J01 2 ^ unfortunately_RB the_ATI accuracy_NN with_IN which_WDTR an_AT J01 2 impurity_NN dependent_JJ J01 3 physical_JJ or_CC chemical_JJ property_NN of_IN sodium_NN can_MD be_BE J01 3 measured_VBN decreases_VBZ with_IN J01 4 decreasing_JJ impurity_NN concentration_NN ._. ^ to_TO get_VB over_IN J01 4 this_DT difficulty_NN Alcock_NP J01 5 has_HVZ suggested_VBN that_CS instead_RB of_IN measuring_VBG J01 5 directly_RB the_ATI concentration_NN of_IN J01 6 oxygen_NN in_IN the_ATI flowing_JJ sodium_NN its_PP$ thermodynamic_JJ J01 6 potential_NN should_MD be_BE J01 7 measured_VBN by_IN a_AT suitable_JJ galvanic_JJ cell_NN J01 7 incorporated_VBN in_IN the_ATI circuit_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J01 8 principal_JJB advantages_NNS of_IN this_DT should_MD be_BE J01 8 continuous_JJ monitoring_NN of_IN the_ATI J01 9 sodium_NN and_CC an_AT accuracy_NN of_IN monitoring_VBG which_WDTR ,_, J01 9 if_CS the_ATI sodium-oxygen_JJB J01 10 system_NN obeys_VBZ Henry's_NP$ law_NN ,_, should_MD increase_VB J01 10 with_IN decreasing_JJ J01 11 concentration_NN of_IN the_ATI impurity_NN ._. J01 12 ^ 2_CD ._. ^ theoretical_JJ ._. J01 13 ^ (_( a_ZZ )_) ._. ^ the_ATI cell_NN ._. J01 14 ^ the_ATI use_NN of_IN solid_JJ electrolytes_NNS in_IN galvanic_JJ J01 14 cells_NNS has_HVZ been_BEN J01 15 described_VBN in_IN detail_NN by_IN Kiukkola_NP and_CC Wagner_NP ._. ^ J01 15 in_IN a_AT reversible_JJ cell_NN J01 16 consisting_VBG of_IN two_CD metal-metal_JJB oxide_NN electrodes_NNS J01 16 and_CC a_AT solid_JJ oxide_NN J01 17 electrolyte_NN through_IN which_WDTR current_NN is_BEZ transported_VBN J01 17 solely_RB by_IN 0*:=**:_&FO J01 18 ions_NNS ,_, the_ATI change_NN in_IN free_JJ energy_NN dg_&FO J01 18 accompanying_VBG the_ATI passage_NN of_IN one_CD1 J01 19 mole_NN of_IN oxygen_NN is_BEZ given_VBN by_IN :_: *-_*- J01 20 2EF_&FO J01 21 where_WRB E_ZZ is_BEZ the_ATI voltage_NN developed_VBN across_IN J01 21 the_ATI cell_NN and_CC F_ZZ is_BEZ the_ATI J01 22 Faraday_NP ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI electrodes_NNS are_BER sodium_NN J01 22 saturated_VBN with_IN its_PP$ own_AP oxide_NN J01 23 and_CC unsaturated_JJ sodium_NN the_ATI change_NN of_IN free_JJ J01 23 energy_NN accompanying_VBG the_ATI J01 24 transfer_NN of_IN one_CD1 mole_NN of_IN 0*:=**:_&FO from_IN the_ATI J01 24 saturated_JJ to_IN the_ATI unsaturated_JJ J01 25 metal_NN will_MD be_BE given_VBN by_IN :_: *-_*- J01 26 **[formula**]_&FO J01 27 where_WRB J01 28 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J01 29 **[formula**]_&FO are_BER the_ATI activities_NNS of_IN oxygen_NN in_IN J01 29 saturated_JJ sodium_NN J01 30 (_( concentration_NN c*;0**;_&FO )_) and_CC in_IN the_ATI J01 30 unsaturated_JJ sodium_NN (_( concentration_NN c_ZZ J01 31 <_&FO c*;0**;_&FO )_) ,_, T_ZZ the_ATI absolute_JJ temperature_NN J01 31 and_CC R_ZZ the_ATI gas-constant_NN ._. J01 32 ^ if_CS the_ATI activity_NN of_IN oxygen_NN dissolved_VBN in_IN J01 32 sodium_NN is_BEZ proportional_JJ to_IN J01 33 its_PP$ concentration_NN as_CS is_BEZ required_VBN by_IN Henry's_NP$ J01 33 law_NN then_RN the_ATI free_JJ energy_NN J01 34 change_NN per_IN mole_NN 0*:=**:_&FO ion_NN may_MD be_BE written_VBN J01 35 **[formula**]_&FO J01 36 ._. ^ thus_RB J01 37 **[formula**]_&FO J01 38 ._. ^ the_ATI solubility_NN of_IN oxygen_NN as_IN \0Na*;2**;0_&FO J01 38 in_IN sodium_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J01 39 determined_VBN and_CC is_BEZ given_VBN by_IN the_ATI relationship_NN J01 40 **[formula**]_&FO J01 41 ._. ^ substitution_NN of_IN equation_NN (_( 3_CD )_) in_IN J01 41 equation_NN (_( 2_CD )_) with_IN appropriate_JJ J01 42 values_NNS for_IN the_ATI various_JJ constants_NNS gives_VBZ J01 43 **[formula**]_&FO J01 44 ._. ^ values_NNS of_IN this_DT function_NN between_IN 400_CD *@_NNU J01 44 and_CC 800_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP at_IN 100_CD *@_NNU J01 45 intervals_NNS and_CC for_IN oxygen_NN concentrations_NNS between_IN J01 45 0.1_CD and_CC 100_CD J01 46 \0p.p.m_NNU are_BER presented_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 1_CD1 ._. J01 47 ^ at_IN the_ATI present_JJ time_NN maximum_JJ sodium_NN coolant_NN J01 47 temperatures_NNS are_BER J01 48 around_RB 500_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP and_CC oxygen_NN concentrations_NNS J01 48 are_BER usually_RB intended_VBN to_TO be_BE J01 49 maintained_VBN in_IN the_ATI range_NN 1-10_CD-CD \0p.p.m_NNU ^ J01 49 according_IN to_IN" the_ATI above_JJB this_DT J01 50 cell_NN under_IN these_DTS conditions_NNS should_MD give_VB J01 50 voltages_NNS ranging_VBG from_IN 224-147_CD-CD J01 51 \0mv_NNU J01 52 ._. ^ (_( b_ZZ )_) ._. ^ the_ATI effect_NN of_IN small_JJ changes_NNS J01 52 of_IN oxygen_NN concentration_NN and_CC J01 53 temperature_NN on_IN the_ATI cell_NN \0E.M.F_NN ._. J01 54 ^ the_ATI \0E.M.F_NN of_IN such_ABL a_AT cell_NN placed_VBN in_IN J01 54 a_AT sodium_NN circuit_NN will_MD J01 55 be_BE affected_VBN by_IN fluctuations_NNS in_IN oxygen_NN content_NN J01 55 and_CC temperature_NN ._. J01 56 ^ these_DTS may_MD be_BE estimated_VBN from_IN equation_NN (_( 4_CD J01 56 )_) or_CC the_ATI following_JJ derived_JJ J01 57 equations_NNS :_: *-_*- J01 58 **[formula**]_&FO J01 59 **[formula**]_&FO J01 60 ._. ^ equation_NN (_( 5_CD )_) indicates_VBZ that_CS any_DTI J01 60 voltage_NN fluctuation_NN arising_VBG from_IN J01 61 a_AT sudden_JJ small_JJ concentration_NN change_NN will_MD be_BE J01 61 controlled_VBN principally_RB by_IN J01 62 the_ATI original_JJ concentration_NN ._. ^ thus_RB changes_NNS from_IN J01 62 0.1_CD to_IN 1_CD1 \0p.p.m_NNU J01 63 1-10_CD-CD \0p.p.m_NNU 10-100_CD-CD \0p.p.m_NNU would_MD result_VB J01 63 in_IN the_ATI same_AP change_NN in_IN J01 64 voltage_NN (_( *?1776_&FO \0mv_NNU )_) ._. ^ for_IN relevant_JJ J01 64 reactor_NN conditions_NNS (_( 500_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP ,_, J01 65 \0C_NP =_&FO 1-10_CD-CD \0p.p.m_NNU )_) the_ATI finite_JJ change_NN J01 65 of_IN voltage_NN de_&FO J01 66 accompanying_VBG finite_JJ concentration_NN changes_NNS dc_&FO is_BEZ J01 66 plotted_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN J01 67 3_CD ._. ^ the_ATI latter_AP as_CS might_MD be_BE expected_VBN vary_VB J01 67 considerably_RB ._. ^ a_AT rise_NN of_IN J01 68 oxygen_NN concentration_NN from_IN 1-2_CD-CD \0p.p.m_NNU is_BEZ J01 68 accompanied_VBN by_IN a_AT voltage_NN J01 69 drop_NN of_IN *?1723_&FO \0mv_NNU while_CS ,_, a_AT rise_NN from_IN J01 69 9-10_CD-CD \0p.p.m_NNU would_MD J01 70 produce_VB a_AT change_NN of_IN only_RB *?173_&FO \0mv_NNU J01 71 ._. ^ changes_NNS in_IN voltage_NN accompanying_VBG fluctuations_NNS J01 71 of_IN coolant_NN J01 72 temperature_NN according_IN to_IN" equation_NN (_( 6_CD )_) vary_VB J01 72 only_RB slightly_RB with_IN J01 73 concentration_NN and_CC are_BER proportional_JJ to_IN the_ATI J01 73 temperature_NN change_NN ._. ^ values_NNS J01 74 at_IN various_JJ oxygen_NN concentrations_NNS of_IN J01 75 **[formula**]_&FO together_RB with_IN apparent_JJ changes_NNS in_IN J01 75 oxygen_NN level_NN for_IN J01 76 temperature_NN fluctuations_NNS of_IN *?14_&FO 10_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP J01 76 at_IN 500_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP are_BER presented_VBN in_IN J01 77 table_NN 1_CD1 ._. J01 79 ^ the_ATI above_JJB figures_NNS show_VB that_CS a_AT *?14_&FO 10_CD J01 79 *@_NNU \0C_NP temperature_NN J01 80 fluctuation_NN at_IN oxygen_NN levels_NNS in_IN the_ATI range_NN J01 80 1-10_CD-CD \0p.p.m_NNU would_MD J01 81 indicate_VB an_AT apparent_JJ change_NN of_IN *?1712_&FO %_NNU in_IN J01 81 oxygen_NN concentration_NN ._. J01 82 ^ providing_CS a_AT cell_NN of_IN the_ATI above_JJB type_NN J01 82 works_VBZ satisfactorily_RB the_ATI above_JJB J01 83 arguments_NNS suggest_VB that_CS it_PP3 will_MD be_BE sufficiently_RB J01 83 accurate_JJ as_IN an_AT oxygen_NN J01 84 monitor_NN in_IN a_AT hot_JJ trapped_JJ sodium_NN coolant_NN circuit_NN J01 84 ._. J01 85 ^ (_( c_ZZ )_) ._. ^ contamination_NN of_IN the_ATI sodium_NN J01 85 circuit_NN by_IN oxygen_NN from_IN the_ATI cell_NN ._. J01 86 ^ experiments_NNS with_IN solid_JJ oxide_NN electrolyte_NN J01 86 galvanic_JJ cells_NNS have_HV J01 87 indicated_VBN that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ difficult_JJ to_TO obtain_VB J01 87 reproducible_JJ voltages_NNS using_VBG J01 88 normal_JJ potentiometric_JJ methods_NNS at_IN temperatures_NNS below_IN J01 88 750_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP ._. ^ the_ATI J01 89 author_NN has_HVZ obtained_VBN reproducible_JJ results_NNS with_IN J01 89 such_ABL cells_NNS at_IN 400_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP J01 90 and_CC above_RI by_IN using_VBG vibrating_JJ reed_NN voltmeters_NNS J01 90 that_WPR draw_VB current_NN from_IN J01 91 the_ATI cell_NN only_RB as_IN a_AT result_NN of_IN leakage_NN J01 91 through_IN insulation_NN resistance_NN of_IN J01 92 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ thus_RB if_CS voltmeters_NNS of_IN this_DT J01 92 type_NN were_BED used_VBN with_IN the_ATI J01 93 \0Na_&FO /_CC \0Na*;2**;0_&FO cell_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ possible_JJ to_TO J01 93 estimate_VB the_ATI contamination_NN of_IN J01 94 the_ATI circuit_NN sodium_NN from_IN oxygen_NN continuously_RB J01 94 diffusing_VBG through_IN the_ATI J01 95 electrolyte_NN ._. ^ if_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ assumed_VBN that_CS in_IN J01 95 practise_NN the_ATI maximum_JJ J01 96 voltage_NN developed_VBN by_IN the_ATI cell_NN at_IN 500_CD *@_NNU J01 96 \0C_NP will_MD be_BE around_RB 300_CD \0mv_NNU J01 97 (_( see_VB \0fig_NN 1_CD1 )_) then_RN in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN J01 97 the_ATI instrument_NN with_IN the_ATI lower_JJR J01 98 resistance_NN the_ATI current_NN will_MD be_BE :_: *-_*- 3_CD x_IN J01 98 10*:-14**:_&FO coulombs_NNS /_IN \0sec_NNU J01 99 ._. ^ the_ATI charge_NN on_IN 0*:=**:_&FO ion_NN *?183.2_&FO x_IN J01 99 10*:-19**:_&FO coulombs_NNS ._. J01 100 ^ thus_RB the_ATI number_NN of_IN 0*:=**:_&FO ions_NNS J01 100 travelling_VBG through_IN the_ATI J01 101 electrolyte_NN per_IN second_NN *?1810*:5**:_&FO ._. J01 102 ^ the_ATI mass_NN of_IN oxygen_NN per_IN year_NN at_IN this_DT J01 102 rate_NN would_MD be_BE approximately_RB 8_CD J01 103 x_IN 10*:-1**:_&FO \0g_NNU /_IN year_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ a_AT quite_RB J01 103 insignificant_JJ quantity_NN ._. J01 104 ^ (_( d_ZZ )_) ._. ^ the_ATI use_NN of_IN the_ATI cell_NN as_IN a_AT J01 104 corrosion_NN meter_NN ._. J01 105 ^ with_IN the_ATI cell_NN electrodes_NNS consisting_VBG of_IN J01 105 sodium_NN with_IN oxygen_NN at_IN J01 106 different_JJ activities_NNS a_AT voltage_NN will_MD be_BE developed_VBN J01 106 that_DT is_BEZ a_AT function_NN of_IN J01 107 the_ATI difference_NN in_IN the_ATI oxygen_NN potential_NN at_IN J01 107 the_ATI two_CD electrodes_NNS ._. ^ unless_CS J01 108 it_PP3 is_BEZ known_VBN at_IN what_WDT oxygen_NN potential_NN a_AT J01 108 given_JJ material_NN in_IN the_ATI sodium_NN J01 109 coolant_NN circuit_NN will_MD start_VB to_TO oxidise_VB the_ATI cell_NN J01 109 can_MD only_RB be_BE used_VBN as_CS has_HVZ J01 110 been_BEN suggested_VBN above_RI ,_, as_IN an_AT oxygen_NN J01 110 concentration_NN monitor_NN ._. ^ however_RB ,_, if_CS J01 111 a_AT material_NN oxidizes_VBZ in_IN sodium_NN at_IN a_AT given_JJ J01 111 oxygen_NN potential_NN the_ATI J01 112 reference_NN electrode_NN could_MD be_BE held_VBN at_IN that_DT J01 112 potential_NN and_CC oxidizing_JJ or_CC J01 113 reducing_JJ conditions_NNS in_IN the_ATI coolant_NN circuit_NN for_IN J01 113 that_DT material_NN would_MD be_BE J01 114 indicated_VBN by_IN a_AT negative_JJ or_CC positive_JJ potential_NN J01 114 at_IN the_ATI reference_NN J01 115 electrode_NN ._. ^ thus_RB for_IN the_ATI specific_JJ case_NN of_IN J01 115 niobium_NN in_IN a_AT sodium_NN circuit_NN J01 116 a_AT corrosion_NN indicator_NN could_MD be_BE a_AT reference_NN J01 116 electrode_NN of_IN sodium_NN J01 117 saturated_VBN and_CC equilibrated_VBN with_IN niobium_NN separated_VBN J01 117 from_IN the_ATI coolant_NN by_IN J01 118 a_AT solid_JJ anionic_JJ electrolyte_NN ._. ^ a_AT negative_JJ J01 118 voltage_NN from_IN the_ATI reference_NN J01 119 electrode_NN would_MD mean_VB oxidizing_JJ conditions_NNS for_IN J01 119 niobium_NN and_CC positive_JJ J01 120 voltage_NN ,_, non-oxidizing_JJ conditions_NNS ._. J01 121 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ practical_JJ ._. J01 122 ^ the_ATI practical_JJ application_NN of_IN the_ATI above_JJB J01 122 idea_NN will_MD involve_VB J01 123 considerable_JJ experimentation_NN before_CS it_PP3 can_MD be_BE J01 123 realised_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI first_OD J01 124 requirement_NN is_BEZ for_IN an_AT anionic_JJ electrolyte_NN ,_, J01 124 which_WDTR can_MD be_BE fabricated_VBN J01 125 into_IN suitable_JJ shapes_NNS impervious_JJ to_IN gases_NNS and_CC J01 125 liquid_JJ sodium_NN and_CC which_WDTR J01 126 is_BEZ neither_DTX corroded_VBN by_IN sodium_NN nor_CC by_IN sodium_NN J01 126 monoxide_NN ._. ^ possible_JJ J01 127 materials_NNS are_BER zirconia_NN stabilised_VBN with_IN lime_NN and_CC J01 127 thoria_NN doped_VBN with_IN rare_JJ J01 128 earth_NN oxides_NNS ._. J01 129 ^ if_CS such_ABL a_AT material_NN can_MD be_BE made_VBN with_IN J01 129 these_DTS properties_NNS a_AT possible_JJ J01 130 way_NN in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI cell_NN may_MD be_BE incorporated_VBN J01 130 in_IN a_AT sodium_NN circuit_NN is_BEZ J01 131 depicted_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 4_CD ._. J01 132 ^ the_ATI electrolyte_NN A_ZZ is_BEZ made_VBN in_IN the_ATI form_NN J01 132 of_IN a_AT thin_JJ walled_JJ closed_JJ off_RP J01 133 round_JJ end_NN tube_NN or_CC probe_NN fitting_VBG vertically_RB J01 133 into_IN the_ATI sodium_NN coolant_NN J01 134 circuit_NN B_ZZ ._. ^ the_ATI \0+ve_JJ electrode_NN consisting_VBG J01 134 of_IN a_AT small_JJ quantity_NN of_IN J01 135 sodium_NN saturated_VBN with_IN sodium_NN monoxide_NN C_ZZ is_BEZ J01 135 situated_VBN at_IN the_ATI bottom_NN of_IN J01 136 the_ATI tube_NN ._. ^ the_ATI potential_NN acquired_VBN by_IN this_DT J01 136 pool_NN of_IN sodium_NN is_BEZ J01 137 transmitted_VBN to_IN the_ATI voltmeter_NN V_ZZ by_IN a_AT nickel_NN J01 137 conductor_NN D_ZZ ,_, nickel_NN being_BEG J01 138 resistant_JJ to_IN corrosive_JJ attack_NN by_IN oxide_NN saturated_VBN J01 138 sodium_NN at_IN 500_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP J01 139 ._. ^ the_ATI \0-ve_JJ electrode_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ the_ATI J01 139 coolant_NN stream_NN ,_, is_BEZ joined_VBN to_IN the_ATI J01 140 voltmeter_NN by_IN an_AT earthed_JJ nickel_NN conductor_NN attached_VBN J01 140 to_IN the_ATI bottom_NN of_IN a_AT J01 141 well_NN E_ZZ in_IN the_ATI coolant_NN stream_NN ._. ^ provided_CS J01 141 the_ATI temperatures_NNS at_IN C_ZZ and_CC E_ZZ J01 142 are_BER the_ATI same_AP ,_, thermoelectric_JJ contributions_NNS to_IN J01 142 the_ATI voltage_NN should_MD be_BE J01 143 zero_CD ._. J01 144 ^ the_ATI probe_NN extends_VBZ out_RP of_IN the_ATI sodium_NN J01 144 stream_NN through_IN a_AT close_RB J01 145 fitting_JJ thin_JJ walled_JJ T-junction_NN F_ZZ and_CC passes_VBZ J01 145 into_IN the_ATI open_NN via_IN a_AT J01 146 water-cooled_JJ O_ZZ ring_NN seal_NN G_ZZ ._. ^ the_ATI open_JJ end_NN J01 146 of_IN the_ATI probe_NN is_BEZ sealed_VBN with_IN J01 147 a_AT vacuum_NN coupling_NN H_ZZ which_WDTR also_RB positions_VBZ J01 147 the_ATI \0+ve_JJ nickel_NN conductor_NN J01 148 with_IN respect_NN to_IN the_ATI sodium_NN by_IN circlips_NNS on_IN J01 148 either_DTX side_NN of_IN the_ATI seal_NN I_ZZ ._. J01 149 ^ evaporation_NN of_IN sodium_NN from_IN the_ATI pool_NN C_ZZ is_BEZ J01 149 minimised_VBN by_IN a_AT close_RB fitting_JJ J01 150 cylindrical_JJ block_NN of_IN electrolyte_NN J_ZZ attached_VBN to_IN J01 150 the_ATI \0+ve_JJ nickel_NN J01 151 conductor_NN by_IN nickel_NN circlips_NNS ._. ^ fixing_NN and_CC J01 151 positioning_NN of_IN the_ATI probe_NN J01 152 relative_JJ to_IN the_ATI coolant_NN stream_NN is_BEZ effected_VBN J01 152 by_IN tie-bars_NNS of_IN insulating_JJ J01 153 material_NN K_ZZ joining_VBG the_ATI vacuum_NN coupling_NN H_ZZ to_IN J01 153 the_ATI water_NN cooled_VBN flange_NN G_ZZ ._. J01 154 ^ the_ATI probe_NN can_MD be_BE evacuated_VBN and_CC filled_VBN with_IN J01 154 inert_JJ gas_NN via_IN the_ATI tube_NN L_ZZ J01 155 which_WDTR must_MD of_RB course_RB" be_BE electrically_RB isolated_VBN J01 155 after_CS this_DT has_HVZ been_BEN J01 156 carried_VBN out_RP ._. J01 157 ^ 4_CD ._. ^ discussion_NN ._. J01 158 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT suggested_VBN that_CS the_ATI above_JJB J01 158 proposal_NN will_MD be_BE successful_JJ J01 159 but_CC rather_RB that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ worth_IN a_AT trial_NN in_IN J01 159 the_ATI event_NN of_IN the_ATI inadequacy_NN of_IN J01 160 some_DTI simpler_JJR method_NN of_IN monitoring_VBG the_ATI oxygen_NN J01 160 in_IN a_AT sodium_NN circuit_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J01 161 principal_JJB difficulty_NN encountered_VBN by_IN the_ATI author_NN ,_, J01 161 in_IN determining_VBG partial_JJ J01 162 molal_JJ free_JJ energies_NNS by_IN solid_JJ electrolyte_NN cells_NNS J01 162 of_IN very_QL stable_JJ oxides_NNS J01 163 such_IN as_IN" \0UO*;2**;_&FO ,_, \0MnO_&FO \0etc_RB was_BEDZ vapour_NN J01 163 phase_NN transfer_NN of_IN oxygen_NN J01 164 by_IN carbonaceous_JJ impurities_NNS in_IN the_ATI blanket_NN gas_NN J01 164 ._. ^ this_DT resulted_VBD in_IN the_ATI J01 165 oxidation_NN of_IN the_ATI \0-ve_JJ electrode_NN and_CC reduction_NN J01 165 of_IN the_ATI \0+ve_JJ electrode_NN J01 166 which_WDTR of_RB course_RB" led_VBD to_IN a_AT loss_NN in_IN \0E.M.F_NN J01 166 from_IN the_ATI cell_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J01 167 above_JJB design_NN the_ATI two_CD electrodes_NNS are_BER completely_RB J01 167 separated_VBN from_IN one_PPLS J01 168 another_PPLS" so_CS that_CS" this_DT major_JJ source_NN of_IN J01 168 trouble_NN should_MD not_XNOT be_BE present_JJ ._. J01 169 ^ however_RB ,_, the_ATI stability_NN of_IN the_ATI system_NN may_MD J01 169 be_BE adversely_RB affected_VBN by_IN the_ATI J01 170 thermal_JJ gradient_NN up_IN the_ATI probe_NN and_CC this_DT can_MD J01 170 only_RB be_BE tested_VBN by_IN J01 171 experiment_NN ._. J01 172 ^ whether_CS such_ABL an_AT apparatus_NN can_MD be_BE J01 172 incorporated_VBN in_IN a_AT reactor_NN J01 173 circuit_NN in_IN a_AT manner_NN that_WPR will_MD satisfy_VB safety_NN J01 173 requirements_NNS will_MD need_VB J01 174 further_JJB study_NN ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI face_NN of_IN it_PP3 J01 174 however_RB ,_, there_EX seems_VBZ to_TO be_BE no_ATI reason_NN J01 175 why_WRB the_ATI cell_NN should_MD not_XNOT be_BE double-contained_JJ J01 175 to_TO prevent_VB loss_NN of_IN sodium_NN J01 176 in_IN the_ATI event_NN of_IN the_ATI ceramic_JJ tube_NN being_BEG J01 176 fractured_VBN ._. ^ such_ABL containment_NN J01 177 however_RB ,_, will_MD be_BE complicated_VBN by_IN the_ATI necessity_NN J01 177 of_IN providing_VBG suitable_JJ J01 178 insulating_JJ seals_NNS through_IN its_PP$ walls_NNS ._. J01 179 ^ 5_CD ._. ^ conclusions_NNS ._. J01 180 ^ if_CS other_AP monitoring_JJ methods_NNS for_IN oxygen_NN in_IN J01 180 sodium_NN in_IN the_ATI J01 181 concentration_NN range_NN 1-10_CD-CD \0p.p.m_NNU are_BER found_VBN J01 181 to_TO be_BE inadequate_JJ then_RN J01 182 this_DT galvanic_JJ cell_NN may_MD be_BE worth_IN investigating_VBG ._. J01 182 ^ however_RB ,_, it_PP3 will_MD J01 183 require_VB development_NN of_IN a_AT suitable_JJ electrolyte_NN and_CC J01 183 even_RB then_RN it_PP3 will_MD J01 184 only_RB be_BE useful_JJ if_CS the_ATI activity_NN of_IN the_ATI J01 184 dissolved_JJ oxygen_NN varies_VBZ J01 185 sufficiently_RB with_IN changes_NNS in_IN its_PP$ concentration_NN ._. J01 186 ^ a_ZZ ._. ^ outline_NN of_IN method_NN ._. J01 187 ^ to_IN a_AT measured_JJ portion_NN of_IN the_ATI sample_NN ,_, J01 187 niobium_NN and_CC zirconium_NN J01 188 carriers_NNS are_BER added_VBN together_RB with_IN hydrofluoric_JJ J01 188 acid_NN to_TO ensure_VB complete_JJ J01 189 isotopic_JJ interchange_NN ._. ^ rare_JJ earth_NN elements_NNS are_BER J01 189 co-precipitated_VBN with_IN J01 190 lanthanum_NN as_IN fluorides_NNS ._. ^ niobium_NN is_BEZ J01 190 precipitated_VBN with_IN ammonia_NN ,_, J01 191 partially_RB separating_VBG it_PP3 from_IN zirconium_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J01 191 niobium_NN precipitate_NN is_BEZ J01 192 dissolved_VBN in_IN a_AT mixture_NN of_IN oxalic_JJ and_CC nitric_JJ J01 192 acids_NNS ,_, and_CC niobic_JJ acid_NN J01 193 precipitated_VBN by_IN boiling_NN and_CC adding_VBG potassium_NN J01 193 bromate_NN ._. ^ the_ATI niobic_JJ acid_NN J01 194 is_BEZ dissolved_VBN in_IN acid_JJ ammonium_NN fluoride_NN and_CC J01 194 the_ATI cycle_NN from_IN the_ATI ammonia_NN J01 195 precipitation_NN repeated_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI niobic_JJ acid_NN is_BEZ J01 195 washed_VBN ,_, ignited_VBN to_IN niobium_NN J01 196 pentoxide_NN ,_, which_WDTR is_BEZ mounted_VBN on_IN a_AT tared_JJ J01 196 counting_NN tray_NN and_CC weighed_VBN ._. J01 197 ^ the_ATI g-activity_NN is_BEZ measured_VBN through_IN a_AT lead_NN J01 197 /_CC aluminium_NN J01 198 sandwich_NN using_VBG standard_JJ gamma_NN scintillation_NN J01 198 equipment_NN ,_, which_WDTR has_HVZ been_BEN J01 199 calibrated_VBN with_IN known_JJ amounts_NNS of_IN niobium-95_NN ._. J01 200 ^ b_ZZ ._. ^ reagents_NNS required_VBN ._. J01 201 ^ all_ABN reagents_NNS are_BER analytical_JJ reagent_JJ quality_NN J01 201 where_WRB available_JJ ._. J01 202 ^ 1_CD1 ._. ^ standard_JJ niobium_NN carrier_NN solution_NN (_( J01 203 **[formula**]_&FO )_) ._. J01 204 ^ fuse_VB 20_CD \0g_NNU of_IN pure_JJ niobium_NN pentoxide_NN J01 204 with_IN 72_CD \0g_NNU of_IN potassium_NN J01 205 carbonate_NN in_IN a_AT platinum_NN dish_NN ._. ^ cool_VB and_CC J01 205 dissolve_VB the_ATI solidified_JJ melt_NN J01 206 in_IN about_RB 400_CD \0ml_NNU of_IN hot_JJ water_NN ._. ^ transfer_VB J01 206 the_ATI solution_NN and_CC any_DTI J01 207 undissolved_JJ solid_NN to_IN a_AT glass_NN beaker_NN ,_, stir_VB J01 207 thoroughly_RB and_CC add_VB 16_CD \0M_NNU J01 208 nitric_JJ acid_NN until_CS the_ATI solution_NN is_BEZ strongly_RB J01 208 acid_JJ to_IN litmus_NN ._. ^ stand_VB the_ATI J01 209 beaker_NN on_IN a_AT hot_JJ plate_NN and_CC keep_VB the_ATI solution_NN J01 209 warm_JJ for_IN 30_CD minutes_NNS to_TO J01 210 coagulate_VB the_ATI precipitate_NN ._. ^ transfer_VB to_IN four_CD J01 210 200_CD \0ml_NNU polythene_NN J01 211 bottles_NNS ,_, centrifuge_VB ,_, decant_VB and_CC discard_VB each_DT J01 211 supernate_NN ._. ^ wash_VB each_DT J01 212 portion_NN of_IN the_ATI precipitate_NN three_CD times_NNS by_IN J01 212 stirring_VBG with_IN 100_CD \0ml_NNU of_IN 2_CD %_NNU J01 213 ammonium_NN nitrate_NN ._. ^ use_VB a_AT glass_NN rod_NN for_IN J01 213 stirring_NN ._. ^ centrifuge_VB and_CC J01 214 discard_VB the_ATI supernates_NNS after_IN each_DT wash_NN ._. ^ J01 214 dissolve_VB each_DT portion_NN of_IN the_ATI J01 215 precipitate_NN in_IN 25_CD \0ml_NNU of_IN 30_CD %_NNU ammonium_NN J01 215 fluoride_NN and_CC 15_CD \0ml_NNU of_IN 16_CD \0M_NNU J01 216 nitric_JJ acid_NN ._. ^ combine_VB the_ATI solutions_NNS from_IN J01 216 each_DT of_IN the_ATI 200_CD \0ml_NNU J01 217 polythene_NN bottles_NNS ,_, and_CC dilute_VB to_IN 2_CD litres_NNS J01 217 with_IN distilled_JJ water_NN in_IN a_AT J01 218 polythene_NN bottle_NN ._. ^ standardize_VB as_CS follows_VBZ :_: *-_*- J01 219 ^ pipette_VB 10_CD \0ml_NNU of_IN the_ATI solution_NN into_IN a_AT J01 219 400_CD \0ml_NNU polythene_NN beaker_NN J01 220 and_CC add_VB 100_CD \0ml_NNU of_IN a_AT saturated_JJ solution_NN of_IN J01 220 ammonium_NN chloride_NN ._. ^ heat_VB J01 221 the_ATI solution_NN nearly_RB to_IN boiling_NN ,_, by_IN placing_VBG J01 221 the_ATI polythene_NN beaker_NN in_IN a_AT J01 222 glass_NN beaker_NN of_IN water_NN ,_, heated_VBN on_IN a_AT hot_JJ J01 222 plate_NN ,_, and_CC add_VB to_IN the_ATI solution_NN J01 223 1_CD1 \0g_NNU of_IN tannic_JJ acid_NN dissolved_VBN in_IN hot_JJ J01 223 water_NN ._. J02 2 ^ the_ATI removal_NN of_IN the_ATI library_NN and_CC catalogues_NNS J02 2 to_IN the_ATI Bodleian_JNP destroys_VBZ J02 3 the_ATI incentive_NN to_TO study_VB and_CC add_VB to_IN the_ATI J02 3 collection_NN because_IN of_IN" the_ATI J02 4 absence_NN of_IN readily_RB accessible_JJ reference_NN works_NNS ._. ^ J02 4 divorced_VBN from_IN the_ATI J02 5 specimens_NNS the_ATI catalogues_NNS become_VB neglected_JJ ,_, and_CC J02 5 ultimately_RB the_ATI J02 6 specimens_NNS are_BER thrown_VBN away_RP because_CS the_ATI J02 6 catalogues_NNS are_BER not_XNOT to_IN hand_NN ._. ^ so_RB J02 7 are_BER lost_VBN all_ABN \0Dr_NPT Plot's_NP$ figured_JJ specimens_NNS J02 7 and_CC the_ATI great_JJ collection_NN J02 8 of_IN Edward_NP Lhwyd_NP ,_, his_PP$ assistant_NN ._. J02 9 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ very_QL interesting_JJ to_TO see_VB the_ATI J02 9 composition_NN of_IN a_AT J02 10 seventeenth-century_JJB palaeontologist's_NN$ reference_NN library_NN J02 10 ._. ^ Plot_NP ,_, in_IN J02 11 addition_NN to_IN Biblical_JNP quotations_NNS and_CC philosophical_JJ J02 11 transaction_NN J02 12 references_NNS ,_, alludes_VBZ to_IN no_ATI less_AP than_IN J02 12 fifty-two_CD works_NNS ._. ^ amongst_IN these_DTS J02 13 the_ATI elder_JJR Pliny's_NP$ writings_NNS are_BER prominent_JJ ._. ^ J02 13 his_PP$ classification_NN of_IN J02 14 fossils_NNS is_BEZ essentially_RB that_DT of_IN Gesner_NP erected_VBN J02 14 111_CD years_NNS before_RI ._. ^ when_WRB J02 15 I_PP1A say_VB that_CS the_ATI four_CD main_JJB groups_NNS in_IN this_DT J02 15 classification_NN are_BER stones_NNS J02 16 relating_VBG to_IN heavenly_JJ bodies_NNS ;_; those_DTS relating_VBG J02 16 to_IN the_ATI inferior_JJ heavens_NNS ;_; J02 17 those_DTS relating_VBG to_IN the_ATI atmosphere_NN ;_; and_CC those_DTS J02 17 relating_VBG to_IN the_ATI watery_JJ J02 18 kingdoms_NNS ,_, you_PP2 will_MD gather_VB that_CS it_PP3 does_DOZ J02 18 not_XNOT rest_VB on_IN any_DTI sound_JJ J02 19 scientific_JJ footing_NN ._. ^ \0Dr_NPT Plot_NP himself_PPL has_HVZ J02 19 no_ATI tremendous_JJ regard_NN for_IN J02 20 this_DT method_NN ;_; but_CC he_PP3A says_VBZ it_PP3 is_BEZ better_JJR J02 20 than_CS classifying_VBG the_ATI things_NNS J02 21 alphabetically_RB ._. ^ I_PP1A beg_VB leave_NN to_TO doubt_VB this_DT J02 21 ._. J02 22 ^ then_RN there_EX comes_VBZ out_RP of_IN Yorkshire_NP the_ATI J02 22 learned_JJ \0Dr_NPT Martin_NP Lister_NP J02 23 with_IN an_AT opinion_NN on_IN fossils_NNS ,_, which_WDTR ,_, J02 23 emanating_VBG as_CS it_PP3 does_DOZ from_IN the_ATI J02 24 foremost_JJ conchologist_NN of_IN the_ATI day_NN ,_, can_MD hardly_RB J02 24 be_BE ignored_VBN ._. ^ Lister_NP has_HVZ J02 25 figured_VBN recent_JJ and_CC fossil_NN shells_NNS ,_, side_NN by_IN J02 25 side_NN ,_, not_XNOT ,_, as_CS might_MD be_BE J02 26 imagined_VBN ,_, to_TO show_VB their_PP$ essential_JJ similarity_NN J02 26 but_CC as_IN an_AT illustration_NN of_IN J02 27 the_ATI plagiarism_NN of_IN nature_NN ._. ^ Lister's_NP$ theory_NN J02 27 might_MD well_RB be_BE christened_VBN J02 28 (_( acknowledging_VBG our_PP$ indebtedness_NN to_IN Siegfried_NP J02 28 Sassoon_NP )_) the_ATI J02 29 pseudomorphic_JJ hieroglyphic_JJ hypothesis_NN ,_, since_CS whilst_CS J02 29 denying_VBG the_ATI former_AP J02 30 vitality_NN of_IN fossils_NNS he_PP3A suggests_VBZ that_CS different_JJ J02 30 types_NNS of_IN self-generated_JJ J02 31 shell-like_JJ stones_NNS might_MD characterize_VB different_JJ J02 31 rocks_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 might_MD J02 32 therefore_RB be_BE said_VBN that_CS his_PP$ lapse_NN in_IN J02 32 regarding_VBG fossils_NNS as_IN sports_NNS of_IN J02 33 nature_NN is_BEZ here_RN offset_VBN by_IN his_PP$ penetration_NN as_IN J02 33 to_IN" their_PP$ possible_JJ use_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J02 34 would_MD certainly_RB be_BE possible_JJ to_TO use_VB a_AT tool_NN of_IN J02 34 which_WDTR the_ATI true_JJ nature_NN was_BEDZ J02 35 unknown_JJ ,_, if_CS ,_, empirically_RB ,_, it_PP3 had_HVD been_BEN J02 35 found_VBN to_TO serve_VB a_AT useful_JJ purpose_NN ._. J02 36 ^ but_CC to_TO credit_VB Lister_NP with_IN the_ATI first_OD J02 36 formulation_NN of_IN the_ATI basic_JJ J02 37 principle_NN of_IN stratigraphy_NN ,_, as_CS has_HVZ been_BEN J02 37 claimed_VBN ,_, would_MD be_BE to_TO bestow_VB J02 38 credit_NN falsely_RB ._. ^ I_PP1A think_VB Lister_NP had_HVD in_IN J02 38 mind_NN merely_RB the_ATI characterizing_NN J02 39 of_IN different_JJ types_NNS of_IN rocks_NNS by_IN distinctive_JJ J02 39 fossils_NNS ._. ^ today_NR this_DT J02 40 would_MD be_BE called_VBN recognizing_VBG the_ATI facies_NN of_IN J02 40 the_ATI rocks_NNS and_CC Lister's_NP$ J02 41 *'_*' ingenious_JJ proposal_NN **'_**' ,_, as_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ J02 41 entitled_VBN ,_, to_TO make_VB a_AT map_NN showing_VBG the_ATI J02 42 surface_NN distribution_NN of_IN strata_NNS was_BEDZ a_AT proposal_NN J02 42 for_IN a_AT mineral_NN ,_, not_XNOT a_AT J02 43 true_JJ geological_JJ map_NN ._. ^ such_ABL a_AT map_NN would_MD ,_, J02 43 for_IN instance_NN ,_, colour_VB all_ABN J02 44 limestone_NN outcrops_NNS under_IN the_ATI same_AP shade_NN ._. ^ J02 44 although_CS of_IN value_NN in_IN mining_NN J02 45 and_CC quarrying_NN operations_NNS it_PP3 is_BEZ academically_RB J02 45 barren_JJ ._. ^ it_PP3 can_MD make_VB no_ATI J02 46 contribution_NN to_IN working_VBG out_RP earth-history_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J02 46 primary_JJ division_NN of_IN J02 47 strata_NNS in_IN the_ATI hierarchy_NN of_IN their_PP$ classification_NN J02 47 is_BEZ according_IN to_IN" age_NN J02 48 not_XNOT lithology_NN ._. ^ to_TO elevate_VB the_ATI latter_AP is_BEZ J02 48 to_TO produce_VB a_AT barren_JJ J02 49 classification_NN ._. J02 50 ^ Edward_NP Lhwyd_NP ,_, assistant_NN and_CC later_JJR successor_NN J02 50 to_IN \0Dr_NPT Plot_NP as_IN J02 51 curator_NN of_IN the_ATI Ashmolean_NP Museum_NPL ,_, had_HVD a_AT J02 51 more_QL intimate_JJ acquaintance_NN with_IN J02 52 fossils_NNS than_IN any_DTI man_NN in_IN England_NP and_CC possibly_RB J02 52 in_IN the_ATI world_NN ._. ^ this_DT J02 53 study_NN ,_, together_RB with_IN his_PP$ scholarly_JJ researches_NNS J02 53 into_IN the_ATI Welsh_JNP and_CC other_AP J02 54 Gaelic_JNP languages_NNS ,_, formed_VBD his_PP$ life's_NN$ work_NN ._. ^ J02 54 whenever_WRB he_PP3A could_MD afford_VB J02 55 it_PP3 ,_, he_PP3A travelled_VBD widely_RB to_TO collect_VB fossils_NNS J02 55 and_CC examine_VB Welsh_JNP ,_, Irish_JNP ,_, J02 56 Cornish_JNP and_CC Breton_JNP manuscripts_NNS ._. ^ he_PP3A wrote_VBD J02 56 the_ATI first_OD illustrated_JJ J02 57 textbook_NN on_IN fossils_NNS ._. ^ his_PP$ familiarity_NN with_IN J02 57 them_PP3OS showed_VBD him_PP3O that_CS their_PP$ J02 58 resemblance_NN to_IN living_JJ things_NNS was_BEDZ no_ATI mere_JJB J02 58 coincidence_NN ,_, but_CC the_ATI J02 59 inference_NN that_CS fossiliferous_JJ beds_NNS were_BED elevated_JJ J02 59 sea-floors_NNS was_BEDZ too_QL J02 60 much_AP for_IN him_PP3O ._. ^ he_PP3A adopted_VBD the_ATI *'_*' J02 60 stray_JJ seed_NN **'_**' hypothesis_NN ,_, but_CC in_IN a_AT J02 61 spirit_NN of_IN candour_NN he_PP3A wrote_VBD to_IN John_NP Ray_NP ,_, J02 61 *'_*' I_PP1A am_BEM not_XNOT so_QL fond_JJ of_IN this_DT J02 62 hypothesis_NN ,_, as_CS not_XNOT to_TO be_BE sensible_JJ myself_PPL ,_, J02 62 that_CS it_PP3 lies_VBZ open_JJ to_IN a_AP great_AP" J02 63 many_AP" objections_NNS **'_**' ._. ^ still_RB it_PP3 was_BEDZ the_ATI J02 63 best_JJT compromise_NN he_PP3A could_MD come_VB J02 64 to_IN ._. J02 65 ^ a_AT poor_JJ museum_NN curator_NN with_IN a_AT salary_NN of_IN J02 65 *+40_NNU per_IN annum_NN plus_IN J02 66 what_WDT he_PP3A could_MD get_VB from_IN selling_VBG fossils_NNS at_IN J02 66 a_AT time_NN when_WRB there_EX was_BEDZ no_ATI J02 67 great_JJ demand_NN for_IN them_PP3OS ,_, was_BEDZ in_IN no_ATI J02 67 position_NN to_TO tilt_VB at_IN the_ATI thirty-nine_CD J02 68 articles_NNS ._. ^ in_IN rejecting_VBG the_ATI flood_NN hypothesis_NN J02 68 ,_, he_PP3A says_VBZ ,_, in_IN effect_NN ,_, that_CS J02 69 he_PP3A demurs_VBZ first_RB because_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT in_IN J02 69 accord_NN with_IN the_ATI sacred_JJ scriptures_NNS J02 70 and_CC ,_, secondly_RB ,_, because_CS it_PP3 does_DOZ not_XNOT J02 70 accord_NN with_IN the_ATI facts_NNS ._. ^ we_PP1AS may_MD note_VB J02 71 the_ATI order_NN of_IN the_ATI objections_NNS ._. J02 72 ^ the_ATI doubts_NNS entertained_VBN by_IN Leonardo_NP da_&FW J02 72 Vinci_NP about_IN the_ATI flood_NN J02 73 theory_NN were_BED explained_VBN away_RP by_IN John_NP Woodward_NP ._. ^ J02 73 in_IN 1695_CD ,_, he_PP3A published_VBD a_AT J02 74 much-admired_JJB essay_NN on_IN the_ATI natural_JJ history_NN of_IN J02 74 the_ATI earth_NN ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ J02 75 intended_VBN to_TO repair_VB imagined_JJ omissions_NNS in_IN the_ATI J02 75 Mosaic_JNP narrative_NN in_RB J02 76 general_RB" and_CC the_ATI account_NN of_IN Noah's_NP$ flood_NN in_RB J02 76 particular_RB" ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI essay_NN ,_, J02 77 Woodward_NP promises_VBZ to_TO *'_*' give_VB myself_PPL up_RP to_TO J02 77 be_BE guided_VBN wholly_RB by_IN matter_NN of_IN J02 78 fact_NN ;_; intending_VBG to_TO steer_VB that_DT course_NN which_WDTR J02 78 is_BEZ thus_RB agreed_VBN of_IN all_ABN hands_NNS J02 79 to_TO be_BE the_ATI best_JJT and_CC surest_JJT :_: and_CC not_XNOT J02 79 to_TO offer_VB anything_PN but_IN what_WDT hath_HVZ J02 80 due_JJ warrant_NN from_IN observations_NNS ;_; and_CC those_DTS J02 80 both_ABX carefully_RB made_VBN and_CC J02 81 faithfully_RB related_VBN **'_**' ._. ^ never_RB can_MD a_AT promise_NN J02 81 made_VBN so_QL fervently_RB have_HV J02 82 been_BEN so_QL lamentably_RB forgotten_VBN in_IN the_ATI course_NN J02 82 of_IN a_AP few_AP" pages_NNS ._. ^ Woodward_NP J02 83 imagined_VBD that_CS the_ATI flood_NN had_HVD transformed_VBN the_ATI J02 83 globe_NN into_IN a_AT porridge-like_JJ J02 84 mass_NN and_CC that_CS the_ATI strata_NNS and_CC the_ATI organic_JJ J02 84 remains_NNS had_HVD subsided_VBN to_TO J02 85 stratify_VB in_IN layers_NNS according_IN to_IN" their_PP$ specific_JJ J02 85 gravity_NN ._. ^ fantastic_JJ as_CS J02 86 the_ATI theory_NN is_BEZ ,_, it_PP3 becomes_VBZ more_QL so_PN when_WRB J02 86 we_PP1AS learn_VB that_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ acceptable_JJ J02 87 to_IN diluvialists_NNS in_IN England_NP and_CC abroad_RB for_IN many_AP J02 87 years_NNS ._. J02 88 ^ with_IN regard_NN to_IN the_ATI deluge_NN ,_, let_VB me_PP1O J02 88 say_VB that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ its_PP$ world-wide_JJ J02 89 occurrence_NN which_WDTR makes_VBZ physical_JJ difficulties_NNS ._. ^ J02 89 an_AT extensive_JJ ,_, though_CS J02 90 local_JJ ,_, inundation_NN can_MD easily_RB be_BE explained_VBN ,_, J02 90 but_CC where_WRB did_DOD the_ATI water_NN J02 91 issue_VB from_IN and_CC to_IN where_WRB did_DOD it_PP3 retreat_VB to_IN J02 91 if_CS there_EX was_BEDZ enough_DTI to_TO cover_VB J02 92 the_ATI whole_JJ surface_NN ?_? ^ I_PP1A like_VB Woodward's_NP$ J02 92 approach_NN to_IN this_DT problem_NN ._. ^ *'_*' for_IN J02 93 my_PP$ part_NN ,_, **'_**' he_PP3A says_VBZ ,_, *'_*' my_PP$ subject_NN J02 93 does_DOZ not_XNOT necessarily_RB oblige_VB me_PP1O to_TO J02 94 look_VB after_IN this_DT water_NN ;_; or_CC to_TO point_VB forth_RP J02 94 the_ATI place_NN whereunto_WRB 't_PP3 is_BEZ J02 95 now_RN retreated_VBN ._. ^ for_CS when_WRB ,_, from_IN the_ATI J02 95 sea-shells_NNS and_CC other_AP remains_NNS of_IN the_ATI J02 96 deluge_NN ,_, I_PP1A shall_MD have_HV given_VBN you_PP2 undeniable_JJ J02 96 evidence_NN that_CS it_PP3 did_DOD J02 97 actually_RB cover_VB all_ABN parts_NNS of_IN the_ATI earth_NN ;_; J02 97 it_PP3 must_MD needs_RB follow_VB that_CS there_EX J02 98 was_BEDZ then_RN water_NN enough_DTI to_TO do_DO it_PP3 ,_, where_WRB J02 98 it_PP3 may_MD be_BE now_RN hid_VBN ,_, or_CC whether_CS it_PP3 J02 99 be_BE still_RB in_IN being_BEG or_CC not_XNOT ._. **'_**' ^ one_CD1 J02 99 is_BEZ tempted_VBN to_TO say_VB ,_, *'_*' when_WRB you_PP2 come_VB J02 100 to_IN an_AT insurmountable_JJ obstacle_NN look_VB it_PP3 squarely_RB J02 100 in_IN the_ATI face_NN and_CC pass_VB J02 101 on_RP **'_**' ,_, were_BED it_PP3 not_XNOT that_CS the_ATI argument_NN J02 101 is_BEZ sound_JJ ,_, granted_VBN the_ATI premises_NNS ._. J02 102 ^ as_CS might_MD have_HV been_BEN expected_VBN ,_, the_ATI hint_NN J02 102 of_IN the_ATI marvellous_JJ and_CC the_ATI J02 103 untrammelled_JJ speculation_NN emanating_VBG from_IN *'_*' fossil_NN J02 103 stones_NNS **'_**' could_MD not_XNOT J02 104 fail_VB to_TO attract_VB the_ATI attention_NN of_IN that_DT J02 104 delightful_JJ character_NN ,_, John_NP J02 105 Aubrey_NP ._. ^ we_PP1AS turn_VB to_IN his_PP$ natural_JJ history_NN J02 105 of_IN Wiltshire_NP confidently_RB J02 106 expecting_VBG some_DTI delicious_JJ things_NNS ._. ^ now_RN there_EX J02 106 is_BEZ a_AT great_JJ deal_NN of_IN truth_NN J02 107 in_IN the_ATI notion_NN that_CS the_ATI geological_JJ environment_NN J02 107 is_BEZ the_ATI primary_JJ factor_NN in_IN J02 108 determining_VBG the_ATI character_NN of_IN a_AT country_NN ;_; not_XNOT J02 108 only_RB topographically_RB but_CC J02 109 historically_RB ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI course_NN of_IN history_NN is_BEZ J02 109 channelled_VBN by_IN economics_NN ,_, J02 110 then_RN surely_RB natural_JJ resources_NNS lie_VB at_IN the_ATI J02 110 foundation_NN of_IN a_AT country's_NN$ J02 111 development_NN ._. ^ and_CC as_CS men_NNS are_BER the_ATI products_NNS J02 111 of_IN their_PP$ times_NNS ,_, the_ATI national_JJ J02 112 character_NN contains_VBZ at_RB least_RB" an_AT element_NN imposed_VBN J02 112 upon_IN it_PP3 by_IN the_ATI J02 113 inanimate_JJ environment_NN ._. ^ Aubrey_NP recognizes_VBZ this_DT J02 113 on_IN a_AT very_QL fine_JJ scale_NN J02 114 indeed_QLP ._. ^ I_PP1A quote_VB :_: *'_*' according_IN to_IN" the_ATI J02 114 several_AP sorts_NNS of_IN earth_NN in_IN England_NP J02 115 (_( and_CC so_RB all_ABN the_ATI world_NN over_RP )_) the_ATI J02 115 indigenae_NNS are_BER respectively_RB witty_JJ or_CC J02 116 dull_JJ ,_, good_JJ or_CC bad_JJ ._. ^ in_IN north_NR Wiltshire_NP J02 116 ..._... a_AT dirty_JJ clayey_JJ country_NN the_ATI J02 117 indigenae_NNS speake_VB drawling_VBG ;_; they_PP3AS are_BER J02 117 phlegmatique_JJ ,_, skins_NNS pale_JJ and_CC J02 118 livid_JJ ,_, slow_JJ and_CC dull_JJ ,_, heavy_JJ of_IN spirit_NN J02 118 ..._... melancholy_JJ ,_, contemplative_JJ J02 119 and_CC malicious_JJ ;_; by_IN consequence_NN whereof_WRB come_VB J02 119 more_AP law_NN suites_NNS out_RP of_IN J02 120 north_NR \0Wilts_NP ,_, at_RB least_RB" double_JJ to_IN the_ATI J02 120 southern_JJ parts_NNS **'_**' which_WDTR ,_, bye_RB the_RB" J02 121 bye_RB" ,_, are_BER composed_VBN of_IN chalk_NN ._. J02 122 ^ as_IN to_IN" Aubrey's_NP$ notions_NNS on_IN fossils_NNS we_PP1AS J02 122 simply_RB record_VB that_CS he_PP3A was_BEDZ J02 123 much_RB plagued_VBN with_IN notions_NNS about_IN earthquakes_NNS and_CC J02 123 their_PP$ possible_JJ J02 124 consequences_NNS on_IN the_ATI earth's_NN$ rotation_NN ;_; and_CC if_CS J02 124 he_PP3A recognized_VBD that_CS J02 125 fossils_NNS give_VB *'_*' clear_JJ evidence_NN that_CS the_ATI earth_NN J02 125 hath_HVZ been_BEN all_RB covered_VBN J02 126 over_RP by_IN water_NN **'_**' and_CC when_WRB he_PP3A *'_*' J02 126 often-times_RB wishes_VBZ for_IN a_AT mappe_NN of_IN J02 127 England_NP coloured_VBN according_IN to_IN" the_ATI colours_NNS of_IN J02 127 the_ATI earths_NNS with_IN marks_NNS of_IN J02 128 the_ATI fossiles_NNS and_CC minerals_NNS **'_**' ,_, we_PP1AS J02 128 conclude_VB that_CS he_PP3A read_VBD his_PP$ J02 129 philosophical_JJ transactions_NNS and_CC was_BEDZ acquainted_VBN J02 129 with_IN Hooke_NP and_CC Lister_NP ._. J02 130 ^ as_IN an_AT example_NN of_IN the_ATI type_NN of_IN ingenuity_NN J02 130 provoked_VBN by_IN a_AT chance_JJB J02 131 stimulus_NN ,_, we_PP1AS have_HV the_ATI theory_NN of_IN the_ATI J02 131 earth_NN due_JJ to_IN Whiston_NP ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J02 132 latter_AP years_NNS of_IN the_ATI seventeenth_OD century_NN comets_NNS J02 132 were_BED *'_*' in_IN the_ATI air_NN **'_**' ,_, J02 133 as_CS it_PP3 were_BED ._. ^ the_ATI comet_NN which_WDTR led_VBD J02 133 Newton_NP to_TO predict_VB their_PP$ parabolic_JJ J02 134 orbits_NNS was_BEDZ visible_JJ between_IN December_NR 1680_CD and_CC J02 134 March_NR 1681_CD ._. ^ Halley's_NP$ J02 135 even_RB more_QL famous_JJ comet_NN with_IN a_AT much_RB less_QL J02 135 eccentric_JJ elliptical_JJ orbit_NN ,_, J02 136 having_HVG a_AT period_NN of_IN 75_CD to_IN 76_CD years_NNS ,_, J02 136 was_BEDZ visible_JJ in_IN 1682_CD ._. J02 137 ^ Whiston_NP conjectures_VBZ that_CS Newton's_NP$ comet_NN was_BEDZ J02 137 the_ATI same_AP as_IN that_DT J02 138 recorded_VBN in_IN 44_CD \0B.C_RB ,_, \0A.D_RB 531_CD and_CC \0A.D_RB J02 138 1106_CD which_WDTR suggested_VBD a_AT J02 139 period_NN of_IN 575_CD years_NNS or_CC so_PN ._. ^ he_PP3A notes_VBZ J02 139 that_CS ,_, of_IN two_CD postulated_JJ dates_NNS for_IN J02 140 Noah's_NP$ flood_NN ,_, namely_RB ,_, 2349_CD \0B.C_RB and_CC 2926_CD J02 140 \0B.C_RB ,_, the_ATI discrepancy_NN J02 141 of_IN 577_CD years_NNS is_BEZ near_RI enough_QLP to_IN the_ATI J02 141 assumed_JJ period_NN of_IN Newton's_NP$ comet_NN ;_; J02 142 so_CS that_CS" what_WDT ever_WDT" date_NN for_IN the_ATI flood_NN be_BE J02 142 accepted_VBN ,_, the_ATI J02 143 interval_NN between_IN it_PP3 and_CC 1681_CD was_BEDZ an_AT integral_JJ J02 143 multiple_NN (_( 7_CD or_CC 8_CD )_) of_IN the_ATI J02 144 postulated_JJ period_NN of_IN revolution_NN of_IN Newton's_NP$ comet_NN J02 144 ._. ^ note_VB ,_, however_RB ,_, J02 145 that_CS this_DT period_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT calculated_VBN from_IN J02 145 the_ATI observed_JJ visible_JJ portion_NN J02 146 of_IN the_ATI comet's_NN$ orbit_NN ,_, but_CC inferred_VBN from_IN J02 146 certain_JJ coincidental_JJ dates_NNS ._. J02 147 ^ nevertheless_RB ,_, having_HVG convinced_VBN himself_PPL that_CS a_AT J02 147 comet_NN stood_VBD above_IN the_ATI J02 148 earth_NN at_IN the_ATI time_NN of_IN the_ATI deluge_NN he_PP3A J02 148 invoked_VBD one_CD1 to_TO explain_VB the_ATI other_AP ._. J02 149 ^ the_ATI earth_NN passed_VBN through_IN the_ATI watery_JJ vapours_NNS J02 149 of_IN the_ATI comet's_NN$ tail_NN ,_, and_CC J02 150 the_ATI *'_*' floodgates_NNS of_IN heaven_NN **'_**' were_BED J02 150 opened_VBN whilst_CS its_PP$ gravitational_JJ J02 151 attraction_NN fractured_VBD the_ATI earth's_NN$ crust_NN whence_WRB J02 151 emerged_VBD the_ATI *'_*' waters_NNS of_IN J02 152 the_ATI deep_NN **'_**' ._. ^ the_ATI rest_NN of_IN Whiston's_NP$ J02 152 theory_NN is_BEZ according_IN to_IN" Woodward_NP J02 153 with_IN wholesale_JJB extinction_NN of_IN life_NN and_CC its_PP$ J02 153 stratification_NN according_IN to_IN" J02 154 specific_JJ gravity_NN in_IN a_AT porridgey_JJ mass_NN which_WDTR J02 154 ultimately_RB hardened_VBD into_IN J02 155 the_ATI stratified_JJ crust_NN ._. ^ the_ATI whole_JJ theory_NN is_BEZ J02 155 ludicrous_JJ ;_; but_CC if_CS the_ATI rules_NNS J02 156 of_IN the_ATI game_NN are_BER first_RB to_TO invoke_VB only_RB J02 156 recorded_JJ catastrophes_NNS and_CC ,_, J02 157 secondly_RB ,_, to_TO pay_VB due_JJ regard_NN to_IN contemporary_JJ J02 157 scientific_JJ fashions_NNS ,_, then_RN ,_, J02 158 surely_RB ,_, Whiston's_NP$ attempt_NN is_BEZ a_AT gem_NN of_IN its_PP$ J02 158 kind_NN ._. ^ Molyneux's_NP$ suggestion_NN J02 159 that_CS the_ATI extinction_NN of_IN the_ATI Irish_JNP elk_NN was_BEDZ J02 159 due_JJ to_IN plague_NN is_BEZ perhaps_RB a_AT J02 160 similar_JJ piece_NN of_IN opportunism_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ the_ATI J02 160 type_NN of_IN explanation_NN involved_VBN J02 161 in_IN explaining_VBG wet_JJ summers_NNS by_IN atom-bomb_NN J02 161 explosions_NNS ._. J02 162 ^ amidst_IN this_DT welter_NN of_IN conflicting_JJ opinion_NN J02 162 the_ATI truth_NN was_BEDZ there_RN J02 163 waiting_VBG to_TO be_BE disseminated_VBN ._. ^ Robert_NP Hooke_NP in_IN J02 163 England_NP and_CC Nicholas_NP J02 164 Steno_NP in_IN Italy_NP had_HVD published_VBN opinions_NNS which_WDTR J02 164 ,_, had_HVD they_PP3AS been_BEN combined_VBN ,_, J02 165 would_MD have_HV opened_VBN up_RP the_ATI subject_NN 150_CD years_NNS J02 165 before_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ destined_VBN to_TO J02 166 flower_VB ._. J02 167 ^ but_CC these_DTS were_BED writing_VBG in_IN advance_NN of_IN J02 167 their_PP$ times_NNS and_CC were_BED J02 168 consequently_RB ignored_VBN ._. ^ thus_RB Hooke_NP in_IN 1688_CD in_IN J02 168 a_AT discourse_NN on_IN J02 169 earthquakes_NNS not_XNOT only_RB knew_VBD fossils_NNS for_IN what_WDT J02 169 they_PP3AS were_BED but_CC said_VBD that_CS J02 170 *'_*' it_PP3 would_MD not_XNOT be_BE impossible_JJ to_TO raise_VB a_AT J02 170 chronology_NN out_RP of_IN them_PP3OS **'_**' ._. J02 171 ^ the_ATI occurrence_NN of_IN fossil_NN turtles_NNS in_IN the_ATI J02 171 London_NP clay_NN of_IN the_ATI Isle_NPL of_IN J02 172 Sheppey_NP led_VBD him_PP3O to_TO conclude_VB that_CS England_NP J02 172 had_HVD formerly_RB enjoyed_VBN a_AT warmer_JJR J02 173 climate_NN than_IN today_NR ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ the_ATI first_OD J02 173 suggestion_NN for_IN an_AT J02 174 investigation_NN into_IN palaeoclimatology_NN ,_, a_AT subject_NN J02 174 which_WDTR is_BEZ not_XNOT J02 175 completely_RB established_VBN today_NR ,_, although_CS inferences_NNS J02 175 made_VBN from_IN fossil_NN J02 176 faunas_NNS lie_VB at_IN the_ATI heart_NN of_IN its_PP$ present_JJ J02 176 development_NN ._. J02 177 ^ nineteen_CD years_NNS before_IN Hooke's_NP$ discourse_NN ,_, J02 177 the_ATI implications_NNS of_IN J02 178 stratification_NN had_HVD been_BEN announced_VBN to_IN an_AT J02 178 indifferent_JJ scientific_JJ world_NN J02 179 by_IN Steno_NP ._. ^ as_IN founder_NN of_IN the_ATI science_NN of_IN J02 179 crystallography_NN ,_, Steno_NP would_MD J02 180 hardly_RB confuse_VB crystals_NNS with_IN true_JJ fossils_NNS ._. ^ J02 180 it_PP3 is_BEZ a_AT pity_NN that_CS their_PP$ J02 181 chronological_JJ possibilities_NNS were_BED not_XNOT added_VBN to_IN J02 181 his_PP$ insight_NN into_IN J02 182 stratification_NN ._. ^ but_CC both_ABX Hooke_NP and_CC Steno_NP J02 182 threw_VBD out_RP their_PP$ geological_JJ J02 183 ideas_NNS incidentally_RB to_IN their_PP$ main_JJB pursuits_NNS ;_; J02 183 and_CC their_PP$ contemporaries_NNS to_IN J02 184 whom_WPOR geology_NN was_BEDZ their_PP$ main_JJB interest_NN were_BED J02 184 unable_JJ to_TO appreciate_VB their_PP$ J02 185 foresight_NN ._. ^ for_IN instance_NN ,_, their_PP$ record_NN of_IN J02 185 fossils_NNS at_IN either_DTX a_AT J02 186 particular_JJ height_NN above_IN sea-level_NN or_CC depth_NN below_IN J02 186 the_ATI surface_NN in_IN mines_NNS J02 187 and_CC quarries_NNS shows_VBZ their_PP$ ignorance_NN of_IN the_ATI J02 187 subject_NN of_IN stratification_NN ._. J02 188 ^ except_CS in_IN the_ATI rare_JJ horizontally_RB bedded_VBN rocks_NNS J02 188 these_DTS data_NNS have_HV no_ATI J02 189 significance_NN chronologically_RB ._. J03 2 ^ \0Dr_NPT Smithson_NP ,_, I_PP1A think_VB it_PP3 was_BEDZ ,_, J03 2 mentioned_VBD the_ATI evidence_NN to_TO be_BE J03 3 obtained_VBN through_IN the_ATI examination_NN of_IN stones_NNS ._. ^ J03 3 their_PP$ orientation_NN will_MD J03 4 give_VB a_AT sense_NN of_IN the_ATI direction_NN of_IN movement_NN J03 4 and_CC often_RB a_AT good_JJ deal_NN can_MD be_BE J03 5 learned_VBN from_IN the_ATI kind_NN of_IN stone_NN ._. ^ I_PP1A J03 5 would_MD make_VB a_AT plea_NN here_RN that_CS I_PP1A have_HV J03 6 heard_VBN \0Dr_NPT Smithson_NP make_VB so_QL often_RB ._. ^ a_AT J03 6 stone_NN ,_, if_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ to_TO be_BE examined_VBN J03 7 at_IN all_ABN ,_, deserves_VBZ it_PP3 only_RB after_CS it_PP3 has_HVZ J03 7 been_BEN scrubbed_VBN clean_JJ in_IN the_ATI J03 8 laboratory_NN ,_, and_CC indeed_RB after_IN the_ATI J03 8 macro-examination_NN efforts_NNS might_MD J03 9 profitably_RB be_BE extended_VBN to_IN microscopic_JJ examination_NN J03 9 of_IN a_AT thin_JJ J03 10 section_NN ._. J03 11 ^ as_IN to_IN" the_ATI examination_NN of_IN stones_NNS in_IN a_AT J03 11 soil_NN profile_NN ,_, I_PP1A would_MD J03 12 repeat_VB my_PP$ own_AP rather_RB stale_JJ and_CC weary_JJ warning_NN J03 12 ._. ^ stones_NNS in_IN a_AT soil_NN J03 13 profile_NN are_BER those_DTS things_NNS that_WPR have_HV failed_VBN J03 13 to_TO weather_VB to_TO form_VB a_AT soil_NN ._. J03 14 ^ do_DO not_XNOT ignore_VB them_PP3OS but_CC at_RB least_RB" pay_VB J03 14 them_PP3OS less_AP attention_NN than_IN the_ATI fine_JJ J03 15 fractions_NNS ._. J03 16 ^ let_VB us_PP1OS suppose_VB that_CS we_PP1AS have_HV succeeded_VBN J03 16 in_IN making_VBG a_AT full_JJ assessment_NN J03 17 of_IN a_AT parent_NN material_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS are_BER still_RB J03 17 left_VBN with_IN many_AP other_AP factors_NNS which_WDTR J03 18 will_MD ultimately_RB influence_VB the_ATI processes_NNS of_IN J03 18 profile_NN formation_NN ._. J03 19 ^ there_EX are_BER (_( a_ZZ )_) the_ATI topography_NN of_IN the_ATI J03 19 site_NN which_WDTR influences_VBZ J03 20 drainage_NN ,_, surface_NN run-off_NN and_CC the_ATI chances_NNS of_IN J03 20 erosion_NN ,_, (_( think_VB of_IN this_DT J03 21 in_IN relation_NN to_IN the_ATI mass_NN of_IN debris_NN left_VBN J03 21 after_IN the_ATI retreat_NN of_IN the_ATI ice_NN J03 22 sheet_NN )_) ,_, (_( b_ZZ )_) the_ATI climate_NN within_IN the_ATI J03 22 developing_JJ profile_NN *-_*- a_AT J03 23 composite_NN of_IN temperature_NN ,_, rainfall_NN ,_, evaporation_NN J03 23 and_CC transpiration_NN and_CC J03 24 drainage_NN ._. ^ (_( a_ZZ )_) and_CC (_( b_ZZ )_) indirectly_RB J03 24 influence_VB (_( c_ZZ )_) the_ATI kind_NN of_IN J03 25 vegetation_NN which_WDTR can_MD in_IN turn_NN check_VB the_ATI J03 25 processes_NNS of_IN decay_NN and_CC J03 26 leaching_NN in_IN some_DTI cases_NNS and_CC in_IN others_APS hasten_VB J03 26 them_PP3OS ._. ^ sets_NNS of_IN slides_NNS were_BED J03 27 then_RN shown_VBN to_TO illustrate_VB the_ATI effect_NN of_IN :_: *-_*- J03 29 ^ (_( 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ altitude_NN ._. J03 30 ^ parent_NN material_NN :_: Silurian_JNP shale_NN drift_NN ._. J03 31 ^ (_( a_ZZ )_) ._. ^ at_IN 1,200_CD above_IN sea_NN level_NN J03 31 producing_VBG peat_NN ,_, peaty_JJ gley_NN J03 32 and_CC gley_NN podzolic_JJ and_CC slightly_RB podzolic_JJ profiles_NNS J03 32 ._. J03 33 ^ (_( b_ZZ )_) ._. ^ at_IN 250_CD above_IN sea_NN level_NN ._. ^ J03 33 brown_JJ forest_NN soil_NN of_IN good_JJ base_NN J03 34 status_NN ._. J03 35 ^ (_( 2_CD )_) ._. ^ rainfall_NN ._. J03 36 ^ common_JJ parent_NN material_NN sandy_JJ textured_JJ drift_NN J03 36 of_IN mainly_RB J03 37 carboniferous_JJ limestone_NN ._. J03 39 ^ \0Co_NPL Roscommon_NP ,_, Ireland_NP ._. ^ 45_CD -50_CD mean_JJ J03 39 annual_JJ rainfall_NN *?23_&FO J03 40 podzol_NN ._. J03 41 ^ \0Co_NPL Meath_NP 30_CD mean_JJ annual_JJ rainfall_NN ,_, high_JJ J03 41 base_NN status_NN ,_, brown_JJ J03 42 forest_NN soil_NN ._. J03 44 ^ (_( 3_CD )_) ._. ^ vegetation_NN ._. J03 45 ^ site_NN Knightwood_NP inclosure_NN ,_, New_NP Forest_NPL ,_, J03 45 Hampshire_NP ._. J03 46 ^ parent_NN material_NN Barton_NP sand_NN ._. J03 47 ^ planted_VBN 1860_CD oak_NN *?23_&FO low_JJ base_NN status_NN ,_, J03 47 brown_JJ forest_NN soil_NN ._. J03 48 ^ Scots_JNP pine_NN *?23_&FO deep_JJ humus_NN podzol_NN ._. J03 49 ^ soil_NN development_NN on_IN drift_NN deposits_NNS of_IN the_ATI J03 49 Welsh_JNP borderland_NN ._. J03 50 ^ by_IN \0D_NP MacKney_NP ._. J03 51 ^ since_CS little_AP pedological_JJ investigation_NN has_HVZ J03 51 been_BEN directed_VBN to_IN J03 52 drift_NN deposits_NNS of_IN the_ATI Welsh_JNP borderland_NN ,_, J03 52 outside_IN certain_JJ areas_NNS in_IN J03 53 Shropshire_NP and_CC Cheshire_NP ,_, this_DT discussion_NN of_IN J03 53 soil_NN development_NN is_BEZ J03 54 centred_VBN on_IN the_ATI Cheshire-Shropshire_NP plain_NN ._. J03 55 ^ for_IN the_ATI most_AP part_NN this_DT plain_NN is_BEZ below_IN J03 55 300_CD \0ft_NNU ,_, abutting_VBG to_IN the_ATI J03 56 west_NR against_IN the_ATI eastern_JJ uplands_NNS of_IN Wales_NP and_CC J03 56 in_IN the_ATI south_NR fringing_VBG J03 57 the_ATI pre-Cambrian_JNP and_CC Palaeozoic_JNP rocks_NNS of_IN the_ATI J03 57 south_NR Shropshire_NP uplands_NNS ._. J03 58 ^ this_DT gently_RB undulating_JJ ,_, sometimes_RB flat_JJ surface_NN J03 58 masks_VBZ an_AT extremely_RB J03 59 complex_JJ series_NN of_IN glacial_JJ deposits_NNS which_WDTR are_BER J03 59 often_RB very_QL thick_JJ ,_, so_CS that_CS" J03 60 only_RB a_AP few_AP" isolated_JJ ridges_NNS of_IN Trias_NP sandstone_NN J03 60 obtrude_VB ._. J03 61 ^ the_ATI glacial_JJ events_NNS which_WDTR have_HV led_VBN to_IN J03 61 the_ATI formation_NN of_IN the_ATI midland_JJB J03 62 plain_NN are_BER controversial_JJ in_IN detail_NN ,_, but_CC some_DTI J03 62 conclusions_NNS are_BER J03 63 universally_RB accepted_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI deposits_NNS which_WDTR J03 63 form_VB the_ATI plain_NN have_HV been_BEN J03 64 derived_VBN from_IN the_ATI Palaeozoic_JNP rocks_NNS of_IN Wales_NP J03 64 and_CC the_ATI north_NR ,_, as_CC well_CC" as_CC" J03 65 from_IN the_ATI underlying_JJ Triassic_JNP rocks_NNS ._. ^ however_RB J03 65 it_PP3 is_BEZ probable_JJ that_CS a_AT J03 66 good_JJ deal_NN of_IN the_ATI surface_NN layers_NNS of_IN drift_NN J03 66 have_HV been_BEN affected_VBN by_IN sorting_NN J03 67 and_CC grading_NN ,_, which_WDTR is_BEZ presumed_VBN to_TO have_HV J03 67 taken_VBN place_NN during_IN the_ATI J03 68 withdrawal_NN of_IN the_ATI ice_NN front_NN ,_, when_WRB melting_NN J03 68 released_VBD vast_JJ amounts_NNS of_IN J03 69 water_NN ._. ^ the_ATI evidence_NN for_IN this_DT lies_VBZ in_IN J03 69 the_ATI occurrence_NN of_IN glacial_JJ sands_NNS J03 70 and_CC gravels_NNS ,_, as_CC well_CC" as_CC" glacial_JJ clays_NNS ,_, J03 70 which_WDTR are_BER sometimes_RB laminated_JJ ._. J03 71 ^ throughout_IN the_ATI region_NN there_EX are_BER isolated_JJ J03 71 basin_NN sites_NNS which_WDTR are_BER J03 72 thought_VBN to_TO be_BE remnants_NNS of_IN old_JJ glacial_JJ lakes_NNS J03 72 where_WRB water_NN was_BEDZ trapped_VBN J03 73 through_IN the_ATI haphazard_JJ deposition_NN of_IN glacial_JJ J03 73 debris_NN ._. ^ many_AP of_IN these_DTS J03 74 have_HV since_RI been_BEN filled_VBN by_IN peat_NN which_WDTR J03 74 presumably_RB developed_VBD in_IN Atlantic_NP J03 75 and_CC Sub-Atlantic_JNP times_NNS ._. J03 76 ^ brown_JJ earths_NNS in_IN Britain_NP ._. J03 77 ^ for_IN many_AP years_NNS in_IN Britain_NP the_ATI brown_JJ J03 77 earth_NN group_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J03 78 divided_VBN into_IN high_JJ and_CC low_JJ base_NN status_NN soils_NNS J03 78 ;_; the_ATI sub-division_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J03 79 arbitrarily_RB made_VBN ,_, and_CC in_IN some_DTI cases_NNS a_AT J03 79 \0pH_NN of_IN 6.5_CD in_IN the_ATI B_ZZ horizon_NN has_HVZ J03 80 been_BEN accepted_VBN as_IN a_AT line_NN of_IN division_NN ._. ^ J03 80 since_CS soils_NNS within_IN the_ATI brown_JJ J03 81 earth_NN group_NN ,_, apart_IN from_IN" limed_JJ soils_NNS and_CC J03 81 those_DTS marginal_JJ in_IN affinity_NN to_IN J03 82 calcareous_JJ soils_NNS ,_, rarely_RB have_HV a_AT \0pH_NN of_IN 6.5_CD J03 82 in_IN the_ATI B_ZZ horizon_NN the_ATI J03 83 system_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT perfect_JJ ._. ^ when_WRB examining_VBG J03 83 agricultural_JJ soils_NNS great_JJ J03 84 confusion_NN can_MD result_VB ,_, for_CS soils_NNS which_WDTR are_BER J03 84 of_IN low_JJ base_NN status_NN under_IN J03 85 semi-natural_JJ conditions_NNS can_MD be_BE induced_VBN to_TO J03 85 maintain_VB the_ATI chemistry_NN of_IN J03 86 high_JJ base_NN status_NN soils_NNS by_IN liming_NN and_CC J03 86 fertilizing_NN ._. ^ in_IN