Register : S Filename : B141303 Title : ? Date : ? Time : ? Recording device : wlk Length of conversation : ? Word count : 4508 County : Greater London Locality : Hertfordshire Setting : science laboratory Activity : lesson Type of conversation : conversation Superfield : ? Subject/Topic : ? Individual subject : ? Spontaneity rating : 3 Audience size : 2 Background : contains many unidentified speakers, all pupils of speaker 24 Identifier : 1 Name : Danny Gender : m Age : 13 First Language : BrE Dialect : London Occupation : student Education : still studying Social Group : 2 Relationship to respondent : respondent Other relationships : pupil24 Background : ? Identifier : 24 Name : ? Gender : m Age : ? First Language : BrE Dialect : ? Occupation : teacher Education : ? Social Group : ? Relationship to respondent : teacher Other relationships : ? Background : ?

And&CC; it&PPH1; takes&VVZ; twenty&MC; four&MC; hours&NNT2; to&TO; go&VVI; round&RP; once&RR;.&YSTP; If&CS; you&PPY;'re&VBR; onⅈ the&AT; equator&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1;,&YCOM; that&CST; means&NN; get&VV0; twelve&MC; hours&NNT2; day&NNT1; time&NNT1; twelve&MC; hours&NNT2; night&NNT1; time&NNT1;.&YSTP; But&CCB; because&CS; the&AT; earth&NN1; is&VBZ; tilted&VVN; a bit&RR; someⅅ parts&NN2; of&IO; the&AT; globe&NN1; get&VV0; longer&JJR; days&NNT2; inⅈ the&AT; summer&NNT1; and&CC; longer&JJR; nights&NNT2; inⅈ winter&NNT1;.&YSTP; Inⅈ fact&NN1; atⅈ the&AT; moment&NN1; we&PPIS2;'re&VBR; just about&RR; getting&VVG; toⅈ the&AT; longest&JJT; er&FU; night&NNT1; the&AT; what&DDQ;'s&VBZ; called&VVN; the&AT; equ&FU; er&FU; sorry&JJ; the&AT; solstice&NN1; that&CST; occurs&VVZ; on&RP; aboutⅈ December&NPM1; the&AT; twenty&MC; second&NNT1;.&YSTP; That&DD1;'s&VBZ; the&AT; shortest&JJT; day&NNT1;.&YSTP; So&RR; November&NPM1; the&AT; twenty&MC; fourth&MD; we&PPIS2;'ve&VH0; got&VVN; aboutⅈ one&MC1; more&DAR; month&NNT1; of&IO; the&AT; days&NNT2; getting&VVG; shorter&JJR; erm&FU; beforeⅈ the&AT; days&NNT2; start&VV0; getting&VVG; longer&RRR; again&RT;.&YSTP; And&CC; Well&RR; atⅈ this&DD1; time&NNT1; of&IO; the&AT; year&NNT1; the&AT; the&AT; the&AT; night&NNT1; is&VBZ; relatively&RR; long&JJ; and&CC; the&AT; day&NNT1; is&VBZ; relatively&RR; short&JJ;.&YSTP; It&PPH1; does&VDZ;n't&XX; get&VVI; light&JJ; until&CS; about&RG; six&MC; o'clock&RA; inⅈ the&AT; morning&NNT1; and&CC; [ it&PPH1; gets&VVZ; dark&JJ; ] [ It&PPH1;'s&VBZ; pretty&RG; cool&JJ;.&YSTP; ] byⅈ half&DB; pastⅈ four&MC;.&YSTP; Byⅈ this&DD1; time&NNT1; next&MD; month&NNT1; we&PPIS2;'re&VBR; just about&RR; atⅈ the&AT; solstice&NN1; we&PPIS2;'re&VBR; find&VV0; that&CST; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; not&XX; getting&VVG; light&JJ; until&CS; about&RG; seven&MC; o'clock&RA; inⅈ the&AT; morning&NNT1; and&CC; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; getting&VVG; dark&NN1; again&RT; byⅈ about&RG; half&DB; pastⅈ three&MC;.&YSTP; The&AT; days&NNT2; become&VV0; very&RG; short&JJ; indeed&RR;.&YSTP; The&AT; nights&NNT2; become&VV0; very&RG; long&JJ;.&YSTP; The&AT; opposite&JJ; thing&NN1; of course&RR; happens&VVZ; inⅈ the&AT; summer&NNT1;.&YSTP; What&DDQ; we&PPIS2; loose&VV0; out&RP; inⅈ the&AT; winter&NNT1; we&PPIS2; gain&VV0; extra&JJ; inⅈ the&AT; summer&NNT1; inⅈ the&AT; summer&NNT1; time&NNT1;.&YSTP; Instead ofⅈ just&RR; getting&VVG; twelve&MC; hours&NNT2; light&JJ; twelve&MC; hours&NNT2; dark&JJ; we&PPIS2; get&VV0; you&PPY; know&VV0; it&PPH1; might&VM; not&XX; get&VVI; dark&NN1; untilⅈ eleven&MC; o'clock&RA; atⅈ night&NNT1; and&CC; it&PPH1; gets&VVZ; light&JJ; atⅈ about&RG; four&MC; o'clock&RA; inⅈ the&AT; morning&NNT1;.&YSTP; So&RR; you&PPY; get&VV0; extra&JJ; daylight&NN1; then&RT;.&YSTP; Okay&RR;.&YSTP; We&PPIS2; also&RR; mentioned&VVD; the&AT; fact&NN1; that&CST; we&PPIS2; do&VD0;n't&XX; go&VVI; roundⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1; inⅈ exactly&RR; three&MC; hundred&NNO; and&CC; sixty&MC; five&MC; days&NNT2;.&YSTP; It&PPH1; actually&RR; takes&VVZ; three&MC; hundred&NNO; and&CC; sixty&MC; five&MC; and&CC; a&AT1; quarter&NN1; days&NNT2; to&TO; go&VVI; roundⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1;.&YSTP; So&RR; that&CST; means&VVZ; every&AT1; four&MC; year&NNT1; there&EX;'s&VBZ; an&AT1; extra&JJ; day&NNT1; which&DDQ; we&PPIS2; need&VV0; to&TO; take&VVI; account&NN1; of&IO;.&YSTP; So&RR; every&AT1; fourth&MD; year&NNT1; we&PPIS2; have&VH0; an&AT1; extra&JJ; day&NNT1; inⅈ February&NPM1; which&DDQ; we&PPIS2; call&VV0; leap&NN1; year&NNT1;.&YSTP; Okay&RR;.&YSTP; What&DDQ; we&PPIS2; need&VV0; to&TO; consider&VVI; today&RT; to&TO; start&VVI; with&IW; is&VBZ; inⅈ fact&NN1; what&DDQ; the&AT; moon&NN1; Pretty&RG; good&JJ; The&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; a&AT1; natural&JJ; satellite&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1;.&YSTP; We&PPIS2;'ve&VH0; only&RR; got&VVN; one&MC1; moon&NN1; but&CCB; that&DD1;'s&VBZ; erm&FU; by no means&RR; the&AT; limit&NN1;.&YSTP; Someⅅ planets&NN2; likeⅈ Jupiter&NP1; has&VHZ; got&VVN; half&DB; a&AT1; dozen&NNO; moons&NN2;.&YSTP; Asⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; goes&VVZ; roundⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1; so&RR; the&AT; moon&NN1; [ goes&VVZ; round&RP; ] [ ] the&AT; earth&NN1;.&YSTP; Yes&UH;.&YSTP; Okay&RR;?&YQUE; So&RR; if&CS; this&DD1; is&VBZ; the&AT; sun&NN1; here&RL; the&AT; earth&NN1; here&RL; the&AT; moon&NN1; goes&VVZ; roundⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; whilst&CS; the&AT; earth&NN1; is&VBZ; going&VVG; roundⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1;.&YSTP; Does&VDZ; the&AT; moon&NN1; go&VVI; roundⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1; with&IW; the&AT; earth&NN1;?&YQUE; The&AT; moon&NN1; goes&VVZ; yes&UH; of course&RR; it&PPH1; does&VDZ; else&RR; it&PPH1; would&VM; leave&VVI; it&PPH1; behind&RL;.&YSTP; We&PPIS2;'d&VM; only&RR; see&VVI; it&PPH1; once&RR; a&AT1; year&NNT1; if&CS; it&PPH1; stayed&VVD; where&RRQ; it&PPH1; was&VBDZ;.&YSTP; So&RR; asⅈ the&AT; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; really&RR; quite&RG; a&AT1; complicated&JJ; system&NN1;.