS THAN

> In The Book of Margery Kempe, LES +TAN with the meaning UNLESS is treated like FORTHI.

#### LIKE

> See NP complements of ADJ, Single NP object with LIKE and similar verbs (LACK, NEED, WANT)

#### LITTLE

> As a general rule, LITTLE is tagged `ADJ` when it means SMALL, and `Q` when it indicates an amount.

>     (NP (D a) (ADJ little) (N boy))

>     (NP (D a) (ADJ little) (N bit))
>         (PP (P of)
>             (NP (N wine))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
>               (BEP are)
>     	  (ADJP (ADVR too) (ADJ little)))
>       (. .))

>     (NP (Q little) (N work))

>     (NP (QP (ADVR too) (Q little))
>         (N work))

>     (ADJP (NP-MSR (Q little))
>           (ADJ worth))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>               (HVP have)
>               (NP-OB1 (QP (ADVR too) (Q little))
>     		  (N bread)))
>       (. .))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>               (VBP work)
>               (NP-MSR (Q little)))
>       (. .))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>               (VBP work)
>               (NP-MSR (QP (ADVR too) (Q little))))
>       (. .))

> The collocation A LITTLE preceding a mass noun is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and the PPCEME/PCEEC. In the PPCME2, A LITTLE is sometimes treated as containing an `ADJ` and sometimes a `Q`. The distinction is too difficult to maintain in this context, and in the PPCEME/PCEEC, we therefore always treat A LITTLE as a measure phrase headed by an `ADJ` (understood to be modifying an empty noun AMOUNT). In other words, A LITTLE is treated analogously to A LITTLE BIT. Note the consequences for the enclosing phrasal labels (see Measure phrase, Quantifier phrase for discussion).

>     PPCME2						PPCEME/PCEEC

>     (NP (D a) (ADJ litel) (N reste))		(NP (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ litel))
>     						    (N reste))

>     (NP (QP (D a) (Q littill))			(NP (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ littill))
>         (N wyn))					    (N wine))

>     						(NP (NP-MSR (D a)
>     							    (ADJP (ADV very)
>     								  (ADJ little))
>     						    (N wine))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO Wit))			same as PPCME2
>               (MD moten)
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV +giet))
>               (NP-MSR (D a)
>                       (ADJ litel))
>               (VB swinken)))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)				( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (PP (P of)		                          (PP (P of)
>                   (NP (D that)			              (NP (D that)
>                       (ADJ grete)		                          (ADJ grete)
>     	          (N beawte`)))					  (N beauty)))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO I))				  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (HVD had)				          (HVD had)
>               (NP-OB1 (QP (D a) (Q litill))		          (NP-OB1 (NP-MSR (D a) (ADJ litill))
>                       (N pryde))))					  (N pryde))))

#### LONG

> LONG is always treated as an adjective. See NP measure phrases for the conventions concerning adjectives used as measure phrases.

>     a long_ADJ story_N

>     five_NUM feet_NS long_ADJ

>     not_NEG long_ADJ behind_ADV

>     to_TO have_HV dwelled_VBN here_ADV the_D longest_ADJS

#### MAKE BOLD, MAKE MERRY

> In both of these expressions, MAKE is treated as taking a small clause complement with an empty subject.

>     ( (IP-MAT (META (NP (CODE <font>) (NPR Ford) (, .) (CODE <$$font>)))
>     	  (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (VBP make)
>     	  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *)
>     		  (ADJP (ADJ bold)
>     			(, ,)
>     			(IP-INF (TO to)
>     				(VB presse)
>     				(, ,)
>     				(PP (P with)
>     				    (NP (QP (ADVR so) (Q little))
>     					(N preparation)))
>     				(PP (P vpon)
>     				    (NP (PRO you))))))
>     	  (. .))
>       (ID SHAKESP,46.C1.390))

>     (NODE (IP-SUB (PP (P when)
>         	          (CP-ADV (C 0)
>     		          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (N neede))
>     			          (BED was)
>     				  (ADJP (ADJ great)))))
>     	      (, ,)
>     	      (NP-SBJ (PRO hee))
>        	      (MD would)
>     	      (VB make)
>     	      (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *)
>     		      (ADJP (ADJ bold)
>     			    (IP-INF (TO to)
>     				    (VB use)
>     				    (NP-OB1 (PRO him)))))
>     	      (. .))
>           (ID ARMIN,24.295))

>     (NODE (IP-INF-PRP (TO to)
>     	          (VB make)
>     		  (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *)
>     			  (ADJP (ADJ merry)))
>     		  (PP (P in)
>     		      (NP (NPR Essex))))
>           (ID PENNY,52.350))

>     (NODE (IP-INF (TO to)
>     	      (VB make)
>        	      (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *)
>     		      (ADJP (ADJ merry)))
>     	      (PP (P with)
>     	          (NP (NP (PRO you))
>     		      (CONJP (CONJ and)
>      			     (NP (PRO$ your) (N Wife)))))
>     	  (. .))
>       (ID RALEIGH,1,218.193))

#### MAN

#### MANNER

> See discussion of MANNER under NP-COM complements of N.

#### MANY

>     (NODE (NP (QP (D a) (ADJ great) (Q many))
>               (NS problems)))

#### MARY, MARRY and spelling variants

#### MICHEL (see MUCH)

#### MIDDLE

> See discussion of MIDDLE under NP-COM complements of N.

#### MORE

> See also ONCE MORE.

> MORE is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and the PPCEME/PCEEC.

> When used as a sort of qualifier, MORE THAN is treated as a measure phrase as follows:

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	  (MD will)
>               (BE be)
>               (ADJP (NP-MSR (QR more)
>                             (PP (P than)))
>                     (ADJ happy)
>     		(IP-INF (TO to)
>     			(VB help)
>     			(NP-OB1 (PRO you)))))
>        (. .))

#### MOST

> MOST is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and the PPCEME/PCEEC.

#### MUCH

> MUCH is treated slightly differently in the PPCME2 and the PPCEME/PCEEC.