parts_NNS of_IN western_JJ J03 87 Europe_NP and_CC eastern_JJ United_NP States_NP of_IN America_NP ,_, J03 87 where_WRB pedologists_NNS are_BER J03 88 concerned_VBN with_IN soils_NNS in_IN similar_JJ environments_NNS to_IN J03 88 Britain_NP ,_, two_CD main_JJB J03 89 sub-divisions_NNS of_IN soils_NNS similar_JJ to_IN our_PP$ brown_JJ J03 89 earths_NNS are_BER recognised_VBN J03 90 (_( 1_CD1 )_) acid_JJ soils_NNS with_IN textural_JJ B_ZZ horizons_NNS J03 90 ,_, \0i.e_RB ,_, with_IN B_ZZ horizons_NNS J03 91 at_RB least_RB" partly_RB formed_VBN by_IN illuviated_JJ clay_NN ,_, J03 91 (_( in_IN western_JJ Europe_NP Sol_&FW J03 92 brun_&FW lessive*?2_&FW and_CC Sol_&FW lessive*?2_&FW ;_; in_IN J03 92 \0U.S.A_NP J03 93 grey-brown_JJ podzolic_JJ soil_NN )_) :_: (_( 2_CD )_) strongly_RB J03 93 acid_JJ soils_NNS without_IN J03 94 textural_JJ B_ZZ horizons_NNS ,_, (_( Sol_&FW brun_&FW acide_&FW ,_, J03 94 western_JJ Europe_NP and_CC J03 95 \0U.S.A_NP )_) ._. ^ obviously_RB many_AP more_AP characteristics_NNS J03 95 are_BER required_VBN to_TO J03 96 define_VB these_DTS sub-divisions_NNS ,_, but_CC these_DTS will_MD J03 96 be_BE considered_VBN later_RBR ._. J03 97 ^ in_IN Britain_NP ,_, on_IN soil_NN maps_NNS of_IN our_PP$ J03 97 country_NN we_PP1AS have_HV used_VBN both_ABX J03 98 grey-brown_JJ podzolic_JJ soil_NN and_CC sol_&FW brun_&FW acide_&FW J03 98 as_CS descriptive_JJ J03 99 terms_NNS for_IN particular_JJ areas_NNS ._. ^ however_RB ,_, since_CS J03 99 in_IN the_ATI west_NR midlands_NNS ,_, J03 100 soils_NNS with_IN textural_JJ B_ZZ horizons_NNS are_BER less_QL well_RB J03 100 developed_VBN than_IN typical_JJ J03 101 grey-brown_JJ podzolic_JJ soils_NNS ,_, advantage_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J03 101 taken_VBN of_IN the_ATI units_NNS used_VBN J03 102 in_IN western_JJ Europe_NP ._. ^ here_RN well_RB developed_VBN J03 102 soils_NNS with_IN moder_NN humus_NN and_CC J03 103 textural_JJ B_ZZ horizons_NNS are_BER called_VBN sol_&FW lessive*?2_&FW J03 103 and_CC less_QL well_RB J03 104 developed_JJ soils_NNS with_IN mull_NN humus_NN ,_, sol_&FW brun_&FW J03 104 lessive*?2_&FW ;_; thus_RB ,_, J03 105 the_ATI latter_AP unit_NN ,_, can_MD be_BE properly_RB used_VBN to_TO J03 105 describe_VB soils_NNS in_IN the_ATI J03 106 midlands_NNS ._. J03 107 **[formula**]_&FO J03 108 ._. ^ soil_NN development_NN ._. J03 109 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ possible_JJ to_TO extract_VB two_CD important_JJ J03 109 groups_NNS from_IN the_ATI variety_NN J03 110 of_IN soils_NNS which_WDTR occur_VB on_IN the_ATI drift_NN deposits_NNS J03 110 of_IN the_ATI Cheshire-Shropshire_NP J03 111 plain_NN ,_, and_CC these_DTS can_MD be_BE used_VBN to_TO illustrate_VB J03 111 the_ATI type_NN of_IN soil_NN formation_NN J03 112 characteristic_NN of_IN the_ATI region_NN ._. ^ the_ATI two_CD J03 112 groups_NNS of_IN soils_NNS exemplify_VB J03 113 relationships_NNS within_IN an_AT extremely_RB complex_JJ region_NN ._. J03 114 ^ (_( 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ sols_&FW bruns_&FW acides_&FW and_CC J03 114 podzolised_JJ soils_NNS associated_VBN J03 115 with_IN glacial_JJ sands_NNS and_CC gravels_NNS ._. J03 116 ^ (_( 2_CD )_) ._. ^ sols_&FW bruns_&FW lessive*?2s_&FW and_CC J03 116 surface-water_JJB gley_NN J03 117 soils_NNS associated_VBN with_IN glacial_JJ clays_NNS ._. J03 118 ^ (_( 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ sols_&FW bruns_&FW acides_&FW and_CC J03 118 podzolised_JJ soils_NNS ._. J03 119 ^ the_ATI glacial_JJ sands_NNS are_BER highly_RB siliceous_JJ ,_, J03 119 base_NN poor_JJ parent_NN J03 120 materials_NNS ,_, generally_RB with_IN less_AP than_IN 10_CD per_NNU J03 120 \0cent_NNU" clay_NN ,_, and_CC most_QL J03 121 frequently_RB with_IN less_AP than_IN 5_CD per_NNU \0cent_NNU" clay_NN J03 121 ._. ^ the_ATI acid_JJ soils_NNS which_WDTR J03 122 have_HV developed_VBN support_VB a_AT semi-natural_JJ cover_NN of_IN J03 122 heath_NN ,_, or_CC of_IN deciduous_JJ J03 123 wood-land_NN consisting_VBG of_IN oak_NN and_CC birch_NN with_IN J03 123 some_DTI rowan_NN and_CC holly_NN ,_, and_CC a_AT J03 124 bracken_NN or_CC heathy_JJ type_NN of_IN ground_NN flora_NN ._. ^ J03 124 under_IN deciduous_JJ forest_NN the_ATI J03 125 humus_NN form_NN is_BEZ moder_NN ,_, with_IN F_ZZ and_CC H_ZZ J03 125 layers_NNS of_IN approximately_RB equal_JJ J03 126 thickness_NN ,_, and_CC under_IN heath_NN the_ATI humus_NN form_NN J03 126 is_BEZ frequently_RB difficult_JJ to_TO J03 127 assess_VB due_JJ to_IN periodic_JJ burning_NN ._. ^ beneath_IN J03 127 these_DTS humus_NN layers_NNS several_AP J03 128 types_NNS of_IN profile_NN may_MD be_BE found_VBN ,_, but_CC J03 128 frequently_RB the_ATI solum_NN is_BEZ freely_RB J03 129 drained_VBN ,_, and_CC shows_VBZ little_AP sign_NN of_IN development_NN J03 129 ,_, being_BEG uniformly_RB brown_JJ J03 130 in_IN colour_NN apart_IN from_IN" a_AT slight_JJ colour_NN (_( B_ZZ )_) J03 130 horizon_NN *-_*- this_DT typifies_VBZ the_ATI J03 131 sol_&FW brun_&FW acide_&FW ._. ^ in_IN detail_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ a_AT J03 131 strongly_RB desaturated_JJ soil_NN J03 132 throughout_RI ,_, with_IN single_JJ grain_NN or_CC weak_JJ crumb_NN J03 132 structures_NNS ,_, or_CC in_IN more_QL J03 133 loamy_JJ materials_NNS very_QL weak_JJ fine_JJ sub-angular_JJ blocky_JJ J03 133 structures_NNS ._. ^ there_EX J03 134 is_BEZ no_ATI texture_NN profile_NN ;_; estimates_NNS for_IN free_JJ J03 134 iron_NN do_DO not_XNOT indicate_VB any_DTI J03 135 iron_NN B_ZZ horizon_NN ,_, and_CC clay_NN ratios_NNS do_DO not_XNOT J03 135 show_VB any_DTI significant_JJ J03 136 differentiation_NN of_IN silica_NN and_CC sesquioxide_NN ._. J03 137 ^ the_ATI sol_&FW brun_&FW acide_&FW is_BEZ frequently_RB J03 137 associated_VBN in_IN the_ATI J03 138 landscape_NN with_IN soils_NNS showing_VBG signs_NNS of_IN J03 138 podzolisation_NN ,_, \0i.e_RB ,_, with_IN J03 139 soils_NNS having_HVG iron_NN and/or_CC humus_NN B_ZZ horizons_NNS ,_, J03 139 and_CC these_DTS may_MD be_BE found_VBN in_IN J03 140 different_JJ stages_NNS of_IN development_NN ._. ^ the_ATI course_NN J03 140 of_IN soil_NN development_NN J03 141 appears_VBZ to_TO be_BE sol_&FW brun_&FW acide_&FW *?23_&FO J03 141 podzolised_JJ sol_&FW brun_&FW J03 142 acide_&FW *?23_&FO humus-iron_JJB podzol_NN *?23_&FO humus_NN podzol_NN J03 142 (_( \0fig_NN 25_CD )_) ._. J03 143 ^ a_AT series_NN of_IN profiles_NNS examined_VBN at_IN Delamere_NP J03 143 ,_, north_NR Cheshire_NP ,_, on_IN J03 144 glacial_JJ sands_NNS illustrates_VBZ part_NN of_IN the_ATI J03 144 development_NN sequence_NN (_( \0fig_NN J03 145 26_CD )_) ._. ^ extensive_JJ areas_NNS in_IN Delamere_NP were_BED J03 145 planted_VBN with_IN oak_NN early_RB in_IN the_ATI J03 146 19th_OD century_NN ,_, and_CC more_RBR or_CC less_RBR cleared_VBN in_IN J03 146 the_ATI early_JJ years_NNS of_IN the_ATI first_OD J03 147 world_NN war_NN ._. ^ replanting_NN consisted_VBD mainly_RB of_IN J03 147 pine_NN ,_, though_CS some_DTI open_JJ ,_, J03 148 degenerate_JJ ,_, dry_JJ oak-birch_JJB woodland_NN remains_VBZ ._. J03 149 ^ the_ATI landscape_NN unit_NN drawn_VBN diagrammatically_RB (_( J03 149 \0fig_NN 26_CD )_) is_BEZ common_JJ J03 150 on_IN the_ATI Cheshire-Shropshire_NP plain_NN ,_, and_CC J03 150 illustrates_VBZ the_ATI gentle_JJ rolling_JJ J03 151 relief_NN ,_, with_IN a_AT peat-filled_JJ basin_NN ._. J03 152 ^ the_ATI podzolised_JJ sol_&FW brun_&FW acide_&FW has_HVZ the_ATI J03 152 following_JJ J03 153 characteristics_NNS :_: J03 154 ^ 1_CD1 ._. ^ thin_JJ moder_NN ,_, sharply_RB separated_VBN from_IN J03 154 the_ATI mineral_NN soil_NN ._. J03 155 ^ 2_CD ._. ^ some_DTI superficial_JJ bleaching_NN immediately_RB J03 155 below_IN the_ATI organic_JJ J03 156 layer_NN ._. J03 157 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ an_AT A*;e**;_&FO horizon_NN of_IN approximately_RB J03 157 9_CD \0ins_NNUS of_IN dark_JJ yellowish_JJ J03 158 brown_JJ (_( 10YR3/4_&FO )_) sand_NN in_IN which_WDTR there_EX are_BER J03 158 numerous_JJ bleached_JJ sand_NN grains_NNS ._. J03 159 ^ 4_CD ._. ^ a_AT B*;s**;_&FO horizon_NN of_IN 3/4_CD \0ins_NNUS J03 159 indicated_VBN by_IN the_ATI yellowish_JJ red_JJ J03 160 (_( 5YR5/6_&FO )_) colour_NN ._. J03 161 ^ hydrogen_NN peroxide_NN treatment_NN of_IN samples_NNS from_IN J03 161 the_ATI mineral_NN horizons_NNS J03 162 showed_VBD ,_, when_WRB the_ATI organic_JJ matter_NN was_BEDZ J03 162 removed_VBN ,_, that_CS there_EX is_BEZ a_AT well_RB J03 163 developed_JJ grey_JJ A*;e**;_&FO horizon_NN which_WDTR gradually_RB J03 163 merges_VBZ into_IN the_ATI B*;s**;_&FO J03 164 horizon_NN ._. J03 165 ^ the_ATI humus-iron_JJB podzol_NN is_BEZ considered_VBN to_TO be_BE J03 165 a_AT more_QL mature_JJ profile_NN J03 166 for_CS the_ATI A*;e**;_&FO horizon_NN is_BEZ grey_JJ having_HVG J03 166 lost_VBN most_AP of_IN its_PP$ organic_JJ J03 167 matter_NN ,_, and_CC this_DT is_BEZ represented_VBN in_IN a_AT thin_JJ J03 167 black_JJ horizon_NN (_( B*;h**;_&FO )_) J03 168 overlying_VBG a_AT strongly_RB developed_JJ B*;s**;_&FO horizon_NN (_( J03 168 \0figs_NNS 25_CD and_CC 26_CD )_) ._. J03 169 ^ an_AT ashy_JJ coloured_JJ residue_NN is_BEZ left_VBN after_IN J03 169 hydrogen_NN peroxide_NN J03 170 treatment_NN of_IN the_ATI humus_NN B_ZZ horizon_NN and_CC this_DT J03 170 qualitatively_RB suggests_VBZ that_CS J03 171 it_PP3 is_BEZ low_JJ in_IN inorganic_JJ iron_NN ;_; however_RB ,_, J03 171 chemical_JJ evidence_NN from_IN similar_JJ J03 172 profiles_NNS indicates_VBZ that_CS a_AT considerable_JJ amount_NN of_IN J03 172 iron_NN may_MD be_BE combined_VBN J03 173 with_IN organic_JJ matter_NN in_IN this_DT layer_NN ,_, and_CC this_DT J03 173 will_MD be_BE taken_VBN into_IN J03 174 solution_NN by_IN the_ATI hydrogen_NN peroxide_NN treatment_NN ._. J03 175 ^ in_IN the_ATI lowest_JJT position_NN of_IN the_ATI catena_NN J03 175 is_BEZ the_ATI humus_NN podzol_NN (_( \0figs_NNS J03 176 25_CD and_CC 26_CD )_) ._. ^ it_PP3 has_HVZ the_ATI following_JJ J03 176 characteristics_NNS :_: J03 178 ^ (_( 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ the_ATI humus_NN form_NN is_BEZ J03 178 transitional_JJ between_IN mor_NN and_CC moder_NN ,_, J03 179 though_CS there_EX is_BEZ a_AT marked_JJ pine_NN needle_NN litter_NN J03 179 ._. J03 180 ^ (_( 2_CD )_) ._. ^ strongly_RB bleached_JJ ,_, deep_JJ A*;e**;_&FO J03 180 horizon_NN ,_, though_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ J03 181 traversed_VBN by_IN a_AT complex_JJ series_NN of_IN flow_NN bands_NNS J03 181 of_IN colloidal_JJ organic_JJ J03 182 matter_NN ._. J03 183 ^ (_( 3_CD )_) ._. ^ a_AT thick_JJ (_( 6_CD \0ins_NNUS )_) J03 183 cemented_JJ black_JJ B*;h**;_&FO horizon_NN ._. J03 184 ^ (_( 4_CD )_) ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI orange-brown_JJ J03 184 B*;s**;_&FO horizon_NN ;_; the_ATI sub-soil_NN J03 185 consists_VBZ of_IN bleached_JJ sand_NN ,_, though_CS here_RN it_PP3 J03 185 is_BEZ apparently_RB affected_VBN by_IN J03 186 gleying_NN ._. J03 188 ^ after_IN hydrogen_NN peroxide_NN treatment_NN of_IN the_ATI J03 188 horizons_NNS all_ABN are_BER left_VBN J03 189 completely_RB bleached_VBN ,_, confirming_VBG therefore_RB ,_, that_CS J03 189 there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI zone_NN of_IN J03 190 iron_NN accumulation_NN within_IN the_ATI profile_NN ._. J03 191 ^ what_WDT are_BER the_ATI factors_NNS which_WDTR have_HV J03 191 operated_VBN in_IN the_ATI differentiation_NN J03 192 of_IN these_DTS soils_NNS ?_? J03 193 ^ since_CS climate_NN has_HVZ had_HVN an_AT overall_JJB influence_NN J03 193 ,_, and_CC all_ABN the_ATI profiles_NNS J03 194 are_BER developed_VBN on_IN glacial_JJ sands_NNS and_CC gravels_NNS ,_, J03 194 it_PP3 may_MD be_BE assumed_VBN that_CS J03 195 differentiation_NN is_BEZ chiefly_RB due_JJ to_IN site_NN and/or_CC J03 195 vegetation_NN ,_, or_CC to_IN J03 196 vegetation_NN as_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ affected_VBN by_IN man_NN ._. ^ J03 196 it_PP3 is_BEZ widely_RB believed_VBN that_CS J03 197 podzolisation_NN in_IN lowland_NN Britain_NP is_BEZ the_ATI result_NN J03 197 of_IN the_ATI dominant_JJ role_NN J03 198 which_WDTR heath_NN (_( Calluna_&FW )_) assumes_VBZ in_IN the_ATI J03 198 vegetation_NN cover_NN of_IN J03 199 deforested_JJ or_CC abandoned_JJ land_NN ._. ^ from_IN this_DT J03 199 accepted_JJ doctrine_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, J03 200 there_EX is_BEZ a_AT real_JJ tendency_NN to_TO believe_VB that_CS J03 200 all_ABN podzols_NNS are_BER formed_VBN under_IN J03 201 heath_NN ;_; to_TO see_VB a_AT podzol_NN is_BEZ to_TO point_VB to_IN J03 201 the_ATI role_NN of_IN heath_NN ,_, on_IN the_ATI site_NN J03 202 now_RN ,_, or_CC in_IN the_ATI past_NN ._. J03 203 ^ work_NN in_IN western_JJ Europe_NP in_IN the_ATI last_AP decade_NN J03 203 ,_, and_CC some_DTI confirmatory_JJ J03 204 investigations_NNS in_IN Britain_NP ,_, show_VB podzolisation_NN as_IN J03 204 a_AT progressive_JJ J03 205 development_NN ,_, starting_VBG under_IN deciduous_JJ woodland_NN J03 205 and_CC probably_RB reaching_VBG J03 206 maturity_NN at_IN the_ATI humus-iron_JJB podzol_NN stage_NN under_IN J03 206 Calluna_&FW ,_, though_CS in_IN J03 207 some_DTI cases_NNS heath_NN may_MD not_XNOT be_BE an_AT essential_JJ J03 207 part_NN of_IN the_ATI vegetation_NN cycle_NN ._. J03 208 ^ the_ATI occurrence_NN of_IN podzolised_JJ sols_&FW bruns_&FW J03 208 acides_&FW and_CC J03 209 podzols_NNS in_IN close_JJ proximity_NN at_IN Delamere_NP and_CC J03 209 elsewhere_RB ,_, is_BEZ difficult_JJ to_TO J03 210 explain_VB in_IN terms_NNS of_IN past_JJB vegetation_NN without_IN a_AT J03 210 pollen_NN analysis_NN of_IN the_ATI J03 211 profiles_NNS concerned_VBN ._. ^ there_EX are_BER so_QL many_AP J03 211 possibilities_NNS in_IN the_ATI thousands_CDS J03 212 of_IN years_NNS in_IN which_WDTR vegetation_NN has_HVZ influenced_VBN J03 212 soil_NN development_NN ._. J03 213 ^ in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN the_ATI humus_NN podzols_NNS which_WDTR J03 213 are_BER found_VBN in_RB general_RB" J03 214 adjoining_VBG peat_NN or_CC certainly_RB in_IN the_ATI lowest_JJT J03 214 position_NN in_IN the_ATI catena_NN ,_, it_PP3 J03 215 can_MD be_BE convincingly_RB argued_VBN that_CS development_NN has_HVZ J03 215 been_BEN influenced_VBN by_IN J03 216 ground-water_NN ._. ^ the_ATI presence_NN of_IN ground-water_NN has_HVZ J03 216 prevented_VBN the_ATI J03 217 precipitation_NN of_IN the_ATI illuviated_JJ iron_NN oxides_NNS ,_, J03 217 or_CC due_JJ perhaps_RB to_IN a_AT J03 218 change_NN in_IN regional_JJ or_CC local_JJ water_NN levels_NNS ,_, J03 218 formed_JJ iron_NN B_ZZ horizons_NNS have_HV J03 219 been_BEN disrupted_VBN by_IN waterlogging_NN and_CC gleying_NN ;_; J03 219 in_IN either_DTX case_NN the_ATI J03 220 leaching_NN of_IN humus_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT confined_VBN by_IN the_ATI J03 220 filtering_JJ effect_NN of_IN an_AT iron_NN B_ZZ J03 221 horizon_NN and_CC consequently_RB a_AT more_QL deeply_RB leached_JJ J03 221 profile_NN results_VBZ ._. J04 2 ^ using_VBG a_AT solution_NN of_IN lead-210_NN in_IN equilibrium_NN J04 2 with_IN its_PP$ daughters_NNS ,_, J04 3 supplied_VBN by_IN the_ATI radiochemical_JJ centre_NN ,_, Amersham_NP J04 3 ,_, a_AT source_NN was_BEDZ prepared_VBN J04 4 and_CC counted_VBN through_IN a_AT series_NN of_IN aluminium_NN J04 4 absorbers_NNS of_IN increasing_JJ J04 5 weight_NN ._. ^ the_ATI curve_NN of_IN observed_JJ activity_NN J04 5 plotted_VBN against_IN absorber_NN J04 6 thickness_NN is_BEZ shown_VBN in_IN figure_NN 2_CD ._. ^ an_AT J04 6 aluminium_NN absorber_NN weighing_VBG 27_CD J04 7 \0mg_NNU /_IN \0cm*:2**:_NNU was_BEDZ used_VBN in_IN the_ATI J04 7 following_JJ experimental_JJ work_NN although_CS J04 8 this_DT was_BEDZ thicker_JJR than_CS necessary_JJ and_CC reduced_VBD J04 8 the_ATI efficiency_NN of_IN the_ATI J04 9 Geiger_NP counter_NN from_IN about_RB 15_CD %_NNU to_IN 11_CD %_NNU ._. J04 10 ^ reference_NN standards_NNS were_BED prepared_VBN by_IN J04 10 precipitating_VBG lead_NN chromate_NN J04 11 from_IN a_AT hot_JJ dilute_JJ acetic_JJ acid_NN solution_NN J04 11 containing_VBG a_AT known_JJ quantity_NN of_IN J04 12 lead-210_NN in_IN equilibrium_NN with_IN its_PP$ daughters_NNS ._. ^ J04 12 the_ATI calibrated_JJ solution_NN J04 13 of_IN lead-210_NN (_( about_RB 10*:-2**:_&FO mc_NNU /_IN \0ml_NNU )_) J04 13 was_BEDZ supplied_VBN by_IN the_ATI J04 14 radiochemical_JJ centre_NN ,_, Amersham_NP ._. ^ lead_NN chromate_NN J04 14 is_BEZ accompanied_VBN by_IN only_RB J04 15 about_RB 75-85_CD-CD %_NNU of_IN the_ATI bismuth-210_NN and_CC J04 15 therefore_RB time_NN must_MD be_BE allowed_VBN for_IN J04 16 radio-equilibrium_NN to_TO be_BE restored_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI presence_NN J04 16 of_IN 75_CD %_NNU of_IN the_ATI activity_NN J04 17 of_IN bismuth-210_NN is_BEZ equivalent_JJ to_IN ingrowth_NN over_IN J04 17 two_CD half-lives_NNS (_( ten_CD J04 18 days_NNS )_) ._. ^ therefore_RB after_IN a_AT further_JJB forty_CD J04 18 days_NNS ,_, the_ATI bismuth_NN daughter_NN J04 19 will_MD be_BE within_IN 0.1_CD %_NNU of_IN its_PP$ final_JJ J04 19 equilibrium_NN value_NN ._. ^ if_CS reference_NN J04 20 sources_NNS are_BER required_VBN for_IN use_NN sooner_RBR than_IN J04 20 forty_CD or_CC fifty_CD days_NNS after_IN J04 21 preparation_NN ,_, the_ATI lead-210_NN together_RB with_IN added_JJ J04 21 lead_NN carrier_NN must_MD be_BE J04 22 separated_VBN from_IN the_ATI bismuth-210_NN daughter_NN by_IN ion_NN J04 22 exchange_NN (_( see_VB J04 23 analytical_JJ method_NN ,_, steps_NNS 4_CD ,_, 5_CD )_) before_IN J04 23 precipitating_VBG lead_NN chromate_NN ._. J04 24 ^ knowing_VBG the_ATI time_NN of_IN separation_NN and_CC the_ATI J04 24 activity_NN of_IN the_ATI lead-210_NN J04 25 solution_NN ,_, the_ATI ingrowth_NN of_IN the_ATI bismuth-210_NN can_MD J04 25 be_BE calculated_VBN ._. J04 26 ^ the_ATI absolute_JJ activity_NN of_IN the_ATI reference_NN J04 26 standards_NNS can_MD be_BE J04 27 calculated_VBN from_IN the_ATI known_JJ activity_NN of_IN the_ATI J04 27 lead-210_NN solution_NN and_CC the_ATI J04 28 chemical_JJ yield_NN ,_, but_CC this_DT calculation_NN is_BEZ J04 28 unnecessary_JJ provided_CS the_ATI same_AP J04 29 lead_NN carrier_NN solution_NN is_BEZ used_VBN to_TO prepare_VB the_ATI J04 29 reference_NN standards_NNS and_CC J04 30 for_IN the_ATI analyses_NNS ._. ^ only_RB the_ATI weights_NNS of_IN J04 30 the_ATI recovered_JJ lead_NN chromate_NN J04 31 precipitates_NNS need_MD be_BE known_VBN because_CS the_ATI J04 31 concentration_NN of_IN the_ATI lead_NN J04 32 carrier_NN solution_NN cancels_VBZ out_RP of_IN the_ATI algebraic_JJ J04 32 equations_NNS ._. J04 33 ^ an_AT effort_NN was_BEDZ made_VBN to_TO detect_VB the_ATI J04 33 presence_NN of_IN any_DTI radioactive_JJ J04 34 impurities_NNS in_IN the_ATI tracer_NN by_IN separating_VBG the_ATI J04 34 lead-210_NN and_CC the_ATI J04 35 bismuth-210_NN by_IN anion_NN exchange_NN ._. ^ the_ATI b-counting_NN J04 35 of_IN the_ATI lead-210_NN J04 36 fraction_NN began_VBD within_IN a_AP few_AP" minutes_NNS of_IN J04 36 completing_VBG the_ATI separation_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J04 37 ingrowth_NN of_IN bismuth-210_NN was_BEDZ followed_VBN for_IN ten_CD J04 37 days_NNS and_CC showed_VBD no_ATI J04 38 abnormalities_NNS ._. ^ any_DTI impurity_NN in_IN the_ATI lead_NN J04 38 fraction_NN must_MD have_HV been_BEN well_RB J04 39 below_IN one_CD1 percent_NNU ._. ^ some_DTI separated_JJ lead-210_NN J04 39 was_BEDZ used_VBN to_TO make_VB reference_NN J04 40 standards_NNS and_CC as_IN a_AT tracer_NN in_IN recovery_NN J04 40 experiments_NNS ._. ^ there_EX was_BEDZ no_ATI J04 41 significant_JJ difference_NN between_IN these_DTS results_NNS and_CC J04 41 those_DTS obtained_VBN using_VBG J04 42 the_ATI original_JJ lead-210_NN solution_NN supplied_VBN by_IN the_ATI J04 42 radiochemical_JJ centre_NN J04 43 which_WDTR we_PP1AS concluded_VBD was_BEDZ radiochemically_RB pure_JJ J04 43 ._. J04 44 ^ 2.2_CD ._. ^ the_ATI recovery_NN of_IN lead-210_NN tracer_NN from_IN J04 44 solution_NN ._. J04 45 ^ Rosenquist_NP (_( 4_CD )_) showed_VBD that_CS minute_JJ J04 45 quantities_NNS of_IN lead_NN can_MD be_BE J04 46 isolated_VBN from_IN large_JJ volumes_NNS of_IN solution_NN by_IN J04 46 coprecipitating_VBG the_ATI lead_NN J04 47 with_IN a_AT strontium_NN sulphate_NN ._. ^ lead_NN and_CC strontium_NN J04 47 form_VB mixed_JJ crystals_NNS so_CS J04 48 that_CS" the_ATI more_QL insoluble_JJ lead_NN sulphate_NN is_BEZ J04 48 almost_RB completely_RB recovered_VBN J04 49 even_CS if_CS" precipitation_NN of_IN the_ATI strontium_NN sulphate_NN J04 49 is_BEZ incomplete_JJ ._. ^ using_VBG J04 50 ten_CD milligrams_NNS of_IN lead_NN carrier_NN and_CC six_CD hundred_CD J04 50 milligrams_NNS of_IN strontium_NN J04 51 per_IN liter_NN ,_, more_AP than_IN 95_CD %_NNU of_IN added_JJ lead_NN J04 51 tracer_NN was_BEDZ recovered_VBN in_IN each_DT J04 52 experiment_NN ._. ^ gravimetric_JJ recoveries_NNS were_BED less_AP J04 52 in_IN the_ATI presence_NN of_IN J04 53 ethylenediamine_NN tetra-acetic_JJ acid_NN (_( 10_CD \0ppm_NNU )_) ,_, J04 53 Teepol_NP (_( 0.2_CD \0ml_NNU J04 54 commercial_JJ Teepol_NP per_IN liter_NN )_) and_CC Calgon_NP (_( 250_CD J04 54 and_CC 500_CD \0ppm_NNU )_) ,_, but_CC J04 55 always_RB exceeded_VBD 70_CD %_NNU ._. ^ radiochemical_JJ recovery_NN J04 55 of_IN the_ATI tracer_NN corrected_VBN J04 56 for_IN gravimetric_JJ recovery_NN of_IN the_ATI carrier_NN averaged_VBD J04 56 97.5_CD *?14_&FO 0.5_CD %_NNU in_IN all_ABN J04 57 cases_NNS where_WRB these_DTS additives_NNS were_BED present_JJ ._. ^ J04 57 excessive_JJ quantities_NNS of_IN J04 58 chloride_NN also_RB reduce_VB the_ATI gravimetric_JJ recovery_NN of_IN J04 58 lead_NN ._. ^ up_RP to_IN 0.1_CD J04 59 \0N_NNU chloride_NN ion_NN (_( 96_CD %_NNU recovery_NN )_) the_ATI J04 59 effect_NN is_BEZ negligible_JJ but_CC J04 60 becomes_VBZ increasingly_RB important_JJ thereafter_RB :_: 0.3_CD J04 60 \0N_NNU \0Cl*:-**:_&FO (_( 85_CD %_NNU J04 61 recovery_NN )_) ,_, 0.5_CD \0N_NNU \0Cl*:-**:_&FO (_( 79_CD %_NNU J04 61 recovery_NN )_) ,_, 1.0_CD J04 62 \0N_NNU \0Cl*:-**:_&FO (_( 56_CD %_NNU recovery_NN )_) ._. ^ no_ATI J04 62 more_AP than_IN ten_CD milligrams_NNS of_IN lead_NN was_BEDZ J04 63 used_VBN in_TO order_TO" to_TO" ensure_VB good_JJ separation_NN on_IN J04 63 the_ATI ion_NN exchange_NN column_NN and_CC J04 64 to_TO make_VB it_PP3 possible_JJ to_TO keep_VB the_ATI lead_NN in_IN J04 64 solution_NN in_IN small_JJ volumes_NNS of_IN J04 65 dilute_JJ hydrochloric_JJ acid_NN ._. ^ absorption_NN of_IN the_ATI J04 65 beta_NN particles_NNS is_BEZ also_RB J04 66 kept_VBN to_IN a_AT minimum_NN but_CC the_ATI accuracy_NN and_CC J04 66 precision_NN of_IN weighing_VBG the_ATI J04 67 precipitated_JJ sources_NNS suffers_VBZ ._. ^ all_ABN precipitates_NNS J04 67 were_BED weighed_VBN on_IN a_AT J04 68 semi-micro_JJB balance_NN which_WDTR had_HVD been_BEN calibrated_VBN J04 68 with_IN a_AT set_NN of_IN J04 69 certificated_JJ weights_NNS from_IN the_ATI national_JJ physical_JJ J04 69 laboratory_NN ._. J04 70 ^ complete_JJ chemical_JJ exchange_NN between_IN the_ATI J04 70 radio-lead_NN and_CC the_ATI added_JJ J04 71 lead_NN carrier_NN is_BEZ necessary_JJ if_CS the_ATI analytical_JJ J04 71 results_NNS are_BER to_TO be_BE correct_JJ ._. J04 72 ^ in_IN the_ATI preliminary_JJ experiments_NNS ,_, the_ATI tracer_NN J04 72 was_BEDZ added_VBN to_IN a_AT liter_NN of_IN J04 73 effluent_NN and_CC immediately_RB coprecipitated_VBN with_IN J04 73 strontium_NN sulphate_NN from_IN J04 74 hot_JJ solution_NN ._. ^ chemical_JJ exchange_NN was_BEDZ complete_JJ J04 74 under_IN these_DTS conditions_NNS ;_; J04 75 but_CC when_WRB the_ATI tracer_NN was_BEDZ added_VBN to_IN alkaline_JJ J04 75 effluent_NN and_CC allowed_VBN to_TO J04 76 stand_VB for_IN several_AP days_NNS before_IN the_ATI addition_NN of_IN J04 76 lead_NN carrier_NN ,_, the_ATI J04 77 recovery_NN of_IN lead-210_NN was_BEDZ as_QL much_AP as_IN five_CD J04 77 per_NNU cent_NNU" low_JJ when_WRB corrected_VBN J04 78 for_IN gravimetric_JJ recovery_NN of_IN the_ATI carrier_NN ._. ^ J04 78 complete_JJ exchange_NN was_BEDZ J04 79 obtained_VBN by_IN acidifying_VBG the_ATI effluent_NN with_IN five_CD J04 79 milliliters_NNS of_IN J04 80 concentrated_JJ nitric_JJ acid_NN and_CC boiling_VBG for_IN more_AP J04 80 than_IN half_ABN an_AT hour_NN before_IN J04 81 completing_VBG the_ATI coprecipitation_NN ._. ^ boiling_VBG the_ATI J04 81 effluent_NN with_IN more_AP than_IN 5_CD J04 82 \0ml_NNU of_IN acid_NN resulted_VBD in_IN gravimetric_JJ recoveries_NNS J04 82 which_WDTR were_BED too_QL low_JJ to_TO J04 83 be_BE tolerated_VBN ._. ^ to_TO ensure_VB complete_JJ chemical_JJ J04 83 exchange_NN ,_, one_CD1 hour_NN at_IN ,_, or_CC J04 84 very_QL near_IN ,_, the_ATI boiling_NN point_NN is_BEZ recommended_VBN J04 84 in_IN the_ATI analytical_JJ method_NN ._. J04 85 ^ the_ATI presence_NN and_CC growth_NN of_IN algae_NNS in_IN the_ATI J04 85 alkaline_JJ effluent_NN does_DOZ J04 86 not_XNOT prevent_VB the_ATI recovery_NN of_IN radio-lead_NN under_IN J04 86 the_ATI prescribed_JJ conditions_NNS J04 87 although_CS some_DTI radioactivity_NN remains_VBZ on_IN the_ATI J04 87 algae_NNS until_CS the_ATI metathesis_NN J04 88 has_HVZ been_BEN completed_VBN by_IN heating_VBG the_ATI mixed_JJ J04 88 sulphates_NNS with_IN three_CD separate_JJ J04 89 portions_NNS of_IN dilute_JJ (_( 1.25_CD normal_JJ )_) sodium_NN J04 89 carbonate_NN solution_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J04 90 strength_NN of_IN the_ATI carbonate_NN solution_NN was_BEDZ chosen_VBN J04 90 after_IN experiments_NNS with_IN J04 91 lead_NN tracer_NN alone_RB which_WDTR indicated_VBD that_CS less_AP J04 91 lead_NN was_BEDZ lost_VBN than_CS at_IN J04 92 other_AP concentrations_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI mixed_JJ carbonates_NNS J04 92 are_BER dissolved_VBN in_IN 2_CD \0N_NNU J04 93 hydrochloric_JJ acid_NN and_CC fed_VBN to_IN a_AT column_NN of_IN J04 93 anion_NN exchange_NN resin_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J04 94 algae_NNS ,_, if_CS any_DTI was_BEDZ present_JJ in_IN the_ATI J04 94 effluent_NN ,_, is_BEZ simply_RB filtered_VBN out_RP on_IN J04 95 top_IN" of_IN" the_ATI resin_NN bed_NN ._. J04 96 ^ 2.3_CD ._. ^ separation_NN of_IN lead_NN and_CC bismuth_NN by_IN J04 96 anion_NN exchange_NN ._. J04 97 ^ the_ATI anion_NN exchange_NN resin_NN (_( Amberlite_NP ira-400_&FO J04 97 ,_, 60-100_CD-CD mesh_NN ,_, J04 98 chloride_NN form_NN )_) is_BEZ prepared_VBN by_IN drying_VBG the_ATI J04 98 commercial_JJ product_NN and_CC J04 99 grinding_VBG it_PP3 to_TO pass_VB the_ATI correct_JJ sieves_NNS ._. ^ J04 99 a_AT small_JJ manual_JJ coffee_NN grinder_NN J04 100 is_BEZ useful_JJ as_CS the_ATI resin_NN can_MD not_XNOT be_BE J04 100 ground_VBN with_IN a_AT mortar_NN and_CC pestle_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J04 101 sieved_JJ resin_NN is_BEZ washed_VBN repeatedly_RB with_IN distilled_JJ J04 101 water_NN to_TO remove_VB fines_NNS J04 102 and_CC then_RN with_IN hydrochloric_JJ acid_NN to_TO convert_VB the_ATI J04 102 resin_NN completely_RB to_IN the_ATI J04 103 chloride_NN form_NN ._. ^ the_ATI 60-100_CD-CD mesh_NN resin_NN is_BEZ J04 103 again_RB washed_VBN with_IN water_NN to_TO J04 104 remove_VB the_ATI acid_NN and_CC finally_RB dried_VBN in_IN air_NN ._. ^ J04 104 the_ATI drying_NN may_MD be_BE speeded_VBN J04 105 up_RP by_IN heating_NN in_IN a_AT low_JJ temperature_NN (_( 40_CD J04 105 *@_NNU -_IN 60_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP )_) oven_NN until_IN damp_JJ J04 106 dry_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI final_JJ drying_NN should_MD be_BE at_IN room_NN J04 106 temperature_NN with_IN the_ATI resin_NN J04 107 protected_VBN against_IN dust_NN by_IN a_AT covering_NN of_IN filter_NN J04 107 paper_NN ._. J04 108 ^ for_IN each_DT aliquot_NN to_TO be_BE analysed_VBN ,_, about_RB J04 108 3.5_CD grams_NNS of_IN air-dried_JJ J04 109 resin_NN is_BEZ weighed_VBN out_RP and_CC slurried_VBN into_IN a_AT J04 109 glass_NN tube_NN with_IN 2_CD \0N_NNU J04 110 hydrochloric_JJ acid_NN ._. ^ the_ATI glass_NN tube_NN is_BEZ 11_CD J04 110 \0cm_NNU long_JJ and_CC 1_CD1 \0cm_NNU in_IN J04 111 internal_JJ diameter_NN ._. ^ one_CD1 end_NN of_IN the_ATI tube_NN J04 111 is_BEZ drawn_VBN down_RP to_IN a_AT fine_JJ tip_NN J04 112 and_CC a_AT B14_ZZ conical_JJ glass_NN socket_NN is_BEZ fitted_VBN J04 112 to_IN the_ATI other_AP end_NN as_CS shown_VBN in_IN J04 113 figure_NN 1_CD1 ._. ^ the_ATI reservoir_NN is_BEZ a_AT 50_CD \0ml_NNU J04 113 cylindrical_JJ separating_JJ funnel_NN J04 114 with_IN a_AT capillary_JJ tap_NN modified_VBN by_IN the_ATI addition_NN J04 114 of_IN a_AT B14_ZZ cone_NN to_TO fit_VB the_ATI J04 115 glass_NN column_NN ._. J04 116 ^ the_ATI exact_JJ volume_NN of_IN the_ATI eluting_JJ agents_NNS J04 116 must_MD be_BE found_VBN by_IN J04 117 experiment_NN for_IN each_DT batch_NN of_IN resin_NN using_VBG J04 117 radioactive_JJ tracer_NN (_( lead-210_NN ,_, J04 118 bismuth-210_NN )_) ._. ^ a_AT typical_JJ elution_NN curve_NN is_BEZ J04 118 shown_VBN in_IN figure_NN 3_CD ._. ^ once_CS J04 119 these_DTS volumes_NNS have_HV been_BEN established_VBN ,_, the_ATI J04 119 weight_NN of_IN resin_NN used_VBN is_BEZ also_RB J04 120 fixed_VBN ._. ^ all_ABN available_JJ evidence_NN indicates_VBZ that_CS J04 120 the_ATI fractions_NNS containing_VBG J04 121 lead_NN and_CC bismuth_NN are_BER free_JJ of_IN cross_JJ J04 121 contamination_NN apart_IN from_IN" the_ATI J04 122 natural_JJ ingrowth_NN of_IN the_ATI daughters_NNS arising_VBG from_IN J04 122 the_ATI decay_NN of_IN lead_NN ._. J04 123 ^ polonium-210_NN remains_VBZ on_IN the_ATI column_NN and_CC does_DOZ J04 123 not_XNOT interfere_VB ._. ^ strontium_NN J04 124 does_DOZ not_XNOT form_VB a_AT chloro-complex_NN and_CC therefore_RB J04 124 passes_VBZ through_RP in_IN the_ATI J04 125 feed_NN solution_NN and_CC the_ATI first_OD wash_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J04 125 resin_NN is_BEZ used_VBN for_IN a_AT single_JJ J04 126 separation_NN and_CC then_RN thrown_VBN away_RP ._. J04 127 ^ in_IN the_ATI first_OD stage_NN of_IN the_ATI analysis_NN ,_, J04 127 only_RB the_ATI fraction_NN containing_VBG J04 128 lead-210_NN is_BEZ collected_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI lead_NN is_BEZ J04 128 precipitated_VBN as_IN the_ATI chromate_NN ,_, J04 129 washed_VBN ,_, slurried_VBN onto_IN an_AT aluminium_NN counting_NN J04 129 tray_NN ,_, dried_VBN under_IN an_AT J04 130 infra-red_JJ lamp_NN ,_, weighed_VBN ,_, and_CC set_VBN aside_RP for_IN J04 130 five_CD days_NNS while_CS the_ATI J04 131 bismuth-210_NN grows_VBZ in_RP ._. ^ at_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN five_CD J04 131 days_NNS ,_, bismuth-210_NN will_MD have_HV J04 132 reached_VBN one-half_CD of_IN its_PP$ equilibrium_NN value_NN and_CC J04 132 can_MD be_BE counted_VBN through_IN J04 133 an_AT aluminium_NN absorber_NN sufficiently_RB thick_JJ to_TO stop_VB J04 133 the_ATI beta_NN particles_NNS J04 134 from_IN lead-210_NN and_CC the_ATI alpha_NN particles_NNS from_IN J04 134 polonium-210_NN ._. ^ earlier_JJR beta_NN J04 135 counting_NN is_BEZ permissible_JJ but_CC the_ATI sensitivity_NN of_IN J04 135 the_ATI method_NN is_BEZ reduced_VBN J04 136 (_( see_VB \0fig_NN 4_CD )_) ._. J04 137 ^ the_ATI presence_NN of_IN other_AP lead_NN nuclides_NNS may_MD J04 137 be_BE demonstrated_VBN by_IN J04 138 observing_VBG the_ATI ingrowth_NN of_IN the_ATI bismuth_NN activity_NN J04 138 and_CC comparing_VBG the_ATI shape_NN J04 139 of_IN the_ATI normalised_JJ curve_NN with_IN the_ATI curve_NN in_IN J04 139 \0fig_NN 4_CD ._. using_VBG an_AT arbitrary_JJ J04 140 scale_NN of_IN activity_NN proportional_JJ to_IN the_ATI existing_JJ J04 140 ordinate_NN ._. ^ during_IN the_ATI J04 141 first_OD few_AP hours_NNS the_ATI curve_NN will_MD be_BE distorted_VBN J04 141 if_CS activity_NN other_AP than_IN J04 142 bismuth-210_NN is_BEZ present_JJ ._. ^ these_DTS bismuth_NN J04 142 nuclides_NNS may_MD include_VB :_: J04 143 **[list**]_&FO J04 144 together_RB with_IN their_PP$ lead_NN parents_NNS ._. ^ all_ABN but_IN J04 144 lead-212_NN will_MD decay_VB J04 145 completely_RB within_IN six_CD hours_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI decay_NN of_IN J04 145 lead-212_NN will_MD distort_VB the_ATI J04 146 observed_JJ activity_NN for_IN four_CD and_CC a_AT half_ABN days_NNS J04 146 if_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ present_JJ ._. J04 147 ^ thereafter_RB the_ATI normalised_JJ curve_NN should_MD follow_VB J04 147 \0fig_NN 4_CD exactly_RB ._. J04 148 ^ if_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ essential_JJ to_TO confirm_VB that_CS the_ATI J04 148 beta_NN activity_NN is_BEZ indeed_RB J04 149 due_JJ to_IN bismuth-210_NN ,_, or_CC if_CS much_RB higher_JJR J04 149 decontamination_NN factors_NNS are_BER J04 150 required_VBN ,_, the_ATI lead_NN chromate_NN is_BEZ washed_VBN J04 150 quantitatively_RB with_IN 2_CD \0N_NNU J04 151 hydrochloric_JJ acid_NN into_IN a_AT centrifuge_NN tube_NN and_CC J04 151 dissolved_VBN in_IN the_ATI J04 152 presence_NN of_IN bismuth_NN carrier_NN ._. ^ the_ATI solution_NN J04 152 is_BEZ kept_VBN near_IN the_ATI boiling_NN J04 153 point_NN for_IN fifteen_CD minutes_NNS to_TO assist_VB chemical_JJ J04 153 exchange_NN ._. ^ chromate_NN ,_, J04 154 which_WDTR would_MD interfere_VB with_IN the_ATI ion_NN exchange_NN J04 154 separation_NN ,_, is_BEZ reduced_VBN by_IN J04 155 adding_VBG a_AP few_AP" drops_NNS of_IN hydrogen_NN peroxide_NN ._. ^ J04 155 the_ATI ion_NN exchange_NN separation_NN J04 156 is_BEZ repeated_VBN and_CC the_ATI bismuth_NN is_BEZ eluted_VBN with_IN J04 156 1_CD1 \0N_NNU sulphuric_JJ acid_NN ._. J04 157 ^ the_ATI bismuth_NN fraction_NN is_BEZ diluted_VBN and_CC J04 157 phosphoric_JJ acid_NN is_BEZ added_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI J04 158 phosphate_NN precipitation_NN is_BEZ repeated_VBN to_TO remove_VB J04 158 contamination_NN by_IN J04 159 sulphate_NN or_CC occluded_JJ sulphuric_JJ acid_NN ._. ^ if_CS there_EX J04 159 is_BEZ sufficient_JJ beta_NN J04 160 activity_NN ,_, the_ATI radiochemical_JJ purity_NN of_IN the_ATI J04 160 \0Bi-210_&FO may_MD be_BE checked_VBN by_IN J04 161 observing_VBG the_ATI decay_NN curve_NN ._. J04 162 ^ the_ATI removal_NN of_IN lead_NN chromate_NN from_IN the_ATI J04 162 aluminium_NN counting_NN tray_NN J04 163 together_RB with_IN the_ATI bismuth-210_NN prior_RB to_IN the_ATI J04 163 second_OD ion_NN exchange_NN J04 164 separation_NN has_HVZ been_BEN checked_VBN by_IN counting_VBG the_ATI J04 164 trays_NNS ._. ^ not_XNOT more_AP than_IN 0.2_CD %_NNU J04 165 of_IN the_ATI bismuth-210_NN remains_VBZ on_IN the_ATI tray_NN after_IN J04 165 the_ATI acid_NN wash_NN ._. ^ this_DT loss_NN J04 166 is_BEZ acceptably_RB small_JJ for_IN an_AT analytical_JJ step_NN J04 166 when_WRB no_ATI correction_NN for_IN J04 167 carrier_NN recovery_NN is_BEZ possible_JJ ._. J04 168 ^ the_ATI completeness_NN of_IN the_ATI chemical_JJ exchange_NN J04 168 between_IN the_ATI bismuth-210_NN J04 169 and_CC the_ATI added_JJ carrier_NN was_BEDZ also_RB tested_VBN ._. ^ J04 169 two_CD samples_NNS of_IN precipitated_JJ J04 170 lead_NN chromate_NN (_( lead-210_NN ,_, bismuth-210_NN )_) were_BED J04 170 counted_VBN and_CC dissolved_VBN in_IN J04 171 nitric_JJ acid_NN in_IN silica_NN basins_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI contents_NNS J04 171 were_BED evaporated_VBN to_IN dryness_NN J04 172 with_IN bismuth_NN carrier_NN and_CC then_RN taken_VBN up_RP in_IN 2_CD J04 172 \0N_NNU hydrochloric_JJ acid_NN J04 173 and_CC the_ATI ion_NN exchange_NN separation_NN completed_VBN ._. ^ J04 173 the_ATI bismuth_NN was_BEDZ recovered_VBN J04 174 from_IN the_ATI eluate_NN as_IN the_ATI phosphate_NN ._. ^ results_NNS J04 174 did_DOD not_XNOT differ_VB from_IN those_DTS J04 175 obtained_VBN by_IN the_ATI more_QL convenient_JJ method_NN of_IN J04 175 heating_VBG the_ATI dissolved_JJ J04 176 chromates_NNS in_IN 2_CD \0N_NNU hydrochloric_JJ acid_NN for_IN J04 176 fifteen_CD minutes_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J04 177 more_QL rigorous_JJ method_NN of_IN securing_VBG chemical_JJ J04 177 exchange_NN was_BEDZ unnecessary_JJ ._. J04 178 ^ 2.4_CD ._. ^ decontamination_NN from_IN other_AP nuclides_NNS ._. J04 179 ^ lead-210_NN when_WRB present_JJ in_IN effluent_NN is_BEZ likely_JJ J04 179 to_TO be_BE found_VBN only_RB at_IN J04 180 very_QL low_JJ concentrations_NNS ._. ^ with_IN a_AT permitted_JJ J04 180 maximum_JJ concentration_NN of_IN J04 181 10*:-12**:_&FO curies_NNS /_IN \0ml_NNU it_PP3 is_BEZ one_CD1 of_IN J04 181 the_ATI three_CD most_QL stringently_RB J04 182 controlled_JJ b-emitting_JJ nuclides_NNS at_IN the_ATI present_JJ J04 182 time_NN ._. ^ therefore_RB J04 183 it_PP3 is_BEZ essential_JJ that_CS the_ATI radiochemical_JJ J04 183 procedure_NN for_IN the_ATI assay_NN of_IN J04 184 lead-210_NN shall_MD provide_VB for_IN a_AT high_JJ degree_NN of_IN J04 184 decontamination_NN from_IN major_JJ J04 185 fission_NN products_NNS and_CC other_AP nuclides_NNS which_WDTR are_BER J04 185 likely_JJ to_TO be_BE present_JJ in_IN J04 186 amounts_NNS greatly_RB exceeding_VBG lead-210_NN so_CS that_CS" J04 186 these_DTS shall_MD not_XNOT be_BE J04 187 mistakenly_RB reported_VBN as_IN lead-210_NN ._. J04 188 ^ table_NN 1_CD1 shows_VBZ the_ATI decontamination_NN factors_NNS J04 188 obtained_VBN J04 189 experimentally_RB for_IN ten_CD radionuclides_NNS ,_, accompanied_VBN J04 189 in_IN two_CD instances_NNS by_IN J04 190 radioactive_JJ daughters_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI decontamination_NN factor_NN J04 190 falls_VBZ below_IN J04 191 10*:4**:_&FO only_RB for_IN ruthenium-106_NN and_CC zirconium-95_NN J04 191 with_IN their_PP$ daughters_NNS J04 192 in_IN the_ATI first_OD stage_NN ,_, \0i.e_RB the_ATI lead_NN J04 192 chromate_NN source_NN containing_VBG the_ATI J04 193 bismuth-210_NN daughter_NN ._. ^ when_WRB the_ATI second_OD stage_NN J04 193 (_( the_ATI bismuth_NN phosphate_NN J04 194 source_NN )_) is_BEZ completed_VBN ,_, the_ATI decontamination_NN J04 194 factors_NNS are_BER exceptionally_RB J04 195 high_JJ ._. J04 197 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ results_NNS and_CC discussion_NN ._. J04 198 ^ a_AT known_JJ quantity_NN (_( \0approx_RB 1_CD1 x_IN 10*:-2**:_&FO J04 198 \0mc_NNU )_) of_IN lead-210_NN J04 199 was_BEDZ added_VBN to_IN 1-litre_JJB aliquots_NNS of_IN different_JJ J04 199 batches_NNS of_IN typical_JJ J04 200 low-activity_JJB effluent_NN ._. ^ the_ATI aliquots_NNS were_BED J04 200 allowed_VBN to_TO stand_VB for_IN about_RB J04 201 seven_CD days_NNS (_( except_CS where_WRB noted_VBN to_IN the_ATI J04 201 contrary_NN )_) before_CS lead_NN carrier_NN J04 202 was_BEDZ added_VBN and_CC the_ATI analytical_JJ procedure_NN begun_VBN J04 202 ._. J05 2 ^ when_WRB we_PP1AS have_HV a_AT scalar_JJ effective_JJ mass_NN J05 2 m*;e**;_&FO we_PP1AS may_MD express_VB J05 3 t_ZZ in_IN the_ATI form_NN J05 4 **[formula**]_&FO J05 5 ._. ^ the_ATI index_NN s_ZZ in_IN the_ATI equation_NN t_ZZ =_&FO J05 5 AE*:-s**:_&FO is_BEZ therefore_RB J05 6 1/2_CD ._. ^ for_IN a_AT non-degenerate_JJ semiconductor_NN with_IN J05 6 s_ZZ =_&FO 1/2_CD we_PP1AS have_HV from_IN J05 7 *?13_NN 10.6_CD equation_NN (_( 83_CD )_) ,_, J05 8 **[formula**]_&FO J05 9 since_CS **[formula**]_&FO and_CC **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ thus_RB J05 10 we_PP1AS have_HV J05 11 **[formula**]_&FO J05 12 ._. ^ the_ATI mobility_NN m*;e**;_&FO when_WRB we_PP1AS have_HV J05 12 only_RB lattice_NN J05 13 scattering_NN by_IN the_ATI acoustical_JJ modes_NNS of_IN vibration_NN J05 13 is_BEZ therefore_RB given_VBN by_IN J05 14 **[formula**]_&FO J05 15 ._. ^ this_DT gives_VBZ the_ATI well_RB known_JJ T*:-3/2**:_&FO J05 15 law_NN for_IN the_ATI variation_NN of_IN J05 16 mobility_NN in_IN pure_JJ semiconductors_NNS at_IN high_JJ J05 16 temperatures_NNS ;_; it_PP3 is_BEZ J05 17 unfortunately_RB not_XNOT very_QL well_RB obeyed_VBN for_IN most_AP J05 17 semiconductors_NNS since_CS both_ABX J05 18 anisotropy_NN and_CC other_AP scattering_JJ mechanisms_NNS tend_VB J05 18 to_TO modify_VB the_ATI mobility_NN J05 19 to_IN an_AT appreciable_JJ extent_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS defer_VB the_ATI J05 19 calculation_NN of_IN the_ATI constant_NN J05 20 a_ZZ to_IN *?13_NN 13.4.4_CD ._. J05 21 ^ 10.10_CD ._. ^ low-mobility_JJB semiconductors_NNS ._. J05 22 ^ although_CS the_ATI theory_NN of_IN electrical_JJ conductivity_NN J05 22 which_WDTR we_PP1AS have_HV J05 23 given_VBN seems_VBZ to_TO be_BE applicable_JJ to_IN metals_NNS and_CC J05 23 to_IN normal_JJ semiconductors_NNS J05 24 having_HVG a_AT high_JJ electron_NN and_CC hole_NN mobility_NN ,_, J05 24 we_PP1AS may_MD readily_RB show_VB that_CS it_PP3 J05 25 can_MD not_XNOT be_BE applied_VBN without_IN serious_JJ modification_NN J05 25 to_IN materials_NNS for_IN which_WDTR J05 26 the_ATI mobility_NN is_BEZ low_JJ ._. ^ there_EX are_BER many_AP J05 26 such_ABL materials_NNS which_WDTR appear_VB to_TO J05 27 have_HV mobilities_NNS of_IN about_RB 1_CD1 \0cm*:2**:_NNU /_CC V_ZZ J05 27 \0sec_NNU ._. ^ for_IN such_ABL materials_NNS J05 28 the_ATI relaxation_NN time_NN t_ZZ would_MD have_HV a_AT value_NN of_IN J05 28 about_RB 6_CD x_IN J05 29 10*:-16**:_&FO \0sec_NNU if_CS we_PP1AS have_HV m*;e**;_&FO =_&FO m_ZZ J05 29 and_CC a_AT smaller_JJR value_NN J05 30 still_RB if_CS m*;e**;_&FO <_&FO m_ZZ ._. ^ now_RN because_IN of_IN" J05 30 collisions_NNS the_ATI value_NN of_IN J05 31 the_ATI energy_NN can_MD not_XNOT be_BE precisely_RB stated_VBN for_IN J05 31 a_AT time_NN much_RB greater_JJR than_IN J05 32 t_ZZ so_CS that_CS" ,_, if_CS dE_&FO is_BEZ the_ATI uncertainty_NN J05 32 in_IN energy_NN ,_, we_PP1AS J05 33 must_MD have_HV (_( \0cf_VB *?13_NN 1.4_CD ,_, equation_NN (_( 67_CD J05 33 )_) )_) J05 34 **[formula**]_&FO J05 35 ._. ^ thus_RB if_CS **[formula**]_&FO ,_, **[formula**]_&FO ._. J05 36 ^ the_ATI allocation_NN of_IN energy_NN levels_NNS in_IN a_AT band_NN J05 36 therefore_RB becomes_VBZ J05 37 meaningless_JJ ,_, particularly_RB if_CS the_ATI energy_NN spread_NN J05 37 of_IN the_ATI carriers_NNS ,_, as_CS in_IN J05 38 a_AT non-degenerate_JJ semiconductor_NN ,_, is_BEZ only_RB of_IN J05 38 the_ATI order_NN of_IN kT_&FO ._. ^ for_IN J05 39 a_AT semiconductor_NN like_IN Ge_&FO ,_, on_IN the_ATI other_AP hand_NN J05 39 ,_, **[formula**]_&FO J05 41 ^ for_IN low-mobility_JJB semiconductors_NNS the_ATI band_NN J05 41 theory_NN of_IN conduction_NN J05 42 must_MD be_BE abandoned_VBN and_CC we_PP1AS must_MD regard_VB J05 42 conduction_NN by_IN electrons_NNS as_IN a_AT form_NN J05 43 of_IN field-assisted_JJ tunnelling_NN between_IN adjacent_JJ atoms_NNS J05 43 of_IN the_ATI crystal_NN ._. J05 44 ^ this_DT process_NN has_HVZ been_BEN discussed_VBN extensively_RB J05 44 by_IN \0A_NP \0F_NP Joffe*?2_NP J05 45 and_CC has_HVZ been_BEN applied_VBN by_IN him_PP3O to_IN the_ATI J05 45 study_NN of_IN liquid_JJ and_CC amorphous_JJ J05 46 semiconductors_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI limitations_NNS of_IN the_ATI band_NN J05 46 theory_NN ,_, particularly_RB as_CS J05 47 applied_VBN to_IN narrow_JJ bands_NNS with_IN high_JJ effective_JJ J05 47 mass_NN have_HV also_RB been_BEN J05 48 recently_RB discussed_VBN by_IN \0H_NP Fro"hlich_NP and_CC \0G_NP J05 48 \0L_NP Sewell_NP ._. ^ the_ATI J05 49 theory_NN of_IN conduction_NN by_IN *'_*' jumping_VBG **'_**' from_IN J05 49 site_NN to_IN site_NN has_HVZ also_RB been_BEN J05 50 used_VBN by_IN \0N_NP \0F_NP Mott_NP to_TO discuss_VB conduction_NN J05 50 by_IN impurities_NNS in_IN J05 51 semiconductors_NNS at_IN low_JJ temperatures_NNS ,_, the_ATI J05 51 so-called_JJB impurity_NN band_NN J05 52 conduction_NN ._. ^ the_ATI full_JJ details_NNS of_IN the_ATI theory_NN J05 52 of_IN this_DT type_NN of_IN conduction_NN J05 53 have_HV not_XNOT yet_RB been_BEN worked_VBN out_RP to_IN anything_PN J05 53 like_IN the_ATI same_AP extent_NN as_CS for_IN J05 54 conduction_NN in_IN materials_NNS having_HVG a_AT high_JJ electron_NN J05 54 or_CC hole_NN mobility_NN ._. J05 55 ^ 11_CD ._. J05 56 ^ the_ATI effective-mass_JJB approximation_NN ._. J05 57 ^ 11.1_CD ._. ^ the_ATI quasi-classical_JJ approximation_NN ._. J05 58 ^ we_PP1AS have_HV shown_VBN in_IN chapter_NN 8_CD that_CS ,_, to_IN J05 58 a_AT high_JJ degree_NN of_IN J05 59 approximation_NN ,_, an_AT electron_NN moving_VBG in_IN a_AT perfect_JJ J05 59 crystalline_JJ lattice_NN in_IN J05 60 an_AT external_JJ field_NN of_IN force_NN F_ZZ may_MD be_BE J05 60 regarded_VBN as_IN a_AT particle_NN moving_VBG J05 61 classically_RB in_IN the_ATI field_NN ,_, the_ATI particle_NN J05 61 having_HVG a_AT tensorial_JJ effective_JJ J05 62 mass_NN ;_; the_ATI equations_NNS of_IN motion_NN were_BED derived_VBN J05 62 in_IN *?13_NN 8.8_CD ._. ^ these_DTS may_MD be_BE J05 63 expressed_VBN in_IN terms_NNS of_IN the_ATI wave_NN vector_NN k_ZZ J05 63 or_CC crystal_NN momentum_NN P_ZZ J05 64 by_IN means_IN" of_IN" the_ATI vector_NN equation_NN J05 65 **[formula**]_&FO J05 66 ._. ^ this_DT equation_NN may_MD be_BE transformed_VBN into_IN an_AT J05 66 acceleration_NN equation_NN ,_, J05 67 giving_VBG the_ATI rate_NN of_IN change_NN of_IN the_ATI *'_*' J05 67 averaged_JJ **'_**' velocity_NN J05 68 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, in_IN the_ATI form_NN J05 69 **[formula**]_&FO J05 70 where_WRB 1/M*;e**;_&FO represents_VBZ the_ATI effective-mass_JJB J05 70 tensor_NN whose_WP$R J05 71 Cartesian_JNP components_NNS 1/m*;rs**;_&FO are_BER given_VBN by_IN J05 72 **[formula**]_&FO J05 73 ._. ^ when_WRB the_ATI energy_NN E_ZZ may_MD be_BE expressed_VBN J05 73 in_IN the_ATI quadratic_JJ form_NN J05 74 **[formula**]_&FO J05 75 where_WRB the_ATI quantities_NNS A*;rs**;_&FO are_BER constants_NNS J05 75 ,_, and_CC A*;rs**;_&FO =_&FO J05 76 A*;sr**;_&FO and_CC the_ATI components_NNS of_IN the_ATI J05 76 effective-mass_JJB tensor_NN are_BER J05 77 constants_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI various_JJ simplifications_NNS of_IN J05 77 equation_NN (_( 2_CD )_) which_WDTR may_MD be_BE J05 78 made_VBN when_WRB some_DTI of_IN the_ATI quantities_NNS A*;rs**;_&FO J05 78 are_BER zero_CD or_CC equal_JJ have_HV J05 79 been_BEN discussed_VBN in_IN *?13_NN 8.8_CD ;_; in_RB particular_RB" J05 79 ,_, when_WRB J05 80 **[formula**]_&FO so_CS that_CS" the_ATI effective_JJ mass_NN is_BEZ J05 80 a_AT scalar_JJ m*;e**;_&FO ,_, the_ATI J05 81 equation_NN of_IN motion_NN reduces_VBZ to_IN the_ATI simple_JJ J05 81 classical_JJ form_NN J05 82 **[formula**]_&FO J05 83 ._. ^ we_PP1AS shall_MD refer_VB to_IN this_DT ,_, and_CC the_ATI J05 83 more_QL general_JJ form_NN (_( 2_CD )_) ,_, as_IN the_ATI J05 84 quasi-classical_JJ approximation_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 should_MD be_BE J05 84 clearly_RB appreciated_VBN that_CS J05 85 these_DTS equations_NNS are_BER in_IN no_ATI sense_NN based_VBN on_IN J05 85 classical_JJ mechanics_NN *-_*- their_PP$ J05 86 derivation_NN depends_VBZ essentially_RB on_IN the_ATI quantum_NN J05 86 theory_NN of_IN electron_NN waves_NNS J05 87 in_IN crystals_NNS as_CS shown_VBN in_IN *?13_NN 8.8_CD ._. ^ the_ATI J05 87 term_NN quasi-classical_JJ is_BEZ used_VBN to_TO J05 88 indicate_VB that_CS their_PP$ form_NN is_BEZ classical_JJ ._. ^ once_CS J05 88 they_PP3AS have_HV been_BEN derived_VBN ,_, J05 89 however_RB ,_, they_PP3AS may_MD be_BE used_VBN to_TO describe_VB J05 89 the_ATI motions_NNS of_IN the_ATI conduction_NN J05 90 electrons_NNS in_IN the_ATI crystal_NN by_IN treating_VBG the_ATI J05 90 electrons_NNS as_IN classical_JJ J05 91 particles_NNS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI derivation_NN of_IN equation_NN (_( J05 91 1_CD1 )_) we_PP1AS pointed_VBD out_RP that_CS J05 92 there_EX were_BED certain_JJ restrictions_NNS under_IN which_WDTR J05 92 it_PP3 could_MD be_BE applied_VBN ._. ^ in_RB J05 93 particular_RB" ,_, the_ATI force_NN F_ZZ must_MD be_BE *'_*' slowly_RB J05 93 varying_VBG **'_**' ,_, \0i.e_RB it_PP3 J05 94 must_MD change_VB very_QL slightly_RB between_IN neighbouring_JJ J05 94 cells_NNS in_IN the_ATI crystal_NN ._. J05 95 ^ we_PP1AS have_HV applied_VBN equations_NNS of_IN this_DT form_NN J05 95 to_TO discuss_VB the_ATI motion_NN of_IN J05 96 electrons_NNS under_IN external_JJ electric_JJ and_CC magnetic_JJ J05 96 fields_NNS and_CC have_HV found_VBN J05 97 that_CS this_DT description_NN leads_VBZ to_IN results_NNS in_IN J05 97 excellent_JJ agreement_NN with_IN J05 98 experiment_NN when_WRB the_ATI fields_NNS are_BER not_XNOT too_QL J05 98 strong_JJ ._. ^ we_PP1AS have_HV also_RB used_VBN the_ATI J05 99 idea_NN of_IN effective_JJ mass_NN in_IN *?13_NN 9.3.6_CD to_TO J05 99 discuss_VB the_ATI motion_NN of_IN an_AT J05 100 electron_NN in_IN the_ATI Coulomb_NP field_NN of_IN an_AT impurity_NN J05 100 atom_NN in_IN a_AT semiconductor_NN ._. J05 101 ^ here_RN ,_, however_RB ,_, we_PP1AS have_HV a_AT rather_RB J05 101 paradoxical_JJ state_NN of_IN affairs_NNS in_CS that_CS" ,_, J05 102 while_CS we_PP1AS regarded_VBD the_ATI electron_NN as_IN a_AT J05 102 particle_NN of_IN mass_NN m*;e**;_&FO ,_, J05 103 we_PP1AS used_VBD wave_NN mechanics_NN to_TO derive_VB the_ATI J05 103 energy_NN levels_NNS of_IN the_ATI J05 104 impurity_NN centre_NN ,_, quoting_VBG the_ATI well-known_JJ result_NN J05 104 for_IN a_AT hydrogen_NN atom_NN ._. J05 105 ^ indeed_RB we_PP1AS may_MD readily_RB see_VB that_CS the_ATI J05 105 quasi-classical_JJ approximation_NN only_RB J05 106 holds_VBZ provided_CS the_ATI wavelength_NN l*;e**;_&FO of_IN the_ATI J05 106 quasi_JJB particle_NN J05 107 is_BEZ short_JJ compared_VBN with_IN the_ATI distance_NN over_IN J05 107 which_WDTR the_ATI field_NN varies_VBZ J05 108 appreciably_RB ;_; this_DT is_BEZ the_ATI well-known_JJ criterion_NN J05 108 for_IN the_ATI application_NN of_IN J05 109 classical_JJ mechanics_NN to_IN the_ATI motion_NN of_IN a_AT J05 109 particle_NN in_IN a_AT field_NN of_IN force_NN ._. J05 110 ^ for_IN the_ATI motion_NN of_IN a_AT free_JJ particle_NN of_IN J05 110 mass_NN m_ZZ in_IN a_AT field_NN of_IN J05 111 force_NN given_VBN by_IN a_AT potential_JJ function_NN V(r)_&FO the_ATI J05 111 classical_JJ equation_NN J05 112 of_IN motion_NN J05 113 **[formula**]_&FO J05 114 is_BEZ replaced_VBN by_IN Schro"dinger's_NP$ equation_NN J05 115 **[formula**]_&FO J05 116 or_CC more_QL generally_RB by_IN the_ATI equation_NN J05 117 **[formula**]_&FO J05 118 where_WRB H_ZZ (_( p_ZZ ,_, r_ZZ )_) is_BEZ the_ATI classical_JJ J05 118 Hamiltonian_NNP expressed_VBN in_IN J05 119 terms_NNS of_IN the_ATI momentum_NN p_ZZ ._. ^ equations_NNS (_( 7_CD J05 119 )_) or_CC (_( 8_CD )_) determine_VB the_ATI J05 120 stationary-state_JJB wave_NN function_NN ps_ZZ associated_VBN with_IN J05 120 the_ATI energy_NN J05 121 E_ZZ ._. ^ because_IN of_IN" the_ATI similarity_NN of_IN equations_NNS J05 121 (_( 5_CD )_) and_CC (_( 6_CD )_) it_PP3 would_MD J05 122 seem_VB not_XNOT unreasonable_JJ to_TO replace_VB equation_NN (_( 5_CD J05 122 )_) ,_, when_WRB we_PP1AS are_BER dealing_VBG J05 123 with_IN an_AT *'_*' external_JJ **'_**' field_NN of_IN force_NN in_IN J05 123 a_AT crystal_NN to_IN which_WDTR classical_JJ J05 124 mechanics_NN can_MD not_XNOT be_BE applied_VBN ,_, by_IN an_AT J05 124 equation_NN of_IN the_ATI form_NN J05 125 **[formula**]_&FO J05 126 where_WRB V(r)_&FO is_BEZ the_ATI potential_NN which_WDTR J05 126 determines_VBZ the_ATI force_NN ._. J05 127 ^ this_DT is_BEZ effectively_RB what_WDT we_PP1AS have_HV done_VBN J05 127 in_IN discussing_VBG the_ATI energy_NN levels_NNS J05 128 of_IN an_AT impurity_NN centre_NN in_IN a_AT semiconductor_NN in_IN J05 128 *?13_NN 9.3.6_CD ._. ^ we_PP1AS shall_MD J05 129 devote_VB most_AP of_IN the_ATI present_JJ chapter_NN to_IN proving_NN J05 129 that_CS such_ABL an_AT equation_NN J05 130 can_MD indeed_RB be_BE used_VBN to_TO describe_VB the_ATI motion_NN ._. J05 130 ^ some_DTI thought_NN will_MD have_HV to_TO J05 131 be_BE given_VBN to_IN the_ATI interpretation_NN of_IN the_ATI wave_NN J05 131 function_NN ps_ZZ ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ J05 132 clearly_RB not_XNOT the_ATI same_AP as_IN the_ATI wave_NN functions_NNS J05 132 used_VBN to_TO describe_VB the_ATI motion_NN J05 133 of_IN the_ATI electron_NN in_IN the_ATI perfect_JJ crystal_NN ;_; as_CS J05 133 we_PP1AS shall_MD see_VB ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT the_ATI J05 134 whole_JJ wave_NN function_NN but_CC may_MD be_BE interpreted_VBN as_IN J05 134 a_AT slowly_RB varying_JJ J05 135 amplitude_NN ._. J05 136 ^ the_ATI extension_NN of_IN equation_NN (_( 9_CD )_) to_IN the_ATI J05 136 case_NN when_WRB the_ATI effective_JJ mass_NN J05 137 is_BEZ tensorial_JJ may_MD be_BE expected_VBN to_TO follow_VB in_IN J05 137 the_ATI same_AP way_NN as_CS equation_NN (_( 8_CD )_) J05 138 is_BEZ an_AT extension_NN of_IN equation_NN (_( 7_CD )_) ,_, the_ATI J05 138 Hamiltonian_NNP H_ZZ being_BEG the_ATI sum_NN J05 139 of_IN the_ATI energy_NN of_IN the_ATI electron_NN in_IN the_ATI J05 139 crystal_NN as_IN a_AT function_NN of_IN the_ATI J05 140 crystal_NN momentum_NN P_ZZ (_( which_WDTR we_PP1AS should_MD expect_VB J05 140 to_TO replace_VB the_ATI momentum_NN J05 141 p_ZZ of_IN a_AT free_JJ particle_NN )_) and_CC the_ATI potential_JJ J05 141 energy_NN V(r)_&FO being_BEG J05 142 derived_VBN from_IN the_ATI external_JJ force_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS J05 142 might_MD reasonably_RB therefore_RB J05 143 expect_VB the_ATI equation_NN which_WDTR determines_VBZ the_ATI J05 143 motion_NN of_IN an_AT electron_NN in_IN a_AT J05 144 crystal_NN under_IN an_AT external_JJ force_NN to_TO be_BE J05 145 **[formula**]_&FO J05 146 where_WRB E*;p**;(P)_&FO is_BEZ the_ATI energy_NN of_IN an_AT J05 146 electron_NN in_IN the_ATI perfect_JJ J05 147 crystal_NN given_VBN as_IN a_AT function_NN of_IN the_ATI crystal_NN J05 147 momentum_NN P_ZZ ._. ^ in_IN terms_NNS J05 148 the_ATI wave_NN vector_NN k_ZZ ,_, equation_NN (_( 10_CD )_) may_MD J05 148 be_BE written_VBN in_IN the_ATI J05 149 form_NN J05 150 **[formula**]_&FO J05 151 where_WRB E*;k**;(k)_&FO is_BEZ the_ATI energy_NN of_IN J05 151 electrons_NNS in_IN the_ATI perfect_JJ J05 152 crystal_NN as_IN a_AT function_NN of_IN the_ATI wave_NN vector_NN k_ZZ J05 152 ._. ^ for_IN slowly_RB varying_JJ J05 153 fields_NNS it_PP3 is_BEZ well_RB known_VBN that_CS equations_NNS J05 153 such_IN as_IN" (_( 7_CD )_) and_CC (_( 8_CD )_) give_VB the_ATI J05 154 same_AP results_NNS as_IN classical_JJ mechanics_NN ;_; similarly_RB J05 154 ,_, equations_NNS (_( 9_CD )_) and_CC (_( 10_CD )_) J05 155 will_MD give_VB the_ATI same_AP results_NNS as_IN the_ATI J05 155 quasi-classical_JJ approximation_NN when_WRB J05 156 this_DT is_BEZ applicable_JJ ._. ^ equations_NNS (_( 10_CD )_) and_CC J05 156 (_( 10a_CD )_) clearly_RB reduce_VB to_IN J05 157 equation_NN (_( 9_CD )_) when_WRB we_PP1AS have_HV a_AT scalar_JJ J05 157 effective_JJ mass_NN m*;e**;_&FO ;_; they_PP3AS J05 158 represent_VB a_AT higher_JJR degree_NN of_IN approximation_NN than_IN J05 158 equation_NN (_( 2_CD )_) ._. ^ so_QL far_RB ,_, J05 159 we_PP1AS have_HV only_RB given_VBN plausible_JJ arguments_NNS for_IN J05 159 their_PP$ form_NN ;_; we_PP1AS shall_MD now_RN J05 160 proceed_VB to_TO derive_VB them_PP3OS using_VBG the_ATI quantum_NN J05 160 theory_NN of_IN the_ATI motion_NN of_IN J05 161 electrons_NNS in_IN a_AT crystal_NN ._. J05 162 ^ 11.2_CD ._. ^ quantum_NN theory_NN of_IN the_ATI effective-mass_JJB J05 162 approximation_NN ._. J05 163 ^ the_ATI wave_NN equation_NN describing_VBG the_ATI motion_NN of_IN J05 163 electrons_NNS in_IN a_AT J05 164 crystal_NN in_IN a_AT perturbing_JJ field_NN of_IN force_NN may_MD J05 164 be_BE derived_VBN in_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN J05 165 ways_NNS ._. ^ an_AT elegant_JJ derivation_NN ,_, which_WDTR also_RB J05 165 shows_VBZ up_RP well_RB the_ATI physical_JJ J05 166 principles_NNS involved_VBN ,_, originally_RB given_VBN by_IN \0G_NP J05 166 Wannier_NP ,_, has_HVZ been_BEN J05 167 developed_VBN by_IN \0J_NP \0C_NP Slater_NP ,_, and_CC we_PP1AS J05 167 shall_MD first_RB of_IN all_ABN follow_VB this_DT J05 168 method_NN of_IN derivation_NN ._. ^ in_TO order_TO" to_TO" use_VB J05 168 