<P_29>

<heading>

CHAP. IV . (LANGF-E3-H,29.3)

OF INOCULATING . (LANGF-E3-H,29.4)

</heading>

<font> Sect. </font> 1 . (LANGF-E3-H,29.6)

About a fortnight before or after <font> Midsummer </font> <paren>
which is the best time , though it may be done from the beginning of
<font> May </font> till <font> August </font> </paren> when you have
pitch'd upon such <font> stocks </font> as are fit to be <font>
inoculated </font> , choose out a strong and <font> well liking branch
</font> , or <font> shoot </font> of that <font> years growth </font>
upon a Tree that bears such kind of <font> fruit </font> as you would
by this operation produce , (LANGF-E3-H,29.7)

and about the middle , or lower end of it , <paren> for the top will be
too tender </paren> fix upon a <font> leaf </font> , that hath a fresh
and fair <font> bud </font> growing out betwixt it and the bark ,
(LANGF-E3-H,29.8)

and about half an inch below , and above the <font> bud </font> , cut
off the <font> branch </font> , (LANGF-E3-H,29.9)

and so you will have a piece of it about an inch long remaining , with
a <font> bud </font> and a <font> leaf </font> on ; (LANGF-E3-H,29.10)

this you must <font> cleave </font> just through the midst , so as the
<font> bud </font> may be directly in the middle of the one half ;
(LANGF-E3-H,29.11)

and then snip off a part of the <font> leaf </font> , or the whole
leaving the stalk : (LANGF-E3-H,29.12)

and holding it by the remainder , clap it to a smooth place on the
stock ; (LANGF-E3-H,29.13)

and with a <P_30> Pen-knife score out , on each side of it , so much of
the stock as it covers , or rather a little broader <paren> because
when the <font> bark </font> on which the <font> bud </font> is , is
taken off from its own <font> wood </font> and applyed to the stock ,
it will cover a wider space of the stock than it did before ; </paren>
(LANGF-E3-H,30.14)

after you have thus marked your stock , with-draw the Scion again ,
(LANGF-E3-H,30.15)

& cut the <font> bark </font> through where you had marked it ,
(LANGF-E3-H,30.16)

then cut the <font> bark cross </font> and <font> straight </font> ,
from the uppermost end of one <font> score </font> to the upper end of
the <font> other </font> , (LANGF-E3-H,30.17)

and cut the <font> bark </font> again <font> cross </font> and <font>
straight </font> , from one <font> score </font> to the <font> other
</font> , but not so low as the lower ends of the <font> scores </font>
by a quarter of an inch , (LANGF-E3-H,30.18)

then take the oblong square piece of <font> bark </font> , that is cut
on every side quite off the Stock , (LANGF-E3-H,30.19)

and raise up that part of the bark that remains betwixt the side <font>
scores </font> , at the bottom of the work , from the <font> wood
</font> , till you come to the lower ends of the side <font> scores
</font> . (LANGF-E3-H,30.20)

Take then a Goose-quill , cut in the fashion of an <font> Apple Scoop
</font> , or <font> Scraper </font> , (LANGF-E3-H,30.21)

and having with your Nail a little loosened the upper part of the
<font> bark </font> that is on the Scion , thrust the <font> quill
</font> betwixt the <font> bark </font> and the <font> wood </font> ,
holding it close to the <font> wood </font> , that it may separate them
, (LANGF-E3-H,30.22)

and take off with the <font> bark </font> a little <font> wood </font>
or <P_31> <font> root </font> of the <font> bud </font> over against it
: (LANGF-E3-H,31.23)

If you see a <font> hole </font> on the inside over against the <font>
bud </font> , when you have taken the bark off , <paren> which is
seldom </paren> cast it away , that little labour is lost ,
(LANGF-E3-H,31.24)

and try another till you find it otherwise . (LANGF-E3-H,31.25)

Then put in the lower end of that <font> Bark </font> or <font> Scion
</font> betwixt the <font> bark </font> that was raised on the Stock
and the Wood , (LANGF-E3-H,31.26)

and so bind it on the Stock gently with <font> Woollen-yarn </font> ,
or <font> narrow shreds </font> of <font> Linen-cloth </font> , or
<font> gentle Stuff </font> , or with <font> Basses </font> , or <font>
Bast </font> , of which the <font> Russia Mats </font> are made , but
so that the <font> Scion </font> may lie close to the <font> wood
</font> of the <font> stock </font> that was made bare ,
(LANGF-E3-H,31.27)

and have a special care that you hurt not the <font> bud </font> .
(LANGF-E3-H,31.28)

<font> Sect. </font> 2 . (LANGF-E3-H,31.29)

There are some other ways of <font> inoculating </font> used ,
differing only in the manner of the cut both-2 in the <font> bark
</font> of the Stock , and of the <font> Scion </font> .
(LANGF-E3-H,31.30)

And first , some proceeding in all other things as is before directed ,
cut the Bark out of the whole length of the side <font> scores </font>
, (LANGF-E3-H,31.31)

and apply the <font> Scion </font> to the disbarked place .
(LANGF-E3-H,31.32)

Secondly , Others cut one slit only , down the bark of the <font> Stock
</font> , and another <font> cross </font> the top of it , like a great
T : (LANGF-E3-H,31.33)

when this is done , they prepare the <P_32> <font> Scion </font> or
<font> bark </font> as before directed , <paren> only cutting it sharp
pointed at the lower end before they take the <font> bud </font> off
its <font> wood </font> </paren> (LANGF-E3-H,32.34)

then raise the <font> bark </font> of the <font> Stock </font> up on
each side the <font> slit </font> , (LANGF-E3-H,32.35)

and put in the Scion , beginning at the top and sliding it downward
gently , (LANGF-E3-H,32.36)

and so bind the bark gently upon it . (LANGF-E3-H,32.37)

<font> This is the common way used among Gardiners . </font>
(LANGF-E3-H,32.38)

<font> Thirdly </font> , You may make the <font> cross cut </font> in
the middle of the downright <font> score </font> on the Stock ,
(LANGF-E3-H,32.39)

and lifting up the four corners of the <font> bark </font> , and making
the Scion sharp at both ends , put it under the bark of the Stock at
both ends , (LANGF-E3-H,32.40)

and then bind it . (LANGF-E3-H,32.41)