#### NAWIHT (see NOT)

#### NE

> NE is tagged `CONJ` when used as a conjunction (NOR) and `NEG` when used as a negative particle (NOT).

#### NEAR

> When used adverbially to mean NEARLY, NEAR and NIGH are tagged `ADV`, and NEARER is tagged `ADVR`. See also Number phrase (`NUMP`).

>     for_CONJ hit_PRO ys_BEP nere_ADV nyght_N ._.

>     kynge_NPR Idres_NPR _CODE was_BED nere_ADV discomfited_VAN

> Otherwise, NEAR and NIGH are tagged `ADJ`, and NEARER is tagged `ADJR`. All project a locative ADJP (`ADJP-LOC`). See also NP complements of ADJ.

>     But_CONJ thou_PRO arte_BEP more_QR nere_ADJ thy_PRO$ deth_N than_P I_PRO
>     am_BEP ,_.

>     Kyng_NPR Edmunde_NPR went_VBD +to_ADV neir_ADJ

#### NEITHER

> NEITHER is tagged `CONJ` when part of the correlative conjunction NEITHER ... NOR, and as `Q` when a quantifier. Cf. BOTH, EITHER.

>     neither_CONJ God_NPR ne_CONJ man_N

>     neither_Q of_P hem_PRO

#### NEVER

>     (NP (ADV never) (D a) (N penny))	<-- ADV, not NEG

> For NEVER + D + ADJR/ADVR, see EVER.

#### NEXT

> NEXT is tagged as `ADJS` when used as a locative head (possible in early English).

>     swich_SUCH shamefast_ADJ folk_N been_BEP next_ADJS foryevenesse_N

>     +te_D man_N mai_MD be_BE god_NPR next_ADJS

> NEXT with the meaning NEIGHBOUR is tagged `N`.

>     Luue_VBI +dine_PRO$ nexte_N al_Q swa_P +de_PRO seluen_N

> All other uses of NEXT are tagged `ADJS` when NEXT is a prenominal modifier and `ADVS` otherwise. See also NP complements of ADJ.

> As an adverb, NEXT projects an `ADVP-TMP`, whether used in a strictly temporal sense or as a discourse sequencing particle.

>     (NP (D the) (ADJS next) (N turn))

>     (NP-TMP (ADJS next) (NPR Sunday))

>     (IP-INF (TO to)
>             (VB come)
>     	(ADVP-TMP (ADVS next)))

>     (PP (ADVS next)
>         (P before)
>         (NP (PRO$ his) (N death)))

>     (ADVP-TMP (NP-MSR (NUM three) (NS dayes))
>      	  (ADVS next)
>     	  (PP (P before)
>     	      (NP (NPR Easter))))

#### NIGH (see NEAR)

#### NO

> NO is ordinarily tagged `Q`. When functioning as sentential negation, notably in WHETHER OR NO clauses, it is tagged `NEG.` When parallel to YES, it is tagged `INTJ`.

>     (NP (Q no) (N mention))

>     (NP-MSR (ADJP (Q no) (ADJR longer)))

>     (NP-MSR (ADJP (Q no) (ADJR further)))

>     (QP (Q no) (QR more))

>     (CP-FRL (WQ Whether)
>             (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO hit))
>                               (BEP be)
>                               (ADVP (ADV so)))
>                     (CONJP (CONJ other)
>                            (IP-SUB=1 (NEG no)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (' ')
>               (QTP (INTJP (INTJ No)))
>     	  (' ')
>               (VBD said)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
>               (. .)))

#### NONE

> NONE is ordinarily tagged `Q`, but is tagged `NEG` in WHETHER OR NO clauses.

>     (CP-FRL (WQ whether)
>             (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                               (MD wole)
>      	                  (VB werke)
>                               (PP (P by)
>     		            (NP (D that) (N conseil))))
>                     (CONJP (CONJ or)
>                            (IP-SUB=1 (NEG noon)))))

#### NOR

> NOR is generally a coordinating conjunction (`CONJ`). Occasionally, it is used as a preposition (`P`).

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO You))
>               (MD shall)
>               (VB hear)
>               (NP-OB1 (QP (Q much) (QR more)))
>               (PP (P nor)
>                   (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     			      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                   (MD can)
>     		              (VB *)))))
>        (. .))

>     (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (EX there))
>                   (MD scholde)
>                   (HV a)
>                   (BEN be)
>                   (NP-1 (QR more)
>                         (N labor)
>                         (IP-INF (FOR for)
>                                 (TO to)
>                                 (VB sete)
>                                 (RP done)
>                                 (NP-OB1 (ADJ Flemeche) (N money)))
>                         (PP (P nor)
>                             (CP-CMP (WNP-2 0)
>                                     (C 0)
>                                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                             (MD can)
>                                             (VB here)
>                                             (PP (P of)
>                                                 (NP *T*-2)))))))
>          (ID tcely01,Q_CEL_A_1478_FN_RCELYSR:33.600))

#### NOT

> NOT is ordinarily tagged `NEG`, but with the meaning NOTHING, it is tagged `Q`.

>     al_Q for_P nawt_Q +tu_PRO prokest_VBD me_PRO

>     Ant_CONJ +tah_ADV nis_NEG+BEP inempnet_VAN her_ADV nawt_Q of_P
>     heouenliche_ADJ luren_NS +te_C passi+d_VBP alle_Q wi+d-uten_P euenunge_N
>     ._.

>     for_P +tt_D ful+de_N nis_NEG+BEP hit_PRO nawt_Q

> In early texts where NAWIHT has not yet differentiated into NOT and NOUGHT, it is tagged `Q` if an object is required, and `NEG` otherwise, even when it occupies a position not usually associated with NOT.

>     and_CONJ he_PRO him_PRO naue+t_NEG+HVP nawiht_NEG iholpen_VBN

>     he_PRO him_PRO nawiht_NEG ne_NEG help_VBD

#### NOTWITHSTANDING

> NOTWITHSTANDING is tagged as a unitary `ADV` when used absolutely and as a unitary `P` when it takes a complement clause or NP.

>     We love him notwithstanding_ADV.