Wannier's_NP$ method_NN we_PP1AS shall_MD have_HV J05 169 to_TO introduce_VB some_DTI wave_NN functions_NNS which_WDTR he_PP3A J05 169 used_VBD and_CC which_WDTR are_BER generally_RB J05 170 known_VBN as_IN Wannier_NP functions_NNS ;_; they_PP3AS are_BER J05 170 built_VBN up_RP from_IN the_ATI Bloch_NP wave_NN J05 171 functions_NNS which_WDTR we_PP1AS have_HV already_RB used_VBN in_IN J05 171 our_PP$ discussion_NN of_IN the_ATI motion_NN J05 172 of_IN electrons_NNS in_IN a_AT perfect_JJ lattice_NN ._. ^ these_DTS J05 172 functions_NNS are_BER particularly_RB J05 173 well_RB suited_VBN to_IN this_DT kind_NN of_IN problem_NN ,_, J05 173 whereas_CS for_IN many_AP other_AP problems_NNS J05 174 the_ATI Bloch_NP functions_NNS are_BER to_TO be_BE preferred_VBN ._. ^ J05 174 as_CS we_PP1AS shall_MD see_VB ,_, the_ATI Wannier_NP J05 175 functions_NNS are_BER localised_VBN ,_, whereas_CS ,_, the_ATI Bloch_NP J05 175 functions_NNS are_BER spread_VBN J05 176 throughout_IN the_ATI whole_JJ crystal_NN ;_; the_ATI latter_AP are_BER J05 176 therefore_RB appropriate_JJ for_IN J05 177 the_ATI discussion_NN of_IN problems_NNS in_IN which_WDTR we_PP1AS J05 177 do_DO not_XNOT require_VB to_TO specify_VB the_ATI J05 178 position_NN of_IN an_AT electron_NN closely_RB ,_, while_CS the_ATI J05 178 former_AP are_BER useful_JJ when_WRB J05 179 discussing_VBG problems_NNS associated_VBN with_IN a_AT definite_JJ J05 179 point_NN in_IN the_ATI crystal_NN J05 180 such_IN as_IN" an_AT isolated_JJ impurity_NN centre_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J05 180 was_BEDZ indeed_RB in_TO order_TO" to_TO" obtain_VB J05 181 a_AT localised_VBN wave_NN function_NN that_CS the_ATI Wannier_NP J05 181 functions_NNS were_BED first_RB J05 182 introduced_VBN ._. J05 183 ^ we_PP1AS know_VB that_CS the_ATI Bloch_NP functions_NNS J05 183 b*;k**;(r)_&FO defined_VBN by_IN J05 184 **[formula**]_&FO J05 185 are_BER solutions_NNS of_IN the_ATI wave_NN equation_NN for_IN J05 185 the_ATI perfect_JJ crystal_NN and_CC J05 186 hence_RB that_CS a_AT wave_NN function_NN representing_VBG a_AT J05 186 solution_NN of_IN the_ATI wave_NN J05 187 equation_NN may_MD be_BE expanded_VBN as_IN a_AT series_NN of_IN J05 187 such_ABL functions_NNS ._. ^ if_CS we_PP1AS J05 188 restrict_VB the_ATI values_NNS of_IN k_ZZ to_IN the_ATI first_OD J05 188 Brillouin_NP zone_NN there_EX will_MD be_BE J05 189 N_ZZ such_ABL allowed_JJ values_NNS corresponding_VBG to_IN each_DT J05 189 energy_NN band_NN ,_, where_WRB N_ZZ J05 190 is_BEZ the_ATI number_NN of_IN unit_NN cells_NNS in_IN the_ATI J05 190 crystal_NN ._. ^ in_TO order_TO" to_TO" obtain_VB an_AT J05 191 exact_JJ expansion_NN of_IN the_ATI wave_NN function_NN we_PP1AS J05 191 should_MD require_VB to_TO use_VB Bloch_NP J05 192 functions_NNS b*;kn**;(r)_&FO corresponding_VBG to_IN all_ABN bands_NNS J05 192 ._. ^ however_RB ,_, J05 193 when_WRB we_PP1AS have_HV a_AT substantial_JJ gap_NN between_IN the_ATI J05 193 bands_NNS it_PP3 appears_VBZ that_CS we_PP1AS J05 194 may_MD obtain_VB ,_, under_IN certain_JJ conditions_NNS ,_, a_AT J05 194 good_JJ approximation_NN by_IN using_VBG J05 195 Bloch_NP functions_NNS only_RB from_IN the_ATI band_NN in_IN which_WDTR J05 195 we_PP1AS are_BER interested_JJ ,_, and_CC J05 196 these_DTS we_PP1AS shall_MD denote_VB by_IN b*;k**;(r)_&FO ._. ^ J05 196 we_PP1AS then_RN have_HV for_IN the_ATI J05 197 expansion_NN of_IN the_ATI wave_NN function_NN ps_ZZ J05 198 **[formula**]_&FO J05 199 ._. ^ 11.2.1_CD ._. ^ the_ATI Wannier_NP functions_NNS ._. J05 200 ^ the_ATI expansion_NN given_VBN in_IN equation_NN (_( 12_CD )_) J05 200 is_BEZ not_XNOT very_QL easily_RB J05 201 interpreted_VBN physically_RB if_CS a_AT number_NN of_IN J05 201 coefficients_NNS A*;n**;(k)_&FO J05 202 are_BER required_VBN to_TO give_VB an_AT accurate_JJ description_NN J05 202 of_IN the_ATI wave_NN function_NN J05 203 representing_VBG the_ATI motion_NN of_IN an_AT electron_NN in_IN J05 203 the_ATI perturbing_JJ field_NN of_IN J05 204 force_NN ._. ^ to_TO overcome_VB this_DT difficulty_NN Wannier_NP (_( J05 204 \0loc_NN \0cit_JJ )_) J05 205 introduced_VBD a_AT new_JJ set_NN of_IN wave_NN functions_NNS ,_, J05 205 derived_VBN from_IN the_ATI Bloch_NP wave_NN J05 206 functions_NNS ,_, which_WDTR have_HV the_ATI property_NN of_IN J05 206 being_BEG localised_JJ ._. ^ consider_VB the_ATI J05 207 wave_NN function_NN J05 208 **[formula**]_&FO J05 209 where_WRB the_ATI constants_NNS a*;n**;_&FO are_BER at_IN our_PP$ J05 209 disposal_NN ,_, the_ATI sum_NN J05 210 being_BEG taken_VBN over_IN the_ATI N_ZZ allowed_JJ values_NNS of_IN J05 210 k_ZZ ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI first_OD unit_NN J05 211 cell_NN of_IN the_ATI crystal_NN we_PP1AS may_MD choose_VB the_ATI J05 211 constants_NNS a*;n**;_&FO to_TO J05 212 make_VB all_ABN the_ATI functions_NNS b*;n**;(k)_&FO add_VB ._. ^ J05 212 we_PP1AS shall_MD assume_VB that_CS J05 213 the_ATI Bloch_NP functions_NNS are_BER normalised_VBN for_IN a_AT J05 213 volume_NN V_ZZ containing_VBG N_ZZ J05 214 unit_NN cells_NNS ,_, and_CC we_PP1AS have_HV already_RB seen_VBN J05 214 that_CS they_PP3AS are_BER orthogonal_JJ ,_, so_CS J05 215 that_CS" we_PP1AS have_HV J05 216 **[formula**]_&FO J05 217 ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI definition_NN of_IN the_ATI Bloch_NP J05 217 functions_NNS there_EX is_BEZ an_AT arbitrary_JJ J05 218 phase_NN term_NN and_CC we_PP1AS use_VB the_ATI constants_NNS J05 218 a*;n**;_&FO which_WDTR may_MD be_BE J05 219 written_VBN in_IN the_ATI form_NN \0exp_&FO (_( ib*;n**;_&FO )_) to_TO J05 219 take_VB out_RP this_DT phase_NN J05 220 term_NN ._. ^ indeed_RB we_PP1AS may_MD assume_VB that_CS the_ATI J05 220 Bloch_NP functions_NNS are_BER so_RB defined_VBN J05 221 that_CS they_PP3AS add_VB to_TO give_VB the_ATI maximum_JJ J05 221 contribution_NN in_IN the_ATI first_OD unit_NN J05 222 cell_NN so_CS that_CS" we_PP1AS may_MD take_VB J05 223 **[formula**]_&FO for_IN all_ABN values_NNS of_IN n_ZZ ._. J06 2 ^ all_ABN stages_NNS of_IN Calanus_&FW ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, J06 2 seem_VB to_TO migrate_VB on_IN some_DTI J06 3 occasions_NNS while_CS any_DTI stage_NN may_MD not_XNOT on_IN J06 3 others_APS ._. ^ such_ABL data_NNS can_MD not_XNOT yet_RB be_BE J06 4 rationalized_VBN ._. ^ where_WRB information_NN is_BEZ less_QL J06 4 extensive_JJ ,_, however_RB ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ J06 5 possible_JJ to_TO find_VB some_DTI regularity_NN in_IN the_ATI J06 5 observations_NNS ._. ^ thus_RB in_IN J06 6 Euphausia_&FW superba_&FW from_IN the_ATI Antarctic_NP ,_, the_ATI J06 6 metanauplii_NNS remain_VB J06 7 in_IN deep_JJ water_NN ,_, the_ATI later_JJR larval_JJ stages_NNS J06 7 migrate_VB diurnally_RB ,_, and_CC the_ATI J06 8 adolescents_NNS stay_VB permanently_RB at_IN the_ATI surface_NN ._. ^ J06 8 the_ATI migrating_JJ stages_NNS all_ABN J06 9 come_VB from_IN 100-250_CD-CD meters_NNS ,_, and_CC the_ATI time_NN J06 9 of_IN their_PP$ arrival_NN at_IN the_ATI surface_NN J06 10 is_BEZ directly_RB related_VBN to_IN their_PP$ swimming_NN capacity_NN J06 10 :_: 3rd_OD (_( oldest_JJT )_) J06 11 calyptopis_NN from_IN 1800-2200_CD-CD \0hr_NNU ;_; 2nd_OD ,_, from_IN J06 11 2200-0200_CD-CD \0hr_NNU ;_; and_CC 1st_OD ,_, J06 12 from_IN 0200-0600_CD-CD \0hr_NNU ._. ^ similar_JJ ontogenetic_JJ J06 12 differences_NNS are_BER apparent_JJ in_IN J06 13 Bosmina_&FW coregoni_&FW whose_WP$R adults_NNS remain_VB at_IN the_ATI J06 13 surface_NN while_CS the_ATI J06 14 young_JJ migrate_VB to_IN and_CC from_IN a_AT depth_NN of_IN 50_CD J06 14 meters_NNS ._. ^ such_ABL permanent_JJ J06 15 occurrence_NN at_IN the_ATI surface_NN could_MD of_RB course_RB" be_BE J06 15 considered_VBN the_ATI extreme_NN of_IN J06 16 a_AT variable_JJ day_NN depth_NN ._. ^ the_ATI effect_NN of_IN day_NN J06 16 depths_NNS upon_IN the_ATI surfacing_NN of_IN J06 17 various_JJ animals_NNS has_HVZ been_BEN reviewed_VBN elsewhere_RB ._. J06 18 ^ c_ZZ ._. ^ anomalies_NNS ._. ^ in_IN spite_IN" of_IN" the_ATI J06 18 variability_NN of_IN migrational_JJ J06 19 behavior_NN ,_, some_DTI kinds_NNS of_IN anomalies_NNS may_MD be_BE J06 19 recognized_VBN ._. ^ vertical_JJ J06 20 movement_NN occurs_VBZ in_IN some_DTI forms_NNS apparently_RB in_IN J06 20 the_ATI reverse_JJ manner_NN to_IN that_DT J06 21 commonly_RB met_VBN ._. ^ such_ABL reversed_JJ migrations_NNS are_BER J06 21 known_VBN for_IN Acartia_&FW J06 22 clausi_&FW ,_, \0A_&FW longiremis_&FW ,_, Nyctiphanes_&FW couchii_&FW J06 22 ,_, Evadne_&FW \0sp_&FW ,_, J06 23 Oithona_&FW nana_&FW ,_, Daphnia_&FW lumholzi_&FW ,_, stages_NNS 4_CD J06 23 ,_, 5_CD ,_, and_CC adult_NN of_IN J06 24 Calanus_&FW finmarchicus_&FW ,_, Diaptomus_&FW banforanus_&FW ,_, J06 24 and_CC Cyclops_&FW J06 25 bicuspidatus_&FW ._. ^ an_AT echo-producing_JJ layer_NN ,_, which_WDTR J06 25 the_ATI authors_NNS think_VB J06 26 probably_RB consists_VBZ of_IN euphausiids_NNS ,_, has_HVZ also_RB J06 26 been_BEN described_VBN as_CS ,_, in_IN part_NN ,_, J06 27 regularly_RB moving_VBG in_IN a_AT reverse_JJ manner_NN ._. ^ most_AP J06 27 of_IN these_DTS records_NNS are_BER well_RB J06 28 substantiated_VBN and_CC involve_VB whole_JJ populations_NNS rather_RB J06 28 than_IN aberrant_JJ J06 29 individuals_NNS ._. ^ but_CC normal_JJ movements_NNS have_HV been_BEN J06 29 reported_VBN also_RB for_IN the_ATI J06 30 same_AP species_NN in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN five_CD of_IN these_DTS J06 30 examples_NNS and_CC for_IN other_AP J06 31 species_NNS in_IN the_ATI same_AP genera_NNS for_IN the_ATI J06 31 remaining_JJ Evadne_&FW ,_, Daphnia_&FW ,_, J06 32 and_CC Diaptomus_&FW ._. J06 33 ^ many_AP forms_NNS sometimes_RB migrate_VB and_CC on_IN other_AP J06 33 occasions_NNS do_DO not_XNOT ,_, but_CC J06 34 a_AP few_AP" appear_VB to_TO remain_VB permanently_RB at_IN one_CD1 J06 34 level_NN ._. ^ considering_IN the_ATI J06 35 widespread_JJ incidence_NN of_IN migration_NN in_IN the_ATI groups_NNS J06 35 concerned_VBN ,_, these_DTS may_MD J06 36 be_BE considered_VBN as_CS anomalous_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI most_QL J06 36 clearly_RB substantiated_VBN case_NN is_BEZ J06 37 that_DT of_IN the_ATI copepod_NN Anomalocera_&FW patersoni_&FW ,_, J06 37 which_WDTR remains_VBZ J06 38 permanently_RB at_IN the_ATI surface_NN ._. ^ among_IN other_AP J06 38 copepods_NNS Rhincalanus_&FW J06 39 gigas_&FW ,_, Calanoides_&FW acutus_&FW ,_, Microcalanus_&FW J06 39 pygmaeus_&FW ,_, Oithona_&FW frigida_&FW ,_, J06 40 and_CC Centropages_&FW typicus_&FW are_BER all_ABN reported_VBN as_CS J06 40 showing_VBG no_ATI J06 41 migration_NN ._. ^ the_ATI predaceous_JJ cladoceran_NN Bythotrephes_&FW J06 41 longimanus_&FW J06 42 also_RB remains_VBZ at_IN one_CD1 level_NN ,_, about_RB 10_CD J06 42 meters_NNS down_RP ._. J06 43 ^ in_IN view_NN of_IN its_PP$ well-known_JJ normal_JJ migration_NN J06 43 ,_, the_ATI occurrence_NN of_IN J06 44 Calanus_&FW finmarchicus_&FW in_IN the_ATI summer_NN at_IN the_ATI J06 44 surface_NN in_IN bright_JJ J06 45 sunlight_NN may_MD justly_RB be_BE considered_VBN anomalous_JJ ._. ^ J06 45 this_DT phenomenon_NN has_HVZ J06 46 nevertheless_RB been_BEN recorded_VBN many_AP times_NNS ,_, and_CC J06 46 such_ABL surface_NN Calanus_&FW J06 47 may_MD be_BE present_JJ in_IN enormous_JJ numbers_NNS ,_, breaking_VBG J06 47 the_ATI surface_NN into_IN small_JJ J06 48 circular_JJ ripples_VBZ like_IN raindrops_NNS ._. ^ observed_VBN J06 48 underwater_RB ,_, two_CD zones_NNS of_IN J06 49 differing_JJ behavior_NN were_BED recognized_VBN :_: an_AT upper_JJB J06 49 one_CD1 about_RB 30_CD \0cm_NNU in_IN J06 50 depth_NN ,_, in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI Calanus_&FW swam_VBD up_RP and_CC J06 50 down_RP repeatedly_RB ,_, J06 51 frequently_RB bumping_VBG on_IN the_ATI undersurface_NN of_IN the_ATI J06 51 water_NN ,_, and_CC a_AT lower_JJR one_CD1 J06 52 of_IN indeterminate_JJ depth_NN in_IN which_WDTR animals_NNS swam_VBD J06 52 directly_RB up_RP or_CC down_RP ._. ^ it_PP3 J06 53 seems_VBZ likely_JJ that_CS a_AT continuous_JJ interchange_NN was_BEDZ J06 53 taking_VBG place_NN between_IN J06 54 the_ATI population_NN at_IN the_ATI surface_NN and_CC that_DT in_IN J06 54 deeper_JJR water_NN ._. J06 55 ^ a_AT second_OD group_NN whose_WP$R normal_JJ vertical_JJ J06 55 migration_NN is_BEZ sufficiently_RB J06 56 well_RB known_VBN to_TO make_VB daytime_NN occurrence_NN at_IN the_ATI J06 56 surface_NN rank_VB as_CS anomalous_JJ J06 57 is_BEZ the_ATI Euphausiacea_NP ._. ^ there_EX are_BER numerous_JJ J06 57 records_NNS of_IN euphausiids_NNS J06 58 swimming_VBG at_IN the_ATI surface_NN in_IN bright_JJ sunshine_NN ,_, J06 58 with_IN particular_JJ mention_NN of_IN J06 59 their_PP$ shoaling_NN behavior_NN under_IN these_DTS circumstances_NNS J06 59 ._. J06 60 ^ 2_CD ._. ^ mechanisms_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI majority_NN of_IN J06 60 vertical_JJ migrations_NNS J06 61 undoubtedly_RB result_VB from_IN active_JJ swimming_NN although_CS J06 61 passive_JJ movement_NN J06 62 through_IN the_ATI water_NN has_HVZ been_BEN suggested_VBN on_IN J06 62 various_JJ grounds_NNS ._. ^ for_IN example_NN ,_, J06 63 transport_NN in_IN vertical_JJ currents_NNS resulting_VBG from_IN J06 63 temperature_NN differences_NNS J06 64 has_HVZ been_BEN proposed_VBN ;_; differences_NNS in_IN water_NN J06 64 viscosity_NN after_IN temperature_NN J06 65 changes_NNS have_HV also_RB been_BEN suggested_VBN as_IN a_AT cause_NN J06 65 of_IN movement_NN ,_, and_CC passive_JJ J06 66 movement_NN could_MD possibly_RB result_VB from_IN changes_NNS in_IN J06 66 the_ATI specific_JJ gravity_NN of_IN J06 67 the_ATI animals_NNS as_IN a_AT result_NN of_IN feeding_NN ._. ^ any_DTI J06 67 or_CC all_ABN of_IN these_DTS mechanisms_NNS J06 68 might_MD apply_VB under_IN particular_JJ circumstances_NNS ,_, but_CC J06 68 the_ATI evidence_NN in_IN favor_NN J06 69 of_IN active_JJ swimming_NN is_BEZ overwhelming_JJ ._. ^ indeed_RB ,_, J06 69 deep-living_JJ Calanus_&FW J06 70 may_MD even_RB keep_VB its_PP$ level_NN during_IN the_ATI arctic_JJ J06 70 night_NN by_IN active_JJ migration_NN J06 71 against_IN such_ABL vertical_JJ water_NN movements_NNS as_CS do_DO J06 71 occur_VB ._. ^ the_ATI rapidity_NN of_IN J06 72 some_DTI vertical_JJ movements_NNS has_HVZ led_VBN to_IN the_ATI J06 72 supposition_NN that_CS the_ATI animals_NNS J06 73 must_MD have_HV had_HVN passive_JJ assistance_NN ,_, but_CC J06 73 measurements_NNS of_IN swimming_NN speeds_NNS J06 74 prove_VB that_CS even_RB the_ATI most_QL extensive_JJ and_CC rapid_JJ J06 74 vertical_JJ movement_NN is_BEZ J06 75 within_IN the_ATI capabilities_NNS of_IN the_ATI animals_NNS J06 75 performing_VBG it_PP3 (_( table_NN 2_CD )_) ._. J06 76 ^ evidence_NN has_HVZ been_BEN presented_VBN for_IN a_AT supposed_JJ J06 76 randomness_NN in_IN the_ATI J06 77 movement_NN of_IN plankton_NN animals_NNS ._. ^ if_CS valid_JJ ,_, J06 77 this_DT implies_VBZ that_CS migrations_NNS J06 78 involve_VB kineses_NNS rather_RB than_IN taxes_NNS (_( chapter_NN 10_CD J06 78 )_) ._. ^ however_RB ,_, the_ATI data_NNS J06 79 cited_VBN in_IN support_NN of_IN this_DT idea_NN comprise_VB without_IN J06 79 exception_NN observations_NNS J06 80 made_VBN in_IN the_ATI laboratory_NN ._. ^ a_AT kinesis_NN J06 80 resulting_VBG in_IN an_AT upward_JJB movement_NN by_IN J06 81 Daphnia_&FW has_HVZ also_RB been_BEN demonstrated_VBN in_IN the_ATI J06 81 laboratory_NN at_IN J06 82 particularly_RB low_JJ light_NN intensities_NNS ,_, but_CC otherwise_RB J06 82 swimming_NN in_IN these_DTS J06 83 experiments_NNS was_BEDZ directional_JJ in_IN relation_NN to_IN the_ATI J06 83 light_NN source_NN ._. ^ such_ABL J06 84 observations_NNS as_CS have_HV been_BEN made_VBN in_IN the_ATI sea_NN J06 84 indicate_VB that_CS the_ATI J06 85 predominant_JJ movement_NN of_IN copepods_NNS is_BEZ directional_JJ ._. J06 85 ^ although_CS a_AT random_JJ J06 86 movement_NN may_MD occur_VB close_RB to_IN the_ATI surface_NN ,_, J06 86 this_DT results_VBZ from_IN the_ATI J06 87 restriction_NN imposed_VBN by_IN the_ATI boundary_NN itself_PPL ._. ^ J06 87 the_ATI speeds_NNS of_IN ascent_NN J06 88 calculated_VBN for_IN some_DTI forms_NNS in_IN the_ATI sea_NN make_VB J06 88 it_PP3 further_RBR improbable_JJ that_CS J06 89 the_ATI mechanism_NN of_IN ascent_NN is_BEZ a_AT kinesis_NN ;_; a_AT J06 89 directional_JJ taxis_NN would_MD seem_VB J06 90 more_QL probable_JJ ._. ^ downward_JJB movement_NN may_MD in_IN J06 90 some_DTI forms_NNS start_VB as_IN a_AT passive_JJ J06 91 sinking_NN ,_, especially_RB when_WRB it_PP3 occurs_VBZ before_IN J06 91 dawn_NN ;_; but_CC this_DT must_MD almost_RB J06 92 certainly_RB be_BE replaced_VBN by_IN the_ATI headfirst_JJB J06 92 downward_JJB swimming_NN observed_VBN in_IN J06 93 the_ATI field_NN ._. J06 95 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ initiating_JJ ,_, controlling_JJ ,_, and_CC J06 95 orienting_JJ factors_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J06 96 primary_JJ dependence_NN of_IN diurnal_JJ migrations_NNS upon_IN J06 96 changes_NNS in_IN light_NN J06 97 intensity_NN is_BEZ beyond_IN doubt_NN ._. ^ yet_RB in_IN spite_IN" J06 97 of_IN" a_AT great_JJ amount_NN of_IN work_NN ,_, J06 98 the_ATI detailed_JJ causal_JJ relationship_NN remains_VBZ one_CD1 of_IN J06 98 confused_JJ complexity_NN ._. J06 99 ^ Loeb_NP first_RB suggested_VBD the_ATI importance_NN of_IN light_NN J06 99 as_IN the_ATI governing_JJ factor_NN J06 100 but_CC combined_VBD its_PP$ influence_NN with_IN that_DT of_IN J06 100 gravity_NN ._. ^ later_JJR authors_NNS ,_, in_RB J06 101 particular_RB" Rose_NP ,_, have_HV proposed_VBN that_CS light_NN J06 101 alone_RB can_MD provide_VB an_AT J06 102 adequate_JJ mechanism_NN if_CS the_ATI animals_NNS have_HV ,_, and_CC J06 102 select_VB by_IN exploration_NN ,_, a_AT J06 103 zone_NN of_IN optimum_JJ light_NN intensity_NN ._. ^ this_DT view_NN J06 103 has_HVZ been_BEN enlarged_VBN with_IN a_AT J06 104 suggestion_NN that_CS both_ABX phototaxes_NNS and_CC geotaxes_NNS J06 104 may_MD play_VB a_AT part_NN in_IN J06 105 keeping_VBG animals_NNS near_IN their_PP$ optimum_NN ._. J06 106 ^ experimental_JJ work_NN largely_RB performed_VBN on_IN Calanus_&FW J06 106 ,_, however_RB ,_, has_HVZ J06 107 failed_VBN to_TO make_VB clear_JJ the_ATI relative_JJ importance_NN J06 107 of_IN light_NN and_CC gravity_NN in_IN J06 108 this_DT context_NN ._. ^ a_AT plankton_NN population_NN held_VBN in_IN J06 108 glass_NN tubes_NNS at_IN a_AT J06 109 particular_JJ depth_NN in_IN the_ATI sea_NN resolves_VBZ itself_PPL J06 109 into_IN two_CD components_NNS ,_, one_CD1 J06 110 swimming_VBG up_RP and_CC the_ATI other_AP down_RP ._. ^ the_ATI J06 110 proportion_NN swimming_VBG up_RP increases_VBZ J06 111 with_IN increasing_JJ depth_NN ._. ^ experiments_NNS using_VBG light_NN J06 111 reflected_VBN up_RP against_IN J06 112 gravity_NN showed_VBD that_CS here_RN the_ATI reaction_NN to_IN J06 112 light_NN predominates_VBZ ._. ^ yet_RB J06 113 other_AP experiments_NNS in_IN the_ATI dark_NN showed_VBD that_CS J06 113 the_ATI population_NN still_RB J06 114 segregated_VBD into_IN one_CD1 group_NN swimming_VBG up_RP and_CC J06 114 another_DT swimming_VBG down_RP ._. J06 115 ^ Hardy_NP and_CC Bainbridge_NP have_HV been_BEN able_JJ to_TO J06 115 remove_VB the_ATI confusing_JJ J06 116 experimental_JJ factor_NN of_IN a_AT limited_JJ vertical_JJ range_NN J06 116 with_IN their_PP$ plankton_NN J06 117 wheel_NN ._. ^ their_PP$ tentative_JJ conclusion_NN is_BEZ that_CS J06 117 upward_JJB migration_NN is_BEZ J06 118 generally_RB a_AT positive_JJ movement_NN toward_IN a_AT source_NN J06 118 of_IN low_JJ light_NN J06 119 intensities_NNS ._. ^ little_AP upward_JJB movement_NN can_MD be_BE J06 119 obtained_VBN by_IN blacking_VBG out_RP J06 120 during_IN the_ATI day_NN ,_, except_CS with_IN Daphnia_&FW ._. ^ J06 120 their_PP$ results_NNS leave_VB little_AP J06 121 doubt_NN that_CS downward_JJB migration_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT sinking_VBG J06 121 as_IN the_ATI result_NN of_IN an_AT J06 122 inhibition_NN of_IN movement_NN but_CC is_BEZ a_AT strong_JJ ,_, J06 122 rapid_JJ ,_, and_CC direct_JJ downward_JJB J06 123 swimming_NN away_RP from_IN light_NN ._. ^ the_ATI complete_JJ J06 123 absence_NN of_IN light_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT J06 124 generally_RB result_VB in_IN a_AT downward_JJB sinking_NN but_CC J06 124 rather_RB in_IN station-keeping_NN J06 125 maintained_VBN by_IN a_AT characteristic_JJ hop-and-sink_JJB J06 125 behavior_NN comprising_VBG J06 126 alternate_JJ phases_NNS of_IN upward_JJB swimming_NN and_CC J06 126 downward_JJB sinking_NN ._. ^ in_IN J06 127 Daphnia_&FW ,_, migratory_JJ behavior_NN results_VBZ from_IN the_ATI J06 127 interaction_NN of_IN both_ABX J06 128 phototactic_JJ and_CC geotactic_JJ responses_NNS ._. ^ furthermore_RB J06 128 ,_, the_ATI direction_NN of_IN J06 129 phototactic_JJ movement_NN is_BEZ dependent_JJ upon_IN the_ATI J06 129 postural_JJ angle_NN of_IN the_ATI J06 130 antenna_NN and_CC not_XNOT the_ATI orientation_NN of_IN the_ATI body_NN J06 130 ._. ^ a_AT reversible_JJ J06 131 photochemical_JJ system_NN has_HVZ been_BEN proposed_VBN to_TO J06 131 account_VB for_IN the_ATI photic_JJ J06 132 responses_NNS ,_, and_CC this_DT requires_VBZ a_AT minimal_JJ rate_NN J06 132 of_IN change_NN in_IN light_NN J06 133 intensity_NN to_TO induce_VB response_NN ;_; but_CC the_ATI rates_NNS J06 133 of_IN change_NN in_IN the_ATI sea_NN may_MD J06 134 be_BE too_QL low_JJ for_IN this_DT ._. J06 135 ^ an_AT important_JJ experimental_JJ advance_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J06 135 made_VBN by_IN Harris_NP and_CC J06 136 Wolfe_NP ,_, who_WPR studied_VBD the_ATI behavior_NN of_IN Daphnia_&FW J06 136 magna_&FW in_IN a_AT tank_NN J06 137 filled_VBN with_IN India_NP ink_NN suspension_NN and_CC illuminated_VBN J06 137 by_IN an_AT overhead_JJB light_NN J06 138 of_IN variable_JJ intensity_NN ._. ^ this_DT technique_NN has_HVZ J06 138 allowed_VBN for_IN the_ATI first_OD time_NN J06 139 sufficient_JJ change_NN in_IN intensity_NN over_IN limited_JJ J06 139 distances_NNS for_IN dependent_JJ J06 140 behavioral_JJ changes_NNS to_TO be_BE seen_VBN in_IN the_ATI J06 140 laboratory_NN ._. ^ despite_IN a_AT compressed_JJ J06 141 time_NN scale_NN these_DTS authors_NNS have_HV obtained_VBN an_AT J06 141 extraordinarily_RB close_JJ J06 142 simulation_NN of_IN migratory_JJ behavior_NN in_IN nature_NN ._. ^ a_AT J06 142 complete_JJ cycle_NN of_IN J06 143 vertical_JJ migration_NN can_MD be_BE demonstrated_VBN in_IN a_AT J06 143 vessel_NN 30_CD \0cm_NNU high_JJ ._. ^ as_IN J06 144 well_IN" as_IN" strong_JJ naturally-characteristic_JJB individual_JJ J06 144 variations_NNS ,_, this_DT J06 145 includes_VBZ a_AT midnight_NN sinking_NN and_CC a_AT dawn_NN rise_NN J06 145 ._. ^ at_IN high_JJ light_NN J06 146 intensities_NNS the_ATI animals_NNS keep_VB station_NN at_IN their_PP$ J06 146 optimum_NN by_IN a_AT vertical_JJ J06 147 hop-and-sink_JJB behavior_NN and_CC this_DT confirms_VBZ earlier_JJR J06 147 observations_NNS on_IN J06 148 station-keeping_NN in_IN Balanus_&FW nauplii_&FW ._. ^ at_IN low_JJ J06 148 light_NN intensities_NNS J06 149 this_DT is_BEZ replaced_VBN by_IN a_AT kinetic_JJ response_NN J06 149 independent_JJ of_IN the_ATI light_NN J06 150 direction_NN ._. ^ the_ATI dawn_NN rise_NN is_BEZ a_AT manifestation_NN J06 150 of_IN this_DT ._. ^ in_IN complete_JJ J06 151 darkness_NN all_ABN movement_NN is_BEZ inhibited_VBN and_CC a_AT J06 151 sinking_NN results_VBZ ._. ^ Harris_NP and_CC J06 152 Wolfe_NP stress_VB the_ATI importance_NN of_IN a_AT sensory_JJ J06 152 adaptation_NN in_IN the_ATI J06 153 photoreceptor_NN system_NN when_WRB interpreting_VBG their_PP$ J06 153 results_NNS and_CC suggest_VB that_CS J06 154 animals_NNS in_IN the_ATI sea_NN could_MD follow_VB prolonged_JJ J06 154 slight_JJ changes_NNS without_IN being_BEG J06 155 affected_VBN by_IN rapid_JJ large_JJ changes_NNS ._. J06 156 ^ in_IN imposing_JJ directionality_NN upon_IN the_ATI movement_NN J06 156 of_IN vertically_RB J06 157 migrating_JJ animals_NNS ,_, gravity_NN must_MD be_BE second_OD only_RB J06 157 to_IN light_NN ._. J06 158 ^ preoccupation_NN with_IN the_ATI idea_NN of_IN kinetic_JJ movement_NN J06 158 and_CC an_AT overemphasis_NN J06 159 of_IN the_ATI incidence_NN of_IN midnight_NN sinking_NN have_HV led_VBN J06 159 some_DTI authors_NNS to_TO dismiss_VB J06 160 gravity_NN as_CS of_IN no_ATI consequence_NN ._. ^ yet_RB it_PP3 J06 160 must_MD in_IN fact_NN be_BE of_IN the_ATI utmost_JJB J06 161 importance_NN in_IN many_AP cases_NNS ._. ^ Parker_NP first_RB J06 161 proposed_VBD *'_*' geotropism_NN **'_**' as_IN J06 162 one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI factors_NNS in_IN vertical_JJ migration_NN ,_, J06 162 and_CC his_PP$ ideas_NNS have_HV since_RI J06 163 been_BEN enlarged_VBN by_IN many_AP authors_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J06 163 continued_JJ ascent_NN of_IN crustaceans_NNS in_IN J06 164 total_JJ darkness_NN ,_, which_WDTR seems_VBZ substantiated_VBN in_IN J06 164 a_AP good_AP" many_AP" instances_NNS ,_, J06 165 and_CC the_ATI experimental_JJ evidence_NN showing_VBG Calanus_&FW J06 165 keeping_VBG station_NN in_IN J06 166 the_ATI dark_NN and_CC Daphnia_&FW ascending_VBG ,_, strongly_RB J06 166 imply_VB an_AT orientation_NN J06 167 dependent_NN upon_IN gravity_NN ._. J06 168 ^ pressure_NN has_HVZ been_BEN suggested_VBN as_CS having_HVG J06 168 some_DTI influence_NN upon_IN J06 169 migration_NN ,_, especially_RB of_IN Calanus_&FW ._. ^ but_CC J06 169 experiments_NNS expressly_RB J06 170 designed_VBN to_TO test_VB this_DT have_HV not_XNOT revealed_VBN J06 170 any_DTI change_NN in_IN the_ATI behavior_NN of_IN J06 171 this_DT species_NN under_IN pressures_NNS up_RP to_IN the_ATI J06 171 equivalent_NN of_IN 20_CD meters_NNS depth_NN ._. J06 172 ^ striking_JJ results_NNS were_BED obtained_VBN ,_, however_RB ,_, J06 172 with_IN zoea_NN and_CC megalopa_NN J06 173 stages_NNS of_IN Portunus_&FW and_CC Carcinus_&FW ._. ^ a_AT high_JJ J06 173 proportion_NN of_IN these_DTS J06 174 swam_VBD up_RP for_IN periods_NNS of_IN up_RP to_IN 3_CD \0hr_NNU J06 174 when_WRB subjected_VBN to_IN pressures_NNS J06 175 equivalent_JJ to_IN 5_CD ,_, 10_CD ,_, 15_CD ,_, and_CC 20_CD J06 175 meters_NNS depth_NN ._. ^ these_DTS findings_NNS have_HV J06 176 since_RI been_BEN confirmed_VBN in_IN studies_NNS of_IN Acartia_&FW J06 176 and_CC Centropages_&FW ,_, J06 177 the_ATI megalopas_NNS of_IN Carcinus_&FW maenas_&FW and_CC Galathea_&FW J06 177 as_CC well_CC" J06 178 as_CC" adults_NNS of_IN the_ATI copepod_NN Caligus_&FW rapax_&FW ,_, J06 178 still_RB without_IN any_DTI J06 179 success_NN in_IN eliciting_VBG a_AT response_NN from_IN Calanus_&FW ._. J06 179 ^ there_EX is_BEZ as_RB yet_RB" no_ATI J06 180 morphological_JJ evidence_NN for_IN a_AT pressure-sensitive_JJ organ_NN J06 180 in_IN any_DTI of_IN these_DTS J06 181 forms_NNS ,_, and_CC the_ATI mechanism_NN of_IN perception_NN is_BEZ J06 181 quite_RB uncertain_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI J06 182 unequivocal_JJ demonstration_NN of_IN a_AT sensitivity_NN to_IN J06 182 pressure_NN in_IN some_DTI of_IN the_ATI J06 183 deep-migrating_JJ copepods_NNS or_CC decapods_NNS would_MD be_BE a_AT J06 183 valuable_JJ contribution_NN J06 184 to_IN the_ATI whole_JJ problem_NN of_IN vertical_JJ migration_NN ._. ^ J06 184 but_CC at_IN the_ATI moment_NN ,_, light_NN J06 185 must_MD remain_VB the_ATI chief_JJB factor_NN by_IN which_WDTR most_AP J06 185 forms_NNS may_MD gauge_VB depth_NN ._. J06 186 ^ there_EX is_BEZ evidence_NN that_CS phytoplankton_NN may_MD J06 186 have_HV some_DTI effect_NN on_IN the_ATI J06 187 vertical_JJ migration_NN of_IN crustacean_JJ zooplankton_NN ._. ^ J06 187 Hardy_NP first_RB laid_VBD real_JJ J06 188 emphasis_NN on_IN this_DT possibility_NN ._. ^ observations_NNS on_IN J06 188 the_ATI inverse_JJ J06 189 distribution_NN of_IN plants_NNS and_CC animals_NNS in_IN the_ATI J06 189 sea_NN suggested_VBD that_CS many_AP J06 190 forms_NNS must_MD be_BE prevented_VBN from_IN coming_VBG up_RP or_CC J06 190 must_MD come_VB up_RP for_IN only_RB a_AT J06 191 short_JJ time_NN in_IN the_ATI presence_NN of_IN high_JJ J06 191 concentrations_NNS of_IN phytoplankton_NN ._. J06 192 ^ there_EX is_BEZ some_DTI evidence_NN possibly_RB supporting_VBG J06 192 this_DT idea_NN although_CS this_DT J06 193 relates_VBZ only_RB to_IN horizontal_JJ movement_NN ;_; on_IN this_DT J06 193 basis_NN the_ATI concept_NN of_IN J06 194 external_JJ metabolites_NNS as_CS affecting_VBG animal-plant_JJB J06 194 relationships_NNS in_IN the_ATI J06 195 sea_NN has_HVZ been_BEN developed_VBN by_IN Lucas_NP ._. ^ but_CC J06 195 later_JJR laboratory_NN experiments_NNS J06 196 indicate_VB that_CS greater_JJR numbers_NNS of_IN Calanus_&FW swim_VB J06 196 up_RP in_IN the_ATI presence_NN J06 197 of_IN a_AT variety_NN of_IN pure_JJ and_CC mixed_JJ phytoplankton_NN J06 197 cultures_NNS than_CS in_IN J06 198 unenriched_JJ water_NN ,_, only_RB one_CD1 culture_NN ,_, of_IN J06 198 Chlorella_&FW ,_, depressing_VBG the_ATI J06 199 number_NN swimming_VBG up_RP ._. J06 200 ^ the_ATI mechanism_NN underlying_VBG this_DT increase_NN in_IN J06 200 upward_JJB migration_NN has_HVZ J06 201 not_XNOT been_BEN investigated_VBN ,_, but_CC probably_RB reduction_NN J06 201 in_IN light_NN intensity_NN by_IN J06 202 the_ATI plant_NN cells_NNS is_BEZ not_XNOT the_ATI intermediate_JJ J06 202 factor_NN ._. ^ in_IN other_AP instances_NNS J06 203 this_DT might_MD however_RB be_BE effective_JJ :_: for_IN example_NN J06 203 ,_, blue-green_JJ algae_NNS in_IN Lake_NPL J06 204 Windermere_NP may_MD reduce_VB the_ATI light_NN intensity_NN at_IN J06 204 4.3_CD meters_NNS by_IN more_AP than_IN J06 205 50_CD %_NNU ._. ^ this_DT must_MD surely_RB affect_VB the_ATI J06 205 responses_NNS of_IN animals_NNS ._. J07 2 ^ this_DT resulted_VBD in_IN units_NNS of_IN much_RB lighter_JJR J07 2 weight_NN than_CS could_MD be_BE J07 3 obtained_VBN with_IN tubular_JJ constructions_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J07 3 growth_NN of_IN the_ATI aircraft_NN J07 4 industry_NN brought_VBD even_RB greater_JJR emphasis_NN to_IN the_ATI J07 4 need_NN for_IN lightweight_JJ J07 5 compact_JJ heat_NN exchangers_NNS ._. J07 6 ^ during_IN the_ATI 1930's_CDS ,_, the_ATI secondary_JJ surface_NN J07 6 plate-and-corrugation_JJB J07 7 construction_NN became_VBD established_VBN for_IN aero-engine_JJB J07 7 radiators_NNS ,_, using_VBG J07 8 dip-soldered_JJ copper_NN ._. ^ the_ATI air_NN and_CC J07 8 engine-coolant_JJB passages_NNS were_BED J07 9 separated_VBN by_IN flat_JJ plates_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI air_NN J07 9 passages_NNS were_BED packed_VBN with_IN J07 10 corrugated_JJ foil_NN bonded_VBN to_IN the_ATI primary_JJ plates_NNS J07 10 to_TO provide_VB the_ATI necessary_JJ J07 11 surface_NN area_NN for_IN heat_NN transfer_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J07 11 narrower_JJR coolant_NN passages_NNS were_BED J07 12 also_RB packed_VBN with_IN foil_NN ,_, chiefly_RB to_TO provide_VB J07 12 sufficient_JJ support_NN for_IN the_ATI J07 13 flat_JJ plates_NNS to_TO withstand_VB the_ATI coolant_NN pressure_NN J07 13 loadings_NNS ._. J07 14 ^ the_ATI introduction_NN of_IN the_ATI aluminium_NN alloy_NN J07 14 dip-brazing_NN process_NN in_IN J07 15 the_ATI early_JJ 1940's_CDS was_BEDZ quickly_RB taken_VBN up_RP for_IN J07 15 aircraft_NN heat_NN exchangers_NNS and_CC J07 16 led_VBD to_IN substantial_JJ weight_NN reductions_NNS as_CS J07 16 compared_VBN with_IN copper_JJ J07 17 construction_NN ._. ^ this_DT development_NN coincided_VBD with_IN J07 17 the_ATI introduction_NN of_IN J07 18 pressurized_JJ aircraft_NN cabins_NNS and_CC the_ATI demand_NN for_IN J07 18 air-to-air_JJB cabin_NN J07 19 coolers_NNS ._. ^ although_CS in_IN this_DT case_NN the_ATI heat_NN J07 19 transfer_NN coefficients_NNS on_IN the_ATI J07 20 two_CD sides_NNS of_IN the_ATI heat_NN exchanger_NN were_BED of_IN J07 20 comparable_JJ magnitude_NN ,_, the_ATI use_NN J07 21 of_IN secondary_JJ surface_NN was_BEDZ still_RB attractive_JJ ,_, J07 21 since_CS the_ATI greater_JJR part_NN of_IN J07 22 the_ATI surface_NN area_NN could_MD be_BE made_VBN up_RP of_IN fins_NNS J07 22 only_RB 0.006_CD \0in_NNU (_( 0.15_CD J07 23 \0mm_NNU )_) thick_JJ ._. ^ furthermore_RB ,_, developments_NNS in_IN J07 23 the_ATI detail_NN form_NN of_IN the_ATI J07 24 fins_NNS made_VBD possible_JJ a_AT reduction_NN in_IN the_ATI total_JJ J07 24 surface_NN area_NN required_VBD as_CS J07 25 compared_VBN with_IN the_ATI use_NN of_IN smooth_JJ continuous_JJ J07 25 passages_NNS for_IN the_ATI same_AP J07 26 thermal_JJ duty_NN and_CC pressure_NN losses_NNS ._. J07 27 ^ the_ATI properties_NNS of_IN compact_JJ form_NN ,_, low_JJ J07 27 weight_NN ,_, and_CC design_NN J07 28 flexibility_NN thus_RB developed_VBD found_VBD ready_JJ application_NN J07 28 on_IN a_AT much_RB larger_JJR J07 29 scale_NN with_IN the_ATI introduction_NN of_IN tonnage_NN scale_NN J07 29 air_NN separation_NN plants_NNS ._. J07 30 ^ 2.1_CD ._. ^ methods_NNS of_IN construction_NN ._. J07 31 ^ the_ATI basic_JJ method_NN of_IN construction_NN is_BEZ both_ABX J07 31 simple_JJ and_CC extremely_RB J07 32 flexible_JJ ._. ^ figure_NN 3_CD illustrates_VBZ the_ATI arrangement_NN J07 32 of_IN a_AT single_JJ passage_NN ._. J07 33 ^ this_DT can_MD be_BE extended_VBN in_IN length_NN and_CC width_NN J07 33 up_RP to_IN the_ATI limit_NN of_IN J07 34 manufacturing_NN equipment_NN available_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI corrugation_NN J07 34 is_BEZ machine-formed_JJ ,_, J07 35 thus_RB ensuring_VBG a_AT high_JJ standard_NN of_IN uniformity_NN in_IN J07 35 height_NN and_CC fin_NN pitch_NN ._. J07 36 ^ a_AT number_NN of_IN such_ABL passages_NNS may_MD be_BE combined_VBN J07 36 to_TO give_VB either_DTX a_AT cross_JJ or_CC a_AT J07 37 countercurrent_JJ flow_NN formation_NN ,_, as_CS shown_VBN in_IN J07 37 figures_NNS 4_CD and_CC 5_CD ._. ^ the_ATI size_NN J07 38 and_CC type_NN of_IN corrugation_NN may_MD be_BE varied_VBN for_IN J07 38 each_DT stream_NN to_TO suit_VB the_ATI J07 39 operating_NN requirements_NNS and_CC to_TO provide_VB a_AT J07 39 reasonable_JJ layout_NN with_IN minimum_JJ J07 40 block_NN volume_NN and_CC weight_NN ._. ^ typical_JJ corrugations_NNS J07 40 are_BER shown_VBN in_IN figure_NN 6_CD ._. J07 41 ^ the_ATI flow_NN patterns_NNS may_MD be_BE further_RBR developed_VBN J07 41 to_TO provide_VB multi-pass_JJB or_CC J07 42 multi-stream_JJB arrangements_NNS by_IN the_ATI inclusion_NN of_IN J07 42 suitable_JJ internal_JJ seals_NNS J07 43 and_CC distributors_NNS and_CC the_ATI fitting_NN of_IN external_JJ J07 43 header_NN tanks_NNS ,_, as_CS J07 44 indicated_VBN in_IN figures_NNS 7-10_CD-CD ._. ^ with_IN the_ATI J07 44 simple_JJ cross-flow_NN layout_NN in_IN J07 45 figure_NN 7_CD ,_, the_ATI corrugations_NNS extend_VB throughout_IN J07 45 the_ATI full_JJ length_NN of_IN each_DT J07 46 set_NN of_IN passages_NNS ,_, and_CC no_ATI internal_JJ J07 46 distributors_NNS are_BER required_VBN ._. ^ this_DT J07 47 construction_NN is_BEZ appropriate_JJ when_WRB the_ATI temperature_NN J07 47 range_NN in_IN each_DT stream_NN J07 48 does_DOZ not_XNOT exceed_VB about_RB one-half_CD of_IN the_ATI J07 48 difference_NN between_IN the_ATI warm_JJ and_CC J07 49 cold_JJ inlet_NN stream_NN temperatures_NNS or_CC ,_, more_QL J07 49 generally_RB ,_, when_WRB the_ATI effective_JJ J07 50 mean_JJ temperature_NN difference_NN in_IN cross-flow_NN is_BEZ J07 50 not_XNOT significantly_RB below_IN J07 51 the_ATI logarithmic_JJ mean_JJ temperature_NN difference_NN for_IN J07 51 countercurrent_JJ flow_NN ._. J07 52 ^ on_IN low_JJ temperature_NN plants_NNS ,_, this_DT construction_NN J07 52 is_BEZ sometimes_RB useful_JJ for_IN J07 53 liquefiers_NNS ,_, where_WRB the_ATI temperature_NN changes_VBZ J07 53 little_RB on_IN the_ATI condensing_JJ J07 54 side_NN ,_, and_CC where_WRB a_AT large_JJ throughput_NN of_IN low_JJ J07 54 pressure_NN gas_NN as_CS the_ATI warming_JJ J07 55 stream_NN calls_VBZ for_IN a_AT large_JJ cross-section_NN and_CC J07 55 short_JJ passage_NN length_NN ._. J07 56 ^ for_IN higher_JJR duties_NNS ,_, with_IN temperature_NN ranges_NNS J07 56 in_IN both_ABX streams_NNS up_RP to_IN J07 57 80_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" or_CC 90_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI J07 57 inlet_NN temperature_NN difference_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ J07 58 sometimes_RB advantageous_JJ to_TO use_VB a_AT multi-pass_JJB J07 58 cross-countercurrent_JJB J07 59 arrangement_NN as_CS shown_VBN in_IN figure_NN 8_CD ._. J07 61 ^ stream_NN A_ZZ flows_VBZ straight_RB through_RP ,_, while_CS J07 61 stream_NN B_ZZ is_BEZ guided_VBN by_IN means_IN" of_IN" J07 62 internal_JJ seals_NNS and_CC external_JJ tanks_NNS to_TO make_VB J07 62 the_ATI required_JJ number_NN of_IN J07 63 passes_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI unit_NN may_MD thus_RB be_BE considered_VBN J07 63 as_CS comprising_VBG several_AP J07 64 cross-flow_NN sections_NNS ,_, assembled_VBN in_IN counter-formation_NN J07 64 ,_, such_CS that_CS" the_ATI J07 65 effective_JJ mean_JJ temperature_NN difference_NN approaches_VBZ J07 65 much_RB more_QL closely_RB to_IN J07 66 countercurrent_JJ than_CS to_IN cross-flow_NN conditions_NNS ._. ^ J07 66 this_DT type_NN of_IN J07 67 construction_NN is_BEZ used_VBN for_IN gas-gas_JJB and_CC J07 67 gas-liquid_JJB applications_NNS ._. J07 69 ^ when_WRB very_QL high_JJ thermal_JJ efficiencies_NNS of_IN ,_, J07 69 say_VB ,_, 95-98_CD-CD per_NNU cent_NNU" are_BER J07 70 required_VBN ,_, a_AT pure_JJ countercurrent_JJ formation_NN is_BEZ J07 70 invariably_RB adopted_VBN ._. J07 71 ^ typical_JJ layouts_NNS are_BER shown_VBN in_IN figures_NNS 9_CD J07 71 and_CC 10_CD ._. ^ the_ATI choice_NN of_IN J07 72 headering_NN is_BEZ governed_VBN by_IN several_AP considerations_NNS J07 72 ,_, such_IN as_IN" the_ATI operating_NN J07 73 pressures_NNS ,_, the_ATI number_NN of_IN separate_JJ streams_NNS J07 73 involved_VBN ,_, and_CC whether_CS or_CC not_XNOT J07 74 reversing_JJ duty_NN is_BEZ included_VBN ._. ^ figure_NN 9_CD shows_VBZ J07 74 an_AT arrangement_NN suitable_JJ J07 75 for_IN two-stream_JJB steady_JJ duty_NN ,_, in_IN which_WDTR stream_NN J07 75 A_ZZ is_BEZ at_IN comparatively_RB low_JJ J07 76 pressure_NN ._. ^ a_AT more_QL general_JJ solution_NN is_BEZ shown_VBN J07 76 in_IN figure_NN 10_CD ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ J07 77 used_VBN if_CS streams_NNS A_ZZ and_CC B_ZZ are_BER reversed_VBN J07 77 periodically_RB ,_, the_ATI geometry_NN of_IN J07 78 these_DTS streams_NNS being_BEG symmetrical_JJ to_TO maintain_VB J07 78 constant_JJ flow_NN J07 79 characteristics_NNS ._. ^ additional_JJ steady_JJ streams_NNS may_MD J07 79 be_BE included_VBN as_IN C_ZZ ,_, D_ZZ ,_, J07 80 or_CC E_ZZ to_TO suit_VB requirements_NNS ._. ^ this_DT type_NN of_IN J07 80 arrangement_NN is_BEZ also_RB used_VBN when_WRB J07 81 dealing_VBG with_IN high_JJ pressure_NN streams_NNS in_IN all_ABN J07 81 channels_NNS ._. J07 83 ^ in_IN all_ABN countercurrent_NN flow_NN units_NNS ,_, suitable_JJ J07 83 distributors_NNS must_MD be_BE J07 84 provided_VBN in_IN the_ATI end_NN regions_NNS ,_, such_CS that_CS" J07 84 the_ATI flow_NN of_IN each_DT stream_NN is_BEZ J07 85 spread_VBN uniformly_RB across_IN the_ATI whole_JJ width_NN of_IN J07 85 each_DT layer_NN throughout_IN the_ATI J07 86 length_NN of_IN the_ATI main_JJB zone_NN ._. ^ this_DT problem_NN J07 86 is_BEZ of_IN great_JJ importance_NN not_XNOT only_RB J07 87 to_IN the_ATI proper_JJ performance_NN of_IN the_ATI heat_NN J07 87 exchanger_NN but_CC also_RB on_IN J07 88 manufacturing_NN and_CC mechanical_JJ strength_NN considerations_NNS J07 88 ._. ^ further_JJB details_NNS J07 89 are_BER given_VBN in_IN later_JJR sections_NNS of_IN this_DT review_NN J07 89 ._. J07 90 ^ the_ATI possibility_NN of_IN varying_VBG the_ATI geometry_NN J07 90 and_CC type_NN of_IN corrugation_NN J07 91 in_IN different_JJ layers_NNS has_HVZ already_RB been_BEN mentioned_VBN J07 91 ._. ^ for_IN industrial_JJ J07 92 applications_NNS ,_, the_ATI height_NN of_IN corrugation_NN normally_RB J07 92 lies_VBZ in_IN the_ATI range_NN J07 93 0.15-0.47_CD-CD \0in_NNU (_( 3.8-12_CD-CD \0mm_NNU \0approx_RB )_) ,_, J07 93 the_ATI thickness_NN varies_VBZ from_IN J07 94 0.008_CD to_IN 0.015_CD \0in_NNU (_( 0.2_CD to_IN 0.38_CD \0mm_NNU J07 94 \0approx_RB )_) ,_, and_CC the_ATI fin_NN J07 95 pitching_NN varies_VBZ from_IN 10_CD to_IN 15_CD or_CC 18_CD fins_NNS J07 95 per_IN inch_NN (_( 3.9_CD to_IN 5.9_CD or_CC 7.1_CD J07 96 fins_NNS per_IN centimetre_NN )_) depending_VBG upon_IN the_ATI type_NN J07 96 of_IN corrugation_NN ._. J07 98 ^ the_ATI resulting_JJ total_JJ surface_NN areas_NNS lie_VB from_IN J07 98 about_RB 300_CD to_IN 450_CD square_JJ J07 99 feet_NNS per_IN cubic_JJ foot_NN of_IN block_NN volume_NN (_( 1,000_CD J07 99 to_IN 1,500_CD square_JJ metres_NNS per_IN J07 100 cubic_JJ metre_NN )_) ._. ^ the_ATI free_JJ cross-sectional_JJ area_NN J07 100 ratios_NNS lie_VB between_IN 0.70_CD J07 101 and_CC 0.80_CD ._. ^ both_ABX the_ATI surface_NN area_NN and_CC the_ATI J07 101 free_JJ cross-sectional_JJ area_NN J07 102 must_MD be_BE suitably_RB divided_VBN between_IN the_ATI various_JJ J07 102 streams_NNS ._. ^ for_IN instance_NN ,_, J07 103 in_IN a_AT two-stream_JJB gas-gas_JJB heat_NN exchanger_NN ,_, each_DT J07 103 stream_NN may_MD have_HV a_AT surface_NN J07 104 area_NN of_IN about_RB 200_CD square_JJ feet_NNS per_IN cubic_JJ J07 104 foot_NN of_IN total_JJ block_NN volume_NN ,_, J07 105 with_IN a_AT free_JJ cross-section_NN ratio_NN of_IN about_RB 0.4_CD J07 105 ,_, while_CS in_IN a_AT gas-liquid_JJB J07 106 heat_NN exchanger_NN ,_, the_ATI gas_NN stream_NN would_MD have_HV a_AT J07 106 surface_NN area_NN of_IN about_RB 300_CD J07 107 square_JJ feet_NNS per_IN cubic_JJ foot_NN of_IN total_JJ block_NN J07 107 volume_NN ,_, with_IN a_AT free_JJ J07 108 cross-section_NN ratio_NN of_IN about_RB 0.6_CD ._. ^ in_RB general_RB" J07 108 ,_, the_ATI taller_JJR corrugations_NNS J07 109 are_BER used_VBN for_IN gas_NN streams_NNS ,_, while_CS those_DTS at_IN J07 109 0.15_CD \0in_NNU to_IN 0.25_CD \0in_NNU high_JJ J07 110 are_BER used_VBN for_IN liquid_JJ streams_NNS and_CC in_IN J07 110 condenser-reboilers_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI use_NN of_IN J07 111 plain_JJ continuous_JJ corrugations_NNS is_BEZ chiefly_RB limited_VBN J07 111 to_IN condenser-reboiler_NN J07 112 use_NN ,_, or_CC to_IN cases_NNS where_WRB the_ATI free_JJ passage_NN J07 112 of_IN contaminating_JJ solids_NNS is_BEZ J07 113 desired_VBN ._. ^ for_IN most_AP other_AP applications_NNS ,_, a_AT J07 113 reduction_NN in_IN the_ATI total_JJ J07 114 surface_NN area_NN and_CC block_NN volume_NN required_VBN can_MD be_BE J07 114 achieved_VBN by_IN the_ATI use_NN of_IN J07 115 more_QL complex_JJ types_NNS of_IN corrugation_NN such_IN as_IN" J07 115 the_ATI herringbone_NN and_CC J07 116 multi-entry_JJB patterns_NNS shown_VBN in_IN figure_NN 6_CD ._. ^ J07 116 these_DTS are_BER discussed_VBN in_IN more_AP J07 117 detail_NN in_IN later_JJR sections_NNS ._. J07 118 ^ the_ATI manufacture_NN of_IN the_ATI heat_NN exchangers_NNS J07 118 involves_VBZ several_AP distinct_JJ J07 119 stages_NNS ,_, beginning_VBG with_IN the_ATI assembly_NN and_CC J07 119 dip-brazing_NN of_IN individual_JJ J07 120 blocks_NNS ,_, \0i.e_RB tube_NN plates_NNS ,_, corrugations_NNS ,_, J07 120 and_CC edge-seals_NNS only_RB ._. J07 121 ^ each_DT block_NN is_BEZ thoroughly_RB cleaned_VBN after_IN brazing_NN J07 121 and_CC subjected_VBN to_IN J07 122 preliminary_JJ leak_NN tests_NNS before_IN the_ATI fitting_NN of_IN J07 122 header_NN tanks_NNS by_IN argon-arc_JJB J07 123 welding_NN ._. ^ the_ATI block_NN is_BEZ then_RN tested_VBN J07 123 hydraulically_RB to_IN its_PP$ full_JJ design_NN J07 124 test_NN pressure_NN on_IN each_DT stream_NN separately_RB ._. ^ in_IN J07 124 the_ATI case_NN of_IN multiple_JJ J07 125 assemblies_NNS ,_, each_DT block_NN may_MD also_RB be_BE submitted_VBN J07 125 to_IN flow_NN tests_NNS on_IN each_DT J07 126 stream_NN prior_RB to_IN selective_JJ assembly_NN to_TO ensure_VB J07 126 uniformly_RB balanced_JJ flow_NN J07 127 distribution_NN throughout_IN the_ATI whole_JJ assembly_NN ._. ^ J07 127 figure_NN 11_CD shows_VBZ a_AT typical_JJ J07 128 two-stream_JJB countercurrent_JJ block_NN during_IN manufacture_NN ,_, J07 128 with_IN header_NN tanks_NNS J07 129 fitted_VBN to_IN one_CD1 stream_NN only_RB ._. On_NP completion_NN ,_, J07 129 this_DT type_NN of_IN block_NN would_MD be_BE J07 130 suitable_JJ for_IN either_DTX steady_JJ or_CC reversing_JJ operation_NN J07 130 ._. ^ with_IN existing_JJ J07 131 brazing_JJ equipment_NN ,_, individual_JJ blocks_NNS are_BER made_VBN J07 131 up_RP to_IN 9_CD \0ft_NNU (_( 2.75_CD \0m_NNU )_) J07 132 long_JJ with_IN an_AT overall_JJB cross-section_NN of_IN 17_CD \0in_NNU J07 132 x_IN 21_CD \0in_NNU (_( 0.43_CD \0m_NNU x_IN J07 133 0.53_CD \0m_NNU )_) to_TO give_VB a_AT total_JJ block_NN volume_NN J07 133 of_IN about_RB 22_CD \0ft*:3**:_NNU (_( 0.62_CD J07 134 \0m*:3**:_NNU )_) ._. ^ by_IN means_IN" of_IN" appropriate_JJ J07 134 manifolding_NN ,_, a_AT number_NN of_IN such_ABL J07 135 blocks_NNS may_MD be_BE assembled_VBN together_RB either_DTX in_IN J07 135 series_NN or_CC in_IN parallel_NN ,_, or_CC a_AT J07 136 combination_NN of_IN both_ABX ,_, according_IN to_IN" requirements_NNS J07 136 ._. ^ two_CD blocks_NNS are_BER shown_VBN J07 137 as_IN a_AT series_NN arrangement_NN in_IN figure_NN 12_CD and_CC J07 137 sixteen_CD blocks_NNS in_IN parallel_NN in_IN J07 138 figure_NN 13_CD ._. ^ a_AT more_QL complex_JJ arrangement_NN is_BEZ J07 138 shown_VBN in_IN figure_NN 14_CD ._. ^ this_DT J07 139 assembly_NN contains_VBZ three_CD separate_JJ heat_NN exchangers_NNS J07 139 through_IN which_WDTR one_CD1 J07 140 stream_NN is_BEZ common_JJ on_IN the_ATI low_JJ pressure_NN side_NN ,_, J07 140 while_CS two_CD of_IN the_ATI high_JJ J07 141 pressure_NN streams_NNS are_BER in_IN parallel_NN and_CC the_ATI J07 141 third_OD high_JJ pressure_NN stream_NN in_IN J07 142 series_NN ._. ^ this_DT complete_JJ assembly_NN is_BEZ welded_VBN up_RP J07 142 to_TO form_VB a_AT single_JJ unit_NN J07 143 with_IN flanged_JJ main_JJB connections_NNS and_CC vents_NNS only_RB J07 143 ._. ^ for_IN multiple_JJ arrays_NNS it_PP3 J07 144 is_BEZ generally_RB preferred_VBN to_TO assemble_VB together_RB a_AT J07 144 number_NN of_IN blocks_NNS and_CC to_TO J07 145 weld_VB up_RP all_ABN the_ATI interconnecting_JJ pipework_NN and_CC J07 145 manifolding_NN ,_, so_TO as_TO" to_TO" J07 146 limit_VB the_ATI number_NN of_IN flanged_JJ joints_NNS on_IN the_ATI J07 146 plant_NN ._. ^ if_CS aluminium_NN J07 147 pipework_NN is_BEZ used_VBN the_ATI flanged_JJ joints_NNS may_MD be_BE J07 147 eliminated_VBN completely_RB and_CC J07 148 the_ATI heat_NN exchangers_NNS attached_VBN to_IN the_ATI main_JJB J07 148 pipework_NN by_IN site-welding_NN ._. J07 149 ^ for_IN very_QL large_JJ assemblies_NNS ,_, it_PP3 may_MD be_BE J07 149 necessary_JJ to_TO split_VB the_ATI design_NN J07 150 into_IN several_AP separate_JJ sub-assemblies_NNS suitable_JJ for_IN J07 150 transport_NN and_CC J07 151 installation_NN ,_, and_CC to_TO connect_VB these_DTS together_RB at_IN J07 151 the_ATI erection_NN stage_NN J07 152 either_DTX by_IN site-welding_NN or_CC by_IN flanged_JJ joints_NNS ._. J07 153 ^ 2.2_CD ._. ^ mechanical_JJ design_NN ._. J07 154 ^ mechanical_JJ design_NN aspects_NNS must_MD always_RB be_BE J07 154 considered_VBN from_IN the_ATI J07 155 outset_NN ,_, since_CS these_DTS may_MD well_RB influence_VB the_ATI J07 155 general_JJ layout_NN and_CC internal_JJ J07 156 construction_NN and_CC so_RB affect_VB the_ATI basis_NN for_IN J07 156 performance_NN assessment_NN ._. ^ for_IN J07 157 the_ATI operating_NN pressures_NNS and_CC conditions_NNS required_VBN J07 157 ,_, two_CD major_JJ factors_NNS are_BER J07 158 the_ATI internal_JJ pressure_NN loading_NN on_IN the_ATI J07 158 corrugations_NNS and_CC associated_JJ J07 159 brazed_JJ joints_NNS ,_, and_CC those_DTS on_IN the_ATI header_NN J07 159 tanks_NNS ,_, together_RB with_IN any_DTI J07 160 external_JJ pipework_NN loadings_NNS ._. ^ for_IN low-to-medium_JJB J07 160 steady_JJ operating_NN J07 161 pressures_NNS in_IN the_ATI range_NN 0-100_CD-CD \0lb_NNU /_IN J07 161 \0in*:2**:_NNU (_( gauge_NN )_) (_( 1-8_CD-CD \0kg_NNU /_IN J07 162 \0cm*:2**:_NNU (_( \0abs_JJ )_) )_) ,_, the_ATI mechanical_JJ design_NN J07 162 does_DOZ not_XNOT generally_RB present_VB J07 163 any_DTI serious_JJ problems_NNS ._. ^ for_IN higher_JJR pressures_NNS J07 163 and_CC for_IN reversing_NN duty_NN the_ATI J07 164 mechanical_JJ design_NN requirements_NNS become_VB of_IN increasing_JJ J07 164 importance_NN ,_, J07 165 particularly_RB in_IN relation_NN to_IN the_ATI size_NN and_CC J07 165 arrangement_NN of_IN header_NN tanks_NNS ._. J07 166 ^ the_ATI internal_JJ plate_NN and_CC corrugation_NN construction_NN J07 166 is_BEZ adequate_JJ for_IN J07 167 static_JJ test_NN pressures_NNS at_IN room_NN temperature_NN of_IN J07 167 600-1,000_CD-CD \0lb_NNU /_IN J07 168 \0in*:2**:_NNU (_( gauge_NN )_) (_( 42-70_CD-CD \0kg_NNU /_IN J07 168 \0cm*:2**:_NNU (_( \0abs_JJ )_) )_) ,_, depending_VBG upon_IN J07 169 the_ATI type_NN and_CC thickness_NN of_IN corrugation_NN ._. ^ for_IN J07 169 low_JJ temperature_NN J07 170 applications_NNS the_ATI corresponding_JJ rated_JJ maximum_JJ J07 170 operating_NN pressures_NNS would_MD J07 171 be_BE 250-450_CD-CD \0lb_NNU /_IN \0in*:2**:_NNU (_( gauge_NN )_) J07 171 for_IN steady_JJ conditions_NNS ,_, or_CC 125-225_CD-CD J07 172 \0lb_NNU /_IN \0in*:2**:_NNU (_( gauge_NN )_) for_IN reversing_NN J07 172 applications_NNS ._. ^ for_IN such_ABL J07 173 pressures_NNS ,_, however_RB ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ necessary_JJ to_TO J07 173 limit_VB the_ATI span_NN of_IN the_ATI header_NN J07 174 tanks_NNS in_TO order_TO" to_TO" avoid_VB excessive_JJ peripheral_JJ J07 174 loadings_NNS in_IN the_ATI plane_NN of_IN J07 175 attachment_NN to_IN the_ATI block_NN ._. ^ this_DT means_VBZ either_DTX J07 175 that_CS the_ATI block_NN J07 176 cross-section_NN must_MD be_BE kept_VBN small_JJ ,_, or_CC that_CS J07 176 small_JJ tanks_NNS ,_, such_IN as_IN" those_DTS J07 177 shown_VBN in_IN figure_NN 10_CD ,_, must_MD be_BE fitted_VBN ._. ^ J07 177 the_ATI latter_AP alternative_NN is_BEZ J07 178 particularly_RB suitable_JJ for_IN reversing_NN applications_NNS and_CC J07 178 for_IN large_JJ scale_NN J07 179 steady_JJ operation_NN ._. ^ internal_JJ distributors_NNS are_BER J07 179 necessary_JJ to_TO spread_VB the_ATI J07 180 flow_NN across_IN the_ATI whole_JJ width_NN of_IN each_DT passage_NN J07 180 ,_, and_CC these_DTS must_MD be_BE J07 181 adequate_JJ to_TO withstand_VB the_ATI internal_JJ pressure_NN J07 181 loadings_NNS ._. J07 182 ^ when_WRB considering_VBG the_ATI installation_NN of_IN a_AT J07 182 heat_NN exchanger_NN assembly_NN J07 183 for_IN low_JJ temperature_NN service_NN ,_, due_JJ consideration_NN J07 183 must_MD be_BE given_VBN to_IN J07 184 thermal_JJ contractions_NNS both_ABX in_IN normal_JJ service_NN and_CC J07 184 under_IN any_DTI abnormal_JJ J07 185 circumstances_NNS which_WDTR might_MD arise_VB ._. ^ the_ATI method_NN J07 185 of_IN mounting_NN and_CC the_ATI J07 186 external_JJ pipework_NN must_MD be_BE sufficiently_RB flexible_JJ to_TO J07 186 allow_VB for_IN such_ABL J07 187 movements_NNS without_IN imposing_VBG excessive_JJ loads_NNS on_RP J07 187 to_IN the_ATI assembly_NN ._. ^ this_DT J07 188 precaution_NN is_BEZ ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, common_JJ to_IN all_ABN J07 188 low_JJ temperature_NN installations_NNS ._. J07 189 ^ in_IN normal_JJ operation_NN relative_JJ movements_NNS within_IN J07 189 the_ATI assembly_NN should_MD not_XNOT J07 190 generally_RB provide_VB any_DTI serious_JJ problem_NN since_CS the_ATI J07 190 balancing_NN of_IN flows_NNS J07 191 which_WDTR is_BEZ so_QL important_JJ on_IN performance_NN J07 191 considerations_NNS ensures_VBZ that_CS the_ATI J07 192 temperature_NN patterns_NNS ,_, and_CC hence_RB the_ATI contraction_NN J07 192 effects_NNS ,_, are_BER also_RB J07 193 uniform_JJ across_IN any_DTI section_NN of_IN the_ATI assembly_NN ._. J07 194 ^ nevertheless_RB ,_, an_AT adequate_JJ measure_NN of_IN J07 194 flexibility_NN is_BEZ maintained_VBN J07 195 between_IN parallel_JJ assemblies_NNS to_TO allow_VB for_IN any_DTI J07 195 residual_JJ unbalance_NN J07 196 effects_NNS and_CC for_IN temporary_JJ effects_NNS which_WDTR might_MD J07 196 arise_VB during_IN transient_JJ J07 197 or_CC abnormal_JJ operating_NN conditions_NNS ._. J07 198 ^ 2.3_CD ._. ^ performance_NN ._. J07 199 ^ performance_NN design_NN calculations_NNS for_IN any_DTI type_NN J07 199 of_IN heat_NN exchanger_NN J07 200 depend_VB upon_IN the_ATI process_NN requirements_NNS ,_, \0i.e_RB J07 200 flow_NN rates_NNS ,_, J07 201 temperatures_NNS ,_, and_CC pressures_NNS of_IN each_DT stream_NN ,_, J07 201 and_CC upon_IN the_ATI relevant_JJ heat_NN J07 202 transfer_NN and_CC friction_NN factors_NNS for_IN the_ATI type_NN J07 202 and_CC arrangement_NN of_IN surface_NN J07 203 considered_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI latter_AP must_MD generally_RB be_BE J07 203 determined_VBN experimentally_RB in_IN J07 204 the_ATI first_OD instance_NN ._. ^ the_ATI broad_JJ subjects_NNS of_IN J07 204 heat_NN transfer_NN and_CC heat_NN J07 205 exchanger_NN design_NN are_BER well_RB covered_VBN by_IN McAdams_NP J07 205 and_CC Jakob_NP ,_, while_CS Kays_NP and_CC J07 206 London_NP give_VB the_ATI results_NNS of_IN extensive_JJ researches_NNS J07 206 and_CC experiments_NNS J07 207 particularly_RB related_VBN to_IN compact_JJ forms_NNS of_IN heat_NN J07 207 exchanger_NN including_IN J07 208 various_JJ types_NNS of_IN secondary_JJ surface_NN construction_NN ._. J08 2 ^ the_ATI erratic_JJ behaviour_NN of_IN thin_JJ metal_NN films_NNS J08 2 is_BEZ well_RB known_VBN and_CC is_BEZ J08 3 the_ATI subject_NN of_IN an_AT extensive_JJ literature_NN ,_, but_CC J08 3 as_CS shown_VBN by_IN the_ATI foregoing_JJ ,_, J08 4 a_AT better_JJR understanding_NN of_IN film_NN properties_NNS is_BEZ J08 4 beginning_VBG ._. ^ summarizing_VBG J08 5 the_ATI introduction_NN ,_, it_PP3 can_MD be_BE stated_VBN that_CS J08 5 the_ATI anomalous_JJ electrical_JJ J08 6 properties_NNS of_IN films_NNS are_BER principally_RB due_JJ to_IN J08 6 their_PP$ structural_JJ J08 7 imperfections_NNS and_CC to_IN the_ATI thermodynamic_JJ instability_NN J08 7 produced_VBN when_WRB metal_NN J08 8 vapour_NN is_BEZ abruptly_RB condensed_VBN to_IN the_ATI solid_JJ J08 8 phase_NN ._. ^ the_ATI changes_NNS of_IN J08 9 resistivity_NN and_CC temperature_NN coefficient_NN of_IN resistance_NN J08 9 ,_, which_WDTR occur_VB J08 10 upon_IN heating_VBG or_CC ageing_VBG a_AT film_NN ,_, arise_VB from_IN J08 10 the_ATI re-ordering_NN of_IN the_ATI J08 11 structure_NN ,_, the_ATI relief_NN of_IN high_JJ internal_JJ J08 11 stresses_NNS and_CC the_ATI further_JJB J08 12 oxidation_NN or_CC gas_NN absorption_NN of_IN the_ATI film_NN ._. ^ J08 12 these_DTS changes_NNS are_BER parallel_JJ J08 13 to_IN those_DTS occurring_VBG in_IN fine_JJ resistance_NN wires_NNS J08 13 upon_IN annealing_NN after_IN J08 14 cold-working_NN ._. ^ however_RB ,_, the_ATI gas_NN absorption_NN J08 14 and_CC higher_JJR degree_NN of_IN J08 15 lattice_NN imperfection_NN in_IN vacuum-deposited_JJ films_NNS cause_VB J08 15 much_RB greater_JJR J08 16 variation_NN of_IN properties_NNS ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ an_AT J08 16 increasing_JJ amount_NN of_IN evidence_NN J08 17 that_CS high_JJ stability_NN resistance_NN films_NNS can_MD be_BE J08 17 obtained_VBN by_IN correct_JJ J08 18 annealing_NN treatment_NN and_CC suitable_JJ protection_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J08 18 is_BEZ the_ATI purpose_NN of_IN J08 19 this_DT paper_NN to_TO describe_VB a_AT method_NN of_IN making_VBG J08 19 reasonably_RB stable_JJ resistance_NN J08 20 elements_NNS by_IN the_ATI vacuum_NN deposition_NN of_IN J08 20 nickel-chromium_JJB alloy_NN on_IN glass_NN J08 21 and_CC to_TO discuss_VB their_PP$ properties_NNS in_IN terms_NNS of_IN J08 21 the_ATI