But in doing this there is danger of hurting the Scion .
(LANGF-E3-H,32.42)

<font> Fourthly </font> , Mr. <font> Rea </font> commends the making
the <font> cross cut </font> at the lower end of the <font> down right
cut </font> , and having opened the sides , put in the Scion upward ,
being made sharp at the upper end only . (LANGF-E3-H,32.43)

Thus much to satisfie the curiosity of such as have a mind to make
tryal of every way ; (LANGF-E3-H,32.44)

but the first that I have described at large , I take to be the best .
(LANGF-E3-H,32.45)

<P_33>

<heading>

CHAP. V . (LANGF-E3-H,33.48)

OBSERVATIONS TOUCHING INOCULATING . (LANGF-E3-H,33.49)

</heading>

<font> Sect. </font> 1 . (LANGF-E3-H,33.51)

Lest one <font> bud </font> fail , or any mischance break it , put
<font> two </font> in every <font> Stock </font> , but not directly
<font> under </font> one another , on the same side of the <font> stock
</font> : (LANGF-E3-H,33.52)

The <font> branch </font> or <font> shoot </font> , you cut one <font>
Scion </font> off , may yield you several . (LANGF-E3-H,33.53)

About a <font> month </font> after the <font> inoculating </font> , or
sooner , if you perceive the <font> bark </font> swell where the
binding is , cut off the binding . (LANGF-E3-H,33.54)

If it grow it will fix to the <font> Stock </font> , keep its colour ,
(LANGF-E3-H,33.55)

and that part of the <font> leaf </font> and <font> stalk </font> that
was left will drop off , and the <font> bud </font> appear fair ;
(LANGF-E3-H,33.56)

then sometime before the next spring cut off the <font> top </font> of
the <font> stock </font> a hands breadth above the place it was <font>
inoculated </font> at , and all the <font> side-branches </font> , that
grow any where upon the <font> Stock </font> ; (LANGF-E3-H,33.57)

and at Spring the <font> bud </font> will put forth ,
(LANGF-E3-H,33.58)

and if any other <font> sprouts </font> of <font> buds </font> appear
on the <font> stock </font> , cut them off . (LANGF-E3-H,33.59)

If the first <font> inoculation </font> fail , or the <font> buds
</font> die , the <font> stocks </font> may be <font> inoculated
</font> again next Summer ; (LANGF-E3-H,33.60)

and of such as are <font> inoculated </font> <P_34> timely in the year
, it may be sometimes seen whether they grow or not , time enough to
<font> inoculate </font> them again the same year . (LANGF-E3-H,34.61)

<font> Apricocks </font> will have <font> buds </font> sooner ready
than other fruit ; so that you may begin with them , and follow with
other kinds . (LANGF-E3-H,34.62)

<font> Sect. </font> 2 . (LANGF-E3-H,34.63)

<font> Stocks </font> raised of <font> Peach-stones </font> are
commonly big enough to be <font> inoculated </font> the <font> second
</font> Summer , sometimes the <font> first </font> after they are set
; (LANGF-E3-H,34.64)

when they , or any other <font> Stocks </font> are an <font> inch
</font> and half in compass , or thereabouts , they are big enough to
be <font> inoculated </font> . (LANGF-E3-H,34.65)

Those you intend for <font> Wall </font> , or <font> Dwarf-trees
</font> , are to be <font> inoculated </font> within a <font> handful
</font> of the ground , and not Pruned at all till you remove them ,
(LANGF-E3-H,34.66)

and then you will better see $what $'s {TEXT:what's} necessary to be
cut off : (LANGF-E3-H,34.67)

And these you may remove after <font> one </font> years growth , or
<font> two </font> with more safety . (LANGF-E3-H,34.68)

If you <font> inoculate </font> any <font> Plums </font> , <font>
Cherries </font> , <font> Pears </font> or other <font> Fruit </font> ,
that you intend for an Orchard , or other place , for tall standards ,
you may do it higher on the <font> stocks </font> , and Prune these up
in the <font> Nursery </font> , and let them grow there three or four
years <paren> according as they grow in height </paren> before they be
removed . (LANGF-E3-H,34.69)

<P_35>

After <font> Stocks </font> that are <font> inoculated </font> have
made <font> one </font> or <font> two </font> years growth , you must
cut off the head of the <font> stock </font> , that remain'd above the
<font> bud </font> at your first cutting it : (LANGF-E3-H,35.71)

Cut it close to the new branch , that it may grow over the cut ;
(LANGF-E3-H,35.72)

let it be cut a little slope , and <font> clay'd </font> over , if you
desire the <font> branch </font> should quickly cover it ,
(LANGF-E3-H,35.73)

and the sooner it doth the better . (LANGF-E3-H,35.74)

<font> Sect. </font> 3 . (LANGF-E3-H,35.75)

Care must be had in choosing <font> branches </font> , or <font> shoots
</font> , from which you are to have your <font> buds </font> , that
are of strong growth , the Bark firm , and not spungy ;
(LANGF-E3-H,35.76)

suffer them to fade as little as may be , before you use them ;
(LANGF-E3-H,35.77)

and if the fruit you design to raise , be at such a distance that you
$can $not {TEXT:cannot} have <font> buds </font> to <font> inoculate
</font> the same day they are cut , put them in wet <font> Moss </font>
, or <font> Grass </font> in a Box , (LANGF-E3-H,35.78)

and so they will keep a day and a night very well . (LANGF-E3-H,35.79)

<font> Nectarines , Peaches </font> , and <font> Apricocks </font> ,
are seldom raised otherwise than by <font> inoculation </font> ;
(LANGF-E3-H,35.80)

I knew an <font> Apricock graffed </font> in the <font> cleft </font> ,
as likely as might be to grow , (LANGF-E3-H,35.81)

but failed ; (LANGF-E3-H,35.82)

I have heard of one <font> graffed </font> in the <font> bark </font>
that grew . (LANGF-E3-H,35.83)

<font> Cherries </font> and <font> Pears </font> take very sure , being
on young fresh stocks whose bark is not thick . (LANGF-E3-H,35.84)