>     We love him, notwithstanding_P his various faults.

>     We love him, notwithstanding_P that he is often late for appointments.

#### NOUGHT (see NOT)

#### ONCE

> When ONCE has a meaning analogous to TWICE, THRICE, it is tagged `NUM`.

>     (NP-TMP (FP but) (NUM once))

>     (NP-TMP (NUM once)			<-- ONCE = head; MORE = posthead; cf. one time more
>     	(QP (QR more)))

>     (ADVP (NUM once) (ADV again))		<-- ONCE = premodifer; AGAIN = head

>     (ADVP (NUMP (ADV yet) (NUM once))
>           (ADV again))

> When ONCE introduces a subordinate clause, it is tagged `P`.

>     (PP (P once)
>         (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                 (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>                         (HVP have)
>     		    (NP-OB1 (D the) (N answer)))))

> Otherwise, ONCE is tagged as a temporal adverb.

>     (ADVP-TMP (ADV once)
>               (PP (P upon))
>                   (NP (D a) (N time)))

>     (PP (P at)
>         (ADVP (ADV once)))

#### ONE, ONES

> For cases ambiguous between ONE (`ONE`) and AN (`D`), see AN.

> ONE with the meaning ALONE in a copular construction or small clause is tagged `ADJ`.

>     +ter_ADV ha_PRO weren_BED ane_ADJ bi_P ham_PRO seolf_N

>     $hu_WADV hise_PRO$ deciples_NS flu+gen_VBD alle_Q from_P
>     him_PRO &_CONJ leafden_VBD him_PRO ane_ADJ ._.

> When ONE means ONLY, ALONE and follows the noun or pronoun it focuses or when it follows NOT in the meaning NOT ONLY, it is treated as a focus particle (`FP`).

>     wi+d-uten_P Crist_NPR ane_FP

>     hie_PRO bie+d_BEP ut-iworpen_VAN +durh_P dieules_NPR$ lare_N ,_,
>     naht_NEG for_P hem_PRO seluen_N ane_FP ,_, ac_CONJ for_FOR o+dre_OTHERS
>     ec_ALSO awei_ADV te_TO affleien_VB

>     +De_D mann_N ne_NEG leue+d_VBP naht_NEG $be_P bread_N ane_FP

>     for_CONJ +te_D nome_N of_P ester_NPR ne_NEG sei+d_VBP naut_NEG ane_FP
>     ab_FW scondita_FW ._, +tt_D is_BEP naut_NEG ane_FP ihud_VAN

> Focus particle ONE can appear in the genitive (when modifying a genitive).

>     &_CONJ in_P his_PRO$ anes_FP seruise_N hare_PRO$ lif_N lea+de+d_VBP
>     "and in the service of him alone [she] leads her life"

> In all other uses (cardinal number, noun, pronoun, etc.), ONE is tagged with its own tag `ONE` (or `ONES` if marked for plural).

> TONE (= THE + ONE) is tagged `D+ONE` even in the presence of another determiner. Cf. ANOTHER, TOTHER.

>     (NP (D+ONE thone) (N Halfe))

>     (NP (D The) (D+ONE tone))

#### ONLY

> ONLY can be tagged as an adjective (`ADJ`) or as a focus particle (`FP`).

>     (NP (D a) (ADJ only) (N child))

>     (NP (FP only) (D a) (N child))

#### OR

> OR is ordinarily tagged `CONJ`. As a variant of ERE (= BEFORE), it is tagged `P`.

#### OTHER

> OTHER is tagged `CONJ` when it means either EITHER or OR.

>     (PP (CONJ other)				<---  OTHER = EITHER
>         (PP (P of)
>             (NP (PRO$ his) (NS capons)))
>         (CONJP (CONJ or)
>     	   (PP (P of)
>     	       (NP (PRO$ his) (N money)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ other) (ELSE els)		<---  OTHER = OR
>     	  (NP-SBJ (NUM two) (NS sydes))
>     	  (BEP bee)
>     	  (ADJP (ADJ equall))))

> Otherwise, it is tagged with its own tag OTHER. The tag OTHERS is used for clearly plural referents, even without overt plural marking. Under certain circumstances, the dollar tag appears directly on OTHER(S).

>     (NP (Q all) (OTHER other) (ADJ good) (NS orders))

>     (NP (NP (D the) (ONE one))
>         (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                (NP (D the) (OTHER other))))

>     (NP (Q each) (OTHER other))

>     (NP (NP-POS (D the) (OTHER$ others))
>         (N fynger))

>     (NP (Q many) (OTHERS other))

>     (PP (P on)
>         (NP (OTHERS$ others) (NS shoulders)))

> ANOTHER and TOTHER (= THE + OTHER) are tagged `D+OTHER` even in the presence of another determiner. Cf. TONE.

>     (NP (D+OTHER th'other))

>     (NP (D the) (D+OTHER tother))

#### OVER

> When it functions as a degree modifier, OVER is tagged as `ADVR`. See Splitting and joining for details of this OVER in compounds.

#### PASSING

> PASSING is ordinarily tagged `VAG`. It is tagged `ADV` when it means EXCEEDINGLY and in phrases like PASSING THREE THOUSAND. See Number phrase (`NUMP`).

>     Than_ADV was_BED he_PRO passyng_ADV hevy_ADJ

>     and_CONJ sir_NPR Percivale_NPR was_BED passynge_ADV glad_ADJ a_D
>     passynge_ADV good_ADJ knyght_N

#### PAST

> In keeping with our policy of not distinguishing between the adjectival and verbal use of participles, participial PAST (PASSED, PASS'D, etc.) is always tagged `VBN`. There is also a prepositional use.

>     (NP (VBN past) (NS times))

>     (PP (P in)
>         (NP (NS times)
>             (RRC (VBN past)))

>     (NP-TMP (NPR Wednesday)
>             (RRC (VBN past)))

>     (NP-TMP (NPR Wednesday)
>             (RRC (ADVP-TMP (ADV last))
>     	     (VBN past)))

>     (NP-TMP (NUM three) (NS days)		<-- note treatment as NP-TMP
>             (RRC (VBN past))

>     (PP (P past)
>         (NP (PRO$ his) (N+N bedtime)))

#### PLEASE

> In the phrase MAY IT PLEASE X, PLEASE may take an infinitival complement or a THAT clause with overt complementizer.

