Introduction The MARTINA integrated environment is oriented to processing Russian text information for personal computers which are compatible with IBM PC XT/AT's and PS/2's. This provides you a description of how to work with text files in the editor window, information on the integrated environment, the system of menus, the various integrated environment options, a description of the Russian language dictionary and the method to supplement, correct and browse through it, and other useful information. Contents Section 1. LEARNING ABOUT MARTINA 1.1 Design and the Conditions of Use 1.2 How to Invoke the MARTINA environment 1.3 Designations of Keys in This Documentation and on the Keyboard 1.4 The Complete Supplied Set 1.5 A Fast Start 1.5.1 How to Load a Text 1.5.2 Working with Characters and Lines 1.5.3 Setting Format Parameters 1.5.4 Automated Correction of Spelling Mistakes 1.5.5 How to Save Text on Disk 1.5.6 How to Work with Text Blocks 1.5.7 Windows Management 1.5.8 Spell Checking a Text 1.5.9 Printing a Text 1.5.10 Exit from the Environment 1.5.11 Saving a Text under a New Name Section 2. THE USER INTERFACE OF MARTINA 2.1 How to Get Help 2.2 Using the Menus 2.3 Structure of the Menus 2.4 Orienting Yourself in the Integrated Environment 2.5 The Main Menu 2.6 Current Help Lines 2.7 Main Menu Commands 2.7.1 The "File" Menu 2.7.1.1 The "Open" Command 2.7.1.2 The "Save" Command 2.7.1.3 The "Write as" Command 2.7.1.4 The "Change dir" Command 2.7.1.5 The "Information" Command 2.7.1.6 The "DOS shell" Command 2.7.1.7. The "Undo" Command 2.7.2 The "Search" Menu 2.7.2.1 The "Find" Command 2.7.2.2 The "Replace" Command 2.7.2.3 The "Search again" Command 2.7.3 The "Spell" Menu 2.7.3.1. The "Globally" Command 2.7.3.2. The "Selected text" Command 2.7.3.3. The "Globally with accent" Command 2.7.3.4. The "Selected with accent" Command 2.7.3.5. The "Suggestion" Command 2.7.4 The Dictionary Management Menu 2.7.4.1. The "Morphological" Command 2.7.4.1.1 Stem Dictionary Modification 2.7.4.1.2 Flexion Dictionary Modification 2.7.4.1.3 Information Service 2.7.4.2. The "Russian-English" Command 2.7.4.3. The "English-Russian" Command 2.7.5 The "Options" Menu 2.7.5.1 Color Palette 2.7.5.2 Format Options 2.7.5.3 Spell Options 2.7.5.4 The "Get options from" Command 2.7.5.5 The "Default options" Command 2.7.5.6 The "Save options" Command 2.7.5.7 The "Restore options" Command 2.7.6 The "Print" Menu 2.7.6.1. The "Print/Page Setup" Command 2.7.6.1.1. "Page length in mm" 2.7.6.1.2. "Left margin" 2.7.6.1.3. The First Page Number 2.7.6.1.4. Page numbering 2.7.6.1.5. Blank Line after page number 2.7.6.1.6. Printer type 2.7.6.1.7. Quality 2.7.6.1.8. Line spacing 2.7.6.1.9. Paper 2.7.6.2. Repaginate 2.7.6.3. Insert Page Change into the Text 2.7.6.4. Delete All Pages 2.7.6.5. Delete Editor Pages 2.7.6.6. Start Printing 2.7.8 The "Exit" command Section 3. HOW TO WORK WITH THE MARTINA INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Working with Source Files in the Editor Window 3.1.1 Creating a New Source File 3.1.2 Loading an Existing Source File 3.1.3 Saving the Edited File 3.1.4 Writing a New File 3.2 Editor Windows 3.3 The Active Window 3.4 Editor Commands 3.5 Window Management 3.6 Basic Facilities for Text Editing 3.6.1 Moving the Cursor Over the Text 3.6.2 Deletion of Characters and Lines 3.6.3 Characters Insertion 3.6.4 Entering New Lines 3.7 Working with Text Blocks 3.7.1 How to Mark Blocks 3.7.2 How to Unmark Blocks 3.7.3 How to Delete/Store Blocks 3.7.4 How to Insert Blocks 3.7.5 How to Shift Blocks Horizontally 3.8 Context Sensitive Search and Replacement of Words 3.8.1 "Find" 3.8.2 "Replace" 3.8.3 "Search again" 3.9 Spelling Error Detection 3.10 Setting Options 3.10.1 Changing colors 3.10.2 Format Parameters 3.10.3 Setting Spell Parameters 3.10.4 Saving and Restoring Options 3.11 Printing Control 3.11.1. Setting Print Options 3.11.2. Pagination 3.11.3. Deleting Pages 3.11.4. Print 3.12 Screen Formatting 3.13 Centering Lines 3.14. Macrocommands 3.15 Lines Drawing 3.16. The Russian-English and English-Russian Dictionaries 3.16.1. General Survey 3.16.2. How to Work with the Dictionaries Section 4. HOW TO WORK WITH THE RUSSIAN MORPHOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 4.1 General Description 4.2 Modification of the Stem Dictionary 4.2.1 Adding a New Word 4.2.1.1 Specify Class Number Directly 4.2.1.2 Specify Class by Analog 4.2.1.3 Find Class by Word Forms 4.2.2 Word Correction 4.2.3 Word Deletion 4.3 Modification of the Flexion Dictionary 4.3.1 Creation of a New Class 4.3.2 Correction of a Class 4.3.3 Deletion of a Class 4.4 Information Service 1. LEARNING ABOUT MARTINA 1.1. Design and the Conditions of Use MARTINA is an integrated environment designed for creating and processing of text documents and oriented to the use of Russian language. It is an integrated environment containing a full-screen multi-window word processor, a Russian dictionary system and various services, such as the searching for spelling mistakes in a text, the context-sensitive search and correction, the marking of stress in a text, text formatting and printing facilities, dictionary access procedures, etc. The MARTINA integrated environment supplies the user with the complete set of the traditional means of processing of the text information: - loading a text from an information medium into the integrated environment and writing a text from the integrated environment to an information medium; - input and modification of a text in the screen mode; - dealing with segments and blocks of a text; - screen formatting; - printing your text. The main features of the MARTINA environment are: - the availability to search spelling mistakes: the text can be checked both in on-line and off-line modes with the erroneous words indicated by marking them on the screen with inverse color. This checking is based on the identification of the words of a text in the integrated environment dictionary; - automated correction of spelling errors by supplying the user with a list of possible alternatives; - the availability of multiple windows: the editor has 9 windows in each of which a different text can be placed. This permits you to perform the complete processing of a complex documentation system or of a group of program modules; - built-in drivers which provide Russian fonts for keyboard, screen and printer: Russian text in the editor can be used with Latin text in any arbitrary combination; - the availability of stress marking in the text or in the particular fragment of the text. Stressed letter in the word is marked by the inverse color and when printing the text, it's marked by an accent mark; - a special method of search and replacement of words, in which a search is performed of all forms of the specified word. In the same way in the replacement mode the program can perform the replacement of all forms of a given word by the corresponding forms of another word; - the availability of context-sensitive help which provides explanations on working with any item of the current menu and when needed more detailed information can be requested by using keywords; - the availability to switch from Russian to English messages of integrated environment interface and vice versa; - the openness of the dictionary system: when working with the MARTINA integrated environment the user can supplement the dictionary by using specially supplied tools. The MARTINA integrated environment is designed to work with personal computers compatible with IBM PC XT/AT's and PS/2's, having at least 512 Kbytes of real memory. A hard disk and available memory space on it of nearly 2 Mbytes are required for the program to work. The program works in an environment of the MS-DOS versions 3.0 and higher. 1.2. How to Invoke the MARTINA environment The integrated environment is invoked by the command line: marta [file list] Typing the command line is terminated by pressing ENTER. The "file list" is the names of up to 9 files that are loaded sequentially into the editor's windows beginning the with the first one. If the file list is empty, all the windows of the editor will be empty when editing session starts. During the work within the editor you can create new files or load files into the windows. The file names are listed sequentially separated by blanks. The brackets mean that the file list is optional, the brackets themselves need not be typed. If you omit the file list, the integrated environment is invoked by the following command line: marta 1.3. Designations of Keys in This Documentation and on the Keyboard The commands for the MARTINA environment are key presses - sometimes a single key, sometimes a key combination: either sequentially or simultaneously. When two keys, say A and B are to be pressed simultaneously it will be designated by hyphen: A - B When several keys are pressed simultaneously it will be designated by commas: A, B, C The keys that are marked by different special signs on the keyboard will be designated as follows: - the arrow keys on the functional part of the keyboard: LEFT, RIGHT, UP, DOWN; - any of the two keys with the vertical arrow sign to the right and to the left from the letter keyboard indicating the change to the upper register: SHIFT; - the key with two arrows (right and left) on it: TAB; Thus the arrangement of the keys on the functional keyboard is the following (Fig. 1) : The arrangement of the keys on the functional keyboard

._______. .______. ._____. | HOME | | UP | | PgUp| ._______. .______. ._____. ._______. .______. ._______. | LEFT | | | | RIGHT | ._______. .______. ._______. ._______. .______. ._____. | END | | DOWN | | PgDn| ._______. .______. ._____. .________________. ._____. | INS | | DEL | .________________. ._____. Fig. 1

In the text and in the integrated environment the CTRL key is indicated by the sign ^. The rest of the keys will be designated by the letters written on them. The keys CTRL, SHIFT, ALT will be called registers - these are the keys used in combination with the simultaneous pressing of another keys. The simultaneous pressing is performed in the following way: First the register key is pressed, then, without releasing the register key, the second key is pressed and both keys are released simultaneously. When working with Russian texts the letter keys are used in two modes - Russian and English. In the English mode the keys mean the letters drawn upon them. For the work in the Russian mode the following arrangement of Russian letters is used (this arrangement follows the standard keyboard arrangement on Russian typewriters):

~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ъ ! " # ; : , . * ( ) Q W E R T Y U I O P { й ц у к е н г ш щ з х A S D F G H J K L : " ф ы в а п р о л д ж э Z X C V B N M < > я ч с м и т ь б ю

When working with the integrated environment we recommend that you glue the Russian letters on the side surfaces of the keys in the order shown. 1.4. The Complete Supplied Set The complete supplied set of the MARTINA environment consists of the following: - the program of the MARTINA integrated environment on a diskette; - the Russian Morphological Dictionary system on a diskette; - the "User guide" documentation on a diskette. 1.5. A Fast Start You may start working with the MARTINA integrated environment without being familiar with its commands in detail. To start MARTINA, type MARTA at the DOS prompt and press ENTER. The current window of the editor will be displayed with the product information release. Press any key and proceed with some text editing work. 1.5.1. How to Load a Text If you have already some text file stored on disk, load it by pressing F3. The following prompt will be displayed:

.__________ INPUT FILE NAME __________. |*.txt | ._______________________________________.

Specify your file name in this window, e.g., TXTFL.TXT. If required, supply the full path name, e.g.: \PTH\TXTFL.TXT; if your file is on a floppy disk, specify file name, e.g.: A:TEXTFL.TXT, where "A" is a drive name. Having typed file name, press ENTER. When you see your text in the edit window, you may begin editing the text. 1.5.2. Working with Characters and Lines Move the cursor using the arrow keys to the place in the text you wish to modify. Now you are in the insert mode, i.e. when some letter key is pressed, it will appear in the text at the cursor position. All the rest characters of the line which are to the right from the cursor are shifted to the right to one position. Delete incorrectly typed characters by using DEL, and the character before the cursor by using BACKSPACE. An entire line is deleted by pressing the CTRL-Y keys simultaneously. To press the keys simultaneously, hold down CTRL first and then press Y. One character can be replaced by another without extending the line in the REPLACE mode, which can be turned on by pressing INS. To move the cursor over the text use the arrow keys; to move it to the end of line press END, and to the beginning - HOME. While typing a text don't worry about word wrap and line feed, MARTINA will do it for you. If you need to change over to the Latin alphabet, press F4. A second press of this key will restore the Russian alphabet. At the left-hand side of the bottom line of the window there is a RUS/LAT indicator of the current mode. A text line may be centered by pressing ALT-F7 simultaneously. It is convenient for positioning headers. 1.5.3. Setting Format Parameters Don't worry if lines of your text are longer than those formed by editor. In this case the line length should be changed. Pressing F10 brings you to the main menu of the integrated environment (the top line of the screen). This menu contains all the main integrated environment functions that you need. Use the right arrow key to select menu item OPTIONS. This may be done more quickly by pressing the two keys ALT-O (the Latin letter O) simultaneously when the cursor is on text line. When menu item OPTIONS is activated (marked by inverse color), press ENTER. There will appear a pop-up menu OPTIONS. Use the down arrow key to select the item FORMAT OPTIONS and press ENTER. This will bring you to the dialogue box that lets you set parameters for formatting your text. To enlarge line length change the right border. Press the TAB key and the parameter LEFT MARGIN will be activated - it will be marked by another color. Transfer to the parameter RIGHT MARGIN using TAB key and type in the desired line length. You'll discover that right border value has changed. Press ENTER, so that specified right border will be memorized by the integrated environment. Now you can quit back to the current window of the editor. Using the same procedure you may change paragraph margin and left margin. Having changed right border, reformat the incorrect paragraph of the text. To do this position the cursor inside the paragraph and press CTRL-F. 1.5.4. Automated Correction of Spelling Mistakes If while inputing text in AUTSP mode (the mode when every word entered from the keyboard is spell-checked by the integrated environment) you type a word in error, the integrated environment will at once report about this to you, marking the word by inverse color. You can correct the mistake right away. If difficulties arise while correcting, ask for help by positioning the cursor on the word in error and pressing CTRL-F1. You will get the list of all words which look like misspelled word. Choose the right word from this list using arrow keys and press ENTER. This word will be automatically inserted into the text instead of erroneous one. For instance, if you have entered the following text: Переговоры прашли успешно. the word "прашли" will be marked as erroneous. Position cursor on this word and press CTRL-F1. The following list will be displayed:

._____________. | CANCEL | | пришли | | прошли | ._____________.

Select the word "прошли" with the down arrow key and press ENTER. The misspelled word will be replaced in the text by the word "прошли". It should be noted that the word marked as erroneous also may be a correct word. This word is simply not contained in the dictionary used by the integrated environment for spell checking. In future you'll learn how to supplement this dictionary by adding your required words. The process of entering new words into the dictionary is simple and is designed for minimal knowledge of the Russian language. Spell checking of every entered word is performed in AUTSP mode. You can change over to the text or the table modes by pressing F9. The current mode is indicated in the lower part of the window. If you wish to get an English translation of some Russian word of the text in an edit window, you should invoke the Russian-English Dictionary. Access to the Russian-English dictionary is performed by positioning the cursor on the desired word and pressing CTRL-F9. 1.5.5. How to Save Text on Disk During your work save text to disk from time to time by pressing F2. If the text was loaded from the file, it will be saved under the same name. If it is a new text, the following prompt will be displayed:

.__________ ENTER FILE NAME __________. | | ._______________________________________.