<P_36>

The <font> bark </font> of <font> Scions </font> taken from some <font>
Plums </font> , is so tender and spungy , they will often miscarry when
<font> inoculated </font> ; (LANGF-E3-H,36.86)

from such one would choose rather to raise by Graffing ;
(LANGF-E3-H,36.87)

but most <font> Plums </font> will hit very well being inoculated .
(LANGF-E3-H,36.88)

<font> Scions </font> of <font> Apples </font> fails for the most part
, their Bark being tender , and <font> buds weak </font> ;
(LANGF-E3-H,36.89)

but to preserve kind of a dying <font> Apple-tree </font> , that I
could not well cut a <font> Scion </font> to Graff off , I have taken a
hungry <font> bud </font> of the year foregoing , (LANGF-E3-H,36.90)

and it hath taken , and grown very well . (LANGF-E3-H,36.91)

<font> Pears </font> and <font> Apples </font> succeed very well
<paren> and the latter best </paren> by taking a <font> bud </font>
from a shoot of the year foregoing to inoculate with .
(LANGF-E3-H,36.92)

The skill in finding <font> buds </font> that are fit for it , which
must be short and not likely to make <font> buds </font> for <font>
blossoms </font> is the only difficulty . (LANGF-E3-H,36.93)

There is a considerable advantage in it , (LANGF-E3-H,36.94)

<font> viz. </font> Being done in <font> May </font> or the beginning
of <font> June </font> , and part of the head of the <font> stock
</font> cut off , the <font> Bud </font> of the {COM:sic} shoots the
same year , (LANGF-E3-H,36.95)

and becomes so strong , that it makes a far better growth the
succeeding year , than otherwise it would have done ;
(LANGF-E3-H,36.96)

neither is such <font> shoot </font> liable to so many hurtful
casualties , as a <font> bud </font> is before the ensuing spring .
(LANGF-E3-H,36.97)

And lastly , if it should miscarry <P_37> <paren> as it seldom doth
</paren> it will be perceived by <font> Midsummer </font> ,
(LANGF-E3-H,37.98)

and the <font> stock </font> may be <font> enoculated </font> again the
same year . (LANGF-E3-H,37.99)

<font> Sect. </font> 4 . (LANGF-E3-H,37.100)

Where <font> inoculating </font> succeeds well , it is to be prefer'd
before Graffing . (LANGF-E3-H,37.101)

1 . (LANGF-E3-H,37.102)

Because the <font> stock </font> will be big enough to <font> inoculate
</font> sooner by two or three <font> years </font> , than to graff ,
(LANGF-E3-H,37.103)

and your <font> Plant </font> groweth much faster , after the Nature is
so altered , than it did before , (LANGF-E3-H,37.104)

and will be sooner ready to <font> Transplant </font> , $than
{TEXT:and} if it be suffered to grow <font> two </font> or <font> three
</font> years longer , as it must be before it will be fit to be <font>
graffed </font> . (LANGF-E3-H,37.105)

2 . (LANGF-E3-H,37.106)

It makes a <font> sounder Tree </font> than one that is <font> graffed
</font> , especially in the cleft ; because it covereth the <font>
Stock </font> speedily and well . (LANGF-E3-H,37.107)

3 . (LANGF-E3-H,37.108)

It <font> hurts </font> not the <font> Stock </font> so much as <font>
graffing </font> ; (LANGF-E3-H,37.109)

and if it chance to fail , it may be <font> inoculated </font> next
<font> year </font> again , and sometimes the same <font> year </font>
. (LANGF-E3-H,37.110)

4 . (LANGF-E3-H,37.111)

$It $'s {TEXT:It's} more <font> speedy </font> , <font> easie </font> ,
and <font> delightful </font> than <font> Graffing </font> ,
(LANGF-E3-H,37.112)

and may be practis'd by <font> Gentlemen </font> , who in <font> June
</font> may lie on the ground and do it ; whereas they $can $not
{TEXT:cannot} bear the cold without danger of $taking {TEXT:taing} hurt
, in <font> February </font> , or <font> March </font> , which is the
chief <font> Graffing </font> season . (LANGF-E3-H,37.113)

<P_38>

<font> Sect. </font> 5 . (LANGF-E3-H,38.115)

It is debated among <font> Planters </font> what <font> time </font> of
the <font> day </font> is best for <font> Inoculating </font> :
(LANGF-E3-H,38.116)

I have heard an Ingenious person argue for the morning ; because there
passeth up much more <font> sap </font> , or <font> juice </font> , in
the <font> day </font> time , than in the <font> night </font> ; as was
observed by him in piercing the <font> Birch tree </font> , and other
<font> Trees </font> , to get the <font> liquor </font> , that distills
out of them , for Physical uses ; (LANGF-E3-H,38.117)

and consequently the <font> bud inoculated </font> in the morning ,
must be more likely to grow , having the whole days plenty of <font>
sap </font> to invite it to unite with the <font> Stock </font> , than
if it be <font> inoculated </font> late in the day , and so must be
discouraged in its new habitation , by the niggardly provision of the
nights Sap . (LANGF-E3-H,38.118)

If you follow this advice , you had best wrap some broad <font> leaves
</font> , or <font> Fearn </font> , about the <font> stock </font> , so
as to shade the Scion from the scorching heat of the day following , to
prevent its drying before the <font> Stock </font> hath undertaken the
charge of preserving it . (LANGF-E3-H,38.119)

But this work may be done in the middle of the day , if the heat be not
<font> violent </font> , (LANGF-E3-H,38.120)

and then you must <paren> as at all times you ought </paren> be very
quick in the doing of it . (LANGF-E3-H,38.121)

<P_39>

And for all that hath been said before , the afternoon may be as good a
time as any ; because if the <font> bud </font> have less <font> liquor
</font> afforded it in the night , then the coolness of that time makes
it less thirsty ; (LANGF-E3-H,39.123)

and as its thirst encreaseth by the heath of the next day , a more
plentiful stream will be very seasonable to satisfie it .
(LANGF-E3-H,39.124)

<heading>

CHAP. VI . (LANGF-E3-H,39.126)

</heading>

OF THE SEVERAL WAYS OF GRAFFING . (LANGF-E3-H,39.128)

</heading>

<font> Sect. </font> 1 . (LANGF-E3-H,39.130)