>     ( (IP-MAT (MD May)
>               (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO it))
>               (VB please)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>               (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>                         (VB send)
>                         (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
>                         (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N trunke)))
>               (. ,))
>           (ID tbasire,Q_BAS_D_1666_FN_PBASIRE:256.496))

>     ( (IP-MAT (MD Maye)
>               (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO yt))
>               (VB please)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO$ her) (N Ma=tie=))
>               (CP-THT-1 (C that)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                 (MD may)
>                                 (VB knowe)
>                                 (NP-OB1 (PRO$ her) (N pleasure))
>     			    (...))))
>       (ID torigin,Q_OR2_A_1565_T_TRANDOLPH:200.1220))

>     ( (IP-MAT (VBP Please)
>               (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO yt))
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO$ your) (N Highnesse))
>               (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>                         (VB understand)
>                         (CP-THT (C that)
>                                 (IP-SUB (NP-TMP (D the) (ADJ xiiij=th=.) (N day)
>                                                 (PP (P of)
>                                                     (NP (D this) (N Month))))
>                                         (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                         (VBD wrote)
>                                         (PP (P to)
>                                             (NP (PRO$ your) (N Grace)))
>                                         (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (ADJ last) (NS Lettres)))))
>               (. ,))
>           (ID torigin,Q_OR1_A_1519_T_RWINGFIELD:139.479))

> More commonly, however, a finite clause following PLEASE appears without an overt complementizer. In this case, the clause containing PLEASE is treated as a parenthetical, and the clause following it as the matrix clause.

>     ( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-PRN (VBP Pleas)
>                           (NP-SBJ (PRO itt))
>                           (NP-OB2 (PRO$ your) (N Grace)))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (HVP have)
>               (NP-TMP (D thys) (N daye))
>               (VBN visite)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N Lady)
>                       (NP-PRN (NPR Margarite)))
>               (. ,))
>           (ID torigin,Q_OR1_A_1519?_T_RPACE:156.583))

>     ( (IP-MAT (IP-MAT-PRN (MD Maye)
>                           (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                           (VB please)
>                           (NP-OB2 (PRO$ your) (N Honor)))
>               (, ,)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (VBD commytted)
>               (NP-OB1 (D the) (N Keper)
>                       (PP (P of)
>                           (NP (D the) (ADJ same) (N Game))))
>               (PP (P to)
>                   (NP (N warde)))
>               (, ,)
>               (IP-PPL (VAG meanynge)
>                       (ADVP (ADV nevertheles))
>                       (PP (P uppon)
>                           (NP (N sute)))
>                       (IP-INF (TO to)
>                               (VB bayle)
>                               (NP-OB1 (PRO hym))
>                               (PP (P untill)
>                                   (NP (D the) (ADJ general) (NS Sessions)))))
>               (. .))
>           (ID torigin,Q_OR2_D_1569_T_BRANDOLPH:256.1272))

> The expression PLEASE GOD is also treated as parenthetical with an expletive subject (MAY IT PLEASE GOD).

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>               (NP-SBJ *con*)
>               (VBP desire)
>               (IP-INF (IP-INF (TO to)
>                               (VB knowe)
>                               (CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV when))
>                                       (C 0)
>                                       (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
>                                               (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
>                                               (VBP meane))))
>                       (, ,)
>                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                              (IP-INF (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ *exp*)
>                                                  (VBP pleas)
>                                                  (NP-OB2 (NPR God)))
>                                      (, ,)
>                                      (TO to)
>                                      (VB moue)
>                                      (NP-OB1 (D this) (N way)))))
>               (. .)) (ID tharley,Q_HAR_A_1643_FN_BHARLEY:198.1736))

#### PLENTY

>     (NP (ADJ great) (N plenty)
>         (PP (P of)
>             (NP (N wine))))

>     (NP (N wine)
>         (NP-PRN (ADJ great) (N plenty)))

> STORE is treated in the same way.

#### PRAY

> PRAY (and similar verbs like BESEECH, CONJURE, CHARGE, ENTREAT, SAY) can take CP-THT or IP-INF complements. In both cases, the first object is labelled NP-OB2.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (ADVP (ADV hertely))
>               (VBP praye)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>               (CP-THT (C that)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                               (MD may)
>                               (HV haue)
>                               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ youre) (N quytaunce))))
>               (. .))
>           (ID tbrereto,Q_BRE_D_1528_FS_RLEFTWICH:80.225))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-VOC (N Sir))
>               (, -)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (VBP beseech)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>               (CP-THT (C y=t=)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO$ our) (N maryag))
>                               (MD may)
>                               (BE be)
>                               (VAN kept)
>                               (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ *-1)
>                                       (ADJP (ADJ privat)))))
>               (. .)) (ID tharley,Q_HAR_A_1654_FN_EHARLEY:219.1976))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (VBP pray)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>     	  (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (VB come))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (VBP pray)
>               (NP-OB2 (NPR God))
>     	  (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (VB protect)
>     		  (NP-OB1 (PRO you)))))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (VBP pray)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO you))
>               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (VB sende)
>                       (NP-OB2 (PRO me))
>                       (NP-OB1 (N answere)
>                               (PP (P of)
>                                   (NP (Q all) (D this) (N letter))))
>                       (PP (P with)
>                           (NP (Q some) (ADJ trusty) (N body))))
>               (. ,))
>           (ID tbrereto,Q_BRE_D_1520S_T_JPULETSON:71.14))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (PP (ADV+P therfore))
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (ADVP-TMP (ADV eftsones))
>               (VBP beseke)
>               (NP-OB2 (PRO youe))
>               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (VB make)
>                       (NP-OB1 (D an) (N ende))
>                       (PP (P if)
>                           (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                                           (PP (P in)
>                                               (NP (Q any) (N wise)))
>                                           (MD can)
>                                           (VB *)))))
>               (. .))
>           (ID tbrereto,Q_BRE_A_1526_T_RBRERETON:73.48))

> In cases without an overt complementizer or infinitival TO, it is often not clear what the proper analysis is. By convention, such cases are matched against the following possible structures; the first one that fits is applied.