Type in the file name in this window, e.g., NEWFILE.TXT, and press ENTER. Your text will be saved in the current directory under the name NEWFILE.TXT. 1.5.6. How to Work with Text Blocks Now that you have mastered the simple operations of text processing, try to work with text blocks. There are two types of blocks: stream and column. Using stream blocks, whole lines may be copied. Stream mode of block processing is turned on and off by pressing F5. Using column blocks, any rectangular text blocks may be copied. Column mode of blocks processing is turned on and off by pressing F6. For instance, prepare a new document based on an existing one. Using the arrow keys position cursor on the first line of the required block and press F5. This line will be marked on the screen by inverse color. Zoom in a block by pressing the down arrow key. Then press CTRL-F5. The marked block will be moved to a buffer and will disappear from the screen, i.e., will be cut out. In this way text blocks may be removed. If you don't want to spoil the text, you just copy a block to the buffer. To do this, press SHIFT-F5 and the marked block will be put into the buffer. To insert a block from the buffer to the text, press SHIFT-F6. You can insert the same block into another position of the text. Position the cursor on the text line before which you want to insert the marked block. You can move around the text using the up and down arrow keys, and also perform paging of the text using PgDn and PgUp. When cursor is on the proper line, press SHIFT-F6. You can cancel block marking by pressing F5 or F6 respectively. 1.5.7. Windows Management A block in the buffer may be moved to another document. To do this transfer to another window of the editor. The editor lets you work with nine windows, which are numbered by digits from 1 to 9. At first you are located in the first window. The window number is indicated at the left-hand side of the top line of the window. You can transfer to another window by pressing ALT and the window number simultaneously. Press ALT and the digit 2 simultaneously at the top of the keyboard. After this command is executed, you'll find yourself in the second window. In this window another document may be edited. Press F3, and after the prompt appears, specify the name of the file which contains your second document. After the text appears in the window, you may insert a text block from the first window. Position the cursor on the line before which the text is to be inserted and press SHIFT-F6. The text block from the buffer will be moved to the text in the current window. 1.5.8. Spell Checking a Text Now you can perform spell checking. Press ALT-S. You will transfer to the main menu of the integrated environment and find yourself on line (S)-SPELL. Press ENTER, and the SPELL command menu will appear on the screen, with the first menu item GLOBALLY being marked by inverse color. This denotes that the entire text may be spell checked. Press ENTER. The integrated environment starts sequential checking of all Russian words of the text in the current window. While doing so there will appear on the screen a window containing the following current information (see Fig. 2). While checking the text this information is constantly updated. This way you'll be able to estimate how much time has been spent for the text checking and see how many misspelled words have been found in the text.

.=============== SPELL ================. I I I 0.00000 sec I I I I Spelled lines I I Lines to be spelled I I I I I I Spelled words I I Misspelled words I I I I I I Ctrl-Break to quit I .======================================. Fig. 2

When checking is finished, in the lower part of the window a message will appear: "PRESS ANY KEY...". Press any key and the first page of the text will appear in the current window. Press CTRL-F8 and the cursor will be positioned on the first error detected during text checking. This word will be marked by inverse color. If the word really contains an error, correct it manually or by using CTRL-F1 command as described above. If you correct the mistake manually, move the cursor behind this word after correcting it, and the corrected word will be checked at once. Transfer to the next mistake using the CTRL-F1 command. For orientation in the commands use the help line in the lower part of the screen. It should be kept in mind that correction of detected errors is always performed in AUTSP mode. If a correct word is marked as an erroneous one, so it was not found in the dictionary. Press CTRL-F4 to tell integrated environment that this word is correct. This command cancels marking the word as erroneous. Move to the previous mistake by using the command CTRL-F8. 1.5.9. Printing a Text Now you can print out the text that had been checked. Enter the main menu by pressing F10 and select menu item PRINT by pressing the right arrow key. Enter the pop-up menu PRINT by pressing ENTER. The PRINT menu will be displayed (see Fig.3) with the REPAGINATE menu item being marked by a different color. PRINT menu

.==============================. I Print/Page setup I I Repaginate I I Insert page change into text I I Delete all pages I I Delete editor pages I I START PRINTING I .==============================. Fig. 3

By using the PRINT menu you may set the desired printing parameters, e.g.: set the desired print quality, line spacing, printer type, type of paper used, repaginate, and start printing. To work with the PRINT menu, use the help line on the bottom of the screen. To transfer from one parameter (menu item) to another, use the TAB key. To change a certain printing parameter, e.g., page length, first page number, left margin, enter the new value after the selected parameter was marked with a different color. Prior to repaginate or to start printing, you have to specify the necessary line spacing, like in case of typewriter, and the type of printing. Position the cursor at the PRINT/PAGE SETUP menu item and press ENTER. The "PRINT/PAGE SETUP" dialog box will be displayed, containing the standard printing parameters (Fig.4) with the "Page length in mm" parameter marked with a different color. The "PRINT/PAGE SETUP" Dialogue Box

.============================PRINT=============================. I I I Page length in mm : 300 Left margin : 10 I I ._______________________________.I I First page number 1 | [X] Page numbering |I I | [X] Blank Line after page num |I I .____________. ._______________________________.I I | (*) 9-pin | .____________. I I | ( ) 24-pin | | ( ) System | I I | ( ) Laser | | ( ) Draft | I I .____________. | (*) NLQ | I I | ( ) Letter | I I .___________________. .____________. I I | ( ) 1 | .____________. I I | (*) 1,5 | | (*) Sheets | I I | ( ) 2 | | ( ) Scroll | I I .___________________. .____________. I I I I I I OK Cancel I I I .==============================================================. Fig. 4

When working with such menu items as QUALITY, LINE SPACING, PAPER, PRINTER TYPE, you get a list of values of the parameter that has been selected. You can choose the required value from this list by positioning a marker on it using the arrow keys. To specify the necessary value select the required group of buttons by TAB key. The selected group of buttons will be marked by double frame and the title will appear on its top. Select the necessary line using UP or DOWN arrow keys, or just press the marked letter of the required parameter value. The selected value will be marked by star sign in round brackets (*). For instance, let's set the desired print quality. Press TAB key unless the QUALITY parameter is selected. The corresponding group of selection buttons will be marked with double frame and the name "QUALITY"will appear on its top. SYSTEM quality means printing using the internal font of printer; it is the fastest printing, but the clearness is low. In addition, in order to print a Russian text with this quality your printer must be russified. DRAFT and NLQ quality means printing in graphics mode which differ in clearness and the boldness of the letters and in speed of printing. LETTER quality emulates the "OPTIMA" typewriter font, this is high quality but low-speed printing; To print our text quickly let's select DRAFT print quality. Position marker on line DRAFT. "*" symbol will appear in round brackets. Now the quality will have value DRAFT. Use the same procedure to specify for instance Line Spacing which may have the values 1, 1.5, or 2, which is similar to typewriter line spacing. The parameter LEFT MARGIN defines the number of positions the text should be moved from the left edge of the paper. After having set the necessary printing parameters, press ENTER to save them. After that you return to the current active window of the editor. Enter the PRINT menu again, position the cursor at the "Repaginate" menu item and press ENTER. The text will be divided into pages, which can be seen on screen. After that you return to the current active window of the editor again. After the desired printing parameters are selected turn on the printer and insert paper. To start printing you should enter the "PRINT" menu again and position the cursor at the "Start Printing" menu item. There will appear a window with a question "Print page #1?" and the three replies YES, NO, and CANCEL. The YES reply is already marked with a different color, so press ENTER to print the page #1. If using the TAB key you select NO reply, page #1 won't be printed. In the middle of the screen there will appear a window which will display the information on the printing process. Printing may be interrupted by pressing ESC. After the fist page is printed, the following question will appear on screen:

.=========================. I I I Print page # 2 ? I I I I Yes No Cancel I I I I I .=========================.

Move the cursor to the CANCEL reply using the TAB key and press ENTER to exit from the printing mode. The cursor will return to the current window of the editor, and you may continue text editing. 1.5.10. Exit from the Environment If you wish to finalize the work with the integrated environment, press F10, and after the program quits to the main menu, use the arrows to move to the item EXIT. When ENTER is pressed, integrated environment operation is finished. Exiting from the integrated environment may be done quicker if you press ALT-X (the Latin letter X). If before you quit from the integrated environment you forgot to save the text, the integrated environment will remind you of it and a question will be displayed:

.========================. I File is not saved! I I SAVE? I I Yes No Cancel I .========================.

In this case the response YES is activated and if you press ENTER, the text will be saved. If you have already saved the text while working with the editor or it was loaded at the beginning of the work from some file, the text will be saved under the same name before the current session ends. If it is a new text, the integrated environment will ask for the name of the file, in which the text is to be stored (see above). If you don't need to save the text, transfer to the response NO using the TAB key and press ENTER. If you choose CANCEL, the text won't be saved, and you will be still in the editor. 1.5.11 Saving a Text under a New Name If you have created a new document from an existing one and wish to store it under another name, use the following procedure so as not to erase the original text. Before the edit session is ended or at any other time press ALT-F. After this command is executed you'll find yourself in the "File" menu with first item of the menu being active. Use the down arrow key to select the menu item WRITE AS and press ENTER. The following prompt will be displayed:

.__________ INPUT FILE NAME __________. | | ._______________________________________.

In this window there may appear the name of the file from which the text was loaded, e.g.: C:\PTH\TEXTFL.TXT where C - name of disk drive, PTH - path name, TEXTFL.TXT - file name. This name may assist you in forming a new file name. For instance, move to the file name using the right arrow key and type the new file name NEWFILE.TXT. Then press ENTER. Text will be stored under the name NEWFILE.TXT. 2. THE USER INTERFACE OF MARTINA The interface with the MARTINA integrated environment is performed by using various interactive menus. To execute any action you must enter the corresponding menu and select the desired function. All menus are called from the main menu. To take your bearings in the integrated environment, use the context-sensitive help system. 2.1. How to Get Help The MARTINA integrated environment lets you get a help by pressing a single key. You can get a help in any place on any menu. To get help press F1. The help window containing explanation of the work of the current menu item will be displayed. Any help screen may contain a key word (indicated by inverse color) on which you can request even more detailed information. Use arrow keys to move the cursor to the key word and press ENTER. Then the detailed information on the chosen subject will be given to you. To move to the first and last key words on the screen, you can use HOME and END keys respectively. To exit from the help system and to return to the current menu item press ESC. 2.2. Orienting Yourself in the Integrated Environment After you have invoked the MARTINA integrated environment by typing MARTO and pressing ENTER, the main screen will be displayed along with the product release information. You can get this information at any time by pressing ALT-F10. After pressing any key, the product release information disappears. Look at the main screen (Fig. 5). It consists of three parts: the main menu (top line), the editor window and the current help line (bottom line). The main screen of the MARTINA integrated environment

(F)-File (E)-Search (S)-Spell (D)-Dict'ry (O)-Opt (P)-Print (X)-Exit .== 1 ==================== FILENAME.EXT ============================ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I .== 1:1 ====== Lat ============================= Text === Insert = F1-Help F2-Save F3-Open F4-Rus F5/F6-Block F9-AutSp F10-Main menu Fig. 5

Here is the basic information needed to get your bearings in the MARTINA integrated environment. After entering the integrated environment your cursor is in the editing window and you can begin working with a text. Text editing in the text processor may be performed in the three basic modes. In the AUTOSPELL mode each Russian word is checked automatically, while entering words from the keyboard. Erroneous word will be marked by different color on screen. If the word was written with a single mistake, you can ask of a help. The list of all possible variants of correction of word will be displayed. You can select the right word, which will automatically replace the erroneous one in the text. In the TEXT mode you can enter and edit the text as usual. In the TABLE mode table, pictures, charts, and graphs can be drawn. Press F10 to return to the main menu. When in the main menu, use the arrow keys to select a menu item and press ENTER. Press ESC to exit from the menu and return to the active editing window. More detailed information on working with the editor windows is given in section 3. At any point in the integrated environment you can press F1 to get help information on that position. To exit from the integrated environment back to DOS, you must return to the main menu and select the menu item "Exit". To select it, move the cursor to this item using the arrow keys and press ENTER. The program will ask if the file is to be saved or not, so you can decided if you wish to exit from the program without saving the current file. To change from Russian to English integrated environment interface messages use the command CTRL-F2. 2.3. Structure of the Menus All the menus of the MARTINA integrated environment are composed, in general, of two components: - instructions: they execute an action (loading a file into the editor, checking of spelling mistakes in a text, writing parameters and so on); - switches: they control the state of different parameters of the integrated environment (On = Yes, or Off = No), or select sequentially one of several parameters by repeatedly pressing ENTER until the desired item (for instance a set of instructions) is selected. 2.4. Using the Menus In any menu: - the position of the cursor marked with a color selects the menu item; - to activate the selected item of the menu, press ENTER; - to exit from the menu, press ESC. Pressing ESC from the main menu will return the cursor to the current editor window; - pressing F1 will display a help window corresponding to the context (your position on the screen). To change from Russian to English integrated environment interface messages press CTRL-F2. 2.5. The Main Menu In the upper part of the main screen you will find the main menu (Fig. 6), consisting of seven items: - "File": working with your files (loading, saving, selecting, creating, writing to disk), work with directories (changing, browisng), getting the current information, and temporary exiting from the program to execute a DOS command; - "Search": lets you perform context-sensitive search of all forms of the specified word and replace them by another word; - "Spell": automatic checking of the text in the current editor window for the presence of spelling errors; - "Dictionary": supplementing, correcting and browsing through the dictionary; - "Options": lets you adapt the MARTINA program to your desired configuration: to choose the color scale on the display, to set the window sizes, to set the parameters for formatting the text, to save the integrated environment configuration, to load the parameters from the configuration file, etc; - "Print": lets you set print parameters and output the text from the current editor window to the printer; - "Exit" : ends your current session in the MARTINA integrated environment. The main menu of MARTINA

.____________________________________________________. | File Search Spell Dictionary Options Print Exit | .____________________________________________________. Fig. 6