As there are several ways <paren> as you have seen </paren> of <font>
inoculating </font> , so are there of Graffing , as now I come to let
you see ; (LANGF-E3-H,39.131)

and the first I shall speak of is that which is called <font> Slicing
</font> , or <font> Packing </font> , which I shall describe here at
large , (LANGF-E3-H,39.132)

and so it will serve in part , as a general direction for all .
(LANGF-E3-H,39.133)

Cut off the <font> top </font> of your <font> Stock </font> in some
smooth straight place ; (LANGF-E3-H,39.134)

if you do it with a <font> Hand-saw </font> , cut it smooth afterward
with your <font> Knife </font> , leaving the top flat and even .
(LANGF-E3-H,39.135)

<P_40>

Then prepare your <font> Scion </font> or <font> Graff </font> , by
cutting it on one side , from the <font> joint </font> , or <font> seam
</font> , <paren> that is , at every years growth </paren> down
slope-wise in the <font> old wood </font> , till $it $'s {TEXT:it's}
cut quite off , that the slope may be about an inch long , or something
more , observing its bent , that when the <font> Scion </font> is fixed
to the <font> Stock </font> it may stand almost upright ;
(LANGF-E3-H,40.137)

give a cut then cross through the <font> bark </font> at the top of the
slope , (LANGF-E3-H,40.138)

and then cut a thin <font> chip </font> of the <font> slope </font>
upward to the <font> cross-cut </font> , that there may be a <font>
shoulder </font> to rest on the top of the <font> Stock </font> ,
(LANGF-E3-H,40.139)

but cut not this <font> shoulder </font> too deep , (LANGF-E3-H,40.140)

little more than through the <font> bark </font> will be enough ,
(LANGF-E3-H,40.141)

and this will cause a little rising in the sloped part , which you must
cut down , that the whole <font> slope </font> may be plain and smooth
, without dints or risings , and lie even to the side of the <font>
Stock </font> . (LANGF-E3-H,40.142)

Cut then the top of the Scion off , close about a <font> bud </font> ,
about four inches above the <font> shoulder </font> if it be for a
<font> standard </font> Tree , two <font> buds </font> above the clay
being full enough ; (LANGF-E3-H,40.143)

but for <font> Dwarf </font> , or <font> Wall-trees </font> , you may
let the <font> Scion </font> be six inches long with several <font>
buds </font> that they may shoot forth many branches , and spread from
the very Stock . (LANGF-E3-H,40.144)

<P_41>

The <font> Scion </font> or <font> Graff </font> thus prepared ; lay
the cut part of the <font> Scion </font> on the <font> West </font> ,
or <font> South-west </font> side of the Stock , (LANGF-E3-H,41.146)

and so measure and mark the breadth and length of it ,
(LANGF-E3-H,41.147)

then cut away so much of the bark of the stock , as the cut part of the
Scion may fit , drawing your Knife upward ; (LANGF-E3-H,41.148)

but as the <font> stock </font> , is bigger , and the bark thicker than
that on the Scion , so the <font> chip </font> must be longer , and
broader , (LANGF-E3-H,41.149)

or else the passage for the <font> sap </font> in the <font> stock
</font> and Scion , <paren> which is chiefly betwixt the <font> bark
</font> and the <font> wood </font> </paren> will not meet together
<paren> as in the work you will easily see </paren> which should be
aimed at . (LANGF-E3-H,41.150)

Then lay the cut part of the Scion on the cut part of the Stock ,
(LANGF-E3-H,41.151)

and bind it on with course <font> Woollen-yarn </font> , <font> Basses
</font> , or the inward peeling of the <font> Witch-tree </font> ;
(LANGF-E3-H,41.152)

if you bind with such a material as will not be loose , or rotten by
Midsummer , about that time give it a cut cross-wise with a Knife to
set the Prisoners at liberty . (LANGF-E3-H,41.153)

Have in readiness good <font> Clay </font> , free from Stones , mixt
with long Hay , (LANGF-E3-H,41.154)

and daub it about the Stock and Scion , a full inch above and below the
head of the Stock , (LANGF-E3-H,41.155)

work it up round the Scion till it be sharp at the top , that the rain
water may run <P_42> down it ; (LANGF-E3-H,42.156)

and with a Knife or little <font> trowel </font> dipt in water smooth
over the clay ; (LANGF-E3-H,42.157)

in doing this be sure not to displace the Scion . (LANGF-E3-H,42.158)

Thus you may Graff <font> Pears </font> , <font> Plums </font> , <font>
Cherries </font> , and <font> Apples </font> , if it be before the
<font> bark </font> of the Stock will part from the wood of them ,
(LANGF-E3-H,42.159)

for when it will , the next way following is better .
(LANGF-E3-H,42.160)

<P_114>

<heading>

CHAP. XII . (LANGF-E3-H,114.163)

OF THE ANNOYANCES ABOUT FRUIT-TREES , AND OF SOME MISTAKES IN PLANTING
AND ORDERING THEM . (LANGF-E3-H,114.164)

</heading>

<font> Sect. </font> 1 . (LANGF-E3-H,114.166)

The nature of the soil is the chief cause of <font> Moss </font> and
<font> Canker </font> , (LANGF-E3-H,114.167)

and therefore without altering the <font> one </font> you can scarce
prevent the other ; (LANGF-E3-H,114.168)

However you may scrape or with a <font> hair-cloth </font> rub the
<font> moss </font> off , after rain , or <paren> as some say </paren>
burn it with a bottle of straw under the Tree . (LANGF-E3-H,114.169)

All <font> Canker </font> , <font> filth </font> , and <font> worms
</font> must be picked clean off , (LANGF-E3-H,114.170)

and bind some clay well mixt with <font> hay </font> about the <font>
canker'd </font> place : (LANGF-E3-H,114.171)

If the Tree grow but poorly , which is for the most part caused by the
ill temper of the <font> soil </font> , open the ground about , the
<font> roots </font> , (LANGF-E3-H,114.172)

and put in some <font> manure </font> proper to cure it .
(LANGF-E3-H,114.173)

<font> Slitting </font> the <font> bark </font> is an excellent
additional help to most of the foresaid evils , (LANGF-E3-H,114.174)

and also for <font> bark-binding </font> , some advice that the <font>
bark </font> be cut according to the <font> grain </font> of it , as in
<font> Apple-trees </font> , <font> Pear-trees </font> , &c. <font>
straight </font> down ; in <font> Cherries </font> , &c. <font> round
</font> about the Trees . (LANGF-E3-H,114.175)