> - PRAY + NP + bare verb; NP = 2nd person. The PRAY clause is treated as an IP-MAT parenthetical on an imperative.

>       ( (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                             (VBP pray)
>       		      (NP-OB2 (PRO you)))
>                 (VBI protect)
>       	  (NP-OB1 (PRO me))))

>       ( (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                             (VBP pray)
>       		      (NP-OB2 (PRO$ your) (NS lordships)))
>                 (VBI protect)
>       	  (NP-OB1 (PRO me))))

>       ( (IP-IMP (VBI protect)				<-- unambiguous parenthetical for comparison
>       	  (NP-OB1 (PRO me))
>       	  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                             (VBP pray)
>       		      (NP-OB2 (PRO you))))

>       ( (IP-IMP (VBI protect)				<-- unambiguous parenthetical for comparison
>       	  (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                             (VBP pray)
>       		      (NP-OB2 (PRO you)))
>       	  (NP-OB1 (D the) (ADJ innocent))))

>   Such imperatives can be contained occur within a relative clause (usually a clause-adjoined relative).

>       (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he)
>                             (CP-REL *ICH*-1))
>                     (MD wyll)
>                     (VB shew)
>                     (NP-OB2 (PRO yow))
>                     (NP-OB1 (QR more) (NS spechalltes))
>                     (CP-REL-1 (WPP-2 (P to)
>                                      (WNP (WPRO whom)))
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                                   (VBP beseke)
>                                                   (NP-OB2 (PRO yow)))
>                                       (VBI gyue)
>                                       (NP-OB1 (N credens))
>                                       (PP (P vnto)
>                                           (PP *T*-2)))))
>             (ID tbrereto,Q_BRE_D_1530S_FS_GGODBEHERE:87.322))

>       (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>                     (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
>                     (VBP cost)
>                     (, ,)
>                     (CP-CAR (WNP-2 (WPRO which))
>                             (C 0)
>                             (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                                 (VBP pray)
>                                                 (NP-OB2 (PRO you)))
>                                     (VBI let)
>                                     (IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
>                                             (NP-SBJ (PRO me))
>                                             (VB know)
>                                             (PP (P by)
>                                                 (NP (PRO$ your) (ADJS next)))))))
>             (ID tchambe,Q_CHM_A_1615_T_JCHAMBERLAIN:I,574.2120))

>   The subject or the object of the parenthetical can be silent.

>       ( (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                             (VBP pray))		<-- missing object
>                 (VBI protect)
>       	  (NP-OB1 (PRO me))))

>       ( (IP-IMP (IP-MAT-PRN (NP-SBJ *pro*)		<-- missing subject and object
>                             (VBP pray))
>                 (VBI protect)
>       	  (NP-OB1 (PRO me))))

> - PRAY + NP + bare verb; NP not 2nd person. If the case-marking on the postverbal NP allows, these cases are treated as PRAY + finite complement.

>       ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                 (VBP pray)
>                 (CP-THT (C 0/that)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR God))
>                                 (VBP protect)
>                                 (NP-OB1 (PRO you))))))

> - In the rare cases in which none of the preceding analyses apply, PRAY is treated as an object control predicate with a bare infinitive complement (like HELP in I helped them do their homework).

>       ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                 (VBP pray)
>       	  (NP-OB2 (PRO her))
>                 (IP-INF (TO *)
>                         (VB protect)
>                         (NP-OB1 (PRO you)))))

#### SAME

    (PP (P in)
        (NP (D the) (ADJ same) (N way)
            (PP (P as)
                (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
                        (C that)
                        (IP-SUB (PP (P (CODE {in}))		<-- note "chopped" preposition
                                   (NP *T*-1))
                                (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                                (DOP do)
                                (NP-OB1 (PRO it)))))))

    (PP (P in)
        (NP (D the) (ADJ same) (N way)
            (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
                    (C that)
                    (IP-SUB (PP (P (CODE {in}))		<-- note "chopped" preposition
                                (NP *T*-1))
                            (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                            (DOP do)
                            (NP-OB1 (PRO it))))))

#### SAVING

> SAVING used as a preposition is tagged `P`.

>     alle_Q the_D remenaunt_N of_P Normandy_NPR ,_, savyng_P Chyrborowe_NPR

>     +tou_PRO wost_VBP neuer_ADV what_WPRO ,_, sauyng_P +tat_C +tou_PRO
>     felist_VBP in_P +ti_PRO$ wille_N a_D nakid_ADJ entent_N vnto_P God_NPR
>     ._.

#### SCORE

> See SCORE, Number phrase (`NUMP`).

#### SEVEN-NIGHT (and variants)

> See FORTNIGHT.

#### SHORTLY

When SHORTLY clearly means 'in a short while', it projects a temporal adverb phrase (`ADVP-TMP`). Otherwise, it projects a bare adverb phrase (`ADVP`).

#### SIDE

> SIDE (and also HALF) routinely take bare NP complements in Middle English, and this usage continues into Modern English. See also discussion of SIDE under NP-COM complements of N.

#### SO (degree) (see AS, SO (degree))

#### SO (preposition) (see AS, SO, THAN (preposition))

#### SO AS (THAT), SO AS TO

> See also SO THAT.

> When SO modifies an AS clause, the entire AS clause is treated as a PP, and SO as a premodifier. When SO has this sense, it is optional, and the entire construction can be paraphrased as IN THE WAY THAT.

>     ( (IP-IMP (DOI Do)
>               (NP-OB1 (D the) (N work))
>     	  (PP (ADV so)
>                   (P as)
>     	      (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
>                           (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
>     			      (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     			      (VBD said)))))
>        (. .))