"Exit" is the only item on the main menu that performs a single action: the current session simply terminates, whereas the remaining items of the menu launch into further, sometimes rather numerous submenus. 2.6. Current Help Lines While working in either a window or a menu, the current help line is highlighted on the bottom of the screen describing the current purpose of some special keys. In AUTOSP mode the current help line looks like this: F1-Help ^F4-Msp cancel ^F7/^F8-Prev/Next msp F9-Text F10-Main menu Note: The symbol ^ designates the CTRL key, which you use in combination with another key. For example, ^F4 means the simultaneous pressing of CTRL and the F4 key. When switching from AUTOSP mode to TEXT mode or TABL mode the current help line looks like this: F1-Help F2-Save F3-Open F4-Rus F5/F6-Block F9-AutSp F10-Main menu 2.7. Main Menu Commands The main menu gives the basic means for loading, editing, correcting and printing of text documents. There are seven items on the menu: - file (the working with a disk); - search (context-sensitive searching and replacement of words); - spell (checking the orthography of a text); - dictionary (access to the dictionaries); - options (parameters); - print (printing of documents); - exit. All them are described below. 2.7.1. The "File" Menu The pull-down "File" menu is meant for loading existing files, creating new ones, and writing (saving) your current files. When a file is loaded it is automatically placed into the editor. After a file has been edited, it can be written to any directory under any name. In addition, the menu lets you change the directory or exit the program briefly to the operating system. 2.7.1.1. The "Open" Command The instruction "Open" loads the desired file. To get a list of the files in the current directory, you can use the masks employed by the operating system, or simply indicate a specific file by typing its name into the prompt rectangle. If you make a mistake in the name of a file or a directory, a corresponding message will be displayed. If you attempt to load a new file when a not saved file is in the editor, a message will appear requiring you to confirm the operation. None of the other keys will work until you press one of keys indicated by the error message or by the message confirming the operation. 2.7.1.2. The "Save" Command This command writes the file in the current window to the disk. If a file name was not specified, the program will ask you what to name it. The same result can be obtained by pressing F2. 2.7.1.3. The "Write as" Command This command writes the file under a new name, or using the current name and replacing the old file. 2.7.1.4. The "Change dir" Command Lets you view the current directory name and change the disk drive and the directory. 2.7.1.5. The "Information" Command Lets you see the full name of the file in the active editor window, the current directory of files in the active window, the amount of available working memory and the current date and time. 2.7.1.6. The "DOS shell" Command This instruction lets you to exit from MARTINA into the operating system for a brief time. To return to the integrated environment, type "Exit" and press the ENTER key. You can use this instruction if you want to perform an operating system command without ending your work with the MARTINA integrated environment. 2.7.1.7. The "Undo" Command This command lets you abandon last change when editing text. Press SHIFT-F10 to invoke the Undo command. You will see text restored after the command executed. Press SHIFT-F10 again to abandon previous change. Using this command you can abandon one by one and to any depth any number of corrections performed during the current editing session and to restore necessary state of your file. 2.7.2. The "Search" Menu "Search" menu provides various options of context sensitive search and replacement of specified fragments of the text. You can set a search/replace mode with high accuracy using numerous parameters which can be specified by the user or by default. In this menu you can invoke three commands briefly described below (refer to the subsection 3.8 for more detailed description). 2.7.2.1. The "Find" Command The "Find" command lets you perform a context search in a file or in a selected part of the text in different directions and various modes including case insensitive mode and searching for a word in any of its forms. You can call this command directly from the editor window by pressing CTRL-F3. 2.7.2.2. The "Replace" Command The "Replace" command lets you perform search and replace in various modes including the replacement of all entries of any form of the specified word by the corresponding word forms of another word. While editing the text one can invoke this command by pressing ALT-F3 without using the "Search" menu. 2.7.2.3. The "Search again" Command "Find next" command repeats the search or replacement operation depending on the command that had just been invoked: "Search" or "Replace". The hot key for this command is CTRL-L. 2.7.3. The "Spell" Menu The spell-checking menu is intended to invoke the procedures for an orthographic check of the text. It is possible to find words with spelling mistakes either in the entire text or in a previously marked block (see Section 3). It is also possible to indicate the stresses either in the whole text or in any segment. When printing the text, the stressed letter in each word is indicated by an accent mark. Searching for mistakes in the text is performed using the Russian language dictionary. Every word to be checked is searched in the dictionary and if the identification fails it is marked in the text as a mistake by inverse color on the screen. Of course, an indicated word might not be a mistake but could be correct but not in the dictionary. The program will draw your attention to the word and you can decide not to change it. When the dictionary contains a sufficient quantity of words, this happens rarely, and the dictionary system's flexibility lets you reduce considerably the occurrence of such cases while working with the integrated environment. Thus the procedure of error searching guarantees 100% that your attention will be drawn to all the words of the checked text that may contain errors. Note that if by making a spelling error a word has been transformed into another valid Russian word, then, of course, a mistake of this kind will not be noticed, because it changes from a spelling error into a semantic one. For example, if in the word "победа" the first letter "п" is missing, the word "обеда" is not wrong from the orthographic point of view, but a semantic error is present. You can move from error to error in the checked text using the key combinations ^F7 (previous error) or ^F8 (next error) where the symbol ^ indicates the CTRL key. The key combination ^F4 lets you cancel marking of the indicated word as an error by inverse color. 2.7.3.1. The "Globally" Command This command performs spell checking of entire current text. After the command is executed, erroneous words will be marked by inverse color. 2.7.3.2. The "Selected text" Command This command executes spell checking of the marked block of the current text. After the command is executed, erroneous words will be marked by inverse color. 2.7.3.3. The "Globally with accent" Command This command performs spell checking of entire current text and marks stress in all words of the text. After the command is executed, erroneous words and the stress letter will be marked by inverse color. When printing, stress letter will be marked by the apostrophe sign. 2.7.3.4. The "Selected with accent" Command This command performs spell checking of the marked block of the current text and marks stress in all words of the text. After the command is executed, erroneous words and the stress letter will be marked by inverse color. When printing, stress letter will be marked by the apostrophe sign. 2.7.3.5. The "Suggestion" Command This command is intended to help you when correcting erroneous words detected while spell checking the text or its block. Position cursor on an erroneous word and invoke this command. A list of words suggested for correction of erroneous word will be displayed. Select necessary word using UP and DOWN arrows and press ENTER. In the text an erroneous word will be replaced by the selected word. Note, that command is executed if erroneous word contains not more than one error. The "Suggestion" command may be invoked from the editor window by pressing CTRL-F1 key combination. See paragraph 3.9 for more details. 2.7.4. The Dictionary Management Menu The menu called from the main menu by the "DICTIONARY" command lets you call one of following three dictionaries: - the Russian Morphological Dictionary, - the Russian-English Dictionary, - the English-Russian Dictionary. The "MORPHOLOGICAL" command of the "DICTIONARY" menu lets you supplement, correct and browse the Russian morphological dictionary. The Russian-English and English-Russian dictionaries provide English (Russian) translations for Russian (English) words respectively. You can invoke the Russian-English or English-Russian dictionary using the "Russian-English" command of this menu or by pressing hotkey combination CTRL-F9 from the editor window. If when using hotkey the cursor is positioned on Russian (English) word, the Russian-English (English-Russian) dictionary will be invoked respectively. See paragraph 3.16 for more details about using the Russian-English and English-Russian dictionaries. 2.7.4.1. The "Morphological" Command You can browse and modify Russian morphological dictionary using special menu which can be invoked from the DICTIONARY menu using the MORPHOLOGICAL command. This menu lets you supplement and modify both stem dictionary and flection dictionary. See Section 4 for details of structure and working with morphological dictionary. 2.7.4.1.1. Stem Dictionary Modification When selecting this command, you will get a menu from which you may choose the type of stem dictionary modification: - adding a new word; - correcting a word; - deleting a word. 2.7.4.1.2. Flexion Dictionary Modification By invoking this command, you will get a menu where you may select the type of flexion dictionary modification: - adding a new flexion class; - correcting flexion class; - deleting a flexion class. 2.7.4.1.3. Information Service On invoking this command, you will get a menu where you may select what kind of information stored in the dictionary you would like to access: - a display of the dictionary size; - a display of all the word forms of a given word; - how a flexion class looks; - finding a word in the dictionary; - the morphological analysis of a word; - finding all words with a given stem; - finding all words with a given flexion class. 2.7.4.2. The "Russian-English" Command Russian-English dictionary can be invoked from the DICTIONARY menu by the RUSSIAN-ENGLISH command or by the CTRL-F9 command from the editor active window. This command lets you to obtain the translation of the word under the cursor. If cursor is positioned on the Russian word, you will enter Russian-English dictionary with an English translation of this word. 2.7.4.3. The "English-Russian" Command This command lets you get Russian translation for an English word. Position cursor on the word to be translated and invoke an English-Russian dictionary. The dictionary may be invoked either using main menu or by pressing CTRL-F9. See paragraph 3.16.2 for more details. 2.7.5. The "Options" Menu The "Options" menu lets you set different parameters, defining how all the components of the MARTINA integrated environment will work. These parameters let you change the size and the color of the editor windows, the boundaries of text lines, the modes of working with the procedure for searching for spelling mistakes, and so on. 2.7.5.1. Color Palette The color palette lets you set different combinations of colors on the screen of the monitor. There are three standard color combinations: - two color combinations define the color palette for a colored display; - one color combination is for the liquid-crystal display with sixteen gray shades (used in laptops); - one color combination for B&W (monochrome) display. In addition, you have the ability to set and to alter the color palette yourself. This is done with the menu "The color palette" that lets you select the colors for the following components: - "pull-down" menus selected from the main menu; - the editor window; - the message field; - the main menu; - input fields intended for entering some information (for example, a file name when saving it to a disk); - the service window, in which information on the current process and the integrated environment version appears; - the dialogue box, i.e., the line that lets you choose either "YES" or "NO" or "CANCEL". 2.7.5.2 Format Options Screen formatting lets you change the arrangement of text on the screen automatically. The formatting mode is turned on by setting the switch "Formatting" to the position "YES". This lets you turn on the automatic line hyphenate mode, and to format and reformat the text. The "Trimming" switch turns on or off the mode in which the right border of each line is trimmed. Turning on the "Hyphenate" mode ensures the automatic hyphenation of words that cross the right border of the line according to the rules of Russian. When hyphenation is turned off, the trimming of the right border is done by adding more blanks between words. The switch "Compression" lets you turn on or off the mode of deleting superfluous blanks between the words in a line. The switch "Detaching marks" lets you turn on or off the mode of automatically adding a blank after the punctuation marks, as is required when typing on a typewriter. In order for the formatting mode to work, you must also set the Left_border and Right_border of the paragraph and the amount of a paragraph's indentation relative to its left border. Keep in mind that the minimum value of the left border is 1, and the maximum value of the right border is 254. The value of the left border, of course, cannot exceed the value of the right border. 2.7.5.3 Spell Options Spell parameters allow the user to select the desired spell checking mode, i.e.: - to mark or not to mark foreign words as misspelled; - to mark the words which contain foreign letters; - to mark abbreviations. In the default options, the mode in which words containing foreign letters are marked when checking a text is turned on. 2.7.5.4 The "Get options from" Command This command lets you use options set up during a previous editing session in some window for the current one. 2.7.5.5. The "Default options" Command This command lets you to restore default options at any moment of the editing session. 2.7.5.6. The "Save options" Command By using the "Save options" command you have the chance to save a set of options you have selected for your editing work in the current directory under the name CONFIG.NRD. When the integrated environment is invoked, this file is used for automatically setting the options. When the integrated environment is loaded, these options are automatically taken from the file CONFIG.NRD in the current directory. 2.7.5.7. The "Restore options" Command This command allows to restore options that have been saved in the file CONFIG.NRD in the current directory by using "Save options" command. 2.7.6. The "Print" Menu In this menu, all the functions are located for setting up and for activating the printing procedure for the current editor window. To make a hard copy of the text you can use both matrix dot printer and the laser printer HP LaserJet II. Prior to printing text file you can repaginate it. To execute command of the PRINT menu select necessary item of the menu and press ENTER. 2.7.6.1. The "Print/Page Setup" Command This command lets you specify necessary print options. All printing control functions are presented as a separate parameters in a PRINT dialog box. 2.7.6.1.1. Page length in mm This menu item lets you define the largest page length (millimeter) for printing on one page. The format of a standard A4 is 297 mm. It is provided for the default set of integrated environment options. 2.7.6.1.2. Left margin This menu item lets you choose the space from the left edge of the sheet (how many letters) for the margin when printing the text. The default is 10. 2.7.6.1.3. The First Page Number This parameter lets you specify the number of the starting page when repaginating your text. 2.7.6.1.4. Page numbering When this option is ON, it is marked by the "X" sign in square brackets. When repaginating text, every page is assigned a number starting from a number specified as a first page number. Page number is placed in the middle of text line which contains PAGE BREAK sign. Page number location corresponds to the current values of left/right margin specified using the FORMAT PARAMETERS command. In case of this option is OFF, the text will be repaginated without putting page numbers on them. 2.7.6.1.5. Blank Line after page number In case of this option is ON, a blank line will be inserted after every PAGE BREAK sign when repaginating. This option works only when the PUT PAGE NUMBER option is ON. 2.7.6.1.6. Printer type You may select one of the following printer types: - 9-pin matrix printer, - 24-pin matrix printer, - laser printer HP LaserJet II. 2.7.6.1.7. Quality The "Quality" menu item lets you define the quality of text printing: - SYSTEM - the quickest kind of printing performed by the default font of the print device, but the clearness and the density of the letters are not very good. With this quality only the standard character set of the printer is used, so if the printer doesn't have Russian font a Russian text cannot be printed; - DRAFT - the quickest printing in graphics mode but with very low quality; - NLQ - a slow (two-pass) printing with high quality of printing the characters; - LETTER - this emulates the "Optima" typewriter font. The printing is done with the highest quality, each line being passed four times. In the default set of integrated environment options, the LETTER quality is turned on. 2.7.6.1.8. Line spacing This menu item lets you choose the space between the lines the same as on a typewriter. The default is 1.5 lines. In addition to this, you can select the desired line spacing from the following: 1, 1.5, 2. 2.7.6.1.9. Paper There are two types of paper used: continuous forms and sheets. If "Sheets" is chosen, then after each page is printed the program sends a signal (a form feed) to the printer to eject the sheet. If "Scroll" is chosen, the form feed is not performed. The default for the type of paper used is "SHEETS". 2.7.6.2. Repaginate This command lets you divide text file into pages in accordance with print options specified. 2.7.6.3. Insert Page Break into the Text This command lets you insert PAGE BREAK sign in proper place in the text. The sign will be inserted before the line on which the cursor is located. 2.7.6.4. Delete All Pages Break This command lets you delete all PAGE BREAK signs created by editor and/or you. 2.7.6.5. Delete Editor Pages This command deletes PAGE BREAKs inserted by editor and leaves in the text ones created by you. 2.7.6.6. Start Printing If you select the "Begin" menu item, printing starts on the print device. 2.7.7. The "Exit" command This menu item lets you terminate your work session in the MARTINA . Quitting the integrated environment can also be done by pressing ALT-X simultaneously. 3. HOW TO WORK WITH THE MARTINA INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENT 3.1. Working with Source Files in the Editor Window On entering each editor window before loading a file you can take advantage of all the tools of the integrated environment, namely: - to load an existing file and to start editing it; - to save the file that is found in the editor window; - to write the file in the editor under another name. To activate these functions enter the main menu, select the item "File" and press ENTER. To get into the main menu from the editor window press F10. To return into the integrated environment from the main window press ESC. 3.1.1. Creating a New Source File While in the "File" menu, select "Open". The prompt- rectangle will appear on the screen where a file name is to be written. You can get the same effect by pressing F3 while in the editor window. Enter a file name and press ENTER. 3.1.2. Loading an Existing Source File To load an existing source file you must perform the following actions in this sequence: - while in the "File" menu, select the item "Open". The prompt-rectangle "Enter file name" will be displayed, and you must type there the file name (the same effect can be obtained by pressing F3 from the editor window); - enter the name of the file you want to edit (you can enter the file name with the name of a directory, for example: C:\RUSI\TESTFILE.TXT). The file name can be given in another way: by entering a mask of the file name into the prompt-rectangle (the characters "*" and "?" can be used) and pressing ENTER. If the mask "*.*" is entered, you will be shown all the files in the current directory and all of the lower directories. The names of the directories are separated by the backslash "\". If you select a directory you can look the files found in it. For example, if you enter "C:*.TXT" then only the files with the extension ".TXT" stored in the root directory will be shown on the screen. Use the arrows to select (to mark with a color) a file name in the obtained list and then press ENTER. Then the selected file will be loaded and the editor window with the file will be open. 3.1.3. Saving the Edited File To save the file that is in the editor window enter the main menu by pressing F10, select the "File" item, press ENTER and then select the item "Save". The same effect is obtained by pressing F2. 3.1.4. Writing a New File The file that is in the editor can be written to disk under a new name or in the place of an existing file. You can write it to the current directory (the default) or indicate another disk drive, directory and/or file name. In the "File" menu select the item "Write as". Then type a file name into the prompt-rectangle "Enter file name" that will appear on the screen and press ENTER. For example: С:\DIR\SUBDIR\FILENAME.EXT where С: - is the optional name of a disk drive; DIR\SUBDIR - the optional name of a directory; FILENAME.EXT - the name and the extension of the output file. To return to the main menu press ESC once - pressing it twice will take you back into the previous active editor window. If the indicated file FILENAME.EXT exists already, the integrated environment will ask if it is to be destroyed or not before the writing of the edited file. 3.2. Editor Windows The word processor of MARTINA integrated environment is a multi-window editor: thus it can process several documents simultaneously. Also, the windows can be connected and sections of the text can be moved from one window to another. Several windows can be displayed on the screen simultaneously, but only one of them - the active one - can be worked in. To be able to work in another window one has to make it active. 3.3 The Active Window To get into the active window of the editor from the main menu you must simply press ESC. The editor window is on the highest level of the hierarchy and can be reached from any menu by pressing ESC repeatedly until you get out of the nested menus. In addition to the main area of the editor where a file is being edited, the window has two information lines: you should pay attention to: the editor status line, and the current help line. The editor status line is found in the bottom line of the editor window and contains the information on the place of the cursor and the mode in which the editor is working:

.__________________________________________________________. | Line n : Column n Lat(Rus) Text(AutoSp) Insert(Replace)| .__________________________________________________________.

where: Line n - the cursor is on the line number n; Column n - the cursor is on the n-th position of the line; Lat(Rus) - Latin or Russian keyboard set is activated; Text(AutSp,Tabl) - the editor's mode is "Text" or "Autospell" or "Tabl" respectively; Insert(Replace) - insertion mode is active. It is switched on by pressing the INS key. Turning off insertion mode activates the replacement mode, and "Replace" appears instead of "Insertion". In addition, on the top boundary of the frame of the active window the following information about the current editing session is displayed: - a number n on the left-hand side means that you are working in the n-th window of the editor; - a text FILENAME.EXT in the middle of the frame is the DOS name of the current file in active window: FILENAME is it's name and EXT is it's extension. The current help line on the bottom of the screen describes the designation of the current hot keys: F1-Help ^F4-Msp cancel ^F7/^F8-Prev/Next msp F9-Text F10-Main menu where: - F1-Help - displays the help window containing the information about the editor instructions; - ^F4-Msp cancel - cancels the marking of a probably misspelled word by inverse color; - ^F7/^F8-Prev/Next msp - lets you jump to the previous or next mistake after spell checking of the text or the text block is completed; - F9-Text - switching from AUTOSP mode of the editor to TEXT mode or TABL mode; - F10-Main menu - invokes main menu. In TEXT mode or TABL mode this line looks as follows: F1-Help F2-Save F3-Open F4-Rus F5/F6-Block F9-AutSp F10-Main menu where: - F1-Help - displays the help window containing the information about the editor instructions; - F2-Save - saves the file that is in the current editor window under its own name; - F3-Open - allows to take another file to edit in the editor window; - F4-Rus - switches the keyboard set from Latin to Russian and back; - F5/F6-Block - change to block marking mode; - F9-AutSp - change from the "Text" or "Tabl" editor mode to the "AutoSpell" mode; - F10-MainMenu - activates the main menu. 3.4. Editor Commands The editor commands are organized simply and are easy to use. You execute commands by pressing single keys or by pressing combinations of keys sequentially or simultaneously. Below is given a brief description of integrated environment commands. At the left-hand side there is a command name and at the right-hand side is a key or key combination which you should press to execute the command. CURSOR MOVEMENT Character right Right arrow Character left Left arrow Word right Ctrl-Right arrow Word left Ctrl-Left arrow Line Up Up arrow Line Down Down arrow Scroll Up / Scroll Down Ctrl-Up / Ctrl-Down Page Up PgUp Page Down PgDn Begin of line Home End of line End First screen string Ctrl-Home Last screen string Ctrl-End Text begin / Text end Ctrl-PgUp / Ctrl-PgDn INSERT AND DELETE COMMANDS Insert mode on/off Ins Delete character left Backspace Delete character Del Delete line Ctrl-Y Insert Line Ctrl-N BLOCK COMMANDS Stream block selection on/off F5 Column block selection on/off F6 Cut block into buffer Ctrl-F5 Copy block into buffer Shift-F5 Paste block from the buffer Shift-F6 Shift block to the left Alt-F5 Shift block to the right Alt-F6 TOGGLE MODES Text/AutoSpell F9 Insert/Replace Ins Russian/English keyboard set F4 Russian/English interface Ctrl-F2 (only in editing mode) AUTOSPELL MODE Text/AutoSpell F9 Previous misspell Ctrl-F7 Next misspell Ctrl-F8 Mark/Unmark the word Ctrl-F4 Suggest correction of the erroneous word Ctrl-F1 WINDOW MANAGEMENT COMMANDS Zoom window F7 Previous F8 Change size/form of window SHIFT-F7 Change window position SHIFT-F8 MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS Help F1 Save file F2 Load file F3 Main menu F10 Character above Ctrl-Tab Block format Ctrl-F Edit window # [1..9] Alt-[1..9]] Windows menu Alt-0 Add word to dictionary Alt-I *Integrated environment version Alt-F10 Start/End creation of macro Shift-F2 Show list of macrocommands Shift-F3 Invoke Russian-English dictionary Ctrl-F9 Invoke English-Russian dictionary Ctrl-F9 3.5. Window Management At any time while working in the editor, you can change from the current window to any other window. This is performed by the ALT-digit command. The windows are identified by the digits from 0 to 9. The zero window controls the execution of certain functions. The texts you are editing can be placed in windows 1-9. The digit part of the command must be pressed in the upper row of the keyboard and not on the special number keypad. One of the windows, the zero one, plays a special role: it contains the list of all the windows with the names of the files loaded in them. In this window you can select the window for editing and enter it. This is the other way of changing the current window described above (the instruction "Change to the window [1..9]"). The list of all the windows is obtained by the instruction "Window menu" (the key combination ALT-0). Editor windows can be changed both in shape and size. In order to change the shape and size of the active window, you must enter the routine by using the Shift-F7 command. Upon entering this routine, a black frame on a white background appears around the window. After this, you can change the shape and size of the window by using the cursor control arrow keys. The Up-Arrow and Left-Arrow decrease the size of the window, and the Down-Arrow and Right-Arrow increase the size of the window. To exit from the window size and shape change routine, press the Esc key. You can also use the mouse to change the size and shape of the window. To do this, place the mouse pointer (the white arrow) in the lower right corner of the active window and press the left button on the mouse. After the black frame on a white background appears, move the mouse to the left or upward without releasing the button to decrease the size of the window, and move the mouse down or to the right to increase the window size. You can exit from this routine by releasing the mouse button. You can also open or shrink the window by using the F7 command. By doing this, depending on the current size the window either expands, that is, it takes up the full screen, or it shrinks, that is, it decreases to about half its size. If the active window doesn't take up the full screen, you can change its location on the display by using the Shift-F8 command. After executing this command, a black frame on a white background appears. After this, you can change the position of the window on the screen by using the cursor control arrows: pressing any arrow moves the window in that direction. You can exit this routine by pressing the Esc key. You can change the location of the window by using the mouse. To do this, position the mouse cursor at the top side of the window frame where the current file name is located and then press the left button on the mouse. After doing so, the window frame becomes black on a white background. To change the window position, move the mouse in the desired direction without releasing the mouse button. The window will change its position on the screen in the appropriate direction depending on the mouse's movement. To exit from window movement mode, release the mouse button. 3.6. Basic Facilities for Text Editing Text editing is performed by: - moving the editing cursor over the text; - deleting characters; - adding new characters. To terminate an input line if you are in insertion mode in the editor, press ENTER. The editor does not insert a LF (line feed) or a CR (carriage return) when it is in insertion mode and the right bound of the screen is reached). In formatting mode (see subitem 2.7.4.2) the LF and CR characters are inserted when the right border of the format is crossed. The maximum length of the line is 248 characters; the screen can display at most 77 characters. When the right border of the screen is crossed, the screen shifts to the left. The cursor's position is constantly indicated in the editor's status line that shows the line number and column number. After you have entered your text, press F10 to invoke the main menu. All the while, your text remains on the screen. To return from the main menu, you only need to press ESC. 3.6.1. Moving the Cursor Over the Text To move over the text the functional keyboard is used: - arrows UP, DOWN, RIGHT, LEFT: move the cursor one position in the corresponding direction; - CTRL-LEFT or CTRL-RIGHT: moves the cursor one word forward or back (a word is considered to be a part of the text from a blank to a blank, or from a blank to a punctuation mark); - PgUp or PgDn: moves the cursor 20 lines up or down (the size of the screen is 20 lines); - CTRL-PgUp or CTRL-PgDn: moves the cursor to the beginning or to the end of the text respectively; - HOME and END: moves the cursor to the beginning or to the end of the line respectively; - CTRL-HOME and CTRL-END: moves the cursor to the first or to the last visible line of the window respectively. 3.6.2. Deletion of Characters and Lines The BACKSPACE key lets you erase the character to the left of the cursor, and the rest of the line to the right of the cursor moves to the left. The DEL key lets you delete the character where the cursor is resting, and the rest of the line is moved to the left. If the cursor is moved to the rightmost position of a line (after the last character), that position above the cursor is considered to be the end of line marker, and deleting it will merge the current line with the next one. The CTRL-Y key combination lets you delete the line of text where the cursor is placed. 3.6.3. Character Insertion To insert a character into the text, you only have to press the corresponding key. Entering characters can be done in one of two possible modes: insertion or replacement. In insertion mode (set by default) the typed characters are inserted at the present cursor position without erasing any already existing characters, but moving the rest of the line to the right. In replacement mode the new characters are entered over the old ones. To switch back and forth between insert and replace modes, use the INS key. A repeated pressing of this key changes the mode of character entry to the opposite one. The current state of the character entry mode is shown on the editor's status line: if replacement mode is set, the word REPLACING is shown there. Otherwise you will see the word INSERTION. In addition to the insert/replace mode, the keyboard mode of either Russian or Latin is always active while entering text. To switch this mode, use the F4 key: it changes the Russian keyboard to the Latin one and back. The current state of this mode is indicated by the word "RUS" or "LAT" on the bottom line of the window. 3.6.4. Entering New Lines To create new lines, the ENTER command is used. This produces the effect of breaking the current line in two lines at the current cursor position. In addition, if the cursor is at the very end of the line when you perform the ENTER command, it creates a new empty line. A new empty line can also be created by pressing the CTRL-N key combination. In this case, the empty line will be inserted before the line where the cursor is. 3.7. Working with Text Blocks It is often necessary to perform an action (to delete, move, copy, etc.) upon large segments of the text. The operations described below accomplish these tasks. A text segment consists of several sequential lines considered as a unit. There are two kinds of fragments that MARTINA deals with: stream and column. A stream fragment of the text consists of one or more sequential lines of text taken as a whole. A column fragment is a rectangular block of the text defined by the user. 3.7.1. How to Mark Blocks First, a segment must be marked. To do this, you must turn on the mode for marking a segment by pressing F5 to mark the first line of the stream fragment or F6 to start marking of the column fragment. Now you see the current line (or the current position) colored with inverse colors and marked as the initial line (the initial position) of a segment. Then you can move the cursor to any other line (as explained above) and that marked line will be considered as the second boundary of the stream segment (in the case of column fragments the cursor position will be considered to be the right bottom corner of the fragment). The whole segment is marked with inverse colors. While in the segment marking mode most of the keys used for editing are locked; instead, the keys that perform operations upon the whole segment are in effect. If you press a key that is inadmissible in this mode, you will hear a warning beep. 3.7.2. How to Unmark Blocks A marked segment can be unmarked without performing any editing actions upon it. Re-pressing the "start marking fragment" keys F5 or F6 respectively serves the purpose of unmarking the marked segment. 3.7.3. How to Delete/Store Blocks The marked segment is removed from the text using the CTRL-F5 command, which deletes the segment and stores it in a buffer. When the segment is stored in the special buffer (the pocket), it can later be retrieved from it to another place in the text or in another window (the buffer is common for all the windows). To place a fragment in the buffer without deleting it from the file, press SHIFT-F5. 3.7.4. How to Insert Blocks To insert the stored segment into the text, you must place the cursor on the line before which the insertion is to be performed (and for a block segment also on the position before which the insertion is to be performed) and execute the SHIFT-F6 command. This will insert the stored segment before the current line or position. Then the cursor will be placed on the first line of the inserted segment, and the segment will still be marked, so that another segment operation can be performed upon it immediately (to move to the right or to the left, to delete). Segment insertion can be performed either in ordinary editing mode or in marking segment mode. In the latter case, any currently marked segment is ignored and the most recently stored segment earlier is inserted before the current line or position. 3.7.5. How to Shift Blocks Horizontally It is often necessary to "trim" the line segment just inserted (or simply to do this with any group of lines) by shifting the lines to the right or to the left as a block. The block shift operations are: 1) Alt-F5 - shifts the line segment to the left (at the beginning of every line one character is erased); 2) Alt-F6 - shifts the line segment to the right (at the beginning of every line a blank is inserted). Please note that just after an insertion the segment is still marked and can be "trimmed". 3.8. Context Sensitive Search and Replacement of Words The "Search" menu gives you various possibilities for a context-sensitive search and replacement of specified fragments of the text. You can set the search/replace mode with high accuracy. This is due to the numerous parameters that the user can specify, or by taking the defaults. The "Search" and "Replace" menus differ slightly from the other menus of the integrated environment. Therefore, the menu of the "Search" command will be discussed in great detail to make clear the main features of this kind of menu. 3.8.1. "Find" The "Find" command is activated from the "Search" item of the main search menu. You can enter this menu right from the edit window bypassing the main menu by pressing the CTRL-F3 keys simultaneously. If you select the "Find" item from the "Search" submenu on the main menu, a dialog box is displayed (Fig. 7). This dialog box lets you browse and/or specify numerous parameters in a convenient way. The Dialog Box of the "Find" Command

.=========================Text find==========================. I I I Enter text I I I I (1) I I.______________________. .____________.._________________.I I| [ ] Whole words only | | (*) Frwrd || (*) Whole text |I I| [ ] In any form | | ( ) Bckwrd || ( ) From cursor |I I| [ ] Case sensitive | .____________.| ( ) In block |I I.______________________. ._________________.I I (2) (3) (4) I I I I OK Cancel I I I .============================================================. Fig. 7

When you are specifying values of parameters in the dialog box, you deal with three basic kinds of control: trigger buttons, selector buttons and input blocks. Every dialog box element, excluding input block, has a surrounding frame and a header. An inactive element is surrounded by a single line frame and has no header. When an element is active it is surrounded by a double line frame and a header appears in the middle of the upper part of the frame. The "active state" of a dialog box element means that you can change the parameters of this element. Press TAB to move from one element of the dialog box to the next. As you do this, the next element of the dialog box will be activated. After you have set all the parameters the way you want, you should confirm your choice by pressing ENTER. This will perform the selected menu action (a find operation in this case). Press ESC if you wish to cancel the way you have set the parameter values and not perform the find operation. This brings you back to the active window. Let's consider the input elements one by one, noting their specific features (the numbers in Fig. 7 will be used): - (1) this kind of element is called input blocks. Input blocks allow you to enter text. In this case you specify in this block the combination of characters you want to search for in the current window. This block has the header "Enter word". Just like working in the text area, you can use most of the main text editing keys (e.g., cursor movement control keys: HOME, END and INS that controls INSERT/REPLACE text mode). If the down arrow symbol is displayed to the right of the input block, then the input block has a relevant history list. Press the down arrow key to enter this list, and press ENTER to choose an item from the list. The list contains text lines you have entered during previous accesses to this dialog block. The "Search" block has a similar list. Text patterns that have been used in searches performed during previous accesses to the block are stored in this list. Press the down arrow key if you want to reenter text that has been entered before. You also can edit any element of the history list. Press ESC to exit from the history list without any selection; - (2) this kind of element is called a group of trigger buttons. As with the "Search" command, this group of buttons specifies a set of restrictions on the way the text fragment is to be searched. This group has the header "Options". When choosing a trigger button, the symbol "X" appears inside the button. This symbol means that the parameter, which corresponds to this button is turned on. An empty trigger button denotes that the corresponding parameter is turned off. You turn on a trigger button by pressing the arrow keys until the trigger button is marked by inverse color and then pressing the SPACE bar. You can mark any number of trigger buttons at the same time. If several trigger buttons correspond to a topic, they are displayed together in a group. In this case, you move to this group using the TAB key. After the group is selected, you should use the cursor movement control keys to mark each desired item and then press the SPACE bar to choose the item. The SPACE bar also can be used to turn off buttons that have been turned on. Now let us consider the designation of buttons in the "Options" group. If you want the integrated environment to distinguish between upper and lower case letters, you should move the marker into the "Case sensitive" block and press SPACE.