<P_115>

But I have found in the same land , some kinds of <font> Fruit-trees
</font> very subject to some of these <font> evils </font> ; and others
prosper very well ; (LANGF-E3-H,115.177)

when once you discover this , <paren> because $it $'s {TEXT:it's}
utterly in vain to make ground and trees , of different <font> genius
</font> agree together </paren> you must make it your business by
degrees , to change your Trees , till you have left none against which
your <font> soil </font> beareth such an implacable hatred , and
furnish it with such as will flourish , and be fruitful .
(LANGF-E3-H,115.178)

If any of your Trees are <font> galled </font> , by being bound to
<font> stakes </font> , or by <font> thorns </font> , or otherwise ,
lay some <font> clay </font> upon the gall'd place (LANGF-E3-H,115.179)

and wrap <font> hay-bands </font> about them . (LANGF-E3-H,115.180)

Big <font> Plants </font> also , that upon their removal have had their
tops cut off , are apt to die from the place they were cut off at , to
the next <font> sprig </font> , or <font> branch </font> upon them ;
(LANGF-E3-H,115.181)

these dead parts ought to be cut off close to the next good <font> twig
</font> or <font> shoot </font> , and covered with <font> clay </font>
, as in <font> graffing </font> , that the head may be well grown over
, by such <font> twig </font> or <font> shoot </font> , and the wet
prevented of getting into the <font> pith </font> , to damage the Tree
. (LANGF-E3-H,115.182)

<font> Sect. </font> 2 . (LANGF-E3-H,115.183)

<font> Hares </font> and <font> Rabbets </font> are very mischievous to
<font> Nurseries </font> , and young <font> Orchards </font> , by
<font> peeling </font> off the <font> bark </font> of the <font> Plants
</font> : (LANGF-E3-H,115.184)

If your fence be a wall , or close <P_116> pale , or water , $there $'s
{TEXT:there's} little danger of them ; (LANGF-E3-H,116.185)

but because such fences about <font> Orchards </font> are rare , and no
other can keep them out , some expedient must be made use of .
(LANGF-E3-H,116.186)

Some have used <font> Hay-ropes </font> , bound about the Tree , from
the ground to a sufficient height ; (LANGF-E3-H,116.187)

but this were endless in a <font> Nursery </font> ,
(LANGF-E3-H,116.188)

it may be done in an <font> Orchard </font> ; (LANGF-E3-H,116.189)

but there are other ways to be preferred before it .
(LANGF-E3-H,116.190)

Others therefore <font> dawb </font> the bodies of the trees over with
<font> Tar </font> , which being used alone , endangers the life of
very young <font> Plants </font> , and extreamly hardens the <font>
bark </font> , and otherwise hurts them , which evil is prevented by
mixing the <font> Tar </font> with any kind of Grease , and boiling
them on a fire , so as both may incorporate , (LANGF-E3-H,116.191)

then with a brush , or little broom , daub over the body of the Tree ,
as high as <font> Hare </font> or <font> Rabbet </font> can reach ;
(LANGF-E3-H,116.192)

and if this be done in <font> November </font> , it will preserve the
<font> Trees </font> for that whole year , with that once doing , it
being the <font> winter time </font> only that they will feed upon the
<font> bark </font> . (LANGF-E3-H,116.193)

Some use Grease alone , (LANGF-E3-H,116.194)

and then it may require to be laid on <font> twice </font> in a Winter
. (LANGF-E3-H,116.195)

<P_117>

Some thin stuff out of a <font> House of Office </font> , or the thick
tempered with Water , and brush'd on once in a Winter hath been often
used with good success . (LANGF-E3-H,117.197)

Or the <font> White-wash </font> which Plasterers white Houses with ,
done once a Year over the Trees with a Brush , preserves them from
<font> Hares </font> , <font> Rabbits </font> , or <font> Deer </font>
. (LANGF-E3-H,117.198)

<font> Sect. </font> 3 . (LANGF-E3-H,117.199)

If you find <font> Pismires </font> or <font> Ants </font> breed about
, or near the <font> roots </font> of any of your Trees , cast away the
Earth they lodge in , (LANGF-E3-H,117.200)

and supply its place with some <font> stiff clay </font> ;
(LANGF-E3-H,117.201)

if they breed distant in several places , some direct to daub the Tree
about with <font> Tar </font> , that their Feet may be taken in it ;
(LANGF-E3-H,117.202)

but you heard already $that $'s {TEXT:that's} prejudicial to young
Trees ; (LANGF-E3-H,117.203)

but if they pester you extreamly , and your Tree be young , you may
bind a single <font> list </font> , or <font> shread </font> of <font>
Cloth </font> about it , (LANGF-E3-H,117.204)

and once a week <paren> when <font> Buds </font> and <font> Blossoms
</font> are putting forth , for that is the chief time they prejudice
them </paren> <font> daub </font> the <font> Cloth </font> over with
<font> Tar </font> . (LANGF-E3-H,117.205)

<font> Sect. </font> 4 . (LANGF-E3-H,117.206)

<font> Moles </font> are to be kill'd , especially in Seed-plots and
Nurseries ; (LANGF-E3-H,117.207)

Spring-traps ; or Box-traps are best to destroy them , not easily
describ'd , (LANGF-E3-H,117.208)

but are now known almost generally . (LANGF-E3-H,117.209)

<P_118>

I have heard that <font> Water Rats </font> will spoil a whole <font>
Nursery </font> , getting through <font> Moleholes </font> ; and
barking or eating the young <font> Roots </font> : (LANGF-E3-H,118.211)

I found several Roots so served ; (LANGF-E3-H,118.212)

and it being near a <font> Fish-pond </font> , I suspected it was done
by them ; (LANGF-E3-H,118.213)

but finding also a <font> Snake </font> in a hole among the Roots , I
knew not whether that might not be the Enemy . (LANGF-E3-H,118.214)