> Otherwise, SO in SO AS (THAT) and SO AS TO clauses is treated as a preposition (`P`) or as a degree adverb (`ADVR`). AS, too, is treated as a preposition (rather than as a complementizer) with a `CP-ADV` or `CP-DEG` complement.

>     (PP (P so)
>         (PP (P as)
>             (CP-ADV (C that/0)
>                     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                             (VBD made)
>     			(NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash))))))

>     (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ big)
>           (PP (P as)
>               (CP-DEG (C that/0)
>                       (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO it))
>                               (VBD made)
>     			  (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash))))))

>     (PP (P so)
>         (PP (P as)
>             (IP-INF (TO to)
>                     (VB make)
>     		(NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash)))))

>     (ADJP (ADVR so) (ADJ big)
>           (PP (P as)
>               (IP-INF (TO to)
>                       (VB make)
>     	  	  (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash)))))

>     (ADJP (ADJ big)
>           (ADVP (ADVR enough)
>                 (PP (P so)
>                     (PP (P as)
>                         (IP-INF (TO to)
>                                 (VB make)
>                 	  	    (NP-OB1 (D a) (ADJ big) (N splash)))))))

#### SO BE IT (THAT)

> Treated differently in the PPCME2 and in the PPCEME/PCEEC. See Concessive clauses.

#### SO THAT

> See also SO AS (THAT), SO AS TO.

> Separated SO ... THAT clauses are always treated as extraposed degree complements.

> SO introducing purpose and result clauses is labelled as `P` with a `CP-ADV` complement. The complementizer may be silent. In this case, the meaning is often more akin to AS LONG AS than to SO THAT. However, the two meanings are not always clearly distinct, and they are not distinguished in the annotation.

>     (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>             (VBP adden)
>             (NP-OB1 (N clernesse)
>                     (PP (P of)
>                         (NP (N renoun))))
>             (PP (P to)
>                 (NP (D the) (NUM thre) (ADV+VAN forseyde) (NS thynges)))
>             (, ,)
>             (PP (P so)
>                 (CP-ADV (C that)
>                         (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ-1 (EX there))
>                                 (NEG ne)
>                                 (BEP be)
>                                 (PP (P amonges)
>                                     (NP (PRO hem)))
>                                 (NP-1 (Q no) (N difference)))))
>             (ID CMBOETH,429.C2.42))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ And)
>               (NP-SBJ (D the) (NUM .iij.) (N part)
>                       (PP (P toward)
>                           (NP (D the) (NPR Septentrion))))
>               (BEP is)
>               (ADJP (ADV full) (ADJ cold))
>               (PP (P so)
>                   (CP-ADV (C +tat)
>                           (IP-SUB (PP (P for)
>                                       (NP (NP (ADJ pure) (N cold))
>                                           (CONJP (CONJ &)
>                                                  (NP (ADJ contynuell) (N frost)))))
>                                   (NP-SBJ (D the) (N water))
>                                   (VBP becometh)
>                                   (NP-OB1 (N Cristall)))))
>               (E_S .))
>               (ID CMMANDEV,104.2529))

#### SOMEWHAT

#### STORE

> See PLENTY.

#### SUCH

> For SUCH AS, see AS, SO, THAN (preposition).

> SUCH is always tagged with its own tag `SUCH`.

> SUCH is not treated completely alike in comparative contexts and in degree complement contexts. In comparative contexts, the comparative complement (or its trace, if it is extraposed) is treated as the complement not of SUCH, but of the containing NP.

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (SUCH such) (NS problems)
>                       (PP (P as)
>                           (NP (PRO$ yours))))
>               (MD can)
>               (BE be)
>               (VAN solved))
>        (. .))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (SUCH such) (NS problems)
>                       (PP (P as)
>                           (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                                   (C 0)
>                                   (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
>                                           (VBP arose)))))
>               (BED were)
>               (VAN solved))
>        (. .))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (FP only) (SUCH such) (NS foods)
>                       (PP *ICH*-1))
>               (MD will)
>               (BE be)
>               (VAN sold))
>               (PP-1 (P as)
>                     (NP (NS nuts) (CONJ and) (NS berries)))
>        (. .))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (FP only) (SUCH such) (NS problems)
>                       (PP *ICH*-1))
>               (MD should)
>               (VB arise)
>               (PP-1 (P as)
>                     (CP-CMP (WNP-1 0)
>                             (C 0)
>                             (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
>     			        (NP-SBJ we)
>                                     (MD can)
>     	  		        (VB solve)))))
>        (. .))

> By contrast, in degree contexts, the clausal complement, whether extraposed or not, is treated as the complement of SUCH. Accordingly, SUCH projects a phrase, specifically, an `ADJP`.

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
>     	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
>     	  (BED was)
>     	  (PP (P in)
>     	      (NP (ADJP (SUCH such)
>     			(CP-DEG *ICH*-2))
>     		  (D a)
>     		  (N case)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (N joy)))
>     		  (, ,)
>     		  (CP-DEG-2 (C that)
>     			    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ=1 (PRO it))
>     				    (BED was)
>     				    (NP-OB1 (Q no) (N boot))
>     				    (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
>     					      (VB bid)
>     					      (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO him))
>     						      (VB make)
>     						      (NP-OB1 (N hast))))))))
>     	  (. :))
>       (ID ARMIN,10.94))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
>     	  (BEP is)
>     	  (NP-OB1 (D a)
>     		  (N man)
>     		  (PP (P of)
>     		      (NP (ADJP (SUCH suche)
>     				(CP-DEG *ICH*-1))
>     			  (N charite)
>     			  (CP-DEG-1 (C as)
>     				    (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     					    (HVP have)
>     					    (NEG not)
>     					    (VBN seen)
>     					    (NP-OB1 (D the) (N like)))))))
>     	  (. .))
>       (ID BEDYLL,1.2,77.7))

#### THANK GOD

> Whenever possible, (I) THANK GOD is treated as a matrix clause taking a complement clause rather than as a parenthetical.

#### THERE

> Existential THERE (`EX`) is distinguished from adverbial THERE (`ADV`). The default is `EX`.