processing_NN conditions_NNS ._. J08 22 ^ 2_CD ._. ^ practical_JJ requirements_NNS ._. J08 23 ^ substrate_NN ._. J08 24 ^ the_ATI surface_NN of_IN the_ATI supporting_JJ substrate_NN J08 24 should_MD be_BE smooth_JJ and_CC J08 25 uniform_JJ ,_, and_CC both_ABX chemically_RB and_CC mechanically_RB J08 25 stable_JJ at_IN temperatures_NNS J08 26 up_RP to_IN about_RB 350_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP in_IN atmosphere_NN and_CC J08 26 vacuum_NN ._. ^ any_DTI variation_NN of_IN J08 27 surface_NN smoothness_NN gives_VBZ a_AT corresponding_JJ variation_NN J08 27 of_IN film_NN resistance_NN J08 28 value_NN ,_, because_CS the_ATI film_NN is_BEZ thin_JJ enough_QLP to_TO J08 28 be_BE greatly_RB affected_VBN by_IN the_ATI J08 29 state_NN of_IN the_ATI surface_NN ._. ^ for_IN example_NN ,_, a_AT J08 29 film_NN of_IN resistance_NN as_QL low_JJ as_IN 10_CD J08 30 O_NNU /_CC square_NN on_IN a_AT polished_JJ glass_NN surface_NN may_MD J08 30 be_BE discontinuous_JJ when_WRB J08 31 deposited_VBN under_IN identical_JJ conditions_NNS on_IN a_AT finely_RB J08 31 ground_JJ glass_NN surface_NN ._. J08 32 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ a_AT characteristic_NN of_IN a_AT film_NN J08 32 deposited_VBN from_IN the_ATI vapour_NN that_CS J08 33 the_ATI grains_NNS tend_VB to_TO grow_VB on_IN surface_NN J08 33 prominences_NNS ,_, which_WDTR trap_VB the_ATI atoms_NNS J08 34 first_RB arriving_VBG there_RN and_CC act_VB as_IN centres_NNS for_IN J08 34 nucleation_NN ._. ^ films_NNS as_QL J08 35 thick_JJ as_IN 1000_CD \0A*?15_NNU may_MD be_BE discontinuous_JJ J08 35 when_WRB deposited_VBN on_IN a_AT coarse_JJ J08 36 surface_NN because_CS large_JJ grains_NNS are_BER formed_VBN which_WDTR J08 36 do_DO not_XNOT touch_VB ,_, and_CC the_ATI J08 37 thickness_NN must_MD be_BE increased_VBN before_CS conductivity_NN J08 37 is_BEZ observed_VBN ._. ^ such_ABL J08 38 films_NNS tend_VB to_TO be_BE unstable_JJ because_CS their_PP$ J08 38 conductivity_NN depends_VBZ upon_IN J08 39 contacts_NNS between_IN large_JJ grains_NNS ._. J08 40 ^ the_ATI most_QL suitable_JJ substrate_NN materials_NNS are_BER J08 40 found_VBN amongst_IN glasses_NNS J08 41 and_CC ceramics_NNS ._. ^ good_JJ results_NNS have_HV already_RB J08 41 been_BEN obtained_VBN using_VBG glasses_NNS J08 42 of_IN high_JJ silica_NN content_NN such_IN as_IN" Pyrex_NP or_CC J08 42 Vycor_NP ._. ^ these_DTS are_BER two_CD of_IN the_ATI J08 43 few_AP glasses_NNS unaffected_JJ by_IN water_NN vapour_NN ._. ^ many_AP J08 43 other_AP glasses_NNS ,_, including_IN J08 44 some_DTI borosilicates_NNS ,_, devitrify_VB in_IN contact_NN with_IN J08 44 water_NN ,_, and_CC their_PP$ J08 45 surfaces_NNS become_VB powdery_JJ because_CS small_JJ crystals_NNS J08 45 of_IN metal_NN silicates_NNS are_BER J08 46 formed_VBN ._. ^ soda-lime_NN glasses_NNS are_BER not_XNOT used_VBN J08 46 because_CS their_PP$ surfaces_NNS are_BER J08 47 also_RB chemically_RB unstable_JJ ._. ^ during_IN flame_NN polishing_NN J08 47 ,_, when_WRB the_ATI glass_NN is_BEZ J08 48 bombarded_VBN by_IN thermally_RB produced_VBN gas_NN ions_NNS or_CC J08 48 ionic_JJ bombardment_NN in_IN a_AT J08 49 glow_NN discharge_NN ,_, free_JJ sodium_NN ions_NNS are_BER active_JJ J08 49 at_IN the_ATI surface_NN of_IN the_ATI J08 50 glass_NN ._. ^ they_PP3AS combine_VB with_IN water_NN vapour_NN from_IN J08 50 the_ATI gas_NN atmosphere_NN to_TO form_VB J08 51 sodium_NN hydroxide_NN and_CC deliquescent_JJ sodium_NN silicate_NN J08 51 by_IN reaction_NN with_IN J08 52 silica_NN in_IN the_ATI glass_NN ._. ^ some_DTI further_JJB reaction_NN J08 52 with_IN the_ATI deposited_JJ film_NN J08 53 must_MD be_BE expected_VBN ._. J08 54 ^ ceramics_NNS possessing_VBG good_JJ chemical_JJ and_CC J08 54 mechanical_JJ properties_NNS are_BER J08 55 available_JJ ;_; however_RB ,_, their_PP$ surface_NN smoothness_NN J08 55 is_BEZ often_RB variable_JJ because_IN J08 56 of_IN" the_ATI sintering_NN process_NN used_VBN in_IN their_PP$ J08 56 manufacture_NN ._. ^ glazing_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT J08 57 always_RB a_AT satisfactory_JJ solution_NN to_IN this_DT problem_NN J08 57 because_CS standard_JJ glazes_NNS J08 58 are_BER often_RB based_VBN upon_IN some_DTI of_IN the_ATI unsuitable_JJ J08 58 glasses_NNS already_RB described_VBN ._. J08 59 ^ very_QL careful_JJ examination_NN of_IN surface_NN smoothness_NN J08 59 is_BEZ needed_VBN when_WRB J08 60 choosing_VBG a_AT ceramic_JJ material_NN for_IN the_ATI support_NN J08 60 of_IN vacuum-deposited_JJ films_NNS ._. J08 61 ^ the_ATI temperature_NN coefficient_NN of_IN linear_JJ expansion_NN J08 61 of_IN metals_NNS is_BEZ J08 62 usually_RB an_AT order_NN higher_JJR than_IN that_DT of_IN glass_NN J08 62 or_CC ceramics_NNS ,_, and_CC this_DT J08 63 factor_NN partly_RB contributes_VBZ to_IN the_ATI high_JJ internal_JJ J08 63 stresses_NNS which_WDTR have_HV J08 64 been_BEN observed_VBN in_IN thin_JJ films_NNS ._. ^ however_RB ,_, J08 64 once_CS the_ATI films_NNS have_HV been_BEN J08 65 annealed_VBN ,_, the_ATI effect_NN of_IN the_ATI expansion_NN of_IN J08 65 the_ATI base_NN on_IN the_ATI resistance_NN of_IN J08 66 the_ATI film_NN is_BEZ very_QL small_JJ ,_, compared_VBN with_IN J08 66 the_ATI average_JJ temperature_NN J08 67 coefficient_NN of_IN resistance_NN of_IN films_NNS ,_, and_CC is_BEZ J08 67 insignificant_JJ when_WRB compared_VBN J08 68 with_IN that_DT of_IN bulk_NN metals_NNS ._. J08 69 ^ the_ATI resistance_NN alloy_NN ._. J08 70 ^ in_IN the_ATI early_JJ stages_NNS of_IN deposition_NN of_IN a_AT J08 70 metal_NN film_NN ,_, aggregates_NNS J08 71 of_IN metal_NN atoms_NNS (_( nuclei_NNS )_) are_BER formed_VBN on_IN J08 71 the_ATI substrate_NN ._. ^ the_ATI number_NN of_IN J08 72 nuclei_NNS is_BEZ dependent_JJ upon_IN the_ATI physical_JJ and_CC J08 72 chemical_JJ properties_NNS of_IN the_ATI J08 73 metal_NN and_CC substrate_NN ,_, and_CC upon_IN the_ATI rate_NN of_IN J08 73 deposition_NN ._. ^ as_CS the_ATI nuclei_NNS J08 74 increase_VB in_IN size_NN they_PP3AS grow_VB together_RB ,_, J08 74 eventually_RB to_TO form_VB a_AT continuous_JJ J08 75 film_NN ._. ^ the_ATI second_OD stage_NN of_IN growth_NN is_BEZ J08 75 marked_VBN by_IN the_ATI onset_NN of_IN electrical_JJ J08 76 conductivity_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI rate_NN of_IN change_NN of_IN J08 76 resistance_NN with_IN film_NN thickness_NN J08 77 is_BEZ very_QL high_JJ ._. ^ unfortunately_RB ,_, the_ATI most_QL J08 77 useful_JJ resistance_NN values_NNS J08 78 coincide_VB with_IN this_DT unstable_JJ region_NN of_IN thickness_NN J08 78 for_IN many_AP metallic_JJ J08 79 conductors_NNS ._. J08 80 ^ the_ATI most_QL successful_JJ high-resistance_JJB films_NNS J08 80 have_HV been_BEN made_VBN by_IN J08 81 depositing_VBG chromium_NN and_CC alloys_NNS of_IN chromium_NN with_IN J08 81 nickel_NN ,_, silicon_NN ,_, J08 82 titanium_NN ,_, \0etc_RB ._. ^ for_IN example_NN ,_, J08 82 nickel-chromium_JJB alloys_NNS have_HV a_AT high_JJ bulk_NN J08 83 resistivity_NN (_( 80-130_CD-CD mO_NNU \0cm_NNU )_) and_CC therefore_RB J08 83 films_NNS of_IN this_DT alloy_NN are_BER J08 84 much_RB thicker_JJR than_IN films_NNS of_IN the_ATI pure_JJ metals_NNS J08 84 for_IN the_ATI same_AP resistance_NN J08 85 value_NN ._. ^ films_NNS of_IN resistance_NN 400_CD O_NNU /_CC J08 85 square_NN are_BER at_RB least_RB" 80_CD \0A*?15_NNU J08 86 thick_JJ ,_, more_QL or_CC less_QL continuous_JJ and_CC are_BER J08 86 outside_IN the_ATI very_QL unstable_JJ J08 87 region_NN of_IN thickness_NN ._. ^ nickel-chromium_JJB alloys_NNS J08 87 also_RB have_HV a_AT low_JJ J08 88 temperature_NN coefficient_NN of_IN resistance_NN in_IN bulk_NN ,_, J08 88 and_CC are_BER very_QL resistant_JJ J08 89 to_IN chemical_JJ attack_NN because_IN of_IN" the_ATI compact_JJ J08 89 protective_JJ oxide_NN layer_NN which_WDTR J08 90 forms_VBZ in_IN contact_NN with_IN an_AT oxidizing_JJ atmosphere_NN ._. J08 90 ^ the_ATI formation_NN of_IN J08 91 double_JJ oxides_NNS having_HVG a_AT spinel_NN structure_NN has_HVZ J08 91 been_BEN shown_VBN on_IN J08 92 nickel-chromium_JJB alloys_NNS under_IN examination_NN by_IN J08 92 electron_NN diffraction_NN ,_, and_CC J08 93 this_DT reason_NN has_HVZ been_BEN given_VBN to_TO account_VB for_IN J08 93 their_PP$ high_JJ chemical_JJ J08 94 stability_NN ._. J08 95 ^ evaporation_NN conditions_NNS ._. J08 96 ^ the_ATI lowest_JJT values_NNS of_IN temperature_NN coefficient_NN J08 96 of_IN resistance_NN and_CC J08 97 the_ATI best_JJT stability_NN are_BER achieved_VBN in_IN films_NNS J08 97 deposited_VBN under_IN conditions_NNS J08 98 favouring_VBG oxidation_NN ._. ^ during_IN deposition_NN the_ATI J08 98 substrate_NN is_BEZ heated_VBN to_TO J08 99 relieve_VB the_ATI internal_JJ stress_NN in_IN the_ATI film_NN ,_, J08 99 but_CC this_DT treatment_NN can_MD also_RB J08 100 increase_VB the_ATI rate_NN of_IN oxidation_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J08 100 residual_JJ gas_NN atmosphere_NN in_IN the_ATI J08 101 chamber_NN of_IN a_AT kinetic_JJ vacuum_NN system_NN is_BEZ highly_RB J08 101 oxidizing_JJ due_JJ to_IN the_ATI high_JJ J08 102 proportion_NN of_IN water_NN vapour_NN at_IN the_ATI normal_JJ J08 102 working_NN pressure_NN (_( 10*:-4**:_&FO J08 103 \0mm_NNU \0Hg_&FO )_) ._. ^ assuming_VBG that_CS the_ATI partial_JJ J08 103 pressure_NN of_IN water_NN vapour_NN is_BEZ J08 104 only_RB 10*:-5**:_&FO \0mm_NNU \0Hg_&FO ,_, then_RN it_PP3 is_BEZ J08 104 calculated_VBN approximately_RB that_CS 5_CD x_IN J08 105 10*:15**:_&FO molecules_NNS \0cm*:-2**:_NNU s*:-1**:_NNU strike_VB J08 105 the_ATI substrate_NN surface_NN ._. J08 106 ^ if_CS the_ATI rate_NN of_IN deposition_NN of_IN chromium_NN metal_NN J08 106 is_BEZ about_RB 3_CD \0A*?15_NNU J08 107 s*:-1**:_NNU ,_, then_RN ten_CD water_NN vapour_NN molecules_NNS J08 107 strike_VB the_ATI surface_NN for_IN every_AT J08 108 chromium_NN incident_JJ atom_NN ._. ^ thus_RB there_EX is_BEZ J08 108 sufficient_JJ oxygen_NN (_( in_IN the_ATI form_NN J08 109 of_IN water_NN vapour_NN )_) available_JJ at_IN the_ATI source_NN J08 109 for_IN the_ATI film_NN to_TO be_BE highly_RB J08 110 oxidized_VBN at_IN normal_JJ rates_NNS of_IN deposition_NN ._. ^ J08 110 oxidation_NN also_RB occurs_VBZ after_CS J08 111 the_ATI chromium_NN atoms_NNS have_HV left_VBN the_ATI vapour_NN J08 111 source_NN ,_, giving_VBG rise_NN to_IN the_ATI J08 112 familiar_JJ gettering_NN effect_NN ._. ^ the_ATI fall_NN in_IN J08 112 pressure_NN can_MD readily_RB be_BE J08 113 observed_VBN on_IN the_ATI vacuum_NN gauge_NN ._. J08 114 ^ thus_RB the_ATI first_OD few_AP atomic_JJ layers_NNS deposited_VBN J08 114 during_IN the_ATI gettering_NN J08 115 period_NN are_BER highly_RB oxidized_JJ ,_, and_CC when_WRB the_ATI J08 115 chamber_NN has_HVZ been_BEN *'_*' cleaned_VBN J08 116 up_RP **'_**' the_ATI deposit_NN is_BEZ more_QL metallic_JJ ._. ^ J08 116 after_CS evaporation_NN ceases_VBZ ,_, the_ATI J08 117 deposited_JJ film_NN remains_VBZ open_JJ to_IN oxidation_NN ._. ^ J08 117 thus_RB the_ATI deposited_JJ film_NN is_BEZ J08 118 inhomogeneous_JJ and_CC approximates_VBZ to_IN a_AT sandwich_NN J08 118 layer_NN of_IN oxide_NN /_CC metal_NN /_CC J08 119 oxide_NN ,_, in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI two_CD outer_JJB layers_NNS J08 119 are_BER more_QL highly_RB oxidized_JJ than_IN the_ATI J08 120 inner_JJB layer_NN ._. J08 121 ^ the_ATI exact_JJ state_NN of_IN oxidation_NN of_IN the_ATI J08 121 deposited_JJ film_NN is_BEZ unknown_JJ and_CC J08 122 a_AT further_JJB effect_NN of_IN oxidation_NN can_MD be_BE observed_VBN J08 122 upon_IN baking_NN in_IN air_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J08 123 final_JJ resistance_NN change_NN upon_IN annealing_NN may_MD then_RN J08 123 be_BE positive_JJ or_CC J08 124 negative_JJ ,_, because_CS the_ATI decrease_NN attributed_VBN by_IN J08 124 Vand_NP to_IN lattice_NN J08 125 transformation_NN may_MD be_BE greater_JJR or_CC less_AP than_IN J08 125 the_ATI increase_NN due_JJ to_IN further_JJB J08 126 oxidation_NN ._. J08 127 ^ heat_NN treatment_NN and_CC protection_NN ._. J08 128 ^ heat_NN treatment_NN carried_VBN out_RP during_IN or_CC after_IN J08 128 deposition_NN serves_VBZ J08 129 three_CD purposes_NNS :_: J08 130 (_( 1_CD1 )_) high_JJ internal_JJ stresses_NNS in_IN the_ATI film_NN J08 130 are_BER relieved_VBN ;_; J08 131 (_( 2_CD )_) some_DTI defects_NNS in_IN the_ATI crystal_NN J08 131 lattice_NN are_BER removed_VBN ,_, thus_RB J08 132 improving_VBG the_ATI heat-stability_NN ;_; J08 133 (_( 3_CD )_) a_AT protective_JJ oxide_NN layer_NN is_BEZ J08 133 completed_VBN ,_, making_VBG the_ATI film_NN less_RBR J08 134 subject_JJ to_IN external_JJ atmospheric_JJ attack_NN ._. J08 135 ^ in_IN practice_NN ,_, it_PP3 has_HVZ been_BEN found_VBN J08 135 advisable_JJ to_TO heat_VB the_ATI substrate_NN in_IN J08 136 vacuum_NN before_IN deposition_NN to_IN a_AT temperature_NN of_IN at_RB J08 136 least_RB" 300_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP ._. ^ a_AT J08 137 further_JJB heating_NN period_NN in_IN air_NN for_IN 30_CD \0min_NNU J08 137 at_IN 300_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP completes_VBZ the_ATI J08 138 annealing_NN of_IN the_ATI film_NN ._. J08 139 ^ the_ATI electrical_JJ properties_NNS of_IN resistance_NN tapes_NNS J08 139 and_CC wires_NNS are_BER J08 140 stabilized_VBN by_IN annealing_NN and_CC by_IN cyclic_JJ baking_NN J08 140 in_IN air_NN or_CC hydrogen_NN ._. ^ this_DT J08 141 treatment_NN reduces_VBZ the_ATI strains_NNS and_CC dislocations_NNS J08 141 set_VBN up_RP during_IN the_ATI J08 142 drawing_NN of_IN the_ATI wire_NN ._. ^ thus_RB the_ATI treatment_NN J08 142 required_VBN by_IN a_AT J08 143 vacuum-deposited_JJ film_NN is_BEZ similar_JJ ._. ^ baking_NN during_IN J08 143 and_CC after_IN deposition_NN J08 144 re-orders_VBZ the_ATI crystal_NN lattice_NN ,_, and_CC improves_VBZ J08 144 the_ATI resistance_NN stability_NN J08 145 with_IN time_NN ,_, also_RB forming_VBG a_AT compact_JJ oxide_NN J08 145 surface_NN layer_NN ._. ^ several_AP fast_JJ J08 146 baking_NN cycles_NNS carried_VBN out_RP in_IN air_NN hasten_VB the_ATI J08 146 changes_NNS of_IN resistance_NN up_RP J08 147 to_IN 300_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP ,_, which_WDTR become_VB smaller_JJR with_IN J08 147 each_DT successive_JJ cycle_NN ._. J08 148 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ experimental_JJ work_NN ._. J08 149 ^ evaporation_NN technique_NN ._. J08 150 ^ the_ATI preparation_NN of_IN nickel-chromium_JJB resistance_NN J08 150 films_NNS was_BEDZ carried_VBN J08 151 out_RP in_IN a_AT vacuum_NN deposition_NN plant_NN having_HVG a_AT J08 151 12_CD \0in_NNU diameter_NN chamber_NN J08 152 equipped_VBN with_IN pumps_NNS capable_JJ of_IN reducing_VBG the_ATI J08 152 residual_JJ gas_NN pressure_NN in_IN J08 153 the_ATI vacuum_NN chamber_NN below_IN 10*:-4**:_&FO \0mm_NNU \0Hg_&FO J08 153 in_IN 5_CD minutes_NNS ._. ^ provision_NN J08 154 was_BEDZ made_VBN for_IN two_CD \0h.t_NN lead-through_JJB J08 154 electrodes_NNS (_( for_IN cleaning_NN by_IN J08 155 positive_JJ ion_NN bombardment_NN )_) ,_, three_CD electrodes_NNS J08 155 for_IN the_ATI evaporation_NN source_NN J08 156 and_CC several_AP smaller_JJR electrodes_NNS for_IN connecting_VBG J08 156 the_ATI radiant_JJ heater_NN ,_, J08 157 thermocouple_NN ,_, and_CC resistance_NN monitor_NN ._. J08 158 ^ the_ATI evaporation_NN source_NN was_BEDZ heated_VBN by_IN J08 158 electron_NN bombardment_NN (_( \0fig_NN J08 159 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ this_DT source_NN consisted_VBD of_IN a_AT stainless_JJ J08 159 steel_NN supporting_JJ block_NN J08 160 (_( forming_VBG the_ATI anode_NN )_) on_IN which_WDTR was_BEDZ J08 160 mounted_VBN a_AT 1/4_CD \0in_NNU diameter_NN special_JJ J08 161 ceramic_JJ hearth_NN 1/4_CD \0in_NNU high_JJ ._. ^ nickel-chromium_JJB J08 161 wire_NN (_( 22_CD \0s.w.g_NNU )_) J08 162 was_BEDZ fed_VBN through_IN a_AT stainless_JJ steel_NN guide_NN tube_NN J08 162 to_IN the_ATI centre_NN of_IN the_ATI J08 163 hearth_NN ._. ^ the_ATI feed_NN mechanism_NN was_BEDZ mounted_VBN at_IN J08 163 the_ATI side_NN of_IN the_ATI hearth_NN ,_, and_CC J08 164 allowed_VBD the_ATI wire_NN to_TO be_BE fed_VBN either_DTX J08 164 continuously_RB or_CC to_TO be_BE intermittently_RB J08 165 operated_VBN by_IN a_AT handwheel_NN outside_IN the_ATI vacuum_NN J08 165 chamber_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J08 166 nickel-chromium_JJB wire_NN was_BEDZ bombarded_VBN by_IN electrons_NNS J08 166 emitted_VBN from_IN a_AT small_JJ J08 167 hot_JJ filament_NN of_IN 0.020_CD \0in_NNU diameter_NN tungsten_NN J08 167 wire_NN (_( forming_VBG the_ATI J08 168 cathode_NN )_) ,_, supported_VBN 1/8_CD \0in_NNU above_IN the_ATI J08 168 top_NN of_IN the_ATI hearth_NN ._. J08 170 ^ the_ATI cathode_NN heater_NN supply_NN was_BEDZ obtained_VBN from_IN J08 170 a_AT 8_CD \0v_NNU ,_, 100_CD \0A_NNU J08 171 transformer_NN with_IN secondary_JJ winding_NN insulated_VBN from_IN J08 171 earth_NN and_CC primary_JJ J08 172 for_IN 15_CD \0kv_NNU ._. ^ the_ATI anode_NN and_CC cathode_NN were_BED J08 172 connected_VBN across_IN a_AT suitable_JJ J08 173 \0h.t_NN supply_NN ,_, having_HVG a_AT maximum_JJ power_NN of_IN 1.5_CD J08 173 \0kw_NNU at_IN 3_CD \0kv_NNU ;_; the_ATI J08 174 anode_NN was_BEDZ held_VBN at_IN earth_NN potential_NN and_CC the_ATI J08 174 cathode_NN at_IN negative_JJ 3_CD \0kv_NNU J08 175 ._. ^ the_ATI top_NN of_IN the_ATI hearth_NN was_BEDZ hollowed_VBN J08 175 to_TO enable_VB the_ATI wire_NN to_TO melt_VB and_CC J08 176 form_VB a_AT bead_NN from_IN which_WDTR evaporation_NN could_MD take_VB J08 176 place_NN ._. J08 177 ^ substrates_NNS and_CC workholders_NNS ._. J08 178 ^ special_JJ jigs_NNS were_BED made_VBN to_TO hold_VB flat_JJ J08 178 specimen_NN plates_NNS of_IN Pyrex_NP ,_, J08 179 soda_NN glass_NN and_CC ceramic_JJ ._. ^ during_IN each_DT J08 179 evaporation_NN ,_, the_ATI resistance_NN of_IN J08 180 one_CD1 plate_NN was_BEDZ monitored_VBN by_IN connecting_VBG the_ATI J08 180 end_NN terminals_NNS to_IN an_AT external_JJ J08 181 circuit_NN for_IN resistance_NN measurement_NN ._. ^ a_AT simple_JJ J08 181 ohmmeter_NN was_BEDZ used_VBN for_IN J08 182 monitoring_VBG the_ATI resistance_NN value_NN during_IN evaporation_NN J08 182 ._. ^ the_ATI accuracy_NN of_IN J08 183 the_ATI measurements_NNS was_BEDZ only_RB of_IN the_ATI order_NN J08 183 *?14_&FO 2_CD %_NNU ,_, but_CC the_ATI results_NNS were_BED J08 184 used_VBN only_RB to_TO indicate_VB the_ATI approximate_JJ value_NN J08 184 of_IN the_ATI resistance_NN during_IN J08 185 evaporation_NN ._. ^ a_AT bridge_NN method_NN of_IN measurement_NN J08 185 was_BEDZ used_VBN to_TO determine_VB J08 186 accurately_RB the_ATI resistances_NNS of_IN the_ATI slides_NNS ,_, J08 186 and_CC is_BEZ described_VBN more_QL fully_RB J08 187 later_RBR ._. J08 188 ^ the_ATI workholder_NN consisted_VBD of_IN a_AT simple_JJ jig_NN J08 188 constructed_VBN so_CS that_CS" only_RB J08 189 1/8_CD \0in_NNU at_IN each_DT end_NN of_IN the_ATI slides_NNS was_BEDZ J08 189 masked_VBN by_IN the_ATI clamp_NN ,_, and_CC these_DTS J08 190 were_BED placed_VBN next_RB to_IN the_ATI monitor_NN plate_NN ._. ^ J08 190 the_ATI workholder_NN was_BEDZ supported_VBN 4_CD J08 191 \0in_NNU above_IN the_ATI evaporation_NN source_NN by_IN means_IN" J08 191 of_IN" a_AT tripod_NN ._. ^ a_AT radiant_JJ J08 192 heater_NN ,_, dissipating_VBG 750_CD \0w_NNU at_IN 110_CD \0v_NNU ,_, J08 192 was_BEDZ mounted_VBN above_IN the_ATI J08 193 workholder_NN to_TO raise_VB the_ATI temperature_NN of_IN the_ATI J08 193 substrate_NN to_IN 300_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP J08 194 before_IN evaporation_NN ._. ^ the_ATI temperature_NN of_IN the_ATI J08 194 substrate_NN was_BEDZ measured_VBN by_IN J08 195 means_IN" of_IN" a_AT chromel-alumel_JJB thermocouple_NN placed_VBN J08 195 inside_IN the_ATI vacuum_NN J08 196 chamber_NN with_IN its_PP$ junction_NN resting_VBG on_IN the_ATI J08 196 top_JJB face_NN of_IN the_ATI workholder_NN ._. J08 197 ^ the_ATI thermocouple_NN was_BEDZ connected_VBN to_IN an_AT J08 197 external_JJ meter_NN calibrated_VBN to_TO J08 198 read_VB degrees_NNS centigrade_NN ,_, covering_VBG a_AT temperature_NN J08 198 range_NN from_IN 0_CD to_IN 500_CD in_IN J08 199 divisions_NNS of_IN 10_CD degrees_NNS ._. J08 200 ^ a_AT special_JJ chamber_NN assembly_NN was_BEDZ constructed_VBN J08 200 for_IN deposition_NN of_IN J08 201 films_NNS on_IN cylindrical_JJ formers_NNS and_CC ,_, for_IN J08 201 monitoring_VBG their_PP$ resistance_NN ,_, a_AT J08 202 static_JJ flat_JJ glass_NN slide_NN was_BEDZ used_VBN ._. ^ by_IN J08 202 experiment_NN a_AT simple_JJ relationship_NN J08 203 between_IN the_ATI resistance_NN of_IN the_ATI static_JJ plate_NN J08 203 and_CC the_ATI resistance_NN of_IN the_ATI J08 204 cylindrical_JJ formers_NNS was_BEDZ obtained_VBN ,_, thus_RB J08 204 enabling_VBG the_ATI evaporation_NN to_TO be_BE J08 205 roughly_RB monitored_VBN ._. J08 206 ^ contacts_NNS ._. J08 207 ^ the_ATI method_NN of_IN making_VBG contact_NN to_IN the_ATI J08 207 deposited_JJ film_NN influenced_VBD J08 208 both_ABX the_ATI accuracy_NN with_IN which_WDTR the_ATI film_NN J08 208 could_MD be_BE measured_VBN and_CC the_ATI J08 209 ultimate_JJ stability_NN ._. J09 3 ^ Rutherford_NP in_IN Manchester_NP ._. J09 4 ^ by_IN \0J_NP \0E_NP Geake_NP ._. J09 5 ^ Manchester_NP College_NPL of_IN science_NN and_CC technology_NN ._. J09 6 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ now_RN 50_CD years_NNS since_CS Rutherford_NP ,_, J09 6 working_VBG in_IN Manchester_NP ,_, J09 7 conceived_VBD the_ATI idea_NN that_CS the_ATI atom_NN had_HVD a_AT J09 7 small_JJ concentrated_JJ nucleus_NN ,_, and_CC J09 8 from_IN this_DT idea_NN sprang_VBD the_ATI whole_NN of_IN our_PP$ J09 8 present-day_JJB knowledge_NN of_IN atomic_JJ J09 9 structure_NN and_CC our_PP$ exploitation_NN of_IN its_PP$ J09 9 consequences_NNS ._. ^ this_DT great_JJ J09 10 landmark_NN in_IN physics_NN was_BEDZ celebrated_VBN by_IN holding_VBG J09 10 the_ATI Rutherford_NP J09 11 international_JJ jubilee_NN conference_NN early_RB in_IN September_NR J09 11 ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ J09 12 appropriate_JJ that_CS the_ATI conference_NN should_MD be_BE held_VBN J09 12 at_IN Manchester_NP J09 13 University_NPL because_CS ,_, although_CS Rutherford_NP did_DOD J09 13 valuable_JJ work_NN at_IN Cambridge_NP J09 14 and_CC at_IN McGill_NP ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ his_PP$ Manchester_NP J09 14 period_NN which_WDTR produced_VBD the_ATI most_QL J09 15 important_JJ results_NNS ,_, and_CC the_ATI discoveries_NNS with_IN J09 15 which_WDTR his_PP$ name_NN is_BEZ mainly_RB J09 16 associated_VBN ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ also_RB appropriate_JJ that_CS J09 16 there_EX were_BED two_CD parts_NNS to_IN the_ATI J09 17 conference_NN *-_*- a_AT commemorative_JJ session_NN in_IN which_WDTR J09 17 some_DTI of_IN the_ATI surviving_JJ J09 18 members_NNS of_IN Rutherford's_NP$ Manchester_NP team_NN took_VBD J09 18 us_PP1OS back_RP by_IN their_PP$ J09 19 reminiscences_NNS to_IN those_DTS great_JJ days_NNS of_IN the_ATI J09 19 past_NN ,_, and_CC also_RB a_AT full-scale_JJB J09 20 conference_NN setting_VBG out_RP the_ATI present_JJ state_NN of_IN J09 20 our_PP$ knowledge_NN of_IN the_ATI J09 21 nucleus_NN ._. ^ to_TO keep_VB up_RP with_IN a_AT rapidly-changing_JJB J09 21 subject_NN such_IN as_IN" this_DT ,_, one_CD1 J09 22 must_MD not_XNOT spend_VB too_QL long_RB looking_VBG backwards_RB ._. J09 23 ^ of_IN those_DTS closely_RB associated_VBN with_IN Rutherford_NP J09 23 in_IN Manchester_NP ,_, J09 24 Marsden_NP ,_, Darwin_NP ,_, Chadwick_NP ,_, Andrade_NP and_CC Niels_NP J09 24 Bohr_NP were_BED all_ABN present_JJ ,_, J09 25 and_CC it_PP3 was_BEDZ greatly_RB regretted_VBN that_CS William_NP J09 25 Kay_NP ,_, Rutherford's_NP$ laboratory_NN J09 26 steward_NN and_CC personal_JJ assistant_NN ,_, to_IN whom_WPOR he_PP3A J09 26 acknowledged_VBD a_AT great_JJ debt_NN ,_, J09 27 did_DOD not_XNOT live_VB to_TO be_BE present_JJ at_IN these_DTS J09 27 celebrations_NNS ;_; he_PP3A died_VBD in_IN J09 28 Manchester_NP only_RB a_AP few_AP" months_NNS ago_RB ._. J09 29 ^ the_ATI main_JJB commemorative_JJ session_NN of_IN the_ATI J09 29 conference_NN consisted_VBD of_IN the_ATI J09 30 reminiscences_NNS of_IN Sir_NPT \0E_NP Marsden_NP ,_, Sir_NPT J09 30 Charles_NP Darwin_NP and_CC Professor_NPT J09 31 Andrade_NP ,_, and_CC this_DT was_BEDZ followed_VBN by_IN a_AT J09 31 ceremony_NN at_IN which_WDTR honorary_JJ degrees_NNS J09 32 were_BED bestowed_VBN ._. ^ during_IN the_ATI week_NN ,_, delegates_NNS J09 32 saw_VBD something_PN of_IN the_ATI local_JJ J09 33 Derbyshire_NP scenery_NN ,_, visited_VBD Jodrell_NP Bank_NPL and_CC J09 33 \0A.E.I_NP at_IN J09 34 Trafford_NP Park_NPL ,_, were_BED received_VBN by_IN the_ATI Lord_NPT J09 34 Mayor_NPT at_IN a_AT lavish_JJ reception_NN J09 35 in_IN Manchester's_NP$ impressive_JJ Victorian_JNP Gothic_JNP town_NN J09 35 hall_NN ,_, and_CC rounded_VBD off_RP J09 36 the_ATI week_NN at_IN a_AT special_JJ concert_NN given_VBN by_IN J09 36 Sir_NPT John_NP Barbirolli_NP and_CC the_ATI J09 37 Halle*?2_NP orchestra_NN *-_*- the_ATI source_NN of_IN another_DT of_IN J09 37 Manchester's_NP$ claims_NNS to_IN J09 38 renown_NN ._. J09 39 ^ concurrently_RB with_IN the_ATI conference_NN an_AT exhibition_NN J09 39 of_IN things_NNS J09 40 associated_VBN with_IN Rutherford_NP was_BEDZ held_VBN *-_*- J09 40 photographs_NNS ,_, letters_NNS ,_, models_NNS J09 41 and_CC ,_, most_QL interesting_JJ of_IN all_ABN ,_, some_DTI of_IN J09 41 his_PP$ actual_JJ apparatus_NN ,_, including_IN J09 42 the_ATI piece_NN said_VBN to_TO have_HV been_BEN his_PP$ *'_*' pet_NN J09 42 **'_**' *-_*- the_ATI superb_JJ piece_NN of_IN J09 43 glass-blowing_NN by_IN Baumbach_NP which_WDTR made_VBD possible_JJ J09 43 the_ATI spectral_JJ J09 44 identification_NN of_IN a-particles_NNS as_IN helium_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J09 44 letters_NNS on_IN view_NN J09 45 gave_VBD some_DTI interesting_JJ glimpses_NNS into_IN the_ATI J09 45 organization_NN and_CC economics_NN J09 46 behind_IN the_ATI scene_NN ._. ^ there_EX was_BEDZ Schuster's_NP$ J09 46 letter_NN offering_VBG to_TO hand_VB his_PP$ J09 47 chair_NN over_RP to_IN Rutherford_NP (_( then_RN at_IN McGill_NP )_) J09 47 ,_, Rutherford's_NP$ answer_NN making_VBG J09 48 careful_JJ enquiries_NNS about_IN the_ATI financial_JJ arrangements_NNS J09 48 for_IN research_NN ,_, and_CC J09 49 Schuster's_NP$ detailed_JJ reply_NN saying_VBG how_WRB he_PP3A J09 49 spent_VBD his_PP$ annual_JJ grant_NN for_IN J09 50 teaching_NN and_CC research_NN (_( all_ABN *+450_NNU of_IN it_PP3 !_! J09 50 )_) and_CC by_IN how_WRB much_AP it_PP3 was_BEDZ safe_JJ J09 51 to_TO overspend_VB without_IN getting_VBG into_IN trouble_NN ._. ^ J09 51 Rutherford_NP was_BEDZ satisfied_JJ ,_, J09 52 and_CC came_VBD in_IN 1907_CD ,_, and_CC thus_RB began_VBD the_ATI J09 52 work_NN in_IN *'_*' Tom_NP Tiddler's_NP$ field_NN **'_**' ,_, J09 53 which_WDTR was_BEDZ how_WRB Rutherford_NP referred_VBD to_IN one_CD1 J09 53 of_IN the_ATI most_QL celebrated_JJ J09 54 research_NN groups_NNS in_IN the_ATI history_NN of_IN physics_NN ._. ^ J09 54 Rutherford_NP owed_VBD a_AT J09 55 considerable_JJ debt_NN to_IN Schuster_NP for_IN handing_VBG over_RP J09 55 to_IN him_PP3O a_AT well_RB organized_JJ J09 56 and_CC relatively_RB well_RB equipped_VBN laboratory_NN and_CC J09 56 teaching_NN department_NN ._. J09 57 ^ while_CS the_ATI glory_NN of_IN discovering_VBG the_ATI nucleus_NN J09 57 falls_VBZ to_IN Rutherford_NP ,_, it_PP3 J09 58 was_BEDZ entirely_RB owing_IN to_IN" Schuster_NP that_CS the_ATI J09 58 work_NN was_BEDZ done_VBN in_IN Manchester_NP ._. J09 59 ^ as_QL early_RB as_IN 1906_CD Rutherford_NP ,_, then_RN at_IN J09 59 McGill_NP ,_, had_HVD realized_VBN ,_, from_IN J09 60 the_ATI observation_NN that_CS an_AT a-particle_NN beam_NN was_BEDZ J09 60 spread_VBN out_RP slightly_RB J09 61 by_IN passing_VBG through_IN a_AT mica_NN sheet_NN ,_, that_CS there_EX J09 61 must_MD be_BE surprisingly_RB large_JJ J09 62 electric_JJ fields_NNS within_IN atoms_NNS ,_, but_CC it_PP3 was_BEDZ J09 62 not_XNOT until_IN 1911_CD that_CS the_ATI idea_NN J09 63 of_IN the_ATI nucleus_NN was_BEDZ finally_RB conceived_VBN ._. ^ a_AT J09 63 trivial_JJ defect_NN in_IN an_AT J09 64 a-beam_NN tube_NN ,_, which_WDTR was_BEDZ cured_VBN empirically_RB J09 64 by_IN inserting_VBG brass_NN J09 65 washers_NNS to_TO confine_VB the_ATI beam_NN ,_, suggested_VBD that_CS J09 65 a-particles_NNS were_BED J09 66 reflected_VBN by_IN metals_NNS ._. ^ Rutherford_NP suggested_VBD to_IN J09 66 Marsden_NP ,_, a_AT second-year_JJB J09 67 student_NN (_( in_IN those_DTS days_NNS undergraduates_NNS were_BED J09 67 given_VBN small_JJ research_NN J09 68 projects_NNS as_IN part_NN of_IN their_PP$ training_NN )_) ,_, that_CS J09 68 he_PP3A should_MD follow_VB this_DT up_RP ._. J09 69 ^ after_IN some_DTI initial_JJ difficulties_NNS ,_, because_CS the_ATI J09 69 available_JJ J09 70 a-particle_NN sources_NNS were_BED too_QL weak_JJ ,_, Marsden_NP J09 70 eventually_RB obtained_VBD a_AT J09 71 stronger_JJR source_NN and_CC did_DOD the_ATI experiment_NN which_WDTR J09 71 is_BEZ seen_VBN in_IN retrospect_NN to_TO J09 72 be_BE one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI most_QL profitable_JJ ever_RB carried_VBN J09 72 out_RP ._. ^ he_PP3A directed_VBD a_AT beam_NN of_IN J09 73 a-particles_NNS at_IN metal_NN foils_NNS ,_, and_CC observed_VBD J09 73 the_ATI range_NN of_IN angles_NNS at_IN J09 74 which_WDTR they_PP3AS came_VBD off_RP ._. ^ the_ATI result_NN was_BEDZ J09 74 staggering_JJ ;_; although_CS most_AP of_IN the_ATI J09 75 particles_NNS were_BED only_RB deflected_VBN slightly_RB ,_, a_AP J09 75 few_AP" were_BED turned_VBN through_IN J09 76 large_JJ angles_NNS ,_, and_CC a_AT very_QL few_AP came_VBD almost_RB J09 76 back_RP along_IN their_PP$ tracks_NNS ._. ^ as_CS J09 77 Rutherford_NP said_VBD later_RBR ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ as_CS if_CS" J09 77 one_CD1 fired_VBD 15_CD \0in_NNU shells_NNS at_IN J09 78 tissue_NN paper_NN ,_, and_CC found_VBD that_CS occasionally_RB J09 78 they_PP3AS bounced_VBD back_RP !_! ^ Marsden_NP J09 79 told_VBD Rutherford_NP what_WDT he_PP3A had_HVD observed_VBN ,_, J09 79 Rutherford_NP questioned_VBD him_PP3O about_IN J09 80 the_ATI experiment_NN to_TO convince_VB himself_PPL that_CS it_PP3 J09 80 was_BEDZ all_RB right_RB" ,_, and_CC that_DT was_BEDZ J09 81 all_ABN for_IN several_AP weeks_NNS ,_, until_IN a_AT Sunday_NR J09 81 evening_NN in_IN the_ATI autumn_NN of_IN 1911_CD ._. J09 82 ^ Rutherford_NP had_HVD invited_VBN several_AP of_IN his_PP$ J09 82 research_NN workers_NNS to_IN supper_NN in_IN J09 83 his_PP$ house_NN at_IN Withington_NP ,_, as_CS he_PP3A often_RB did_DOD J09 83 ,_, and_CC while_CS they_PP3AS were_BED chatting_VBG J09 84 after_IN supper_NN Rutherford_NP suddenly_RB came_VBD out_RP with_IN J09 84 his_PP$ first_OD ideas_NNS about_IN J09 85 the_ATI atomic_JJ nucleus_NN ;_; before_CS they_PP3AS went_VBD home_NR J09 85 he_PP3A asked_VBD one_CD1 of_IN them_PP3OS ,_, J09 86 Darwin_NP ,_, to_TO check_VB his_PP$ hasty_JJ derivation_NN of_IN J09 86 the_ATI scattering_NN law_NN to_TO be_BE J09 87 expected_VBN when_WRB a-particles_NNS were_BED deflected_VBN by_IN J09 87 point_NN nuclei_NNS ._. ^ they_PP3AS J09 88 even_RB discussed_VBD ,_, on_IN that_DT first_OD evening_NN ,_, the_ATI J09 88 idea_NN that_CS ,_, if_CS the_ATI nucleus_NN J09 89 were_BED not_XNOT quite_ABL a_AT point_NN ,_, departures_NNS from_IN J09 89 the_ATI law_NN at_IN close_JJ approach_NN J09 90 could_MD yield_VB information_NN about_IN nuclear_JJ structure_NN ._. ^ J09 90 although_CS Rutherford_NP J09 91 did_DOD not_XNOT live_VB to_TO see_VB powerful_JJ enough_QLP J09 91 scattering_NN experiments_NNS performed_VBN ,_, J09 92 this_DT is_BEZ now_RN the_ATI basis_NN of_IN modern_JJ methods_NNS J09 92 of_IN investigating_VBG the_ATI structure_NN J09 93 of_IN nuclei_NNS and_CC nucleons_NNS ._. J09 94 ^ in_IN the_ATI months_NNS that_WPR followed_VBD Geiger_NP and_CC J09 94 Marsden_NP carried_VBD out_RP more_QL J09 95 sophisticated_JJ scattering_NN experiments_NNS than_IN the_ATI one_CD1 J09 95 which_WDTR had_HVD revealed_VBN J09 96 the_ATI effect_NN ,_, and_CC actually_RB measured_VBD the_ATI J09 96 angular_JJ distribution_NN of_IN the_ATI J09 97 scattered_JJ a-particles_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI results_NNS confirmed_VBD J09 97 Rutherford's_NP$ J09 98 scattering_NN law_NN and_CC therefore_RB the_ATI validity_NN of_IN J09 98 the_ATI assumptions_NNS he_PP3A had_HVD J09 99 made_VBN in_IN deriving_VBG it_PP3 ,_, and_CC led_VBN in_IN 1913_CD J09 99 to_IN a_AT group_NN of_IN three_CD papers_NNS which_WDTR J09 100 laid_VBD the_ATI foundations_NNS of_IN nuclear_JJ physics_NN ._. J09 101 ^ the_ATI commemorative_JJ session_NN of_IN the_ATI conference_NN J09 101 produced_VBD J09 102 reminiscences_NNS about_IN several_AP of_IN Rutherford's_NP$ group_NN J09 102 in_IN Manchester_NP ;_; of_IN J09 103 Moseley_NP whom_WPOR Sir_NPT Charles_NP Darwin_NP (_( who_WPR J09 103 worked_VBD with_IN him_PP3O )_) described_VBD as_IN the_ATI J09 104 hardest-working_JJT person_NN he_PP3A had_HVD ever_RB known_VBN ,_, J09 104 and_CC who_WPR was_BEDZ an_AT expert_NN in_IN J09 105 finding_VBG a_AT meal_NN in_IN Manchester_NP at_IN 3_CD \0a.m_RB ;_; J09 105 of_IN Niels_NP Bohr_NP who_WPR was_BEDZ a_AT J09 106 very_QL comforting_JJ theoretician_NN with_IN great_JJ skill_NN in_IN J09 106 bridging_VBG the_ATI gap_NN J09 107 between_IN startlingly_RB new_JJ theoretical_JJ concepts_NNS and_CC J09 107 classical_JJ ideas_NNS ;_; of_IN J09 108 Robinson_NP ,_, a_AT keen_JJ music-hall_NN addict_NN *-_*- and_CC J09 108 indeed_RB of_IN the_ATI music-hall_NN J09 109 origin_NN of_IN the_ATI correct_JJ intonation_NN to_IN Rutherford's_NP$ J09 109 nickname_NN of_IN J09 110 *'_*' Papa_NPT **'_**' ._. J09 111 ^ while_CS these_DTS reminiscences_NNS of_IN the_ATI physics_NN J09 111 of_IN 50_CD years_NNS ago_RB were_BED J09 112 appropriate_JJ and_CC entertaining_JJ ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ right_JJ J09 112 that_CS most_AP of_IN the_ATI time_NN at_IN J09 113 the_ATI conference_NN should_MD be_BE concerned_VBN with_IN the_ATI J09 113 physics_NN of_IN the_ATI present_NN ._. J09 114 ^ there_EX were_BED nearly_RB 200_CD contributed_JJ papers_NNS ,_, J09 114 and_CC for_IN those_DTS who_WPR want_VB a_AT J09 115 detailed_JJ picture_NN of_IN the_ATI present_JJ state_NN of_IN J09 115 nuclear_JJ physics_NN these_DTS papers_NNS J09 116 will_MD shortly_RB be_BE published_VBN as_IN a_AT 750-page_JJB J09 116 volume_NN ._. ^ the_ATI conference_NN J09 117 sessions_NNS ,_, however_RB ,_, consisted_VBD of_IN the_ATI J09 117 presentation_NN of_IN invited_JJ papers_NNS ,_, J09 118 each_DT intended_VBD to_TO summarize_VB a_AT different_JJ aspect_NN J09 118 of_IN the_ATI subject_NN ._. J09 119 ^ thirty_CD years_NNS ago_RB Rutherford_NP said_VBD ,_, ^ *'_*' J09 119 it_PP3 is_BEZ my_PP$ personal_JJ conviction_NN J09 120 that_CS if_CS we_PP1AS knew_VBD more_AP about_IN the_ATI nucleus_NN ,_, J09 120 we_PP1AS should_MD find_VB it_PP3 much_RB simpler_JJR J09 121 than_CS we_PP1AS suppose_VB ._. ^ I_PP1A am_BEM always_RB a_AT J09 121 believer_NN in_IN simplicity_NN being_BEG a_AT simple_JJ J09 122 fellow_NN myself_PPL ._. **'_**' ^ the_ATI subject_NN at_IN present_NN J09 122 seems_VBZ a_AT long_JJ way_NN from_IN this_DT J09 123 simplicity_NN ;_; parts_NNS of_IN the_ATI conference_NN seemed_VBD J09 123 to_TO be_BE in_IN a_AT foreign_JJ J09 124 language_NN ,_, and_CC at_IN one_CD1 point_NN there_EX were_BED so_QL J09 124 many_AP rival_JJB theories_NNS that_CS they_PP3AS J09 125 were_BED referred_VBN to_IN by_IN reference_NN numbers_NNS ._. ^ J09 125 perhaps_RB we_PP1AS need_VB another_DT J09 126 Rutherford_NP ._. J09 127 ^ the_ATI main_JJB topics_NNS reviewed_VBN included_VBD nuclear_JJ J09 127 forces_NNS ,_, nuclear_JJ J09 128 structure_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI interactions_NNS with_IN J09 128 outside_JJB particles_NNS from_IN which_WDTR most_AP J09 129 of_IN the_ATI evidence_NN for_IN nuclear_JJ properties_NNS is_BEZ J09 129 obtained_VBN ._. ^ there_EX was_BEDZ also_RB a_AT J09 130 paper_NN on_IN the_ATI limitations_NNS and_CC possibilities_NNS of_IN J09 130 the_ATI instruments_NNS for_IN J09 131 nuclear_JJ investigation_NN ,_, and_CC another_DT ,_, rather_RB off_IN J09 131 the_ATI main_JJB line_NN ,_, on_IN J09 132 cosmological_JJ dating_NN by_IN nuclear_JJ methods_NNS ._. J09 133 ^ it_PP3 has_HVZ long_RB been_BEN understood_VBN that_CS the_ATI J09 133 attractive_JJ forces_NNS between_IN J09 134 nucleons_NNS (_( the_ATI neutrons_NNS and_CC protons_NNS which_WDTR J09 134 comprise_VB nuclei_NNS )_) were_BED somehow_RB J09 135 concerned_VBN with_IN the_ATI interchange_NN of_IN a_AT particle_NN (_( J09 135 the_ATI p-meson_NN or_CC J09 136 pion_NN )_) between_IN them_PP3OS ._. ^ there_EX has_HVZ also_RB J09 136 been_BEN evidence_NN that_CS sometimes_RB two_CD J09 137 pions_NNS are_BER in_IN transit_NN between_IN the_ATI interacting_JJ J09 137 nucleons_NNS at_IN the_ATI same_AP J09 138 time_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI possibility_NN of_IN this_DT occurrence_NN J09 138 modifies_VBZ the_ATI force_NN to_TO be_BE J09 139 expected_VBN ;_; although_CS the_ATI theory_NN of_IN this_DT process_NN J09 139 is_BEZ still_RB an_AT unsolved_JJ J09 140 problem_NN ,_, models_NNS describing_VBG the_ATI resulting_JJ J09 140 behaviour_NN have_HV been_BEN proposed_VBN ._. J09 141 ^ what_WDT has_HVZ only_RB recently_RB been_BEN confirmed_VBN *-_*- J09 141 in_IN fact_NN it_PP3 was_BEDZ announced_VBN at_IN J09 142 this_DT conference_NN *-_*- is_BEZ that_CS occasionally_RB three_CD J09 142 pions_NNS at_IN a_AT time_NN are_BER J09 143 involved_VBN ._. ^ these_DTS three_CD pions_NNS may_MD actually_RB J09 143 be_BE joined_VBN together_RB J09 144 transiently_RB as_IN a_AT compound_JJ particle_NN during_IN the_ATI J09 144 interchange_NN process_NN ;_; J09 145 indeed_RB ,_, theoreticians_NNS have_HV been_BEN invoking_VBG a_AT J09 145 compound_JJ particle_NN of_IN this_DT J09 146 type_NN for_IN some_DTI time_NN ._. ^ there_EX now_RN seems_VBZ to_TO J09 146 be_BE evidence_NN for_IN its_PP$ existence_NN ._. J09 147 ^ a_AT nuclear_JJ model_NN which_WDTR has_HVZ been_BEN J09 147 surprisingly_RB long-lived_JJ and_CC J09 148 successful_JJ is_BEZ the_ATI shell_NN model_NN ,_, which_WDTR was_BEDZ J09 148 first_RB proposed_VBN 25_CD years_NNS ago_RB ._. J09 149 ^ this_DT assumes_VBZ nucleons_NNS to_TO occupy_VB energy_NN levels_NNS J09 149 ,_, obey_VB quantum-number_JJB J09 150 selection_NN rules_NNS ,_, and_CC group_VB themselves_PPLS into_IN J09 150 closed_JJ shells_NNS in_IN a_AT manner_NN J09 151 analogous_JJ to_IN the_ATI electrons_NNS outside_IN the_ATI nucleus_NN J09 151 ._. ^ this_DT theory_NN was_BEDZ given_VBN J09 152 a_AT new_JJ lease_NN of_IN life_NN by_IN adding_VBG the_ATI concept_NN J09 152 of_IN nucleon_NN spin_NN ,_, which_WDTR J09 153 undergoes_VBZ coupling_NN with_IN the_ATI nucleon_NN *'_*' orbital_JJ J09 153 **'_**' motion_NN ._. ^ the_ATI presence_NN J09 154 of_IN any_DTI nucleons_NNS in_IN addition_NN to_IN the_ATI numbers_NNS J09 154 which_WDTR comprise_VB closed_JJ J09 155 shells_NNS will_MD tend_VB to_TO distort_VB the_ATI otherwise_RB J09 155 spherical_JJ shape_NN ,_, but_CC these_DTS J09 156 distortions_NNS were_BED ignored_VBN in_IN the_ATI approximate_JJ J09 156 treatment_NN of_IN the_ATI problem_NN ._. J09 157 ^ if_CS there_EX are_BER only_RB a_AP few_AP" nucleons_NNS more_AP (_( J09 157 or_CC less_AP )_) than_IN complete_JJ shells_NNS J09 158 the_ATI mean_JJ distortion_NN is_BEZ indeed_RB small_JJ ,_, but_CC J09 158 the_ATI theory_NN has_HVZ been_BEN extended_VBN J09 159 to_TO include_VB vibrations_NNS about_IN this_DT mean_JJ shape_NN ._. ^ J09 159 with_IN larger_JJR numbers_NNS of_IN J09 160 extra_JJ nucleons_NNS ,_, mid-way_RB between_IN the_ATI numbers_NNS J09 160 comprising_VBG complete_JJ J09 161 shells_NNS ,_, the_ATI nucleus_NN is_BEZ much_RB more_RBR distorted_VBN J09 161 ,_, and_CC rotational_JJ modes_NNS J09 162 become_VB important_JJ ._. ^ with_IN these_DTS larger_JJR numbers_NNS J09 162 of_IN extra_JJ nucleons_NNS it_PP3 is_BEZ J09 163 no_RB longer_RBR practicable_JJ to_TO treat_VB them_PP3OS singly_RB J09 163 and_CC only_RB their_PP$ collective_JJ J09 164 behaviour_NN is_BEZ considered_VBN ._. J09 165 ^ the_ATI way_NN nucleons_NNS are_BER arranged_VBN in_IN a_AT J09 165 nucleus_NN ,_, and_CC especially_RB in_IN the_ATI J09 166 surface_NN regions_NNS of_IN heavy_JJ nuclei_NNS ,_, is_BEZ another_DT J09 166 topic_NN of_IN current_JJ interest_NN ._. J09 167 ^ some_DTI workers_NNS consider_VB that_CS nucleons_NNS tend_VB to_TO J09 167 be_BE found_VBN singly_RB or_CC in_IN J09 168 pairs_NNS in_IN the_ATI nuclear_JJ surface_NN ,_, while_CS others_APS J09 168 believe_VB that_CS there_EX is_BEZ more_AP J09 169 than_IN a_AT random_JJ chance_NN of_IN their_PP$ being_BEG found_VBN J09 169 in_IN groups_NNS of_IN four_CD ,_, although_CS J09 170 the_ATI grouping_NN may_MD be_BE of_IN a_AT very_QL transitory_JJ J09 170 nature_NN ,_, the_ATI particles_NNS perhaps_RB J09 171 remaining_VBG associated_JJ for_IN 10*:-22**:_&FO of_IN a_AT second_NN J09 171 or_CC so_PN ._. ^ indeed_RB ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ J09 172 known_VBN that_CS if_CS a_AT single_JJ particle_NN ,_, say_VB a_AT J09 172 neutron_NN ,_, hits_VBZ a_AT nucleus_NN it_PP3 may_MD J09 173 result_VB in_IN the_ATI ejection_NN of_IN an_AT a-particle_NN (_( an_AT J09 173 assembly_NN of_IN 2_CD J09 174 protons_NNS and_CC 2_CD neutrons_NNS )_) ._. ^ however_RB there_EX J09 174 was_BEDZ a_AT vigorous_JJ argument_NN at_IN one_CD1 J09 175 session_NN of_IN the_ATI conference_NN as_IN to_IN" whether_CS this_DT J09 175 a-particle_NN existed_VBD J09 176 in_IN the_ATI nuclear_JJ surface_NN and_CC was_BEDZ knocked_VBN out_RP J09 176 by_IN the_ATI neutron_NN ,_, or_CC whether_CS J09 177 the_ATI incident_JJ neutron_NN simply_RB collected_VBD three_CD more_AP J09 177 particles_NNS and_CC itself_PPL J09 178 became_VBD part_NN of_IN the_ATI resulting_JJ a-particle_NN ._. ^ J09 178 the_ATI evidence_NN seems_VBZ to_TO J09 179 be_BE in_IN favour_NN of_IN the_ATI former_AP idea_NN *-_*- that_CS J09 179 the_ATI four_CD particles_NNS were_BED already_RB J09 180 associated_VBN before_IN ejection_NN ._. J09 181 ^ soon_RB after_CS Rutherford_NP came_VBD to_IN Manchester_NP J09 181 he_PP3A and_CC Geiger_NP ,_, using_VBG J09 182 Geiger's_NP$ new_JJ a-particle_NN counting_NN techniques_NNS ,_, J09 182 were_BED able_JJ to_TO make_VB J09 183 the_ATI first_OD measurements_NNS of_IN the_ATI half-lives_NNS of_IN J09 183 radioactive_JJ elements_NNS ._. J09 184 ^ nearly_RB 20_CD years_NNS later_RBR ,_, when_WRB Aston_NP J09 184 measured_VBD the_ATI relative_JJ abundances_NNS of_IN J09 185 the_ATI isotopes_NNS in_IN lead_NN (_( the_ATI end-points_NNS of_IN J09 185 radioactive_JJ decay_NN series_NNS )_) from_IN J09 186 a_AT lead-uranium_JJB ore_NN ,_, Rutherford_NP realized_VBD that_CS J09 186 this_DT ,_, combined_VBN with_IN his_PP$ J09 187 half-life_NN measurements_NNS ,_, could_MD yield_VB estimates_NNS J09 187 both_ABX of_IN the_ATI age_NN of_IN the_ATI J09 188 earth_NN (_( \0i.e_RB the_ATI time_NN since_IN solidification_NN )_) J09 188 and_CC of_IN the_ATI time_NN since_IN J09 189 the_ATI actual_JJ formation_NN of_IN the_ATI heavy_JJ elements_NNS ._. ^ J09 189 Rutherford's_NP$ results_NNS J09 190 increased_VBD the_ATI estimated_JJ time-scale_NN for_IN the_ATI J09 190 earth's_NN$ development_NN by_IN a_AT J09 191 factor_NN of_IN more_AP than_IN 10_CD over_IN the_ATI currently_RB J09 191 accepted_JJ estimates_NNS due_JJ to_IN J09 192 Kelvin_NP ,_, and_CC this_DT advance_NN produced_VBD the_ATI J09 192 newspaper_NN headline_NN *'_*' doomsday_NN J09 193 postponed_VBN **'_**' ._. ^ apart_IN from_IN" Rutherford's_NP$ J09 193 assumption_NN that_CS the_ATI amount_NN of_IN J09 194 *:235**:U_&FO initially_RB formed_VBN was_BEDZ at_IN the_ATI most_AP J09 194 equal_JJ to_IN that_DT of_IN *:238**:U_&FO ,_, J09 195 modern_JJ cosmochronologists_NNS would_MD agree_VB with_IN him_PP3O ._. J09 195 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ now_RN believed_VBN J09 196 that_CS *:235**:U_&FO was_BEDZ produced_VBN initially_RB in_IN J09 196 greater_JJR abundance_NN than_IN J09 197 *:238**:U_&FO ,_, and_CC this_DT ,_, plus_IN minor_JJ changes_NNS in_IN J09 197 the_ATI accepted_JJ values_NNS of_IN J09 198 other_AP constants_NNS ,_, pushes_VBZ the_ATI estimated_JJ time_NN J09 198 since_IN the_ATI formation_NN of_IN the_ATI J09 199 heavy_JJ elements_NNS (_( loosely_RB called_VBN the_ATI age_NN of_IN J09 199 the_ATI galaxy_NN )_) up_RP from_IN J09 200 Rutherford's_NP$ estimate_NN of_IN 3.4_CD x_IN 10*:9**:_&FO years_NNS J09 200 to_IN about_RB 20_CD x_IN 10*:9**:_&FO J09 201 years_NNS ._. J10 2 ^ statistically_RB the_ATI three-parameter_JJB 1,000_CD \0mb_NNU J10 2 forecasts_NNS for_IN J10 3 these_DTS 20_CD cases_NNS are_BER much_RB better_JJR than_IN the_ATI J10 3 two-parameter_JJB forecasts_NNS and_CC J10 4 are_BER about_RB the_ATI same_AP as_IN the_ATI \0C.F.O_NP forecasts_NNS J10 4 ._. ^ the_ATI 1,000-500_CD-CD \0mb_NNU J10 5 thicknesses_NNS and_CC the_ATI 500_CD \0mb_NNU heights_NNS are_BER J10 5 much_RB better_RBR forecast_VBN by_IN the_ATI J10 6 three-parameter_JJB model_NN than_CS by_IN either_DTX \0C.F.O_NP or_CC J10 6 the_ATI two-parameter_JJB J10 7 model_NN ._. ^ the_ATI thermal_JJ winds_NNS are_BER also_RB J10 7 forecast_VBN better_RBR with_IN the_ATI J10 8 three-parameter_JJB model_NN than_CS with_IN the_ATI two-parameter_JJB J10 8 model_NN ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ J10 9 little_AP to_TO choose_VB between_IN the_ATI \0C.F.O_NP and_CC J10 9 three-parameter_JJB model_NN J10 10 forecasts_NNS of_IN the_ATI 500-200_CD-CD \0mb_NNU thicknesses_NNS J10 10 and_CC thermal_JJ winds_NNS ,_, but_CC the_ATI J10 11 \0C.F.O_NP 200_CD \0mb_NNU forecast_NN is_BEZ rather_RB better_JJR J10 11 than_IN that_DT produced_VBN by_IN J10 12 the_ATI three_CD parameter-model_NN ._. J10 13 ^ the_ATI forecasts_NNS of_IN the_ATI 200_CD \0mb_NNU contours_NNS J10 13 and_CC 500-200_CD-CD \0mb_NNU thickness_NN J10 14 produced_VBN by_IN extrapolation_NN from_IN the_ATI two-parameter_JJB J10 14 model_NN were_BED ,_, not_XNOT J10 15 unexpectedly_RB ,_, worse_JJR than_IN those_DTS produced_VBN by_IN J10 15 the_ATI other_AP two_CD methods_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 J10 16 should_MD be_BE noted_VBN that_CS \0C.F.O_NP do_DO not_XNOT produce_VB J10 16 forecast_JJ charts_NNS of_IN the_ATI J10 17 500-200_CD-CD \0mb_NNU thickness_NN ,_, and_CC that_CS the_ATI J10 17 values_NNS attributed_VBN to_IN them_PP3OS have_HV J10 18 been_BEN obtained_VBN by_IN subtracting_VBG their_PP$ 500_CD \0mb_NNU J10 18 forecasts_NNS from_IN their_PP$ 200_CD J10 19 \0mb_NNU forecasts_NNS ._. J10 21 ^ b_ZZ )_) ._. ^ examples_NNS of_IN forecasts_NNS ._. J10 22 ^ the_ATI numerical_JJ forecasts_NNS using_VBG the_ATI J10 22 three-parameter_JJB model_NN based_VBN J10 23 on_IN data_NNS for_IN 00_CD \0GMT_NP 26_CD February_NR 1959_CD and_CC J10 23 5_CD May_NR 1959_CD are_BER shown_VBN in_IN J10 24 \0figs_NNS 1-8_CD-CD ._. ^ these_DTS two_CD situations_NNS were_BED J10 24 chosen_VBN because_CS the_ATI former_AP J10 25 forecast_NN produced_VBD a_AT large_JJ \0r.m.s_NN error_NN at_IN 500_CD J10 25 and_CC 200_CD \0mb_NNU and_CC J10 26 was_BEDZ not_XNOT one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI better_JJR forecasts_NNS ,_, J10 26 whereas_CS the_ATI latter_AP was_BEDZ typical_JJ of_IN J10 27 one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI good_JJ forecasts_NNS ._. J10 28 ^ a_AT depression_NN centred_VBN \0ESE_NR of_IN Newfoundland_NP J10 28 at_IN 00_CD \0GMT_NP 26_CD J10 29 February_NR 1959_CD (_( \0fig_NN 1_CD1 (_( a_ZZ )_) )_) moved_VBD J10 29 rapidly_RB \0NE_NR and_CC deepened_VBD 12_CD J10 30 \0mb_NNU in_IN the_ATI following_JJ 24_CD \0hr_NNU (_( \0fig_NN 1_CD1 J10 30 (_( b_ZZ )_) )_) ._. ^ the_ATI axis_NN of_IN the_ATI J10 32 high-pressure_JJB ridge_NN in_IN mid-Atlantic_NP also_RB moved_VBD J10 32 rapidly_RB \0NE_NR and_CC J10 33 was_BEDZ lying_VBG from_IN Iceland_NP to_IN the_ATI northern_JJ J10 33 North_NP Sea_NPL at_IN 00_CD \0GMT_NP 26_CD J10 34 February_NR 1959_CD ._. ^ the_ATI smaller_JJR depression_NN J10 34 originally_RB west_NR of_IN Ireland_NP J10 35 filled_VBD and_CC its_PP$ associated_JJ trough_NN was_BEDZ J10 35 orientated_VBN \0N-S_NR over_IN eastern_JJ J10 36 Norway_NP ._. ^ the_ATI numerical_JJ forecast_NN dealt_VBD quite_RB J10 36 well_RB with_IN the_ATI main_JJB J10 37 depression_NN although_CS the_ATI movement_NN and_CC deepening_NN J10 37 were_BED not_XNOT quite_RB J10 38 sufficient_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI trough_NN associated_VBN with_IN the_ATI J10 38 warm_JJ front_NN and_CC the_ATI J10 39 preceding_JJ ridge_NN were_BED over-intensified_VBN and_CC were_BED J10 39 not_XNOT moved_VBN sufficiently_RB J10 40 north-eastwards_NR ._. ^ the_ATI weak_JJ trough_NN over_IN Norway_NP J10 40 was_BEDZ quite_RB adequately_RB J10 41 forecast_VBN ._. ^ pressure_NN was_BEDZ forecast_VBN to_TO be_BE J10 41 about_RB 8_CD \0mb_NNU too_QL high_JJ in_IN and_CC to_IN J10 42 the_ATI west_NR of_IN the_ATI Bay_NPL of_IN Biscay_NP ,_, the_ATI J10 42 result_NN of_IN spurious_JJ J10 43 anticyclogenesis_NN ._. J10 44 ^ an_AT inspection_NN of_IN the_ATI 1,000-500_CD-CD \0mb_NNU J10 44 thickness_NN charts_NNS indicates_VBZ J10 45 that_CS the_ATI numerical_JJ forecast_NN distorted_VBD the_ATI J10 45 thermal_JJ pattern_NN in_IN the_ATI J10 46 region_NN of_IN the_ATI depression_NN much_RB more_RBR than_CS J10 46 actually_RB occurred_VBD ,_, and_CC this_DT J10 47 was_BEDZ one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI worse_JJR thickness_NN forecasts_NNS J10 47 of_IN the_ATI series_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ a_AT J10 48 typical_JJ error_NN of_IN this_DT model_NN since_CS the_ATI J10 48 geostrophic_JJ wind_NN used_VBN for_IN J10 49 advection_NN of_IN the_ATI thickness_NN lines_NNS is_BEZ much_RB J10 49 greater_JJR than_IN the_ATI actual_JJ wind_NN J10 50 in_IN regions_NNS of_IN cyclonic_JJ curvature_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI J10 50 advection_NN is_BEZ overdone_VBN ._. J10 52 ^ \0fig_NN 2_CD shows_VBZ that_CS the_ATI rapid_JJ movement_NN of_IN J10 52 the_ATI 500_CD \0mb_NNU trough_NN J10 53 from_IN east_NR of_IN Newfoundland_NP to_IN mid-Atlantic_NP with_IN J10 53 the_ATI formation_NN of_IN a_AT J10 54 closed_JJ circulation_NN was_BEDZ quite_RB well_RB forecast_VBN ,_, J10 54 although_CS the_ATI trough_NN was_BEDZ J10 55 moved_VBN too_QL rapidly_RB in_IN the_ATI south_NR ._. ^ pressure_NN J10 55 was_BEDZ forecast_VBN to_TO be_BE too_QL high_JJ J10 56 between_IN 10_CD *@_NNU and_CC 20_CD *@_NNU \0W_NR ,_, a_AT result_NN J10 56 of_IN spurious_JJ anticyclogenesis_NN ._. J10 57 ^ \0fig_NN 3_CD indicates_VBZ that_CS the_ATI 200_CD \0mb_NNU J10 57 forecast_NN gave_VBD much_RB too_QL high_JJ J10 58 pressure_NN in_IN mid-Atlantic_NP ._. ^ the_ATI movement_NN of_IN J10 58 the_ATI western_JJ Atlantic_NP trough_NN J10 59 was_BEDZ quite_RB reasonably_RB forecast_VBN in_IN middle_JJB J10 59 latitudes_NNS but_CC was_BEDZ moved_VBN too_QL J10 60 rapidly_RB in_IN the_ATI south_NR ._. ^ this_DT rapid_JJ movement_NN J10 60 in_IN the_ATI south_NR was_BEDZ almost_RB J10 61 certainly_RB associated_VBN with_IN the_ATI strong_JJ gradients_NNS J10 61 produced_VBN by_IN the_ATI J10 62 spurious_JJ anticyclogenesis_NN ._. J10 63 ^ the_ATI vertical_JJ motion_NN charts_NNS are_BER shown_VBN in_IN J10 63 \0fig_NN 4_CD and_CC are_BER quite_RB J10 64 consistent_JJ with_IN the_ATI forecast_JJ positions_NNS of_IN the_ATI J10 64 synoptic_JJ features_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J10 65 pattern_NN for_IN the_ATI 600-200_CD-CD \0mb_NNU layer_NN is_BEZ J10 65 similar_JJ to_IN that_DT for_IN the_ATI J10 66 1,000-600_CD-CD \0mb_NNU layer_NN ,_, but_CC the_ATI magnitudes_NNS J10 66 of_IN the_ATI vertical_JJ velocities_NNS J10 67 measured_VBN in_IN \0mb_NNU \0hr*:-1**:_NNU are_BER less_AP in_IN J10 67 the_ATI 600-200_CD-CD \0mb_NNU layer_NN than_CS J10 68 in_IN the_ATI bottom_JJB layer_NN ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI vertical_JJ J10 68 velocities_NNS had_HVD been_BEN computed_VBN in_IN J10 69 \0cm_NNU \0sec*:-1**:_NNU the_ATI magnitudes_NNS in_IN the_ATI two_CD J10 69 layers_NNS would_MD have_HV been_BEN J10 70 more_QL similar_JJ ._. J10 71 ^ the_ATI numerical_JJ forecast_NN based_VBN on_IN the_ATI 00_CD J10 71 \0GMT_NP data_NNS for_IN 5_CD May_NR J10 72 1959_CD was_BEDZ one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI better_JJR numerical_JJ J10 72 forecasts_NNS ._. ^ an_AT anticyclone_NN moved_VBD J10 73 eastwards_RB from_IN mid-Atlantic_NP to_IN the_ATI British_JNP J10 73 Isles_NPLS ,_, and_CC two_CD shallow_JJ J10 74 depressions_NNS in_IN the_ATI vicinity_NN of_IN Newfoundland_NP J10 74 amalgamated_VBD and_CC moved_VBD into_IN J10 75 the_ATI entrance_NN to_IN the_ATI Denmark_NP Straits_NPLS ._. ^ J10 75 these_DTS features_NNS were_BED quite_RB well_RB J10 76 forecast_VBN (_( see_VB \0fig_NN 5_CD )_) ,_, although_CS the_ATI J10 76 central_JJ pressure_NN of_IN the_ATI J10 77 depression_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT quite_RB right_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI J10 77 eastward_JJB movement_NN of_IN the_ATI Atlantic_NP J10 78 thermal_JJ ridge_NN was_BEDZ forecast_VBN to_TO be_BE a_AP little_AP" J10 78 less_AP than_CS actually_RB occurred_VBD ,_, J10 79 and_CC a_AT cold_JJ trough_NN forecast_VBN about_RB 50_CD *@_NNU \0N_NR J10 79 20_CD *@_NNU \0W_NR did_DOD not_XNOT materialize_VB ._. J10 80 ^ \0fig_NN 6_CD indicates_VBZ that_CS the_ATI movement_NN and_CC J10 80 development_NN of_IN the_ATI J10 81 troughs_NNS and_CC ridges_NNS at_IN 500_CD \0mb_NNU were_BED J10 81 forecast_VBN very_QL well_RB ._. ^ the_ATI 200_CD \0mb_NNU J10 82 forecast_NN (_( \0fig_NN 7_CD )_) was_BEDZ also_RB successful_JJ ,_, J10 82 especially_RB near_IN Portugal_NP and_CC J10 83 in_IN the_ATI vicinity_NN of_IN the_ATI British_JNP Isles_NPLS ._. ^ J10 83 however_RB ,_, the_ATI forecast_JJ position_NN J10 84 of_IN the_ATI 200_CD \0mb_NNU trough_NN near_IN Greenland_NP was_BEDZ J10 84 not_XNOT correct_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI vertical_JJ J10 85 motion_NN patterns_NNS in_IN \0fig_NN 8_CD are_BER consistent_JJ J10 85 with_IN the_ATI synoptic_JJ features_NNS J10 86 forecast_VBN in_IN \0figs_NNS 5_CD to_IN 7_CD ._. J10 87 ^ 7_CD ._. ^ conclusions_NNS ._. J10 88 ^ the_ATI forecasts_NNS based_VBN on_IN the_ATI three-parameter_JJB J10 88 model_NN are_BER J10 89 significantly_RB better_JJR than_IN those_DTS based_VBN on_IN the_ATI J10 89 Sawyer-Bushby_NP J10 90 two-parameter_JJB model_NN for_IN the_ATI 20_CD situations_NNS J10 90 investigated_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI extra_JJ J10 91 degree_NN of_IN freedom_NN allowed_VBN in_IN the_ATI new_JJ model_NN J10 91 does_DOZ not_XNOT give_VB rise_NN to_IN such_ABL J10 92 vigorous_JJ over-development_NN as_CS in_IN the_ATI two-parameter_JJB J10 92 model_NN ,_, and_CC although_CS J10 93 spurious_JJ anticyclogenesis_NN still_RB occurs_VBZ it_PP3 is_BEZ J10 93 not_XNOT usually_RB so_QL intense_JJ as_CS J10 94 previously_RB ._. ^ Knighting_NP and_CC Hinds_NP (_( 1960_CD )_) J10 94 showed_VBD that_CS the_ATI incorporation_NN J10 95 of_IN a_AT stream_NN function_NN into_IN the_ATI two-parameter_JJB J10 95 model_NN gave_VBD a_AT significant_JJ J10 96 improvement_NN in_IN the_ATI results_NNS ,_, and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ J10 96 quite_RB likely_JJ that_CS the_ATI J10 97 introduction_NN of_IN a_AT stream_NN function_NN into_IN the_ATI J10 97 present_JJ model_NN would_MD produce_VB J10 98 a_AT further_JJB improvement_NN ._. J10 99 ^ the_ATI three-parameter_JJB forecasts_NNS of_IN the_ATI 500_CD J10 99 \0mb_NNU contours_NNS and_CC the_ATI J10 100 1,000-500_CD-CD \0mb_NNU thicknesses_NNS are_BER