&YSTP; Asⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; is&VBZ; going&VVG; round&RP; and&CC; roundⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1;,&YCOM; we&PPIS2; take&VV0; the&AT; the&AT; overhead&JJ; projector&NN1; here&RL; as&CSA; being&VBG; the&AT; sun&NN1;,&YCOM; the&AT; earth&NN1; is&VBZ; erm&FU; actually&RR; no&UH; that&DD1;'s&VBZ; not&XX; gon&VVGK;na&TO; work&NN1;.&YSTP; Okay&NN1; three&MC; volunteers&NN2;.&YSTP; Me&PPIO1;.&YSTP; I&PPIS1; was&VBDZ; gon&VVGK;na&TO; go&VVI; up&RP; today&RT; but&CCB; I&PPIS1; could&VM;n't&XX; be&VBI; fagged&VVN;.&YSTP; Okay&RR; let's&VM; let's&VM; er&FU; try&VVI; and&CC; illustrate&VVI; [ once again&RR; ].&YSTP; [ I&PPIS1;'m&VBM; going&VVG; up&RP; ] tomorrow&RT;.&YSTP; You&PPY; are&VBR; the&AT; earth&NN1;.&YSTP; I&PPIS1; want&VV0; you&PPY; [ to&TO; go&VVI; roundⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1; ].&YSTP; [ pretty&RG; good&JJ; but&CCB; ] not&XX; that&RG; good&JJ;.&YSTP; Okay&RR;?&YQUE; I&PPIS1; was&VBDZ; better&JJR;.&YSTP; Now&RT; you&PPY; should&VM; take&VVI; a&AT1; year&NNT1; [ to&TO; go&VVI; round&RP; there&RL;.&YSTP; Obviously&RR; ] [ He&PPHS1;'s&VBZ; trying&VVG; to&TO; ruin&VVI;.&YSTP; ] Let's&VM; see&VVI; you&PPY;'d&VM; be&VBI; to&TO; to&TO; correct&VVI; time&NNT1; scale&NN1;.&YSTP; Anyway&RR; keep&VV0; on&RP; going&VVG;.&YSTP; Right&RR; now&RT; as&CSA; you&PPY; are&VBR; going&VVG; roundⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1; so&RR; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; going&VVG; round&RP; you&PPY;.&YSTP; Going&VVG; fast&RR; going&VVG; really&RR; really&RR; fast&JJ;.&YSTP; three&MC; hundred&NNO; and&CC; [ Now&RT; ] sixty&MC; five&MC; times&NNT2; and&CC; every&AT1; time&NNT1; they&PPHS2; go&VV0; around&RG; once&RR; how&RGQ; many&DA2; times&NNT2; does&VDZ; the&AT; moon&NN1; go&VVI; roundⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; whilst&CS; the&AT; earth&NN1; is&VBZ; going&VVG; roundⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1;?&YQUE; Twelve&MC; times&NNT2;.&YSTP; Nearly&RR; twelve&MC;.&YSTP; Look&VV0;.&YSTP; Okay&RR; so&CS; you&PPY; get&VV0; the&AT; idea&NN1;.&YSTP; And&CC; see&VV0; if&CS; you&PPY; spread&VV0; out&RP; the&AT; sun&NN1; .&YSTP; Okay&RR;?&YQUE; There&EX; are&VBR; thirteen&MC; months&NNT2; inⅈ a&AT1; year&NNT1;.&YSTP; There&EX;'s&VBZ; twelve&MC;.&YSTP; Right&RR; okay&RR; hold&VV0; it&PPH1; there&RL; thank&VV0; you&PPY;.&YSTP; Fromⅈ then&RT; the&AT; moon&NN1; goes&VVZ; roundⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; inⅈ twenty&MC; eight&MC; days&NNT2; Sir&NN1;,&YCOM; there&EX;'s&VBZ; twelve&MC; twenty&MC; eight&MC; days&NNT2;.&YSTP; Now&RT; most&DAT; of&IO; our&APPGE; months&NNT2; are&VBR; thirty&MC; days&NNT2; or&CC; thirty&MC; one&MC1; days&NNT2; and&CC; there&EX; are&VBR; twelve&MC; of&IO; them&PPHO2;.&YSTP; Inⅈ fact&NN1; if&CS; you&PPY; add&VV0; it&PPH1; up&RP; the&AT; moon&NN1; can&VM; go&VVI; roundⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; thirteen&MC; times&NNT2; inⅈ a&AT1; year&NNT1;.&YSTP; Twen&FU; divide&VV0; three&MC; hundred&NNO; and&CC; sixty&MC; five&MC; byⅈ twenty&MC; eight&MC;.&YSTP; Somebody&PN1; got&VVD; a&AT1; calculator&NN1;?&YQUE; Divide&VV0; three&MC; hundred&NNO; and&CC; sixty&MC; five&MC; which&DDQ; is&VBZ; aboutⅈ the&AT; time&NNT1; that&CST; the&AT; earth&NN1; goes&VVZ; aroundⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1; byⅈ Three&MC; hundred&NNO; and&CC; sixty&MC; So&RR; there&EX; are&VBR; thirteen&MC; lunar&JJ; months&NNT2; inⅈ one&MC1; year&NNT1;.&YSTP; The&AT; moon&NN1; does&VDZ;n't&XX; the&AT; earth&NN1; goes&VVZ; roundⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1; so&RR; the&AT; moon&NN1; goes&VVZ; roundⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1;.&YSTP; It&PPH1; takes&VVZ; twenty&MC; eight&MC; days&NNT2; for&IF; the&AT; moon&NN1; to&TO; orbit&VVI; is&VBZ; the&AT; correct&JJ; term&NN1; for&IF; going&VVG; roundⅈ something&PN1;,&YCOM; to&TO; orbit&VVI; the&AT; earth&NN1;.&YSTP; This&DD1; is&VBZ; called&VVN; a&AT1; lunar&JJ; month&NNT1;.&YSTP; There&EX; are&VBR; thirteen&MC; lunar&JJ; months&NNT2; inⅈ one&MC1; year&NNT1;.&YSTP; Sir&NN1; but&CCB; I&PPIS1; thought&VVD; there&EX; were&VBDR; erm&FU; thirty&MC; days&NNT2; perⅈ month&NNT1;.&YSTP; Sorry&JJ;?&YQUE; I&PPIS1; thought&VVD; there&EX; were&VBDR; thirty&MC; days&NNT2; perⅈ month&NNT1;.&YSTP; There&EX; are&VBR; thirty&MC; days&NNT2; or&CC; thirty&MC; one&MC1; days&NNT2; perⅈ calendar&NN1; month&NNT1; but&CCB; a&AT1; lunar&JJ; month&NNT1; is&VBZ; always&RR; the&AT; same&DA;.&YSTP; It&PPH1;'s&VBZ; always&RR; twenty&MC; eight&MC; days&NNT2;.&YSTP; How&RRQ; come&VVN; our&APPGE; months&NNT2; are&VBR; Because&CS; our&APPGE; our&APPGE; months&NNT2; have&VH0; come&VVN; down&RP; toⅈ us&PPIO2; fromⅈ all&DB; sorts&NN2; of&IO; historical&JJ; reasons&NN2;.&YSTP; Erm&FU; yeah&UH; well&RR; actually&RR; it&PPH1; would&VM; actually&RR; be&VBI; much&RR; more&RGR; sensible&JJ; to&TO; divide&VVI; the&AT; year&NNT1; intoⅈ intoⅈ thirteen&MC; months&NNT2; each&DD1; of&IO; twenty&MC; eight&MC; days&NNT2; because&CS; twenty&MC; eight&MC; days&NNT2; you&PPY; will&VM; realize&VVI; is&VBZ; two&MC; fortnights&NNT2; so&CS; you&PPY; can&VM; divide&VVI; the&AT; year&NNT1; very&RG; nicely&RR; intoⅈ thirteen&MC; equal&JJ; periods&NN2;.&YSTP; Okay&RR;?&YQUE; And&CC; now&RT; all&DB; of&IO; them&PPHO2; have&VH0; months&NNT2; which&DDQ; are&VBR; always&RR; the&AT; same&DA; length&NN1; of&IO; four&MC; weeks&NNT2; exactly&RR; four&MC; weeks&NNT2; so&CS; you&PPY;'d&VM; always&RR; know&VVI; the&AT; first&MD; of&IO; the&AT; month&NNT1; would&VM; be&VBI; a&AT1; Sunday&NPD1; or&CC; whatever&DDQV; day&NNT1; you&PPY; choose&VV0; to&TO; start&VVI; on&RP; and&CC; the&AT; seventh&MD; would&VM; always&RR; be&VBI; a&AT1; Sunday&NPD1; and&CC; the&AT; fourteenth&MD; would&VM; be&VBI; a&AT1; Sunday&NPD1; and so on&RR;.&YSTP; It&PPH1; would&VM; actually&RR; put&VVI; Er&FU; you&PPY; would&VM; actually&RR; atⅈ the&AT; end&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; year&NNT1;.&YSTP; What&DDQ; what&DDQ; is&VBZ; thirteen&MC; times&NNT2; twenty&MC; eight&MC;?