<font> Efts </font> {HELSINKI:Ests} , or <paren> as some call them
</paren> <font> Askers </font> , are also said to be pernicious to
Trees ; (LANGF-E3-H,118.215)

but these three last accidents are so rare and inconsiderable , that
$it $'s {TEXT:it's} needless to labour much about Remedies against them
, only as men find them to destroy them . (LANGF-E3-H,118.216)

<font> Sect. </font> 5 . (LANGF-E3-H,118.217)

The greatest prejudice to <font> fruit </font> , is by <font> blastings
</font> , <font> frosts </font> immediately succeeding rain , <font>
Caterpillars </font> , or <font> black Flies </font> , that eat up
<font> buds </font> , <font> leaves </font> , and <font> blossoms
</font> : (LANGF-E3-H,118.218)

$There $'s {TEXT:There's} one way used to help in all these cases , for
<font> Orchard-fruit </font> ; (LANGF-E3-H,118.219)

but I know not how it should be useful for any but the last two , for
which I dare commend it . (LANGF-E3-H,118.220)

And that is , that when in the Spring you perceive these <font>
Caterpillars </font> , or <font> Flies </font> appear , make fires of
something that will smoak , so near the <font> Orchard </font> , and in
such places that the wind may carry the <font> smoak </font> as much
through the Trees as may be . (LANGF-E3-H,118.221)

A thing frequently used is <font> Hempsheaves </font> , <P_119> <paren>
as $it $'s {TEXT:it's} called </paren> being the stalk of the <font>
Hemp </font> , when the <font> tow </font> is separated from it ,
(LANGF-E3-H,119.222)

and $it $'s {TEXT:its} certainly very good ; (LANGF-E3-H,119.223)

but bad <font> Chaff </font> ; <font> wet straw </font> , or <font>
moldy Hay </font> , or any thing of that nature may serve turn .
(LANGF-E3-H,119.224)

<font> Snails </font> are pernicious to <font> Wall-fruit </font> ,
(LANGF-E3-H,119.225)

therefore destroy as many of them as you can , when they are best to be
discovered , which is early in the morning . (LANGF-E3-H,119.226)

And to preserve your <font> Wall-fruit </font> from <font> blasting
winds </font> and <font> Frosts </font> ; it will be necessary to cover
them in the nights , and cold days by hanging before them <font> Matts
</font> or <font> Blankets </font> : (LANGF-E3-H,119.227)

some stick <font> branches </font> of <font> broom </font> before the
<font> blossoms </font> and young tender <font> fruit </font> .
(LANGF-E3-H,119.228)

To preserve <font> ripe fruit </font> from <font> birds </font> ,
spread an old <font> Net </font> , before the <font> Wall-fruit </font>
, or upon the <font> Dwarf-trees </font> . (LANGF-E3-H,119.229)

<font> Sect. </font> 6 . (LANGF-E3-H,119.230)

I have endeavour'd to direct the Reader by true Rules , which if
observed , he would not fall into those vulgar Errors which are
frequent in practice ; (LANGF-E3-H,119.231)

but because for want of warning , some people may continue in them ,
thinking they have a further knowledge or better Judgment , I shall
endeavour to refute those I have most taken notice off in use .
(LANGF-E3-H,119.232)

<P_120>

1 . (LANGF-E3-H,120.234)

Some set <font> Trees </font> too deep , (LANGF-E3-H,120.235)

and plead for it , that otherwise the Tree may be in danger of dying ,
if the next Summer prove very hot : (LANGF-E3-H,120.236)

But to prevent that hazard $it $'s {TEXT:it's} better to raise Earth
about it , and cover it with Dung , Fearn , or Straw , and in the
Summer with the Grass mowed from Grass-plots , and set it not too deep
whereby the Tree may put forth its Roots in the upper Turf , which is
generally the best Land in all Ground . (LANGF-E3-H,120.237)

For in some Land a deep hole will draw in Water in the Winter , which
standing under and about the Roots , may chill and starve them ;
(LANGF-E3-H,120.238)

other Lands in the bottom are <font> Rocky </font> ,
(LANGF-E3-H,120.239)

have a <font> Fox-bent </font> , <font> Cat-brain </font> , or <font>
stiff Clay </font> , and <font> binding Gravel </font> , unfit for
Trees to root in , (LANGF-E3-H,120.240)

and yet may have that depth of Earth above it , that some <font>
Fruit-trees </font> being set light , may prosper reasonably well .
(LANGF-E3-H,120.241)

2 . (LANGF-E3-H,120.242)

Others for curiosity use graffing several kinds of Fruit on one Stock ,
which hath often this Evil , that the one kind <paren> being of swifter
growth than the other </paren> overtops and keeps under its fellow .
(LANGF-E3-H,120.243)

But if a Man have a few Trees in a secure place , he may graff two or
three sorts on one Head of choice Summer <P_121> Fruit , whereof he is
content with a little Fruit of each kind of eating only ;
(LANGF-E3-H,121.244)

and by pruning he may make them grow somewhat equal .
(LANGF-E3-H,121.245)

3 . (LANGF-E3-H,121.246)

Some out of curiosity <paren> instead of <font> Clay </font> </paren>
when they graff <font> Trees </font> , cover the Heads of the Stocks
with <font> Lime </font> mix'd with Hair ; others with <font> Bees-wax
</font> or some such things compounded ; the first of which groweth so
hard that the Stock $can $not {TEXT:cannot} grow to cover , nor the
<font> Scion </font> enlarge it self as it would , (LANGF-E3-H,121.247)

and the Lime kills often Stock and all , as will salt Clay , such as is
used on Drinking-Vessels ; (LANGF-E3-H,121.248)

the latter is either melted by the heat of the Sun in Summer ,
(LANGF-E3-H,121.249)

and runs off the Stock , (LANGF-E3-H,121.250)

and being thin , the heat of the Sun hardens the Sap which the Stock
puts up to a Crust , that it groweth not to bark or wood , as it should
do ; (LANGF-E3-H,121.251)

and if it be compounded of so hard a substance that it melteth not , it
hath the like effect as the Lime : So that upon tryal , there is
nothing better than good Clay mix'd with long Hay ; and laid on
somewhat thick , (LANGF-E3-H,121.252)

for that keeps it from the heat of the Sun , as well as too much wet ,
(LANGF-E3-H,121.253)

and with Hay it will keep on much longer than otherwise .
(LANGF-E3-H,121.254)