> R-pronoun THERE (as in THEREFORE, THEREON, etc.) is tagged `ADV`. Depending on whether it is spelled together with the preposition, the result is treated as a compound (exceptionally not split) or as an ordinary phrase.

>     (PP (ADV+P thereupon))		(PP (ADVP (ADV there)
>     				    (P upon))

> R-pronoun WHERE is treated analogously.

#### THEREFORE

> THEREFORE is tagged `ADV+P` in all readings, like any other preposition with R-pronoun. Note the change from PPCME1 where THEREFORE was sometimes treated as an adverb.

#### THILKE

> Information concerning POS tagging, splitting.

#### THRICE

#### TODO

#### TONE (= THE ONE) (see ONE)

#### TOO

> TOO is tagged `ADVR` in degree contexts and `ADV` when it means ALSO.

>     too_ADVR happy_ADJ
>     too_ADVR much_Q cake_N

>     I_PRO like_VBP him_PRO too_ADV ._.
>     I_PRO too_ADV like_VBP him_PRO ._.

#### TOTHER (= THE OTHER) (see OTHER)

#### TOUCHING

> TOUCHING in AS TOUCHING X is tagged `VAG`. In other prepositional uses, TOUCHING is tagged `P`.

>     and_CONJ in_P hym_PRO was_BED +te_D ende_N of_P +te_D empere_N
>     touchynge_P Charles_NPR his_$ ofspringe_N ._.

#### TOWER

> When referring to the Tower of London, TOWER is always tagged `NPR`, regardless of whether it is modified by OF LONDON or not. Note the difference with CITY.

>     (NP (D the) (NPR Tower))	(NP (D the) (NPR tower)
>     				    (PP (P of)
>     				        (NP (NPR London))))

#### TRIPLE

#### TWICE

#### UPRIGHT

> UPRIGHT is tagged `ADJ` in prenominal position and as the predicate of a copular verb or small clause, and `ADV` otherwise.

#### -WARD

> The information here focuses on POS assignment. Issues concerning splitting and joining compounds in -WARD are discussed in general terms in Splitting and joining words, and in particular s.v. -WARD.

> When used as adjectives, combinations with -WARD (BACKWARD, DOWNWARD, INWARD, OUTWARD, UPWARD) are treated as unitary adjectives.

> Combinations with -WARD that are used as prepositions (FROWARD, TOWARD, etc.) are tagged as unitary prepositions.

>     &_CONJ firse+d_VBP him_PRO awei_ADV froward_P vre_PRO$ steuene_N

>     and_CONJ makede_VBD his_PRO$ weie_N toward_P ierusalem_NPR

> All other uses and occurrences are tagged `WARD`, which is either part of a complex (+) POS tag (`ADV+WARD, N+WARD, NPR+WARD, RP+WARD,` etc.) or a separate tag, depending on whether -WARD is spelled as a separate orthographic word.

> The first part of a -WARD compound is tagged `RP` only if it is on the list of adverbial particles.

>     (ADVP-DIR (ADV+WARD forwardes))

>     (ADVP-DIR (RP+WARD towarde) (CONJ and) (ADV+WARD forwardes))

>     (NP (D a) (ADJ northwarde) (N declination))

>     (NP (D its) (N declination)
>         (NP-DIR (N+WARD northwarde)))		<-- NP-DIR by default

>     ( (CP-QUE-SPE (' ')
>     	      (CONJ But)
>     	      (WADVP-1 (WADV+WARD whotherward))
>     	      (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP-DIR *T*-1)
>     		      (VBP ryde)
>     		      (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>     		      (, ?)
>     		      (' ')
>     		      (IP-MAT-PRN (VBD seyde)
>     				  (NP-SBJ (NPR Merlion))))
>     	      (E_S .)))

>     (ADVP-DIR (ADV+WARD +tedir-ward))

>     (PP (P+D+ADJ+N+WARD to-+te-holy-place-warde))

>     (PP (P+PRO$+NPR+WARD to-owr-Lord-ward))

>     (PP (P tyll)
>         (NP (NPR+WARD Jhesuwarde))

>     (PP (P to)
>         (NP (D the) (NS justes) (WARD ward)))

>     (PP (P to)
>         (NP (PRO$ thy) (NS dethe) (WARD ward)))

>     (IP-MAT-SPE (ADVP (ADV Treuly))
>                 (CONJ and)
>     	    (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>     	    (MD schal)
>     	    (ADVP-TMP (ADV neuyr))
>     	    (VB turne)
>     	    (NP-OB1 (PRO$ my) (N face))
>     	    (PP (P fro)
>     	        (NP (PRO him) (WARD ward))))

#### WEEK

> For SATURDAY WEEK and similar expressions, see FORTNIGHT.

#### WHAT

> WHAT, like WHICH, is tagged `WD` or `WPRO` depending on whether it is followed by a noun. See Wh- words.

#### WHEN

> WHEN is tagged `P` when introducing adverbial clauses and `WADV` when introducing questions (including indirect questions). Cf. IF.

>     I_PRO will_MD ask_VB when_WADV they_PRO plan_VBP to_TO come_VB

>     Tell_VBI me_PRO when_WADV you_PRO first_ADV noticed_VBD something_Q+N strange_ADJ

>     When_P you_PRO notice_VBP anything_Q+N strange_ADJ, let_VBI us_PRO know_VB

>     When_P syre_NPR Ector_NPR beheld_VBD the_D swerd_N he_PRO retorned_VBD
>     ageyne_ADV

>     When_P I_PRO cam_VBD home_N for_P my_PRO$ broders_N$ swerd_N I_PRO
>     fond_VBD nobody_Q+N at_P home_N

#### WHERE

> WHERE is ordinarily tagged `WADV`, but is tagged `WQ` when introducing (indirect) yes-no questions (like WHETHER).

>     and_CONJ axede_VBD +tere_ADV of_P an_D holy_ADJ man_N +tat_C was_BED
>     solitaire_ADJ ,_, where_WQ he_PRO my+gte_MD overcome_VB +te_D
>     Longobardus_NPRS o+ter_CONJ no_NEG ._.