&YQUE; Can&VM; you&PPY; do&VDI; that&DD1;?&YQUE; Thirteen&MC; times&NNT2; what&DDQ;?&YQUE; Twenty&MC; eight&MC;.&YSTP; Three&MC; hundred&NNO; and&CC; sixty&MC; four&MC;.&YSTP; You&PPY;'d&VM; have&VHI; one&MC1; day&NNT1; left&VVN; over&RP; okay&RR;.&YSTP; So&RR; you&PPY;'d&VHD; you&PPY;'d&VHD; that&DD1; could&VM; be&VBI; Christmas&NNT1; day&NNT1; or&CC; new&JJ; year&NNT1;'s≥ day&NNT1; which&DDQ; would&VM;n't&XX; be&VBI; part&NN1; of&IO; anyⅅ month&NNT1;.&YSTP; Okay&RR; so&CS; you&PPY; could&VM; you&PPY; could&VM; organize&VVI; the&AT; year&NNT1; intoⅈ different&JJ; periods&NN2;.&YSTP; Okay&RR; anyway&RR; it&PPH1; takes&VVZ; twenty&MC; eight&MC; days&NNT2; for&IF; the&AT; moon&NN1; to&TO; orbit&VVI; the&AT; earth&NN1;.&YSTP; That&DD1;'s&VBZ; cool&JJ;.&YSTP; Yes&UH;.&YSTP; My&APPGE; sister&NN1; was&VBDZ; born&VVN; of&IO; new&JJ; year&NNT1;'s≥ day&NNT1;.&YSTP; Okay&RR;.&YSTP; The&AT; orbiting&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; moon&NN1; roundⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; causes&VVZ; two&MC; effects&NN2;.&YSTP; Tidal&JJ;.&YSTP; Which&DDQ; is&VBZ; I&PPIS1;'m&VBM; sure&JJ; you&PPY;'re&VBR; aware&JJ; of&IO;.&YSTP; The&AT; first&MD; one&PN1; are&VBR; tides&NN2;.&YSTP; Now&RT; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; relatively&RR; a&AT1; big&JJ; object&NN1;.&YSTP; It&PPH1;'s&VBZ; not&XX; as&RG; big&JJ; as&CSA; the&AT; planet&NN1; but&CCB; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; a&AT1; pretty&RG; large&JJ; one&PN1; toⅈ .&YSTP; And&CC; because ofⅈ that&CST; it&PPH1; has&VHZ; got&VVN; gravitation&NN1; and&CC; fields&NN2; which&DDQ; is&VBZ;n't&XX; as&RG; big&JJ; as&CSA; the&AT; earth&NN1;'s&VBZ;,&YCOM; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; only&RR; aboutⅈ one&MC1; sixth&MD; as&RG; big&JJ; as&CSA; the&AT; earth&NN1;.&YSTP; But&CCB; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; still&RR; quite&RG; a&AT1; sizable&JJ; gravitation&NN1; pull&NN1;.&YSTP; And&CC; this&DD1; has&VHZ; an&AT1; effect&NN1; onⅈ things&NN2; which&DDQ; are&VBR; withinⅈ the&AT; reach&NN1; of&IO; that&DD1; gravitational&JJ; pull&NN1;.&YSTP; And&CC; the&AT; planet&NN1; earth&NN1; is&VBZ; withinⅈ the&AT; reach&NN1; of&IO; gravitational&JJ; pull&NN1; and&CC; things&NN2; onⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; are&VBR; attracted&VVN; byⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; Not&XX; very&RG; much&DA1; because&CS; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; quite&RG; a&AT1; long&JJ; way&NN1; away&RL; but&CCB; there&EX; is&VBZ; amount&NN1; of&IO; attraction&NN1;.&YSTP; Now&RT; what&DDQ; this&DD1; does&VDZ; it&PPH1; actually&RR; pulls&VVZ; the&AT; water&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; seas&NN2; towardsⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; So&RR; the&AT; bit&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; sea&NN1; that&CST; is&VBZ; near toⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1; has&VHZ; more&DAR; water&NN1; inⅈ it&PPH1; than&CSN; the&AT; bits&NN2; of&IO; the&AT; sea&NN1; which&DDQ; are&VBR; further&RRR; away fromⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; And&CC; that&DD1; causes&VVZ; what&DDQ; we&PPIS2; call&VV0; the&AT; tide&NN1;.&YSTP; The&AT; gravitational&JJ; pull&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; moon&NN1; pulls&VVZ; the&AT; seas&NN2; towardsⅈ giving&NN1; rise&NN1; toⅈ the&AT; tides&NN2;.&YSTP; Asⅈ this&DD1; works&VVZ; well&RR; different&JJ; craters&NN2; onⅈ a&AT1; all&DB; this&DD1; spacecraft&NN; here&RL;.&YSTP; Here&RL; is&VBZ; the&AT; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; Now&RT; if&CS; we&PPIS2; can&VM; sort of&RR; simplify&VVI; the&AT; whole&JJ; thing&NN1; forget&VV0; aboutⅈ the&AT; continents&NN2; and&CC; that&DD1; sort&NN1; of&IO; thing&NN1; what&DDQ; happens&VVZ; is&VBZ; that&CST; the&AT; sea&NN1; water&NN1; is&VBZ; attracted&VVN;,&YCOM; obviously&RR; not&XX; this&RG; much&DA1;,&YCOM; but&CCB; the&AT; sea&NN1; water&NN1; is&VBZ; attracted&VVN; towardsⅈ The&AT; sea&NN1; is&VBZ; attracted&VVN; byⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1; and&CC; you&PPY; end&VV0; up&RP; if&CS; you&PPY; like&VV0; with&IW; this&DD1; bulge&NN1; inⅈ the&AT; sea&NN1; Now&RT; what&DDQ; is&VBZ; not&XX; so&RG; easy&JJ; to&TO; understand&VVI; sir&NN1; would&VM;n't&XX; it&PPH1; be&VBI; Sea&NN1; water&NN1; attracted&VVD; Sir&NN1; What&DDQ; is&VBZ; actually&RR; happening&VVG; is&VBZ; that&CST; you&PPY; also&RR; get&VV0; a&AT1; high&JJ; tide&NN1; onⅈ the&AT; other&JJ; side&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; globe&NN1; as well&RR; likeⅈ that&DD1;.&YSTP; The&AT; sea&NN1; water&NN1; comes&VVZ; out&RP; inⅈ the&AT; bulge&NN1; towardsⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1; and&CC; it&PPH1; also&RR; comes&VVZ; out&RP; inⅈ the&AT; bulge&NN1; onⅈ the&AT; other&JJ; side&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1; towardsⅈ an&AT1; antipodal&JJ; Now&RT; the&AT; easiest&JJT; way&NN1; of&IO; explaining&VVG; this&DD1;.&YSTP; I&PPIS1; mean&VV0; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; not&XX; very&RG; easy&JJ; to&TO; explain&VVI; at all&RR;.&YSTP; But&CCB; the&AT; easiest&JJT; to&TO; explain&VVI; it&PPH1; is&VBZ; the&AT; fact&NN1; there&EX; is&VBZ; that&CST; actually&RR; less&DAR; gravity&NN1; onⅈ this&DD1; side&NN1; holding&VVG; the&AT; sea&NN1; water&NN1; in&RP;.&YSTP; Well&NN1; because&CS; erm&FU; the&AT; moon&NN1; here&RL; has&VHZ; a&AT1; gravitational&JJ; effect&NN1; onⅈ the&AT; sea&NN1; water&NN1; as&CSA; we&PPIS2; can&VM; see&VVI; onⅈ this&DD1; side&NN1;.&YSTP; The&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; that&RG; much&DA1; further&JJR; away fromⅈ the&AT; sea&NN1; onⅈ this&DD1; side&NN1; so&RR; that&DD1;'d&VM; have&VHI; that&RG; much&DA1; less&DAR; of&IO; an&AT1; effect&NN1; holding&VVG; the&AT; sea&NN1; water&NN1; down&RP; on toⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; and&CC; therefore&RR; the&AT; sea&NN1; water&NN1; comes&VVZ; Now&RT; obviously&RR; the&AT; water&NN1; fromⅈ the&AT; high&JJ; tide&NN1; has&VHZ; got&VVN; to&TO; come&VVI; fromⅈ somewhere&RL; so&RR; they&PPHS2;'ll&VM; be&VBI; someⅅ parts&NN2; of&IO; the&AT; globe&NN1; where&RRQ; there&EX;'s&VBZ; a&AT1; low&JJ; tide&NN1;.