<P_122>

4 . (LANGF-E3-H,122.256)

Many neglect keeping the Heads of Stocks clay'd after the first time
when they are graffed , (LANGF-E3-H,122.257)

but $it $'s {TEXT:it's} very necessary to do it till the Stock be near
covered , (LANGF-E3-H,122.258)

for it hastens it in covering , whereby the <font> Scions </font> grow
faster , and wet is prevented from the perishing the Stock .
(LANGF-E3-H,122.259)

5 . (LANGF-E3-H,122.260)

Another Evil is , when Men set well grown Trees , that they must cut
off the Head where it may be an inch over ; (LANGF-E3-H,122.261)

they consider not to cut it at a Branch , (LANGF-E3-H,122.262)

and so the top often dieth a little at the Head ; whereas if they did
cut it off a little sloap at a Branch or small Sprig , and put Clay
thereon , as in graffing , that Branch would cover the top , and keep
the Heart sound . (LANGF-E3-H,122.263)

If you do it not at the setting of the Tree , then the Year after ,
when it hath put forth Branches , cut off the top sloap-wise , where it
is alive , at the uppermost Branch you would preserve ,
(LANGF-E3-H,122.264)

and then clay it : (LANGF-E3-H,122.265)

You will find advantage in the growth of the top and soundness of the
body of the Tree . (LANGF-E3-H,122.266)

6 . (LANGF-E3-H,122.267)

In pruning big Branches of any Tree , do it in <font> March </font> ,
(LANGF-E3-H,122.268)

and cut it not so close to the Body as to hurt it , nor yet so long
that it be a Stump , (LANGF-E3-H,122.269)

but leave it highest in the middle , (LANGF-E3-H,122.270)

for then it will <P_123> not have so deep a hole in its growing to
cover , which otherwise $it $'s {TEXT:it's} apt to have , and to hold
the wet . (LANGF-E3-H,123.271)

This pruning can be no ways so well done as with such a broad Chissel
as I have described . (LANGF-E3-H,123.272)

7 . (LANGF-E3-H,123.273)

The first Summer after you have set a Tree , some let Shoots grow out
near the Butt , and in several places on the Body , though so low that
they never intend they shall continue . (LANGF-E3-H,123.274)

These had best be cut off at the first springing out , that they rob
not the top of Sap . (LANGF-E3-H,123.275)

If you have any high Standards , such as are proper to be planted in
Fields , or Forest Trees in Avenues , it will be necessary to have such
another Chissel ; (LANGF-E3-H,123.276)

but instead of an Iron handle let it be made with a Socket , which fix
on a Staff about two or three yards long , (LANGF-E3-H,123.277)

and let it have Edges likewise on the lower part on each side the
Socket ; (LANGF-E3-H,123.278)

with this you may , as you walk about your Trees , cut off such young
Shoots as grow out of the hands reach , and yet such as you would not
have continue , first cutting them upwards , and then with the other
Edge cutting downwards the little Tippet left on the upper <P_124> side
, that it be smooth , and even to the Body . (LANGF-E3-H,124.279)

8 . (LANGF-E3-H,124.280)

I have known some Country Gardiners in pruning Wall-Fruit-trees yearly
cut off the young Shoots or Branches that grew side-ward , as well as
outward , from the Elder-wood , and leave the Wall almost bare ;
whereas $it $'s {TEXT:it's} those young Shoots chiefly that bear Fruit
the Year following : (LANGF-E3-H,124.281)

And therefore the better to inform the Reader in Pruning , it will be
necessary to shew what Years Branches bear Fruit in each kind , or in
the most common sort of Fruit-trees . (LANGF-E3-H,124.282)

1 . (LANGF-E3-H,124.283)

<font> Vines </font> and <font> Shrubs </font> , as <font> Gooseberries
</font> , <font> Currans </font> , &c. bear Fruit for the most part on
the Branches they put forth the same Year , so that in pruning these
you may cut off much of the <font> Shoots </font> of the foregoing Year
, and old <font> Wood </font> , as you see occasion ,
(LANGF-E3-H,124.284)

and there will be the more Sap to put forth fresh ones the Year after ,
provided you leave plenty of Buds for them to put forth at , and with
this Caution , that such as grow very luxurious in Wood are not apt to
bear , (LANGF-E3-H,124.285)

and there the more you cut off , the more they will run into the same
Evil . (LANGF-E3-H,124.286)

<P_125>

2 . (LANGF-E3-H,125.288)

<font> Stone Fruit-trees </font> , generally bear on the <font>
Branches </font> of the foregoing Year , (LANGF-E3-H,125.289)

therefore leave a sufficient number of them . (LANGF-E3-H,125.290)

3 . (LANGF-E3-H,125.291)

<font> Apple </font> and <font> Pear-trees </font> bear Fruit on the
<font> Branches </font> that are of two years growth before the bearing
year . (LANGF-E3-H,125.292)

And thus you shall find it for the most part ; (LANGF-E3-H,125.293)

and although <font> Fruit </font> may often in all these sorts seem to
be on older Wood than I mention , yet if you search into it you will
find <paren> where it seems so </paren> that it grows on some sort
short Stalk put forth as near <paren> as can be judged </paren> as I
have set it down . (LANGF-E3-H,125.294)

You will therefore find it often necessary to practice the direction
formerly given in this Book of taking off some of the old Wood of Trees
, (LANGF-E3-H,125.295)

<heading>

CHAP. 8 . (LANGF-E3-H,125.297)

</heading>

<font> Sect. </font> 7 . (LANGF-E3-H,125.299)

And when your Trees are young let them not fill the Wall so thick as
many Trees are apt to do , (LANGF-E3-H,125.300)

otherwise you will find many will not bear well young ,
(LANGF-E3-H,125.301)

and when they grow bigger you must cut them thinner , which will be
worse for the Tree . (LANGF-E3-H,125.302)

Another Evil is common in suffering too much Fruit to grow upon Trees
<paren> especially Wall-Trees </paren> wherefore if it be so , pluck
off some where they stand <P_126> in Clusters , (LANGF-E3-H,126.303)

Green <font> Apricocks </font> will serve for Tarts .
(LANGF-E3-H,126.304)