statistically_RB J10 100 better_JJR than_IN those_DTS J10 101 produced_VBN by_IN \0C.F.O_NP ,_, but_CC there_EX is_BEZ little_AP J10 101 to_TO choose_VB between_IN the_ATI J10 102 corresponding_JJ forecasts_NNS for_IN the_ATI 1,000_CD \0mb_NNU J10 102 contours_NNS and_CC the_ATI 500-200_CD-CD J10 103 \0mb_NNU thicknesses_NNS ._. ^ at_IN 200_CD \0mb_NNU the_ATI \0C.F.O_NP J10 103 forecasts_NNS are_BER slightly_RB J10 104 better_JJR than_IN the_ATI three-parameter_JJB model_NN ,_, probably_RB J10 104 because_CS no_ATI allowance_NN J10 105 is_BEZ made_VBN in_IN the_ATI numerical_JJ forecasts_NNS for_IN the_ATI J10 105 presence_NN of_IN a_AT portion_NN of_IN J10 106 the_ATI stratosphere_NN below_IN 200_CD \0mb_NNU ._. ^ the_ATI J10 106 accuracy_NN of_IN the_ATI 200_CD \0mb_NNU J10 107 numerical_JJ forecasts_NNS seemed_VBD worse_JJR on_IN days_NNS of_IN J10 107 a_AT low_JJ tropopause_NN over_IN a_AT J10 108 significant_JJ part_NN of_IN the_ATI area_NN than_CS on_IN days_NNS J10 108 when_WRB the_ATI tropopause_NN was_BEDZ J10 109 nearer_IN 200_CD \0mb_NNU J10 110 ._. ^ acknowledgments_NNS ._. J10 111 ^ the_ATI authors_NNS wish_VB to_TO thank_VB the_ATI J10 111 Director-General_NPT of_IN the_ATI J10 112 meteorological_JJ office_NN for_IN permission_NN to_TO publish_VB J10 112 this_DT paper_NN ._. J10 113 **[list**]_&FO J10 114 ._. ^ a_AT graphical_JJ method_NN of_IN objective_JJ forecasting_NN J10 114 derived_VBN by_IN statistical_JJ J10 115 techniques_NNS ._. J10 116 ^ by_IN \0M_NP \0H_NP Freeman_NP ._. J10 117 ^ meteorological_JJ office_NN ,_, Dunstable_NP ._. J10 118 ^ manuscript_NN received_VBN 18_CD January_NR 1961_CD )_) ._. J10 119 ^ summary_NN ._. J10 120 ^ the_ATI objective_JJ forecasting_NN technique_NN described_VBN J10 120 consists_VBZ of_IN a_AT J10 121 composite_JJ diagram_NN from_IN which_WDTR the_ATI forecast_JJ value_NN J10 121 of_IN the_ATI predictand_NN can_MD J10 122 be_BE read_VBN directly_RB ,_, given_IN the_ATI values_NNS of_IN J10 122 the_ATI predictors_NNS ._. ^ each_DT section_NN of_IN J10 123 the_ATI diagram_NN combines_VBZ a_AT new_JJ predictor_NN with_IN an_AT J10 123 estimate_NN of_IN the_ATI J10 124 predictand_NN obtained_VBN from_IN the_ATI previous_JJ sections_NNS ._. J10 124 ^ the_ATI isopleths_NNS in_IN the_ATI J10 125 diagrams_NNS are_BER obtained_VBN by_IN fitting_VBG a_AT curved_JJ J10 125 surface_NN (_( involving_VBG powers_NNS J10 126 and_CC cross-product_JJB terms_NNS of_IN up_RP to_IN the_ATI fifth_OD J10 126 order_NN )_) to_IN the_ATI basic_JJ data_NNS by_IN J10 127 a_AT *'_*' least_AP squares_NNS **'_**' procedure_NN ._. ^ only_RB J10 127 terms_NNS which_WDTR are_BER significant_JJ at_IN J10 128 the_ATI 5_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" level_NN are_BER retained_VBN in_IN J10 128 the_ATI regression_NN formulae_NNS so_RB J10 129 produced_VBN ._. ^ at_IN each_DT stage_NN the_ATI predictor_NN to_TO J10 129 be_BE selected_VBN is_BEZ that_DT which_WDTR J10 130 contributes_VBZ most_RBT to_IN the_ATI combination_NN so_QL far_RB J10 130 chosen_VBN ._. J10 131 ^ the_ATI method_NN was_BEDZ used_VBN to_TO forecast_VB J10 131 visibility_NN (_( as_IN one_CD1 of_IN 32_CD code_NN J10 132 figures_NNS )_) at_IN London_NP Airport_NPL three_CD and_CC six_CD J10 132 hours_NNS ahead_RB ._. ^ when_WRB it_PP3 was_BEDZ J10 133 tested_VBN on_IN two_CD winters'_NNS$ independent_JJ data_NNS ,_, J10 133 correlation_NN coefficients_NNS of_IN J10 134 0.89_CD and_CC 0.83_CD were_BED obtained_VBN for_IN the_ATI 3-\0hr_JJB J10 134 and_CC 6-\0hr_JJB forecasts_NNS ,_, J10 135 respectively_RB ._. ^ during_IN the_ATI same_AP period_NN the_ATI J10 135 figures_NNS for_IN the_ATI normal_JJ J10 136 subjective_JJ forecasts_NNS made_VBN at_IN London_NP Airport_NPL J10 136 were_BED 0.87_CD and_CC 0.74_CD ._. J10 137 ^ 1_CD1 ._. ^ introduction_NN ._. J10 138 ^ an_AT objective_JJ method_NN of_IN forecasting_NN may_MD be_BE J10 138 described_VBN as_IN one_CD1 J10 139 which_WDTR calls_VBZ for_IN no_ATI judgment_NN on_IN the_ATI part_NN J10 139 of_IN the_ATI forecaster_NN ._. ^ given_IN the_ATI J10 140 same_AP initial_JJ data_NNS any_DTI person_NN using_VBG the_ATI J10 140 method_NN will_MD produce_VB the_ATI same_AP J10 141 forecast_NN ._. ^ numerous_JJ objective_JJ techniques_NNS have_HV J10 141 been_BEN described_VBN by_IN J10 142 workers_NNS in_IN the_ATI \0U.S.A_NP ,_, but_CC objective_JJ J10 142 forecasting_NN has_HVZ received_VBN J10 143 much_AP less_AP attention_NN in_IN Great_NP Britain_NP ._. ^ J10 143 Swinbank_NP (_( 1949_CD )_) ,_, Craddock_NP and_CC J10 144 Pritchard_NP (_( 1951_CD )_) ,_, and_CC Saunders_NP (_( 1952_CD )_) J10 144 all_ABN produced_VBD methods_NNS of_IN J10 145 forecasting_VBG fog_NN which_WDTR were_BED partly_RB objective_JJ ,_, J10 145 but_CC some_DTI of_IN the_ATI J10 146 predictors_NNS used_VBN had_HVD to_TO be_BE forecast_VBN J10 146 subjectively_RB ._. J10 147 ^ most_AP objective_JJ techniques_NNS depend_VB on_IN the_ATI J10 147 production_NN of_IN either_DTX J10 148 formulae_NNS or_CC diagrams_NNS ,_, and_CC both_ABX methods_NNS have_HV J10 148 been_BEN subject_JJ to_IN various_JJ J10 149 weaknesses_NNS which_WDTR the_ATI system_NN to_TO be_BE described_VBN J10 149 attempts_VBZ to_TO overcome_VB ._. J10 150 ^ many_AP of_IN the_ATI earlier_JJR systems_NNS produced_VBD J10 150 forecasts_NNS in_IN terms_NNS of_IN only_RB a_AP few_AP" J10 151 categories_NNS ,_, \0e.g_RB ,_, fog_NN ,_, fog_NN in_IN patches_NNS ,_, J10 151 or_CC no_ATI fog_NN ;_; for_IN aviation_NN J10 152 forecasting_NN a_AT forecast_NN of_IN visibility_NN in_IN yards_NNS J10 152 or_CC miles_NNS is_BEZ required_VBN ._. J10 153 ^ formulae_NNS may_MD be_BE deduced_VBN from_IN physical_JJ J10 153 principles_NNS ,_, but_CC more_QL often_RB they_PP3AS J10 154 are_BER devised_VBN by_IN statistical_JJ processes_NNS to_TO produce_VB J10 154 regression_NN equations_NNS ._. J10 155 ^ these_DTS have_HV almost_RB always_RB contained_VBN only_RB linear_JJ J10 155 terms_NNS whereas_CS more_QL J10 156 complicated_JJ relations_NNS may_MD be_BE required_VBN ._. ^ in_IN J10 156 the_ATI graphical_JJ methods_NNS the_ATI J10 157 lines_NNS on_IN the_ATI diagrams_NNS often_RB had_HVD to_TO be_BE J10 157 drawn_VBN subjectively_RB and_CC it_PP3 was_BEDZ J10 158 not_XNOT easy_JJ to_TO tell_VB whether_CS the_ATI best_JJT lines_NNS J10 158 had_HVD been_BEN drawn_VBN or_CC not_XNOT ._. ^ in_IN J10 159 many_AP systems_NNS the_ATI choice_NN of_IN predictors_NNS to_TO be_BE J10 159 used_VBN had_HVN to_TO be_BE made_VBN J10 160 subjectively_RB ._. ^ rigorous_JJ statistical_JJ methods_NNS were_BED J10 160 used_VBN in_IN developing_VBG J10 161 the_ATI present_JJ method_NN ,_, the_ATI computations_NNS being_BEG J10 161 made_VBN on_IN a_AT Ferranti_NP Mercury_NP J10 162 computer_NN at_IN meteorological_JJ office_NN ,_, Dunstable_NP ._. J10 163 ^ the_ATI problem_NN chosen_VBN for_IN investigation_NN during_IN J10 163 the_ATI development_NN of_IN J10 164 the_ATI objective_JJ forecasting_NN technique_NN was_BEDZ the_ATI J10 164 important_JJ one_CD1 of_IN J10 165 forecasting_VBG visibility_NN at_IN London_NP Airport_NPL ._. ^ the_ATI J10 165 system_NN which_WDTR was_BEDZ J10 166 devised_VBN consists_VBZ of_IN a_AT composite_JJ diagram_NN such_IN J10 166 as_IN" that_DT illustrated_VBN at_IN J10 167 \0fig_NN 1_CD1 ._. ^ the_ATI pecked_JJ line_NN on_IN the_ATI diagram_NN J10 167 indicates_VBZ its_PP$ method_NN of_IN use_NN ._. J10 168 ^ the_ATI top_JJB left-hand_JJB section_NN is_BEZ entered_VBN with_IN J10 168 the_ATI appropriate_JJ value_NN of_IN J10 169 the_ATI first_OD predictor_NN and_CC successive_JJ turns_NNS are_BER J10 169 made_VBN at_IN the_ATI appropriate_JJ J10 170 isopleths_NNS of_IN each_DT of_IN the_ATI other_AP predictors_NNS ,_, J10 170 the_ATI forecast_NN being_BEG read_VBN J10 171 from_IN the_ATI scale_NN on_IN exit_NN ._. J10 173 ^ 2_CD ._. ^ visibility_NN prediction_NN diagrams_NNS for_IN London_NP J10 173 airport_NN ._. J10 174 ^ the_ATI particular_JJ problem_NN specified_VBN was_BEDZ to_TO J10 174 forecast_VB visibility_NN at_IN J10 175 London_NP Airport_NPL for_IN 0900_CD and_CC 1200_CD \0GMT_NP using_VBG J10 175 0600_CD \0GMT_NP data_NNS J10 176 and_CC for_IN 1800_CD and_CC 2100_CD \0GMT_NP using_VBG 1500_CD J10 176 \0GMT_NP data_NNS (_( \0i.e_RB ,_, J10 177 a_AT 3-\0hr_JJB and_CC a_AT 6-\0hr_JJB forecast_NN morning_NN and_CC J10 177 evening_NN )_) ._. ^ the_ATI winter_NN J10 178 period_NN ,_, November_NR to_IN January_NR ,_, was_BEDZ selected_VBN J10 178 and_CC forecasts_NNS were_BED to_TO be_BE J10 179 given_VBN to_IN the_ATI nearest_JJT 100_CD yards_NNS up_RP to_IN J10 179 1,000_CD \0yd_NNU and_CC at_IN 200-\0yd_NNU J10 180 intervals_NNS up_RP to_IN 2,000_CD \0yd_NNU ._. ^ this_DT J10 180 requirement_NN and_CC the_ATI desirability_NN of_IN J10 181 having_HVG an_AT approximately_RB logarithmic_JJ scale_NN of_IN J10 181 visibility_NN led_VBD to_IN the_ATI use_NN J10 182 of_IN the_ATI visibility_NN code_NN shown_VBN in_IN table_NN 1_CD1 ._. J10 184 ^ the_ATI selection_NN of_IN the_ATI parameters_NNS to_TO be_BE J10 184 tried_VBN as_IN predictors_NNS was_BEDZ one_CD1 J10 185 of_IN the_ATI most_QL important_JJ parts_NNS of_IN the_ATI J10 185 investigation_NN ._. ^ anything_PN which_WDTR J10 186 physical_JJ principles_NNS suggested_VBD might_MD be_BE relevant_JJ J10 186 was_BEDZ included_VBN ,_, and_CC the_ATI J10 187 advice_NN of_IN experienced_JJ forecasters_NNS at_IN London_NP J10 187 Airport_NPL was_BEDZ sought_VBN ._. ^ most_AP J10 188 of_IN the_ATI parameters_NNS tested_VBN are_BER listed_VBN in_IN J10 188 table_NN 2_CD ._. ^ many_AP were_BED extracted_VBN J10 189 directly_RB from_IN the_ATI London_NP Airport_NPL registers_NNS but_CC J10 189 some_DTI had_HVD to_TO be_BE J10 190 specially_RB computed_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI geostrophic_JJ winds_NNS J10 190 over_IN London_NP Airport_NPL were_BED J10 191 measured_VBN from_IN surface_NN charts_NNS at_IN the_ATI central_JJ J10 191 forecasting_NN office_NN ,_, J10 192 Dunstable_NP ._. ^ the_ATI wind_NN shear_NN was_BEDZ defined_VBN as_IN J10 192 the_ATI ratio_NN of_IN the_ATI surface_NN J10 193 wind_NN speed_NN to_IN the_ATI geostrophic_JJ wind_NN speed_NN ._. ^ J10 193 computed_JJ pressure_NN gradient_NN J10 194 was_BEDZ a_AT complicated_JJ parameter_NN obtained_VBN from_IN J10 194 pressures_NNS and_CC pressure_NN J10 195 tendencies_NNS at_IN four_CD neighbouring_JJ stations_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J10 195 lapse_NN rates_NNS were_BED J10 196 obtained_VBN as_IN the_ATI difference_NN between_IN the_ATI surface_NN J10 196 temperature_NN at_IN London_NP J10 197 and_CC the_ATI temperature_NN 50_CD \0mb_NNU (_( or_CC 25_CD \0mb_NNU J10 197 )_) above_IN the_ATI surface_NN at_IN Crawley_NP J10 198 (_( or_CC Larkhill_NP for_IN the_ATI early_JJ years_NNS )_) ._. ^ J10 198 the_ATI hydrolapses_NNS were_BED similarly_RB J10 199 defined_VBN using_VBG dewpoints_NNS instead_RB of_IN temperatures_NNS J10 199 ._. ^ data_NNS for_IN the_ATI eleven_CD J10 200 winters_NNS November_NR 1946_CD to_IN January_NR 1957_CD (_( 1,012_CD J10 200 days_NNS in_IN all_ABN )_) ,_, were_BED J10 201 recorded_VBN on_IN specially_RB printed_VBN Paramount_NP J10 201 edge-punched_JJ cards_NNS and_CC were_BED J10 202 used_VBN in_IN the_ATI development_NN of_IN the_ATI objective_JJ J10 202 forecasting_NN technique_NN ._. ^ data_NNS J10 203 for_IN the_ATI three_CD following_JJ winters_NNS were_BED used_VBN J10 203 to_TO obtain_VB an_AT independent_JJ J10 204 check_NN on_IN the_ATI efficacy_NN of_IN the_ATI system_NN ._. J10 205 ^ to_TO assist_VB in_IN selecting_VBG the_ATI more_QL promising_JJ J10 205 predictors_NNS each_DT J10 206 parameter_NN x_ZZ was_BEDZ correlated_VBN in_IN turn_NN with_IN the_ATI J10 206 visibility_NN to_TO be_BE J10 207 forecast_VBN z_ZZ ._. ^ a_AT polynomial_NN of_IN the_ATI form_NN J10 207 **[formula**]_&FO J10 208 was_BEDZ fitted_VBN to_IN the_ATI data_NNS by_IN the_ATI method_NN J10 208 of_IN *'_*' least_AP J10 209 squares_NNS ,_, **'_**' successively_RB higher_JJR order_NN J10 209 polynomials_NNS being_BEG tried_VBN until_CS J10 210 further_JJB terms_NNS gave_VBD no_ATI further_JJB reduction_NN in_IN J10 210 the_ATI \0r.m.s_NN error_NN J10 211 (_( \0SE_NN )_) ._. ^ the_ATI correlation_NN coefficient_NN r_ZZ J10 211 was_BEDZ calculated_VBN from_IN the_ATI J10 212 formula_NN **[formula**]_&FO where_WRB \0SD_NN was_BEDZ J10 213 the_ATI standard_JJ deviation_NN of_IN the_ATI visibility_NN to_TO J10 213 be_BE forecast_VBN ._. J11 2 ^ generally_RB the_ATI highest_JJT Jurassic_JNP rocks_NNS are_BER J11 2 only_RB exposed_VBN near_IN the_ATI J11 3 eastern_JJ end_NN of_IN the_ATI Vale_NPL ,_, as_IN the_ATI Aptian_NNP J11 3 and_CC Albian_NNP transgress_VB westwards_RB J11 4 on_RP to_IN older_JJR Jurassic_JNP strata_NNS ._. ^ thus_RB at_IN J11 4 Dinton_NP ,_, basal_JJ Wealden_NP is_BEZ J11 5 preserved_VBN beneath_IN the_ATI local_JJ Aptian_NNP ,_, but_CC by_IN J11 5 Tisbury_NP Gault_NP rests_VBZ on_IN J11 6 Portland_NP beds_NNS ,_, on_IN Kimmeridge_NP clay_NN around_IN J11 6 Shaftesbury_NP and_CC East_NP Knoyle_NP J11 7 and_CC by_IN Penselwood_NP Hill_NPL ,_, five_CD miles_NNS west_NR of_IN J11 7 Mere_NP ,_, Albian_NNP rests_VBZ on_IN J11 8 Oxford_NP clay_NN ._. J11 9 ^ (_( b_ZZ )_) ._. ^ brief_JJ history_NN of_IN previous_JJ work_NN ._. J11 10 ^ the_ATI great_JJ variety_NN of_IN formations_NNS exposed_VBN J11 10 within_IN the_ATI Vale_NPL of_IN J11 11 Wardour_NP has_HVZ attracted_VBN geologists_NNS since_IN early_RB in_IN J11 11 the_ATI nineteenth_OD century_NN J11 12 and_CC there_EX are_BER many_AP descriptions_NNS by_IN many_AP J11 12 writers_NNS ._. J11 13 ^ Lady_NPT Bennett_NP provided_VBD Sowerby_NP (_( 1818_CD )_) J11 13 with_IN some_DTI of_IN the_ATI earliest_JJT J11 14 ammonites_NNS described_VBN from_IN the_ATI Portland_NP beds_NNS of_IN J11 14 Chicksgrove_NP (_( south_NR )_) J11 15 quarry_NN ,_, and_CC also_RB referred_VBD to_IN the_ATI Tisbury_NP J11 15 star_NN coral_NN (_( Isastraea_&FW J11 16 oblonga_&FW )_) ._. ^ the_ATI first_OD comprehensive_JJ account_NN J11 16 was_BEDZ that_DT of_IN Fitton_NP J11 17 (_( 1836_CD )_) ._. ^ he_PP3A noted_VBD the_ATI sandy_JJ nature_NN J11 17 of_IN the_ATI Chilmark_NP building_NN stones_NNS ,_, J11 18 found_VBD Purbeck_NP dirt_NN beds_NNS and_CC discovered_VBD a_AT J11 18 cycad_NN trunk_NN near_IN Tisbury_NP ._. ^ he_PP3A J11 19 observed_VBD the_ATI Hastings_NP Sands_NPLS (_( Wealden_NP )_) above_IN J11 19 the_ATI Purbeck_NP beds_NNS near_IN J11 20 Dinton_NP and_CC separated_VBD a_AT sandy_JJ bed_NN below_IN the_ATI J11 20 Gault_NP which_WDTR was_BEDZ later_RBR J11 21 assigned_VBN to_IN the_ATI lower_JJR Greensand_NP ._. ^ Fitton_NP J11 21 also_RB realised_VBD that_CS the_ATI J11 22 Wardour_NP fold_NN was_BEDZ asymmetric_JJ ,_, with_IN steeper_JJR J11 22 northern_JJ dips_NNS ,_, and_CC included_VBD J11 23 a_AT section_NN diagram_NN with_IN his_PP$ account_NN ._. ^ in_IN J11 23 1856_CD there_EX appeared_VBD the_ATI first_OD J11 24 one-inch_JJB geological_JJ survey_NN maps_NNS of_IN the_ATI area_NN J11 24 which_WDTR had_HVD been_BEN surveyed_VBN by_IN J11 25 Bristow_NP ._. J11 26 ^ in_IN 1877_CD Blake_NP &_CC Hudleston_NP gave_VBD the_ATI first_OD J11 26 comprehensive_JJ account_NN of_IN J11 27 the_ATI Corallian_JNP outcrop_NN in_IN north_NR Dorset_NP and_CC J11 27 were_BED able_JJ to_TO link_VB up_RP the_ATI J11 28 north_NR Dorset_NP succession_NN with_IN that_DT of_IN the_ATI type_NN J11 28 locality_NN at_IN Weymouth_NP ._. J11 29 ^ they_PP3AS described_VBD the_ATI apparent_JJ northward_JJB J11 29 thinning_NN of_IN the_ATI upper_JJB J11 30 Corallian_NNP ._. ^ they_PP3AS also_RB noted_VBD the_ATI increasing_JJ J11 30 number_NN of_IN rolled_JJ corals_NNS in_IN J11 31 the_ATI upper_JJB beds_NNS in_IN the_ATI same_AP direction_NN ,_, J11 31 and_CC commented_VBN on_IN the_ATI J11 32 false-bedded_JJ Todber_NP Freestones_NPS ._. ^ three_CD years_NNS J11 32 later_RBR this_DT was_BEDZ followed_VBN J11 33 by_IN a_AT study_NN of_IN the_ATI Portland_NP beds_NNS within_IN J11 33 the_ATI Vale_NPL of_IN Wardour_NP ._. ^ in_IN this_DT J11 34 paper_NN they_PP3AS established_VBD ,_, among_IN other_AP facts_NNS ,_, J11 34 that_CS the_ATI upper_JJB Freestone_NP J11 35 building_NN stones_NNS fifteen_CD feet_NNS thick_JJ in_IN the_ATI J11 35 Chilmark_NP Ravine_NPL are_BER reduced_VBN J11 36 to_IN a_AT two-foot_JJB band_NN ,_, crammed_VBN with_IN J11 36 Camptochlamys_&FW lamellosus_&FW at_IN J11 37 Chicksgrove_NP and_CC Oakley_NP ,_, within_IN only_RB one_CD1 and_CC J11 37 a_AT half_ABN miles_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI nature_NN J11 38 of_IN the_ATI junction_NN with_IN the_ATI overlying_JJ Purbeck_NP J11 38 has_HVZ been_BEN much_RB discussed_VBN J11 39 since_IN then_RN ,_, and_CC is_BEZ still_RB not_XNOT settled_VBN ._. ^ J11 39 in_IN 1881_CD \0W_NP \0H_NP Hudleston_NP J11 40 led_VBD the_ATI first_OD geologists'_NNS$ association_NN excursion_NN J11 40 to_IN the_ATI Vale_NPL of_IN Wardour_NP J11 41 and_CC in_IN the_ATI same_AP year_NN the_ATI Reverend_NPT \0W_NP \0R_NP J11 41 Andrews_NP (_( 1881_CD )_) ,_, then_RN J11 42 resident_JJ at_IN Teffont_NP ,_, published_VBD the_ATI first_OD J11 42 account_NN of_IN the_ATI presence_NN of_IN J11 43 the_ATI middle_JJB Purbeck_NP marine_JJ cinder_NN bed_NN in_IN the_ATI J11 43 Vale_NPL of_IN Wardour_NP ._. ^ in_IN 1894_CD J11 44 this_DT was_BEDZ followed_VBN up_RP by_IN a_AT comprehensive_JJ J11 44 description_NN of_IN the_ATI whole_JJ J11 45 Purbeck_NP sequence_NN (_( Andrews_NP &_CC Jukes-Browne_NP ,_, 1894_CD J11 45 )_) ,_, based_VBN on_IN the_ATI Dorset_NP J11 46 ostracod_NN divisions_NNS ,_, but_CC this_DT was_BEDZ disregarded_VBN J11 46 by_IN Woodward_NP (_( 1895_CD )_) when_WRB J11 47 writing_VBG his_PP$ survey_NN memoir_NN ._. J11 48 ^ by_IN 1900_CD the_ATI geological_JJ survey_NN completed_VBD J11 48 the_ATI six-inch_JJB mapping_NN for_IN J11 49 the_ATI new_JJ series_NN one-inch_JJB map_NN ,_, sheet_NN 298_CD ,_, J11 49 which_WDTR includes_VBZ that_DT portion_NN of_IN J11 50 the_ATI Vale_NPL of_IN Wardour_NP east_NR of_IN Tisbury_NP ._. ^ in_IN J11 50 the_ATI accompanying_JJ memoir_NN J11 51 (_( Reid_NP ,_, 1903_CD )_) he_PP3A firmly_RB established_VBD the_ATI J11 51 presence_NN of_IN both_ABX Wealden_NP and_CC J11 52 lower_JJR Greensand_NP between_IN the_ATI Gault_NP and_CC Jurassic_JNP J11 52 beds_NNS ._. ^ he_PP3A also_RB records_VBZ J11 53 seeing_VBG the_ATI Tisbury_NP star_NN coral_NN Isastraea_&FW J11 53 oblonga_&FW ,_, already_RB J11 54 recorded_VBN by_IN earlier_JJR writers_NNS ,_, but_CC in_IN position_NN J11 54 of_IN growth_NN ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ J11 55 observed_VBN in_IN what_WDT must_MD have_HV been_BEN a_AT temporary_JJ J11 55 section_NN ,_, where_WRB a_AT lane_NN J11 56 forks_VBZ off_IN the_ATI road_NN from_IN Tisbury_NP to_IN Fonthill_NP J11 56 ,_, three-quarters_CDS of_IN a_AT mile_NN J11 57 north-west_NR of_IN Tisbury_NP Square_NPL ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI other_AP J11 57 hand_NN ,_, Reid_NP adhered_VBD to_IN J11 58 Woodward's_NP$ interpretation_NN of_IN the_ATI Purbeck_NP succession_NN J11 58 and_CC discounted_VBD the_ATI J11 59 unconformable_JJ Wealden_NP boundary_NN suggested_VBN by_IN Andrews_NP J11 59 &_CC Jukes-Browne_NP ._. J11 60 ^ the_ATI latter_AP writer_NN (_( Jukes-Browne_NP ,_, 1903_CD )_) J11 60 added_VBD further_JJB material_NN on_IN the_ATI J11 61 Purbeck-Wealden_NP boundary_NN and_CC it_PP3 appears_VBZ that_CS J11 61 Reid's_NP$ mapping_NN followed_VBD J11 62 Woodward's_NP$ Purbeck_NP divisions_NNS ,_, and_CC needs_VBZ some_DTI J11 62 revision_NN to_TO fit_VB in_RP with_IN J11 63 the_ATI palaeontological_JJ divisions_NNS now_RN used_VBN ._. ^ in_IN J11 63 the_ATI same_AP year_NN (_( 1903_CD )_) as_CS J11 64 the_ATI memoir_NN appeared_VBD ,_, there_EX was_BEDZ a_AT second_OD J11 64 geologists'_NNS$ association_NN J11 65 excursion_NN to_IN the_ATI Vale_NPL of_IN Wardour_NP (_( Blackmore_NP J11 65 &_CC Andrews_NP ,_, 1903_CD )_) ,_, and_CC by_IN J11 66 1904_CD Jukes-Browne_NP had_HVD completed_VBN his_PP$ survey_NN of_IN J11 66 the_ATI cretaceous_JJ rocks_NNS J11 67 (_( 1900-4_CD-CD )_) ,_, which_WDTR includes_VBZ descriptions_NNS of_IN J11 67 sections_NNS west_NR of_IN the_ATI area_NN J11 68 dealt_VBN with_IN in_IN the_ATI sheet_NN memoir_NN ,_, some_DTI of_IN J11 68 which_WDTR do_DO not_XNOT appear_VB to_TO have_HV J11 69 received_VBN any_DTI attention_NN since_RI ._. ^ Jukes-Browne_NP J11 69 included_VBD a_AT quarter-inch_JJB J11 70 map_NN ,_, in_IN his_PP$ cretaceous_JJ rocks_NNS ,_, part_NN 1_CD1 (_( J11 70 1900_CD )_) ,_, showing_VBG the_ATI Mere_NP J11 71 Fault_NPL ,_, but_CC no_ATI detailed_JJ mapping_NN had_HVD been_BEN J11 71 done_VBN ._. J11 72 ^ in_IN the_ATI fifty_CD years_NNS since_IN 1904_CD there_EX have_HV J11 72 been_BEN only_RB a_AP few_AP" further_JJB J11 73 references_NNS to_IN this_DT interesting_JJ area_NN ._. ^ in_IN 1933_CD J11 73 \0Dr_NPT Arkell_NP gave_VBD an_AT J11 74 admirable_JJ summary_NN of_IN the_ATI Jurassic_JNP rocks_NNS ;_; J11 74 he_PP3A followed_VBD up_RP the_ATI earlier_JJR J11 75 observations_NNS on_IN the_ATI dissimilarities_NNS between_IN the_ATI J11 75 Chilmark-Tisbury_NP J11 76 building_NN stones_NNS and_CC the_ATI Dorset_NP counterparts_NNS ,_, J11 76 and_CC attempted_VBD to_TO J11 77 disentangle_VB the_ATI confused_JJ ammonite_NN nomenclature_NN of_IN J11 77 the_ATI Portland_NP beds_NNS ._. J11 78 ^ he_PP3A placed_VBD ,_, tentatively_RB ,_, but_CC almost_RB J11 78 certainly_RB rightly_RB ,_, the_ATI main_JJB J11 79 Tisbury_NP and_CC Lower_NP Chilmark_NP building_NN stones_NNS in_IN J11 79 the_ATI upper_JJB part_NN of_IN the_ATI J11 80 Portland_NP sands_NNS of_IN the_ATI Dorset_NP coast_NN ,_, only_RB J11 80 retaining_VBG the_ATI oolitic_JJ upper_JJB J11 81 Chilmark_NP building_NN stones_NNS within_IN the_ATI Dorset_NP J11 81 Portland_NP stone_NN ._. ^ this_DT will_MD J11 82 entail_VB the_ATI remapping_NN of_IN the_ATI Wardour_NP Portlandian_NNP J11 82 to_TO fit_VB into_IN the_ATI new_JJ J11 83 classification_NN ._. ^ (_( see_VB also_RB Arkell_NP ,_, 1935_CD ,_, J11 83 for_IN correlation_NN table_NN ._. )_) J11 84 ^ (_( House_NPL ,_, 1958_CD ._. )_) ^ in_IN 1938_CD \0F_NP \0H_NP J11 84 Edmunds_NP added_VBD a_AT contribution_NN to_IN J11 85 the_ATI physiographical_JJ evolution_NN of_IN this_DT area_NN which_WDTR J11 85 accompanied_VBD the_ATI J11 86 fourth_OD geologists'_NNS$ association's_NN$ field_NN meeting_NN to_IN J11 86 the_ATI area_NN ._. ^ the_ATI next_AP J11 87 year_NN ,_, \0J_NP \0F_NP Kirkaldy_NP (_( 1939_CD )_) refers_VBZ to_IN J11 87 the_ATI thin_JJ lower_JJR Greensand_NP J11 88 below_IN the_ATI Gault_NP that_WPR crops_VBZ out_RP round_IN the_ATI J11 88 Vale_NPL ,_, and_CC also_RB south_NR of_IN J11 89 Shaftesbury_NP ,_, but_CC he_PP3A was_BEDZ unable_JJ to_TO determine_VB J11 89 the_ATI zonal_JJ position_NN of_IN J11 90 either_DTX outcrop_NN ._. J11 91 ^ outside_IN the_ATI Vale_NPL of_IN Wardour_NP proper_JJ ,_, the_ATI J11 91 Warminster_NP Greensand_NP beds_NNS J11 92 at_IN the_ATI base_NN of_IN the_ATI Chalk_NP Marl_NP have_HV J11 92 received_VBN attention_NN from_IN J11 93 Jukes-Browne_NP in_IN 1896_CD ,_, 1900-4_CD-CD and_CC 1901_CD ,_, J11 93 and_CC from_IN Scanes_NP ,_, jointly_RB with_IN J11 94 Jukes-Browne_NP ,_, in_IN 1901_CD ,_, and_CC with_IN Pope-Bartlett_NP J11 94 in_IN 1916_CD when_WRB ,_, in_IN the_ATI J11 95 latter_AP year_NN ,_, both_ABX authors_NNS led_VBD the_ATI third_OD J11 95 geologists'_NNS$ association_NN J11 96 excursion_NN ._. ^ all_ABN the_ATI earlier_JJR Warminster_NP J11 96 Greensand_NP accounts_NNS have_HV been_BEN J11 97 fully_RB summarised_VBN by_IN Edmunds_NP (_( 1938_CD )_) for_IN the_ATI J11 97 fourth_OD field_NN meeting_NN in_IN the_ATI J11 98 area_NN of_IN the_ATI geologists'_NNS$ association_NN in_IN 1937_CD ._. J11 98 ^ it_PP3 now_RN seems_VBZ clear_JJ that_CS J11 99 the_ATI fossils_NNS from_IN the_ATI Warminster_NP Greensand_NP are_BER J11 99 Cenomanian_JNP in_IN age_NN and_CC J11 100 the_ATI majority_NN did_DOD not_XNOT come_VB from_IN Warminster_NP J11 100 itself_PPL but_CC from_IN Maiden_NP J11 101 Bradley_NP and_CC Mere_NP ._. ^ nevertheless_RB ,_, the_ATI J11 101 Warminster_NP name_NN has_HVZ been_BEN adopted_VBN J11 102 for_IN these_DTS beds_NNS ,_, whereas_CS today_NR the_ATI best_JJT J11 102 available_JJ section_NN is_BEZ at_IN Dead_NP J11 103 Maid_NP Quarry_NPL ,_, Mere_NP ._. ^ also_RB included_VBN in_IN J11 103 Edmunds'_NP$ account_NN (_( 1938_CD )_) is_BEZ the_ATI J11 104 first_OD contribution_NN on_IN the_ATI Mere_NP Fault_NPL which_WDTR J11 104 was_BEDZ the_ATI present_JJ author's_NN$ J11 105 starting_NN point_NN for_IN detailed_JJ mapping_NN ._. ^ Edmunds_NP J11 105 estimated_VBD the_ATI Mere_NP Fault_NPL J11 106 to_TO have_HV a_AT northerly_JJ downthrow_NN of_IN about_RB 600_CD J11 106 feet_NNS near_IN Charnage_NP Quarry_NPL ._. J11 107 ^ he_PP3A shows_VBZ the_ATI fault_NN to_TO be_BE reversed_VBN ,_, J11 107 passing_VBG just_RB to_IN the_ATI south_NR of_IN Mere_NP ,_, J11 108 and_CC downthrowing_VBG lower_JJR and_CC middle_JJB chalk_NN against_IN J11 108 Kimmeridge_NP clay_NN ._. J11 109 ^ Wooldridge_NP &_CC Linton_NP (_( 1955_CD )_) have_HV given_VBN J11 109 the_ATI whole_JJ area_NN prominent_JJ J11 110 attention_NN in_IN their_PP$ comprehensive_JJ survey_NN of_IN the_ATI J11 110 structure_NN ,_, surface_NN J11 111 and_CC drainage_NN of_IN south-east_NR England_NP ._. ^ they_PP3AS J11 111 regard_VB the_ATI three_CD east-west_NR J11 112 lines_NNS of_IN downland_NN ridges_NNS comprising_VBG (_( a_ZZ )_) J11 112 the_ATI great_JJ Ridge-Mere_NP White_NP J11 113 Sheet_NP Hill_NPL ridge_NN ,_, and_CC (_( b_ZZ )_) the_ATI Barford_NP J11 113 Down-Berwick_NP \0St_NPT John_NP White_NP J11 114 sheet_NN Hill_NPL ridge_NN ,_, and_CC (_( c_ZZ )_) the_ATI Melbury_NP J11 114 Beacon_NPL ,_, Win_NP Green-Coombe_NP Bissett_NP J11 115 Down_NPL ridge_NN as_IN type_NN examples_NNS of_IN the_ATI remnants_NNS J11 115 of_IN the_ATI mid-late_JJ tertiary_JJ J11 116 peneplains_NNS ._. ^ also_RB they_PP3AS regard_VB the_ATI Wardour_NP J11 116 drainage_NN as_CS now_RN adjusted_VBN to_TO J11 117 structure_VB through_IN two_CD cycles_NNS of_IN erosion_NN and_CC J11 117 that_CS the_ATI bulk_NN of_IN this_DT area_NN J11 118 lay_VBD outside_IN the_ATI furthest_JJT advances_NNS of_IN the_ATI J11 118 Pliocene_NP Sea_NPL ._. J11 119 ^ at_IN Whitsun_NP in_IN 1954_CD this_DT writer_NN led_VBD the_ATI J11 119 fifth_OD geologists'_NNS$ J11 120 association_NN field_NN meeting_NN over_IN the_ATI Vale_NPL of_IN J11 120 Wardour_NP and_CC the_ATI Mere_NP Fault_NPL J11 121 country_NN from_IN Shaftesbury_NP ._. ^ the_ATI field_NN meeting_NN J11 121 report_NN (_( Mottram_NP et_&FW J11 122 \0al_&FW ,_, 1957_CD )_) included_VBN some_DTI of_IN the_ATI more_QL J11 122 interesting_JJ localities_NNS J11 123 visited_VBN from_IN which_WDTR the_ATI palaeontological_JJ records_NNS J11 123 were_BED obtained_VBN by_IN J11 124 various_JJ people_NNS ,_, as_CC well_CC" as_CC" brief_JJ references_NNS J11 124 to_IN the_ATI Mere_NP Fault_NPL at_IN West_NP J11 125 Knoyle_NP ,_, Charnage_NP ,_, Mere_NP ,_, Wolverton_NP and_CC J11 125 Penselwood_NP Hill_NPL ,_, visited_VBN by_IN the_ATI J11 126 association_NN during_IN the_ATI excursion_NN ._. J11 127 ^ (_( c_ZZ )_) ._. ^ tectonic_JJ summary_NN of_IN the_ATI Wardour_NP J11 127 anticline_NN ._. J11 128 ^ the_ATI tectonics_NNS of_IN the_ATI Wardour_NP fold_NN have_HV J11 128 not_XNOT been_BEN described_VBN in_IN J11 129 detail_NN previously_RB ,_, but_CC much_AP is_BEZ self-evident_JJ J11 129 from_IN the_ATI new_JJ series_NN J11 130 one-inch_JJB map_NN ,_, sheet_NN 298_CD ,_, which_WDTR shows_VBZ J11 130 the_ATI Vale_NPL of_IN Wardour_NP as_QL far_RB west_NR J11 131 as_IN Tisbury_NP and_CC Ridge_NP ._. ^ the_ATI Wardour_NP anticline_NN J11 131 has_HVZ an_AT amplitude_NN of_IN about_RB J11 132 1200_CD feet_NNS so_CS that_CS" around_IN Tisbury_NP the_ATI J11 132 Cenomanian_JNP base_NN must_MD have_HV risen_VBN J11 133 to_IN about_RB 1000_CD feet_NNS above_IN present_JJ \0O.D_NN ._. ^ J11 133 the_ATI fold_NN has_HVZ steeper_JJR J11 134 northerly_JJ dips_NNS than_IN those_DTS on_IN the_ATI southern_JJ J11 134 limb_NN ,_, which_WDTR are_BER everywhere_RB J11 135 from_IN 3-5_CD-CD *@_NNU south_NR (_( see_VB \0fig_NN 3_CD ,_, J11 135 section_NN 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ the_ATI northerly_JJ dips_NNS J11 136 gradually_RB steepen_VB westwards_RB and_CC west_NR of_IN the_ATI J11 136 Fonthills_NPS a_AT 10-15_CD-CD *@_NNU J11 137 \0NNW_NR dip_NN can_MD be_BE seen_VBN in_IN planus_&FW zone_NN chalk_NN J11 137 on_IN the_ATI roadside_NN J11 138 from_IN Tisbury_NP to_IN Hindon_NP ._. ^ the_ATI accompanying_JJ map_NN J11 138 to_IN this_DT paper_NN (_( \0fig_NN 3_CD )_) J11 139 shows_VBZ how_WRB the_ATI northern_JJ limb_NN continues_VBZ to_TO J11 139 steepen_VB westwards_RB past_IN East_NP J11 140 Knoyle_NP to_IN where_WRB the_ATI Mere_NP Fault_NPL begins_VBZ at_IN J11 140 West_NP Knoyle_NP ._. ^ north-west_NR of_IN J11 141 East_NP Knoyle_NP ,_, around_IN Windmill_NP Hill_NPL ,_, the_ATI J11 141 Green_NPL and_CC Upton_NP ,_, there_EX is_BEZ quite_RB J11 142 clearly_RB a_AT local_JJ roll_NN displayed_VBN by_IN the_ATI upper_JJB J11 142 Greensand_NP outcrops_NNS ._. ^ these_DTS J11 143 double_VB back_RP eastwards_RB from_IN Windmill_NP Hill_NPL to_IN J11 143 Milton_NP before_IN resuming_VBG J11 144 their_PP$ north-west_NR trend_NN along_IN Haddon_NP Hill_NPL ._. ^ J11 144 also_RB the_ATI Gault_NP base_NN rises_VBZ J11 145 above_IN the_ATI 600-foot_JJB contour_NN west_NR of_IN Upton_NP ,_, J11 145 so_CS in_IN this_DT small_JJ and_CC J11 146 interesting_JJ upland_NN area_NN north-west_NR of_IN Clouds_NP J11 146 House_NPL there_EX is_BEZ a_AT J11 147 periclinal_JJ fold_NN ,_, pitching_VBG east_NR ,_, riding_VBG on_IN J11 147 the_ATI main_JJB northern_JJ limb_NN of_IN J11 148 the_ATI Wardour_NP fold_NN (_( see_VB \0fig_NN 3_CD ,_, section_NN 2_CD J11 148 )_) J11 149 ._. ^ in_RB general_RB" the_ATI Jurassic_JNP rocks_NNS are_BER J11 149 nearly_RB conformable_JJ to_IN the_ATI J11 150 overlying_JJ cretaceous_JJ ,_, but_CC these_DTS are_BER local_JJ J11 150 variations_NNS in_IN addition_NN to_IN J11 151 the_ATI steady_JJ westward_JJB cretaceous_JJ overstep_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J11 151 Jurassic_JNP rocks_NNS within_IN J11 152 the_ATI Vale_NPL of_IN Wardour_NP are_BER affected_VBN by_IN a_AT J11 152 series_NN of_IN gentle_JJ rolls_NNS ,_, trending_VBG J11 153 north-west_NR to_IN south-east_NR ,_, which_WDTR disappear_VB under_IN J11 153 the_ATI transgressive_JJ J11 154 lower_JJR Greensand_NP and_CC Gault_NP without_IN affecting_VBG J11 154 them_PP3OS ._. ^ the_ATI Portland_NP beds_NNS ,_, J11 155 exposed_VBN in_IN the_ATI Chilmark_NP Ravine_NPL ,_, are_BER J11 155 brought_VBN up_RP by_IN a_AT shallow_JJ anticline_NN J11 156 and_CC this_DT is_BEZ flanked_VBN to_IN the_ATI south-west_NR by_IN J11 156 a_AT shallow_JJ syncline_NN which_WDTR J11 157 brings_VBZ the_ATI Wealden_NP down_RP to_IN river_NN level_NN again_RB J11 157 near_IN Sutton_NP Mandeville_NP ._. J11 158 ^ the_ATI next_AP undoubted_JJ flexure_NN affects_VBZ the_ATI J11 158 Portland_NP beds_NNS south-east_NR of_IN J11 159 Knoyle_NP Corner_NPL ,_, but_CC is_BEZ only_RB partly_RB preserved_VBN J11 159 beneath_IN the_ATI transgressive_JJ J11 160 Gault_NP above_RI ,_, and_CC appears_VBZ on_IN the_ATI map_NN (_( J11 160 \0fig_NN 2_CD )_) ._. J11 161 ^ around_IN Tisbury_NP itself_PPL the_ATI numerous_JJ J11 161 Portlandian_JNP quarries_NNS show_VB a_AT J11 162 variety_NN of_IN dips_NNS ._. ^ some_DTI apparently_RB can_MD be_BE J11 162 ascribed_VBN to_IN false_JJ bedding_NN ._. J11 163 ^ this_DT was_BEDZ seen_VBN in_IN 1940_CD and_CC 1941_CD in_IN the_ATI J11 163 temporary_JJ opening_NN of_IN a_AT shallow_JJ J11 164 quarry_NN between_IN road_NN and_CC railway_NN 500_CD yards_NNS J11 164 north-east_NR of_IN Hazeldon_NP Farm_NPL J11 165 (_( 936381_CD )_) ._. ^ false_JJ bedding_NN was_BEDZ also_RB seen_VBN J11 165 in_IN 1949_CD in_IN a_AT new_JJ track_NN section_NN J11 166 south_NR of_IN Court_NPL Street_NPL ._. ^ however_RB ,_, in_IN other_AP J11 166 pits_NNS ,_, the_ATI dips_NNS appear_VB to_TO J11 167 point_VB towards_IN the_ATI valleys_NNS ._. ^ some_DTI of_IN these_DTS J11 167 exposures_NNS show_VB considerable_JJ J11 168 gulling_NN ,_, like_IN those_DTS that_WPR can_MD be_BE seen_VBN in_IN J11 168 Tisbury_NP west_NR Quarry_NPL on_IN the_ATI J11 169 Newtown_NP Road_NPL ,_, and_CC still_RB being_BEG worked_VBN ._. ^ J11 169 this_DT gulling_NN recalls_VBZ the_ATI J11 170 cambered_JJ structures_NNS described_VBN in_IN the_ATI midland_JJB J11 170 Ironstone_NP field_NN and_CC in_IN J11 171 the_ATI Oxford_NP region_NN by_IN Hollingworth_NP ,_, Taylor_NP &_CC J11 171 Kellaway_NP (_( 1944_CD )_) and_CC Arkell_NP J11 172 (_( 1947a_CD )_) respectively_RB ._. J11 174 ^ it_PP3 appears_VBZ from_IN notes_NNS on_IN Reid's_NP$ 1900_CD J11 174 six-inch_JJB maps_NNS in_IN the_ATI J11 175 geological_JJ survey_NN library_NN ,_, that_CS much_AP ,_, J11 175 presumably_RB lower_JJR ,_, Greensand_NP J11 176 debris_NN still_RB remains_VBZ on_IN the_ATI Purbeck_NP outcrop_NN J11 176 around_IN Lady_NP Down_NPL and_CC on_IN J11 177 the_ATI Portland_NP outcrop_NN north-west_NR of_IN Tisbury_NP ._. ^ J11 177 this_DT writer_NN was_BEDZ able_JJ to_TO J11 178 map_VB two_CD definite_JJ outliers_NNS of_IN lower_JJR Greensand_NP J11 178 on_IN Lady_NP Down_NPL and_CC around_IN J11 179 Vicarage_NPL Barn_NPL ,_, as_CS shown_VBN on_IN \0fig_NN 1_CD1 ._. J11 180 ^ the_ATI lower_JJR Greensand_NP ,_, forming_VBG these_DTS two_CD J11 180 outliers_NNS ,_, is_BEZ thin_JJ ,_, as_CS the_ATI J11 181 silage_NN pit_NN ,_, four_CD feet_NNS deep_JJ ,_, reached_VBD the_ATI J11 181 base_NN of_IN ferruginous_JJ sands_NNS ,_, J11 182 which_WDTR also_RB contained_VBD occasional_JJ small_JJ quartz_NN J11 182 pebbles_NNS ._. ^ lumps_NNS of_IN a_AT very_QL J11 183 dark_JJ and_CC hard_JJ ferruginous_JJ sandstone_NN ,_, recalling_VBG J11 183 a_AT tropical_JJ laterite_NN ,_, J11 184 can_MD also_RB be_BE found_VBN with_IN ironstained_JJ Purbeck_NP J11 184 slabs_NNS in_IN the_ATI surrounding_JJ J11 185 arable_JJ fields_NNS ._. ^ this_DT thin_JJ veneer-like_JJ lower_JJR J11 185 Greensand_NP outcrop_NN J11 186 north-east_NR of_IN Tisbury_NP suggests_VBZ that_CS the_ATI present_JJ J11 186 Wardour_NP Jurassic_JNP J11 187 surface_NN round_IN Tisbury_NP may_MD be_BE ,_, in_IN part_NN ,_, an_AT J11 187 exhumed_JJ pre-lower_JJB Greensand_NP J11 188 erosion_NN surface_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ supported_VBN by_IN J11 188 finding_VBG further_JJB quartz_NN pebbles_NNS J11 189 and_CC chert_NN debris_NN in_IN arable_JJ fields_NNS on_IN the_ATI J11 189 Portland_NP outcrop_NN north-east_NR J11 190 of_IN the_ATI cross-roads_NN (_( at_IN 924293_CD )_) on_IN the_ATI J11 190 Tisbury_NP to_IN Newtown_NP road_NN ._. ^ this_DT J11 191 is_BEZ south_NR of_IN where_WRB Reid_NP mapped_VBD the_ATI lower_JJR J11 191 Greensand_NP being_BEG overstepped_VBN J11 192 westwards_RB by_IN Gault_NP near_IN the_ATI *'_*' Beckford_NP arms_NNS J11 192 **'_**' ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ possible_JJ J11 193 therefore_RB that_CS the_ATI existing_JJ post-Jurassic_JNP material_NN J11 193 on_IN the_ATI Portland_NP J11 194 beds_NNS is_BEZ the_ATI ultimate_JJ remains_NNS of_IN the_ATI J11 194 combined_JJ residue_NN of_IN lower_JJR J11 195 Greensand_NP and_CC basal_JJ Gault_NP hereabouts_RB ._. ^ across_IN J11 195 the_ATI Nadder_NP Valley_NPL over_IN J11 196 the_ATI ground_NN north-east_NR of_IN Wardour_NP Castle_NPL the_ATI J11 196 Portland_NP dip_NN slope_NN J11 197 disappears_VBZ under_IN rounded_JJ swells_NNS of_IN lower_JJR J11 197 Greensand_NP and_CC Gault_NP above_RI ,_, J11 198 before_CS the_ATI land_NN rises_VBZ up_RP towards_IN the_ATI upper_JJB J11 198 Greensand_NP escarpment_NN J11 199 behind_RP ._. J12 2 ^ these_DTS results_NNS are_BER perhaps_RB rather_RB unexpected_JJ J12 2 in_IN view_NN of_IN the_ATI obvious_JJ J12 3 difference_NN in_IN shape_NN between_IN these_DTS two_CD structures_NNS J12 3 ._. ^ measurements_NNS showed_VBD J12 4 that_CS the_ATI surface_NN /_IN volume_NN ratio_NN of_IN the_ATI J12 4 connectives_NNS was_BEDZ about_RB 3.5_CD times_NNS J12 5 greater_JJR than_IN that_DT of_IN the_ATI relatively_RB massive_JJ J12 5 terminal_JJ abdominal_JJ J12 6 ganglion_NN ._. J12 9 ^ the_ATI point_NN of_IN contrast_NN between_IN the_ATI effluxes_NNS J12 9 from_IN the_ATI terminal_JJ J12 10 ganglion_NN and_CC from_IN the_ATI whole_JJ nerve_NN cord_NN used_VBN J12 10 in_IN the_ATI previous_JJ J12 11 investigation_NN was_BEDZ the_ATI apparent_JJ absence_NN ,_, in_IN J12 11 the_ATI case_NN of_IN the_ATI isolated_JJ J12 12 ganglion_NN ,_, of_IN a_AT final_JJ slow_JJ phase_NN of_IN sodium_NN J12 12 loss_NN in_IN a_AT region_NN of_IN low_JJ J12 13 radioactivity_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI previous_JJ study_NN (_( J12 13 Treherne_NP ,_, 1961b_CD )_) this_DT phase_NN J12 14 was_BEDZ tentatively_RB identified_VBN with_IN the_ATI breakdown_NN J12 14 of_IN the_ATI normal_JJ sodium_NN J12 15 extrusion_NN mechanism_NN in_IN the_ATI isolated_JJ nerve_NN cord_NN J12 15 when_WRB separated_VBN from_IN its_PP$ J12 16 tracheal_JJ supply_NN ._. ^ thus_RB according_IN to_IN" this_DT J12 16 hypothesis_NN it_PP3 could_MD be_BE J12 17 postulated_VBN that_CS in_IN the_ATI present_JJ experiments_NNS the_ATI J12 17 isolation_NN of_IN the_ATI J12 18 ganglion_NN resulted_VBD in_IN a_AT less_QL serious_JJ interference_NN J12 18 with_IN the_ATI normal_JJ J12 19 metabolism_NN so_CS that_CS" the_ATI breakdown_NN of_IN sodium_NN J12 19 extrusion_NN did_DOD not_XNOT occur_VB J12 20 until_CS later_RBR at_IN a_AT very_QL low_JJ level_NN of_IN activity_NN J12 20 beyond_IN the_ATI limits_NNS of_IN this_DT J12 21 technique_NN ._. J12 22 ^ the_ATI present_JJ results_NNS have_HV shown_VBN that_CS ,_, as_CS J12 22 in_IN the_ATI whole_JJ abdominal_JJ J12 23 nerve_NN cord_NN (_( Treherne_NP ,_, 1961b_CD )_) ,_, the_ATI rate_NN J12 23 of_IN loss_NN of_IN sodium_NN was_BEDZ J12 24 apparently_RB an_AT active_JJ process_NN which_WDTR was_BEDZ slowed_VBN J12 24 down_RP by_IN the_ATI presence_NN of_IN J12 25 2_CD :_: 4-dinitrophenol_NN at_IN relatively_RB low_JJ concentration_NN J12 25 ._. ^ similarly_RB the_ATI J12 26 extrusion_NN of_IN sodium_NN in_IN the_ATI terminal_JJ ganglion_NN J12 26 was_BEDZ reduced_VBN in_IN the_ATI J12 27 potassium-free_JJ solution_NN ,_, demonstrating_VBG a_AT linkage_NN J12 27 of_IN potassium_NN influx_NN J12 28 with_IN sodium_NN efflux_NN ._. J12 29 ^ the_ATI rate_NN of_IN efflux_NN of_IN sodium_NN ions_NNS from_IN J12 29 the_ATI terminal_JJ abdominal_JJ J12 30 ganglion_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT significantly_RB affected_VBN by_IN J12 30 the_ATI removal_NN of_IN about_RB 50_CD %_NNU of_IN J12 31 the_ATI connective_JJ tissue_NN and_CC cellular_JJ sheath_NN ._. ^ J12 31 on_IN the_ATI basis_NN of_IN these_DTS J12 32 results_NNS it_PP3 must_MD be_BE concluded_VBN ,_, therefore_RB ,_, J12 32 that_CS the_ATI rate-limiting_JJ J12 33 process_NN in_IN the_ATI efflux_NN of_IN sodium_NN measured_VBN by_IN J12 33 this_DT technique_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT the_ATI J12 34 transfer_NN of_IN ions_NNS across_IN the_ATI cellular_JJ perineurium_NN J12 34 ._. ^ in_IN addition_NN it_PP3 J12 35 follows_VBZ from_IN this_DT that_CS the_ATI diffusion_NN of_IN J12 35 sodium_NN ions_NNS through_IN the_ATI J12 36 connective_JJ tissue_NN sheath_NN must_MD also_RB have_HV occurred_VBN J12 36 relatively_RB rapidly_RB ,_, a_AT J12 37 result_NN which_WDTR had_HVD been_BEN previously_RB predicted_VBN (_( J12 37 Treherne_NP ,_, 1961a_CD ;_; J12 38 Wigglesworth_NP ,_, 1960_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI rate-limiting_JJ J12 38 process_NN measured_VBN in_IN these_DTS J12 39 experiments_NNS must_MD ,_, therefore_RB ,_, be_BE associated_VBN J12 39 with_IN some_DTI components_NNS of_IN the_ATI J12 40 central_JJ nervous_JJ system_NN lying_VBG at_IN a_AT deeper_JJR J12 40 level_NN than_IN the_ATI perineurium_NN ._. J12 41 ^ perhaps_RB the_ATI most_QL obvious_JJ possibility_NN is_BEZ that_CS J12 41 the_ATI efflux_NN of_IN J12 42 *:24**:\0Na_&FO measured_VBN in_IN these_DTS experiments_NNS was_BEDZ J12 42 ,_, in_IN fact_NN ,_, the_ATI result_NN of_IN J12 43 the_ATI transfer_NN of_IN sodium_NN ions_NNS across_IN the_ATI cell_NN J12 43 membranes_NNS of_IN the_ATI J12 44 underlying_JJ tissues_NNS ._. ^ in_IN this_DT case_NN the_ATI J12 44 similarity_NN of_IN the_ATI t*;0.5**;_&FO J12 45 between_IN the_ATI connectives_NNS and_CC the_ATI terminal_JJ J12 45 ganglion_NN becomes_VBZ explicable_JJ ,_, J12 46 for_CS under_IN these_DTS circumstances_NNS the_ATI efflux_NN might_MD J12 46 be_BE expected_VBN to_TO be_BE J12 47 independent_JJ of_IN the_ATI surface_NN /_IN volume_NN ratio_NN of_IN J12 47 the_ATI whole_JJ organ_NN ._. J12 48 ^ the_ATI results_NNS described_VBN above_RI do_DO not_XNOT ,_, J12 48 of_RB course_RB" ,_, give_VB any_DTI definite_JJ J12 49 information_NN about_IN the_ATI nature_NN of_IN the_ATI processes_NNS J12 49 involved_VBN in_IN the_ATI passage_NN J12 50 of_IN ions_NNS across_IN the_ATI perineurium_NN ._. ^ however_RB ,_, J12 50 the_ATI fact_NN that_CS the_ATI presence_NN J12 51 of_IN dinitrophenol_NN and_CC potassium-free_JJ solution_NN J12 51 appeared_VBD to_TO have_HV slightly_RB J12 52 less_AP effect_NN on_IN sodium_NN efflux_NN in_IN the_ATI desheathed_JJ J12 52 preparations_NNS might_MD J12 53 suggest_VB that_CS this_DT layer_NN of_IN cells_NNS perhaps_RB J12 53 plays_VBZ more_AP than_IN a_AT passive_JJ J12 54 role_NN in_IN the_ATI ionic_JJ regulation_NN of_IN the_ATI central_JJ J12 54 nervous_JJ system_NN of_IN this_DT J12 55 insect_NN ._. J12 56 ^ the_ATI addition_NN of_IN poison_NN to_IN ,_, or_CC the_ATI J12 56 omission_NN of_IN potassium_NN ions_NNS J12 57 from_IN ,_, the_ATI external_JJ solution_NN has_HVZ been_BEN shown_VBN J12 57 to_TO produce_VB a_AT fairly_RB rapid_JJ J12 58 slowing_NN down_RP of_IN sodium_NN extrusion_NN from_IN the_ATI J12 58 abdominal_JJ nerve_NN cord_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J12 59 fact_NN that_CS the_ATI rate-limiting_JJ process_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT ,_, J12 59 apparently_RB ,_, the_ATI J12 60 penetration_NN of_IN the_ATI superficial_JJ perilemma_NN implies_VBZ J12 60 that_CS these_DTS changes_NNS in_IN J12 61 the_ATI chemical_JJ composition_NN of_IN the_ATI bathing_NN solution_NN J12 61 are_BER quickly_RB J12 62 transmitted_VBN to_IN the_ATI deeper_JJR layers_NNS of_IN the_ATI J12 62 central_JJ nervous_JJ system_NN ._. ^ this_DT J12 63 conclusion_NN is_BEZ perhaps_RB rather_RB unexpected_JJ in_IN view_NN J12 63 of_IN the_ATI appreciable_JJ J12 64 delay_NN in_IN the_ATI breakdown_NN of_IN normal_JJ electrical_JJ J12 64 activity_NN obtained_VBN when_WRB the_ATI J12 65 insect_NN nervous_JJ system_NN was_BEDZ exposed_VBN to_IN solutions_NNS J12 65 of_IN high_JJ potassium_NN J12 66 concentration_NN (_( Hoyle_NP ,_, 1953_CD ;_; Twarog_NP &_CC Roeder_NP J12 66 ,_, 1956_CD )_) ._. J12 67 ^ in_IN some_DTI previously_RB published_VBN accounts_NNS on_IN J12 67 the_ATI entry_NN of_IN *:42**:\0K_&FO J12 68 and_CC *:24**:\0Na_&FO into_IN the_ATI intact_JJ abdominal_JJ nerve_NN J12 68 cord_NN of_IN Periplaneta_&FW J12 69 (_( Treherne_NP ,_, 1961a_CD ,_, c_ZZ )_) an_AT attempt_NN was_BEDZ J12 69 made_VBN to_TO calculate_VB the_ATI fluxes_NNS J12 70 of_IN these_DTS ions_NNS between_IN the_ATI haemolymph_NN and_CC J12 70 the_ATI central_JJ nervous_JJ system_NN ._. J12 71 ^ these_DTS ionic_JJ movements_NNS were_BED calculated_VBN with_IN J12 71 the_ATI conventional_JJ equations_NNS J12 72 used_VBN to_TO describe_VB fluxes_NNS in_IN cells_NNS and_CC J12 72 tissues_NNS ._. ^ this_DT procedure_NN involved_VBD J12 73 the_ATI assumption_NN that_CS the_ATI rate-limiting_JJ process_NN J12 73 was_BEDZ the_ATI transfer_NN across_IN J12 74 the_ATI superficial_JJ boundary_NN and_CC that_CS the_ATI movements_NNS J12 74 within_IN the_ATI underlying_JJ J12 75 layers_NNS occurred_VBD rapidly_RB so_CS that_CS" the_ATI labelled_JJ J12 75 ions_NNS were_BED effectively_RB J12 76 well_RB mixed_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI present_JJ results_NNS have_HV J12 76 shown_VBN that_CS these_DTS assumptions_NNS J12 77 represented_VBD an_AT oversimplification_NN and_CC consequently_RB J12 77 the_ATI calculated_JJ J12 78 values_NNS have_HV little_AP significance_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ J12 78 hoped_VBN that_CS in_IN a_AT future_JJB J12 79 investigation_NN the_ATI fluxes_NNS taking_VBG place_NN between_IN J12 79 the_ATI central_JJ nervous_JJ J12 80 system_NN and_CC the_ATI haemolymph_NN can_MD be_BE calculated_VBN J12 80 for_IN this_DT more_QL complex_JJ J12 81 system_NN ._. J12 82 ^ summary_NN ._. J12 83 ^ 1_CD1 ._. ^ the_ATI rate_NN of_IN loss_NN of_IN *:24**:\0Na_&FO J12 83 from_IN the_ATI terminal_JJ abdominal_JJ J12 84 ganglion_NN of_IN Periplaneta_&FW americana_&FW \0L_NP has_HVZ been_BEN J12 84 studied_VBN by_IN J12 85 measuring_VBG the_ATI decline_NN in_IN radioactivity_NN associated_VBN J12 85 with_IN an_AT isolated_JJ J12 86 preparation_NN maintained_VBN in_IN flowing_JJ physiological_JJ J12 86 solution_NN ._. J12 87 ^ 2_CD ._. ^ the_ATI rate_NN of_IN sodium_NN efflux_NN was_BEDZ J12 87 substantially_RB reduced_VBN in_IN the_ATI J12 88 presence_NN of_IN 0.2_CD \0mM_NNU /_IN \0l_NNU dinitrophenol_NN and_CC J12 88 in_IN potassium-free_JJ J12 89 solution_NN ._. J12 90 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ the_ATI extrusion_NN of_IN *:24**:\0Na_&FO was_BEDZ J12 90 not_XNOT significantly_RB affected_VBN by_IN J12 91 the_ATI removal_NN of_IN the_ATI fibrous_JJ and_CC cellular_JJ J12 91 sheath_NN surrounding_VBG the_ATI J12 92 ganglion_NN ._. ^ the_ATI rate-limiting_JJ process_NN in_IN the_ATI J12 92 efflux_NN of_IN sodium_NN measured_VBN J12 93 in_IN the_ATI experiments_NNS was_BEDZ not_XNOT ,_, therefore_RB ,_, J12 93 the_ATI transfer_NN of_IN ions_NNS across_IN the_ATI J12 94 nerve_NN sheath_NN ,_, but_CC an_AT extrusion_NN from_IN tissues_NNS J12 94 lying_VBG at_IN a_AT deeper_JJR level_NN in_IN J12 95 the_ATI central_JJ nervous_JJ system_NN ._. J12 96 ^ the_ATI kinetics_NN of_IN sodium_NN transfer_NN in_IN the_ATI J12 96 central_JJ nervous_JJ system_NN of_IN J12 97 the_ATI cockroach_NN ,_, periplaneta_&FW americana_&FW \0L_NP ._. J12 98 ^ by_IN \0J_NP \0E_NP Treherne_NP ._. J12 99 ^ \0A.R.C_NP unit_NN of_IN insect_NN physiology_NN ,_, department_NN J12 99 of_IN zoology_NN ,_, J12 100 University_NPL of_IN Cambridge_NP ._. J12 101 ^ (_( received_VBN 15_CD June_NR 1961_CD )_) ._. J12 102 ^ introduction_NN ._. J12 103 ^ some_DTI previous_JJ investigations_NNS have_HV shown_VBN that_CS J12 103 the_ATI exchanges_NNS of_IN J12 104 sodium_NN and_CC potassium_NN ions_NNS between_IN the_ATI haemolymph_NN J12 104 and_CC the_ATI cockroach_NN J12 105 central_JJ nervous_JJ system_NN occurred_VBD relatively_RB rapidly_RB J12 105 (_( Treherne_NP ,_, J12 106 1961a_CD )_) and_CC appeared_VBD to_TO be_BE effected_VBN by_IN a_AT J12 106 mechanism_NN involving_VBG an_AT J12 107 active_JJ extrusion_NN of_IN sodium_NN ions_NNS (_( Treherne_NP ,_, J12 107 1961b_CD )_) ._. ^ more_QL recently_RB J12 108 it_PP3 has_HVZ also_RB been_BEN shown_VBN that_CS the_ATI measured_JJ J12 108 efflux_NN of_IN sodium_NN ions_NNS was_BEDZ not_XNOT J12 109 significantly_RB affected_VBN by_IN the_ATI removal_NN of_IN J12 109 substantial_JJ portions_NNS of_IN the_ATI J12 110 cellular_JJ and_CC fibrous_JJ nerve_NN sheath_NN (_( Treherne_NP ,_, J12 110 1961c_CD )_) ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ J12 111 concluded_VBN from_IN this_DT that_CS the_ATI rate-limiting_JJ J12 111 factor_NN measured_VBN in_IN these_DTS J12 112 experiments_NNS was_BEDZ not_XNOT the_ATI transfer_NN of_IN ions_NNS J12 112 across_IN the_ATI perilemma_NN but_CC the_ATI J12 113 extrusion_NN of_IN sodium_NN from_IN the_ATI underlying_JJ tissues_NNS J12 113 of_IN the_ATI central_JJ nervous_JJ J12 114 system_NN ._. ^ thus_RB any_DTI rate-limiting_JJ movements_NNS of_IN J12 114 ions_NNS across_IN the_ATI perilemma_NN J12 115 occurred_VBD too_QL rapidly_RB to_TO be_BE measured_VBN by_IN the_ATI J12 115 techniques_NNS used_VBN in_IN the_ATI J12 116 previous_JJ investigations_NNS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI present_JJ J12 116 experiments_NNS ,_, therefore_RB ,_, an_AT J12 117 attempt_NN has_HVZ been_BEN made_VBN to_TO measure_VB the_ATI rapid_JJ J12 117 component_NN of_IN *:24**:\0Na_&FO J12 118 exchange_NN by_IN determining_VBG the_ATI rate_NN of_IN loss_NN of_IN J12 118 radioactivity_NN obtained_VBN on_IN J12 119 washing_VBG isolated_JJ nerve_NN cords_NNS and_CC single_JJ J12 119 connectives_NNS and_CC ganglia_NNS for_IN J12 120 relatively_RB short_JJ periods_NNS in_IN successive_JJ volumes_NNS J12 120 of_IN physiological_JJ J12 121 solution_NN ._. J12 122 ^ methods_NNS ._. J12 123 ^ the_ATI experiments_NNS described_VBN in_IN this_DT paper_NN J12 123 were_BED carried_VBN out_RP using_VBG J12 124 the_ATI abdominal_JJ nerve_NN cords_NNS of_IN adult_JJ male_JJ J12 124 Periplaneta_&FW americana_&FW J12 125 \0L_NP ._. ^ in_IN these_DTS experiments_NNS the_ATI nerve_NN cords_NNS J12 125 were_BED made_VBN radioactive_JJ by_IN J12 126 soaking_VBG them_PP3OS for_IN varying_JJ periods_NNS in_IN a_AT J12 126 solution_NN containing_VBG *:24**:\0Na_&FO J12 127 (_( 0.1-0.5_CD-CD \0mc_NNU /_IN \0ml_NNU )_) ._. ^ with_IN short_JJ J12 127 loading_NN periods_NNS (_( 20_CD \0sec_NNU -_IN 5.0_CD J12 128 \0min_NNU )_) the_ATI isolated_JJ ligatured_JJ nerve_NN cords_NNS J12 128 were_BED soaked_VBN in_IN the_ATI J12 129 oxygenated_JJ physiological_JJ solution_NN ;_; for_IN longer_RBR J12 129 loading_NN periods_NNS (_( 5-20_CD-CD J12 130 \0min_NNU )_) the_ATI nerve_NN cords_NNS of_IN decapitated_JJ J12 130 individuals_NNS were_BED perfused_VBN with_IN J12 131 the_ATI radioactive_JJ solution_NN as_CS described_VBN in_IN a_AT J12 131 previous_JJ paper_NN (_( Treherne_NP ,_, J12 132 1961c_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI ligatures_NNS were_BED tied_VBN with_IN J12 132 threads_NNS pulled_VBN from_IN 15_CD J12 133 denier_NN nylon_NN stockings_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI composition_NN of_IN J12 133 the_ATI radioactive_JJ solution_NN J12 134 used_VBN was_BEDZ that_DT given_VBN by_IN Treherne_NP (_( 1961a_CD )_) J12 134 ._. ^ on_IN removal_NN from_IN the_ATI J12 135 radioactive_JJ solution_NN the_ATI ligatured_JJ nerve_NN cords_NNS J12 135 were_BED carefully_RB blotted_VBN J12 136 and_CC then_RN washed_VBN for_IN varying_JJ periods_NNS in_IN J12 136 successive_JJ 0.2_CD \0ml_NNU amounts_NNS of_IN J12 137 inactive_JJ solution_NN of_IN the_ATI same_AP composition_NN ._. ^ J12 137 the_ATI amount_NN of_IN *:24**:\0Na_&FO J12 138 remaining_VBG in_IN the_ATI nerve_NN cord_NN at_IN varying_JJ times_NNS J12 138 was_BEDZ determined_VBN from_IN the_ATI J12 139 measured_JJ radioactivity_NN of_IN the_ATI washings_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J12 139 radioactivity_NN J12 140 measurements_NNS were_BED made_VBN with_IN a_AT Mullard_NP \0MX_NP J12 140 123_CD \0G.M_NNU tube_NN linked_VBN J12 141 to_IN a_AT 100_CD \0c_NNU Panax_NP scaler_NN ._. J12 142 ^ some_DTI preliminary_JJ measurements_NNS were_BED made_VBN to_TO J12 142 estimate_VB the_ATI extent_NN of_IN J12 143 any_DTI *'_*' inulin_NN space_NN **'_**' in_IN the_ATI central_JJ J12 143 nervous_JJ system_NN ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ done_VBN by_IN J12 144 soaking_VBG ligatured_JJ isolated_JJ nerve_NN cords_NNS for_IN 1_CD1 J12 144 \0hr_NNU in_IN a_AT 3.0_CD %_NNU solution_NN J12 145 of_IN *:14**:C-labelled_JJ inulin_NN (_( 3.0_CD \0mc_NNU /_IN \0g_NNU J12 145 )_) made_VBN up_RP in_IN physiological_JJ J12 146 solution_NN ._. ^ the_ATI nerve_NN cords_NNS were_BED then_RN J12 146 washed_VBN for_IN 25_CD \0sec_NNU and_CC the_ATI J12 147 *:14**:C-inulin_&FO was_BEDZ extracted_VBN by_IN soaking_VBG them_PP3OS J12 147 for_IN 24_CD \0hr_NNU in_IN the_ATI J12 148 physiological_JJ solution_NN ._. ^ the_ATI washing_NN time_NN of_IN J12 148 25_CD \0sec_NNU used_VBN was_BEDZ found_VBN J12 149 to_TO be_BE the_ATI minimum_JJ period_NN necessary_JJ to_TO remove_VB J12 149 97_CD %_NNU of_IN the_ATI radioactivity_NN J12 150 from_IN the_ATI surface_NN of_IN a_AT nerve_NN cord_NN exposed_VBN J12 150 to_IN *:14**:C-inulin_&FO for_IN 1_CD1 J12 151 \0sec_NNU ._. ^ these_DTS values_NNS are_BER thus_RB likely_JJ to_TO J12 151 be_BE minimum_JJ estimates_NNS of_IN the_ATI J12 152 *'_*' inulin_NN space_NN **'_**' of_IN this_DT organ_NN for_CS some_DTI J12 152 radioactivity_NN must_MD have_HV J12 153 leaked_VBN from_IN within_IN the_ATI nerve_NN cord_NN during_IN the_ATI J12 153 washing_NN procedure_NN ._. ^ in_IN a_AT J12 154 limited_JJ number_NN of_IN cases_NNS the_ATI rate_NN of_IN loss_NN J12 154 of_IN *:14**:C-labelled_JJ inulin_NN J12 155 was_BEDZ determined_VBN by_IN washing_VBG the_ATI ligatured_JJ J12 155 isolated_JJ nerve_NN cords_NNS in_IN J12 156 successive_JJ volumes_NNS of_IN the_ATI physiological_JJ solution_NN J12 156 as_CS for_IN the_ATI J12 157 *:24**:\0Na_&FO efflux_NN experiments_NNS ._. J12 159 ^ results_NNS ._. J12 160 ^ the_ATI results_NNS illustrated_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 1_CD1 show_VB J12 160 the_ATI decline_NN in_IN J12 161 radioactivity_NN of_IN some_DTI isolated_JJ abdominal_JJ nerve_NN J12 161 cords_NNS ,_, previously_RB J12 162 soaked_VBN in_IN the_ATI solution_NN containing_VBG *:24**:\0Na_&FO ,_, J12 162 when_WRB maintained_VBN in_IN an_AT J12 163 inactive_JJ solution_NN of_IN the_ATI same_AP composition_NN ._. ^ J12 163 in_IN all_ABN cases_NNS J12 164 semi-logarithmic_JJ plots_NNS of_IN the_ATI results_NNS for_IN J12 164 varying_JJ loading_NN times_NNS J12 165 appeared_VBD to_TO follow_VB a_AT complex_JJ course_NN initially_RB ,_, J12 165 eventually_RB assuming_VBG an_AT J12 166 exponential_JJ form_NN after_IN a_AT period_NN of_IN between_IN J12 166 160-200_CD-CD \0sec_NNU J12 167 ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ found_VBN possible_JJ to_TO separate_VB a_AT J12 167 fast_JJ component_NN from_IN the_ATI J12 168 curves_NNS for_IN the_ATI loss_NN of_IN *:24**:\0Na_&FO from_IN the_ATI J12 168 nerve_NN cords_NNS by_IN subtraction_NN J12 169 from_IN the_ATI initial_JJ values_NNS lying_VBG above_IN the_ATI J12 169 line_NN extrapolated_VBN to_IN zero_CD J12 170 time_NN ._. ^ the_ATI separation_NN of_IN an_AT efflux_NN curve_NN J12 170 into_IN fast_JJ and_CC slow_JJ components_NNS J12 171 with_IN data_NNS plotted_VBN semi-logarithmically_RB with_IN respect_NN J12 171 to_IN time_NN is_BEZ shown_VBN J12 172 in_IN \0fig_NN 2_CD ._. ^ the_ATI fast_JJ component_NN illustrated_VBN J12 172 in_IN \0fig_NN 2_CD was_BEDZ complex_JJ J12 173 initially_RB ,_, but_CC assumed_VBN after_IN a_AP few_AP" seconds_NNS J12 173 a_AT simple_JJ exponential_JJ form_NN J12 174 with_IN a_AT half-time_NN (_( t*;0.5**;_&FO )_) of_IN approximately_RB J12 174 33.0_CD \0sec_NNU ._. ^ the_ATI J12 175 half-time_NN for_IN the_ATI slow_JJ component_NN was_BEDZ ,_, in_IN J12 175 this_DT case_NN ,_, 260_CD \0sec_NNU J12 177 ._. ^ the_ATI escape_NN of_IN *:24**:\0Na_&FO from_IN the_ATI J12 177 isolated_JJ abdominal_JJ nerve_NN cords_NNS J12 178 was_BEDZ also_RB measured_VBN in_IN the_ATI presence_NN of_IN 0.5_CD J12 178 \0mM_NNU /_IN \0l_NNU J12 179 2_CD :_: 4-dinitrophenol_NN ._. ^ the_ATI poison_NN was_BEDZ added_VBN J12 179 to_IN the_ATI physiological_JJ solution_NN J12 180 during_IN the_ATI initial_JJ loading_NN period_NN with_IN the_ATI J12 180 *:24**:\0Na_&FO and_CC was_BEDZ present_JJ J12 181 at_IN the_ATI same_AP concentration_NN in_IN the_ATI inactive_JJ J12 181 solution_NN during_IN the_ATI J12 182 subsequent_JJ efflux_NN experiments_NNS ._. ^ previous_JJ results_NNS J12 182 (_( Treherne_NP ,_, 1961_CD J12 183 b_ZZ )_) have_HV