&YSTP; Erm&FU; why&RRQ; does&VDZ; there&EX;'s&VBZ; not&XX; a&AT1; gravitational&JJ; pull&NN1; onⅈ the&AT; other&JJ; side&NN1; No&UH; there&EX;'s&VBZ; less&DAR; gravity&NN1;.&YSTP; So&RR; a&AT1; low&JJ; tide&NN1; Yes&UH;.&YSTP; So&RR; why&RRQ; does&VDZ; it&PPH1; all&DB; bulge&VVI; up&RP; onⅈ the&AT; side&NN1; where&RRQ; there&EX;'s&VBZ; no&AT; gravity&NN1;?&YQUE; The&AT; moon&NN1; has&VHZ; an&AT1; affect&NN1; holding&VVG; the&AT; sea&NN1; water&NN1; on toⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; when&CS; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; onⅈ the&AT; far&JJ; side&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1;.&YSTP; If&CSW; you&PPY; can&VM; imagine&VVI; that&DD1; .&YSTP; What&DDQ; makes&VVZ; it&PPH1; confusing&JJ; is&VBZ; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; spinning&VVG; round&RP; all&DB; the&AT; time&NNT1;.&YSTP; Let's&VM; say&VVI; say&VVI; for&IF; argument&NN1; that&CST; this&DD1; is&VBZ; the&AT; moon&NN1; this&DD1; here&RL;.&YSTP; Now&RT; that&DD1;'s&VBZ; instead ofⅈ spinning&VVG; roundⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; stationary&JJ; inⅈ the&AT; sky&NN1;,&YCOM; just&RR; for&IF; the&AT; sake&NN1; of&IO; this&DD1; Now&RT;,&YCOM; the&AT; moon&NN1; onⅈ this&DD1; side&NN1; obviously&RR; will&VM; be&VBI; attracting&VVG; the&AT; water&NN1; onⅈ the&AT; surface&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1; so&CS; you&PPY; get&VV0; a&AT1; bulge&NN1; inⅈ the&AT; sea&NN1; here&RL;.&YSTP; More&DAR; water&NN1; will&VM; be&VBI; attracted&VVN; and&CC; therefore&RR; you&PPY; get&VV0; a&AT1; high&JJ; tide&NN1; inⅈ this&DD1; region&NN1;.&YSTP; If&CS; you&PPY; pour&VV0; water&NN1; intoⅈ this&DD1; region&NN1; you&PPY; get&VV0; a&AT1; low&JJ; tide&NN1; where&RRQ; the&AT; water&NN1;'s&VHZ; come&VVN; fromⅈ.&YSTP; Now&RT;,&YCOM; you&PPY; get&VV0; a&AT1; high&JJ; tide&NN1; here&RL; because&CS; the&AT; gravitational&JJ; pull&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; moon&NN1; here&RL; is&VBZ; very&RG; very&RG; small&JJ;.&YSTP; Okay&RR;?&YQUE; So&RR; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; sort of&RR; can&VM; float&VVI; up&RP; because&CS; there&EX;'s&VBZ; less&DAR; pull&NN1; pulling&VVG; it&PPH1; down&RP;.&YSTP; Pulling&VVG; it&PPH1; down&RP; toⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; Right&RR; okay&RR; forget&FU; forget&VV0; the&AT; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; There&EX; there&EX; is&VBZ; no&AT; moon&NN1; there&EX; is&VBZ; no&AT; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; The&AT; moon&NN1; does&VDZ;n't&XX; exist&VVI;.&YSTP; Okay&RR;?&YQUE; The&AT; water&NN1; is&VBZ; equally&RR; spread&VVN; overⅈ the&AT; surface&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1; there&EX; are&VBR; no&AT; tides&NN2; okay&JJ;.&YSTP; The&AT; moon&NN1; magically&RR; appears&VVZ; fromⅈ somewhere&RL;.&YSTP; Now&RT;,&YCOM; if&CS; we&PPIS2; consider&VV0; the&AT; moon&NN1; and&CC; the&AT; earth&NN1; asⅈ a&AT1; big&JJ; system&NN1; gravitational&JJ; system&NN1; there&EX; is&VBZ; now&RT; more&RRR; gravity&NN1; inⅈ the&AT; system&NN1; than&CSN; there&EX; was&VBDZ; because&CS; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; supplying&VVG; the&AT; load&NN1; of&IO; gravity&NN1; of&IO; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; own&DA;.&YSTP; Now&RT;,&YCOM; if&CS; the&AT; moon&NN1; was&VBDZ; just&RR; part&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1; the&AT; moon&NN1;'s≥ gravity&NN1; would&VM; be&VBI; adding&VVG; toⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; and&CC; then&RT; there&EX; would&VM; be&VBI; generally&RR; more&DAR; gravity&NN1; all round&RR;.&YSTP; But&CCB; the&AT; moon&NN1;'s≥ gravity&NN1; is&VBZ;n't&XX; part&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1;,&YCOM; the&AT; moon&NN1;'s≥ gravity&NN1; is&VBZ; located&VVN; over here&RL;.&YSTP; Okay&RR;?&YQUE; So&RR; that&CST; means&VVZ; this&DD1; the&AT; effect&NN1; of&IO; having&VHG; this&DD1; extra&JJ; gravity&NN1; means&VVZ; that&CST; the&AT; extra&JJ; gravity&NN1; is&VBZ;n't&XX; equally&RR; dispersed&VVN; inⅈ the&AT; whole&JJ; system&NN1; the&AT; extra&JJ; gravity&NN1; is&VBZ; located&VVN; inⅈ one&MC1; particular&JJ; spot&NN1; where&RRQ; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ;.&YSTP; Now&RT; this&DD1; means&VVZ; that&CST; this&DD1; part&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; globe&NN1; the&AT; bit&NN1; nearest toⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1; will&VM; have&VHI; more&DAR; than&CSN; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; fair&JJ; share&NN1; of&IO; gravity&NN1; because&CS; it&PPH1;'s&VHZ; got&VVN; the&AT; gravity&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1; and&CC; it&PPH1;'s&VHZ; got&VVN; the&AT; gravity&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; moon&NN1; pulling&VVG; all&DB; the&AT; sea&NN1; which&DDQ; will&VM; cause&VVI; the&AT; erm&FU; sea&NN1; to&TO; bulge&VVI; up&RP; inⅈ this&DD1; region&NN1;.&YSTP; This&DD1; part&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1; which&DDQ; is&VBZ; a&AT1; long&JJ; way&NN1; away fromⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; as&RG; far&JJ; away fromⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1; as&CSA; you&PPY; can&VM; get&VVI; the&AT; opposite&JJ; side&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1;,&YCOM; has&VHZ; got&VVN; less&DAR; than&CSN; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; fair&JJ; share&NN1; of&IO; gravity&NN1; fromⅈ the&AT; system&NN1; because&CS; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; so&RG; far&RR; away fromⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; So&RR; therefore&RR; there&EX;'s&VBZ; less&DAR; gravity&NN1; holding&VVG; it&PPH1; down&RP; therefore&RR; it&PPH1; would&VM; bulge&VVI; out&RP; a bit&RR;.&YSTP; Asⅈ that&DD1;'s&VBZ; the&AT; best&JJT; I&PPIS1; can&VM; do&VDI; I&PPIS1;'m&VBM; afraid&JJ;.