>     and_CONJ we_PRO witen_VBP not_NEG wer_WQ hit_PRO be_BEP ri+gt_ADJ ._.

> R-pronoun WHERE (as in WHEREFORE, WHEREIN, etc.) is treated like its non-wh counterpart THERE.

#### WHETHER

> See Indirect WHETHER questions and also Adverbial WHETHER questions, Direct WHETHER questions, and WHETHER free relatives. See also IF.

#### WHICH

> (THE) WHICH, like WHAT, is tagged `WD` or `WPRO` depending on whether it is followed by a noun. See Wh- words.

#### WHILE

> WHILE(S) (THAT) is treated as a preposition taking an adverbial clause, but THE WHILE(S) (THAT) is treated as an NP-MSR containing a relative clause.

>     ( (IP-IMP (CONJ and)
>               (PP (P whil)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D +te) (N slep))
>                                   (BEP is)
>                                   (PP (P on)
>                                       (NP (PRO here))))))
>               (, ,)
>               (VBI let)
>               (IP-INF (VB cleue)
>                       (PP (P to)
>                           (NP (PRO$ here) (NS ribbes)))
>                       (NP-SBJ (Q sum) (N sentence)
>                               (PP (P of)
>                                   (NP (ADJ holy) (NS wrytyngges)))))
>               (E_S ,))
>               (ID CMAELR3,31.134))

>     ( (IP-MAT (CONJ &)
>               (NP-SBJ (PRO$ his) (NS men))
>               (VBD toke)
>               (NP-OB1 (NPR$ Machometes) (N swerd))
>               (PP (RP out) (P of)
>                   (NP (PRO$ his) (N schethe)))
>               (PP (P whils)
>                   (CP-ADV (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
>                                   (VBD slepte)))))
>               (ID CMMANDEV,91.2254))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>               (MD moten)
>               (VB idre+gan)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO$ ure) (N wil))
>               (NP-MSR (D +te) (N hwile)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C +te)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
>                                       (BEP beo+d)
>                                       (ADJP (ADJ +gunge)))))
>               (E_S .))
>               (ID CMLAMBX1,29.348))

>     ( (IP-IMP (VBI Fle)
>               (NP-OB1 (NP (ADJ delicat) (NS metes))
>                       (CONJP (CONJ and)
>                              (NP (ADJ doucet) (NS drinkes))))
>               (NP-MSR (Q al) (D the) (N while)
>                       (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
>                               (C 0)
>                               (IP-SUB (NP-MSR *T*-1)
>                                       (NP-SBJ (PRO thou))
>                                       (BEP art)
>                                       (NEG not)
>                                       (ADJP (ADJ syke)))))
>               (E_S ;))
>               (ID CMAELR4,8.206))

#### WONDER

> WONDER with the the meaning of WONDROUSLY is tagged `ADV`.

#### WORTH

> When WORTH means VALUE, WORTH is tagged `N`. Otherwise, it is tagged `ADJ`.

>     an_D object_N of_P great_ADJ instrinsic_ADJ worth_N

>     not-NEG worth_A much_Q
>     worth_A ten_NUM dollars_NS
>     Unskillful_ADJ penance_N is_BEP little_Q worth_A .

> See NP complements of ADJ.

#### (I) WOULD (GOD)

> (I) WOULD (GOD) always takes a CP-THT complement. GOD is treated as NP-OB2.

>     (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *pro*)
>                   (VBD wold)
>                   (NP-OB2 (NPR God))
>                   (CP-THT (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (PP *T*-3)
>                                   (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>                                   (HVD had)
>                                   (NP-OB1 (NP-POS (D a) (N$ monthes))
>                                           (N companye))
>                                   (ADVP-LOC (ADV ther)))))
>           (ID tallen,Q_ALL_A_1579_T_WALLEN:15.86))

>     (NODE (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *pro*)
>                   (VBD wuld)
>                   (NP-OB2 (NPR God))
>                   (CP-THT (C 0)
>                           (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO ye))
>                                   (MD cowd)
>                                   (VB know)
>                                   (NP-OB1 (PRO yt))
>                                   (ADVP (ADVR as)
>                                         (ADV veryly)
>                                         (PP (P as)
>                                             (CP-CMP (WADVP-5 0)
>                                                     (C 0)
>                                                     (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-5)
>                                                             (NP-SBJ (PRO y))
>                                                             (VBP thynke)
>                                                             (NP-OB1 (PRO yt)))))))))
>           (ID torigin,Q_OR1_A_1490S?_FN_MBEAUFORT:47.143))

#### YET

> YET is ordinarily tagged `ADV`, in which case it projects an ADVP-TMP if it has a temporal meaning. Following negative conjunctions, it also serves as a focus particle.

>     (NP (ADV yet) (D+OTHER another) (N example))

>     ( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
>               (ADVP (ADV hardly))
>               (VB know)
>               (NP-OB1 (PRO her))
>     	  (ADVP-TMP (ADV yet))
>               (. .)))

>     (NP (NP (PRO they))
>         (CONJP (CONJ ne)
>                (NP (FP yet) (Q ony)
>                    (PP (P of)
>                        (NP (PRO them))))))

#### YONDER

> YONDER is tagged `D` when it modifies a noun, but `ADV` when used adverbially.

>     lete_VBI it_PRO be_BEP delyverd_VAN to_P me_PRO at_P yonder_D pryvy_ADJ
>     posterne_N

>     if_P he_PRO aventure_VBP his_PRO$ body_N with_P yondir_D knyght_N at_P
>     the_D fountayne_N

>     for_CONJ I_PRO se_VBP yondir_ADV a_D kynge_N

>     yondir_ADV ys_BEP the_D swerde_N that_C I_PRO spoke_VBD off_P

#### +TA +TA

> +TA +TA in the meaning WHEN (THAT) is tagged `+ta_P +ta_C`.

>     Godd_NPR he_PRO unwur+dede_VBD +da_P +ta_C he_PRO +dolede_VBD +dat_C
>     his_PRO$ wi+derwine_N him_PRO ouercam_VBD