shown_VBN that_CS there_EX was_BEDZ a_AT slight_JJ J12 183 delay_NN period_NN of_IN a_AP few_AP" J12 184 minutes_NNS before_CS the_ATI poison_NN affected_VBD the_ATI rate_NN J12 184 of_IN extrusion_NN of_IN sodium_NN J12 185 from_IN the_ATI nerve_NN cords_NNS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI present_JJ J12 185 experiments_NNS ,_, therefore_RB ,_, the_ATI J12 186 nerve_NN cords_NNS which_WDTR were_BED loaded_VBN with_IN J12 186 *:24**:\0Na_&FO for_IN only_RB short_JJ periods_NNS J12 187 (_( less_AP than_IN 5_CD \0min_NNU )_) were_BED pretreated_VBN with_IN J12 187 0.5_CD \0mM_NNU /_IN \0l_NNU J12 188 dinitrophenol_NN to_TO maintain_VB a_AT constant_JJ exposure_NN to_IN J12 188 the_ATI poison_NN of_IN 5_CD J12 189 \0min_NNU before_CS the_ATI efflux_NN experiments_NNS were_BED J12 189 commenced_VBN ._. ^ \0fig_NN 3_CD shows_VBZ J12 190 the_ATI escape_NN of_IN *:24**:\0Na_&FO from_IN a_AT poisoned_JJ J12 190 preparation_NN loaded_VBN with_IN J12 191 *:24**:\0Na_&FO for_IN 10_CD \0min_NNU ._. ^ in_IN this_DT J12 191 experiment_NN the_ATI fast_JJ component_NN was_BEDZ J12 192 not_XNOT abolished_VBN by_IN the_ATI presence_NN of_IN the_ATI J12 192 poison_NN ,_, in_IN fact_NN t*;0.5**;_&FO in_IN J12 193 this_DT case_NN was_BEDZ 33.0_CD \0sec_NNU ,_, which_WDTR was_BEDZ J12 193 the_ATI same_AP as_IN that_DT for_IN the_ATI normal_JJ J12 194 preparation_NN illustrated_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 2_CD ._. ^ in_IN this_DT J12 194 particular_JJ experiment_NN J12 195 the_ATI slow_JJ component_NN for_IN *:24**:\0Na_&FO efflux_NN was_BEDZ J12 195 ,_, however_RB ,_, much_RB reduced_VBN J12 196 as_CS compared_VBN with_IN the_ATI normal_JJ preparation_NN ._. ^ J12 196 the_ATI effects_NNS of_IN 0.5_CD \0mM_NNU /_IN J12 197 \0l_NNU 2_CD :_: 4-dinitrophenol_NN on_IN the_ATI escape_NN of_IN J12 197 *:24**:\0Na_&FO from_IN the_ATI isolated_JJ J12 198 nerve_NN cords_NNS are_BER summarized_VBN in_IN table_NN 1_CD1 ._. ^ J12 198 the_ATI results_NNS clearly_RB indicate_VB J12 199 that_CS the_ATI presence_NN of_IN the_ATI poison_NN affected_VBD J12 199 the_ATI slow_JJ phase_NN of_IN sodium_NN loss_NN J12 200 but_CC not_XNOT the_ATI initial_JJ fast_JJ component_NN ._. J12 201 ^ the_ATI total_JJ activity_NN of_IN the_ATI *:24**:\0Na_&FO in_IN J12 201 the_ATI slowly_RB exchanging_VBG J12 202 fraction_NN was_BEDZ estimated_VBN by_IN extrapolation_NN of_IN the_ATI J12 202 slow_JJ component_NN to_IN zero_CD J12 203 time_NN ._. ^ \0fig_NN 4_CD illustrates_VBZ the_ATI estimated_JJ J12 206 radioactivity_NN of_IN the_ATI slowly_RB escaping_JJ fraction_NN at_IN J12 206 varying_JJ times_NNS after_IN J12 207 exposure_NN to_IN the_ATI solution_NN containing_VBG *:24**:\0Na_&FO J12 207 ._. ^ these_DTS data_NNS would_MD J12 208 appear_VB to_TO show_VB that_CS the_ATI poison_NN had_HVD little_AP J12 208 effect_NN on_IN the_ATI rate_NN of_IN J12 209 accumulation_NN of_IN the_ATI radioactive_JJ ions_NNS in_IN the_ATI J12 209 slowly_RB exchanging_VBG J12 210 fraction_NN ._. ^ the_ATI results_NNS are_BER ,_, however_RB ,_, too_QL J12 210 few_AP to_TO judge_VB the_ATI equilibrium_NN J12 211 level_NN of_IN radioactivity_NN as_IN between_IN" the_ATI normal_JJ J12 211 and_CC poisoned_JJ J12 212 preparations_NNS ._. J12 214 ^ the_ATI escape_NN of_IN *:24**:\0Na_&FO from_IN isolated_JJ J12 214 ligatured_JJ fragments_NNS of_IN J12 215 the_ATI central_JJ nervous_JJ system_NN was_BEDZ studied_VBN in_IN J12 215 some_DTI experiments_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI loss_NN J12 216 of_IN radio-sodium_NN from_IN the_ATI terminal_JJ abdominal_JJ J12 216 ganglion_NN and_CC from_IN the_ATI J12 217 connective_NN between_IN the_ATI fourth_OD and_CC fifth_OD abdominal_JJ J12 217 ganglia_NNS was_BEDZ found_VBN to_TO J12 218 occur_VB as_IN a_AT two-stage_JJB process_NN as_IN for_IN the_ATI J12 218 whole_JJ abdominal_JJ nerve_NN cord_NN ._. J13 2 ^ a_AT control_NN serum_NN known_VBN to_TO contain_VB a_AT weak_JJ J13 2 anti-D_NN antibody_NN is_BEZ included_VBN J13 3 in_IN each_DT batch_NN of_IN tests_NNS ;_; only_RB if_CS this_DT J13 3 gives_VBZ a_AT macroscopic_JJ positive_NN with_IN J13 4 the_ATI D_ZZ positive_JJ and_CC a_AT clear_JJ negative_NN with_IN J13 4 the_ATI D_ZZ negative_JJ cells_NNS should_MD J13 5 the_ATI rest_NN of_IN the_ATI test_NN be_BE read_VBN ._. J13 6 ^ comment_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ a_AT very_QL sensitive_JJ and_CC J13 6 useful_JJ technique_NN which_WDTR J13 7 is_BEZ unlikely_JJ to_TO fail_VB to_TO detect_VB any_DTI \0Rh_&FO J13 7 antibodies_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ recommended_VBN J13 8 that_CS it_PP3 should_MD always_RB be_BE used_VBN as_IN a_AT routine_JJ J13 8 antibody_NN detection_NN method_NN ._. J13 9 ^ occasionally_RB sera_NNS are_BER encountered_VBN which_WDTR give_VB J13 9 pan-agglutination_NN with_IN J13 10 trypsinised_JJ red_JJ cells_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI antibody_NN J13 10 responsible_JJ for_IN the_ATI J13 11 pan-agglutination_NN can_MD usually_RB be_BE quite_RB easily_RB J13 11 removed_VBN by_IN incubating_VBG J13 12 the_ATI serum_NN with_IN an_AT equal_JJ volume_NN of_IN the_ATI J13 12 patient's_NN$ own_AP trypsinised_JJ red_JJ J13 13 cells_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI absorbed_JJ serum_NN can_MD then_RN be_BE J13 13 re-examined_VBN for_IN the_ATI presence_NN of_IN J13 14 specific_JJ antibodies_NNS with_IN the_ATI standard_JJ trypsinised_JJ J13 14 cells_NNS ._. J13 15 ^ \0no_NN 16_CD ._. ^ Lo"w's_NP$ papain_NN technique_NN for_IN J13 15 antibody_NN detection_NN ._. J13 16 ^ equal_JJ volumes_NNS of_IN the_ATI serum_NN to_TO be_BE tested_VBN J13 16 ,_, papain_NN and_CC a_AT 2_CD per_NNU J13 17 cent_NNU" suspension_NN of_IN red_JJ cells_NNS are_BER placed_VBN in_IN J13 17 a_AT precipitin_NN tube_NN ,_, taking_VBG J13 18 care_NN to_TO adhere_VB strictly_RB to_IN the_ATI order_NN :_: (_( a_ZZ J13 18 )_) serum_NN ,_, (_( b_ZZ )_) papain_NN ,_, J13 19 (_( c_ZZ )_) red_JJ cells_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ also_RB important_JJ J13 19 that_CS the_ATI serum_NN /_CC papain_NN J13 20 mixture_NN should_MD not_XNOT be_BE allowed_VBN to_TO stand_VB on_IN J13 20 the_ATI bench_NN for_IN more_AP than_IN J13 21 about_RB 5_CD minutes_NNS before_CS the_ATI red_JJ cells_NNS are_BER J13 21 added_VBN ._. ^ it_PP3 has_HVZ been_BEN noted_VBN J13 22 that_CS the_ATI best_JJT results_NNS are_BER obtained_VBN if_CS the_ATI J13 22 red_JJ cells_NNS are_BER allowed_VBN to_TO J13 23 sink_VB through_IN the_ATI fluid_NN during_IN the_ATI incubation_NN J13 23 period_NN ._. ^ therefore_RB the_ATI J13 24 contents_NNS of_IN the_ATI tubes_NNS should_MD not_XNOT be_BE mixed_VBN J13 24 up_RP at_IN the_ATI initial_JJ stage_NN ._. J13 25 ^ the_ATI test_NN is_BEZ read_VBN after_IN precisely_RB one_CD1 J13 25 hour's_NN$ incubation_NN ,_, controls_NNS of_IN J13 26 known_JJ D_ZZ positive_JJ and_CC D_ZZ negative_JJ cells_NNS with_IN J13 26 a_AT weak_JJ incomplete_JJ anti-D_NN J13 27 being_BEG included_VBN with_IN each_DT batch_NN of_IN tests_NNS ._. J13 28 ^ comment_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ a_AT good_JJ and_CC efficient_JJ J13 28 technique_NN and_CC is_BEZ J13 29 excellent_JJ for_IN the_ATI detection_NN of_IN \0Rh_&FO antibodies_NNS J13 29 ._. ^ in_IN fact_NN anti-D_NN J13 30 antibodies_NNS may_MD be_BE detectable_JJ when_WRB they_PP3AS are_BER J13 30 not_XNOT apparent_JJ by_IN any_DTI other_AP J13 31 technique_NN ,_, even_RB the_ATI indirect_JJ Coombs_NP ._. ^ it_PP3 J13 31 does_DOZ ,_, however_RB ,_, give_VB positives_NNS J13 32 when_WRB certain_JJ other_AP antibodies_NNS are_BER present_JJ so_CS J13 32 that_CS" care_NN must_MD be_BE taken_VBN J13 33 in_IN the_ATI establishment_NN of_IN the_ATI specificity_NN of_IN J13 33 any_DTI antibody_NN detected_VBN by_IN J13 34 this_DT method_NN ._. J13 35 ^ titration_NN of_IN \0Rh_&FO antibodies_NNS ._. J13 36 ^ technique_NN \0no_NN 17_CD ._. saline_NN ._. ^ serial_JJ J13 36 dilutions_NNS of_IN the_ATI serum_NN are_BER J13 37 made_VBN in_IN saline_NN as_CS in_IN technique_NN \0no_NN 6_CD (_( J13 37 or_CC if_CS desired_VBN techniques_NNS J13 38 \0Nos_NNS 7_CD or_CC 8_CD )_) and_CC incubated_VBN at_IN 37_CD *@_NNU J13 38 \0C_NP for_IN 2_CD hours_NNS with_IN standard_JJ J13 39 D-positive_JJ red_JJ cells_NNS (_( 2_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" suspension_NN J13 39 )_) in_IN saline_NN ._. ^ the_ATI tests_NNS are_BER J13 40 read_VBN taking_VBG the_ATI usual_JJ precautions_NNS against_IN J13 40 breaking_VBG down_RP the_ATI J13 41 agglutinates_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI results_NNS are_BER recorded_VBN as_CS J13 41 for_IN ABO_&FO titres_NNS ._. ^ (_( see_VB J13 42 plates_NNS 6_CD and_CC 7_CD ._. )_) J13 43 ^ technique_NN \0no_NN 18_CD ._. albumin_NN ._. ^ the_ATI serial_JJ J13 43 dilutions_NNS of_IN the_ATI J13 44 serum_NN are_BER made_VBN in_IN AB_&FO serum_NN and_CC the_ATI J13 44 standard_JJ cells_NNS are_BER suspended_VBN in_IN 30_CD J13 45 per_NNU cent_NNU" bovine_JJ albumin_NN ._. ^ in_IN all_ABN other_AP J13 45 respects_NNS the_ATI method_NN is_BEZ J13 46 identical_JJ with_IN technique_NN \0no_NN 17_CD ._. J13 47 ^ technique_NN \0no_NN 19_CD ._. albumin_NN addition_NN ._. ^ J13 47 serial_JJ dilutions_NNS are_BER J13 48 made_VBN in_IN AB_&FO serum_NN ._. ^ after_CS 1_CD1 1/2_CD hours'_NNS$ J13 48 incubation_NN an_AT equal_JJ volume_NN of_IN J13 49 bovine_JJ albumin_NN is_BEZ added_VBN without_IN disturbing_VBG the_ATI J13 49 cells_NNS ._. ^ after_IN a_AT further_JJB J13 50 30_CD minutes'_NNS$ incubation_NN the_ATI tests_NNS are_BER read_VBN J13 50 in_IN the_ATI usual_JJ manner_NN ._. J13 51 ^ technique_NN \0no_NN 20_CD ._. indirect_JJ Coombs_NP technique_NN J13 51 ._. ^ serial_JJ J13 52 dilutions_NNS of_IN the_ATI serum_NN are_BER made_VBN in_IN saline_NN J13 52 using_VBG double_JJ unit_NN volumes_NNS J13 53 (_( 0.06_CD \0ml_NNU )_) in_IN the_ATI cell-suspension_JJB tubes_NNS J13 53 ._. ^ four_CD volumes_NNS of_IN a_AT 5_CD per_NNU J13 54 cent_NNU" suspension_NN packed_JJ washed_JJ D-positive_JJ red_JJ J13 54 cells_NNS are_BER added_VBN to_IN each_DT J13 55 tube_NN ._. ^ from_IN this_DT point_NN the_ATI procedure_NN is_BEZ J13 55 exactly_RB as_CS in_IN technique_NN \0no_NN J13 56 14_CD (_( a_ZZ )_) ._. J13 57 ^ technique_NN \0no_NN 21_CD ._. trypsin_NN ._. ^ the_ATI serial_JJ J13 57 dilutions_NNS of_IN serum_NN J13 58 are_BER made_VBN in_IN AB_&FO serum_NN and_CC warmed_VBN to_IN 37_CD J13 58 *@_NNU \0C_NP before_IN the_ATI addition_NN to_IN each_DT J13 59 tube_NN of_IN an_AT equal_JJ volume_NN of_IN trypsinised_JJ J13 59 D-positive_JJ red_JJ cells_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J13 60 tests_NNS are_BER incubated_VBN for_IN 1_CD1 hour_NN and_CC read_VBN J13 60 by_IN tapping_VBG the_ATI tubes_NNS and_CC J13 61 examining_VBG the_ATI contents_NNS macroscopically_RB and_CC if_CS J13 61 necessary_JJ J13 62 microscopically_RB for_IN agglutination_NN ._. J13 63 ^ technique_NN \0no_NN 22_CD ._. papain_NN ._. ^ the_ATI serial_JJ J13 63 dilutions_NNS are_BER made_VBN as_CS J13 64 for_IN technique_NN \0no_NN 18_CD ,_, after_IN which_WDTR one_CD1 J13 64 volume_NN of_IN Lo"w's_NP$ papain_NN is_BEZ J13 65 added_VBN to_IN each_DT tube_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ followed_VBN J13 65 immediately_RB by_IN an_AT equal_JJ volume_NN J13 66 of_IN a_AT 2_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" suspension_NN in_IN saline_NN of_IN J13 66 D_ZZ positive_JJ red_JJ cells_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J13 67 tubes_NNS are_BER incubated_VBN for_IN exactly_RB one_CD1 hour_NN J13 67 and_CC then_RN read_VBN ,_, first_RB tapping_VBG J13 68 the_ATI tube_NN twice_RB gently_RB before_IN examining_VBG the_ATI J13 68 contents_NNS macroscopically_RB J13 69 and_CC if_CS negative_JJ ,_, microscopically_RB ._. J13 70 ^ interpretation_NN of_IN results_NNS ._. J13 71 ^ sera_NNS are_BER usually_RB tested_VBN by_IN at_RB least_RB" J13 71 two_CD techniques_NNS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J13 72 testing_NN of_IN \0Rh_&FO negative_JJ women_NNS antenatally_RB ,_, J13 72 for_IN instance_NN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ J13 73 recommended_VBN that_CS the_ATI saline_NN (_( technique_NN 12_CD )_) J13 73 albumin_NN (_( technique_NN 13_CD )_) and_CC J13 74 trypsin_NN (_( technique_NN 15_CD )_) or_CC papain_NN (_( technique_NN J13 74 16_CD )_) techniques_NNS are_BER used_VBN in_IN J13 75 parallel_NN ._. ^ any_DTI reaction_NN obtained_VBN ,_, however_WRB J13 75 weak_JJ ,_, indicates_VBZ that_CS further_JJB J13 76 tests_NNS are_BER necessary_JJ to_TO confirm_VB the_ATI presence_NN J13 76 of_IN an_AT antibody_NN and_CC to_TO J13 77 establish_VB its_PP$ identity_NN ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI serum_NN of_IN J13 77 a_AT D_ZZ negative_JJ individual_NN J13 78 agglutinates_VBZ the_ATI D_ZZ positive_JJ but_CC not_XNOT the_ATI D_ZZ J13 78 negative_JJ control_NN cells_NNS ,_, J13 79 there_EX is_BEZ a_AT high_JJ probability_NN that_CS the_ATI serum_NN J13 79 contains_VBZ anti-D_NN ,_, but_CC the_ATI J13 80 specificity_NN should_MD be_BE confirmed_VBN by_IN testing_VBG J13 80 against_IN several_AP more_AP J13 81 examples_NNS of_IN D-positive_JJ and_CC D-negative_JJ red_JJ cells_NNS J13 81 ._. ^ if_CS a_AT pattern_NN of_IN J13 82 reaction_NN is_BEZ obtained_VBN other_AP than_IN that_DT expected_VBN J13 82 for_IN anti-D_NN ,_, the_ATI serum_NN J13 83 requires_VBZ a_AT more_QL detailed_JJ investigation_NN (_( table_NN J13 83 14_CD )_) ;_; this_DT is_BEZ usually_RB J13 84 undertaken_VBN by_IN a_AT specialist_JJ serological_JJ laboratory_NN J13 84 ._. ^ moreover_RB it_PP3 must_MD J13 85 be_BE realised_VBN that_CS a_AT serum_NN behaving_VBG like_IN anti-D_NN J13 85 in_IN the_ATI above_JJB tests_NNS may_MD J13 86 in_IN fact_NN be_BE a_AT mixture_NN of_IN \0Rh_&FO antibodies_NNS ._. ^ J13 86 rather_RB less_AP than_IN half_ABN the_ATI J13 87 \0Rh_&FO antibodies_NNS found_VBN in_IN \0Rh_&FO negative_JJ J13 87 persons_NNS are_BER mixtures_NNS of_IN anti-D_NN J13 88 and_CC anti-C_NN ,_, a_AT much_RB smaller_JJR number_NN are_BER J13 88 anti-D_NN plus_IN anti-E_NN and_CC a_AT very_QL J13 89 few_AP are_BER mixtures_NNS of_IN all_ABN three_CD antibodies_NNS ._. ^ J13 89 a_AT knowledge_NN of_IN whether_CS or_CC J13 90 not_XNOT a_AT particular_JJ anti-D_NN is_BEZ mixed_VBN with_IN J13 90 anti-C_NN or_CC anti-E_NN is_BEZ usually_RB J13 91 unimportant_JJ clinically_RB ,_, but_CC if_CS the_ATI serum_NN is_BEZ J13 91 required_VBN for_IN \0Rh_&FO typing_NN J13 92 purposes_NNS its_PP$ exact_JJ content_NN must_MD be_BE known_VBN ._. ^ J13 92 it_PP3 is_BEZ dangerous_JJ to_TO use_VB for_IN J13 93 typing_NN purposes_NNS a_AT serum_NN containing_VBG anti-C_NN or_CC J13 93 anti-E_NN in_IN addition_NN to_IN the_ATI J13 94 anti-D_NN ,_, for_CS by_IN this_DT means_NN certain_JJ individuals_NNS J13 94 who_WPR are_BER in_IN fact_NN D_ZZ J13 95 negative_JJ may_MD be_BE falsely_RB classed_VBN as_CS D_ZZ positive_JJ J13 95 ._. ^ R*?7r(Cde.cde)_&FO cells_NNS J13 96 which_WDTR contain_VB C_ZZ without_IN D_ZZ will_MD show_VB the_ATI J13 96 presence_NN of_IN anti-C_NN in_IN an_AT J13 97 anti-C_NN plus_IN anti-D_NN mixture_NN while_CS R*?8r(cdE.cde)_&FO J13 97 which_WDTR contain_VB E_ZZ J13 98 without_IN D_ZZ cells_NNS will_MD detect_VB anti-E_NN in_IN an_AT J13 98 anti-E_NN plus_IN anti-D_NN mixture_NN ._. J13 99 ^ therefore_RB ,_, while_CS the_ATI testing_NN of_IN a_AT suspected_JJ J13 99 anti-D_NN against_IN about_RB 3_CD D_ZZ J13 100 positive_JJ and_CC 2_CD D_ZZ negative_JJ red_JJ cell_NN samples_NNS J13 100 followed_VBN by_IN titration_NN is_BEZ J13 101 adequate_JJ for_IN normal_JJ purposes_NNS ,_, a_AT far_RB more_QL J13 101 detailed_JJ investigation_NN of_IN the_ATI J13 102 serum_NN must_MD be_BE made_VBN (_( probably_RB by_IN a_AT J13 102 specialist_JJ laboratory_NN )_) if_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ J13 103 required_VBN for_IN \0Rh_&FO typing_NN ._. J13 105 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, possible_JJ as_CS in_IN J13 105 example_NN 4_CD (_( table_NN 14_CD )_) that_CS the_ATI J13 106 antibody_NN belongs_VBZ to_IN one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI other_AP blood_NN J13 106 group_NN systems_NNS such_IN as_IN" Kell_NP ,_, J13 107 Duffy_NP ,_, Kidd_NP ,_, Lutheran_NP ,_, \0etc_RB ._. ^ for_IN a_AT J13 107 description_NN of_IN these_DTS another_DT J13 108 textbook_NN ,_, such_IN as_IN" an_AT introduction_NN to_IN blood_NN J13 108 group_NN serology_NN ,_, must_MD be_BE J13 109 consulted_VBN ._. ^ antibodies_NNS related_VBN to_IN these_DTS J13 109 systems_NNS can_MD only_RB be_BE identified_VBN J13 110 by_IN a_AT laboratory_NN possessing_VBG a_AT panel_NN of_IN red_JJ J13 110 cells_NNS extensively_RB J13 111 *'_*' genotyped_VBN **'_**' to_TO cover_VB them_PP3OS ._. J13 113 ^ chapter_NN 8_CD ._. J13 114 ^ the_ATI choice_NN of_IN blood_NN for_IN transfusion_NN and_CC J13 114 direct_JJ matching_NN methods_NNS ._. J13 115 ^ blood_NN transfusion_NN has_HVZ developed_VBN so_QL rapidly_RB J13 115 in_IN the_ATI last_AP twenty_CD J13 116 years_NNS that_CS it_PP3 comes_VBZ as_IN something_PN of_IN a_AT J13 116 shock_NN to_TO realise_VB that_CS its_PP$ J13 117 history_NN goes_VBZ back_RP into_IN the_ATI remote_JJ past_NN ._. ^ J13 117 in_IN ancient_JJ thinking_NN the_ATI words_NNS J13 118 *'_*' blood_NC **'_**' and_CC *'_*' life_NC **'_**' were_BED almost_RB J13 118 interchangeable_JJ and_CC many_AP J13 119 endeavours_NNS were_BED made_VBN to_TO transfer_VB the_ATI healthy_JJ J13 119 life_NN blood_NN of_IN a_AT young_JJ man_NN J13 120 to_IN the_ATI aged_JJ and_CC infirm_JJ ._. ^ in_IN most_AP cases_NNS J13 120 this_DT was_BEDZ done_VBN by_IN the_ATI recipient_NN J13 121 drinking_VBG the_ATI blood_NN ;_; the_ATI results_NNS were_BED of_RB J13 121 course_RB" ,_, rather_RB disappointing_JJ !_! J13 122 ^ as_QL early_RB as_IN the_ATI sixteenth_OD century_NN it_PP3 J13 122 was_BEDZ realised_VBN that_CS the_ATI J13 123 transference_NN should_MD be_BE from_IN blood_NN vessel_NN to_IN J13 123 blood_NN vessel_NN ,_, but_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ J13 124 not_XNOT known_VBN whether_CS such_ABL an_AT exchange_NN was_BEDZ in_IN J13 124 fact_NN performed_VBN ._. ^ Harvey's_NP$ J13 125 discovery_NN of_IN the_ATI circulation_NN of_IN the_ATI blood_NN in_IN J13 125 the_ATI early_JJ seventeenth_OD J13 126 century_NN gave_VBD a_AT new_JJ impetus_NN to_IN the_ATI interest_NN J13 126 in_IN transfusion_NN and_CC Lower_NP J13 127 actually_RB kept_VBD alive_JJ dogs_NNS ,_, which_WDTR had_HVD been_BEN J13 127 exsanguinated_VBN ,_, with_IN blood_NN J13 128 from_IN other_AP dogs_NNS ,_, transferred_VBN by_IN connecting_VBG J13 128 the_ATI carotid_JJ artery_NN of_IN the_ATI J13 129 one_CD1 to_IN the_ATI jugular_JJ vein_NN of_IN the_ATI other_AP by_IN J13 129 means_IN" of_IN" quills_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI success_NN J13 130 of_IN this_DT venture_NN led_VBD to_IN attempts_NNS to_TO transfuse_VB J13 130 man_NN ._. ^ animals_NNS (_( sheep_NNS and_CC J13 131 lambs_NNS )_) were_BED used_VBN as_IN donors_NNS ,_, but_CC the_ATI J13 131 experiments_NNS were_BED discontinued_VBN when_WRB J13 132 the_ATI fourth_OD recipient_NN died_VBD ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ J13 132 interesting_JJ to_TO note_VB that_CS this_DT J13 133 patient_NN had_HVD three_CD transfusions_NNS in_IN all_ABN ,_, the_ATI J13 133 first_OD symptomless_JJ ,_, the_ATI J13 134 second_OD showing_VBG typical_JJ symptoms_NNS of_IN a_AT haemolytic_JJ J13 134 transfusion_NN reaction_NN J13 135 and_CC the_ATI third_OD resulting_VBG in_IN the_ATI patient's_NN$ J13 135 death_NN ._. J13 136 ^ during_IN the_ATI latter_AP half_NN of_IN the_ATI nineteenth_OD J13 136 century_NN experiments_NNS J13 137 started_VBD again_RB ,_, sometimes_RB using_VBG animal_NN blood_NN ,_, J13 137 sometimes_RB human_JJ ,_, but_CC the_ATI J13 138 results_NNS were_BED so_QL often_RB serious_JJ or_CC even_RB fatal_JJ J13 138 that_CS transfusion_NN was_BEDZ J13 139 abandoned_VBN ._. ^ then_RN in_IN 1901_CD Landsteiner_NP discovered_VBD J13 139 the_ATI ABO_&FO blood_NN J13 140 group_NN system_NN and_CC realised_VBD immediately_RB the_ATI J13 140 importance_NN of_IN his_PP$ discovery_NN ._. J13 141 ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ not_XNOT until_IN some_DTI fifteen_CD years_NNS J13 141 later_RBR ,_, however_RB ,_, that_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ J13 142 universally_RB accepted_VBN that_DT blood_NN grouping_NN and_CC J13 142 direct_JJ compatibility_NN J13 143 tests_NNS were_BED a_AT necessary_JJ prelude_NN to_IN transfusion_NN J13 143 ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ then_RN realised_VBN J13 144 that_CS if_CS the_ATI recipient_NN had_HVD agglutinins_NNS active_JJ J13 144 at_IN 37_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP in_IN his_PP$ serum_NN J13 145 and_CC the_ATI transfused_JJ blood_NN had_HVD the_ATI corresponding_JJ J13 145 agglutinogen_NN ,_, the_ATI blood_NN J13 146 would_MD be_BE destroyed_VBN in_RB vivo_RB" and_CC a_AT haemolytic_JJ J13 146 transfusion_NN J13 147 reaction_NN would_MD result_VB ._. J13 148 ^ the_ATI possibility_NN of_IN the_ATI destruction_NN of_IN the_ATI J13 148 recipient's_NN$ red_JJ cells_NNS J13 149 by_IN transfused_JJ antibody_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT considered_VBN to_TO J13 149 be_BE a_AT real_JJ danger_NN because_IN J13 150 of_IN" the_ATI dilution_NN factor_NN ._. ^ for_IN this_DT reason_NN ,_, J13 150 up_RP to_IN about_RB 1940_CD ,_, group_NN O_ZZ J13 151 blood_NN was_BEDZ considered_VBN safe_JJ for_IN transfusion_NN to_IN J13 151 all_ABN groups_NNS and_CC was_BEDZ called_VBN J13 152 universal_JJ donor_NN blood_NN ._. ^ nowadays_RB it_PP3 is_BEZ J13 152 realised_VBN that_CS transfusion_NN with_IN J13 153 homologous_JJ blood_NN ,_, \0i.e_RB blood_NN of_IN the_ATI same_AP J13 153 type_NN as_IN the_ATI J13 154 recipient_NN ,_, is_BEZ to_TO be_BE preferred_VBN ,_, not_XNOT only_RB J13 154 because_CS the_ATI transfusion_NN of_IN J13 155 antibodies_NNS may_MD be_BE dangerous_JJ ,_, but_CC also_RB because_CS J13 155 the_ATI number_NN of_IN potential_JJ J13 156 donors_NNS is_BEZ doubled_VBN ;_; an_AT important_JJ point_NN when_WRB J13 156 the_ATI demand_NN for_IN blood_NN is_BEZ J13 157 steadily_RB increasing_VBG ._. ^ the_ATI titre_NN of_IN anti-A_NN J13 157 and_CC anti-B_NN antibodies_NNS in_IN J13 158 most_AP donor_NN blood_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT dangerous_JJ so_CS that_CS" J13 158 in_IN emergency_NN ,_, one_CD1 pint_NN of_IN J13 159 group_NN O_ZZ can_MD be_BE given_VBN with_IN little_AP risk_NN ,_, J13 159 but_CC in_IN massive_JJ transfusions_NNS of_IN J13 160 group_NN O_ZZ blood_NN to_IN patients_NNS of_IN other_AP groups_NNS J13 160 the_ATI quantity_NN of_IN antibody_NN J13 161 transfused_VBN becomes_VBZ considerable_JJ and_CC may_MD even_RB J13 161 result_VB in_IN the_ATI destruction_NN J13 162 of_IN almost_RB all_ABN the_ATI recipient's_NN$ own_AP red_JJ cells_NNS J13 162 ._. ^ in_RB particular_RB" ,_, it_PP3 has_HVZ J13 163 been_BEN shown_VBN that_CS exchange_NN transfusion_NN of_IN infants_NNS J13 163 suffering_VBG from_IN J13 164 haemolytic_JJ disease_NN should_MD be_BE performed_VBN with_IN blood_NN J13 164 of_IN the_ATI infant's_NN$ own_AP J13 165 ABO_&FO group_NN ._. J13 166 ^ the_ATI discovery_NN of_IN the_ATI ABO_&FO blood_NN groups_NNS J13 166 was_BEDZ ,_, however_RB ,_, merely_RB J13 167 the_ATI beginning_NN ._. ^ today_NR many_AP blood_NN group_NN J13 167 systems_NNS are_BER known_VBN ,_, by_IN means_IN" of_IN" J13 168 which_WDTR some_DTI hundreds_CDS of_IN types_NNS of_IN blood_NN can_MD J13 168 be_BE differentiated_VBN ._. ^ should_MD J13 169 they_PP3AS all_ABN be_BE taken_VBN into_IN consideration_NN in_IN J13 169 choosing_VBG blood_NN for_IN J13 170 transfusion_NN ?_? ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ obvious_JJ that_CS they_PP3AS can_MD J13 170 not_XNOT be_BE and_CC except_CS in_IN special_JJ J13 171 cases_NNS only_RB two_CD systems_NNS are_BER in_IN fact_NN J13 171 considered_VBN ,_, ABO_&FO and_CC \0Rh_&FO J13 172 ._. ^ when_WRB blood_NN is_BEZ transfused_VBN there_EX are_BER J13 172 many_AP dangers_NNS present_JJ ,_, of_IN which_WDTR J13 173 two_CD are_BER directly_RB concerned_VBN with_IN the_ATI antigen_NN J13 173 content_NN of_IN the_ATI transfused_JJ J13 174 blood_NN ,_, the_ATI first_OD being_BEG that_DT of_IN sensitisation_NN J13 174 ,_, the_ATI second_OD that_DT of_IN J13 175 incompatibility_NN ._. J13 176 ^ in_IN the_ATI first_OD case_NN the_ATI recipient_NN does_DOZ J13 176 not_XNOT possess_VB the_ATI antigen_NN J13 177 found_VBN in_IN the_ATI transfused_JJ blood_NN nor_CC the_ATI J13 177 corresponding_JJ antibody_NN ,_, but_CC the_ATI J13 178 transfusion_NN acts_VBZ as_IN a_AT sensitising_JJ dose_NN so_CS J13 178 that_CS" antibodies_NNS are_BER produced_VBN J13 179 in_IN response_NN to_IN the_ATI transfusion_NN or_CC to_IN a_AT J13 179 subsequent_JJ stimulus_NN by_IN the_ATI same_AP J13 180 antigen_NN ._. ^ blood_NN for_IN transfusion_NN can_MD not_XNOT be_BE J13 180 chosen_VBN so_TO as_TO" to_TO" exclude_VB J13 181 every_AT possibility_NN of_IN sensitisation_NN but_CC fortunately_RB J13 181 most_AP of_IN the_ATI blood_NN J13 182 group_NN systems_NNS are_BER not_XNOT strongly_RB antigenic_JJ in_IN J13 182 man_NN and_CC can_MD usually_RB be_BE J13 183 disregarded_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI main_JJB exception_NN is_BEZ the_ATI J13 183 \0Rh_&FO system_NN ,_, and_CC here_RN the_ATI J13 184 problems_NNS of_IN sensitisation_NN must_MD be_BE faced_VBN ._. ^ in_IN J13 184 the_ATI ABO_&FO system_NN (_( where_WRB J13 185 antibodies_NNS occur_VB naturally_RB )_) and_CC in_IN other_AP J13 185 systems_NNS whenever_WRB atypical_JJ J13 186 antibodies_NNS active_JJ at_IN 37_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP have_HV been_BEN J13 186 formed_VBN the_ATI problem_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT that_DT J13 187 of_IN sensitisation_NN but_CC of_IN incompatibility_NN ._. J13 188 ^ a_AT consideration_NN of_IN the_ATI two_CD systems_NNS ,_, ABO_&FO J13 188 and_CC \0Rh_&FO ,_, gives_VBZ an_AT J13 189 idea_NN of_IN the_ATI factors_NNS involved_VBN and_CC how_WRB best_RBT J13 189 to_TO arrive_VB at_IN the_ATI objective_NN ,_, J13 190 the_ATI safe_JJ transfusion_NN of_IN blood_NN ._. J13 191 ^ the_ATI ABO_&FO blood_NN group_NN system_NN is_BEZ still_RB J13 191 the_ATI most_QL dangerous_JJ ._. ^ this_DT J13 192 is_BEZ because_CS the_ATI antibodies_NNS are_BER naturally_RB J13 192 occurring_VBG and_CC over_RB 95_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" J13 193 of_IN all_ABN recipients_NNS will_MD have_HV anti-A_NN and/or_CC J13 193 anti-B_NN in_IN their_PP$ serum_NN ._. ^ on_IN J13 194 the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ABO_&FO blood_NN grouping_NN is_BEZ a_AT J13 194 straightforward_JJ procedure_NN J13 195 and_CC the_ATI simplest_JJT of_IN direct_JJ matching_NN techniques_NNS J13 195 will_MD detect_VB any_DTI J13 196 incompatibility_NN ._. ^ most_AP of_IN the_ATI mistakes_NNS which_WDTR J13 196 occur_VB are_BER clerical_JJ rather_RB J13 197 than_CS technical_JJ ._. J14 2 ^ 3_CD ._. J14 3 ^ results_NNS ._. J14 4 ^ classification_NN of_IN the_ATI population_NN ._. J14 5 ^ every_AT person_NN living_VBG in_IN the_ATI village_NN who_WPR J14 5 was_BEDZ over_IN the_ATI age_NN of_IN J14 6 five_CD years_NNS had_HVD been_BEN asked_VBN to_TO supply_VB a_AT J14 6 specimen_NN of_IN urine_NN ,_, and_CC to_TO answer_VB J14 7 a_AT questionnaire_NN (_( table_NN 2_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI very_QL J14 7 young_JJ children_NNS were_BED not_XNOT tested_VBN J14 8 because_CS apart_IN from_IN" any_DTI practical_JJ difficulties_NNS ,_, J14 8 the_ATI florid_JJ J14 9 manifestations_NNS of_IN diabetes_NN at_IN this_DT age_NN seem_VB to_TO J14 9 make_VB it_PP3 unnecessary_JJ ,_, J14 10 though_CS in_IN any_DTI subsequent_JJ survey_NN we_PP1AS should_MD J14 10 like_VB to_TO include_VB this_DT age_NN J14 11 group_NN ._. ^ 2,071_CD males_NNS and_CC 2,034_CD females_NNS were_BED J14 11 tested_VBN which_WDTR makes_VBZ an_AT 81_CD %_NNU J14 12 response_NN of_IN the_ATI population_NN over_IN the_ATI age_NN of_IN J14 12 five_CD years_NNS ._. ^ details_NNS of_IN J14 13 thirty-three_CD previously_RB diagnosed_VBN cases_NNS of_IN diabetes_NN J14 13 were_BED collected_VBN J14 14 from_IN the_ATI general_JJ practitioners'_NNS$ and_CC clinic_NN J14 14 records_NNS ,_, one_CD1 of_IN these_DTS was_BEDZ a_AT J14 15 boy_NN under_IN the_ATI age_NN of_IN five_CD so_CS that_CS" the_ATI J14 15 total_NN examined_JJ is_BEZ therefore_RB J14 16 4,105+1_&FO ._. ^ as_QL far_RB as_CS can_MD be_BE determined_VBN J14 16 the_ATI 19_CD %_NNU of_IN non-cooperators_NNS were_BED J14 17 not_XNOT different_JJ in_IN age_NN or_CC other_AP environmental_JJ J14 17 factor_NN from_IN the_ATI rest_NN ,_, and_CC J14 18 in_IN calculating_VBG rates_NNS ,_, it_PP3 has_HVZ been_BEN assumed_VBN J14 18 that_CS they_PP3AS are_BER a_AT random_JJ J14 19 sample_NN of_IN the_ATI whole_JJ population_NN ._. ^ however_RB ,_, J14 19 in_IN testing_VBG the_ATI significance_NN J14 20 of_IN possible_JJ aetiological_JJ factors_NNS ,_, further_JJB J14 20 consideration_NN has_HVZ been_BEN given_VBN J14 21 to_IN this_DT and_CC any_DTI affect_NN of_IN selection_NN has_HVZ J14 21 been_BEN excluded_VBN as_QL J14 22 rigorously_RB as_CS possible_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI normal_JJ portion_NN J14 22 of_IN the_ATI population_NN ,_, in_IN whom_WPOR J14 23 no_ATI glycosuria_NN was_BEDZ found_VBN at_IN the_ATI time_NN of_IN J14 23 examination_NN has_HVZ been_BEN used_VBN as_IN a_AT J14 24 control_NN group_NN ._. ^ only_RB those_DTS discovered_VBN to_TO J14 24 have_HV glycosuria_NN were_BED asked_VBN to_TO J14 25 undergo_VB a_AT glucose_NN tolerance_NN test_NN as_CS the_ATI known_JJ J14 25 diabetics_NNS had_HVD been_BEN J14 26 previously_RB verified_VBN and_CC were_BED already_RB under_IN J14 26 treatment_NN ._. J14 27 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ found_VBN that_CS the_ATI blood_NN sugar_NN J14 27 curves_NNS we_PP1AS obtained_VBD show_VB a_AT J14 28 gradual_JJ rise_NN in_IN continuous_JJ sequence_NN from_IN the_ATI J14 28 normal_JJ to_IN the_ATI diabetic_NN ,_, J14 29 and_CC three_CD arbitrary_JJ divisions_NNS have_HV been_BEN made_VBN J14 29 ,_, and_CC ,_, because_CS a_AT true_JJ J14 30 glucose_NN method_NN of_IN blood_NN sugar_NN estimation_NN was_BEDZ J14 30 used_VBN ,_, the_ATI levels_NNS J14 31 considered_VBN important_JJ are_BER 160_CD \0mgm_NNU %_NNU at_IN 1_CD1 J14 31 hour_NN ,_, 140_CD \0mgm_NNU %_NNU at_IN 1_CD1 1/2_CD J14 32 hours_NNS ,_, and_CC 120_CD \0mgm_NNU %_NNU at_IN 2_CD hours_NNS (_( J14 32 Conn_NP 1958_CD )_) ._. ^ these_DTS levels_NNS were_BED taken_VBN J14 33 to_TO divide_VB the_ATI intermediate_JJ and_CC lower_JJR blood_NN J14 33 sugar_NN curves_NNS ,_, and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ of_IN J14 34 interest_NN that_CS this_DT level_NN separates_VBZ the_ATI cases_NNS J14 34 of_IN transient_JJ or_CC J14 35 intermittent_JJ from_IN those_DTS of_IN constant_JJ glycosuria_NN ._. ^ J14 35 as_CS there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI J14 36 universal_JJ agreement_NN about_IN the_ATI actual_JJ lower_JJR J14 36 levels_NNS of_IN blood_NN sugar_NN in_IN J14 37 diabetes_NN the_ATI appearance_NN of_IN the_ATI whole_JJ curve_NN J14 37 was_BEDZ noted_VBN ,_, and_CC particular_JJ J14 38 attention_NN was_BEDZ paid_VBN where_WRB it_PP3 had_HVD not_XNOT J14 38 returned_VBN to_IN the_ATI fasting_NN level_NN at_IN J14 39 two_CD hours_NNS ._. ^ thus_RB our_PP$ grouping_NN of_IN the_ATI J14 39 examined_JJ population_NN is_BEZ classified_VBN J14 40 as_CS follows_VBZ :_: *-_*- J14 41 A_ZZ ._. the_ATI unaffected_JJ population_NN or_CC control_NN J14 41 group_NN of_IN 3,916_CD persons_NNS ._. J14 42 B_ZZ ._. known_JJ diabetics_NNS ,_, 33_CD ._. J14 43 C_ZZ ._. glycosurics_NNS ,_, 167_CD ._. J14 44 ^ the_ATI glycosurics_NNS in_IN turn_NN are_BER subdivided_VBN J14 44 according_IN to_IN" their_PP$ blood_NN J14 45 sugar_NN curves_NNS (_( diagrams_NNS 1_CD1 and_CC 2_CD )_) ._. J14 46 ^ a_ZZ ._. ^ latent_JJ diabetics_NNS ,_, with_IN high_JJ type_NN J14 46 of_IN curve_NN ,_, 25_CD ._. J14 47 ^ b_ZZ ._. ^ intermediate_JJ ._. ^ in_IN 42_CD cases_NNS the_ATI J14 47 blood_NN sugar_NN levels_NNS rose_VBD to_IN ,_, or_CC J14 48 only_RB just_RB above_IN 160_CD \0mgm_NNU %_NNU at_IN 1_CD1 hour_NN ,_, J14 48 140_CD \0mgm_NNU %_NNU at_IN 1_CD1 1/2_CD hours_NNS ,_, 120_CD J14 49 \0mgm_NNU %_NNU at_IN 2_CD hours_NNS ._. J14 50 ^ c_ZZ ._. ^ transient_JJ or_CC intermittent_JJ glycosurics_NNS J14 50 with_IN low_JJ or_CC normal_JJ blood_NN J14 51 sugar_NN levels_NNS ,_, 75_CD ._. J14 52 ^ d_ZZ ._. ^ a_AT group_NN of_IN 25_CD glycosurics_NNS on_IN J14 52 whom_WPOR no_ATI test_NN was_BEDZ performed_VBN ._. J14 53 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ estimated_VBN that_CS the_ATI total_JJ percentage_NN J14 53 of_IN known_JJ diabetics_NNS in_IN J14 54 Ibstock_NP is_BEZ between_IN 1.3_CD %_NNU and_CC 1.4_CD %_NNU ._. ^ J14 54 if_CS we_PP1AS can_MD take_VB Ibstock_NP to_TO be_BE a_AT J14 55 random_JJ sample_NN of_IN the_ATI general_JJ population_NN of_IN J14 55 Britain_NP ,_, the_ATI 95_CD %_NNU confidence_NN J14 56 limits_NNS for_IN the_ATI average_JJ incidence_NN in_IN Britain_NP J14 56 are_BER 1.0_CD %_NNU and_CC 1.6_CD %_NNU ,_, but_CC ,_, in_IN J14 57 fact_NN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ possible_JJ that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT J14 57 exactly_RB comparable_JJ and_CC the_ATI limits_NNS J14 58 should_MD be_BE wider_JJR ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ interesting_JJ to_TO J14 58 note_VB that_CS this_DT range_NN includes_VBZ J14 59 the_ATI results_NNS found_VBN in_IN other_AP similarly_RB conducted_VBN J14 59 surveys_NNS of_IN whole_JJ J14 60 population_NN groups_NNS (_( table_NN 4_CD )_) ._. J14 61 ^ discussion_NN of_IN the_ATI abnormal_JJ groups_NNS ._. J14 62 ^ the_ATI known_JJ diabetics_NNS (_( diagram_NN 4a_CD )_) ._. J14 63 ^ the_ATI thirty-three_CD previously_RB diagnosed_VBN diabetics_NNS J14 63 form_VB a_AT somewhat_RB J14 64 artificial_JJ group_NN owing_IN to_IN" the_ATI duration_NN of_IN J14 64 their_PP$ disease_NN and_CC its_PP$ J14 65 treatment_NN ,_, and_CC because_CS they_PP3AS knew_VBD they_PP3AS J14 65 were_BED diabetic_JJ when_WRB they_PP3AS answered_VBD J14 66 the_ATI questions_NNS ._. ^ wherever_WRB this_DT could_MD bias_VB a_AT J14 66 result_NN in_IN testing_VBG the_ATI J14 67 significance_NN of_IN any_DTI factor_NN ,_, this_DT group_NN has_HVZ J14 67 been_BEN excluded_VBN ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI J14 68 other_AP hand_NN ,_, the_ATI others_APS did_DOD not_XNOT know_VB J14 68 the_ATI result_NN of_IN the_ATI tests_NNS at_IN the_ATI J14 69 time_NN of_IN answering_VBG the_ATI questionnaire_NN ,_, and_CC this_DT J14 69 makes_VBZ these_DTS results_NNS of_IN J14 70 particular_JJ statistical_JJ interest_NN ._. ^ in_IN considering_VBG J14 70 the_ATI known_JJ cases_NNS J14 71 diagnosed_VBN and_CC under_IN treatment_NN at_IN the_ATI time_NN of_IN J14 71 the_ATI survey_NN ,_, twenty-nine_CD J14 72 were_BED already_RB on_IN the_ATI general_JJ practitioners'_NNS$ J14 72 lists_NNS ,_, but_CC during_IN the_ATI year_NN ,_, J14 73 they_PP3AS found_VBD three_CD more_AP men_NNS and_CC the_ATI boy_NN J14 73 under_IN five_CD years_NNS old_JJ ,_, all_ABN of_IN J14 74 whom_WPOR had_HVD indisputable_JJ symptoms_NNS and_CC signs_NNS ,_, J14 74 thus_RB a_AT total_NN of_IN nine_CD males_NNS J14 75 and_CC twenty-four_CD females_NNS are_BER put_VBN to_IN their_PP$ J14 75 credit_NN ._. ^ these_DTS cases_NNS have_HV all_ABN J14 76 been_BEN examined_VBN at_IN the_ATI diabetic_JJ clinic_NN of_IN the_ATI J14 76 Leicester_NP royal_JJ Infirmary_NPL J14 77 although_CS they_PP3AS were_BED not_XNOT all_ABN traced_VBN until_IN J14 77 the_ATI end_NN of_IN the_ATI survey_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS J14 78 think_VB it_PP3 is_BEZ most_QL improbable_JJ that_CS any_DTI J14 78 previously_RB diagnosed_JJ diabetic_NN is_BEZ J14 79 now_RN unrecorded_JJ so_CS that_CS" the_ATI percentage_NN figure_NN J14 79 for_IN known_JJ cases_NNS ,_, when_WRB J14 80 estimated_VBN on_IN the_ATI whole_JJ population_NN of_IN 5,406_CD ,_, J14 80 =_&FO 0.61_CD %_NNU ._. J14 81 ^ in_IN diagram_NN 3_CD an_AT attempt_NN has_HVZ been_BEN made_VBN J14 81 to_TO indicate_VB the_ATI extent_NN of_IN J14 82 the_ATI assumed_JJ diabetic_JJ problem_NN in_IN this_DT small_JJ J14 82 community_NN before_CS any_DTI search_NN J14 83 had_HVD been_BEN made_VBN for_IN the_ATI latent_JJ cases_NNS ._. ^ J14 83 it_PP3 shows_VBZ the_ATI distribution_NN of_IN the_ATI J14 84 known_JJ diabetics_NNS according_IN to_IN" their_PP$ age_NN and_CC J14 84 year_NN of_IN diagnosis_NN ._. J14 85 ^ superimposed_VBN are_BER the_ATI diabetics_NNS known_VBN to_TO J14 85 have_HV died_VBN in_IN Ibstock_NP since_IN J14 86 1940_CD ,_, which_WDTR has_HVZ been_BEN taken_VBN as_IN a_AT base_NN J14 86 line_NN because_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ the_ATI year_NN in_IN J14 87 which_WDTR the_ATI living_JJ case_NN of_IN longest_JJT duration_NN J14 87 was_BEDZ diagnosed_VBN ._. ^ it_PP3 will_MD be_BE J14 88 noticed_VBN that_CS there_EX are_BER now_RN no_ATI diabetics_NNS J14 88 living_VBG in_IN Ibstock_NP who_WPR were_BED J14 89 diagnosed_VBN after_IN the_ATI first_OD two_CD cases_NNS for_IN J14 89 another_DT four_CD years_NNS ._. ^ some_DTI may_MD J14 90 have_HV left_VBN the_ATI village_NN ;_; there_EX are_BER three_CD J14 90 deaths_NNS recorded_VBN during_IN this_DT J14 91 time_NN ,_, but_CC the_ATI possibility_NN is_BEZ that_CS ,_, as_CS J14 91 these_DTS were_BED war_NN years_NNS and_CC food_NN J14 92 rationing_NN was_BEDZ in_IN force_NN ,_, the_ATI elderly_JJ ,_, mild_JJ J14 92 and_CC obese_JJ diabetics_NNS might_MD J14 93 have_HV been_BEN sufficiently_RB controlled_VBN by_IN increased_JJ J14 93 activity_NN and_CC less_AP food_NN J14 94 to_TO have_HV remained_VBN latent_JJ and_CC symptom_NN free_JJ ,_, J14 94 and_CC even_RB free_JJ of_IN glycosuria_NN ._. J14 95 ^ since_IN 1951_CD the_ATI average_JJ number_NN of_IN new_JJ J14 95 diabetics_NNS diagnosed_VBN has_HVZ been_BEN J14 96 four_CD per_IN annum_NN and_CC these_DTS have_HV all_ABN presented_VBN J14 96 with_IN symptoms_NNS ._. J14 97 ^ the_ATI latent_JJ diabetics_NNS (_( diagram_NN 4b_CD )_) ._. J14 98 ^ out_RP of_IN the_ATI newly_RB discovered_JJ glycosurics_NNS ,_, J14 98 25_CD persons_NNS *-_*- 11_CD men_NNS and_CC J14 99 14_CD women_NNS *-_*- show_VB the_ATI frankly_RB diabetic_JJ type_NN J14 99 of_IN glucose_NN tolerance_NN curve_NN J14 100 (_( diagrams_NNS 1_CD1 and_CC 2_CD )_) ._. ^ estimated_VBN on_IN the_ATI J14 100 examined_JJ population_NN of_IN 4,105_CD ,_, J14 101 this_DT gives_VBZ the_ATI percentage_NN for_IN latent_JJ diabetes_NN J14 101 in_IN Ibstock_NP as_IN 0.67_CD %_NNU ._. ^ no_ATI J14 102 history_NN of_IN thirst_NN ,_, polyuria_NN nor_CC loss_NN in_IN J14 102 weight_NN was_BEDZ given_VBN and_CC these_DTS J14 103 people_NNS were_BED unsuspected_JJ by_IN themselves_PPLS or_CC J14 103 their_PP$ doctors_NNS ._. ^ no_ATI physical_JJ J14 104 examination_NN of_IN the_ATI complete_JJ group_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J14 104 achieved_VBN owing_IN to_IN" the_ATI J14 105 reluctance_NN on_IN the_ATI part_NN of_IN the_ATI individuals_NNS to_TO J14 105 attend_VB the_ATI diabetic_NN J14 106 clinic_NN for_IN the_ATI purpose_NN ,_, but_CC the_ATI general_JJ J14 106 practitioners_NNS have_HV marked_VBN J14 107 their_PP$ record_NN cards_NNS with_IN coloured_JJ indicators_NNS so_TO J14 107 as_TO" to_TO" keep_VB them_PP3OS under_IN J14 108 their_PP$ particular_JJ scrutiny_NN ._. ^ they_PP3AS have_HV also_RB J14 108 allowed_VBN the_ATI health_NN visitor_NN J14 109 for_IN diabetics_NNS in_IN the_ATI county_NN of_IN Leicestershire_NP J14 109 to_TO call_VB and_CC give_VB any_DTI J14 110 necessary_JJ dietetic_JJ instruction_NN and_CC to_TO institute_VB a_AT J14 110 regular_JJ follow_NN up_NN" J14 111 service_NN of_IN urine_NN testing_NN and_CC weighing_NN ._. ^ this_DT J14 111 group_NN of_IN latent_JJ diabetics_NNS J14 112 were_BED all_ABN over_RB forty_CD years_NNS of_IN age_NN ,_, most_AP J14 112 were_BED considerably_RB over_JJ weight_JJ" ;_; J14 113 none_PN have_HV yet_RB required_VBN regular_JJ insulin_NN treatment_NN J14 113 ._. J14 114 ^ intermediate_JJ group_NN of_IN possible_JJ pre-diabetics_NNS (_( J14 114 diagram_NN J14 115 4c_CD )_) ._. J14 116 ^ abnormal_JJ glucose_NN tolerance_NN curves_NNS were_BED J14 116 obtained_VBN in_IN forty-two_CD of_IN J14 117 the_ATI glycosurics_NNS examined_VBN ,_, and_CC although_CS not_XNOT J14 117 reaching_VBG the_ATI characteristic_JJ J14 118 levels_NNS used_VBN for_IN diagnosing_VBG diabetes_NN ,_, they_PP3AS J14 118 correspond_VB to_IN the_ATI criteria_NNS J14 119 put_VBN forward_RB by_IN Conn_NP (_( 1958_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI J14 119 lower_JJR limits_NNS of_IN the_ATI group_NN were_BED J14 120 defined_VBN by_IN the_ATI blood_NN sugar_NN levels_NNS of_IN 160_CD ,_, J14 120 140_CD ,_, 120_CD \0mgm_NNU %_NNU at_IN 1_CD1 ,_, 1_CD1 1/2_CD ,_, J14 121 and_CC 2_CD hours_NNS respectively_RB ,_, and_CC with_IN the_ATI J14 121 exception_NN of_IN three_CD cases_NNS this_DT J14 122 level_NN separated_VBD the_ATI constant_JJ from_IN the_ATI transient_JJ J14 122 glycosurics_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J14 123 upper_JJB levels_NNS naturally_RB merge_VB into_IN the_ATI lower_JJR J14 123 diabetic_JJ curves_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 will_MD J14 124 be_BE shown_VBN later_RBR in_IN the_ATI analysis_NN of_IN certain_JJ J14 124 factors_NNS that_CS this_DT seems_VBZ to_TO J14 125 be_BE an_AT important_JJ group_NN of_IN probable_JJ pre-diabetics_NNS J14 125 ._. ^ the_ATI younger_JJR people_NNS J14 126 show_VB this_DT change_NN as_CC well_CC" as_CC" the_ATI older_JJR J14 126 and_CC there_EX was_BEDZ a_AT considerable_JJ J14 127 excess_NN of_IN young_JJ men_NNS ,_, 30_CD \0m_JJ :_: 12_CD \0f_JJ ._. ^ J14 127 although_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ a_AT practical_JJ J14 128 impossibility_NN to_TO perform_VB cortisone_NN glucose_NN tolerance_NN J14 128 tests_NNS (_( Conn_NP J14 129 1958_CD )_) ,_, (_( Fajans_NP and_CC Conn_NP 1959_CD )_) ,_, in_IN J14 129 this_DT group_NN of_IN people_NNS at_IN the_ATI time_NN of_IN J14 130 the_ATI survey_NN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ an_AT investigation_NN which_WDTR J14 130 might_MD be_BE of_IN great_JJ value_NN ,_, as_CS J14 131 it_PP3 would_MD also_RB be_BE to_TO perform_VB serial_JJ glucose_NN J14 131 tolerance_NN tests_NNS at_IN for_IN J14 132 example_NN ,_, one_CD1 or_CC two_CD year_NN intervals_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J14 132 general_JJ practitioners_NNS have_HV J14 133 again_RB tagged_VBN the_ATI medical_JJ record_NN cards_NNS of_IN J14 133 these_DTS people_NNS with_IN a_AT different_JJ J14 134 coloured_JJ indicator_NN so_CS that_CS" at_IN any_DTI attendance_NN J14 134 at_IN the_ATI surgery_NN the_ATI J14 135 possibility_NN of_IN diabetes_NN is_BEZ remembered_VBN and_CC any_DTI J14 135 significant_JJ data_NNS noted_VBN ._. J14 136 ^ it_PP3 should_MD be_BE of_IN interest_NN to_TO see_VB if_CS this_DT J14 136 amount_NN of_IN clinical_JJ J14 137 supervision_NN will_MD alter_VB the_ATI natural_JJ effect_NN of_IN J14 137 time_NN and_CC have_HV a_AT J14 138 preventive_JJ action_NN ._. J14 139 ^ transient_JJ or_CC intermittent_JJ glycosuria_NN (_( diagram_NN 5a_CD J14 139 )_) ._. J14 140 ^ in_IN the_ATI group_NN of_IN glycosurics_NNS with_IN normal_JJ J14 140 glucose_NN tolerance_NN tests_NNS ,_, J14 141 the_ATI age_NN range_NN was_BEDZ 5_CD to_IN 81_CD (_( table_NN 3_CD )_) J14 141 ._. ^ there_EX were_BED 48_CD males_NNS and_CC 27_CD J14 142 females_NNS ._. ^ there_EX were_BED only_RB three_CD cases_NNS of_IN J14 142 constant_JJ glycosuria_NN which_WDTR J14 143 satisfy_VB the_ATI stricter_JJR definition_NN of_IN renal_JJ J14 143 glycosuria_NN ,_, \0i.e_RB ,_, the_ATI J14 144 constant_JJ passage_NN of_IN glucose_NN in_IN the_ATI urine_NN at_IN J14 144 normal_JJ or_CC sub-normal_JJ blood_NN J14 145 sugar_NN levels_NNS ._. ^ transient_JJ glycosuria_NN with_IN J14 145 normoglycaemia_NN may_MD indicate_VB J14 146 transient_JJ lowering_NN of_IN renal_JJ threshold_NN as_CS is_BEZ J14 146 commonly_RB found_VBN in_IN J14 147 pregnancy_NN ,_, and_CC it_PP3 may_MD be_BE that_CS as_CS with_IN J14 147 pregnancy_NN there_EX is_BEZ an_AT increased_JJ J14 148 liability_NN to_IN the_ATI development_NN of_IN diabetes_NN ._. ^ J14 148 it_PP3 seems_VBZ wise_JJ to_TO keep_VB an_AT J14 149 open_JJ mind_NN and_CC to_TO follow_VB up_RP these_DTS cases_NNS J14 149 with_IN urine_NN and_CC possibly_RB blood_NN J14 150 sugar_NN estimations_NNS at_IN a_AT later_JJR date_NN to_TO measure_VB J14 150 the_ATI true_JJ significance_NN of_IN J14 151 this_DT finding_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 should_MD also_RB be_BE recalled_VBN J14 151 that_CS the_ATI faintest_JJT change_NN in_IN J14 152 colour_NN of_IN the_ATI Clinistix_NP was_BEDZ taken_VBN as_CS J14 152 positive_JJ ._. J14 153 ^ glycosurics_NNS on_IN whom_WPOR no_ATI glucose_NN tolerance_NN J14 153 tests_NNS were_BED performed_VBN J14 154 (_( diagram_NN 5b_CD )_) ._. J14 155 ^ twenty-five_CD glycosurics_NNS ,_, for_IN one_CD1 reason_NN or_CC J14 155 another_DT ,_, were_BED not_XNOT J14 156 subjected_VBN to_IN blood_NN sugar_NN examination_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J14 156 is_BEZ probable_JJ that_CS three_CD were_BED J14 157 diabetic_JJ ;_; one_CD1 of_IN whom_WPOR ,_, a_AT woman_NN ,_, died_VBD J14 157 of_IN coronary_JJ artery_NN occlusion_NN J14 158 before_CS the_ATI test_NN could_MD be_BE arranged_VBN ._. J14 159 ^ case_NN 205_CD \0f_JJ ._. ^ her_PP$ husband_NN was_BEDZ found_VBN J14 159 to_TO be_BE diabetic_JJ in_IN the_ATI survey_NN J14 160 and_CC a_AT clinical_JJ impression_NN suggested_VBD that_CS this_DT J14 160 was_BEDZ a_AT case_NN of_IN conjugal_JJ J14 161 diabetes_NN ._. J14 162 ^ case_NN 1082_CD \0f_JJ ._. ^ short_JJ and_CC stout_JJ ,_, J14 162 utterly_RB refused_VBD further_JJB tests_NNS ._. J14 163 ^ case_NN 1568_CD \0f_JJ ._. ^ minimal_JJ glycosuria_NN ,_, J14 163 pregnant_JJ and_CC left_VBD Ibstock_NP ._. J14 164 ^ case_NN 2081_CD \0f_JJ ._. ^ recently_RB discharged_VBN from_IN J14 164 mental_JJ hospital_NN ._. J14 165 ^ case_NN 3112_CD \0f_JJ ._. ^ glycosuria_NN found_VBN during_IN J14 165 an_AT attack_NN of_IN influenza_NN ._. J14 166 ^ on_IN re-testing_VBG she_PP3A was_BEDZ sugar_NN free_JJ ._. J14 167 ^ case_NN 3352_CD \0f_JJ ._. ^ on_IN re-testing_VBG no_ATI J14 167 glycosuria_NN was_BEDZ found_VBN ._. J14 168 ^ case_NN 3458_CD \0f_JJ ._. ^ urine_NN only_RB faintly_RB J14 168 positive_JJ ._. ^ her_PP$ doctor_NN reported_VBD J14 169 that_CS she_PP3A was_BEDZ *'_*' a_AT hermit_NN type_NN **'_**' and_CC J14 169 unlikely_JJ to_TO co-operate_VB ._. J14 170 ^ case_NN 3429_CD \0f_JJ ._. ^ aged_JJ 82_CD and_CC too_QL old_JJ J14 170 and_CC feeble_JJ to_TO be_BE troubled_VBN ._. J14 171 ^ case_NN 118_CD \0m_JJ ._. ^ paranoid_JJ schizophrenic_NN ,_, J14 171 difficult_JJ and_CC dangerous_JJ ._. J14 172 ^ case_NN 133_CD \0m_JJ ._. ^ aged_JJ 81_CD ._. ^ too_QL old_JJ J14 172 and_CC frail_JJ ._. ^ a_AT second_OD specimen_NN of_IN J14 173 urine_NN was_BEDZ negative_JJ ._. J14 174 ^ case_NN 1088_CD \0m_JJ ._. ^ refused_VBD to_TO lose_VB time_NN J14 174 from_IN work_NN ._. J14 175 ^ case_NN 1286_CD \0m_JJ ._. ^ improvident_JJ and_CC careless_JJ ;_; J14 175 wife_NN is_BEZ a_AT severe_JJ J14 176 diabetic_NN ._. J14 177 ^ case_NN 1666_CD \0m_JJ ._. ^ mother_NN diabetic_JJ ,_, but_CC J14 177 he_PP3A did_DOD not_XNOT wish_VB to_TO be_BE off_IN J14 178 work_NN for_IN the_ATI morning_NN ._. J14 179 ^ case_NN 1672_CD \0m_JJ ._. ^ he_PP3A and_CC three_CD sons_NNS J14 179 gave_VBD a_AT history_NN of_IN investigation_NN J14 180 for_IN *'_*' renal_JJ glycosuria_NN **'_**' 25_CD years_NNS ago_RB ._. J14 181 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ probable_JJ that_CS the_ATI remaining_JJ men_NNS J14 181 were_BED not_XNOT prepared_VBN to_TO give_VB J14 182 up_RP time_NN from_IN work_NN to_TO come_VB for_IN the_ATI test_NN ._. J14 183 ^ changes_NNS since_IN the_ATI survey_NN ._. J14 184 ^ since_CS the_ATI field_NN work_NN finished_VBD ,_, two_CD J14 184 diabetics_NNS have_HV returned_VBN to_TO J14 185 live_VB again_RB in_IN Ibstock_NP where_WRB they_PP3AS were_BED J14 185 originally_RB diagnosed_VBN ,_, both_ABX in_IN J14 186 1951_CD ._. ^ a_AT boy_NN who_WPR was_BEDZ 2_CD 1/2_CD years_NNS old_JJ J14 186 at_IN onset_NN had_HVD been_BEN staying_VBG at_IN a_AT J14 187 residential_JJ home_NR for_IN diabetic_JJ children_NNS in_IN the_ATI J14 187 south_NR of_IN England_NP as_CS his_PP$ J14 188 home_NR environment_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT good_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI other_AP J14 188 is_BEZ a_AT woman_NN who_WPR was_BEDZ diagnosed_VBN J14 189 at_IN the_ATI age_NN of_IN 51_CD ._. ^ her_PP$ mother_NN was_BEDZ J14 189 diabetic_JJ and_CC she_PP3A is_BEZ short_JJ and_CC stout_JJ J14 190 and_CC does_DOZ not_XNOT require_VB insulin_NN ._. J14 191 ^ three_CD new_JJ diabetics_NNS were_BED diagnosed_VBN by_IN J14 191 their_PP$ doctors_NNS in_IN 1959_CD ,_, two_CD J14 192 of_IN whom_WPOR had_HVD been_BEN tested_VBN in_IN the_ATI survey_NN ._. J14 192 ^ a_AT man_NN of_IN 25_CD developed_VBD diabetes_NN J14 193 in_IN the_ATI acute_JJ form_NN and_CC requires_VBZ insulin_NN ._. ^ J14 193 a_AT woman_NN of_IN 54_CD who_WPR was_BEDZ J14 194 negative_JJ in_IN the_ATI survey_NN but_CC now_RN requires_VBZ to_TO J14 194 be_BE dieted_VBN strictly_RB ._. ^ the_ATI J14 195 third_OD ,_, an_AT obese_JJ woman_NN ,_, had_HVD previously_RB J14 195 refused_VBN to_TO be_BE tested_VBN or_CC she_PP3A J14 196 might_MD well_RB have_HV come_VBN under_IN treatment_NN sooner_RBR ._. ^ J14 196 these_DTS changes_NNS have_HV been_BEN J14 197 mentioned_VBN to_TO show_VB the_ATI continuity_NN of_IN the_ATI J14 197 pattern_NN of_IN the_ATI condition_NN we_PP1AS J14 198 are_BER examining_VBG but_CC have_HV not_XNOT ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, J14 198 been_BEN taken_VBN into_IN account_NN in_IN the_ATI J14 199 statistical_JJ sections_NNS as_CS they_PP3AS would_MD introduce_VB J14 199 bias_NN ._. J15 2 ^ section_NN 2_CD ._. J15 3 ^ x_ZZ rays_NNS :_: half-value_JJB thickness_NN range_NN 1.0-4.0_CD-CD J15 3 \0mm_NNU of_IN \0Cu_&FO ._. J15 4 ^ (_( 200-400_CD-CD \0kV_NNU )_) ._. J15 5 ^ closed-ended_JJ applicators_NNS ._. J15 6 ^ compiled_VBN by_IN ._. J15 7 ^ \0R_NP \0G_NP Wood_NP ,_, \0M.Sc_NPT ,_, \0F.Inst.P_NPT ,_, J15 7 \0A.M.I.E.E_NPT ,_, and_CC \0W_NP \0H_NP J15 8 Sutherland_NP ,_, \0B.Sc_NPT ._. J15 9 ^ the_ATI royal_JJ Infirmary_NPL ,_, Cardiff_NP ._. J15 10 ^ and_CC \0M_NP Cohen_NP ,_, \0Ph.D_NPT ,_, \0A.R.C.S_NPT ,_, J15 10 \0A.Inst.P_NPT ,_, the_ATI London_NP J15 11 Hospital_NPL ,_, London_NP ,_, \0E.1_NP ._. J15 12 ^ the_ATI tables_NNS published_VBN in_IN the_ATI corresponding_JJ J15 12 section_NN in_IN supplement_NN J15 13 \0no_NN 5_CD were_BED compiled_VBN by_IN Clarkson_NP from_IN J15 13 measurements_NNS made_VBN by_IN a_AT number_NN J15 14 of_IN hospital_NN physicists_NNS in_IN Great_NP Britain_NP ._. ^ in_RB J15 14 common_RB" with_IN other_AP tables_NNS J15 15 derived_VBN from_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN sources_NNS ,_, they_PP3AS J15 15 suffered_VBD from_IN the_ATI disadvantage_NN J15 16 that_CS several_AP of_IN the_ATI conditions_NNS (_( \0e.g_RB J15 16 thickness_NN of_IN applicator_NN J15 17 end-plate_NN )_) to_IN which_WDTR the_ATI data_NNS referred_VBD J15 17 were_BED not_XNOT closely_RB defined_VBN ._. J15 18 ^ furthermore_RB ,_, if_CS smoothing_NN of_IN survey_NN data_NNS is_BEZ J15 18 based_VBN on_IN values_NNS J15 19 calculated_VBN by_IN an_AT empirical_JJ formula_NN to_TO fit_VB the_ATI J15 19 figures_NNS available_JJ ,_, some_DTI J15 20 inconsistency_NN will_MD inevitably_RB remain_VB since_CS no_ATI J15 20 formulae_NNS have_HV been_BEN found_VBN J15 21 which_WDTR ensure_VB smoothness_NN in_IN each_DT of_IN the_ATI three_CD J15 21 ways_NNS in_IN which_WDTR depth-dose_JJB J15 22 data_NNS can_MD be_BE plotted_VBN (_( see_VB below_RI )_) ._. ^ it_PP3 J15 22 was_BEDZ therefore_RB decided_VBN to_TO replace_VB J15 23 the_ATI survey_NN data_NNS with_IN tables_NNS derived_VBN from_IN a_AT J15 23 single_JJ centre_NN ,_, thus_RB J15 24 bringing_VBG this_DT section_NN into_IN line_NN with_IN the_ATI two_CD J15 24 other_AP sections_NNS of_IN this_DT J15 25 supplement_NN concerned_VBN with_IN low_JJ and_CC medium_JJB energy_NN J15 25 radiation_NN ._. ^ the_ATI new_JJ J15 26 tables_NNS have_HV ,_, however_RB ,_, been_BEN compared_VBN with_IN J15 26 data_NNS made_VBN available_JJ from_IN a_AT J15 27 number_NN of_IN other_AP centres_NNS ,_, and_CC with_IN the_ATI J15 27 tables_NNS for_IN diaphragm-limited_JJ J15 28 fields_NNS in_IN section_NN 3_CD ._. J15 29 ^ source_NN of_IN data_NNS ._. J15 30 ^ the_ATI present_JJ tables_NNS are_BER based_VBN on_IN J15 30 water-phantom_JJB measurements_NNS made_VBN J15 31 in_IN Cardiff_NP by_IN Wood_NP and_CC Sutherland_NP using_VBG an_AT J15 31 ionization_NN chamber_NN of_IN J15 32 external_JJ diameter_NN 3_CD \0mm_NNU so_RB arranged_VBN that_CS J15 32 its_PP$ centre_NN could_MD approach_VB to_IN J15 33 1.5_CD \0mm_NNU from_IN the_ATI applicator_NN end-plate_NN with_IN J15 33 no_ATI intervening_JJ tank_NN wall_NN ._. J15 34 ^ as_IN an_AT independent_JJ check_NN an_AT experimental_JJ J15 34 comparison_NN of_IN this_DT technique_NN J15 35 with_IN that_DT of_IN the_ATI London_NP Hospital_NPL (_( Oliver_NP J15 35 and_CC Kemp_NP ,_, 1949_CD )_) was_BEDZ carried_VBN J15 36 out_RP in_IN 1955_CD in_IN conjunction_NN with_IN Cohen_NP ._. ^ J15 36 measurements_NNS were_BED made_VBN on_IN the_ATI J15 37 same_AP x-ray_NN set_NN using_VBG alternately_RB a_AT Kemp_NP J15 37 ionization_NN current_NN comparator_NN J15 38 with_IN a_AT chamber_NN of_IN external_JJ diameter_NN 6_CD \0mm_NNU (_( J15 38 Kemp_NP ,_, 1945_CD ;_; Kemp_NP and_CC J15 39 Banfield_NP ,_, 1957_CD )_) ,_, and_CC the_ATI apparatus_NN of_IN J15 39 Wood_NP and_CC Sutherland_NP ._. ^ this_DT J15 40 comparison_NN showed_VBD that_CS when_WRB allowance_NN was_BEDZ J15 40 made_VBN for_IN small_JJ differences_NNS J15 41 near_IN the_ATI surface_NN ,_, no_ATI significant_JJ disagreement_NN J15 41 existed_VBD between_IN the_ATI J15 42 results_NNS obtained_VBN by_IN the_ATI two_CD techniques_NNS ._. J15 43 ^ the_ATI final_JJ measurements_NNS of_IN percentage_NN depth_NN J15 43 dose_NN from_IN which_WDTR the_ATI J15 44 tables_NNS were_BED derived_VBN were_BED made_VBN on_IN a_AT J15 44 Westinghouse_NP Quadrocondex_NP machine_NN J15 45 under_IN the_ATI following_JJ conditions_NNS :_: J15 46 **[TABLE**]_&FO J15 47 ^ the_ATI measurements_NNS were_BED made_VBN with_IN a_AT series_NN J15 47 of_IN square_JJ *'_*' Fulfield_NP J15 48 **'_**' applicators_NNS of_IN 50_CD \0cm_NNU \0F.S.D_NN ,_, the_ATI J15 48 ends_NNS being_BEG closed_VBN with_IN flat_JJ J15 49 Perspex_NP of_IN thickness_NN 1/8_CD inch_NN (_( approximately_RB 3_CD J15 49 \0mm_NNU )_) ._. ^ strictly_RB ,_, the_ATI J15 50 data_NNS refer_VB only_RB to_IN these_DTS applicators_NNS ,_, but_CC J15 50 for_IN clinical_JJ purposes_NNS the_ATI J15 51 tables_NNS may_MD be_BE used_VBN for_IN any_DTI applicator_NN of_IN J15 51 similar_JJ design_NN provided_CS the_ATI J15 52 thickness_NN of_IN the_ATI end-plate_NN is_BEZ the_ATI same_AP and_CC J15 52 it_PP3 is_BEZ made_VBN of_IN similar_JJ J15 53 material_NN ._. ^ the_ATI effect_NN on_IN the_ATI data_NNS of_IN J15 53 using_VBG applicators_NNS of_IN different_JJ J15 54 design_NN or_CC end-plate_NN thickness_NN