&YSTP; Now&RT; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; not&XX; that&RG; simple&JJ; because&CS; the&AT; moo&FU; the&AT; earth&NN1; is&VBZ; spinning&VVG; roundⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1; inⅈ space&NN1; so&RR; this&DD1; has&VHZ; got&VVN;ta&TO; be&VBI; moving&VVG; roundⅈ this&DD1; way&NN1;.&YSTP; Meantime&RR; the&AT; earth&NN1; is&VBZ; spinning&VVG; asⅈ it&PPH1; goes&VVZ; roundⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1;.&YSTP; Meantime&RR; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; going&VVG; roundⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; and&CC; inⅈ the&AT; relative&JJ; movements&NN2; of&IO; the&AT; sun&NN1; and&CC; the&AT; moon&NN1; and&CC; the&AT; earth&NN1; means&VVZ; that&CST; the&AT; moon&NN1; does&VDZ;n't&XX; just&RR; go&VVI; round&RP;.&YSTP; It&PPH1; would&VM; be&VBI; quite&RG; simple&JJ; if&CS; the&AT; moon&NN1; was&VBDZ; level&JJ; with&IW; the&AT; equator&NN1; and&CC; went&VVD; roundⅈ the&AT; equator&NN1; likeⅈ that&DD1;.&YSTP; Inⅈ fact&NN1; it&PPH1; does&VDZ;n't&XX; go&VVI; it&PPH1; does&VDZ; not&XX; cover&VVI; a&AT1; part&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1;.&YSTP; The&AT; combination&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; path&NN1; of&IO; that&CST; the&AT; moon&NN1; travels&NN2; and&CC; the&AT; rotation&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1; means&VVZ; that&CST; the&AT; moon&NN1; atⅈ one&MC1; time&NNT1; or&CC; another&DD1; covers&VVZ; the&AT; whole&NN1; goes&VVZ; round&RP; goes&VVZ; aboveⅈ all&DB; different&JJ; circ&FU; all&DB; different&JJ; places&NN2; onⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1;.&YSTP; Now&RT; the&AT; gravitation&NN1; pull&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; Pulls&VVZ; the&AT; seas&NN2; towardsⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1; are&VBR; giving&VVG; rise&NN1; toⅈ tides&NN2;.&YSTP; And&CC; you&PPY; get&VV0; a&AT1; high&JJ; tide&NN1; inⅈ the&AT; seas&NN2; nearestⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1; and&CC; also&RR; oddly&RR; enough&RR; inⅈ the&AT; seas&NN2; the&AT; furthest&JJT; away&JJ;.&YSTP; Basically&RR; atⅈ this&DD1; level&NN1; as long as&CS; you&PPY; understand&VV0; the&AT; moon&NN1; attracts&VVZ; the&AT; sea&NN1; water&NN1; and&CC; therefore&RR; you&PPY; get&VV0; high&JJ; tide&NN1; oddly&RR; enough&RR; inⅈ the&AT; seas&NN2; furthest&RRT; away fromⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; So&RR; why&RRQ; d'&VD0;ya&PPY; get&VVI; two&MC; high&JJ; tides&NN2; a&AT1; day&NNT1;.&YSTP; Well&RR; because&CS; one&MC1; high&JJ; tide&NN1; is&VBZ; gon&VVGK;na&TO; be&VBI; the&AT; When&CS; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; near&RL; you&PPY;.&YSTP; When&CS; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; near&RL; you&PPY;.&YSTP; And&CC; the&AT; other&JJ; tide&NN1; will&VM; be&VBI; the&AT; antipodal&JJ; high&JJ; tide&NN1; when&CS; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; onⅈ the&AT; other&JJ; side&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1;.&YSTP; Does&VDZ; that&DD1; mean&JJ; that&CST; when&CS; you&PPY; see&VV0; the&AT; moon&NN1; then&RT; the&AT; high&JJ; tide&NN1; will&VM; near&VVI; you&PPY;?&YQUE; Erm&FU; yes&UH;.&YSTP; There&EX;'s&VBZ; a&AT1; certain&JJ; amount&NN1; of&IO; history&NN1; because&CS; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; if&CS; if&CS; the&AT; earth&NN1; is&VBZ; spinning&VVG; roundⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; going&VVG; roundⅈ the&AT; water&NN1; that&CST; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; attracting&VVG; will&VM; be&VBI; rushing&VVG; to&TO; catch&VVI; up&RP; a&AT1; little&JJ; bit&NN1;.&YSTP; Could&VM; be&VBI; that&CST; there&EX; would&VM; be&VBI; a&AT1; delay&NN1;.&YSTP; So&RR; there&EX; would&VM; be&VBI; a&AT1; delay&NN1; yes&UH;.&YSTP; And&CC; when&CS; you&PPY; can&VM; see&VVI; the&AT; moon&NN1; the&AT; water&NN1; that&CST;'s&VBZ; rushing&VVG; alongⅈ trying&VVG; to&TO; catch&VVI; up&RP; with&IW; it&PPH1; might&VM; not&XX; actually&RR; have&VHI; been&VBN; there&RL; yet&RR;.&YSTP; So&RR; you&PPY; not&XX; quite&RG; that&RG; simple&JJ;.&YSTP; Sir&NN1;?&YQUE; What&DDQ;.&YSTP; You&PPY; know&VV0; .&YSTP; You&PPY; know&VV0; you&PPY;.&YSTP; you&PPY; ca&VM;n't&XX; see&VVI; all&DB; of&IO; the&AT; moon&NN1; You&PPY; ca&VM;n't&XX; see&VVI; all&DB; of&IO; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ;n't&XX; it&PPH1;,&YCOM; so&RR; a&AT1; gap&NN1; betweenⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; and&CC; the&AT; bottom&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; The&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; the&AT; bottom&JJ; bit&NN1;.&YSTP; Yeah&UH; but&CCB; you&PPY; ca&VM;n't&XX; cos&CS; the&AT; the&AT; sun&NN1; here&RL; the&AT; sun&NN1; will&VM; be&VBI; aboutⅈ here&RL; onⅈ that&DD1; picture&NN1; and&CC; all&DB; you&PPY;'re&VBR; doing&VDG; this&DD1; this&DD1; shadow&NN1; onⅈ the&AT; onⅈ the&AT; bottom&JJ; half&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; the&AT; earth&NN1; is&VBZ; caused&VVN; byⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1; getting&VVG; inⅈ the&AT; way&NN1;.&YSTP; I&PPIS1;'m&VBM; not&XX; saying&VVG; that&DD1;'s&VBZ; particularly&RR; realistic&JJ; that&CST;'s&VBZ; not&XX; a&AT1; picture&NN1; that&CST;'s&VBZ; er&FU; that&CST;'s&VBZ; a&AT1; painting&NN1; anyway&RR;.&YSTP; I&PPIS1;'m&VBM; just&RR; I&PPIS1;'m&VBM; just&RR; going&VVGK; to&TO; I&PPIS1;'m&VBM; just&RR; going&VVGK; to&TO; talk&VVI; aboutⅈ the&AT; second&MD; thing&NN1; anyway&RR;.&YSTP; Phases&NN2; of&IO; the&AT; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; Asⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1; orbits&NN2; the&AT; earth&NN1; its&APPGE; appearance&NN1; changes&NN2; depending onⅈ the&AT; relative&JJ; positions&NN2; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1; moon&NN1; and&CC; sun&NN1;.&YSTP; NB&FO; NB&FO; when&CS; you&PPY; see&VV0; the&AT; moon&NN1; you&PPY; are&VBR; looking&VVG; atⅈ light&NN1; fromⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1; reflected&VVD; fromⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1; surface&NN1;.