._____________________________. | [ ] In any form | ._____________________________.

You should move the marker into this block if you want to search for all forms of the specified word (if the dictionary contains the word).

._____________________________. | [ ] Whole words only | ._____________________________.

You should move the marker to the "Whole words only" block if you want the integrated environment to perform the search for whole words only (i.e., strings that have either a space or a punctuation sign on both sides); - (3) dialog boxes also contain selection buttons, which allow mutually exclusive choices (in distinction from trigger boxes). Selection buttons are always together in logically related groups on the screen, and at any moment in any particular group one and only one button may be turned on. The "ON" state is marked by the "*" symbol displayed in the brackets. When using the "Search" command, the group of selection buttons under the heading "Direction" lets you set the direction of the search. To choose one of these buttons press TAB until the desired group of buttons is marked by color, then select the particular selection button from the group using the cursor movement control keys. Repressing TAB exits you from the group with a new selection button having been chosen.

._ Direction __. | (*) Frwrd | | ( ) Bckwrd | .______________.

Select "Direction" from the group of selection buttons to tell the integrated environment the direction it should search for the specified word.

._______ Scope _________. | ( ) Whole text | | (*) From cursor | | ( ) In block | ._______________________.

Select from the "Scope" group of selection buttons to tell the integrated environment in what part of the file the search is to be performed. The search can be performed either in the whole text from its beginning ("Whole text"), or from the current cursor position ("From cursor"), or in the previously marked block ("In block"). Dialog box elements titled by "OK" or "CANCEL" have a special status. These elements provide the execution of the command ("OK") or canceling it ("CANCEL"). To perform necessary action activate appropriate block by using TAB and press ENTER. Besides this way you can execute or cancel command without using these blocks - by pressing ENTER or ESC key with any of elements being active. Using the CTRL-L command, you can repeat the search operation using the argument and the parameters specified in the last invocation of the "Search" or "Replace" command (see below). 3.8.2. "Replace" The "Replace" command is activated either from the "Search" menu, or by pressing ALT-F3. Fig. 8 shows the "Replace" dialog box that appears when you select the "Replace" command. Dialog Box of the "Replace" command

.==========================Replace :=========================. I I I Enter text I I (1) I I I I Replace to I I (2) I I I I._______________________. .____________.._________________.I I| [ ] Whole words only | | (*) Frwrd || (*) Whole text |I I| [ ] In any form | | ( ) Bckwrd || ( ) From cursor |I I| [ ] Case sensitive | .____________.| ( ) In block |I I| [ ] Prompt on replace | ._________________.I I._______________________. I I (3) (4) (5) I I ._______________. I I | (*) The first | I I | ( ) Global | I I ._______________. I I (6) I I OK Cancel I I I .============================================================. Fig. 8

The "Replace" dialog box contains several selection and trigger buttons. Most of them are similar to those in the "Search" dialog box described earlier. The additional trigger button "Prompt on replace" tells the program to ask your approval every time a replace operation will be made. The "In any form" trigger button indicates that all forms of the specified word are to be searched for and replaced by the corresponding forms of the new word. The selection buttons (6) tell the integrated environment if it should perform the replacement operation once or to the end of the scope. To start the search process, you must input a search string and a replacement string in the input blocks (1) and (2) respectively and press ENTER. Pressing ESC cancels the search, and the dialog box disappears from the screen. If you wish to enter a string used before, press the down arrow key to display the history list from which you can make your choice. After pressing ENTER, a search for the selected string is performed. When the string is found, the program requests whether to perform the replacement if that option was turned on. Answer "NO" if you do not want the replacement to be made. One should bear in mind that during replacement of one Russian word by another a conflict may occur when the form of a word cannot be morphologicaly interpreted in a single way, i.e., alternative morphological attributes (e.g., the number and the case of a noun) can be assigned to the word form. In this case the replacement word cannot be replaced adequately in a single way, and the user is prompted to choose the proper form of the word from a list of possible forms of the new word. For instance, you need to replace the word "строка" by the word "фрагмент". If the word form "строки" is found in the text there may be two alternatives in its morphological declensions: either the noun "строка" in the singular form of genitive case or in the plural form of nominative/accusative case. Corresponding alternative forms of the replacement word are: "фрагмента" or "фрагменты". The list of possible above-mentioned forms of the replacement word will be displayed, and the user must select the required alternative based on the context. Use the arrow keys to select the correct form, and when the correct alternative is activated, press ENTER. 3.8.3. "Search again" The "Search again" command can be invoked from the menu of the "Search" command or by pressing CTRL-F3. Using the CTRL-L command, you can repeat the search or replace operation with the argument and parameters specified in the last invocation of the "Find" or "Replace" command (depending on which of them had been invoked last). 3.9. Spelling Error Detection In "AUTOSP" mode every entered word is spell-checked automatically. The integrated environment takes into account the spell parameters that had been set in the "Options" menu (see item 3.10.3 below). The same options are used in checking both the whole text or the block marked in the current window. For an orthographic checking of the text that is in the active window, you must come to the top menu bar using the F10 key, then select the "Spell" option. After pressing the ENTER key, the "Spell" menu will appear. This provides the means to check the whole text or only a marked block, and also to mark the stress over the whole text or the block while searching for spelling mistakes. When marking the stress, the stressed letter of a word is indicated by inverse color. Using the arrows, select the desired section of the "Spell" menu and press the ENTER key. To check a block of text, the block must be marked first (see item 3.7.1), otherwise the integrated environment will give you a warning that there is no marked segment. When spell-checking is completed, all words considered misspelled are marked by inverse color. By pressing CTRL-F7/CTRL-F8 you transfer to the previous/next error respectively. Press CTRL-F4 to cancel marking erroneous words. The MARTINA integrated environment also can help you correct your mistakes. By pressing CTRL-F1, a list of the words is displayed in a pop-up window from which you may select one to replace the misspelled word marked by the cursor. When this list is completed, END is displayed instead of CANCEL. At any moment while the list is being formed, you can select your desired replacement word by using the arrow keys. When you press ENTER, the misspelled word is automatically replaced by the selected one and the list formation is interrupted. You can interrupt the process of forming the list of replacement words at any moment by selecting the first word of the list and then pressing ENTER. 3.10. Setting Options By changing the integrated environment options, you can modify the parameters that control the way all of the MARTINA integrated environment components work. The "Options" menu contains the following submenu: - color palette; - format options; - spell options; - get options from; - default options; - save options; - restore options. A description of how to set options for each of these submenus is given below. 3.10.1. Changing Colors The color palette lets you set the text and background colors for different monitor types and to change the colors of the various windows, menus, input blocks and message lines of the integrated environment for monitors with EGA and VGA graphic adapters. When the "Color palette" item of the "Options" submenu is selected, you can enter the "Color palette" submenu by pressing ENTER. Then the following commands of the "Color palette" submenu will be displayed: - color set N1 - the first color set for EGA and VGA monitors; - color set N2 - the second color set for EGA and VGA monitors; - color set for LapTop - color set for LapTop monitor; - color set for B_W - color set for monochrome monitor; - creating a new color set - colors set by the user for EGA and VGA monitors. Any of these options can be selected by pressing ENTER when the desired item of the menu is highlighted. The first and second options let you select one of the default sets of colors. The third and fourth options are for tuning the integrated environment to your particular type of monitor. "Creating a new color set" option gives you the ability to set integrated environment colors to your taste. When executing this command the special window will be displayed to illustrate colors settings for different parts of the editor window. To the left an active window will be displayed containing the following list:

.______Color setting____. | Pull-down menu | | Editor window | | Message field | | Main menu | | Input field | | Service window | | Dialog box | ._______________________.

You can select the colors for any element on the list by using the arrow keys to highlight the desired item and then pressing ENTER. Along with the above window, an illustrative text will appear in the current window to show all changes of text and background colors. Let's consider the color selection pull-down menus in detail. After pressing ENTER, the active window (Fig. 9) will be displayed:

.===============. I Border I I Menu I I Cursor I (1) I Shadow I I Title I I Accelerator I .===============. Fig. 9

This window contains the list of the pull-down menu elements. To change the color of any element in the list (e.g., the border), press ENTER after it is highlighted. A window titled "INPUT/OUTPUT MENU" will be displayed leftward.

._Меню ввода/вывода. | Взять F3 | | Сох._[ ]__________ | Зап|*.c (2) | Изм.______________ | Информация | | Выход в DOS | .__________________.

This is a pull-down "File" menu. In this case it lets you set screen colors for different elements of the windows. Then a color palette will be displayed, which consists of a list with every element having two colors: background and foreground. The current element of the list (the window frame color in this example) is marked by the highlighting. Use the arrow keys to move from one element of the list to another. When you do so, the frame color in the second window will change in sequence. There is the following message under the palette to help you control colors installation

.______________________. | Pull-down menu | | Border | .______________________.

Press ENTER to select the desired color. Press ESC to cancel changes of the color. So the frame color remains the same. Use the same procedure to change any other pull-down menu element from the list displayed in window (1). Press ESC to return to the "Setting colors" menu. In the same way you set colors for the pull-down menu, you can set colors for editor window, message field, main menu, input field, service window and dialog box. You can always see the color changes on the screen in a window similar to window (2). When you are done setting current window colors, your normal text appears on the screen again. 3.10.2. Format Options To set or change formatting options, select the item "Format options" on the "Options" menu. After doing this, the following dialog box is displayed:

.=======================================================. I.=======================. I II [X] Formatting I Left margin : 1 I II [X] Justification I I II [X] Hyphenation I Right margin : 60 I II [X] Compression I I II [X] Highlight letters I Paragraph margin: 5 I I.=======================. I I I I OK Cancel I I I .=======================================================.

The left-hand group of trigger buttons controls the qualitative characteristics of the formatting process. This group consists of different parameters which control the formatting process performed by the editor. Let's consider those parameters one by one: 1) formatting. If this parameter is turned on, a check is performed to prevent text lines from extending beyond the specified margins. If this parameter is turned off, all the rest of the parameters in this dialog box have no action; 2) justification. If this parameter is turned on when preparing text, the text lines are formatted so that the last nonspace character is on the right border of the line. This is achieved by uniformly inserting spaces between words; 3) hyphenation. If this parameter is turned on and justification is on, an effort is made to divide the Russian word at the end of the text line into syllables to minimize the number of justifying spaces in the text; 4) compression. If this parameter is turned on, every series of spaces in the text is compressed down to one space and another insertion of justifying spaces is performed into each compressed line. Otherwise, if this parameter is turned off, spaces, which were in the text from a prior formatting remain and more justifying spaces are added; 5) marking punctuation signs. While formatting, if this parameter is turned on and no space appears after a punctuation sign, this error is detected and the necessary space is inserted. A parameter of any group can be turned on/off only when the group is active. Press TAB to activate an inactive group. Pressing TAB moves from one group of buttons in the dialog box to another. In the dialog box the active group is marked by the double frame. After activating a group, use the arrow keys to select the parameterm, which you wish to change. Changing the parameter status is done by pressing the SPACE bar. The parameter is considered as switched on if it's marked by sign "X" in the square brackets. In this group you also can change state of the parameter to the opposite one (switch on/off) by pressing the corresponding marked letter provided the group is active. On the right-hand side you will note the parameters, which let you specify left and right margins and the indent. They are input blocks. The following parameters are specified in this group: 1) left margin. The left margin for all lines of the text, which will be satisfied when formatting; 2) right margin. The last right position beyond which none of the text lines can extend during formatting; 3) paragraph indent. Number of positions to shift the first line of the paragraph from the left margin. To specify one of these parameters, activate this parameter by pressing TAB. An activated input block is being highlighted. After the necessary value is specified pressing TAB lets you change the value of another parameter. After setting the required parameters, quit the dialog box by pressing ENTER. Press ESC if no parameters are to be changed. 3.10.3. Setting Spell Options Setting the spell options is done using the "Spell options" submenu of the "Options" menu. When "Spell option" is highlighted, press ENTER to display a window containing a block of trigger buttons. If the default options of the integrated environment are used, the button "Mark words with foreign letters" is switched on (Fig. 10). This means that during spell checking any word containing foreign letters will be marked as an error.

._____________________________________. | [ ] Mark foreign words | | [X] Mark words with foreign letters | | [ ] Mark abbreviations | ._____________________________________. Fig. 10

The other two options, "Mark foreign words" and "Mark abbreviations" are turned off, that is, these kinds of words will be ignored during spell checking. To switch on the button and the corresponding option, select the desired line in the block using the arrow keys and press the SPACE bar. In doing so the button is switched on and an "X" sign appears on the screen. Switching off the button is performed by pressing SPACE when the desired element of the block is activated. Quit this submenu by pressing ENTER, and the specified options will be used by the integrated environment. Exiting using ESC cancels any changed options, and options that were set on earlier are used. 3.10.4. Saving and Restoring Options There in the menu OPTIONS are a couple of commands, which let you set and save options. Every of them is invoked by pressing ENTER after the appropriate menu item had been activated. The command also can be invoked by pressing the corresponding marked menu letter. Enter menu OPTIONS by pressing ALT-O (latin letter O). You can save options using the "Save options" command, which is contained in the "Options" menu. Press ENTER after highlighting the desired menu item. Upon doing so, the options specified for the current window will be saved in the current directory under the file name CONFIG.NRD. In the "Options" menu there are two commands, which let you restore options: - default options - restores integrated environment default options; - restore options - restores the set of options from the file CONFIG.NRD that were written earlier by the "Save options" command. You can select any of these commands by activating the corresponding menu item and pressing ENTER. In addition, there is a command that lets you specify a set of options for the current window that were built when working in another window of the editor. This is the "Get options from" command. When you run this command by pressing ENTER, the following prompt is displayed:

._______________Enter window number_____________. | | ._______________________________________________.