These foregoing Observations may seem trivial and of small concern ;
(LANGF-E3-H,126.305)

but you will find a due observation of them will conduce much to the
health and welfare of your Trees and Fruit . (LANGF-E3-H,126.306)

<heading>

CHAP. XIII . (LANGF-E3-H,126.308)

SOME PARTICULAR RULES ABOUT SOME KINDS OF FRUIT-TREES BESIDES THE
GENERAL RULES ALREADY MENTIONED . (LANGF-E3-H,126.309)

</heading>

<font> Sect. </font> 1 . (LANGF-E3-H,126.311)

<font> Grapes </font> seldom or never ripen well in this <font> Isle .
</font> without help of Art and Industry , to which purpose take these
directions . (LANGF-E3-H,126.312)

1 . (LANGF-E3-H,126.313)

To <font> plant </font> such as ripen soonest in the Year , that they
may have as much of the <font> summer </font> heat at <font> ripening
time </font> as may be . (LANGF-E3-H,126.314)

2 . (LANGF-E3-H,126.315)

Let the Wall you plant them against be a full <font> South </font> , or
but a little inclining to the <font> East </font> ;
(LANGF-E3-H,126.316)

or if you have a <font> half-round </font> , or corner in a Wall , or
the back of <P_127> a brick Chimney , make use of such places for them
. (LANGF-E3-H,127.317)

<font> Vines </font> will prosper well against a high Wall ,
(LANGF-E3-H,127.318)

yet that is not altogether so necessary but that low Walls may serve
turn , (LANGF-E3-H,127.319)

and the higher may be reserved for such <font> Fruit-trees </font> as
will not do well without them : (LANGF-E3-H,127.320)

That of a <font> Tarras-walk </font> may do well for <font> Vines
</font> , (LANGF-E3-H,127.321)

and the <font> Gravel-walk </font> under the <font> Wall </font> will
mightily encrease the heat about them . (LANGF-E3-H,127.322)

If you plant any <font> Trees </font> against your <font>
Dwelling-house wall </font> , there may be some narrow places between
two Windows , or the like , where other <font> Fruit-trees </font> have
not room to spread : (LANGF-E3-H,127.323)

A Vine may grow up there , and above those narrow places enlarge it
self where ever it meets with room . (LANGF-E3-H,127.324)

You may also plant a <font> Vine </font> betwixt every <font>
fruit-tree </font> that groweth against your <font> hottest walls
</font> , and let it spread a little in the <font> Summer </font> time
into the <font> Fruit-trees </font> on either side especially if the
<font> fruit </font> of such Trees use to be early ripe , or that they
bear little Fruit , or have not been so long set as to have covered the
Wall . (LANGF-E3-H,127.325)

And though such <font> Vines </font> $can $not {TEXT:cannot} extend
themselves to that bigness , as those planted where they have more room
; <P_128> yet by this means you will make advantage of such portions of
your Wall , as otherwise you could have had little benefit from .
(LANGF-E3-H,128.326)

<font> Sect. </font> 2 . (LANGF-E3-H,128.327)

The best ground for them is that which is <font> rich </font> and
<font> dry </font> , inclinable to <font> stony </font> or <font>
gravel </font> , so it bind not ; (LANGF-E3-H,128.328)

the best Dung to fatten the Earth they grow in is Horse or Sheeps-dung
: (LANGF-E3-H,128.329)

Make bare the <font> Roots </font> in the beginning of Winter ,
(LANGF-E3-H,128.330)

and throw in plenty of the same Dung most Winters .
(LANGF-E3-H,128.331)

The best way of propagating of them is , in <font> November </font> to
lay a Branch of that Years growth into the Earth , under the old Tree ,
without cutting it off , (LANGF-E3-H,128.332)

lay as many <font> joynts </font> or <font> buds </font> in the Earth
{TEXT:Farth} as you can , leaving but one or two out ;
(LANGF-E3-H,128.333)

for it puts forth its <font> roots </font> chiefly at the <font> joynts
</font> at a Years end , (LANGF-E3-H,128.334)

or in the <font> February come twelve month </font> , cut it off from
the old one , (LANGF-E3-H,128.335)

and plant it where you design it should grow ; (LANGF-E3-H,128.336)

lay it in the Earth in the same posture it lay in before ,
(LANGF-E3-H,128.337)

and also lay some of the <font> Buds </font> of the <font> new wood
</font> , that grew out since it was first laid down , that it may gain
the more <font> Roots </font> , leaving out of the ground again not
above one or <font> two buds </font> . (LANGF-E3-H,128.338)

<P_129>

You may chance to have Suckers of an old Vine which will be sure to
grow . (LANGF-E3-H,129.340)

Or you may take <font> Cuttings </font> of <font> Vine-branches </font>
of that Years growth , and set them in good <font> warm loose </font>
Land , (LANGF-E3-H,129.341)

and many will grow ; (LANGF-E3-H,129.342)

if it be in the place you intend they shall always stand in , next
<font> year </font> lay down a part of that which hath grown out , to
root also , (LANGF-E3-H,129.343)

or else upon removal lay in the new growth all but a <font> bud </font>
or two , with that part which is already rooted : (LANGF-E3-H,129.344)

If it have made but small growth the first <font> year </font> , lay
part of the second <font> years </font> growth in the ground ,
(LANGF-E3-H,129.345)

it will more advantage them by helping them to good <font> roots
</font> , than the loss of a <font> year </font> or $two $'s
{TEXT:two's} growth in the top will amount to . (LANGF-E3-H,129.346)

If you have an old <font> Vine </font> , that beareth not well , lay
down in <font> February </font> , or <font> March </font> some of the
strongest <font> branches </font> of the foregoing <font> year </font>
, <paren> that grow low </paren> in the <font> mold </font> under the
old Tree , without cutting them off , leaving out of the ground a
<font> bud </font> or two to grow , (LANGF-E3-H,129.347)

and your <font> wall </font> will quickly be furnished with new , and
fresh <font> branches </font> ; so that by degrees you may cut off many
of the old <font> branches </font> of the Vine ; (LANGF-E3-H,129.348)

for though one Vine may <P_130> cover abundance of walling , yet three
or four <font> roots </font> in that compass will strengthen it the
more to bear . (LANGF-E3-H,130.349)