&YSTP; Sorry&JJ;?&YQUE; Would&VM;n't&XX; it&PPH1; be&VBI; high&JJ; temperature&NN1; onⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1;?&YQUE; No&UH; no&UH;.&YSTP; Er&FU; not&XX; particularly&RR;.&YSTP; Inⅈ the&AT; sunshine&NN1; it&PPH1; would&VM; be&VBI; quite&RG; warm&JJ; yes&UH;.&YSTP; Because&CS; there&EX; would&VM;n't&XX; be&VBI; very&RG; much&DA1; atmosphere&NN1; toⅈ Sorry&JJ;?&YQUE; Er&FU; yes&UH; inⅈ inⅈ onⅈ part&NN1; if&CS; you&PPY; were&VBDR; part&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; moon&NN1; that&CST;'s&VBZ; facing&VVG; the&AT; sun&NN1; it&PPH1; would&VM; get&VVI; very&RG; hot&JJ;.&YSTP; Does&VDZ; space&VVI; ever&RR; get&VV0; likeⅈ erm&FU; likeⅈ that&DD1; bright&JJ; Oh&UH; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; bright&JJ; when&CS; there&EX;'s&VBZ; light&JJ; shining&VVG; through&RP;.&YSTP; But&CCB; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; brighter&JJR; than&CSN; ordinary&JJ; earth&NN1; air&NN1; that&CST;'s&VBZ; light&JJ; because&CS; there&EX;'s&VBZ; nothing&PN1; to&TO; erm&FU; nothing&PN1; to&TO; get&VVI; inⅈ the&AT; way&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; erm&FU; [ .&YSTP; ] [ ] be&VB0; able&JK; to&TO; see&VVI; Well&RR; there&EX;'s&VBZ; nothing&PN1; there&RL; to&TO; see&VVI;.&YSTP; You&PPY; can&VM; only&RR; you&PPY; can&VM; only&RR; s&FU; you&PPY; can&VM; only&RR; see&VVI; light&JJ; A&ZZ1; if&CS; you&PPY; A&AT1; if&CS; there&EX;'s&VBZ; something&PN1; if&CS; if&CS; you&PPY;'ve&VH0; got&VVN; an&AT1; organ&NN1; to&TO; see&VVI; it&PPH1; with&IW; and&CC; B&ZZ1; if&CS; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; shining&VVG; onⅈ something&PN1;.&YSTP; If&CS; you&PPY; shine&VV0; if&CS; you&PPY; shine&VV0; a&AT1; torch&NN1; intoⅈ a&AT1; dark&JJ; cellar&NN1; you&PPY; ca&VM;n't&XX; see&VVI; anything&PN1; okay&RR;?&YQUE; Yes&UH; you&PPY; can&VM;.&YSTP; Well&RR; yeah&UH; but&CCB; what&DDQ; you&PPY; can&VM; see&VVI; is&VBZ; the&AT; cellar&NN1; because&CS; the&AT; torch&NN1; beams&NN2; have&VH0; hit&VVN; the&AT; cellar&NN1; and&CC; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; and&CC; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; back&RP; intoⅈ your&APPGE; eye&NN1;.&YSTP; When&CS; you&PPY; shine&VV0; a&AT1; torch&NN1; atⅈ something&PN1; you&PPY; what&DDQ; you&PPY; are&VBR; seeing&VVG; is&VBZ; light&NN1; being&VBG; reflected&VVN; back&RP; on toⅈ things&NN2; intoⅈ your&APPGE; eyes&NN2;.&YSTP; You&PPY;'re&VBR; not&XX; actually&RR; seeing&VVG; anyⅅ of&IO; the&AT; light&NN1; that&CST;'s&VBZ; coming&VVG; dir&FU; directly&RR; out ofⅈ the&AT; torch&NN1;.&YSTP; The&AT; light&NN1; that&CST;'s&VBZ; coming&VVG; out ofⅈ the&AT; if&CS; if&CS; you&PPY;'re&VBR; shining&VVG; a&AT1; torch&NN1; likeⅈ this&DD1; okay&NN1;?&YQUE; the&AT; light&NN1; you&PPY;'re&VBR; shining&VVG; is&VBZ; going&VVG; away fromⅈ you&PPY; okay&RR;?&YQUE; You&PPY; ca&VM;n't&XX; see&VVI; anything&PN1; there&RL;.&YSTP; If&CS; you&PPY; were&VBDR; shining&VVG; it&PPH1; intoⅈ pure&JJ; nothing&PN1; you&PPY; would&VM;n't&XX; see&VVI; anything&PN1;.&YSTP; Because&CS; the&AT; light&NN1; would&VM; just&RR; be&VBI; going&VVG; off&RP; intoⅈ nothing&PN1; and&CC; not&XX; coming&VVG; back&RP;.&YSTP; If&CS; you&PPY;'ve&VH0; got&VVN; someⅅ dust&NN1; floating&VVG; round&RP; inⅈ the&AT; nothing&PN1; you&PPY; would&VM; see&VVI; specks&NN2; of&IO; dust&NN1;.&YSTP; If&CS; the&AT; person&NN1; walks&VVZ; throughⅈ nothing&PN1; you&PPY; would&VM; suddenly&RR; see&VVI; the&AT; person&NN1; as&CSA; he&PPHS1; walked&VVD; inⅈ the&AT; light&NN1;.&YSTP; Okay&RR; right&JJ;.&YSTP; Let's&VM; consider&VVI; several&DA2; situations&NN2;.&YSTP; Here&RL; is&VBZ; the&AT; sun&NN1; Where&RRQ;'s&VBZ; my&APPGE; ?&YQUE; Did&VDD; it&PPH1; drop&VVI; onⅈ the&AT; floor&NN1;?&YQUE; here&RL; is&VBZ; the&AT; moon&NN1; and&CC; here&RL; are&VBR; you&PPY; an&AT1; observer&NN1;.&YSTP; I&PPIS1;'m&VBM; going&VVG; toⅈ it&PPH1; going&VVG; to&TO; do&VDI; it&PPH1; that&DD1; way&NN1; but&CCB; you&PPY; can&VM; see&VVI; it&PPH1; the&AT; earth&NN1; is&VBZ; round&RP;.&YSTP; Right&RR; okay&RR;.&YSTP; Here&RL; is&VBZ; here&RL; are&VBR; you&PPY; onⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; up&RP; inⅈ space&NN1; and&CC; the&AT; sun&NN1; is&VBZ; overⅈ there&RL;.&YSTP; Right&RR;.&YSTP; The&AT; sun&NN1;'s≥ rays&NN2; are&VBR; shining&VVG; off&RP; intoⅈ space&NN1; likeⅈ that&DD1;.&YSTP; When&CS; they&PPHS2; hit&VVD; the&AT; moon&NN1; part&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; moon&NN1; they&PPHS2; hit&VVD; is&VBZ; bright&JJ; and&CC; the&AT; part&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; moon&NN1; that&CST; er&FU; they&PPHS2; do&VD0;n't&XX; hit&VVI; Is&VBZ; not&XX; bright&JJ;.&YSTP; is&VBZ; dark&JJ;.&YSTP; Now&RT; you&PPY; will&VM; see&VVI; fromⅈ your&APPGE; point&NN1; of&IO; view&NN1; the&AT; moon&NN1; will&VM; be&VBI; will&VM; be&VBI; about&RG; half&DB; it&PPH1; will&VM; be&VBI; it&PPH1; will&VM; be&VBI; more&DAR; more&DAR; than&CSN; that&CST; I&PPIS1; would&VM; think&VVI;.&YSTP; So&CS; you&PPY; will&VM; see&VVI; part&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; moon&NN1; Right&RR;.&YSTP; When&CS; you&PPY; look&VV0; atⅈ the&AT; moon&NN1; half&DB; of&IO; it&PPH1; will&VM; be&VBI; inⅈ light&JJ; half&NN1; of&IO; it&PPH1; will&VM; be&VBI; inⅈ dark&NN1; you&PPY; will&VM; see&VVI; a&AT1; moon&NN1; which&DDQ; looks&VVZ; likeⅈ half&DB; a&AT1; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; What&DDQ; if&CS; the&AT; what&DDQ; if&CS; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; over here&RL; though&RR;?&YQUE; It&PPH1; will&VM; be&VBI; less&RGR; light&JJ; and&CC; more&RGR; dark&JJ;.&YSTP; No&UH;.&YSTP; The&AT; light&NN1; will&VM; hit&VVI; the&AT; moon&NN1; and&CC; half&DB; the&AT; moon&NN1; will&VM; be&VBI; inⅈ darkness&NN1; and&CC; half&DB; the&AT; moon&NN1; will&VM; be&VBI; inⅈ light&NN1; yes&UH;?&YQUE; Well&RR; because&CS; when&CS; you&PPY; shine&VV0; a&AT1; light&NN1; on toⅈ a&AT1; board&NN1; only&RR; half&DB; of&IO; it&PPH1; is&VBZ; gon&VVGK;na&TO; be&VBI; facing&VVG; only&RR; half&DB; of&IO; it&PPH1; is&VBZ; gon&VVGK;na&TO; be&VBI; facing&VVG;.