To answer the prompt specify the required number of the window and press ENTER. After that the options of the specified window will be set in the current one. 3.11. Printing Control Before printing the text, you must specify the printing parameters for the editor's active window. To do this, you must select the option "Print" from the main menu and to press the ENTER key. Then the menu that controls the print parameters will be displayed. This menu lets you specify necessary print options, repaginate or delete pages in your text file, to make hard copy of text on a printer. 3.11.1. Specifying print options Prior to repaginating you have to specify line spacing using the PRINT/PAGE SETUP command. This command lets you other necessary options too. To invoke this command you should enter PRINT menu, using UP and DOWN arrows select PRINT/PAGE SETUP item of this menu and press ENTER. There will be displayed a dialog box, which lets you specify print options. This dialog box contains input blocks, Groups of trigger buttons and group of section buttons. Using input blocks you can specify the following print options: "Page length in mm", "Left margin", "Fist page number". On the right side the default values of the print parameters will be shown. The possible values of the print parameters are described in item 2.7.6. To set the parameter value in the input block, select input block using TAB key and enter the value. Selected input block will be highlighted. DO NOT press ENTER until the process of setting options is finished. Use TAB to select next dialog box to specify new value. The "PAGE NUMBERING" option shows whether editor has to put page number when repaginating your text. If this option is ON (marked by "X" sign in square brackets), editor will put page numbers. Otherwise, if this option is OFF (empty square brackets) text will be repaginated without putting page numbers. Use SPACE BAR to switch this option ON/OFF after you have selected this option in dialog box by pressing TAB. The "BLANK LINE AFTER PAGE NUM" option shows whether editor has to insert blank line at the beginning of every page. If this option is ON, editor will insert blank line after every PAGE BREAK sign when repaginating your text. In case of this option is OFF a blank line will not be inserted. Use SPACE BAR to switch this option ON /OFF after you have selected this option in dialog box by pressing TAB. Type of printer, line spacing, printing quality and type of paper are specified using group of selection buttons. Prior to select the option (switch the button) the whole group of buttons has to be selected using TAB. When selected, group is marked by the double frame and the title appears on its top. Use UP and DOWN arrows to select the button in the active group, or press corresponding letter highlighted in the name of the parameter. The selected option will be marked by the "*" sign in the round brackets. When choosing type of printer use TAB key to activate the corresponding group of selection buttons, which will be marked by its title "PRINTER TYPE". To set the printing quality activate the group of selection buttons, which gets its title "QUALITY". To specify line spacing select the corresponding group of buttons using TAB key. The title "LINE SPACING" will appear on the top of the button frame. Select necessary value from the following list: 1, 1.5, 2. Standard line spacing is 1.5. The "PAPER" option assumes using sheets or roll paper. When activated, this element of dialog box is highlighted by the title "PAPER". To finish options setting press ENTER. The dialog box disappears from the screen and you are back in your text file. 3.11.2. Repagination There are two commands to perform repagination -- "REPAGINATE" and "INSERT PAGE CHANGE INTO TEXT". To repaginate whole text: enter the "PRINT" menu, using UP and DOWN arrows select "REPAGINATE" and press ENTER. After command executed text will be divided into pages in accordance with current print options. For instance, if options "PAGE NUMBERING" and "BLANK LINE AFTER PAGE NUM" are switched ON, every text line with a PAGE BREAK sign (the first line of a page) will contain page number counted starting from the specified value and after this line a blank line will be inserted. If you wish to insert the PAGE BREAK sign anywhere in the text: position cursor on the text line next to the line where PAGE BREAK is to be inserted, enter the "PRINT" menu by pressing ALT-P, select menu item "INSERT PAGE CHANGE INTO TEXT" and press ENTER. PAGE BREAK will be inserted right before the text line which cursor is positioned on. If the "BLANK LINE AFTER PAGE NUM" option was switched ON, a blank line will be inserted after the line containing the PAGE BREAK sign. 3.11.3. Deleting pages To delete pages, i.e., PAGE BREAK signs, use "DELETE ALL PAGES" and "DELETE EDITOR PAGES" commands. The "DELETE ALL PAGES" command will remove page breaks created both by you and editor. The "DELETE EDITOR PAGES" command is intended to remove page breaks created by editor while executing the "REPAGINATE" command. Page breaks are being removed taking into account print options. 3.11.4. Printing text Printing starts when the command "START PRINTING" is executed. To invoke this command enter the "PRINT" menu by pressing ALT-P, select menu item "START PTINTING" by using DOWN arrow and press ENTER. Pressing ESC brings you back to editing your text with printing not started. Since printing is started the "PRINT" menu disappears and there is displayed dialog box containing the prompt "PRINT PAGE #1 ?" and three replies: YES, NO, CANCEL. Use TAB to select a reply. Press ENTER when necessary reply is highlighted. The YES reply starts printing current page. NO -- skips current page. CANCEL terminates text printing. You also can use mouse for printing control. Select reply by positioning mouse pointer on it and press mouse left button. During printing #an active information window pops up in which the number of lines printed and the number of lines to be printed is shown. To interrupt printing, press ESC. After a page is printed, a prompt will be displayed: "PRINT PAGE #...? ". Press ENTER with the "YES" reply being highlighted if you wish next page to be printed. If you do not want the page to be printed, skip it by selecting NO reply using TAB key and pressing ENTER. Each time when page printing is finished, a prompt line is displayed containing the help information. 3.12. Screen Formatting Screen formatting lets you change the placement of text on the screen. The formatting parameters are set in the "Options" menu using the "Format options" item (see subitem 2.7.4.2). When formatting without changing the left border, you need only to place the cursor inside the segment and press CTRL-F. The boundaries of a text segment are defined in this case as follows: if the left margin exceeds the left bound and begins with a capital letter, the character "-" or a digit, the screen will be reformatted. If a text segment is reformatted with changing the left margin, you must first mark the segment as a line block (see subsection 3.7) and then press CTRL-F. The beginning and the end of the block will be the bounds of the segment. The same method can be used to reformat several segments into a single one and vice versa. 3.13. Centering Lines Centering the current line is done by pressing ALT-F7 and the line is centered inside the bounds specified in the formatting parameters. 3.14. Macrocommands The MARTINA word processor gives the user the ability to use macrocommands in the process of his work. In order to work with macrocommands, you must first define them. The process of defining macrocommands is defined below, along with examples illustrating them. To define a problem to a macro, you must place the cursor on a blank line in the currently active window and execute the Shift-F2 command. After this the following prompt will appear on the screen: "Assign a key for the Macro:". In reply you must press the key or combination of keys, which will define your macrocommand. For example, press the Shift- Tab keys at the same time. This combination of keys will become a macrocommand, which we will create as an example. In reply, a window will appear on your screen:

.=[ ]==========Macro note - Shift-Tab==========. I .===============================================.

You can type any note you wish in this window for the macro you are creating, for example, its purpose or name. You can also omit entering the note, and just prss the Enter key. If you press the Esc key, the macro definition process is interrupted and you are returned to the current window. For our macrocommand example, enter the text for the note: "Sample macrocommand" and press the Enter key. The window for the macro-note disappears and you are back in the current window of the editor. Now you can define the order of actions which will be executed when you call the macrocommand. This can be any desired text which will appear in the current window of the editor when the macrocommand is executed. For example, when you are putting together some documentation for a program you may often use the expression "Program Documentation". Type this text in the current window without pressing the Enter key. To finish defining the macrocommand, you must use the Shift-F2 command. After this, the macrocommand definition is written in the file named "macro.nrd" in the current directory. Press the Shift-F2 keys in order to finish defining our macrocommand. Nothing changes on the screen, but the macrocommand will be memorized the the "macro. nrd" file. After this, whenever you need to you can call this macrocommand by pressing the Shift-Tab keys. Upon doing this, the text "Program Documentation" will appear at the line where the cursor is presently located. You can define an unlimited number of macrocommands. You are provided with the ability to review a list of all the commands you have defined. To do this, execute the Shift-F3 command. When you run this command, a list of all the macrocommands will pop up on the screen. In this list the names of the keys (key combinations) are given on the left, and on the right are shown the names assigned to the macrocommands (macro labels). For example, for our one macrocommand the list looks like this:

.==============Macro==============. I Shift-Tab - sample macrocommand I .=================================.

The first line of the list is activated (indicated by inverse color), that is, you can execute some action with this macrocommand: run the macrocommand or delete it. To run the macrocommand, just press the Enter key. To delete the macrocommand, if you don' t need it, you can simply press the Del key, when the desired line of the list is activated. By doing this, the macro is deleted from the file "macro.nrd" in the current directory. To make the user's job easier, the following help line will appear at the bottom of the screen: MACRO: Enter - run (up/down arrows) - select Del - delete Esc - exit where Enter - run means execute the macrocommand on the activated line; (up/down arrows) - select means activate a macrocommand by moving the cursor with the up-arrow or downarrow; Del - delete means remove the activated macrocommand; Esc - exit means leave the list of macrocommands. If there are no macrocommands, you are given a message to that effect on the screen:

.========================. I I I Not found I I I I OK I I I I I .========================.

3.15 Lines Drawing TABLE mode lets you create in the current text various tables, diagrams, figures and schemes. When this mode is selected (this is marked in the bottom frame of window by word "Table") you can draw tables, diagrams, and figures by using arrow keys, SPACE bar and ENTER. When the cursor is moved by using vertical or horyzontal arrow keys there on the screen appears vertical or horyzontal line respectively. The cross of two lines is formed by the editor automatically. Normally the single line is drawn. After pressing CAPSLOCK you change to double line drawing. To return to singe line drawing repress CAPSLOCK. Use F9 to change from TABLE mode to TEXT or AUTOSP mode. 3.16. Russian-English and English-Russian dictionaries 3.16.1. General description The MARTINA integrated environment lets you get operative translation of Russian and English words via an access to Russian-English and English-Russian dictionaries, every of over 20,000 words. ENGRUS.DAA file contains Russian-English dictionary, and ENGRUS.DAE - English-Russian one. 3.16.2. Working with dictionary There are two methods to invoke the dictionary: from the main menu of integrated environment or from the editor active window. The first method is to enter main menu by pressing F10, select "DICTIONARY" menu item using arrows and press ENTER. After the corresponding submenu is displayed, select "RUSSIAN-ENGLISH" ("ENGLISH-RUSSIAN") and press ENTER. The second method, the faster one, is to press the CTRL -F9 key combination. If cursor is positioned on a Russian word, editor invokes Russian-English dictionary, if it is positioned on an English word -- the English-Russian dictionary will be invoked. If there is no a word under the cursor, you will be offered to select between Russian-English and English-Russian dictionaries and after selection, the corresponding dictionary will be activated with its first word as a current one. After the dictionary is invoked, there will be displayed: - a window containing list of words of the source language (leftward). A cursor in this window is positioned onto one of the words, which is called current active word of the dictionary. Selection of the word to be translated is performed using arrows and CTRL-arrow combination. Press ENTER to see translation of the selected word. If you invoked the dictionary with a cursor being positioned on the word to be translated, and this word is absent in the word list in the window displayed (this means that there is no this word in the dictionary), you can see that dictionary considers an alphabetically nearest word as a current active one and cursor is positioned on it; - a window containing translation of the current active word of the dictionary (to the right from the window mentioned above). This window may contain several dictionary articles and phrases; - a window with grammar information about the current active word (only in Russian-English dictionary). If the Russian word to be translated has several meanings (homonyms), you are able to choose the necessary one. Use TAB key to transfer between windows. If you need translation of the word which is absent on the screen: - enter search mode by pressing F7 key; - after an input block is displayed, type necessary word; - press ENTER. You will see the contents of the dictionary windows changed in accordance with the word entered. Press ESC to quit the dictionary. This is useful to know that after you quit the dictionary, the last window of the editor will contain the modest (the last used) dictionary article, which can be handled with like usual text, for instance copied to your work file. 4. HOW TO WORK WITH THE RUSSIAN MORPHOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 4.1. General Description Checking texts for spelling errors is performed using a Russian dictionary of nearly 500,000 words, consisting of two parts: a stem dictionary and a dictionary of flexion classes. A word is stored in the dictionary in the form of a stem and a flexion. The stem of a word is the common part of all the forms of the word. The flexions of all the forms of a word make up the flexion set of the word and together with the constant morphological attributes of the word, they form a flexion class. The constant morphological attributes are the attributes that belong to all forms of a word and do not change during the declension or conjugation of the word. Nouns, for example, have the following morphological attributes: gender, declension and animateness; verbs have aspect, transitivity, conjugation, and so on. A word form is one of the possible forms of the word generated by changing it, for example, according to number or case. The total of the possible inflexion forms of a word is called the paradigm of the word. The form of the word is generated as follows: the word stem which is stored in the word stem dictionary is concatenated with one of the flections stored in the flection class to which this word relates. When the stem is concatenated with each flection from the flection class, a list of all possible word forms which constitute the word paradigm is formed. For instance, when changing the noun "дворец" by number and case, it has the stem "двор" and flections as follows: in the singular number: "_ец, _ца, _цу, _ец, _цом, _це" and in the plural: "_цы, _цов, _цам, _цы, _цами, _цах". The paradigm of word "дворец" is shown in Fig. 11. On the left side is given the number and the case, and on the right side are the forms of the word "дворец". The stem of the word is separated from the flection by the sign "_" (underline) and before the accent letter there is a "double quote" sign. The paradigm of the noun "дворец"

.=======================CLASS 73======================. I nominative case **** двор_"ец I I possessive case **** двор_ц"а I I dative case **** двор_ц"у I I accusative case **** двор_"ец I I instrumental case **** двор_ц"ом I I prepositional case **** двор_ц"е I I nominative, pl. **** двор_ц"ы I I possessive, pl. **** двор_ц"ов I I dative, pl. **** двор_ц"ам I I accusative, pl. **** двор_ц"ы I I instrumental, pl. **** двор_ц"ами I I prepositional, pl. **** двор_ц"ах I .=====================================================. Fig. 11