will_MD be_BE considered_VBN J15 54 further_RBR in_IN a_AT separate_JJ J15 55 publication_NN ._. ^ no_ATI measurements_NNS were_BED made_VBN for_IN J15 55 zero_CD area_NN ,_, but_CC this_DT J15 56 information_NN is_BEZ provided_VBN in_IN section_NN 3_CD ._. J15 57 ^ smoothing_NN and_CC extrapolation_NN of_IN data_NNS ._. J15 58 ^ smoothing_NN of_IN the_ATI experimental_JJ data_NNS ,_, for_IN J15 58 square_JJ fields_NNS ,_, was_BEDZ J15 59 carried_VBN out_RP graphically_RB by_IN plotting_VBG (_( 1_CD1 )_) J15 59 individual_JJ depth-dose_JJB J15 60 curves_NNS on_IN \0log_&FO /_CC linear_JJ paper_NN ,_, (_( 2_CD )_) J15 60 percentage_NN depth_NN dose_NN versus_IN J15 61 square_JJ root_NN of_IN area_NN on_IN linear_JJ paper_NN for_IN J15 61 individual_JJ depths_NNS ,_, and_CC J15 62 (_( 3_CD )_) percentage_NN depth_NN dose_NN versus_IN half-value_JJB J15 62 thickness_NN on_IN J15 63 linear_JJ paper_NN for_IN individual_JJ depths_NNS ._. ^ values_NNS J15 63 for_IN depths_NNS from_IN 16_CD to_IN 20_CD J15 64 \0cm_NNU were_BED obtained_VBN by_IN extrapolation_NN ._. ^ this_DT J15 64 is_BEZ justified_VBN since_CS the_ATI J15 65 logarithmic_JJ plots_NNS of_IN depth_NN dose_NN are_BER straight_JJ J15 65 lines_NNS from_IN 10_CD \0cm_NNU J15 66 downwards_RB ._. J15 67 ^ the_ATI whole_JJ table_NN for_IN 2.5_CD \0mm_NNU of_IN \0Cu_&FO J15 67 \0H.V.T_NN was_BEDZ obtained_VBN by_IN J15 68 interpolation_NN ,_, while_CS that_DT for_IN 4.0_CD \0mm_NNU of_IN J15 68 \0Cu_&FO \0H.V.T_NN was_BEDZ obtained_VBN J15 69 by_IN extrapolation_NN ._. ^ for_IN the_ATI latter_AP purpose_NN J15 69 guidance_NN was_BEDZ provided_VBN by_IN J15 70 some_DTI additional_JJ experimental_JJ data_NNS from_IN the_ATI J15 70 royal_JJ Victoria_NP Infirmary_NPL ,_, J15 71 Newcastle_NP upon_IN Tyne_NP ,_, but_CC owing_IN to_IN" the_ATI J15 71 uncertainties_NNS of_IN extrapolation_NN J15 72 this_DT table_NN must_MD be_BE regarded_VBN as_CS somewhat_RB less_QL J15 72 reliable_JJ than_IN the_ATI others_APS ._. J15 73 ^ data_NNS for_IN rectangular_JJ fields_NNS ._. J15 74 ^ Johns_NP and_CC his_PP$ colleagues_NNS have_HV used_VBN the_ATI J15 74 data_NNS for_IN square_JJ fields_NNS J15 75 to_TO calculate_VB tables_NNS for_IN a_AT series_NN of_IN J15 75 rectangular_JJ areas_NNS ,_, using_VBG J15 76 Clarkson's_NP$ (_( 1941_CD )_) method_NN ,_, with_IN the_ATI help_NN J15 76 of_IN the_ATI digital_JJ computer_NN of_IN the_ATI J15 77 University_NPL of_IN Toronto_NP ._. ^ depth_NN doses_NNS for_IN the_ATI J15 77 primary_JJ radiation_NN were_BED J15 78 assumed_VBN to_TO be_BE the_ATI same_AP as_IN those_DTS given_VBN in_IN J15 78 section_NN 3_CD ._. ^ the_ATI computed_JJ J15 79 values_NNS of_IN percentage_NN depth_NN dose_NN were_BED smoothed_VBN J15 79 graphically_RB ,_, by_IN methods_NNS J15 80 (_( 1_CD1 )_) and_CC (_( 3_CD )_) above_RI ,_, prior_RB to_IN J15 80 tabulation_NN ._. J15 81 ^ some_DTI of_IN the_ATI rectangular_JJ fields_NNS included_VBN J15 81 in_IN these_DTS tables_NNS are_BER J15 82 different_JJ from_IN those_DTS given_VBN in_IN section_NN 3_CD ,_, J15 82 since_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ intended_VBN that_CS the_ATI J15 83 data_NNS in_IN this_DT section_NN shall_MD correspond_VB to_IN the_ATI J15 83 applicators_NNS most_QL commonly_RB J15 84 used_VBN in_IN Great_NP Britain_NP ._. ^ data_NNS for_IN circular_JJ J15 84 fields_NNS and_CC for_IN other_AP J15 85 rectangles_NNS may_MD readily_RB be_BE computed_VBN by_IN the_ATI J15 85 equivalent_JJ field_NN method_NN (_( see_VB J15 86 appendix_NN A_ZZ )_) ._. J15 87 ^ comparison_NN with_IN previous_JJ tables_NNS (_( supplement_NN J15 87 \0no_NN 5_CD )_) ._. J15 88 ^ in_IN this_DT context_NN deviations_NNS of_IN the_ATI new_JJ J15 88 tables_NNS from_IN the_ATI old_JJ are_BER J15 89 expressed_VBN as_IN percentages_NNS of_IN the_ATI local_JJ dose_NN ._. J15 90 ^ (_( 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI range_NN 1.5-3.0_CD-CD \0mm_NNU J15 90 of_IN \0Cu_&FO \0H.V.T_NN ,_, for_IN areas_NNS of_IN J15 91 100_CD \0cm*:2**:_NNU and_CC above_RI ,_, the_ATI new_JJ tables_NNS J15 91 agree_VB with_IN the_ATI old_JJ to_IN within_IN J15 92 3_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" on_IN average_NN ,_, with_IN occasional_JJ J15 92 divergencies_NNS up_RP to_IN 6_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" ._. J15 93 ^ on_IN the_ATI whole_NN the_ATI new_JJ values_NNS are_BER lower_JJR J15 93 than_IN the_ATI old_JJ ,_, except_CS when_WRB both_ABX J15 94 area_NN and_CC depth_NN are_BER large_JJ ._. J15 95 ^ (_( 2_CD )_) ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI range_NN 1.5-3.0_CD-CD \0mm_NNU J15 95 of_IN \0Cu_&FO \0H.V.T_NN ,_, for_IN areas_NNS J15 96 less_AP than_IN 100_CD \0cm*:2**:_NNU ,_, the_ATI new_JJ values_NNS J15 96 are_BER significantly_RB lower_JJR than_IN J15 97 the_ATI old_JJ ,_, confirming_VBG the_ATI findings_NNS of_IN Cohen_NP J15 97 (_( 1955_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI average_JJ J15 98 differences_NNS amount_VB to_IN 5_CD to_IN 7_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" ,_, J15 98 but_CC at_IN some_DTI depths_NNS reach_VB 10_CD to_IN J15 99 12_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" ._. J15 100 ^ (_( 3_CD )_) ._. ^ at_IN 1.0_CD \0mm_NNU of_IN \0Cu_&FO \0H.V.T_NN J15 100 the_ATI new_JJ values_NNS are_BER lower_JJR J15 101 than_IN the_ATI old_JJ for_IN all_ABN areas_NNS ,_, the_ATI average_JJ J15 101 difference_NN being_BEG 4_CD to_IN 5_CD per_NNU J15 102 cent_NNU" ._. J15 103 ^ comparison_NN with_IN data_NNS from_IN other_AP centres_NNS ._. J15 104 ^ in_IN addition_NN to_IN the_ATI data_NNS from_IN Cardiff_NP J15 104 covering_VBG the_ATI range_NN of_IN J15 105 qualities_NNS from_IN 1.0_CD to_IN 3.0_CD \0mm_NNU of_IN \0Cu_&FO J15 105 \0H.V.T_NN presented_VBN in_IN the_ATI J15 106 tables_NNS ,_, recent_JJ measurements_NNS at_IN some_DTI qualities_NNS J15 106 have_HV been_BEN made_VBN at_IN the_ATI J15 107 royal_JJ Infirmary_NPL (_( Bradford_NP )_) ,_, western_JJ general_JJ J15 107 Hospital_NPL (_( Edinburgh_NP )_) ,_, J15 108 Lambeth_NP Hospital_NPL (_( London_NP )_) ,_, Christie_NP Hospital_NPL J15 108 (_( Manchester_NP )_) and_CC war_NN J15 109 memorial_NN Hospital_NPL (_( Scunthorpe_NP )_) ._. ^ these_DTS J15 109 measurements_NNS have_HV been_BEN J15 110 intercompared_VBN ,_, revealing_VBG close_JJ agreement_NN between_IN J15 110 the_ATI various_JJ centres_NNS ,_, J15 111 provided_CS allowance_NN is_BEZ made_VBN for_IN differences_NNS J15 111 occurring_VBG in_IN the_ATI first_OD 2_CD or_CC J15 112 3_CD \0cm_NNU by_IN matching_VBG at_IN some_DTI arbitrary_JJ depth_NN J15 112 ,_, say_VB 5_CD \0cm_NNU ._. ^ these_DTS J15 113 differences_NNS are_BER partly_RB real_JJ ,_, arising_VBG from_IN J15 113 the_ATI use_NN of_IN applicators_NNS of_IN J15 114 different_JJ design_NN ,_, but_CC mainly_RB only_RB apparent_JJ ,_, J15 114 arising_VBG from_IN variations_NNS in_IN J15 115 the_ATI methods_NNS of_IN assessing_VBG the_ATI surface_NN dose_NN ._. ^ J15 115 in_IN view_NN of_IN the_ATI very_QL small_JJ J15 116 diameter_NN of_IN the_ATI chamber_NN used_VBN and_CC its_PP$ close_JJ J15 116 approach_NN to_IN the_ATI surface_NN it_PP3 J15 117 is_BEZ thought_VBN that_CS the_ATI values_NNS tabulated_VBN J15 117 represent_VB a_AT very_QL close_JJ J15 118 approximation_NN to_IN the_ATI variation_NN in_IN dose_NN near_IN J15 118 the_ATI surface_NN ._. J15 119 ^ comparison_NN with_IN data_NNS in_IN section_NN 3_CD ._. J15 120 ^ the_ATI depth-dose_JJB data_NNS in_IN this_DT range_NN of_IN J15 120 qualities_NNS measured_VBN by_IN J15 121 Johns_NP and_CC his_PP$ colleagues_NNS in_IN Saskatchewan_NP are_BER J15 121 presented_VBN in_IN section_NN 3_CD ._. J15 122 ^ the_ATI Canadian_JNP measurements_NNS were_BED made_VBN with_IN J15 122 open_JJ applicators_NNS of_IN special_JJ J15 123 design_NN (_( see_VB introduction_NN to_IN section_NN 3_CD )_) and_CC J15 123 differ_VB from_IN the_ATI British_JNP J15 124 data_NNS in_CS that_CS" there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI scatter_NN component_NN J15 124 from_IN the_ATI walls_NNS or_CC end_NN of_IN J15 125 the_ATI applicator_NN ._. ^ the_ATI two_CD sets_NNS of_IN data_NNS J15 125 have_HV been_BEN compared_VBN after_IN J15 126 applying_VBG the_ATI method_NN of_IN transformation_NN suggested_VBN J15 126 by_IN Johns_NP ,_, Fedoruk_NP ,_, J15 127 Kornelsen_NP ,_, Epp_NP and_CC Darby_NP (_( 1952_CD )_) ,_, making_VBG J15 127 use_NN of_IN data_NNS for_IN the_ATI range_NN of_IN J15 128 depths_NNS 0_CD to_IN 1_CD1 \0cm_NNU kindly_RB supplied_VBN privately_RB J15 128 by_IN Miss_NPT Fedoruk_NP ._. J15 129 ^ agreement_NN is_BEZ obtained_VBN within_IN experimental_JJ error_NN J15 129 provided_CS an_AT J15 130 appropriate_JJ equivalent_JJ water_NN thickness_NN ,_, which_WDTR J15 130 allows_VBZ approximately_RB for_IN J15 131 the_ATI effects_NNS of_IN both_ABX the_ATI end-plate_NN and_CC the_ATI J15 131 applicator_NN walls_NNS ,_, is_BEZ used_VBN in_IN J15 132 place_NN of_IN the_ATI nominal_JJ thickness_NN of_IN the_ATI J15 132 applicator_NN end-plate_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J15 133 equivalent_JJ water_NN thickness_NN (_( for_IN Fulfield_NP J15 133 applicators_NNS ,_, 1/8_CD inch_NN flat_JJ J15 134 Perspex_NP end-plates_NNS )_) is_BEZ independent_JJ of_IN area_NN ,_, J15 134 but_CC varies_VBZ with_IN J15 135 \0H.V.T_NN as_CS follows_VBZ :_: J15 136 **[TABLE**]_&FO J15 137 ^ since_CS the_ATI equivalent_JJ water_NN thickness_NN of_IN the_ATI J15 137 end-plate_NN alone_RB is_BEZ J15 138 approximately_RB 3.8_CD \0mm_NNU ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ seen_VBN that_CS J15 138 the_ATI allowance_NN which_WDTR must_MD be_BE J15 139 made_VBN for_IN the_ATI scatter_NN contribution_NN from_IN the_ATI J15 139 applicator_NN walls_NNS is_BEZ J15 140 substantial_JJ ._. ^ thus_RB the_ATI simple_JJ correction_NN J15 140 factors_NNS for_IN the_ATI end-plate_NN J15 141 only_RB ,_, measured_VBN by_IN Johns_NP ,_, Hunt_NP and_CC Fedoruk_NP J15 141 (_( 1954_CD )_) ,_, are_BER insufficient_JJ for_IN J15 142 applicators_NNS of_IN the_ATI type_NN considered_VBN in_IN this_DT J15 142 section_NN ._. J15 143 ^ surface_NN back-scatter_NN factors_NNS ._. J15 144 ^ these_DTS are_BER taken_VBN from_IN the_ATI survey_NN values_NNS J15 144 published_VBN by_IN Greening_NP J15 145 (_( 1954_CD )_) ,_, which_WDTR were_BED based_VBN on_IN J15 145 measurements_NNS made_VBN at_IN 11_CD centres_NNS with_IN seven_CD J15 146 different_JJ types_NNS of_IN x-ray_NN generator_NN ._. J15 147 ^ section_NN 4_CD ._. J15 148 ^ gamma_NN rays_NNS :_: caesium_NN 137_CD teletherapy_NN units_NNS ._. J15 149 ^ reviewed_VBN by_IN ._. J15 150 ^ \0J_NP \0E_NP Burns_NP ,_, \0M.Sc_NPT ,_, \0A.Inst.P_NPT ,_, J15 150 Westminster_NP Hospital_NPL ,_, J15 151 London_NP ,_, \0S.W.1_NP ._. J15 153 ^ sources_NNS of_IN data_NNS ._. J15 154 ^ at_IN the_ATI time_NN the_ATI work_NN on_IN this_DT section_NN J15 154 had_HVD been_BEN completed_VBN ,_, there_EX J15 155 were_BED to_IN the_ATI knowledge_NN of_IN the_ATI reviewer_NN ,_, J15 155 seven_CD caesium_NN units_NNS which_WDTR were_BED J15 156 in_IN clinical_JJ use_NN ,_, four_CD in_IN England_NP and_CC three_CD J15 156 in_IN north_NR America_NP ._. ^ data_NNS J15 157 were_BED obtained_VBN from_IN six_CD of_IN these_DTS centres_NNS :_: J15 157 Addenbrooke's_NP$ Hospital_NPL J15 158 (_( Cambridge_NP )_) ,_, royal_JJ Marsden_NP Hospital_NPL (_( London_NP J15 158 )_) ,_, royal_JJ south_NR \0Hants_NP J15 159 Hospital_NPL (_( Southampton_NP )_) ,_, Westminster_NP Hospital_NPL (_( J15 159 London_NP )_) ,_, Ontario_NP cancer_NN J15 160 institute_NN (_( Canada_NP )_) ,_, and_CC Alice_NP Lloyd_NP J15 160 radiation_NN therapy_NN centre_NN J15 161 (_( Michigan_NP ,_, \0U.S.A_NP )_) ._. J15 162 ^ energy_NN of_IN radiation_NN ._. J15 163 ^ the_ATI caesium_NN source_NN at_IN Michigan_NP was_BEDZ J15 163 manufactured_VBN at_IN Oak_NP Ridge_NP J15 164 national_JJ laboratory_NN ;_; all_ABN the_ATI other_AP sources_NNS J15 164 were_BED manufactured_VBN by_IN the_ATI J15 165 United_NP Kingdom_NPL atomic_JJ energy_NN authority_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J15 165 is_BEZ well_RB known_VBN that_CS one_CD1 of_IN J15 166 the_ATI main_JJB difficulties_NNS in_IN the_ATI preparation_NN of_IN J15 166 caesium_NN 137_CD is_BEZ to_TO obtain_VB J15 167 freedom_NN from_IN contamination_NN by_IN other_AP radioactive_JJ J15 167 materials_NNS ._. ^ thus_RB J15 168 sources_NNS may_MD differ_VB in_IN their_PP$ degree_NN of_IN J15 168 contamination_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI effective_JJ J15 169 quality_NN of_IN their_PP$ radiation_NN may_MD be_BE different_JJ ._. ^ J15 169 it_PP3 is_BEZ of_IN importance_NN ,_, J15 170 therefore_RB ,_, to_TO know_VB whether_CS the_ATI data_NNS given_VBN J15 170 here_RN ,_, being_BEG mainly_RB from_IN J15 171 British_JNP sources_NNS ,_, applies_VBZ also_RB to_IN sources_NNS J15 171 manufactured_VBN elsewhere_RB ,_, in_RB J15 172 particular_RB" to_IN American_JNP sources_NNS ._. ^ comparing_VBG J15 172 the_ATI data_NNS received_VBN from_IN the_ATI J15 173 caesium_NN unit_NN at_IN Michigan_NP ,_, it_PP3 appears_VBZ that_CS J15 173 it_PP3 probably_RB does_DOZ apply_VB ._. J15 174 ^ the_ATI half-value_JJB thicknesses_NNS from_IN the_ATI five_CD J15 174 British_JNP sources_NNS were_BED J15 175 reasonably_RB consistent_JJ ,_, varying_VBG from_IN 5.3_CD \0mm_NNU J15 175 to_IN 5.7_CD \0mm_NNU (_( mean_NN 5.4_CD J15 176 \0mm_NNU )_) in_IN lead_NN ,_, from_IN 10.6_CD \0mm_NNU to_IN 11.0_CD J15 176 \0mm_NNU (_( mean_NN 10.8_CD \0mm_NNU )_) in_IN copper_NN ,_, J15 177 and_CC from_IN 7.8_CD to_IN 8.0_CD \0cm_NNU (_( mean_NN 7.9_CD \0cm_NNU J15 177 )_) in_IN water_NN ._. ^ comparing_VBG the_ATI J15 178 American_JNP source_NN ,_, the_ATI percentage_NN depth_NN doses_NNS J15 178 differ_VB from_IN the_ATI average_NN J15 179 (_( see_VB later_RBR )_) by_IN no_ATI more_AP than_IN *?141_&FO 1/2_CD J15 179 per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI local_JJ dose_NN ,_, the_ATI J15 180 half-value_JJB thickness_NN in_IN lead_NN is_BEZ in_IN good_JJ J15 180 agreement_NN ,_, 5.35_CD \0mm_NNU ,_, but_CC the_ATI J15 181 half-value_JJB thicknesses_NNS in_IN copper_NN and_CC water_NN are_BER J15 181 rather_RB higher_JJR ,_, 11.25_CD J15 182 \0mm_NNU and_CC 8.35_CD \0cm_NNU respectively_RB ._. J15 183 ^ using_VBG the_ATI calculated_JJ attenuation_NN coefficients_NNS J15 183 of_IN white_JJ Grodstein_NP J15 184 (_( 1957_CD )_) ,_, the_ATI average_JJ half-value_JJB thicknesses_NNS J15 184 of_IN the_ATI British_JNP sources_NNS have_HV J15 185 been_BEN used_VBN to_TO calculate_VB the_ATI effective_JJ photon_NN J15 185 energy_NN of_IN the_ATI radiation_NN ._. J15 186 ^ these_DTS are_BER as_CS follows_VBZ :_: J15 187 **[TABLE**]_&FO J15 188 and_CC can_MD be_BE compared_VBN with_IN the_ATI accepted_JJ value_NN J15 188 of_IN 0.66_CD \0MeV_NNU for_IN caesium_NN J15 189 137_CD g_ZZ rays_NNS ._. J15 190 ^ back-scatter_NN factors_NNS ._. J15 191 ^ data_NNS were_BED received_VBN from_IN four_CD centres_NNS ,_, J15 191 and_CC a_AT smoothed_JJ average_NN of_IN J15 192 values_NNS was_BEDZ taken_VBN ._. ^ individual_JJ values_NNS of_IN J15 192 back-scatter_NN factors_NNS differed_VBD J15 193 from_IN the_ATI average_NN by_IN not_XNOT more_AP than_IN 1_CD1 per_NNU J15 193 cent_NNU" ._. J15 194 ^ in_IN estimating_VBG the_ATI dose-rate_NN at_IN the_ATI maximum_JJ J15 194 level_NN from_IN the_ATI J15 195 dose-rate_NN in_IN air_NN ,_, it_PP3 should_MD be_BE remembered_VBN J15 195 that_CS variations_NNS of_IN air_NN dose_NN J15 196 with_IN area_NN are_BER at_RB least_RB" as_QL great_JJ as_IN (_( and_CC J15 196 are_BER additional_JJ to_IN )_) the_ATI J15 197 variation_NN of_IN back-scatter_NN with_IN area_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J15 197 values_NNS will_MD of_RB course_RB" depend_VB J15 198 very_QL much_RB on_IN the_ATI collimator_NN system_NN of_IN the_ATI J15 198 unit_NN ._. ^ for_IN the_ATI only_AP unit_NN for_IN J15 199 which_WDTR information_NN is_BEZ available_JJ ,_, the_ATI dose-rate_NN J15 199 in_IN air_NN at_IN the_ATI normal_JJ J15 200 working_JJ \0S.S.D_NN increases_VBZ by_IN 15_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" J15 200 from_IN a_AT 4_CD x_IN 4_CD \0cm_NNU field_NN J15 201 to_IN a_AT 16_CD x_IN 16_CD \0cm_NNU field_NN ;_; as_CS the_ATI J15 201 back-scatter_NN factor_NN varies_VBZ by_IN 4_CD 1/2_CD J15 202 per_NNU cent_NNU" over_IN the_ATI same_AP range_NN ,_, the_ATI skin_NN J15 202 dose_NN will_MD vary_VB by_IN a_AT total_NN of_IN 20_CD J15 203 per_NNU cent_NNU" ._. J15 204 ^ percentage_NN depth_NN doses_NNS ._. J15 205 ^ owing_IN to_IN" the_ATI fact_NN that_CS caesium_NN sources_NNS J15 205 are_BER usually_RB several_AP J15 206 centimetres_NNS long_JJ it_PP3 is_BEZ necessary_JJ to_TO define_VB J15 206 the_ATI term_NN source-skin_NC J15 207 distance_NC (_( \0S.S.D_NC )_) for_IN these_DTS units_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J15 207 definition_NN of_IN J15 208 \0S.S.D_NN adopted_VBN for_IN this_DT section_NN is_BEZ the_ATI J15 208 distance_NN of_IN the_ATI skin_NN from_IN J15 209 the_ATI front_NN of_IN the_ATI source_NN container_NN ._. ^ four_CD J15 209 of_IN the_ATI six_CD centres_NNS had_HVD J15 210 already_RB chosen_VBN this_DT definition_NN for_IN their_PP$ own_AP J15 210 units_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI other_AP two_CD J15 211 centres_NNS were_BED using_VBG different_JJ definitions_NNS but_CC J15 211 when_WRB their_PP$ values_NNS for_IN J15 212 \0S.S.D_NN were_BED converted_VBN to_IN the_ATI more_QL common_JJ J15 212 definition_NN their_PP$ J15 213 percentage_NN depth_NN doses_NNS showed_VBD improved_JJ agreement_NN J15 213 with_IN those_DTS from_IN the_ATI J15 214 first_OD four_CD centres_NNS ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI basis_NN of_IN the_ATI J15 214 general_JJ definition_NN ,_, the_ATI J15 215 \0S.S.D.s_NNS at_IN which_WDTR measurements_NNS were_BED taken_VBN J15 215 were_BED as_CS follows_VBZ :_: J15 216 **[TABLE**]_&FO J15 217 ^ for_IN the_ATI purpose_NN of_IN comparison_NN ,_, all_ABN J15 217 percentage_NN depth_NN doses_NNS were_BED J15 218 converted_VBN to_IN 40_CD \0cm_NNU \0S.S.D_NN using_VBG the_ATI J15 218 method_NN described_VBN by_IN Johns_NP ,_, J15 219 Bruce_NP and_CC Reid_NP (_( 1958_CD )_) and_CC Burns_NP (_( 1958_CD )_) J15 219 (_( see_VB appendix_NN B_ZZ )_) ;_; 40_CD \0cm_NNU was_BEDZ J15 220 chosen_VBN as_CS being_BEG midway_RB between_IN the_ATI extremes_NNS J15 220 ,_, so_TO as_TO" to_TO" minimise_VB any_DTI J15 221 errors_NNS that_WPR the_ATI method_NN of_IN conversion_NN may_MD J15 221 introduce_VB ._. J16 2 ^ asphyxia_NN as_IN the_ATI most_QL important_JJ cause_NN for_IN J16 2 death_NN in_IN drowning_NN was_BEDZ J16 3 still_RB widely_RB accepted_VBN until_IN world_NN war_NN 2_CD ,_, J16 3 when_WRB research_NN in_IN the_ATI United_NP J16 4 States_NP was_BEDZ initiated_VBN to_TO see_VB what_WDT could_MD be_BE J16 4 done_VBN to_TO save_VB the_ATI lives_NNS of_IN J16 5 pilots_NNS who_WPR had_HVD been_BEN forced_VBN to_TO land_VB in_IN J16 5 the_ATI sea_NN ._. ^ Swann_NP (_( 1951_CD )_) was_BEDZ J16 6 chosen_VBN to_TO conduct_VB a_AT large_JJ series_NN of_IN J16 6 investigations_NNS and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ mainly_RB J16 7 due_JJ to_IN his_PP$ work_NN and_CC those_DTS who_WPR have_HV J16 7 followed_VBN that_CS the_ATI modern_JJ view_NN of_IN J16 8 drowning_NN has_HVZ emerged_VBN ._. ^ he_PP3A was_BEDZ able_JJ to_TO J16 8 show_VB important_JJ differences_NNS in_IN J16 9 the_ATI mechanism_NN of_IN drowning_VBG in_IN fresh_JJ and_CC salt_JJ J16 9 water_NN ,_, using_VBG dogs_NNS ._. ^ in_IN J16 10 fresh_JJ water_NN drowning_NN large_JJ amounts_NNS of_IN water_NN J16 10 entered_VBD the_ATI lungs_NNS and_CC were_BED J16 11 absorbed_VBN with_IN great_JJ rapidity_NN into_IN the_ATI J16 11 circulation_NN ,_, giving_VBG rise_NN within_IN J16 12 a_AT very_QL few_AP minutes_NNS to_IN rapidly_RB fatal_JJ heart_NN J16 12 failure_NN in_IN ventricular_JJ J16 13 fibrillation_NN ,_, this_DT the_ATI result_NN of_IN the_ATI grossly_RB J16 13 diluted_VBN blood_NN entering_VBG J16 14 the_ATI heart_NN muscle_NN ._. ^ the_ATI gross_JJ and_CC rapid_JJ J16 14 dilution_NN of_IN the_ATI blood_NN in_IN J16 15 freshwater_JJB drowning_NN was_BEDZ clearly_RB demonstrated_VBN by_IN J16 15 Swann_NP and_CC at_IN only_RB 3_CD J16 16 minutes_NNS after_IN submersion_NN the_ATI blood_NN was_BEDZ found_VBN J16 16 to_TO be_BE diluted_VBN with_IN an_AT J16 17 equal_JJ volume_NN of_IN inhaled_JJ water_NN ;_; it_PP3 is_BEZ J16 17 therefore_RB not_XNOT surprising_JJ that_CS J16 18 death_NN occurs_VBZ rapidly_RB in_IN these_DTS circumstances_NNS ._. J16 19 ^ in_IN sea_NN water_NN drowning_NN Swann_NP showed_VBD that_CS J16 19 water_NN was_BEDZ rapidly_RB J16 20 withdrawn_VBN from_IN the_ATI blood_NN into_IN the_ATI lungs_NNS by_IN J16 20 the_ATI inhaled_JJ sea_NN water_NN ,_, J16 21 concentrating_VBG the_ATI blood_NN and_CC giving_VBG rise_NN to_IN a_AT J16 21 more_QL gradual_JJ heart_NN J16 22 failure_NN without_IN the_ATI ventricular_JJ fibrillation_NN that_WPR J16 22 occurred_VBD in_IN fresh_JJ J16 23 water_NN drowning_NN ._. ^ the_ATI gross_JJ and_CC rapid_JJ J16 23 concentration_NN of_IN the_ATI blood_NN in_IN sea_NN J16 24 water_NN drowning_NN was_BEDZ well_RB demonstrated_VBN in_CS that_CS" J16 24 after_IN only_RB 3_CD minutes'_NNS$ J16 25 submersion_NN the_ATI blood_NN had_HVD lost_VBN some_DTI 40_CD %_NNU J16 25 of_IN its_PP$ water_NN ._. ^ in_IN addition_NN ,_, J16 26 large_JJ amounts_NNS of_IN the_ATI salts_NNS in_IN sea_NN water_NN J16 26 passed_VBD in_IN the_ATI reverse_JJ J16 27 direction_NN into_IN the_ATI blood_NN to_TO cause_VB further_JJB J16 27 disorganization_NN of_IN the_ATI blood_NN J16 28 chemicals_NNS ;_; it_PP3 is_BEZ again_RB not_XNOT surprising_JJ that_CS J16 28 death_NN occurs_VBZ rapidly_RB in_IN J16 29 these_DTS circumstances_NNS ._. J16 30 ^ Swann_NP also_RB showed_VBD the_ATI resuscitation_NN was_BEDZ J16 30 usually_RB J16 31 successful_JJ with_IN drowned_JJ dogs_NNS when_WRB heart_NN failure_NN J16 31 had_HVD not_XNOT occurred_VBN :_: once_CS J16 32 heart_NN failure_NN and_CC falling_JJ blood_NN pressure_NN had_HVD J16 32 occurred_VBN survival_NN was_BEDZ J16 33 most_QL unlikely_JJ ,_, even_CS though_CS" irregular_JJ heart_NN J16 33 beats_NNS and_CC respirations_NNS J16 34 might_MD occur_VB for_IN some_DTI minutes_NNS afterwards_RB ._. ^ J16 34 he_PP3A was_BEDZ also_RB able_JJ to_TO show_VB J16 35 that_CS this_DT lethal_JJ heart_NN failure_NN often_RB occurred_VBD J16 35 as_QL early_RB as_IN 2_CD minutes_NNS J16 36 after_IN complete_JJ submersion_NN ,_, particularly_RB in_IN fresh_JJ J16 36 water_NN ,_, explaining_VBG the_ATI J16 37 higher_JJR mortality_NN in_IN this_DT type_NN of_IN drowning_NN ._. J16 38 ^ the_ATI modern_JJ view_NN ._. J16 39 ^ the_ATI experiments_NNS on_IN animals_NNS suggest_VB that_CS J16 39 the_ATI mechanism_NN of_IN J16 40 drowning_NN in_IN humans_NNS would_MD depend_VB on_IN whether_CS it_PP3 J16 40 occurs_VBZ in_IN fresh_JJ or_CC salt_JJ J16 41 water_NN ._. ^ in_IN fresh_JJ water_NN drowning_NN in_IN humans_NNS J16 41 we_PP1AS would_MD expect_VB a_AT rapid_JJ J16 42 death_NN within_IN a_AT very_QL few_AP minutes_NNS ,_, partly_RB due_JJ J16 42 to_IN asphyxia_NN ,_, but_CC mainly_RB J16 43 due_JJ to_IN sudden_JJ heart_NN failure_NN brought_VBN about_RP by_IN J16 43 the_ATI explosive_JJ absorption_NN J16 44 of_IN large_JJ amounts_NNS of_IN water_NN into_IN the_ATI J16 44 circulation_NN ._. ^ in_IN salt_JJ water_NN J16 45 drowning_NN in_IN humans_NNS we_PP1AS would_MD also_RB expect_VB a_AT J16 45 rapid_JJ death_NN ,_, partly_RB due_JJ to_IN J16 46 asphyxia_NN and_CC partly_RB due_JJ to_IN rapid_JJ concentration_NN J16 46 of_IN the_ATI blood_NN ._. ^ in_IN J16 47 drowning_NN in_IN other_AP waters_NNS the_ATI mechanism_NN would_MD J16 47 probably_RB depend_VB on_IN J16 48 whether_CS the_ATI saline_JJ concentration_NN in_IN the_ATI water_NN J16 48 was_BEDZ greater_JJR or_CC less_AP than_CS J16 49 in_IN the_ATI body_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 should_MD ,_, however_RB ,_, be_BE J16 49 emphasized_VBN that_CS death_NN often_RB J16 50 occurs_VBZ within_IN 6_CD minutes_NNS and_CC almost_RB invariably_RB J16 50 with_IN 10_CD J16 51 minutes_NNS of_IN becoming_VBG totally_RB immersed_VBN ,_, and_CC J16 51 that_CS many_AP of_IN the_ATI cases_NNS J16 52 removed_VBN from_IN the_ATI water_NN whilst_CS still_RB alive_JJ J16 52 are_BER doomed_VBN to_TO die_VB within_IN a_AP J16 53 few_AP" minutes_NNS from_IN the_ATI devastating_JJ changes_NNS J16 53 which_WDTR have_HV already_RB taken_VBN J16 54 place_NN ,_, no_ATI matter_NN whether_CS the_ATI water_NN was_BEDZ J16 54 fresh_JJ or_CC salt_JJ ._. ^ this_DT knowledge_NN J16 55 explains_VBZ the_ATI very_QL high_JJ mortality_NN rate_NN in_IN J16 55 drowning_NN ._. J16 56 ^ there_EX are_BER ,_, however_RB ,_, a_AT small_JJ number_NN of_IN J16 56 cases_NNS which_WDTR are_BER rescued_VBN J16 57 from_IN water_NN before_CS large_JJ amounts_NNS of_IN water_NN have_HV J16 57 apparently_RB been_BEN inhaled_VBN ,_, J16 58 due_JJ to_IN very_QL rapid_JJ rescue_NN ,_, shock_NN ,_, reflex_NN J16 58 inhibition_NN of_IN the_ATI heart_NN or_CC J16 59 persistent_JJ spasm_NN of_IN the_ATI air_NN passages_NNS ,_, J16 59 preventing_VBG or_CC restricting_VBG J16 60 inhalation_NN of_IN water_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ in_IN these_DTS J16 60 cases_NNS that_CS artificial_JJ respiration_NN J16 61 would_MD offer_VB the_ATI greatest_JJT chance_NN of_IN recovery_NN ._. ^ J16 61 these_DTS are_BER presumably_RB J16 62 cases_NNS in_IN which_WDTR there_EX has_HVZ not_XNOT been_BEN time_NN J16 62 for_IN the_ATI gross_JJ disturbance_NN of_IN J16 63 body_NN fluid_NN which_WDTR has_HVZ such_ABL grave_JJ effects_NNS in_IN J16 63 most_AP cases_NNS of_IN drowning_NN ._. J16 64 ^ but_CC in_IN the_ATI vast_JJ majority_NN of_IN cases_NNS ,_, J16 64 drowning_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT a_AT simple_JJ asphyxia_NN J16 65 due_JJ to_IN obstruction_NN of_IN the_ATI air_NN passages_NNS and_CC J16 65 lungs_NNS by_IN water_NN but_CC is_BEZ a_AT J16 66 complicated_JJ process_NN in_IN which_WDTR violent_JJ disturbances_NNS J16 66 of_IN the_ATI body_NN fluids_NNS J16 67 and_CC chemicals_NNS make_VB the_ATI situation_NN so_QL much_RB J16 67 worse_JJR for_IN the_ATI individual_NN J16 68 concerned_VBN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ the_ATI modern_JJ view_NN of_IN J16 68 drowning_NN and_CC ,_, although_CS much_AP is_BEZ J16 69 still_RB not_XNOT understood_VBN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ now_RN worth_IN J16 69 considering_VBG other_AP important_JJ J16 70 aspects_NNS ,_, particularly_RB the_ATI signs_NNS and_CC symptoms_NNS J16 70 ,_, prognosis_NN ,_, resuscitation_NN J16 71 and_CC prevention_NN of_IN drowning_NN ,_, as_CC well_CC" as_CC" J16 71 forensic_JJ problems_NNS relevant_JJ to_IN J16 72 dead_JJ bodies_NNS removed_VBN from_IN water_NN ._. J16 73 ^ signs_NNS and_CC symptoms_NNS ._. J16 74 ^ drowning_NN is_BEZ rarely_RB witnessed_VBN but_CC the_ATI J16 74 ordinary_JJ course_NN of_IN events_NNS J16 75 is_BEZ apparently_RB as_CS follows_VBZ ._. ^ the_ATI swimmer_NN J16 75 remains_NNS on_IN the_ATI surface_NN until_CS he_PP3A J16 76 is_BEZ exhausted_JJ and_CC then_RN the_ATI course_NN in_IN swimmers_NNS J16 76 and_CC non-swimmers_NNS is_BEZ J16 77 similar_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI drowning_JJ person_NN sinks_VBZ and_CC J16 77 rises_VBZ a_AT number_NN of_IN times_NNS in_IN the_ATI J16 78 water_NN and_CC inhales_VBZ a_AP little_AP" water_NN into_IN the_ATI J16 78 air_NN passages_NNS ,_, but_CC this_DT is_BEZ J16 79 prevented_VBN from_IN entering_VBG his_PP$ lungs_NNS by_IN coughing_NN J16 79 and_CC glottic_JJ spasm_NN ._. J16 80 ^ (_( rarely_RB he_PP3A may_MD die_VB at_IN this_DT stage_NN from_IN J16 80 shock_NN ,_, reflex_NN inhibition_NN of_IN the_ATI J16 81 heart_NN ,_, from_IN pre-existing_JJB heart_NN disease_NN or_CC from_IN J16 81 almost_RB pure_JJ asphyxia_NN J16 82 due_JJ to_IN unrelenting_JJ glottic_JJ spasm_NN )_) ._. ^ he_PP3A J16 82 continues_VBZ to_TO rise_VB and_CC sink_VB in_IN J16 83 the_ATI water_NN ,_, shouts_VBZ for_IN help_NN ,_, coughs_NNS and_CC J16 83 chokes_VBZ ,_, but_CC does_DOZ not_XNOT inhale_VB J16 84 much_AP water_NN into_IN his_PP$ lungs_NNS ._. ^ with_IN increasing_JJ J16 84 asphyxia_NN due_JJ to_IN glottic_JJ J16 85 spasm_NN he_PP3A loses_VBZ consciousness_NN and_CC cough_NN reflex_NN J16 85 ,_, sinks_VBZ and_CC inhales_VBZ large_JJ J16 86 amounts_NNS of_IN water_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ in_IN this_DT stage_NN J16 86 that_CS the_ATI lethal_JJ exchanges_NNS of_IN J16 87 water_NN occur_VB ._. ^ oxygen_NN reserves_NNS become_VB severely_RB J16 87 depleted_JJ within_IN 6_CD J16 88 minutes_NNS and_CC within_IN 10_CD minutes_NNS heart_NN and_CC J16 88 respiration_NN almost_RB invariably_RB J16 89 cease_VB ._. ^ death_NN occurs_VBZ ,_, the_ATI body_NN sinks_VBZ and_CC J16 89 remains_VBZ submerged_JJ until_CS J16 90 putrefaction_NN and_CC gas_NN formation_NN bring_VB it_PP3 to_IN J16 90 the_ATI surface_NN some_DTI days_NNS J16 91 later_RBR ._. J16 92 ^ the_ATI symptoms_NNS of_IN drowning_NN vary_VB from_IN one_CD1 J16 92 case_NN to_IN another_DT ,_, from_IN J16 93 sensations_NNS of_IN tranquillity_NN to_IN utmost_JJB distress_NN ._. ^ J16 93 the_ATI following_JJ two_CD J16 94 cases_NNS are_BER quoted_VBN by_IN Polson_NP (_( 1955_CD )_) ._. ^ J16 94 in_IN the_ATI first_OD case_NN (_( originally_RB J16 95 reported_VBN by_IN Cullen_NP ,_, 1894_CD )_) the_ATI sensations_NNS J16 95 of_IN a_AT woman_NN rescued_VBN from_IN J16 96 drowning_NN at_IN sea_NN are_BER particularly_RB interesting_JJ ._. ^ J16 96 self-preservation_NN was_BEDZ J16 97 dominant_JJ in_IN her_PP$ mind_NN at_RB first_RB" and_CC there_EX J16 97 was_BEDZ great_JJ distress_NN as_CS she_PP3A saw_VBD J16 98 others_APS swimming_VBG away_RP from_IN her_PP3O ._. ^ she_PP3A J16 98 experienced_VBD only_RB acute_JJ suffering_NN J16 99 as_CS described_VBN in_IN her_PP$ own_AP words_NNS :_: ^ *'_*' I_PP1A J16 99 sank_VBD and_CC gasped_VBD involuntarily_RB ,_, J16 100 then_RN all_ABN other_AP senses_NNS were_BED overpowered_VBN by_IN J16 100 the_ATI agonizing_JJ scorching_JJ pain_NN J16 101 which_WDTR followed_VBD the_ATI rush_NN of_IN salt_JJ water_NN into_IN J16 101 my_PP$ lungs_NNS ._. ^ from_IN that_DT moment_NN J16 102 I_PP1A was_BEDZ conscious_JJ only_RB of_IN that_DT burning_JJ J16 102 suffocation_NN and_CC the_ATI intense_JJ J16 103 desire_NN that_CS others_APS might_MD know_VB what_WDT had_HVD J16 103 become_VBN of_IN me_PP1O ._. ^ except_IN for_IN" that_DT J16 104 one_CD1 thought_NN my_PP$ brain_NN was_BEDZ dulled_VBN **'_**' ._. ^ J16 104 she_PP3A complained_VBD of_IN roaring_NN in_IN her_PP$ J16 105 ears_NNS and_CC redness_NN before_IN her_PP$ eyes_NNS ._. ^ she_PP3A J16 105 was_BEDZ unconscious_JJ when_WRB rescued_VBN by_IN J16 106 her_PP$ husband_NN within_IN 3_CD minutes_NNS of_IN the_ATI time_NN J16 106 she_PP3A first_RB became_VBD submerged_JJ ._. J16 107 ^ but_CC the_ATI experience_NN of_IN Admiral_NPT Beaufort_NP ,_, J16 107 also_RB quoted_VBN by_IN Polson_NP (_( 1955_CD )_) ,_, J16 108 who_WPR was_BEDZ partially_RB drowned_VBN when_WRB a_AT boy_NN and_CC J16 108 rescued_VBN within_IN 2_CD minutes_NNS ,_, J16 109 were_BED those_DTS of_IN painless_JJ tranquillity_NN and_CC J16 109 thoughts_NNS of_IN his_PP$ previous_JJ life_NN ._. J16 110 ^ in_IN another_DT case_NN ,_, a_AT boy_NN of_IN 15_CD years_NNS J16 110 was_BEDZ accidentally_RB submerged_VBN in_IN the_ATI J16 111 River_NPL Derwent_NP (_( news_NN chronicle_NN ,_, August_NR ,_, 1960_CD J16 111 )_) for_IN an_AT uncertain_JJ J16 112 period_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A was_BEDZ rescued_VBN and_CC recovered_VBD J16 112 following_IN artificial_JJ J16 113 respiration_NN ._. ^ of_IN his_PP$ experiences_NNS he_PP3A stated_VBD J16 113 :_: ^ *'_*' I_PP1A was_BEDZ sure_JJ I_PP1A was_BEDZ dead_JJ ,_, J16 114 I_PP1A just_RB remember_VB sinking_VBG ._. ^ whilst_CS under_IN the_ATI J16 114 water_NN I_PP1A had_HVD a_AT terrible_JJ J16 115 dream_NN that_CS I_PP1A was_BEDZ going_VBG on_IN a_AT train_NN to_IN J16 115 heaven_NN ._. ^ I_PP1A never_RB expected_VBD to_TO wake_VB J16 116 up_RP again_RB ._. **'_**' ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ ,_, however_RB ,_, J16 116 unlikely_JJ in_IN any_DTI of_IN these_DTS three_CD cases_NNS who_WPR J16 117 lived_VBD to_TO tell_VB the_ATI tale_NN that_CS substantial_JJ J16 117 amounts_NNS of_IN water_NN had_HVD been_BEN J16 118 inhaled_VBN ._. J16 119 ^ prognosis_NN and_CC resuscitation_NN ._. J16 120 ^ the_ATI prospect_NN of_IN survival_NN following_IN drowning_NN J16 120 must_MD ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, J16 121 depend_VB on_IN many_AP factors_NNS *-_*- the_ATI fitness_NN of_IN J16 121 the_ATI subject_NN ,_, the_ATI duration_NN of_IN J16 122 immersion_NN and_CC the_ATI amount_NN of_IN water_NN inhaled_VBN J16 122 being_BEG most_QL important_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI J16 123 person_NN with_IN heart_NN disease_NN may_MD die_VB from_IN sudden_JJ J16 123 shock_NN the_ATI moment_NN he_PP3A J16 124 falls_VBZ into_IN cold_JJ water_NN and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT J16 124 unusual_JJ for_IN such_ABL subjects_NNS to_TO be_BE J16 125 found_VBN dead_JJ in_IN their_PP$ own_AP warm_JJ domestic_JJ baths_NNS J16 125 ,_, there_EX being_BEG no_ATI question_NN J16 126 of_IN drowning_NN ._. ^ in_IN fit_JJ persons_NNS the_ATI prognosis_NN J16 126 depends_VBZ on_IN the_ATI length_NN of_IN J16 127 asphyxia_NN and_CC the_ATI amount_NN of_IN water_NN inhaled_VBN ._. ^ J16 127 in_RB general_RB" ,_, those_DTS who_WPR have_HV J16 128 been_BEN submerged_VBN a_AT short_JJ time_NN stand_VB a_AT better_JJR J16 128 chance_NN of_IN survival_NN in_IN that_CS J16 129 oxygen_NN reserves_NNS may_MD not_XNOT have_HV been_BEN completely_RB J16 129 exhausted_VBN and_CC spasm_NN or_CC J16 130 shock_NN may_MD have_HV prevented_VBN or_CC restricted_VBN the_ATI J16 130 inhalation_NN of_IN water_NN into_IN J16 131 the_ATI lungs_NNS ._. ^ but_CC when_WRB large_JJ amounts_NNS of_IN J16 131 water_NN have_HV been_BEN inhaled_VBN it_PP3 is_BEZ J16 132 most_QL unlikely_JJ that_CS recovery_NN will_MD occur_VB ,_, J16 132 although_CS the_ATI heart_NN may_MD J16 133 continue_VB to_TO beat_VB ineffectually_RB for_IN several_AP J16 133 minutes_NNS after_IN rescue_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J16 134 should_MD be_BE stressed_VBN again_RB that_CS the_ATI time_NN J16 134 required_VBN to_TO inhale_VB these_DTS lethal_JJ J16 135 amounts_NNS of_IN fluid_NN is_BEZ very_QL short_JJ indeed_QLP ,_, J16 135 especially_RB in_IN fresh_JJ water_NN J16 136 drowning_NN where_WRB explosive_JJ absorption_NN of_IN water_NN from_IN J16 136 the_ATI lungs_NNS into_IN the_ATI J16 137 circulation_NN may_MD cause_VB fatal_JJ ventricular_JJ fibrillation_NN J16 137 in_IN as_QL little_AP as_IN 2_CD J16 138 minutes_NNS after_IN commencing_VBG to_TO breathe_VB water_NN ._. ^ J16 138 the_ATI course_NN of_IN events_NNS in_IN J16 139 sea_NN water_NN drowning_NN is_BEZ almost_RB as_QL rapid_JJ and_CC J16 139 thus_RB the_ATI time_NN available_JJ for_IN J16 140 rescue_NN and_CC resuscitation_NN is_BEZ pitifully_RB short_JJ in_IN J16 140 those_DTS who_WPR have_HV passed_VBN J16 141 beyond_IN the_ATI phase_NN of_IN glottic_JJ spasm_NN into_IN the_ATI J16 141 second_OD phase_NN in_IN which_WDTR J16 142 substantial_JJ amounts_NNS of_IN water_NN are_BER inhaled_VBN ._. J16 143 ^ the_ATI prospect_NN of_IN recovery_NN for_IN those_DTS who_WPR J16 143 have_HV probably_RB inhaled_VBN only_RB J16 144 a_AP little_AP" water_NN is_BEZ better_JJR but_CC there_EX is_BEZ J16 144 here_RN no_ATI time_NN for_IN delay_NN in_IN J16 145 attempting_VBG resuscitation_NN for_CS irrecoverable_JJ changes_NNS J16 145 can_MD occur_VB in_IN a_AP few_AP" J16 146 moments_NNS ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI time_NN to_TO examine_VB J16 146 the_ATI victim_NN ,_, no_ATI time_NN to_TO loosen_VB J16 147 clothing_NN or_CC clear_VB the_ATI airway_NN *-_*- these_DTS J16 147 matters_NNS must_MD be_BE left_VBN until_CS J16 148 artificial_JJ respiration_NN by_IN any_DTI recommended_JJ method_NN J16 148 has_HVZ been_BEN commenced_VBN ._. J16 149 ^ in_IN theory_NN artificial_JJ respiration_NN should_MD be_BE J16 149 continued_VBN in_IN all_ABN cases_NNS J16 150 until_CS regular_JJ spontaneous_JJ breathing_NN has_HVZ occurred_VBN J16 150 or_CC death_NN is_BEZ certain_JJ ._. J16 151 ^ the_ATI question_NN asked_VBN most_QL often_RB is_BEZ :_: ^ *'_*' J16 151 how_WRB long_RB should_MD artificial_JJ J16 152 respiration_NN be_BE continued_VBN in_IN the_ATI absence_NN of_IN J16 152 signs_NNS of_IN recovery_NN ?_? **'_**' J16 153 ^ answers_NNS vary_VB greatly_RB but_CC most_AP would_MD agree_VB J16 153 that_CS 15_CD minutes'_NNS$ artificial_JJ J16 154 respiration_NN should_MD be_BE given_VBN before_CS an_AT examination_NN J16 154 is_BEZ made_VBN and_CC this_DT J16 155 process_NN repeated_VBN for_IN at_RB least_RB" 1_CD1 hour_NN before_CS J16 155 attempts_NNS are_BER finally_RB J16 156 abandoned_VBN (_( Donald_NP ,_, 1955_CD )_) ._. J16 157 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ occasionally_RB stated_VBN that_CS successful_JJ J16 157 resuscitation_NN may_MD take_VB J16 158 place_NN when_WRB the_ATI drowned_JJ individual_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J16 158 submerged_VBN for_IN prolonged_JJ J16 159 periods_NNS ._. ^ Bates_NP in_IN 1938_CD ,_, reporting_VBG six_CD J16 159 cases_NNS of_IN recovery_NN from_IN alleged_JJ J16 160 drowning_NN with_IN submersion_NN up_RP to_IN 35_CD minutes_NNS ,_, J16 160 stressed_VBD the_ATI need_NN for_IN J16 161 artificial_JJ respiration_NN to_TO be_BE continued_VBN until_CS the_ATI J16 161 body_NN had_HVD cooled_VBN J16 162 substantially_RB or_CC the_ATI early_JJ signs_NNS of_IN rigor_NN J16 162 mortis_NN" were_BED present_JJ ._. J16 163 ^ present_NN knowledge_NN of_IN the_ATI mechanism_NN of_IN drowning_NN J16 163 throws_VBZ grave_JJ doubt_NN on_IN J16 164 the_ATI accuracy_NN of_IN such_ABL prolonged_JJ periods_NNS of_IN J16 164 submersion_NN with_IN subsequent_JJ J16 165 survival_NN ._. ^ Taylor_NP (_( 1956_CD )_) regards_VBZ recorded_JJ J16 165 cases_NNS of_IN recovery_NN after_IN J16 166 submersion_NN for_IN more_AP than_IN 7_CD or_CC 8_CD minutes_NNS as_CS J16 166 wholly_RB unreliable_JJ unless_CS J16 167 this_DT has_HVZ been_BEN intermittent_JJ or_CC incomplete_JJ as_CS J16 167 might_MD occur_VB in_IN the_ATI air_NN J16 168 pockets_NNS of_IN upturned_JJ boats_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ J16 168 theoretically_RB possible_JJ that_CS J16 169 submersion_NN in_IN extremely_RB cold_JJ water_NN might_MD on_IN J16 169 rare_JJ occasions_NNS chill_VB the_ATI J16 170 body_NN so_QL rapidly_RB that_CS vital_JJ organs_NNS are_BER J16 170 protected_VBN from_IN the_ATI effects_NNS of_IN J16 171 lack_NN of_IN oxygen_NN (_( as_CS is_BEZ now_RN practised_VBN J16 171 surgically_RB )_) ,_, allowing_VBG survival_NN J16 172 after_IN periods_NNS of_IN submersion_NN which_WDTR would_MD J16 172 ordinarily_RB be_BE lethal_JJ (_( Donald_NP ,_, J16 173 1955_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI possibility_NN that_CS life_NN had_HVD J16 173 been_BEN preserved_VBN by_IN some_DTI rare_JJ J16 174 chance_NN would_MD indicate_VB the_ATI need_NN for_IN at_RB least_RB" J16 174 some_DTI attempt_NN at_IN J16 175 resuscitation_NN in_IN all_ABN bodies_NNS freshly_RB recovered_VBN J16 175 from_IN water_NN ,_, as_CS is_BEZ the_ATI J16 176 current_JJ practice_NN ._. J16 177 ^ when_WRB recovery_NN occurs_VBZ following_IN drowning_NN it_PP3 J16 177 is_BEZ usually_RB ultimately_RB J16 178 complete_JJ ,_, without_IN evidence_NN of_IN significant_JJ residual_JJ J16 178 damage_NN to_IN the_ATI lungs_NNS J16 179 (_( Rushton_NP ,_, 1960_CD )_) ,_, heart_NN or_CC brain_NN ,_, J16 179 though_CS a_AT period_NN of_IN observation_NN and_CC J16 180 treatment_NN will_MD be_BE required_VBN for_IN some_DTI days_NNS to_TO J16 180 guard_VB against_IN J16 181 complications_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI individual_NN who_WPR has_HVZ J16 181 survived_VBN fresh_JJ water_NN drowning_NN J16 182 may_MD show_VB evidence_NN of_IN severe_JJ destruction_NN of_IN red_JJ J16 182 blood_NN cells_NNS due_JJ to_IN J16 183 excessive_JJ absorption_NN of_IN water_NN ,_, with_IN resulting_JJ J16 183 temporary_JJ kidney_NN damage_NN J16 184 and_CC staining_NN of_IN the_ATI urine_NN by_IN red_JJ blood_NN J16 184 pigment_NN ,_, as_CS in_IN Rath's_NP$ case_NN J16 185 (_( 1954_CD )_) quoted_VBN by_IN Bowden_NP (_( 1957_CD )_) ._. ^ J16 185 there_EX may_MD be_BE cardiac_JJ failure_NN due_JJ to_IN J16 186 alteration_NN in_IN the_ATI blood_NN volume_NN brought_VBN about_RP J16 186 by_IN the_ATI absorption_NN or_CC J16 187 withdrawal_NN of_IN fluid_NN from_IN the_ATI circulation_NN and_CC J16 187 gross_JJ congestion_NN and_CC J16 188 oedema_NN of_IN the_ATI lungs_NNS may_MD occur_VB within_IN a_AP J16 188 few_AP" hours_NNS and_CC cause_NN death_NN when_WRB J16 189 recovery_NN was_BEDZ expected_VBN ._. ^ pneumonia_NN may_MD also_RB J16 189 occur_VB early_RB due_JJ to_IN the_ATI J16 190 inhalation_NN of_IN substantial_JJ quantities_NNS of_IN dirty_JJ and_CC J16 190 infected_JJ water_NN ._. J17 2 ^ haemophilia_NN complicated_VBN by_IN an_AT acquired_JJ circulating_NN J17 2 anti-coagulant_NN :_: J17 3 a_AT report_NN of_IN three_CD cases_NNS ._. J17 4 ^ Michael_NP Hall_NP ._. J17 5 ^ the_ATI Radcliffe_NP Infirmary_NPL ,_, Oxford_NP ._. J17 6 ^ a_AT circulating_JJ anticoagulant_NN may_MD arise_VB in_IN J17 6 patients_NNS with_IN J17 7 haemophilia_NN and_CC Christmas_NP disease_NN or_CC may_MD appear_VB J17 7 sporadically_RB in_IN normal_JJ J17 8 people_NNS (_( Lewis_NP ,_, Ferguson_NP and_CC Arends_NP ,_, 1956_CD J17 8 ;_; Verstraete_NP and_CC J17 9 Vandenbroucke_NP ,_, 1956_CD ;_; Hougie_NP ,_, 1955_CD ;_; Nilsson_NP J17 9 ,_, Skanse_NP and_CC Eydell_NP ,_, 1958_CD )_) ._. J17 10 ^ the_ATI anticoagulant_NN has_HVZ been_BEN studied_VBN by_IN J17 10 various_JJ workers_NNS ,_, who_WPR suggest_VB J17 11 that_CS it_PP3 prevents_VBZ the_ATI reaction_NN between_IN J17 11 antihaemophilic_JJ globulin_NN J17 12 (_( \0AHG_NN )_) and_CC Christmas_NP factor_NN by_IN destroying_JJ J17 12 \0AHG_NN (_( Hougie_NP and_CC J17 13 Fearnley_NP ,_, 1954_CD ;_; Bersagel_NP and_CC Hougie_NP 1956_CD :_: J17 13 Biggs_NP and_CC Bidwell_NP ,_, 1959_CD )_) ._. J17 14 ^ the_ATI presence_NN of_IN an_AT anticoagulant_NN may_MD ,_, J17 14 therefore_RB ,_, account_VB for_IN the_ATI J17 15 failure_NN of_IN some_DTI patients_NNS to_TO respond_VB to_IN J17 15 treatment_NN with_IN J17 16 \0AHG-containing_JJ material_NN ._. ^ recognition_NN of_IN the_ATI J17 16 presence_NN of_IN an_AT J17 17 anticoagulant_NN ,_, even_RB in_IN very_QL small_JJ amounts_NNS ,_, J17 17 is_BEZ therefore_RB important_JJ and_CC J17 18 a_AT method_NN for_IN its_PP$ detection_NN and_CC assay_NN has_HVZ J17 18 recently_RB been_BEN described_VBN J17 19 (_( Biggs_NP and_CC Bidwell_NP ,_, 1959_CD )_) ._. ^ since_CS the_ATI J17 19 management_NN of_IN these_DTS patients_NNS may_MD J17 20 be_BE difficult_JJ three_CD cases_NNS are_BER described_VBN ._. J17 21 ^ the_ATI laboratory_NN methods_NNS used_VBN for_IN the_ATI J17 21 haematological_JJ investigations_NNS J17 22 were_BED those_DTS of_IN Biggs_NP and_CC Macfarlane_NP (_( 1957_CD )_) J17 22 ,_, with_IN the_ATI exception_NN of_IN the_ATI J17 23 inhibitor_NN assay_NN which_WDTR was_BEDZ by_IN the_ATI method_NN of_IN J17 23 Biggs_NP and_CC Bidwell_NP (_( 1959_CD )_) ._. J17 24 ^ the_ATI human_JJ \0AHG_NN was_BEDZ prepared_VBN and_CC supplied_VBN J17 24 by_IN the_ATI Lister_NP J17 25 Institute_NPL of_IN sterile_JJ products_NNS ._. J17 26 ^ case_NN reports_NNS ._. J17 27 ^ case_NN 1_CD1 ._. J17 28 ^ this_DT patient_NN (_( \0R_NP \0I_NP \0no_NN 80047_CD )_) ,_, J17 28 aged_JJ 23_CD years_NNS was_BEDZ admitted_VBN J17 29 on_IN May_NR 23rd_OD ,_, 1958_CD ._. ^ he_PP3A had_HVD a_AT family_NN J17 29 history_NN of_IN haemophilia_NN ,_, one_CD1 J17 30 younger_JJR brother_NN being_BEG affected_VBN ._. ^ he_PP3A was_BEDZ J17 30 first_RB recognized_VBN as_CS J17 31 haemophilic_JJ at_IN the_ATI age_NN of_IN 2_CD years_NNS when_WRB J17 31 he_PP3A bled_VBD profusely_RB following_IN J17 32 circumcision_NN ._. ^ since_IN then_RN he_PP3A had_HVD been_BEN J17 32 admitted_VBN to_IN hospital_NN on_IN many_AP J17 33 occasions_NNS with_IN various_JJ bleeding_NN episodes_NNS ,_, mainly_RB J17 33 haemarthroses_NNS and_CC J17 34 haematomata_NNS ._. ^ as_IN a_AT result_NN of_IN the_ATI former_AP ,_, J17 34 he_PP3A had_HVD been_BEN admitted_VBN to_IN the_ATI J17 35 Nuffield_NP orthopaedic_JJ centre_NN in_IN September_NR 1956_CD ,_, J17 35 with_IN a_AT flexion_NN J17 36 contracture_NN of_IN the_ATI right_JJ hip_NN ,_, but_CC this_DT had_HVD J17 36 responded_VBN well_RB to_IN J17 37 treatment_NN ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI present_JJ occasion_NN he_PP3A J17 37 was_BEDZ admitted_VBN to_IN the_ATI Nuffield_NP J17 38 orthopaedic_JJ centre_NN for_IN a_AT similar_JJ reason_NN ,_, but_CC J17 38 within_IN a_AT day_NN or_CC two_CD of_IN J17 39 admission_NN developed_VBD severe_JJ right-sided_JJ abdominal_JJ J17 39 pain_NN which_WDTR was_BEDZ J17 40 associated_VBN with_IN tenderness_NN ,_, pyrexia_NN and_CC vomiting_NN J17 40 ._. ^ since_CS the_ATI diagnosis_NN J17 41 of_IN acute_JJ appendicitis_NN was_BEDZ raised_VBN ,_, he_PP3A was_BEDZ J17 41 transferred_VBN to_IN the_ATI Radcliffe_NP J17 42 Infirmary_NPL ._. J17 43 ^ on_IN examination_NN he_PP3A looked_VBD pale_JJ and_CC ill_JJ ,_, J17 43 and_CC his_PP$ right_JJ knee_NN and_CC hip_NN J17 44 were_BED flexed_VBN ._. ^ there_EX were_BED guarding_NN and_CC J17 44 tenderness_NN in_IN the_ATI right_JJ iliac_JJ J17 45 fossa_NN and_CC right_JJ groin_NN ,_, with_IN tenderness_NN high_RB J17 45 on_IN the_ATI right_JJ posterior_JJ J17 46 rectal_JJ wall_NN ._. ^ there_EX was_BEDZ anaesthesia_NN in_IN the_ATI J17 46 distribution_NN of_IN the_ATI right_JJ J17 47 femoral_JJ nerve_NN ._. ^ blood_NN pressure_NN was_BEDZ 115/70_CD ._. ^ J17 47 the_ATI haemoglobin_NN was_BEDZ 11.4_CD J17 48 \0g_NNU per_IN 100_CD \0ml_NNU J17 49 ._. ^ a_AT diagnosis_NN of_IN a_AT right-sided_JJ retroperitoneal_JJ J17 49 haematoma_NN was_BEDZ made_VBN J17 50 and_CC he_PP3A was_BEDZ treated_VBN with_IN analgesics_NNS ,_, J17 50 transfusions_NNS of_IN fresh_JJ plasma_NN and_CC J17 51 blood_NN ._. ^ in_IN spite_IN" of_IN" this_DT ,_, bleeding_NN J17 51 continued_VBD and_CC the_ATI haemoglobin_NN J17 52 dropped_VBD to_IN 7.7_CD \0g_NNU per_IN 100_CD \0ml_NNU ._. ^ his_PP$ J17 52 general_JJ condition_NN was_BEDZ weaker_JJR J17 53 and_CC he_PP3A appeared_VBD jaundiced_JJ ._. J17 54 ^ the_ATI lack_NN of_IN response_NN to_IN the_ATI transfusion_NN J17 54 treatment_NN was_BEDZ unusual_JJ and_CC J17 55 some_DTI routine_JJ laboratory_NN tests_NNS ,_, in_IN which_WDTR a_AT J17 55 sample_NN of_IN the_ATI patient's_NN$ J17 56 blood_NN had_HVD been_BEN used_VBN as_IN a_AT control_NN ,_, J17 56 suggested_VBD that_CS an_AT inhibitor_NN of_IN J17 57 \0AHG_NN was_BEDZ present_JJ ._. ^ he_PP3A was_BEDZ then_RN treated_VBN J17 57 with_IN 2200_CD plasma_NN J17 58 equivalents_NNS of_IN human_JJ \0AHG_NN intravenously_RB ._. ^ this_DT J17 58 produced_VBD a_AT J17 59 characteristic_JJ and_CC severe_JJ reaction_NN ,_, but_CC failed_VBD J17 59 to_TO halt_VB the_ATI bleeding_NN J17 60 process_NN and_CC he_PP3A developed_VBD a_AT haematoma_NN of_IN the_ATI J17 60 upper_JJB chest_NN wall_NN and_CC right_JJ J17 61 side_NN of_IN the_ATI neck_NN ._. ^ the_ATI following_JJ day_NN he_PP3A J17 61 complained_VBD of_IN dysphagia_NN and_CC J17 62 difficulty_NN in_IN breathing_NN ,_, and_CC a_AT chest_NN x-ray_NN J17 62 showed_VBD evidence_NN of_IN J17 63 mediastinal_JJ extension_NN of_IN this_DT haematoma_NN ._. ^ J17 63 haematological_JJ investigation_NN J17 64 had_HVD by_IN this_DT time_NN shown_VBN the_ATI presence_NN of_IN an_AT J17 64 inhibitor_NN ,_, the_ATI level_NN being_BEG J17 65 33-50_CD-CD units_NNS per_IN \0ml_NNU (_( 1_CD1 unit_NN of_IN J17 65 inhibitor_NN is_BEZ the_ATI amount_NN which_WDTR will_MD J17 66 destroy_VB 75_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN added_JJ \0AHG_NN in_IN 1_CD1 J17 66 hour_NN (_( Biggs_NP and_CC Bidwell_NP ,_, J17 67 1959_CD )_) )_) ._. ^ with_IN this_DT level_NN of_IN inhibitor_NN J17 67 no_ATI amount_NN of_IN J17 68 \0AHG-containing_JJ material_NN ,_, either_DTX animal_JJ or_CC human_JJ J17 68 ,_, was_BEDZ likely_JJ to_TO J17 69 be_BE effective_JJ in_IN halting_VBG the_ATI bleeding_NN process_NN ._. J17 69 ^ the_ATI only_AP possible_JJ way_NN J17 70 of_IN reducing_VBG the_ATI level_NN of_IN the_ATI inhibitor_NN J17 70 seemed_VBD to_TO be_BE by_IN exchange_NN J17 71 transfusion_NN ._. ^ therefore_RB ,_, an_AT exchange_NN transfusion_NN J17 71 equivalent_NN to_IN twice_RB J17 72 the_ATI blood_NN volume_NN was_BEDZ performed_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI J17 72 inhibitor_NN level_NN fell_VBD to_IN 5.9_CD units_NNS J17 73 per_IN \0ml_NNU and_CC the_ATI clotting_NN time_NN to_IN 23-30_CD-CD J17 73 minutes_NNS ._. ^ to_TO take_VB advantage_NN J17 74 of_IN the_ATI improved_JJ circumstances_NNS ,_, two_CD doses_NNS of_IN J17 74 animal_JJ \0AHG_NN ,_, J17 75 equivalent_JJ to_IN 3200_CD \0ml_NNU and_CC 3300_CD \0ml_NNU of_IN J17 75 fresh_JJ plasma_NN were_BED given_VBN ._. J17 76 ^ the_ATI effect_NN was_BEDZ to_TO reduce_VB the_ATI clotting_NN J17 76 time_NN to_IN 6_CD 3/4_CD minutes_NNS and_CC the_ATI J17 77 inhibitor_NN level_NN to_IN 5.0_CD units_NNS per_IN \0ml_NNU ,_, and_CC J17 77 a_AT trace_NN of_IN \0AHG_NN was_BEDZ J17 78 measurable_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI following_JJ day_NN two_CD further_JJB J17 78 doses_NNS of_IN animal_JJ \0AHG_NN ,_, J17 79 equivalent_JJ to_IN 3000_CD \0ml_NNU and_CC 8000_CD \0ml_NNU of_IN J17 79 fresh_JJ plasma_NN ,_, were_BED given_VBN ._. J17 80 ^ the_ATI clotting_NN time_NN was_BEDZ reduced_VBN from_IN 60_CD J17 80 minutes_NNS to_IN 15_CD minutes_NNS and_CC the_ATI J17 81 inhibitor_NN level_NN to_IN 3.9_CD units_NNS ._. ^ no_ATI plasma_NN J17 81 \0AHG_NN level_NN was_BEDZ ,_, J17 82 however_RB ,_, obtained_VBN ._. J17 83 ^ there_EX was_BEDZ a_AT marked_JJ improvement_NN in_IN general_JJ J17 83 condition_NN following_IN the_ATI J17 84 exchange_NN transfusion_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI jaundice_NN and_CC J17 84 haematomata_NNS disappeared_VBD ._. J17 85 ^ dysphagia_NN disappeared_VBD after_IN about_RB 24_CD hours_NNS ._. ^ J17 85 pain_NN in_IN the_ATI abdomen_NN and_CC J17 86 groin_NN lessened_VBD and_CC he_PP3A gradually_RB became_VBD able_JJ J17 86 to_TO straighten_VB his_PP$ leg_NN ._. ^ a_AT J17 87 mild_JJ pyrexia_NN developed_VBN after_IN the_ATI exchange_NN J17 87 transfusion_NN and_CC there_EX were_BED J17 88 signs_NNS of_IN pneumonia_NN in_IN the_ATI right_JJ side_NN of_IN J17 88 the_ATI chest_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A was_BEDZ treated_VBN J17 89 with_IN tetracycline_NN ,_, 500_CD \0mg_NNU 6-hourly_RB ,_, and_CC J17 89 improved_VBD ._. ^ hydrocortisone_NN J17 90 at_IN a_AT daily_JJ dose_NN of_IN 200_CD \0mg_NNU was_BEDZ given_VBN J17 90 in_IN the_ATI hope_NN of_IN preventing_VBG J17 91 further_JJB formation_NN of_IN anticoagulant_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A was_BEDZ J17 91 able_JJ to_TO get_VB up_RP and_CC sit_VB in_IN J17 92 a_AT chair_NN ._. ^ the_ATI only_AP troublesome_JJ complication_NN J17 92 was_BEDZ persistent_JJ bleeding_NN J17 93 from_IN the_ATI *'_*' cut_VBN down_RP **'_**' site_NN through_IN J17 93 which_WDTR the_ATI cannula_NN had_HVD been_BEN J17 94 inserted_VBN ._. ^ this_DT necessitated_VBD the_ATI transfusion_NN J17 94 of_IN 20_CD pints_NNS of_IN blood_NN ,_, but_CC J17 95 was_BEDZ eventually_RB stopped_VBN by_IN repeated_JJ packing_NN of_IN J17 95 the_ATI wound_NN with_IN Calgitex_NP J17 96 ribbon_NN gauze_NN soaked_VBN in_IN Russell's_NP$ viper_NN venom_NN ._. J17 96 ^ the_ATI cannula_NN was_BEDZ left_VBN J17 97 in_IN situ_NN for_IN several_AP days_NNS following_IN the_ATI J17 97 exchange_NN in_IN case_NN of_IN J17 98 emergency_NN ,_, but_CC was_BEDZ finally_RB removed_VBN on_IN June_NR J17 98 12th_OD ,_, when_WRB nearly_RB all_ABN J17 99 bleeding_NN had_HVD stopped_VBN ._. ^ further_JJB intermittent_JJ J17 99 oozing_NN continued_VBN for_IN 10_CD J17 100 days_NNS after_IN this_DT and_CC another_DT seven_CD pints_NNS of_IN J17 100 blood_NN were_BED transfused_VBN ._. J17 101 ^ on_IN the_ATI night_NN of_IN June_NR 14th_OD his_PP$ J17 101 temperature_NN rose_VBD abruptly_RB and_CC in_IN J17 102 the_ATI next_AP 72_CD hours_NNS reached_VBD 104_CD *@_NNU \0F_NP ._. ^ J17 102 no_ATI obvious_JJ cause_NN was_BEDZ discernible_JJ J17 103 for_IN this_DT ,_, though_CS he_PP3A had_HVD a_AT tender_JJ J17 103 haematoma_NN on_IN the_ATI upper_JJB outer_JJB aspect_NN J17 104 of_IN the_ATI left_JJ forearm_NN which_WDTR had_HVD resulted_VBN J17 104 from_IN a_AT venepuncture_NN ._. ^ blood_NN J17 105 cultures_NNS remained_VBD sterile_JJ :_: a_AT swab_NN taken_VBN from_IN J17 105 the_ATI *'_*' cut_VBN down_RP **'_**' site_NN in_IN J17 106 the_ATI right_JJ arm_NN grew_VBD a_AT penicillin-resistant_JJB J17 106 Staphylococcus_&FW aureus_&FW J17 107 but_CC this_DT wound_NN did_DOD not_XNOT appear_VB infected_VBN ._. ^ J17 107 the_ATI pyrexia_NN was_BEDZ ,_, therefore_RB ,_, J17 108 ascribed_VBN to_IN the_ATI blood_NN transfusions_NNS and_CC J17 108 absorption_NN of_IN blood_NN ._. ^ however_RB ,_, J17 109 the_ATI administration_NN of_IN hydrocortisone_NN was_BEDZ J17 109 discontinued_VBN ,_, and_CC penicillin_NN J17 110 was_BEDZ given_VBN at_IN a_AT dose_NN of_IN 125_CD \0mg_NNU \0t.d.s_RB J17 110 and_CC sulphamethoxypyridazine_NN J17 111 at_IN 0.5_CD \0g_NNU daily_RB ._. ^ the_ATI swinging_JJ pyrexia_NN J17 111 continued_VBD ,_, the_ATI haematoma_NN J17 112 increased_VBD ,_, brawny_JJ oedema_NN developed_VBD ,_, and_CC there_EX J17 112 was_BEDZ oedema_NN of_IN the_ATI hand_NN ;_; J17 113 by_IN June_NR 28th_OD the_ATI haematoma_NN was_BEDZ obviously_RB J17 113 infected_VBN and_CC was_BEDZ pointing_VBG J17 114 over_IN the_ATI lateral_JJ condyle_NN of_IN the_ATI humerus_NN ._. ^ J17 114 100_CD \0ml_NNU of_IN bloodstained_JJ J17 115 pus_NN was_BEDZ aspirated_VBN and_CC the_ATI abcess_NN was_BEDZ J17 115 therefore_RB incised_VBN ._. ^ \0Staph_&FW J17 116 aureus_&FW resistant_JJ to_IN penicillin_NN ,_, aureomycin_NN and_CC J17 116 tetracycline_NN was_BEDZ J17 117 cultured_VBN from_IN the_ATI pus_NN ._. ^ management_NN was_BEDZ now_RN J17 117 directed_VBN to_IN the_ATI treatment_NN J17 118 of_IN the_ATI staphylococcal_JJ infection_NN ,_, and_CC of_IN the_ATI J17 118 bleeding_NN diathesis_NN ._. ^ as_CS J17 119 can_MD be_BE seen_VBN from_IN \0fig_NN 1_CD1 ,_, various_JJ J17 119 antibiotics_NNS were_BED given_VBN in_IN full_JJ J17 120 dosage_NN J17 122 and_CC between_IN July_NR 13th_OD and_CC 26th_OD the_ATI J17 122 administration_NN of_IN chloramphenicol_NN ,_, J17 123 500_CD \0mg_NNU 6-hourly_RB ,_, and_CC intravenous_JJ Furadantin_NP ,_, J17 123 30_CD \0ml_NNU per_IN litre_NN of_IN J17 124 normal_JJ saline_JJ \0b.d_NN ,_, appeared_VBD to_TO have_HV J17 124 controlled_VBN the_ATI infection_NN ._. ^ but_CC J17 125 relapse_NN ensued_VBD on_IN July_NR 27th_OD and_CC a_AT blood_NN J17 125 culture_NN grew_VBD \0Staph_&FW J17 126 aureus_&FW resistant_JJ to_IN penicillin_NN ,_, tetracycline_NN and_CC J17 126 erythromycin_NN ,_, but_CC J17 127 still_RB sensitive_JJ to_IN Furadantin_NP and_CC chloramphenicol_NN ._. J17 127 ^ a_AT similar_JJ organism_NN J17 128 was_BEDZ also_RB grown_VBN from_IN the_ATI pus_NN from_IN the_ATI J17 128 left_JJ elbow_NN ._. ^ the_ATI patient_NN was_BEDZ now_RN J17 129 desperately_RB ill_JJ ._. ^ intravenous_JJ penicillin_NN