&YSTP; So&RR; there&EX; will&VM; always&RR; be&VBI; a&AT1; dark&JJ; half&NN1; and&CC; a&AT1; light&JJ; half&NN1;.&YSTP; The&AT; dark&JJ; half&NN1; No&UH; that&DD1;'s&VBZ; that&CST; that&DD1; will&VM; actually&RR; be&VBI; a&AT1; full&JJ; moon&NN1; practically&RR;.&YSTP; Because&CS; you&PPY; will&VM; you&PPY; standing&VVG; onⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; looking&VVG; this&DD1; way&NN1; will&VM; see&VVI; You&PPY; wo&VM;n't&XX; see&VVI; the&AT; dark&JJ; bit&NN1;.&YSTP; you&PPY; wo&VM;n't&XX; see&VVI; the&AT; dark&JJ; bit&NN1;.&YSTP; The&AT; dark&JJ; bit&NN1; when&CS; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; likeⅈ that&DD1; is&VBZ; furthest&RRT; away fromⅈ you&PPY;.&YSTP; You&PPY; will&VM; see&VVI; I&PPIS1; know&VV0; this&DD1; is&VBZ; I&PPIS1; know&VV0; this&DD1; is&VBZ; the&AT; earth&NN1; and&CC; not&XX; the&AT; moon&NN1; but&CCB; you&PPY; get&VV0; the&AT; idea&NN1; okay&RR;?&YQUE; [ You&PPY; ought&VMK; to&TO; be&VBI; able&JK; to&TO; see&VVI; ] [ No&UH; not&XX; really&RR;.&YSTP; ] a&AT1; big&JJ; roundⅈ And&CC; a&AT1; dark&JJ; bit&NN1;.&YSTP; a&AT1; big&JJ; roundⅈ thing&NN1; yes&UH;.&YSTP; Okay&RR;?&YQUE; Because&CS; the&AT; light&NN1; is&VBZ; shining&VVG; directly&RR; on toⅈ it&PPH1;.&YSTP; Look&VV0; the&AT; lights&NN2; are&VBR; shining&VVG;.&YSTP; No&UH;.&YSTP; So&RR; what&DDQ; I&PPIS1; would&VM; give&VVI; you&PPY; give&VVI; you&PPY; the&AT; appearance&NN1; D'&VD0;ya&PPY; have&VHI; to&TO; draw&VVI; this&DD1;?&YQUE; Yes&UH; please&RR;.&YSTP; Be&VB0; a&AT1; full&JJ; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; Now&RT;.&YSTP; Can&VM; you&PPY; imagine&VVI; that&CST; you&PPY;'ve&VH0; got&VVN; the&AT; sun&NN1; here&RL; shining&VVG; a&AT1; light&NN1; atⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; there&RL;.&YSTP; The&AT; region&NN1; behindⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; will&VM; be&VBI; inⅈ shadow&NN1; yes&UH;?&YQUE; Yeah&UH; night&NNT1; time&NNT1;.&YSTP; That&CST; that&DD1; part&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1; will&VM; be&VBI; inⅈ darkness&NN1; it&PPH1; will&VM; be&VBI; inⅈ night&NNT1; time&NNT1; onⅈ that&DD1; side&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1; and&CC; fromⅈ then&RT; on&RP; inⅈ space&NN1; there&EX; will&VM; be&VBI; darkness&NN1; because&CS; the&AT; earth&NN1; will&VM; be&VBI; inⅈ the&AT; way&NN1;.&YSTP; What&DDQ; if&CS; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; there&EX;?&YQUE; It&PPH1; will&VM; be&VBI; totally&RR; black&JJ;.&YSTP; Because&CS; the&AT; earth&NN1; is&VBZ; blocking&VVG; the&AT; light&NN1;.&YSTP; That&DD1; bit&NN1; will&VM; all&DB; be&VBI; dark&JJ; cos&CS; that&DD1; bit&NN1; will&VM; all&DB; be&VBI; dark&JJ; because&CS; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; inⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; shadow&NN1; but&CCB; that&DD1; little&JJ; bit&NN1; there&RL; that&DD1; little&JJ; bit&NN1; the&AT; little&JJ; bit&NN1; that&CST; is&VBZ;n't&XX; inⅈ the&AT; inⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1;'s≥ shadow&NN1; the&AT; appearance&NN1; there&RL; will&NN1; be&VBI; a&AT1; new&JJ; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; Do&VD0; we&PPIS2; draw&VVI; all&DB; these&DD2; moons&NN2;?&YQUE; No&UH;.&YSTP; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; called&VVN;.&YSTP; Like&RR; a&AT1; banana&NN1;.&YSTP; Now&RT;.&YSTP; There&EX; are&VBR; someⅅ nights&NNT2; when&RRQ; there&EX; is&VBZ;n't&XX; anyⅅ moon&NN1; at all&RR;.&YSTP; How&RRQ; can&VM; that&DD1; be&VBI;?&YQUE; Cos&CS; there&EX;'s&VBZ; er&FU; A&AT1; blitz&NN1;.&YSTP; inⅈ completely&RR; inⅈ shadow&NN1;.&YSTP; Right&RR;.&YSTP; Why&RRQ; else&RR; might&VM; there&RL; appear&VVI; to&TO; be&VBI; no&AT; moon&NN1;?&YQUE; onⅈ the&AT; other&JJ; side&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; sun&NN1; and&CC; the&AT; moon&NN1;'s&VBZ; onⅈ that&DD1; side&NN1; and&CC; we&PPIS2;'re&VBR; onⅈ that&DD1; side&NN1; we&PPIS2;'re&VBR; inⅈ the&AT; light&NN1;.&YSTP; Right&RR;.&YSTP; I&PPIS1; think&VV0; I&PPIS1; think&VV0; what&DDQ; you&PPY;'re&VBR; trying&VVG; say&VV0; is&VBZ; that&CST; the&AT; moon&NN1; has&VHZ; come&VVN; out&RP; duringⅈ the&AT; day&NNT1;.&YSTP; Quite&RG; often&RR; the&AT; moon&NN1; asⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; moves&VVZ; asⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; rotates&VVZ; the&AT; moon&NN1; appears&VVZ; to&TO; rise&VVI; and&CC; set&VVD; inⅈ the&AT; sky&NN1;.&YSTP; Just&RR; asⅈ the&AT; same&DA; when&CS; the&AT; sun&NN1; rises&NN2; and&CC; sets&NN2; inⅈ the&AT; sky&NN1;.&YSTP; Now&RT;.&YSTP; What&DDQ; time&NNT1; of&IO; day&NNT1; it&PPH1; rises&VVZ; and&CC; sets&NN2; inⅈ the&AT; sky&NN1; depends&VVZ; onⅈ the&AT; relative&JJ; erm&FU; placing&NN1; inⅈ the&AT; inⅈ the&AT; heavens&NN2; of&IO; the&AT; earth&NN1; and&CC; moon&NN1; and&CC; sun&NN1;.&YSTP; Now&RT; it&PPH1; may&VM; well&RR; happen&VVI; that&CST; the&AT; moon&NN1; rises&VVZ; inⅈ the&AT; sky&NN1; but&CCB; because&CS; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; inⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; shadow&NN1; we&PPIS2; ca&VM;n't&XX; see&VVI; it&PPH1;.&YSTP; Cos&CS; the&AT; moon&NN1;'s&VHZ; got&VVN; no&AT; light&NN1; of&IO; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; own&DA;.&YSTP; What&DDQ; you&PPY;'re&VBR; seeing&VVG; the&AT; moon&NN1; byⅈ is&VBZ; the&AT; reflected&JJ; light&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; sun&NN1;.&YSTP; So&RR; the&AT; moon&NN1; rises&VVZ; inⅈ the&AT; sky&NN1; you&PPY; ca&VM;n't&XX; see&VVI; it&PPH1; sets&VVZ; you&PPY; ca&VM;n't&XX; see&VVI; it&PPH1; so&RR; there&EX; appears&VVZ; to&TO; be&VBI; no&AT; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; The&AT; other&JJ; where&CS; you&PPY; might&VM; find&VVI; there&EX; is&VBZ; no&AT; moon&NN1; at all&RR; is&VBZ; if&CS; the&AT; moon&NN1; comes&VVZ; up&RP; duringⅈ the&AT; day&NNT1; time&NNT1;.&YSTP; Comes&VVZ; up&RP; inⅈ the&AT; day&NNT1; time&NNT1;.&YSTP; Someⅅ times&NNT2; inⅈ the&AT; day&NNT1; time&NNT1; you&PPY; can&VM; see&VVI; the&AT; moon&NN1; especially&RR; if&CS; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; onⅈ a&AT1; particularly&RR; bright&JJ; day&NNT1;.