The stems of the words are stored in the stem dictionary. The flexion classes are gathered in the dictionary of flexion classes. Each class has a number that can be used when working with the dictionary. Every stem in the stem dictionary has a reference to the corresponding flexion class. If several words have the same stem, the stem is stored in the stem dictionary only once, to avoid duplication of stems and conserve space in the dictionary. For example, the words "пол", "пола", "поле" have the same stem "пол", but different flexions and different constant morphological attributes (these words are nouns but they are of different genders: masculine, feminine and neuter respectively). Therefore, the flexion classes of these words will be different. In the stem dictionary for these three words only one stem and three references to different flexion classes will be stored. Words having the same flexions and morphological attributes belong to the same flexion class. There are many such words, therefore the number of the flexion classes is far less than the number of stems. This method of representation of words ensures their compact storage in the dictionary and considerably decreases its size. When working with the dictionary, you are given the following tools: adding new words to it, deleting or correcting words, modifying the flexion classes, and getting various information about the dictionary. Working with the dictionary falls into two categories: working with the stem dictionary and working with the flexion class dictionary. When working with the stem dictionary you can add new words to it, correct and delete words stored in the dictionary. When working with the flexion class dictionary you can create new classes or correct the already existing ones. When working with the dictionary in the information mode, you can get morphological information on a word, look up a word paradigm or flexion class, find a word in the dictionary as well as other possibilities. Before we move on to describing how to work with the dictionary, the notion of "subdictionary" you will meet below should be explained. When building the dictionary you can create new, smaller dictionaries for specific domains of knowledge by adding to four subdictionaries. Therefore each word in the dictionary can be marked with a digit from 0 to 4, the digit 0 indicating words found in the basic dictionary. The option of creating subdictionaries is not implemented yet. Working with the dictionary is based on "menus". When working in the menus the following rules are in effect: On entering a menu its first line is lighted. This is the current, or active line, i.e., pressing ENTER activates the mode indicated on the line. You can move to your desired line of the menu using the arrows. Then you enter the selected menu item pressing ENTER. To exit from the current menu to the higher level, you press ESC. Pressing ESC also terminates working in the dictionary. When a question is displayed, three answers to the prompt are lighted: "Yes", "No", "Cansel", and the answer "Yes" is active, i.e., if you press ENTER for a given question you will give the positive answer. You can set the answer to "No" or "Cancel" using the TAB key. The responce "Cancel" terminates process and returns back to the current menu. Here is the main menu in the "Dictionary" mode: - stem dictionary modification; - flexion dictionary modification; - information service. Below is a description of the tools and the particular features of working with each menu item in dictionary mode. 4.2. Modification of the Stem Dictionary In "Stem Dictionary Modification" mode you have three basic options: - adding a new word; - correcting a word; - deleting a word. 4.2.1. Adding a New Word When a new word is to be added, in the middle of the display screen a window appears with the prompt "Enter word". In this window you can type the word you want to add to the dictionary. Before the stressed letter you should type the character " (double quotation). Adding the word is terminated by pressing the ENTER key. The entered word is looked up in the dictionary. If the word is already in the dictionary, information about it appears in the upper part of the screen, and in the middle of the screen appears the question "Did you mean this word?" with three answers "Yes", "No" or "Cancel". The answer "Yes" is active with a red background, i.e., if you press ENTER to the posed question you will give an affirmative answer. You can move to the "No" answer by pressing the TAB key. The answer "No" means that although a similar word is already in the dictionary, you still want to add the new word to the dictionary because it differs from the word in the dictionary by a constant morphological attribute or a flexion in some forms of the word. For example, the word "сборщик" can have the attribute either of animateness if it relates to a man, or of inanimateness if it relates to a computer program "garbage collection routine". When one of the variants of a word is missing it can be added to the dictionary as a new word. There are three ways to enter a word, and they are displayed in the right lower window of the screen in the event that the word was not found in the dictionary or if the answer "NO" is given to the question "Did you mean this word?": 1) to give the class number directly; 2) to give the class by analog; 3) to find the class by the word forms. 4.2.1.1. Specify Class Number Directly You can use the first way if you know the class number with the appropriate set of flexions and morphological information for the word. Usually such knowledge comes with experience after a long period of working with the dictionary. Upon invoking this mode, the prompt "Enter number of class" is displayed. In response you should type the class number and press ENTER. If you forgot to mark the stress when entering the new word, the prompt will appear: "Enter number of stressed letter in the word . . .". Enter the number of the stressed letter. Then the paradigm of the new word is displayed that has been compiled using the information stored in the given class. The flexions of the word forms are separated from the stem with the character "_" (underlining) and before the stressed letter the character " (double quotation) is placed. To continue your work you should press the ESC key. At the bottom of the screen appears the prompt "Esc-cancel". After pressing ESC the question "Is this correct?" and the answers "Yes", "No" and "Cancel" are displayed, the answer "Yes" being active. If you press ENTER, you will answer "Yes". Check the paradigm of the word being added and choose the correct answer. If the paradigm of the word is correct, the constant morphological information of the given class is displayed. Check the morphological information. If the class is chosen correctly it will correspond to the entered word. Answer the question "Is this correct?". If you choose the answer "Yes", the prompt "Enter subdictionary number (0-4)" appears. Choose 0 as the subdictionary number if the word is to be added to the common dictionary, or a digit from 1 to 4 if you want to create a subdictionary for a domain of knowledge. The number 0 is given also simply by pressing ENTER. When the number of a subdictionary is entered, the information about the word being added and the question "Actually add it to the dictionary?" are displayed. If you answer "Yes", the word is added to the dictionary and you will return to the menu. If you have changed your mind, answer "No", the word will not be added, and you will come back to the menu. You will return to the menu if you answer "No" to any question arising during addition of a new word. Example. Let us add the new word "тензор" to the dictionary. In the main menu we select the modification of the stem dictionary and then invoke the mode "Add new word". In reply to the prompt "Enter word" we enter the word. When the menu appears on the screen we select the first mode: "Give the class number directly". When the prompt "Enter class number" appears, we enter class number 1. Then the paradigm of the word "тензор" will be shown. If everything is correct, we answer "Yes" and the following morphological information appears (Fig. 12): The paradigm of the word "тензор"

.=======================CLASS 1=======================. I nominative case **** т"ензор_ I I possessive case **** т"ензор_а I I dative case **** т"ензор_у I I accusative case **** т"ензор_ I I instrumental case **** т"ензор_ом I I prepositional case **** т"ензор_е I I nominative, pl. **** т"ензор_ы I I possessive, pl. **** т"ензор_ов I I dative, pl. **** т"ензор_ам I I accusative, pl. **** т"ензор_ы I I instrumental, pl. **** т"ензор_ами I I prepositional, pl. **** т"ензор_ах I .=====================================================. Fig. 12

On the left is shown the number and case, and on the right is the corresponding form of the word "тензор". To make it more visible the word stem is separated from the flection by the underline sign "_". In the middle of the upper frame is the flection class number. Forms of the word "тензор" are built using the flection list stored in the class number 1. Carefully check the declension of the word by number and case, paying attention to the stress. If all is correct, answer "Yes", and the following morphological information will be displayed (Fig. 13):

.__________________. | noun | | masculine | | inanimate | | declension 2 | .__________________. .=========================. I I I Is it correct? I I I I Yes No Cancel I I I I I .=========================. Fig. 13

This constant morphological information relates to the word "тензор", so we answer "Yes" to the question "Is this correct?" Then the prompt "Enter subdictionary number" will appear on the screen. We shall enter the digit 0. The following information will be displayed: class n stem length stem stress subdictionary 0

.====================================. I I I Add actually it to the dictionary? I I I I Yes No Cancel I I I I I .====================================.

By pressing ENTER the word will be added to the dictionary. 4.2.1.2. Specify Class by Analog The second way to add new words is the search of the desired class by a word-analog. A word-analog is a word having the same flexion set and the same constant morphological information as the new word. For example, for nouns the word-analog must belong to the same gender and declension, have the same attribute of animateness-inanimateness, and change by the cases as the new word. Also, the word-analog must be present in the dictionary. In the previous example for the word "тензор" we can choose the word "сенсор" as the word-analog. You can enter new words using a word-analog in the following way. Having entered a new word, use the down arrow to change to the mode "Choose class by analog". Then the prompt "Enter word-analog" appears. In reply, you should enter the word chosen as its analog. If the analog is found in the dictionary, then the information about it appears on the screen as well as the question "Did you mean this word?" If a different word was found you must answer "NO" and the search for the word will continue. If the analog is not found in the dictionary, the note "word analog is not in the dictionary" appears on the screen, and after pressing the ENTER key, you will return to the menu. If the desired analog is found, answer "YES". Then the paradigm of the word to enter will appear on the screen formed using the information contained in the class of the word-analog. To complete the task, press the ESC key. Then entering the new word is done in the same order as when entering it in the first way. Example. Let us add the new word "квантор" to the dictionary by word analog. In the main menu select stem dictionary modification, and enter the mode "adding new word". In reply to the prompt "Enter word" enter the word: квантор When the menu appears on the screen, select the mode "Choose class by analog". Then the prompt "Enter word analog" will appear on the screen. Then enter the word analog "компьютер". If the analog is found in the dictionary, the program displays information about it: word * компьютер *-- Nominative of компь"ютер_

.==================================. I I I Did you mean this word? I I I I Yes No Cancel I I I I I .==================================.

The character " (double quotation) indicates the stress in the word "компьютер" and the sign _ (underlining) separates the stem from the flexion (here the word "компьютер" is in the nominative case and lacks the flexion (empty flexion)). After you answer positive, the prompt "Enter number of stressed letter in the word "квантор:" appears on the screen. The prompt has appeared because when entering the word "квантор" the stress was not indicated by the sign " (double quotation). Then you enter the number of the stressed letter: 3. Then all the forms of the word "квантор" appear on the screen as shown in Fig. 12. The paradigm of the word "квантор" will be formed based on the list of flections of the class to which the analog word of the word "компьютер" belongs. After checking the word forms, you should press ESC. Then the question appears on the screen:

.=========================. I I I Is it correct? I I I I Yes No Cancel I I I I I .=========================.

If you press ENTER (the positive answer) the constant morphological information appears on the screen corresponding to the word "квантор" (see Fig. 11). If this constant morphological agrees with the word "квантор", enter the answer "YES". The prompt "Enter number of subdictionary (0-4) :" will appear on the screen. The digit 1 is entered i.e., the word "квантор" will belong to the subdictionary 1. Then the following information will appear on the screen: class n stem length stem stress subdictionary 0

.====================================. I I I Add actually it to the dictionary? I I I I Yes No Cancel I I I I I .====================================.

Upon answering positive, the word "квантор" is added to the dictionary. 4.2.1.3. Find Class by Word Forms The third way of adding a new word involves searching for the necessary class by forms of the word that the user gives. This method is used when the class number required for adding a word is unknown and it is hard to find a suitable word analog. This method assumes minimum knowledge about the flexion of the new word and gives you the opportunity to pick out a suitable class if you can just specify the part of speech the word belongs to. After entering the new word you must use the down arrow to change to the mode "Choose the class by word forms". Upon entering this mode, the prompt "Enter part of speech" appears on the screen as well as a list of all the parts of speech found in the dictionary. You must select the necessary part of speech using the arrows. If the part of speech is unchangeable, there is nothing more to enter, otherwise the search for the flexion class will take place. If a changeable part of speech is given, the list of constant morphological attributes of this part of speech will appear on the screen along with the prompt "Enter the morphological attributes". The desired attribute is chosen by pressing the ENTER key. In this way several attributes can be given. If one of the attributes selected is wrong, it can be deselected by pressing ENTER again. To exit from the attribute entry mode, just press ESC. You may give no morphological attributes at all or give only those you know. You must keep in mind that among the morphological attributes of verbs and pronouns is the attribute "the group number". You don't need to give this attribute, just ignore it. When the morphological attributes are given the prompt "Are you going to enter forms" and the prompt "Enter word" appear on the screen. As the forms of a word are considered all the modifications of the word during its flexions, e.g., by number, or for nouns, by cases. The word forms are required to search for the desired class more quickly and effectively. The more word forms you give, the more precisely the class can be selected. To make entry of a word form faster, the current new word appears on the screen and can be used to generate another form of the word. You enter the word forms by pressing ENTER. Entry of word forms can be terminated by pressing ESC. You should keep in mind that you may not enter the same word form twice, otherwise it will destroy the search of the class. No word forms at all may be given, and a class will be selected anyway. After searching for a class a paradigm of the new word will appear on the screen, built with the flexion set contained in the class found. Check all the word forms and press the ESC key. The question will appear on the screen "Is this correct?" and two answers: "YES" and "NO". Choose the proper answer and press the ENTER key. If there are mistakes and you select the answer "NO", then the prompt will appear on the screen: "Continue search?" If you give a positive answer the search will continue and another suitable class will be found. If all the word forms are correct and you select the reply "YES", then the morphological attribute of the class will be shown on the screen. If the morphological attributes agree with the new word answer "YES" to the question "Is this correct?" Otherwise answer "NO". Then the question "Continue search?" will appear. The search for the desired class will continue until a suitable class is found. It is possible that a suitable class is not found. Check the correctness and the consistency of the morphological constants you have given. Check also if the word forms are correct. To do this, repeat the process of entering the word in the mode of choosing the class by word forms. If after another search of the class the desired class is not found, there is no such class in the dictionary. In this case the only recourse to follow is to create a new class. Creating a new class is described below, in item 4.3.1. Example. This example shows adding a new word in the mode of choosing the class by word forms. A new adjective "конгруэнтный" is added to the dictionary. After entering the mode "Base dictionary modification", the mode "Adding a new word" is selected. When the prompt "Enter word" appears, enter the word "конгру"энтный". Before the stress vowel type the " sign (double quote). Because this word is not in the dictionary the menu for entering a new word appears on the screen. You must select from here the line "Choose class by word forms". Then the list of the parts of speech will appear on the screen (Fig. 14). The part of speech

.======Enter part of speech====. I punctuation mark I I noun I I adjective I I verb I I pronoun I I numeral I I no such part og speech I I I I adverb I I conjunction I I preposition I I particle I I interjection I I indeclinable noun I I indeclinable adjective I I parenthesis I I predicative use of a word I I modal word I I unconjugatable verb I .==============================. Fig. 14

Select the part of speech "adjective" from the list and after pressing the ENTER key, and a list of possible attributes for an adjective will appear on the screen:

.============= Enter morphological info =============. I noun at the same time I I noun only I I verbal adjective I I verbal adjective noun only I I verbal adjective noun at the same time I .==========================================================. The adjective "конгруэнтный" has none of the listed attributes, so you have to press ESC without giving any attributes. When the question "Enter word forms?" arises the following word forms are given: Are you going to enter forms? .================== Enter word ================. Iконгруэнтного I .===============================================. .================== Enter word ================. Iконгруэнтная I .===============================================. .================== Enter word ================. Iконгруэнтные I .===============================================. .================== Enter word ================. Iконгруэнтный I .===============================================. Fig. 15

The last form of the word (Fig. 15) is not to be specified. When it appears on the screen as prompt "Enter word", press the ESC key. Pressing ESC means that you are not going to enter more forms of the word. After this the search for a suitable class takes place and the paradigm of the word "конгруэнтный" is displayed built from the flexion of the class. After pressing the ESC key, the question: "Is this correct?" will appear. On entering the negative answer, a new prompt "Continue search?" will appear. If you answer "YES", a search for the next class will occur and another list of forms of the word "конгруэнтный" will be displayed. The search of a suitable class will continue until the right paradigm of the word "конгруэнтный" is displayed. Then enter the positive answer to the question "Is this correct?" and the constant morphological information related to the class is displayed.

.================. I pronoun I .================. .=========================. I I I Is it correct? I I I I Yes No Cancel I I I I I .=========================.

When ENTER is pressed the positive answer is entered and the following information about the word is reported: class n 512 stem length 9 stem stress 7 subdictionary 1

.====================================. I I I Add actually it to the dictionary? I I I I Yes No Cancel I I I I I .====================================.

After answering "YES", the word "конгруэнтный" is added to the dictionary. 4.2.2. Word Correction You have the following options in "Word correction" mode: - to change the stem; - to change the stem stress; - to change the class number; - to change the belonging to the dictionary. When you enter the "Word correction" mode, the prompt "Enter word" arises. In response you must enter the word to be corrected. If the word is found in the dictionary, then the information about it is displayed as well as the question "Did you mean this word?" If a different word is found, answer "NO" and the search will continue. If the word is not found , you will return to the menu. If the desired word is found, answer "YES". Then the information on the word stem stored in the dictionary is shown and the menu for word correction appears. Using the arrows, select the desired menu item. A description of all the ways to correct a word and the work order in each menu item is shown below. Altering the stem is required if you discover a mistake in the stem. When altering the stem in response to the demand "Enter stem" you must enter a new stem of the word. Afterward the new stem will be added to the stem dictionary and the new information about the word stem will be displayed. Use ESC to exit from word correction mode, or continue the correction. The stress of a word may fall on the stem or on the flexion. Therefore the number of the stressed letter is stored in the stem dictionary for each stem. If the stress falls on the flexion in every word form, the stressed letter number in the stem is equal to zero. If the stress in a word stem is shown incorrectly, you may change it. When the "Change the stem stress" mode is entered, the prompt is displayed: "Enter number of stressed letter in the stem". In response you must give the number of the stressed letter if there is stress in the stem, else 0. The given stress will be saved in the stem dictionary and the new information about the word will be displayed. In the "Change class number" mode you can change the class number of the stem reference. On entering this mode the question arises if the word to be changed is correct. If the word is written wrong you should answer "NO" and when the prompt "Enter word" appears. If the word is written correctly, you must answer positively. Then the following menu will appear:

.____________________________________. | Enter class number | | Find class by analog | | Find class by word forms | .____________________________________.

These posibilities of entering a new class number are equivalent to the possibilities of adding a new word. The work order in any of the modes is described above. The mode "Change subdictionary" lets you assign a subdictionary number to a word or to cancel a word's entry in a subdictionary. A word can belong to four subdictionaries simultaneously. Upon entering this mode the prompt "Enter subdictionary number" is displayed. If the word does not belong to any subdictionary that is reported after the word is found in the dictionary, you must give the desired number of subdictionary. If you must cancel a word's entry in a subdictionary, the subdictionary number must be given. Then the new information about where the word is entered will be displayed. Example. In this example, the correction of the word "тензор" is shown. When the word was added to the dictionary in response to "Enter subdictionary number" the number 0 was given. That means that the word "тензор" does not belong to any subdictionary. If you want "тензор" to belong to subdictionary number 1, you have to correct it. After entering the mode "Base dictionary modification" the line "Word correction" is selected in the menu. When the prompt "Enter word" appears on the screen, the word "тензор" is entered. Then the following information is displayed: word* тензор *-- Nominative of т"ензор_

.==================================. I I I Did you mean this word? I I I I Yes No Cancel I I I I I .==================================.

Here the character " means that the stress falls on the letter 'е' and the character _ (underlining) separates the stem from the flexion. When ENTER is pressed the positive answer is given and the information about the word "тензор" from the stem dictionary and the correction menu is displayed: stem-тензор* stress at stem-2* class 1 belongs to subdictionaries:

.____________________________________. | change stem | | change stem stress | | change class number | | change subdictionary | .____________________________________.

We select the mode "Changing subdictionary". Then the prompt is displayed: "Enter subdictionary number:" In response to this prompt we enter the digit 1. After this the following information is displayed: stem-тензор* stress. at stem-2* class 1 belongs to subdictionaries: 1

.____________________________________. | change stem | | change stem stress | | change class number | | change subdictionary | .____________________________________.

So the word "тензор" now belongs to the subdictionary number 1. Exit from the mode of word correction by pressing ESC. 4.2.3. Word Deletion To delete a word from the stem dictionary in the mode "Base dictionary modification" one must select the menu line "Delete word". After displaying of the prompt "Enter word" one must type the word to be deleted and press ENTER. If the word is found in the dictionary the information about it will be displayed and the prompt "Did you mean the word?" will appear. If the desired word is found, answer "YES" by pressing ENTER. If you answer "NO" the search of the word in the dictionary can be continued. If the answer is positive the information about the word from the stem dictionary and the question "Are you sure?" will be displayed. If the answer to this question is negative the word will not be deleted. Before answering "YES" be sure that this word is to be deleted. If the answer is positive, the word will be deleted from the dictionary. Note that when a word is deleted from the dictionary it is only the stem from the stem dictionary that is deleted but the flexion class of the word is not deleted. If the stem belongs to several different words it stays in the stem dictionary and it is only reference to a flexion constant morphological deleted. Example. This example shows deleting the word "тензор" from the dictionary. After entering the main menu the mode "Base dictionary modification" is selected. When the menu of the stem dictionary appears the mode of word deleting is entered. The prompt "Enter word" is displayed and the word "тензор" is entered. As the word is in the dictionary the following information is displayed: word* тензор *-- Nominative of т"ензор_

.==================================. I I I Did you mean this word? I I I I Yes No Cancel I I I I I .==================================.

The positive answer is given pressing ENTER and then the information about the word "тензор" is displayed: stem-тензор* stress: at stem-2* class 1 belongs to subdictionaries 1 and the question is displayed:

.=========================. I I I Are you sure? I I I I Yes No Cancel I I I I I .=========================.

The answer "YES" is active, so pressing the ENTER key enters the positive answer and the word is deleted from the dictionary. Then you return to the stem dictionary modification menu. If ESC is pressed you return to the main menu. 4.3. Modification of the Flexion Dictionary The flexion dictionary consists of flexion classes containing the flexion sets of all words stored in the dictionary and the constant morphological information for different parts of speech. There are the following facilities for working with the flexion dictionary: - creation of a new class; - correction of a class; - deletion of a class. One flexion class can contain flexions for many words stored in the dictionary. That is why the modification of the flexion dictionary requires great attention and a solid linguistic base. The order and the particular features of this work are described below. 4.3.1. Creation of a New Class Creation of a new class is necessary when a suitable class is not found for a word to be added to the stem dictionary. The probability of this situation is small but if it arises, you have the ability to create the required class. First, the new flexion class must contain the necessary flexion set, and second, the constant morphological attributes of the part of speech. There are two ways to create a new flexion class. The first way is to create it on the base of an existing one, performing the necessary changes. And the second way is to create it from scratch. First we shall describe the second way. On entering the mode "Adding new class" the menu appears:

._______________________________________. | Create new class | | Copy an existing class to the new one | ._______________________________________.

We select the first menu line and press the ENTER key. The prompt "Enter part of speech" and a list of parts of speech stored in the dictionary will be displayed. Using the arrow keys, select the part of speech which corresponds to the word for which the class is created and then press ENTER. When the part of speech is selected, the list of its constant morphological attributes will be displayed. For example for a noun: The constant morphological attributes of a noun

.______ Enter morphological info ______. | plural only | | masculine gender | | feminine gender | | neutral gender | | inanimate | | animate | | adjectival declension | | declension 1 | | declension 2 | | declension 3 | ._______________________________________. Fig. 16

We must choose the necessary ones among the attributes. The choice is performed by pressing ENTER. The chosen attribute begins to flash. If a wrong attribute is chosen, it can be cancelled by pressing ENTER on the attribute's side. Using the arrows and ENTER all the necessary attributes can be set. When the attributes are chosen you must press ESC. Then the prompt "Enter word analog" will appear. In response to it you must enter the word that will serve as the pattern of the created class. In particular, you can enter the word for which the new class is created. Entering the word analog one must put the " sign (double quotation) before the stressed letter. After entering the word analog, the prompt "Enter the stem length" is displayed. The common part of all the word forms is considered as the stem and its length is defined. If the word forms have no common part, i.e. the stem is empty, its length equals zero. In response to the prompt the length of the stem is to be entered by typing the necessary digit (number) and pressing the ENTER key. Then the "Select form to change" prompt and the list of all word forms for the given part of speech will be displayed (see for instance Fig. 12). By sequentially selecting the needed word forms with the help of ENTER you will receive the "Enter word" prompt. To make your work easier the given word analog will be displayed as a guide. In response you must transform the word analog. Don't forget to put " (double quotation) before the stressed letter. The word forms are entered by pressing the ENTER key. If a mistake appears while entering word forms, it can be corrected. To do this you must return to the desired word form using the arrows and then press ENTER. The report on the word form and the menu will be displayed (Fig. 13). Menu for changing a word form

._____________________. | Change form | | Delete form | | Add form | ._____________________. Fig. 17

By this menu you can: - change a word form if it is given wrong; - delete an unnecessary word form; - add an alternative word form if the word has two possible variants of spelling or stressing. An alternative word form is the second variant of a word form, differing from the basic one by its flexion or stress. For example, the word "чашка" has two alternative forms in the instrumental case singular form: "чашкой" and "чашкою". When all the word forms are given, press ESC. Then the question will appear on the screen: "Cancel all changes?" If you have changed your mind and don't want to create the new class you can give the positive answer and then return to the menu. If the answer is negative, the question: "More changes?" will appear. If you answer "NO", the created class is added to the flexion dictionary and the analog is added to the stem dictionary. A message about the new flexion class number will be displayed. Another way of creating a new flexion class is the transformation of an already existing class. This method is realized in the "Old class to new" mode. After entering the mode in response to the prompt the the class number chosen as the stem of flexion class is to be given. One must select such a class that will allow the creation of a new class by minimum number of transformations. Having looked the basic flexion class over you press ESC and get the prompt: "To change the word analog?" If the word analog is to be changed answer "YES" and write down the selected analog as described above for the creation of a new class. When the word analog is written down the question "To change the morphological information?" will be displayed. If the constant morphological information of the created class differs from the basic classes press ENTER. Then it is necessary to give the part of speech and the constant morphological information. This process is described above for the creating of a class in the first way. Then the word forms of the new class will be displayed. If the word analog has changed in the new class its word forms will be shown. Generation of the flexion list of the new class is fulfilled by the necessary transformation of word forms. By that the user is provided with the opportunity to change, to delete and to add word forms (see Fig. 13). The word form transformation is refused by pressing ESC. All the changes can be cancelled after the corresponding question by answering "YES". Then the process of class creation is interrupted and the return to the menu takes place. On the negative answer the created flexion class is added to the flexion dictionary. Before adding a class it is searched in the flexion dictionary. If such class is already in the dictionary it is reported and the class is not written down. 4.3.2. Correction of a Class Any existing class can be corrected in the mode "Class correction". After entering the mode one must give the class number to be corrected. When the class has been looked the alternations can be inserted. If the word analog is to be corrected or changed answer "YES" to the corresponding question. The analog is corrected in the same way as when creating a new class (see item 4.3.1). When the constant morphological information is to be corrected the part of speech is to be given selected from the displayed list (see Fig. 14). For the changeable parts of speech the constant morphological attributes are to be given selected from the list by pressing ENTER. The termination of entering the attributes is ensured by press ESC. If the constant morphological information is not to be corrected answer "NO" to the corresponding question. When the word forms are displayed one can begin to alter them (see Fig. 12). If they are not to be altered ESC is to be pressed. For altering a word form one must come to the corresponding line of the list of word forms using the arrows and then press ENTER. Then the wanted word form and the menu for making alternations shown in Fig. 12 are displayed. After the invitation "Enter word" give the wanted word form. Mark the stress by the sign " (double quotations). If an alternative word form is to be written (see item 4.3.1) the menu line "Add word form" is to be used. The correction of word forms terminates when the key ESC is pressed. Then the question is displayed "Cancel all changes?" Pressing ENTER you will answer "YES" and all the changes inserted before into the class will be cancelled. The class will rest the same and the current menu will be returned. To make alternations go by the arrow to the answer "NO" and press ENTER. After the negative answer the question "More changes?" will arise. If the question is negative the corrected class will be stored in the flexion dictionary. Before being stored the corrected class is compared with the other classes in the dictionary. If it coincides with a class it is reported and all the changes inserted into the class are ignored. 4.3.3. Deletion of a Class If a class is not necessary it can be deleted. Before deleting of a class one must be sure that there are no words referencing to it. It can be checked by using the information service in the mode "Find words of class". If there exists a word referencing to the class it is necessary to change the class number of the word in the mode "Word correction" (see item 4.2.2). When the mode "Delete class" is entered the invitation "Enter flexion class number" is displayed. The class number entered the morphological information corresponding to the class appears on the screen. After pressing any key the word forms of the class are displayed. When pressing ESC the question "Are you sure?" will appear. If it is answered "NO" the class will not be deleted and the menu will be returned. If the answer is "YES" the class is deleted. 4.4. Information Service The information service lets you get information about the words stored in the dictionary and to look the flexion classes. The information service supplies the following opportunities: 1) to see the size of the dictionary: the information about the number of stems and the total number of the classes is reported; 2) to find a word in the dictionary; if the word is absent in the dictionary it is reported; 3) to carry out the morphological analyze of a word i.e., to get the morphological attributes of a word: constant and variable; 4) to find the words with a given stem; 5) to find the words with a given class; 6) to look a flexion constant morphological information; 7) to look a word paradigm i.e., to get the information about all word forms of a word to be changed. When the information service is entered the following menu is displayed: The "Information service" Menu

.================================. I Dictionary size I I Search the word I I Morphological analysis I I Search word with pointed stem I I Search words with pointed classI I Look through class I I Show word forms I .================================. Fig. 18

The wanted menu line can be selected with the help of arrows, the selected menu line is activated on pressing ENTER. If the second, the third or the seventh menu line is activated the prompt "Enter word" is displayed. In response to the prompt the wanted word is to be entered and afterward the word is searched in the dictionary. If the word is not found the corresponding message is communicated. If the word is found, the information about it and the question "Did you mean this word?" are displayed. The question is connected with the fact that in Russian a word can have several meanings i.e., the same word can be a word form of several words with different meanings. For example, the word "три" is in the same time the numeral "three" in the form of singular number, nominative case and the imperative of the verb "to rub". If the wanted word is found one must give the positive answer by pressing ENTER. In the opposite case the answer is to be "NO" and the search of the word will continue. In the mode "Find word in the dictionary" the information about the word is given including the number of the flexion class where the flexions of the word are stored. In the mode "Find words with stem" in response to the prompt "Enter stem" a stem is to be entered. Then all the words with the given stem will be found. In the mode "Find words of class" all the words belonging to a given class are searched. Therefore in this mode in response to the prompt "Enter flexion class number" a class number is to be entered. The mode can be used before correcting a flexion class or deleting it for inserting correct changes without spoiling the dictionary. The mode "Look flexion class" lets you look a wanted class by giving its number. The constant morphological information related to the class and all the word forms of the part of speech included in the class are shown. In the mode "Show word paradigm" all the possible word forms of a given word are shown. It is an excellent guide information on the orthography and the morphology of the Russian language. Example. In the example the paradigm of the word "прекрасный" belonging to the part of speech "adjective". After entering the mode "Show word paradigm" in response to the prompt "Enter word" the word "прекрасный" is entered. And then the information about all the word forms of the word "прекрасный" is displayed (see item 4.4). Here on the left the names of grammatical forms of an adjective are given and on the right the forms of the word "прекрасный" themselves. The stem is separated from the flexion by the sign _ (underlining) and the sign " (double quotation) stands before the stressed letter. The paradigm of the adjective "прекрасный"

.=============================CLASS 463============================. I nom. or acc. masc. sing. ********* прекр"ас_ный I I nom. or acc. neut. sing. ********* прекр"ас_ное I I poss. or acc. masc. and neut. sing. ********* прекр"ас_ного I I dat. masc. and neut. sing. ********* прекр"ас_ному I I inst. masc., neut. sing. and dat. pl. ********* прекр"ас_ным I I prep. masc. and neut. sing. ********* прекр"ас_ном I I nom. fem. sing. ********* прекр"ас_ная I I poss., dat., inst., prep. fem. sing. ********* прекр"ас_ной I I acc. fem. sing. ********* прекр"ас_ную I I inst. fem. sing. ********* прекр"ас_ною I I nom. pl. anim./inanim., acc. pl. inanim. ******* прекр"ас_ные I I poss. or prep. pl., acc. pl. anim. ********* прекр"ас_ных I I acc. pl. ********* прекр"ас_ными I I masc. short form ********* прекр"ас_ен I I fem. short form ********* прекр"ас_на I I neut. short form ********* прекр"ас_н I I pl. short form ********* прекр"ас_ны I I сomparative degree ********* прекр"ас_нее I I comparative degree ********* прекр"ас_ней I I superlative degree ******** прекр"ас_нейший I .==================================================================. Fig. 19