&YSTP; But&CCB; if&CS; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; brilliantly&RR; sunny&JJ; a&AT1; blue&JJ; sky&NN1; day&NNT1; the&AT; moon&NN1; can&VM; be&VBI; up&RP; as&RG; well&JJ; but&CCB; because&CS; the&AT; s&FU; because&CS; the&AT; sky&NN1; is&VBZ; so&RG; light&JJ; anyway&RR; you&PPY; ca&VM;n't&XX; see&VVI; the&AT; moon&NN1;.&YSTP; Okay&RR;?&YQUE; Now&RT;.&YSTP; The&AT; moon&NN1; comes&VVZ; up&RP; duringⅈ the&AT; day&NNT1; time&NNT1; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; up&RP; inⅈ the&AT; day&NNT1; time&NNT1; it&PPH1; sets&VVZ; duringⅈ the&AT; day&NNT1; time&NNT1;.&YSTP; When&CS; the&AT; night&NNT1; time&NNT1; comes&VVZ; up&RP; comes&VVZ; alongⅈ you&PPY; look&VV0; up&RP; inⅈ the&AT; sky&NN1; and&CC; say&VV0; where&RRQ;'s&VBZ; the&AT; moon&NN1; gone&VVN;.&YSTP; What&DDQ; you&PPY; have&VH0;n't&XX; realized&VVN; is&VBZ; that&CST; you&PPY;'ve&VH0; already&RR; had&VHN; the&AT; moon&NN1; for&IF; that&DD1; day&NNT1; but&CCB; because&CS; it&PPH1; was&VBDZ; up&RP; and&CC; inⅈ and&CC; inⅈ the&AT; sky&NN1; duringⅈ the&AT; day&NNT1; time&NNT1; hours&NNT2; you&PPY; did&VDD;n't&XX; see&VVI; it&PPH1;.&YSTP; Why&RRQ; does&VDZ; the&AT; moon&NN1; always&RR; move&VVI; up&RP; following&VVG; you&PPY;?&YQUE; Because&CS; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; far&RR; away&RL;.&YSTP; Onⅈ someⅅ nights&NNT2; there&EX; will&VM; be&VBI; no&AT; moon&NN1; to&TO; be&VBI; seen&VVN;.&YSTP; Usually&RR; because&CS; it&PPH1; has&VHZ; arisen&VVN; and&CC; set&VVN; duringⅈ the&AT; daylight&NN1; hours&NNT2;.&YSTP; Okay&NN1;.&YSTP; Phases&NN2; of&IO; the&AT; moon&NN1; are&VBR; tricky&JJ; to&TO; explain&VVI;.&YSTP; There&EX;'s&VBZ; a&AT1; good&JJ; poster&NN1; up&RP; there&RL; if&CS; you&PPY; are&VBR; interested&JJ;.&YSTP; Let's&VM; just&RR; pop&VVI; outside&RL; for&IF; a&AT1; moment&NN1; and&CC; see&VVI; what&DDQ; we&PPIS2;'ve&VH0; got&VVN; to&TO; see&VVI; tonight&RT;.&YSTP; I&PPIS1;'m&VBM; freezing&JJ;.&YSTP; Did&VDD; you&PPY; record&VVI; all&DB; that&DD1;?&YQUE; Yeah&UH;.&YSTP; No&UH; you&PPY; did&VDD;n't&XX;.&YSTP; It&PPH1;'s&VBZ; sleeping&JJ;.&YSTP; Well&RR; I&PPIS1; swear&VV0; there&EX; was&VBDZ; a&AT1; moon&NN1; I&PPIS1; swear&VV0; there&EX; was&VBDZ; a&AT1; moon&NN1; earlier&RRR;.&YSTP; I&PPIS1; think&VV0; what&DDQ;'s&VHZ; happened&VVN; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; is&VBZ; either&RR; set&VVN; already&RR; or&CC; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; so&RG; low&JJ; down&RP; inⅈ the&AT; sky&NN1; we&PPIS2; ca&VM;n't&XX; see&VVI; it&PPH1; because&CS; the&AT; buildings&NN2; and&CC; things&NN2; are&VBR; inⅈ the&AT; way&NN1;.&YSTP; you&PPY;'re&VBR; so&RG; sad&JJ;.&YSTP; No&UH;,&YCOM; you&PPY;'re&VBR; sad&JJ;.&YSTP; Your&APPGE; life&NN1; story&NN1; aboutⅈ being&VBG; bent&VVN;.&YSTP; Oh&UH; Look&VV0; mate&NN1;.&YSTP; Do&VD0; they&PPHS2; look&VVI; alright&JJ; now&RT;?&YQUE; No&UH;.&YSTP; Right&RR;.&YSTP; Okay&NN1;.&YSTP; The&AT; route&NN1; toⅈ the&AT; solution&NN1; of&IO; someⅅ earth&NN1; and&CC; moon&NN1; also&RR; give&VV0; rise&NN1; toⅈ eclip&FU; oh&UH; know&VV0; ca&VM;n't&XX; even&RR; spell&VVI; it&PPH1; now&RT;,&YCOM; what&DDQ; I&PPIS1;'m&VBM; trying&VVG; to&TO; say&VVI; is&VBZ; eclipses&NN2; when&CS; one&MC1; heavenly&JJ; body&NN1; gets&VVZ; inⅈ the&AT; way&NN1; of&IO; another&DD1;.&YSTP; Okay&RR; same&DA; diagram&NN1; as&CSA; before&RT;.&YSTP; Here&RL; is&VBZ; the&AT; sun&NN1; here&RL; is&VBZ; the&AT; earth&NN1; with&IW; you&PPY; standing&VVG; onⅈ it&PPH1;.&YSTP; Now&RT; can&VM; you&PPY; imagine&VVI; a&AT1; circumstance&NN1; where&RRQ; the&AT; moon&NN1; inⅈ it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; journey&NN1; aroundⅈ the&AT; earth&NN1; the&AT; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; directly&RR; inⅈ the&AT; way&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; sun&NN1; yes&UH;?&YQUE; So&RR; when&CS; you&PPY; try&VV0; and&CC; look&VV0; atⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1; you&PPY; ca&VM;n't&XX; see&VVI; it&PPH1;.&YSTP; Okay&RR;?&YQUE; Because&CS; the&AT; route&NN1; is&VBZ; directly&RR; inⅈ the&AT; way&NN1;.&YSTP; Now&RT; what&DDQ; happens&VVZ; duringⅈ the&AT; day&NNT1; time&NNT1; when&RRQ; you&PPY; get&VV0; an&AT1; eclipse&NN1; is&VBZ; that&CST; the&AT; sun&NN1; is&VBZ; up&RP; there&RL; inⅈ the&AT; sky&NN1; big&JJ; golden&JJ; circle&NN1; Yeah&UH;.&YSTP; and&CC; the&AT; moon&NN1; starts&VVZ; coming&VVG; acrossⅈ the&AT; sky&NN1; as&CSA; it&PPH1; does&VDZ; and&CC; it&PPH1; gets&VVZ; inⅈ the&AT; way&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; sun&NN1;.&YSTP; And&CC; a&AT1; little&JJ; chink&NN1; onⅈ the&AT; other&JJ; side&NN1; A&AT1; chink&NN1;?&YQUE; of&IO; the&AT; sun&NN1;.&YSTP; Okay&RR;?&YQUE; I&PPIS1; do&VD0;n't&XX; know&VVI; how&RRQ; to&TO; do&VDI; this&DD1;.&YSTP; Okay&RR; so&RR; here&RL; comes&VVZ; the&AT; moon&NN1; it&PPH1;'s&VBZ; coming&VVG; inⅈ the&AT; way&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; sun&NN1; coming&VVG; inⅈ the&AT; way&NN1; of&IO; the&AT; sun&NN1; and&CC; what&DDQ; happens&VVZ; is&VBZ; inⅈ fact&NN1; when&CS; the&AT; moon&NN1; eclipses&NN2; the&AT; sun&NN1; It&PPH1; gets&VVZ; completely&RR; black&JJ;.&YSTP; It&PPH1; goes&VVZ; almost&RR; almost&RR; completely&RR; black&JJ;.&YSTP; And&CC; the&AT; moon&NN1; gradually&RR; keeps&VVZ; moving&VVG; asⅈ it&PPH1; does&VDZ; and&CC; moves&VVZ; up&RP; away&RL;.&YSTP; Now&RT;.&YSTP; It&PPH1; is&VBZ; is&VBZ; a&AT1; matter&NN1; of&IO; coincidence&NN1; we&PPIS2; think&VV0; that&CST; our&APPGE; moon&NN1; is&VBZ; just&RR; exactly&RR; the&AT; right&JJ; size&NN1; to&TO; fit&VVI; overⅈ the&AT; sun&NN1; fromⅈ our&APPGE; point&NN1; of&IO; view&NN1;.&YSTP; When&CS; we&PPIS2; look&VV0; when&CS; we&PPIS2; look&VV0; upwards&RL; inⅈ eclipse&NN1; what&DDQ; you&PPY; can&VM; actually&RR; see&VVI; if&CSW; if&CSW; you&PPY; can&VM; imagine&VVI; that&DD1;'s&VBZ; a&AT1; circular&NN1; quite&RG; like&RR; an&AT1; if&CSW; I&PPIS1; was&VBDZ; really&RR; together&RL; I&PPIS1; could&VM; have&VHI; made&VVN; a&AT1; circular&NN1; Sir&NN1; can&VM; I&PPIS1; go&VVI; toⅈ music&NN1; lesson&NN1;?&YQUE; Yes&UH; alright&RR;.&YSTP;