was_BEDZ J17 129 given_VBN at_IN a_AT dose_NN of_IN 12_CD J17 130 million_CD units_NNS per_IN 100_CD \0ml_NNU of_IN normal_JJ saline_NN J17 130 6-hourly_RB with_IN Benemid_NP ,_, J17 131 0.5_CD \0g_NNU 6-hourly_RB by_IN mouth_NN ._. ^ penicillin_NN blood_NN J17 131 levels_NNS as_QL high_JJ as_IN 32_CD J17 132 units_NNS per_IN \0ml_NNU were_BED obtained_VBN ;_; there_EX was_BEDZ J17 132 no_ATI dramatic_JJ fall_NN in_IN J17 133 temperature_NN but_CC the_ATI general_JJ condition_NN and_CC J17 133 appetite_NN improved_VBD ._. ^ by_IN J17 134 August_NR 18th_OD he_PP3A was_BEDZ so_QL much_RB better_JJR that_CS J17 134 the_ATI administration_NN of_IN all_ABN J17 135 antibiotics_NNS was_BEDZ discontinued_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI haematoma_NN J17 135 of_IN the_ATI left_JJ forearm_NN J17 136 produced_VBD two_CD sloughing_JJ discharging_JJ areas_NNS ,_, one_CD1 J17 136 posteriorly_RB and_CC one_CD1 J17 137 anteriorly_RB ,_, both_ABX of_IN which_WDTR had_HVD superabundant_JJ J17 137 granulations_NNS protruding_VBG J17 138 from_IN them_PP3OS ._. ^ these_DTS shrank_VBD considerably_RB and_CC J17 138 eventually_RB healed_VBD (_( \0fig_NN 2_CD )_) ._. J17 139 ^ during_IN this_DT period_NN continual_JJ blood_NN loss_NN J17 139 occurred_VBD from_IN the_ATI incised_JJ J17 140 abscess_NN and_CC from_IN the_ATI anterior_JJ slough_NN ._. ^ J17 140 treatment_NN was_BEDZ difficult_JJ because_CS J17 141 there_EX were_BED few_AP veins_NNS into_IN which_WDTR needles_NNS or_CC J17 141 metal_NN cannulae_NNS could_MD be_BE J17 142 inserted_VBN ._. ^ to_TO allow_VB time_NN for_IN veins_NNS to_TO J17 142 recanalize_VB ,_, polyethylene_NN J17 143 cannulae_NNS had_HVD to_TO be_BE inserted_VBN through_IN larger_JJR J17 143 veins_NNS into_IN the_ATI femoral_JJ ,_, J17 144 subclavian_JJ and_CC the_ATI superior_JJ caval_JJ veins_NNS ._. ^ J17 144 the_ATI patient_NN bled_VBD profusely_RB J17 145 from_IN these_DTS *'_*' cut_JJ down_RP **'_**' sites_NNS and_CC it_PP3 J17 145 was_BEDZ not_XNOT possible_JJ to_TO control_VB J17 146 bleeding_NN by_IN pressure_NN ,_, Stypven_NP or_CC Calgitex_NP gauze_NN J17 146 while_CS the_ATI cannulae_NNS J17 147 were_BED still_RB in_IN situ_NN ._. ^ these_DTS procedures_NNS ,_, J17 147 though_CS necessary_JJ ,_, only_RB J17 148 aggravated_VBD the_ATI transfusion_NN problem_NN and_CC a_AT large_JJ J17 148 volume_NN of_IN blood_NN had_HVD to_TO J17 149 be_BE transfused_VBN (_( \0fig_NN 1_CD1 )_) ._. J17 150 ^ by_IN this_DT time_NN the_ATI patient_NN was_BEDZ debilitated_VBN J17 150 ,_, but_CC felt_VBD much_RB better_JJR ,_, J17 151 and_CC was_BEDZ able_JJ to_TO take_VB a_AT 3000_CD calorie_NN diet_NN J17 151 ._. ^ his_PP$ pyrexia_NN settled_VBD after_IN 4_CD J17 152 weeks_NNS ,_, when_WRB a_AT haematoma_NN of_IN the_ATI anterior_JJ J17 152 abdominal_JJ wall_NN developed_VBD and_CC J17 153 he_PP3A complained_VBD of_IN vomiting_NN and_CC of_IN pain_NN in_IN J17 153 the_ATI left_JJ groin_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J17 154 haemoglobin_NN fell_VBD and_CC a_AT further_JJB blood_NN transfusion_NN J17 154 was_BEDZ given_VBN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J17 155 middle_NN of_IN September_NR melaena_NN began_VBD and_CC became_VBD J17 155 more_QL frequent_JJ and_CC more_QL J17 156 fluid_JJ ._. ^ further_JJB deterioration_NN ensued_VBD ._. ^ a_AT J17 156 large_JJ haematoma_NN appeared_VBD in_IN J17 157 the_ATI left_JJ groin_NN and_CC thigh_NN and_CC became_VBD grossly_RB J17 157 infected_VBN ._. ^ by_IN October_NR 8th_OD J17 158 large_JJ fluid_JJ stools_NNS containing_VBG almost_RB pure_JJ blood_NN J17 158 were_BED passed_VBN ._. ^ in_IN spite_IN" J17 159 of_IN" further_JJB blood_NN transfusions_NNS he_PP3A died_VBD in_IN J17 159 coma_NN on_IN October_NR 9th_OD ._. ^ during_IN J17 160 admission_NN he_PP3A received_VBD 270_CD pints_NNS of_IN blood_NN ._. J17 161 ^ necropsy_JJ report_NN (_( \0R.I.P.M_NP \0no_NN 771/58_CD ._. \0Dr_NPT J17 161 \0W_NP \0C_NP \0D_NP J17 162 Richards_NP )_) ._. J17 163 ^ at_IN post-mortem_JJB examination_NN a_AT large_JJ infected_JJ J17 163 cystic_JJ haematoma_NN J17 164 was_BEDZ found_VBN in_IN the_ATI retroperitoneal_JJ tissues_NNS on_IN J17 164 the_ATI right_JJ side_NN of_IN the_ATI J17 165 abdomen_NN ._. ^ this_DT involved_VBD the_ATI psoas_NN ,_, J17 165 quadratus_&FW lumborum_&FW and_CC iliacus_NN J17 166 muscles_NNS ._. ^ a_AT similar_JJ haematoma_NN on_IN the_ATI left_JJ J17 166 side_NN had_HVD ruptured_VBN into_IN the_ATI J17 167 colon_NN ._. ^ the_ATI haematomata_NNS contained_VBD turbid_JJ brown_JJ J17 167 fluid_NN and_CC masses_NNS of_IN J17 168 brown_JJ altered_JJ blood_NN ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI left_JJ side_NN J17 168 the_ATI iliac_JJ haematoma_NN J17 169 communicated_VBD with_IN a_AT large_JJ infected_JJ haematoma_NN of_IN J17 169 the_ATI thigh_NN ._. ^ both_ABX J17 170 ureters_NNS were_BED surrounded_VBN by_IN the_ATI fibrous_JJ tissue_NN J17 170 forming_VBG the_ATI anterior_JJ J17 171 wall_NN of_IN the_ATI abdominal_JJ haematomata_NNS ,_, the_ATI J17 171 pelves_NNS of_IN the_ATI kidneys_NNS being_BEG J17 172 slightly_RB dilated_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI liver_NN (_( 3020_CD \0g_NNU )_) J17 172 and_CC spleen_NN (_( 850_CD \0g_NNU )_) were_BED J17 173 both_ABX enlarged_JJ ._. ^ microscopically_RB the_ATI liver_NN ,_, J17 173 spleen_NN and_CC iliac_JJ lymph_NN J17 174 nodes_NNS showed_VBD siderosis_NN and_CC there_EX was_BEDZ J17 174 amyloidosis_NN of_IN the_ATI spleen_NN and_CC J17 175 liver_NN ._. ^ the_ATI liver_NN was_BEDZ fatty_JJ ._. ^ masses_NNS J17 175 of_IN Gram-positive_JJ cocci_NNS were_BED J17 176 present_JJ in_IN the_ATI blood_NN clot_NN filling_VBG the_ATI J17 176 haematomata_NNS ._. ^ inflammatory_JJ J17 177 granulation_NN tissue_NN lined_VBD the_ATI inner_JJB surface_NN of_IN J17 177 the_ATI haematomata_NNS ._. J17 178 ^ case_NN 2_CD ._. J17 179 ^ this_DT patient_NN (_( \0R_NP \0I_NP \0no_NN 42050_CD )_) ,_, J17 179 aged_JJ 43_CD years_NNS ,_, was_BEDZ J17 180 admitted_VBN on_IN May_NR 5th_OD ,_, 1958_CD ,_, for_IN weight_NN J17 180 reduction_NN prior_RB to_IN extensive_JJ J17 181 dental_JJ extractions_NNS ._. ^ his_PP$ haemophilia_NN had_HVD been_BEN J17 181 recognized_VBN for_IN many_AP J17 182 years_NNS and_CC numerous_JJ haemorrhagic_JJ episodes_NNS of_IN J17 182 variable_JJ severity_NN and_CC J17 183 duration_NN had_HVD occurred_VBN ,_, many_AP necessitating_VBG J17 183 hospital_NN admission_NN ._. ^ a_AT J17 184 bruising_NN tendency_NN had_HVD been_BEN noticed_VBN 14_CD days_NNS J17 184 after_IN birth_NN and_CC he_PP3A had_HVD J17 185 suffered_VBN prolonged_JJ haemorrhage_NN after_IN biting_VBG his_PP$ J17 185 tongue_NN at_IN the_ATI age_NN of_IN 2_CD J17 186 years_NNS ._. ^ there_EX was_BEDZ a_AT family_NN history_NN of_IN J17 186 obesity_NN ,_, but_CC not_XNOT of_IN haemophilia_NN ._. J17 187 ^ on_IN examination_NN he_PP3A was_BEDZ obese_JJ ,_, weighing_VBG J17 187 16_CD \0st_NNU 9_CD 1/2_CD \0lb_NNU ._. ^ there_EX J17 188 was_BEDZ evidence_NN of_IN old_JJ haemarthroses_NNS involving_VBG J17 188 both_ABX knees_NNS ,_, both_ABX elbows_NNS ,_, J17 189 the_ATI right_JJ ankle_NN and_CC left_JJ shoulder_NN ._. ^ there_EX J17 189 was_BEDZ severe_JJ dental_JJ caries_NN of_IN J17 190 both_ABX upper_JJB and_CC lower_JJR teeth_NNS and_CC it_PP3 was_BEDZ J17 190 decided_VBN that_CS root_NN remnants_NNS would_MD J17 191 have_HV to_TO be_BE extracted_VBN ._. ^ an_AT 800_CD calorie_NN diet_NN J17 191 was_BEDZ begun_VBN and_CC Dexedrine_NP J17 192 spansules_NNS \0mg_NNU 15_CD mane_RB ,_, Saluric_NP ,_, 0.5_CD \0g_NNU J17 192 \0b.d_NNU and_CC potassium_NN J17 193 chloride_NN ,_, 1_CD1 \0g_NNU twice_RB daily_RB were_BED prescribed_VBN J17 193 ._. ^ his_PP$ weight_NN dropped_VBD to_IN J17 194 15_CD \0st_NNU 6_CD \0lb_NNU ._. ^ at_RB first_RB" ,_, a_AP few_AP" J17 194 superficial_JJ bruises_NNS were_BED the_ATI only_AP J17 195 haemorrhagic_JJ manifestations_NNS ._. ^ active_JJ physiotherapy_NN J17 195 to_IN the_ATI knee_NN was_BEDZ J17 196 given_VBN with_IN considerable_JJ improvement_NN ._. ^ after_IN J17 196 about_RB 6_CD weeks_NNS several_AP deep_JJ J17 197 painful_JJ haematomata_NNS developed_VBD at_IN various_JJ sites_NNS ._. J17 198 ^ on_IN July_NR 17th_OD 10_CD roots_NNS and_CC carious_JJ teeth_NNS J17 198 were_BED extracted_VBN from_IN the_ATI J17 199 upper_JJB jaw_NN under_IN general_JJ anaesthesia_NN ._. ^ his_PP$ J17 199 subsequent_JJ progress_NN is_BEZ J17 200 summarized_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 3_CD ._. ^ before_IN operation_NN a_AT J17 200 polyethylene_NN cannula_NN was_BEDZ J17 201 inserted_VBN into_IN a_AT forearm_NN vein_NN to_IN a_AT distance_NN J17 201 of_IN 33_CD inches_NNS so_CS that_CS" the_ATI J17 202 tip_NN should_MD lie_VB in_IN a_AT major_JJ vessel_NN ._. ^ (_( J17 202 venography_NN later_RBR showed_VBD that_CS the_ATI J17 203 tip_NN of_IN the_ATI catheter_NN was_BEDZ in_IN the_ATI right_JJ J17 203 ventricle_NN ;_; the_ATI catheter_NN was_BEDZ ,_, J17 204 therefore_RB ,_, withdrawn_VBN until_CS the_ATI tip_NN lay_VBD in_IN J17 204 the_ATI superior_JJ vena_&FW cava_&FW ._. )_) J18 2 ^ statisticians_NNS and_CC electrical_JJ engineers_NNS are_BER J18 2 familiar_JJ with_IN an_AT J18 3 analogous_JJ uncertainty_NN between_IN time_NN and_CC frequency_NN J18 3 in_IN the_ATI analysis_NN of_IN J18 4 time-series_NNS ,_, and_CC this_DT obviously_RB suggests_VBZ the_ATI J18 4 query_NN :_: can_MD a_AT frequency_NN J18 5 n_ZZ be_BE associated_VBN with_IN an_AT energy_NN E_ZZ ?_? ^ J18 5 physicists_NNS appeal_VB to_IN the_ATI J18 6 relation_NN E_ZZ =_&FO hn_&FO ,_, where_WRB h_ZZ is_BEZ Planck's_NP$ J18 6 constant_NN ,_, but_CC quite_RB J18 7 apart_IN from_IN" the_ATI qualms_NNS expressed_VBN by_IN J18 7 Schro"dinger_NP (_( 1958_CD )_) about_IN this_DT J18 8 relation_NN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ at_RB least_RB" arguable_JJ that_CS J18 8 the_ATI frequency_NN n_ZZ is_BEZ as_QL J18 9 fundamental_JJ in_IN it_PP3 as_IN the_ATI energy_NN E_ZZ ._. ^ I_PP1A J18 9 can_MD therefore_RB sympathize_VB J18 10 with_IN (_( though_CS I_PP1A am_BEM sceptical_JJ of_IN )_) the_ATI J18 10 proposals_NNS by_IN Bohm_NP and_CC de_&FW Broglie_NP J18 11 for_IN a_AT return_NN to_IN the_ATI interpretation_NN of_IN ps_&FO J18 11 in_IN terms_NNS of_IN real_JJ J18 12 (_( deterministic_JJ )_) waves_NNS ;_; I_PP1A do_DO not_XNOT think_VB J18 12 these_DTS proposals_NNS will_MD be_BE rebutted_VBN J18 13 until_CS the_ATI statistical_JJ approach_NN has_HVZ been_BEN put_VBN J18 13 on_IN a_AT more_QL rational_JJ basis_NN ._. J18 14 ^ interesting_JJ attempts_NNS have_HV been_BEN made_VBN by_IN J18 14 various_JJ writers_NNS ,_, but_CC none_PN of_IN J18 15 these_DTS attempts_NNS so_QL far_RB has_HVZ ,_, to_IN my_PP$ J18 15 knowledge_NN ,_, been_BEN wholly_RB successful_JJ or_CC J18 16 very_QL useful_JJ technically_RB ._. J18 17 ^ for_IN example_NN ,_, Lande*?2_NP keeps_VBZ to_IN a_AT particle_NN J18 17 formulation_NN ,_, whereas_CS it_PP3 J18 18 is_BEZ the_ATI particle_NN ,_, and_CC its_PP$ associated_JJ energy_NN J18 18 E_ZZ ,_, which_WDTR seem_VB to_TO be_BE J18 19 becoming_VBG the_ATI nebulous_JJ concepts_NNS ._. ^ let_VB me_PP1O J18 19 refer_VB again_RB to_IN time-series_NN J18 20 theory_NN ,_, which_WDTR tells_VBZ us_PP1OS that_CS the_ATI J18 20 quantization_NN of_IN a_AT frequency_NN n_ZZ J18 21 arises_VBZ automatically_RB for_IN circularly-defined_JJB series_NNS J18 21 *-_*- for_IN ,_, if_CS you_PP2 will_MD J18 22 allow_VB me_PP1O to_TO call_VB it_PP3 this_DT ,_, periodic_JJ *'_*' J18 22 time_NN **'_**' (_( more_QL precisely_RB in_IN a_AT J18 23 physical_JJ context_NN ,_, for_IN the_ATI angle_NN variables_NNS J18 23 which_WDTR appear_VB in_IN the_ATI dynamics_NN J18 24 of_IN bound_JJ systems_NNS )_) ._. ^ a_AT probabilistic_JJ approach_NN J18 24 via_IN random_JJ fields_NNS J18 25 thus_RB has_HVZ the_ATI more_QL promising_JJ start_NN of_IN J18 25 including_VBG naturally_RB two_CD of_IN the_ATI J18 26 features_NNS of_IN quantum_NN phenomena_NNS which_WDTR were_BED once_RB J18 26 regarded_VBN as_CS most_QL J18 27 paradoxical_JJ and_CC empirical_JJ *-_*- the_ATI uncertainty_NN J18 27 principle_NN and_CC J18 28 quantization_NN ._. ^ this_DT switch_NN to_IN fields_NNS is_BEZ of_RB J18 28 course_RB" not_XNOT new_JJ ;_; the_ATI real_JJ J18 29 professionals_NNS in_IN this_DT subject_NN have_HV been_BEN J18 29 immersed_VBN in_IN fields_NNS for_IN quite_ABL a_AT J18 30 while_NN ._. ^ however_RB ,_, I_PP1A am_BEM not_XNOT sure_JJ that_CS J18 30 what_WDT probabilists_NNS and_CC what_WDT J18 31 physicists_NNS mean_VB here_RN by_IN fields_NC are_BER quite_RB J18 31 synonymous_JJ ,_, and_CC in_IN any_DTI J18 32 case_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ the_ATI old_JJ probabilistic_JJ interpretation_NN J18 32 in_IN terms_NNS of_IN particles_NNS J18 33 that_WPR we_PP1AS lay_JJB public_NN still_RB get_VB fobbed_VBN off_RP J18 33 with_IN ._. ^ it_PP3 would_MD seem_VB to_IN me_PP1O J18 34 useful_JJ at_IN this_DT stage_NN to_TO make_VB quite_RB clear_JJ to_IN J18 34 us_PP1OS where_WRB ,_, if_CS anywhere_RB ,_, the_ATI J18 35 particle_NN aspect_NN is_BEZ unequivocal_JJ *-_*- certainly_RB J18 35 discreteness_NN and_CC J18 36 discontinuity_NN are_BER not_XNOT very_QL relevant_JJ ._. J18 37 ^ here_RN I_PP1A must_MD leave_VB this_DT fascinating_JJ problem_NN J18 37 of_IN probability_NN in_IN J18 38 quantum_NN mechanics_NN ,_, as_CS I_PP1A would_MD like_VB to_TO turn_VB J18 38 to_IN its_PP$ function_NN in_IN the_ATI J18 39 theory_NN of_IN information_NN ._. J18 40 ^ (_( 3_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI concept_NN of_IN information_NN ._. J18 41 ^ information_NN theory_NN as_CS technically_RB defined_VBN J18 41 nowadays_RB refers_VBZ to_IN a_AT J18 42 theory_NN first_RB developed_VBN in_IN detail_NN in_IN connection_NN J18 42 with_IN electrical_JJ J18 43 communication_NN theory_NN by_IN \0C_NP Shannon_NP and_CC others_APS J18 43 ,_, but_CC recognized_VBN from_IN J18 44 the_ATI beginning_NN as_CS having_HVG wider_JJR implications_NNS as_IN J18 44 a_AT conceptual_JJ tool_NN ._. ^ from_IN J18 45 its_PP$ origin_NN it_PP3 was_BEDZ probably_RB most_QL familiar_JJ at_RB J18 45 first_RB" to_IN electrical_JJ J18 46 engineers_NNS ,_, but_CC its_PP$ more_QL general_JJ and_CC its_PP$ J18 46 essentially_RB statistical_JJ J18 47 content_NN made_VBD it_PP3 a_AT natural_JJ adjunct_NN to_IN the_ATI J18 47 parts_NNS of_IN probability_NN theory_NN J18 48 hitherto_RB studied_VBN by_IN the_ATI statistician_NN ._. ^ this_DT J18 48 is_BEZ recognized_VBN ,_, for_IN J18 49 example_NN ,_, in_IN an_AT advertisement_NN for_IN a_AT mathematical_JJ J18 49 statistician_NN from_IN J18 50 which_WDTR I_PP1A quote_VB :_: J18 51 *"_*' J18 52 ^ applicants_NNS should_MD possess_VB a_AT degree_NN in_IN J18 52 statistics_NN or_CC mathematics_NN ,_, J18 53 and_CC should_MD if_CS possible_JJ be_BE able_JJ to_TO show_VB J18 53 evidence_NN of_IN an_AT interest_NN in_IN some_DTI J18 54 specialized_JJ aspect_NN of_IN the_ATI subject_NN such_IN as_IN" ,_, J18 54 for_IN example_NN ,_, decision_NN J18 55 theory_NN ,_, information_NN theory_NN or_CC stochastic_JJ J18 55 processes_NNS ._. J18 56 **"_**' J18 57 ^ it_PP3 has_HVZ not_XNOT ,_, I_PP1A think_VB ,_, been_BEN J18 57 recognized_VBN sufficiently_RB in_IN some_DTI of_IN the_ATI J18 58 recent_JJ conferences_NNS on_IN information_NN theory_NN ,_, to_IN J18 58 which_WDTR mathematical_JJ J18 59 statisticians_NNS per_RB se_RB" have_HV not_XNOT always_RB been_BEN J18 59 invited_VBN ._. J18 60 ^ the_ATI close_JJ connection_NN of_IN the_ATI information_NN J18 60 concept_NN with_IN probability_NN J18 61 is_BEZ emphasized_VBN by_IN its_PP$ technical_JJ definition_NN in_IN J18 61 relation_NN to_IN an_AT J18 62 ensemble_NN or_CC population_NN ,_, and_CC indeed_RB ,_, it_PP3 may_MD J18 62 usefully_RB be_BE defined_VBN J18 63 (_( \0cf_VB Good_NP (_( 1950_CD )_) ,_, Barnard_NP (_( 1951_CD )_) )_) J18 63 as_IN -_IN \0log_&FO p_ZZ (_( a_AT simple_JJ and_CC J18 64 direct_JJ measure_NN of_IN uncertainty_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ reduced_VBN J18 64 when_WRB the_ATI event_NN with_IN J18 65 probability_NN p_ZZ has_HVZ occurred_VBN )_) ,_, although_CS the_ATI J18 65 more_QL orthodox_JJ definition_NN J18 66 is_BEZ the_ATI *'_*' average_JJ information_NN **'_**' -_IN Sp_&FO J18 66 \0log_&FO p_ZZ ,_, averaged_VBN J18 67 over_IN the_ATI various_JJ possibilities_NNS or_CC states_NNS that_WPR J18 67 may_MD occur_VB ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ also_RB J18 68 possible_JJ to_TO extend_VB this_DT definition_NN to_IN partial_JJ J18 68 or_CC relative_JJ information_NN ,_, J18 69 in_IN relation_NN to_IN a_AT change_NN of_IN ensembles_NNS or_CC J18 69 distributions_NNS from_IN one_CD1 J18 70 to_IN another_DT ._. ^ with_IN this_DT extended_JJ definition_NN of_IN J18 70 -_IN \0log_&FO p/p*?7_&FO ,_, J18 71 where_WRB p*?7_ZZ relates_VBZ to_IN the_ATI new_JJ ensemble_NN ,_, J18 71 the_ATI information_NN can_MD be_BE J18 72 positive_JJ or_CC negative_JJ ,_, and_CC as_CS the_ATI logarithm_NN J18 72 of_IN a_AT probability_NN ratio_NN will_MD J18 73 look_VB familiar_JJ to_IN statisticians_NNS ,_, although_CS it_PP3 J18 73 should_MD be_BE stressed_VBN that_CS J18 74 the_ATI probabilities_NNS refer_VB to_IN fully_RB specified_VBN J18 74 distributions_NNS ,_, and_CC the_ATI J18 75 likelihood_NN ratio_NN of_IN the_ATI statistician_NN (_( made_VBN J18 75 use_NN of_IN so_QL extensively_RB by_IN J18 76 Neyman_NP and_CC \0E_NP \0S_NP Pearson_NP )_) only_RB enters_VBZ if_CS J18 76 the_ATI probabilities_NNS p_ZZ J18 77 and_CC p*?7_ZZ are_BER interpreted_VBN as_CS dependent_JJ on_IN J18 77 different_JJ hypotheses_NNS J18 78 H_ZZ and_CC H*?7_ZZ ._. ^ for_IN example_NN ,_, if_CS p*?7_ZZ is_BEZ J18 78 near_IN p_ZZ ,_, differing_VBG J18 79 only_RB in_IN regard_NN to_IN a_AT single_JJ unknown_JJ parameter_NN J18 79 th_ZZ ,_, then_RN J18 80 **[formula**]_&FO J18 81 where_WRB I(th)_&FO is_BEZ \0R_NP \0A_NP Fisher's_NP$ information_NN J18 81 function_NN ,_, J18 82 under_IN conditions_NNS for_IN which_WDTR this_DT function_NN J18 82 exists_VBZ ._. J18 83 ^ formally_RB ,_, the_ATI concept_NN of_IN information_NN in_IN J18 83 Shannon's_NP$ sense_NN can_MD be_BE J18 84 employed_VBN more_QL directly_RB for_IN inferring_VBG the_ATI value_NN J18 84 of_IN th_ZZ ._. ^ to_TO take_VB the_ATI J18 85 simplest_JJT case_NN shorn_VBN of_IN inessentials_NNS ,_, if_CS J18 85 we_PP1AS make_VB use_NN Bayes's_NP$ theorem_NN to_TO J18 86 infer_VB the_ATI value_NN of_IN a_AT parameter_NN th*;r**;_&FO J18 86 which_WDTR can_MD take_VB one_CD1 J18 87 of_IN only_RB k_ZZ discrete_JJ values_NNS ,_, then_RN our_PP$ prior_JJ J18 87 probability_NN distribution_NN J18 88 about_IN th*;r**;_&FO will_MD be_BE modified_VBN by_IN our_PP$ data_NNS J18 88 to_IN a_AT posterior_JJ J18 89 probability_NN distribution_NN ._. ^ if_CS we_PP1AS measure_VB the_ATI J18 89 uncertainty_NN in_IN each_DT such_ABL J18 90 distribution_NN by_IN -_IN Sp_&FO \0log_&FO p_ZZ ,_, we_PP1AS could_MD J18 90 in_RB general_RB" expect_VB J18 91 the_ATI uncertainty_NN to_TO be_BE reduced_VBN ,_, but_CC we_PP1AS J18 91 can_MD easily_RB think_VB of_IN an_AT example_NN J18 92 where_WRB the_ATI data_NNS would_MD contradict_VB our_PP$ a_JJ J18 92 priori_JJ" notions_NNS and_CC make_VB J18 93 us_PP1OS less_QL certain_JJ than_CS before_RI ._. ^ this_DT seems_VBZ J18 93 to_IN me_PP1O to_TO stress_VB the_ATI J18 94 subjective_JJ or_CC personal_JJ element_NN in_IN prior_JJ J18 94 probabilities_NNS used_VBN in_IN this_DT J18 95 way_NN ,_, and_CC my_PP$ own_AP view_NN is_BEZ that_CS the_ATI only_AP J18 95 way_NN to_TO eliminate_VB this_DT element_NN J18 96 would_MD be_BE deliberately_RB to_TO employ_VB a_AT convention_NN J18 96 that_CS prior_JJ J18 97 distributions_NNS are_BER to_TO be_BE maximized_VBN with_IN respect_NN J18 97 to_IN uncertainty_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J18 98 present_JJ example_NN this_DT would_MD imply_VB assuming_VBG a_AT J18 98 uniform_JJ prior_JJ distribution_NN J18 99 for_IN th*;r**;_&FO ,_, and_CC ensure_VB that_DT information_NN J18 99 was_BEDZ always_RB gained_VBN J18 100 from_IN a_AT sample_NN of_IN data_NNS ;_; it_PP3 is_BEZ somewhat_RB J18 100 reminiscent_JJ of_IN arguments_NNS used_VBN by_IN J18 101 Jeffreys_NP in_IN recent_JJ years_NNS for_IN standardizing_VBG prior_JJ J18 101 distributions_NNS ,_, but_CC I_PP1A J18 102 think_VB it_PP3 important_JJ to_TO realize_VB that_CS such_ABL J18 102 conventions_NNS weaken_VB any_DTI claim_NN J18 103 that_CS these_DTS methods_NNS are_BER the_ATI only_AP rational_JJ J18 103 ones_CD1S possible_JJ ._. J18 104 ^ whether_CS or_CC not_XNOT the_ATI information_NN concept_NN in_IN J18 104 this_DT sense_NN finds_VBZ any_DTI J18 105 permanent_JJ place_NN in_IN statistical_JJ inference_NN ,_, there_EX J18 105 is_BEZ no_ATI doubts_NNS J18 106 of_IN its_PP$ potential_JJ value_NN in_IN two_CD very_QL important_JJ J18 106 scientific_JJ fields_NNS ,_, J18 107 biology_NN and_CC physics_NN ._. ^ this_DT claim_NN in_IN respect_NN J18 107 to_IN biology_NN is_BEZ exemplified_VBN J18 108 by_IN the_ATI symposium_NN on_IN information_NN theory_NN in_IN J18 108 biology_NN held_VBN in_IN Tennessee_NP in_IN J18 109 1956_CD ;_; and_CC while_CS we_PP1AS must_MD be_BE careful_JJ not_XNOT J18 109 to_TO confuse_VB the_ATI general_JJ function_NN J18 110 of_IN new_JJ concepts_NNS in_IN stimulating_VBG further_JJB research_NN J18 110 with_IN the_ATI particular_JJ J18 111 one_CD1 of_IN making_VBG a_AT particular_JJ branch_NN or_CC aspect_NN J18 111 of_IN a_AT science_NN more_QL precise_JJ J18 112 and_CC unified_VBN ,_, the_ATI use_NN of_IN the_ATI information_NN J18 112 concept_NN in_IN discussing_VBG J18 113 capacities_NNS of_IN nerve_NN fibres_NNS transmitting_VBG messages_NNS J18 113 to_IN the_ATI brain_NN ,_, or_CC J18 114 coding_VBG genetic_JJ information_NN for_IN realization_NN in_IN J18 114 the_ATI developed_JJ organism_NN ,_, J18 115 should_MD be_BE sufficient_JJ demonstration_NN of_IN its_PP$ J18 115 quantitative_JJ value_NN ._. ^ as_IN J18 116 another_DT illustration_NN of_IN the_ATI trend_NN to_IN more_QL J18 116 explicit_JJ and_CC precise_JJ uses_NNS of_IN J18 117 the_ATI information_NN concept_NN in_IN biology_NN ,_, we_PP1AS may_MD J18 117 consider_VB the_ATI familiar_JJ J18 118 saying_NN that_CS life_NN has_HVZ evolved_VBN to_IN a_AT high_JJ J18 118 degree_NN of_IN organization_NN ,_, that_CS in_IN J18 119 contrast_NN to_IN the_ATI ultimate_JJ degradation_NN of_IN dead_JJ J18 119 matter_NN ,_, living_JJ organisms_NNS J18 120 function_VB by_IN reducing_VBG uncertainty_NN ,_, that_CS the_ATI J18 120 significant_JJ feature_NN of_IN J18 121 their_PP$ relation_NN with_IN their_PP$ environment_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT J18 121 their_PP$ absorption_NN of_IN J18 122 energy_NN (_( vital_JJ of_RB course_RB" as_CS this_DT is_BEZ )_) ,_, J18 122 but_CC their_PP$ absorption_NN of_IN negative_JJ J18 123 entropy_NN ._. ^ an_AT attempt_NN to_TO measure_VB the_ATI rate_NN J18 123 of_IN accumulation_NN of_IN genetic_JJ J18 124 information_NN in_IN evolution_NN due_JJ to_IN natural_JJ selection_NN J18 124 has_HVZ recently_RB been_BEN J18 125 made_VBN by_IN Kimura_NP (_( 1961_CD )_) ,_, who_WPR points_VBZ out_RP J18 125 that_CS a_AT statement_NN by_IN \0R_NP \0A_NP J18 126 Fisher_NP that_CS *'_*' natural_JJ selection_NN is_BEZ a_AT J18 126 mechanism_NN for_IN generating_VBG an_AT J18 127 exceedingly_RB high_JJ degree_NN of_IN improbability_NN **'_**' J18 127 indicates_VBZ how_WRB the_ATI increase_NN J18 128 in_IN genetic_JJ information_NN may_MD be_BE quantitatively_RB J18 128 measured_VBN ._. ^ while_CS his_PP$ J18 129 estimate_NN is_BEZ still_RB to_TO be_BE regarded_VBN as_CS J18 129 provisional_JJ in_IN character_NN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ J18 130 interesting_JJ that_CS Kimura_NP arrives_VBZ at_IN an_AT amount_NN ,_, J18 130 accumulated_VBN in_IN the_ATI last_AP J18 131 500_CD million_CD years_NNS up_RP to_IN man_NN ,_, of_IN the_ATI J18 131 order_NN of_IN 10*:8**:_&FO *'_*' bits_NNS **'_**' ,_, J18 132 compared_VBN with_IN something_PN of_IN the_ATI order_NN of_IN J18 132 10*:10**:_&FO bits_NNS estimated_VBN as_CS J18 133 available_JJ in_IN the_ATI diploid_JJ human_JJ chromosome_NN set_NN ._. J18 133 ^ he_PP3A suggests_VBZ that_CS part_NN J18 134 of_IN the_ATI difference_NN ,_, in_CS so_CS" far_CS" as_CS" it_PP3 J18 134 is_BEZ real_JJ ,_, should_MD be_BE put_VBN down_RP to_IN some_DTI J18 135 redundancy_NN in_IN the_ATI genetic_JJ coding_NN mechanism_NN ._. J18 136 ^ with_IN regard_NN to_IN physics_NN ,_, I_PP1A have_HV already_RB J18 136 mentioned_VBN *'_*' negative_JJ J18 137 entropy_NN **'_**' as_IN a_AT synonym_NN for_IN information_NN ,_, J18 137 and_CC this_DT is_BEZ in_IN fact_NN the_ATI link_NN ._. J18 138 ^ again_RB we_PP1AS have_HV the_ATI danger_NN of_IN imprecise_JJ J18 138 analysis_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI occurrence_NN of_IN J18 139 a_AT similar_JJ probabilistic_JJ formula_NN for_IN information_NN J18 139 and_CC physical_JJ entropy_NN J18 140 does_DOZ not_XNOT by_IN itself_PPL justify_VB any_DTI identification_NN J18 140 of_IN these_DTS concepts_NNS ._. J18 141 ^ nevertheless_RB ,_, physical_JJ entropy_NN is_BEZ a_AT statistical_JJ J18 141 measure_NN of_IN J18 142 disorganization_NN or_CC uncertainty_NN ,_, and_CC information_NN in_IN J18 142 this_DT context_NN a_AT J18 143 reduction_NN of_IN uncertainty_NN ,_, so_CS that_CS" the_ATI J18 143 possibility_NN of_IN the_ATI link_NN is_BEZ J18 144 evident_JJ enough_QLP ._. ^ to_IN my_PP$ mind_NN one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI J18 144 most_QL convincing_JJ demonstrations_NNS J18 145 for_IN the_ATI need_NN of_IN this_DT link_NN lies_VBZ in_IN the_ATI J18 145 resolution_NN of_IN the_ATI paradox_NN of_IN J18 146 Maxwell's_NP$ demon_NN ,_, who_WPR circumvented_VBD the_ATI second_OD J18 146 law_NN of_IN thermodynamics_NN and_CC J18 147 the_ATI inevitable_JJ increase_NN in_IN entropy_NN by_IN letting_VBG J18 147 only_RB fast_JJ molecules_NNS move_VB J18 148 from_IN one_CD1 gas_NN chamber_NN to_IN another_DT through_IN a_AT J18 148 trap-door_NN ._. J18 149 ^ it_PP3 has_HVZ been_BEN pointed_VBN out_RP by_IN Rosenfeld_NP (_( J18 149 1955_CD )_) that_CS Clausius_NP in_IN 1879_CD J18 150 went_VBD some_DTI way_NN to_IN explaining_VBG the_ATI paradox_NN by_IN J18 150 realizing_VBG that_CS the_ATI demon_NN J18 151 was_BEDZ hardly_RB human_JJ in_IN being_BEG able_JJ to_TO discern_VB J18 151 individual_JJ atomic_JJ processes_NNS ,_, J18 152 but_CC logically_RB the_ATI paradox_NN remains_VBZ unless_CS we_PP1AS J18 152 grant_VB that_CS such_ABL J18 153 discernment_NN ,_, while_CS in_IN principle_NN feasible_JJ ,_, at_IN J18 153 the_ATI same_AP time_NN creates_VBZ J18 154 further_JJB uncertainty_NN or_CC entropy_NN at_RB least_RB" equal_JJ J18 154 (_( on_IN the_ATI average_NN )_) to_IN the_ATI J18 155 information_NN gained_VBN ._. ^ that_CS this_DT is_BEZ so_PN J18 155 emerges_VBZ from_IN a_AT detailed_JJ J18 156 discussion_NN of_IN the_ATI problem_NN by_IN various_JJ writers_NNS J18 156 such_IN as_IN" Szilard_NP ,_, Gabor_NP ,_, J18 157 and_CC Brillouin_NP (_( as_CS described_VBN in_IN Brillouin's_NP$ J18 157 book_NN )_) ._. J18 158 ^ (_( 4_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI ro*?5le_NN of_IN time_NN ._. J18 159 ^ I_PP1A might_MD have_HV noted_VBN in_IN my_PP$ remarks_NNS on_IN J18 159 quantum_NN theory_NN that_CS ,_, J18 160 whether_CS or_CC not_XNOT time_NN is_BEZ sometimes_RB cyclic_JJ ,_, J18 160 it_PP3 appears_VBZ in_IN that_DT theory_NN in_IN J18 161 a_AT geometrical_JJ ro*?5le_NN ,_, reminiscent_JJ of_IN time_NN in_IN J18 161 special_JJ relativity_NN ,_, and_CC J18 162 not_XNOT in_IN any_DTI way_NN synonymous_JJ with_IN our_PP$ idea_NN J18 162 of_IN time_NN as_CS implying_VBG evolution_NN J18 163 and_CC irreversible_JJ change_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ usually_RB J18 163 suggested_VBN that_CS this_DT latter_AP J18 164 ro*?5le_NN must_MD be_BE related_VBN to_IN the_ATI increase_NN of_IN J18 164 physical_JJ entropy_NN ,_, but_CC when_WRB J18 165 we_PP1AS remember_VB that_DT entropy_NN is_BEZ defined_VBN J18 165 statistically_RB in_IN terms_NNS of_IN J18 166 uncertainty_NN we_PP1AS realize_VB not_XNOT only_RB that_CS J18 166 evolutionary_JJ time_NN itself_PPL then_RN J18 167 becomes_VBZ statistical_JJ ,_, but_CC that_CS there_EX are_BER a_AT J18 167 host_NN of_IN further_JJB points_NNS to_TO be_BE J18 168 sorted_VBN out_RP ._. J18 169 ^ let_VB me_PP1O try_VB to_TO list_VB these_DTS :_: J18 170 ^ (_( a_ZZ )_) ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI early_JJ days_NNS of_IN J18 170 statistical_JJ mechanics_NN ,_, at_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN J18 171 the_ATI last_AP century_NN ,_, Maxwell's_NP$ paradox_NN was_BEDZ J18 171 not_XNOT the_ATI only_AP one_CD1 raised_VBN ._. ^ two_CD J18 172 others_APS were_BED Loschmidt's_NP$ reversibility_NN paradox_NN ,_, J18 172 in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI J18 173 reversibility_NN of_IN microscopic_JJ processes_NNS appeared_VBD to_TO J18 173 contradict_VB the_ATI J18 174 second_OD law_NN ,_, and_CC Zermelo's_NP$ recurrence_NN paradox_NN ,_, J18 174 in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI cyclical_JJ J18 175 behaviour_NN of_IN finite_JJ dynamic_JJ systems_NNS again_RB J18 175 contravened_VBD the_ATI second_OD law_NN ._. J18 176 ^ it_PP3 should_MD be_BE emphasized_VBN that_CS ,_, while_CS these_DTS J18 176 paradoxes_NNS were_BED formulated_VBN J18 177 in_IN terms_NNS of_IN deterministic_JJ dynamics_NN ,_, they_PP3AS J18 177 were_BED not_XNOT immediately_RB J18 178 dissipated_VBN by_IN the_ATI advent_NN either_DTX of_IN quantum_NN J18 178 theory_NN or_CC of_IN the_ATI idea_NN of_IN J18 179 statistical_JJ processes_NNS ._. ^ for_CS I_PP1A have_HV just_RB J18 179 reminded_VBN you_PP2 that_CS time_NN in_IN J18 180 quantum_NN mechanics_NN is_BEZ geometrical_JJ and_CC reversible_JJ ;_; J18 180 and_CC stationary_JJ J18 181 statistical_JJ processes_NNS based_VBN on_IN microscopic_JJ J18 181 reversible_JJ processes_NNS are_BER J18 182 themselves_PPLS still_RB reversible_JJ and_CC recurrent_JJ ._. J18 183 ^ the_ATI explanations_NNS of_IN the_ATI paradoxes_NNS are_BER J18 183 based_VBN ,_, in_IN the_ATI first_OD place_NN ,_, J18 184 on_IN the_ATI difference_NN between_IN absolute_JJ and_CC J18 184 conditional_JJ probabilities_NNS ,_, and_CC J18 185 in_IN the_ATI second_OD ,_, on_IN the_ATI theory_NN of_IN recurrence_NN J18 185 times_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI apparent_JJ J18 186 irreversibility_NN of_IN a_AT system_NN is_BEZ due_JJ to_IN its_PP$ J18 186 being_BEG started_VBN from_IN an_AT J18 187 initial_JJ state_NN a_AT long_JJ way_NN removed_VBN from_IN the_ATI J18 187 more_QL typical_JJ states_NNS in_IN J18 188 equilibrium_NN and_CC the_ATI apparent_JJ non-recurrence_NN of_IN J18 188 such_ABL a_AT state_NN to_IN the_ATI J18 189 inordinately_RB long_JJ recurrence_NN time_NN needed_VBN before_CS J18 189 such_ABL a_AT state_NN will_MD J18 190 return_VB ._. J18 191 ^ (_( b_ZZ )_) ._. ^ so_QL far_RB so_QL good_JJ *-_*- but_CC this_DT J18 191 conclusion_NN applies_VBZ to_IN a_AT system_NN J18 192 of_IN reasonable_JJ size_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS conclude_VB that_CS J18 192 microscopic_JJ phenomena_NNS have_HV no_ATI J18 193 intrinsic_JJ time-direction_NN ,_, at_RB least_RB" if_CS this_DT can_MD J18 193 only_RB be_BE defined_VBN in_IN J18 194 relation_NN to_IN internal_JJ entropy_NN increase_NN (_( \0cf_VB J18 194 Bartlett_NP ,_, 1956_CD )_) ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ J18 195 consistent_JJ with_IN theoretical_JJ formulations_NNS in_IN recent_JJ J18 195 years_NNS of_IN sub-atomic_JJ J18 196 phenomena_NNS involving_VBG time-reversals_NNS ._. J18 197 ^ (_( c_ZZ )_) ._. ^ we_PP1AS have_HV also_RB to_TO notice_VB J18 197 that_CS while_CS the_ATI entropy_NN of_IN our_PP$ J18 198 given_JJ system_NN will_MD increase_VB with_IN external_JJ or_CC J18 198 given_JJ time_NN ,_, this_DT relation_NN J18 199 is_BEZ not_XNOT reciprocal_JJ ,_, for_CS ,_, if_CS we_PP1AS first_RB J18 199 choose_VB our_PP$ time_NN ,_, a_AT rare_JJ state_NN in_IN J18 200 our_PP$ stationary_JJ process_NN will_MD just_RB as_QL likely_RB be_BE J18 200 being_BEG approached_VBN as_CS J18 201 being_BEG departed_VBN from_IN ._. J19 2 ^ the_ATI proportions_NNS between_IN the_ATI mean_NN and_CC these_DTS J19 2 z_ZZ values_NNS are_BER 0.4732_CD J19 3 and_CC 0.2734_CD respectively_RB ._. ^ the_ATI proportion_NN between_IN J19 3 z*;1**;_&FO and_CC J19 4 z*;2**;_&FO is_BEZ therefore_RB 0.4732_CD -_IN 0.2734_CD =_&FO J19 4 0.1998_CD ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ the_ATI same_AP J19 5 as_IN the_ATI proportion_NN between_IN z*;1**;_&FO =_&FO -_IN 1.93_CD J19 5 and_CC z*;2**;_&FO =_&FO J19 6 -_IN 0.75_CD ,_, since_CS the_ATI curve_NN is_BEZ symmetrical_JJ ._. J19 7 ^ 4.16_CD ._. ^ as_IN well_IN" as_IN" occurring_VBG in_IN the_ATI J19 7 equation_NN of_IN the_ATI normal_JJ and_CC J19 8 other_AP curves_NNS ,_, the_ATI mean_NN and_CC variance_NN J19 8 parameters_NNS have_HV another_DT valuable_JJ J19 9 property_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ the_ATI fact_NN that_CS they_PP3AS J19 9 are_BER additive_JJ ._. ^ if_CS we_PP1AS have_HV two_CD J19 10 populations_NNS ,_, with_IN means_NNS m*;1**;_&FO and_CC m*;2**;_&FO J19 10 ,_, and_CC we_PP1AS add_VB J19 11 the_ATI variate_NN values_NNS of_IN these_DTS populations_NNS in_IN J19 11 pairs_NNS ,_, we_PP1AS find_VB that_CS the_ATI J19 12 mean_NN of_IN the_ATI sum_NN (_( m*;1+2**;_&FO )_) is_BEZ the_ATI J19 12 sum_NN of_IN the_ATI means_NNS J19 13 (_( **[formula**]_&FO )_) or_CC J19 14 **[formula**]_&FO J19 15 ._. ^ the_ATI mean_JJ difference_NN between_IN pairs_NNS of_IN J19 15 population_NN values_NNS is_BEZ the_ATI J19 16 difference_NN of_IN the_ATI means_NNS of_IN the_ATI separate_JJ J19 16 populations_NNS ,_, \0i.e_RB J19 17 **[formula**]_&FO J19 18 ._. ^ these_DTS simple_JJ properties_NNS are_BER not_XNOT ,_, in_RB J19 18 general_RB" ,_, possessed_VBN by_IN J19 19 medians_NNS ,_, modes_NNS ,_, or_CC other_AP position_NN parameters_NNS J19 19 ._. J19 20 ^ 4.17_CD ._. ^ a_AT similar_JJ property_NN exists_VBZ for_IN J19 20 variances_NNS ,_, but_CC in_IN this_DT J19 21 case_NN we_PP1AS must_MD take_VB account_NN of_IN the_ATI J19 21 correlation_NN between_IN the_ATI two_CD sets_NNS of_IN J19 22 data_NNS which_WDTR are_BER to_TO be_BE added_VBN or_CC subtracted_VBN J19 22 ._. ^ the_ATI extent_NN of_IN correlation_NN J19 23 is_BEZ expressed_VBN by_IN the_ATI correlation_NN coefficient_NN r_ZZ J19 23 (_( Greek_JNP letter_NN rho_NN ,_, J19 24 pronounced_VBN *'_*' roe_NC **'_**' )_) ._. ^ this_DT coefficient_NN J19 24 is_BEZ positive_JJ when_WRB high_JJ values_NNS J19 25 of_IN one_CD1 variate_NN are_BER paired_VBN with_IN high_JJ values_NNS J19 25 of_IN the_ATI other_AP ,_, and_CC similarly_RB J19 26 for_IN low_JJ values_NNS ;_; it_PP3 is_BEZ negative_JJ when_WRB high_JJ J19 26 values_NNS of_IN one_CD1 variate_NN are_BER J19 27 paired_VBN with_IN low_JJ values_NNS of_IN the_ATI other_AP ,_, and_CC J19 27 it_PP3 is_BEZ zero_CD when_WRB there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI J19 28 systematic_JJ linear_JJ relationship_NN between_IN the_ATI variates_NNS J19 28 ._. ^ the_ATI coefficient_NN J19 29 r_ZZ can_MD take_VB all_ABN fractional_JJ values_NNS between_IN +_IN J19 29 1.0_CD and_CC -_IN 1.0_CD (_( for_IN J19 30 further_JJB discussion_NN of_IN r_ZZ see_VB chapter_NN 9_CD ,_, J19 30 particularly_RB 9.4_CD )_) ._. ^ we_PP1AS J19 31 may_MD now_RN state_VB that_CS the_ATI variance_NN of_IN a_AT sum_NN J19 31 (_( s*:2**:*;1+2**;_&FO )_) is_BEZ J19 32 **[formula**]_&FO J19 33 ._. ^ a_AT similar_JJ property_NN holds_NNS for_IN the_ATI J19 33 variance_NN of_IN the_ATI differences_NNS J19 34 between_IN two_CD correlated_JJ populations_NNS given_VBN as_IN J19 35 **[formula**]_&FO J19 36 ._. ^ if_CS it_PP3 happens_VBZ that_CS our_PP$ two_CD J19 36 populations_NNS are_BER uncorrelated_JJ (_( r_ZZ =_&FO J19 37 0_CD )_) ,_, then_RN the_ATI last_AP terms_NNS in_IN equations_NNS J19 37 4.10_CD and_CC 4.11_CD vanish_VB (_( \0i.e_RB J19 38 2rs*;1**;s*;2**;_&FO =_&FO 0_CD )_) and_CC the_ATI sum_NN or_CC J19 38 difference_NN of_IN the_ATI J19 39 variates_NNS has_HVZ a_AT variance_NN equal_JJ to_IN the_ATI sum_NN J19 39 of_IN the_ATI separate_JJ variances_NNS ,_, J19 40 or_CC ,_, J19 41 **[formula**]_&FO J19 42 ._. ^ these_DTS additive_JJ properties_NNS are_BER not_XNOT in_RB J19 42 general_RB" possessed_VBN by_IN the_ATI J19 43 other_AP measures_NNS of_IN dispersion_NN that_WPR have_HV been_BEN J19 43 discussed_VBN ._. J19 44 ^ 4.18_CD ._. ^ the_ATI data_NNS already_RB used_VBN in_IN table_NN J19 44 4_CD ._. A_ZZ are_BER written_VBN out_RP in_RB J19 45 full_RB" in_IN table_NN 4_CD ._. C_ZZ ,_, which_WDTR illustrates_VBZ J19 45 how_WRB the_ATI above_JJB five_CD formulae_NNS work_VB ._. J19 46 ^ here_RN ,_, the_ATI individual_JJ values_NNS of_IN X*;1**;_&FO and_CC J19 46 X*;2**;_&FO are_BER put_VBN opposite_IN J19 47 one_PPLS another_PPLS" so_CS that_CS" r_ZZ =_&FO 3/4_CD ._. ^ the_ATI J19 47 values_NNS of_IN X*;3**;_&FO and_CC X*;4**;_&FO are_BER J19 48 put_VBN together_RB so_CS that_CS" r_ZZ =_&FO 0_CD ._. ^ the_ATI J19 48 actual_JJ means_NNS and_CC variances_NNS of_IN the_ATI J19 49 sums_NNS and_CC differences_NNS of_IN X*;1**;_&FO with_IN X*;2**;_&FO J19 49 and_CC X*;3**;_&FO with_IN X*;4**;_&FO ,_, J19 50 may_MD be_BE compared_VBN with_IN the_ATI results_NNS of_IN using_VBG J19 50 the_ATI above_JJB formulae_NNS ._. J19 51 **[formula**]_&FO J19 52 ._. ^ these_DTS results_NNS agree_VB with_IN those_DTS J19 52 calculated_VBN in_IN table_NN 4_CD ._. C_ZZ ._. ^ the_ATI J19 53 reader_NN should_MD notice_VB that_CS in_IN this_DT table_NN ,_, J19 54 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J19 55 ^ 4.19_CD ._. ^ measuring_NN scales_NNS and_CC parameters_NNS ._. ^ J19 55 all_ABN the_ATI parameters_NNS we_PP1AS J19 56 have_HV discussed_VBN may_MD be_BE justifiably_RB used_VBN with_IN J19 56 measurements_NNS on_IN a_AT ratio_NN or_CC J19 57 interval_NN scale_NN ._. ^ nominal_JJ scales_NNS ,_, by_IN J19 57 definition_NN ,_, do_DO not_XNOT justify_VB the_ATI J19 58 calculation_NN of_IN any_DTI position_NN or_CC dispersion_NN J19 58 parameters_NNS ,_, since_CS in_IN such_ABL J19 59 scales_NNS there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI dimension_NN or_CC singleness_NN J19 59 of_IN direction_NN involved_VBN ._. ^ in_IN J19 60 nominal_JJ scales_NNS ,_, events_NNS are_BER numbered_VBN to_TO show_VB J19 60 they_PP3AS are_BER the_ATI same_AP or_CC J19 61 different_JJ from_IN other_AP events_NNS ,_, \0i.e_RB the_ATI J19 61 numbers_NNS reflect_VB J19 62 qualitative_JJ ,_, not_XNOT quantitative_JJ characteristics_NNS in_IN J19 62 the_ATI data_NNS ._. ^ an_AT ordinal_JJ J19 63 scale_NN does_DOZ reflect_VB quantitative_JJ features_NNS of_IN the_ATI J19 63 material_NN measured_VBN ,_, J19 64 \0i.e_RB a_AT dimension_NN or_CC singleness_NN of_IN direction_NN ,_, J19 64 but_CC it_PP3 does_DOZ so_PN J19 65 by_IN inconstant_JJ units_NNS of_IN unknown_JJ size_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J19 65 numbers_NNS which_WDTR constitute_VB an_AT J19 66 ordinal_JJ scale_NN may_MD vary_VB by_IN fixed_JJ and_CC known_JJ J19 66 amounts_NNS (_( such_IN as_IN" in_IN J19 67 ranking_NN )_) ,_, but_CC this_DT in_IN no_ATI way_NN implies_VBZ J19 67 that_CS the_ATI objects_NNS measured_VBN by_IN J19 68 these_DTS numbers_NNS also_RB change_VB by_IN fixed_JJ amounts_NNS ._. ^ J19 68 the_ATI lack_NN J19 70 of_IN isomorphism_NN between_IN number_NN intervals_NNS and_CC J19 70 object_NN intervals_NNS in_IN J19 71 ordinal_JJ scales_NNS of_IN all_ABN types_NNS ,_, makes_VBZ the_ATI J19 71 addition_NN and_CC subtraction_NN of_IN J19 72 ordinal_JJ measurements_NNS illegitimate_JJ ._. ^ addition_NN and_CC J19 72 subtraction_NN of_IN J19 73 numbers_NNS signifies_VBZ an_AT imaginary_JJ movement_NN over_IN J19 73 certain_JJ intervals_NNS ._. ^ if_CS J19 74 these_DTS numerical_JJ intervals_NNS do_DO not_XNOT correspond_VB to_IN J19 74 object_NN intervals_NNS ,_, J19 75 addition_NN or_CC subtraction_NN of_IN the_ATI numbers_NNS may_MD J19 75 lead_VB to_IN false_JJ conclusions_NNS J19 76 about_IN the_ATI objects_NNS they_PP3AS are_BER supposed_VBN to_TO J19 76 represent_VB ._. ^ since_CS addition_NN and_CC J19 77 subtraction_NN of_IN ordinal_JJ measurements_NNS are_BER not_XNOT J19 77 legitimate_JJ ,_, the_ATI J19 78 calculation_NN of_IN means_NNS is_BEZ not_XNOT justified_VBN ,_, and_CC J19 78 the_ATI use_NN of_IN medians_NNS ,_, which_WDTR J19 79 do_DO not_XNOT require_VB the_ATI addition_NN of_IN X_ZZ values_NNS ,_, J19 79 is_BEZ more_QL permissible_JJ ._. J19 80 ^ 4.20_CD ._. ^ an_AT illustration_NN of_IN the_ATI type_NN of_IN J19 80 error_NN which_WDTR means_NNS of_IN J19 81 ordinal_JJ scales_NNS may_MD engender_VB ,_, will_MD clarify_VB the_ATI J19 81 above_JJB discussion_NN and_CC J19 82 bring_VB to_IN light_NN some_DTI further_JJB relevant_JJ J19 84 considerations_NNS ._. ^ imagine_VB a_AT set_NN of_IN objects_NNS A_ZZ J19 84 ,_, B_ZZ ,_, C_ZZ ,_, ..._... which_WDTR differ_VB J19 85 from_IN one_PPLS another_PPLS" by_IN equal_JJ amounts_NNS of_IN J19 85 some_DTI variable_NN ._. ^ let_VB the_ATI *'_*' true_JJ J19 86 **'_**' interval_NN scale_NN ,_, measuring_VBG these_DTS objects_NNS J19 86 ,_, be_BE represented_VBN by_IN the_ATI italic_JJ J19 87 numbers_NNS 1_CD1 ,_, 2_CD ,_, 3_CD ,_, ..._... ^ if_CS all_ABN J19 87 knowledge_NN of_IN the_ATI interval_NN sizes_NNS is_BEZ J19 88 denied_VBN us_PP1OS ,_, we_PP1AS may_MD construct_VB a_AT standard_JJ J19 88 ordinal_JJ scale_NN ,_, which_WDTR may_MD be_BE J19 89 represented_VBN by_IN normal_JJ numbers_NNS ,_, 1_CD1 ,_, 2_CD ,_, 3_CD J19 89 ,_, ..._... ^ the_ATI relation_NN between_IN the_ATI J19 90 *'_*' true_JJ **'_**' and_CC the_ATI ordinal_JJ numbers_NNS might_MD J19 90 be_BE *-_*- J19 91 **[TABLE**]_&FO J19 92 ^ relative_JJ to_IN the_ATI interval_NN scale_NN ,_, this_DT J19 92 ordinal_JJ scale_NN is_BEZ stretched_VBN J19 93 at_IN B_ZZ ,_, F_ZZ ,_, H_ZZ ,_, I_ZZ ,_, J_ZZ ,_, M_ZZ ,_, and_CC N_ZZ J19 93 ,_, and_CC compressed_VBN between_IN O_ZZ and_CC P_ZZ ._. ^ if_CS J19 93 we_PP1AS J19 94 measure_VB the_ATI objects_NNS ACK_&FO and_CC CDE_&FO on_IN our_PP$ J19 94 ordinal_JJ scale_NN ,_, the_ATI means_NNS of_IN J19 95 these_DTS two_CD groups_NNS of_IN objects_NNS are_BER each_DT equal_JJ J19 95 to_IN 3_CD ,_, \0i.e_RB the_ATI J19 96 mean_JJ object_NN is_BEZ D_ZZ for_IN both_ABX sets_NNS ._. ^ yet_RB J19 96 the_ATI positions_NNS of_IN the_ATI two_CD sets_NNS of_IN J19 97 objects_NNS are_BER different_JJ when_WRB measured_VBN on_IN the_ATI J19 97 *'_*' true_JJ **'_**' interval_NN scale_NN ,_, J19 98 which_WDTR yields_VBZ means_NNS of_IN 5_CD and_CC 4_CD respectively_RB J19 98 ,_, \0i.e_RB J19 99 objects_VBZ E_ZZ and_CC D_ZZ ._. ^ the_ATI point_NN being_BEG made_VBN J19 99 here_RN is_BEZ not_XNOT that_CS the_ATI J19 100 numerical_JJ values_NNS of_IN the_ATI means_NNS differ_VB from_IN J19 100 one_CD1 scale_NN to_IN another_DT ,_, but_CC J19 101 that_CS the_ATI two_CD scales_NNS yield_VB different_JJ conclusions_NNS J19 101 about_IN the_ATI similarity_NN J19 102 between_IN the_ATI two_CD groups_NNS of_IN three_CD objects_NNS ._. ^ J19 102 the_ATI mean_JJ centigrade_NN J19 103 temperature_NN of_IN a_AT set_NN of_IN objects_NNS will_MD be_BE J19 103 numerically_RB different_JJ from_IN the_ATI J19 104 mean_JJ fahrenheit_NN temperature_NN ,_, yet_CC both_ABX means_NNS J19 104 will_MD refer_VB to_IN the_ATI same_AP J19 105 object_NN ,_, because_CS these_DTS scales_NNS are_BER interval_NN J19 105 scales_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI ordinal_JJ scale_NN J19 106 means_NNS of_IN objects_NNS deo_&FO and_CC AGP_&FO are_BER 5_CD and_CC J19 106 6_CD ,_, while_CS the_ATI interval_NN scale_NN J19 107 means_NNS agree_VB at_IN the_ATI value_NN 8_CD ._. ^ this_DT J19 107 illustrates_VBZ the_ATI error_NN converse_NN J19 108 to_IN that_DT already_RB given_VBN ,_, the_ATI ordinal_JJ scale_NN J19 108 producing_VBG a_AT difference_NN where_WRB J19 109 none_PN exists_VBZ ._. J19 110 ^ 4.21_CD ._. ^ means_NNS and_CC medians_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J19 110 medians_NNS of_IN the_ATI ordinal_JJ J19 111 measurements_NNS of_IN the_ATI first_OD two_CD groups_NNS given_VBN J19 111 above_RI are_BER 2(ACK)_&FO and_CC J19 112 3(CDE)_&FO ._. ^ this_DT observation_NN shows_VBZ that_CS means_NNS J19 112 and_CC medians_NNS do_DO not_XNOT J19 113 necessarily_RB agree_VB in_IN the_ATI conclusions_NNS they_PP3AS J19 113 yield_VB ._. ^ the_ATI interval_NN scale_NN J19 114 means_NNS show_VB that_CS CDE_&FO sits_VBZ to_IN the_ATI left_NN of_IN J19 114 ACK_&FO ,_, ordinal_JJ scale_NN means_NNS make_VB J19 115 both_ABX groups_NNS equal_JJ in_IN position_NN ,_, and_CC now_RN ,_, J19 115 ordinal_JJ scale_NN medians_NNS place_VB J19 116 CDE_&FO to_IN the_ATI right_NN of_IN ACK_&FO ._. ^ which_WDT of_IN J19 116 these_DTS conclusions_NNS is_BEZ correct_JJ ?_? J19 117 ^ the_ATI truth_NN is_BEZ that_CS the_ATI first_OD and_CC last_AP J19 117 are_BER both_ABX correct_JJ ,_, though_CS they_PP3AS J19 118 disagree_VB !_! ^ this_DT apparent_JJ paradox_NN is_BEZ resolved_VBN J19 118 when_WRB we_PP1AS note_VB that_CS means_NNS J19 119 refer_VB to_IN the_ATI interval_NN properties_NNS of_IN objects_NNS J19 119 and_CC medians_NNS to_IN their_PP$ J19 120 ordinal_JJ properties_NNS ._. ^ if_CS only_RB order_NN is_BEZ known_VBN J19 120 ,_, medians_NNS will_MD yield_VB J19 121 conclusions_NNS which_WDTR are_BER correct_JJ so_QL far_RB as_CS J19 121 order_NN is_BEZ concerned_VBN ._. ^ if_CS J19 122 intervals_NNS are_BER known_VBN ,_, these_DTS supersede_VB simple_JJ J19 122 order_NN ,_, and_CC means_NNS will_MD J19 123 yield_VB conclusions_NNS which_WDTR are_BER correct_JJ relative_NN J19 123 to_IN this_DT improved_JJ J19 124 knowledge_NN ._. ^ note_VB that_CS the_ATI medians_NNS of_IN both_ABX J19 124 the_ATI interval_NN and_CC ordinal_JJ J19 125 measurements_NNS of_IN ACK_&FO and_CC CDE_&FO agree_VB in_IN J19 125 selecting_VBG objects_VBZ C_ZZ and_CC D_ZZ ._. ^ we_PP1AS J19 126 may_MD say_VB that_CS a_AT mean_NN is_BEZ a_AT strong_JJ parameter_NN J19 126 which_WDTR requires_VBZ known_JJ J19 127 intervals_NNS and_CC if_CS applied_VBN to_IN a_AT weak_JJ scale_NN (_( J19 127 ordinal_JJ )_) may_MD yield_VB false_JJ J19 128 conclusions_NNS ._. ^ a_AT median_NN is_BEZ a_AT weak_JJ parameter_NN J19 128 and_CC if_CS applied_VBN to_IN a_AT J19 129 strong_JJ scale_NN (_( interval_NN or_CC ratio_NN )_) will_MD yield_VB J19 129 a_AT result_NN comparable_JJ to_IN J19 130 that_DT obtainable_JJ from_IN any_DTI weak_JJ equivalent_NN of_IN J19 130 this_DT scale_NN ._. ^ finally_RB ,_, we_PP1AS J19 131 should_MD note_VB that_CS the_ATI numerical_JJ size_NN of_IN a_AT J19 131 difference_NN between_IN means_NNS of_IN J19 132 interval_NN or_CC ratio_NN scale_NN data_NNS is_BEZ an_AT indication_NN J19 132 of_IN the_ATI extent_NN to_IN J19 133 which_WDTR the_ATI data_NNS differ_VB in_IN position_NN ,_, but_CC J19 133 the_ATI numerical_JJ size_NN of_IN a_AT J19 134 difference_NN between_IN medians_NNS of_IN any_DTI data_NNS is_BEZ J19 134 not_XNOT an_AT indication_NN of_IN the_ATI J19 135 extent_NN of_IN difference_NN ._. J19 136 ^ 4.22_CD ._. ^ variances_NNS and_CC semi-interquartile_JJ J19 136 ranges_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI argument_NN J19 137 against_IN ordinal_JJ scale_NN means_NNS can_MD be_BE extended_VBN J19 137 to_IN the_ATI use_NN of_IN variances_NNS on_IN J19 138 ordinal_JJ scale_NN data_NNS ._. ^ is_BEZ there_EX any_DTI J19 138 dispersion_NN parameter_NN which_WDTR may_MD be_BE J19 139 legitimately_RB used_VBN on_IN ordinal_JJ measurements_NNS ?_? ^ J19 139 the_ATI obvious_JJ candidate_NN for_IN J19 140 this_DT role_NN is_BEZ the_ATI semi-interquartile_JJ range_NN ,_, J19 140 but_CC although_CS this_DT is_BEZ a_AT J19 141 parameter_NN concerned_VBN chiefly_RB with_IN order_NN ,_, it_PP3 J19 141 is_BEZ unsatisfactory_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI J19 142 semi-interquartile_JJ ranges_NNS of_IN two_CD sets_NNS of_IN ordinal_JJ J19 142 results_NNS might_MD show_VB J19 143 them_PP3OS to_TO be_BE similar_JJ (_( or_CC different_JJ )_) in_IN J19 143 dispersion_NN ,_, but_CC the_ATI use_NN of_IN some_DTI J19 144 other_AP order_NN parameter_NN (_( \0e.g_RB half_ABN the_ATI J19 144 distance_NN between_IN the_ATI top_JJB J19 145 tenth_NN and_CC the_ATI bottom_JJB tenth_NN of_IN the_ATI data_NNS )_) J19 145 might_MD show_VB them_PP3OS to_TO be_BE J19 146 different_JJ (_( or_CC similar_JJ )_) ,_, and_CC we_PP1AS have_HV J19 146 no_ATI reason_NN for_IN choosing_VBG one_CD1 kind_NN of_IN J19 147 order_NN parameter_NN rather_RB than_IN another_DT ._. ^ we_PP1AS J19 147 shall_MD not_XNOT pursue_VB this_DT J19 148 argument_NN further_RBR ,_, except_CS to_TO say_VB that_CS J19 148 dispersion_NN is_BEZ almost_RB synonymous_JJ J19 149 with_IN distance_NN and_CC the_ATI distance_NN between_IN objects_NNS J19 149 is_BEZ something_PN about_IN J19 150 which_WDTR ordinal_JJ scales_NNS tell_VB us_PP1OS very_QL little_AP ._. J19 150 ^ to_TO seek_VB a_AT dispersion_NN J19 151 parameter_NN for_IN ordinal_JJ scale_NN data_NNS is_BEZ to_TO ask_VB J19 151 from_IN the_ATI scale_NN more_AP than_CS it_PP3 J19 152 is_BEZ able_JJ to_TO tell_VB us_PP1OS ._. J19 153 ^ 4.23_CD ._. ^ a_AT mechanical_JJ analogy_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS may_MD J19 153 imagine_VB a_AT variate_NN X_ZZ to_TO be_BE J19 154 represented_VBN by_IN a_AT horizontal_JJ uniform_JJ rod_NN of_IN J19 156 negligible_JJ mass_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ marked_VBN off_RP in_IN the_ATI J19 156 units_NNS of_IN X_ZZ ._. ^ each_DT J19 157 individual_NN in_IN the_ATI population_NN can_MD be_BE represented_VBN J19 157 by_IN a_AT small_JJ weight_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS J19 158 can_MD now_RN attach_VB these_DTS weights_NNS to_IN the_ATI uniform_JJ J19 158 rod_NN at_IN the_ATI points_NNS which_WDTR J19 159 represent_VB their_PP$ variate_NN value_NN ._. ^ the_ATI resulting_JJ J19 159 assembly_NN will_MD resemble_VB a_AT J19 160 histogram_NN turned_VBN upside_NN down_RP ._. ^ an_AT illustration_NN J19 160 is_BEZ given_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 4_CD ._. A_ZZ ._. J19 161 ^ in_IN this_DT illustration_NN ,_, each_DT individual_NN f_ZZ is_BEZ J19 161 represented_VBN by_IN a_AT J19 162 weight_NN hung_VBN from_IN its_PP$ value_NN of_IN X_ZZ ._. ^ if_CS J19 162 we_PP1AS try_VB to_TO find_VB that_DT point_NN on_IN the_ATI J19 163 rod_NN which_WDTR will_MD balance_VB the_ATI whole_JJ assembly_NN ,_, J19 163 we_PP1AS discover_VB it_PP3 as_IN m_ZZ ._. ^ in_IN J19 164 other_AP words_NNS ,_, the_ATI mean_NN of_IN a_AT distribution_NN J19 164 is_BEZ its_PP$ centre_NN of_IN gravity_NN ._. J19 165 ^ when_WRB the_ATI apparatus_NN is_BEZ hung_VBN from_IN its_PP$ J19 165 centre_NN of_IN gravity_NN ,_, we_PP1AS may_MD give_VB J19 166 one_CD1 end_NN of_IN it_PP3 a_AT little_JJ push_NN ._. ^ this_DT J19 166 will_MD set_VB it_PP3 spinning_VBG or_CC rotating_VBG J19 167 about_IN the_ATI point_NN of_IN suspension_NN ._. ^ the_ATI amount_NN J19 167 of_IN spinning_VBG it_PP3 does_DOZ depends_VBZ J19 168 on_IN how_WRB spread_VBN out_RP the_ATI weights_NNS are_BER along_IN J19 168 the_ATI rod_NN ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI weights_NNS are_BER J19 169 clustered_VBN closely_RB around_IN the_ATI centre_NN of_IN gravity_NN J19 169 ,_, it_PP3 will_MD be_BE highly_RB J19 170 stable_JJ and_CC swing_VB very_QL little_RB ._. ^ if_CS they_PP3AS J19 170 are_BER spread_VBN out_RP along_IN the_ATI length_NN J19 171 of_IN the_ATI rod_NN ,_, it_PP3 will_MD be_BE unstable_JJ and_CC J19 171 swing_VB a_AT great_JJ deal_NN ._. ^ the_ATI stability_NN J19 172 of_IN the_ATI apparatus_NN is_BEZ given_VBN by_IN s*:2**:_&FO ._. ^ J19 172 in_IN other_AP words_NNS ,_, the_ATI J19 173 variance_NN of_IN a_AT distribution_NN is_BEZ its_PP$ moment_NN of_IN J19 173 inertia_NN ._. J19 174 ^ 4.24_CD ._. ^ short_JJ cuts_NNS in_IN calculating_NN ._. ^ J19 174 we_PP1AS have_HV already_RB learned_VBN that_CS J19 175 frequency_NN distributions_NNS provide_VB easier_JJR arithmetic_NN J19 175 than_IN a_AT set_NN of_IN J19 176 disorganised_JJ measurements_NNS (_( 4.5_CD )_) ._. ^ there_EX are_BER J19 176 techniques_NNS which_WDTR make_VB J19 177 calculation_NN still_RB less_QL laborious_JJ ,_, and_CC these_DTS J19 177 may_MD well_RB be_BE discussed_VBN J19 178 here_RN ._. ^ in_IN calculating_VBG the_ATI mean_NN of_IN a_AT set_NN J19 178 of_IN data_NNS ,_, we_PP1AS must_MD add_VB all_ABN the_ATI J19 179 values_NNS of_IN the_ATI variate_NN and_CC divide_VB the_ATI total_NN J19 179 so_RB obtained_VBN by_IN N_ZZ ._. ^ when_WRB the_ATI J19 180 variate_NN values_NNS are_BER large_JJ numbers_NNS (_( such_IN as_IN" J19 180 age_NN in_IN months_NNS ranging_VBG from_IN J19 181 120_CD to_IN 145_CD months_NNS )_) ,_, addition_NN is_BEZ laborious_JJ J19 181 and_CC ,_, consequently_RB ,_, liable_JJ to_IN J19 182 error_NN ._. ^ a_AT short_JJ cut_NN which_WDTR reduces_VBZ the_ATI J19 182 size_NN of_IN the_ATI values_NNS to_TO be_BE added_VBN J19 183 is_BEZ to_TO accept_VB a_AT central_JJ value_NN arbitrarily_RB (_( A_ZZ J19 183 )_) before_CS we_PP1AS begin_VB the_ATI J19 184 calculation_NN and_CC write_VB all_ABN variate_NN values_NNS (_( X_ZZ J19 184 )_) as_IN deviations_NNS (_( x*?7_ZZ )_) J19 185 from_IN this_DT ._. ^ the_ATI mean_NN of_IN the_ATI data_NNS can_MD J19 185 then_RN be_BE found_VBN from_IN J19 186 **[formula**]_&FO J19 187 ._. ^ this_DT formula_NN derives_VBZ from_IN the_ATI fact_NN that_CS J19 187 the_ATI sum_NN of_IN the_ATI deviations_NNS J19 188 of_IN a_AT set_NN of_IN numbers_NNS from_IN their_PP$ mean_NN (_( J19 188 Sx_&FO )_) is_BEZ zero_CD (_( 4.8_CD )_) ._. J19 189 ^ it_PP3 follows_VBZ that_CS if_CS Sfx*?7_&FO =_&FO 0_CD then_RN A_ZZ J19 189 =_&FO m_ZZ ,_, and_CC we_PP1AS have_HV J19 190 chosen_VBN the_ATI mean_NN as_IN our_PP$ central_JJ value_NN by_IN J19 190 accident_NN ._. ^ if_CS Sfx*?7_&FO J19 191 is_BEZ positive_JJ ,_, then_RN the_ATI A_ZZ chosen_VBN must_MD have_HV J19 191 been_BEN smaller_JJR than_IN m_ZZ ._. ^ if_CS J19 192 Sfx*?7_&FO is_BEZ negative_JJ ,_, then_RN the_ATI A_ZZ chosen_VBN J19 192 was_BEDZ larger_JJR than_IN m_ZZ ._. J19 193 ^ 4.25_CD ._. ^ the_ATI major_JJ difficulty_NN encountered_VBN in_IN J19 193 calculating_VBG the_ATI J19 194 variance_NN or_CC standard_JJ deviation_NN of_IN data_NNS ,_, is_BEZ J19 194 that_CS if_CS m_ZZ is_BEZ ,_, say_VB ,_, J19 195 74.98_CD ,_, then_RN all_ABN deviations_NNS from_IN this_DT value_NN J19 195 must_MD involve_VB two_CD places_NNS of_IN J19 196 decimals_NNS ._. ^ squaring_VBG numbers_NNS containing_VBG two_CD J19 196 places_NNS of_IN decimals_NNS is_BEZ a_AT J19 197 tedious_JJ matter_NN ._. ^ this_DT difficulty_NN can_MD be_BE J19 197 circumvented_VBN by_IN using_VBG the_ATI J19 198 deviations_NNS from_IN A_ZZ mentioned_VBN above_RI ._. ^ the_ATI J19 198 formula_NN for_IN the_ATI variance_NN then_RN J19 199 becomes_VBZ *-_*- J19 200 **[formula**]_&FO J19 201 and_CC the_ATI standard_JJ deviation_NN is_BEZ J19 202 **[formula**]_&FO J19 203 ._. ^ the_ATI reason_NN we_PP1AS subtract_VB the_ATI correction_NN J19 203 term_NN J19 204 **[formula**]_&FO is_BEZ that_CS the_ATI sum_NN of_IN squares_NNS of_IN J19 204 deviations_NNS from_IN a_AT mean_NN ,_, is_BEZ J19 205 smaller_JJR than_IN squares_NNS about_IN any_DTI other_AP point_NN ._. J20 2 ^ Peierls_NP (_( 7_CD )_) has_HVZ gone_VBN into_IN details_NNS ,_, J20 2 but_CC his_PP$ treatment_NN ,_, he_PP3A J20 3 admits_VBZ ,_, is_BEZ non-rigorous_JJ ._. ^ as_CS Dolph_NP (_( 8_CD )_) J20 3 points_VBZ out_RP ,_, the_ATI promised_JJ J20 4 justification_NN of_IN this_DT has_HVZ never_RB appeared_VBN ._. ^ J20 4 Schwartz_NP (_( 9_CD )_) ,_, in_IN a_AT very_QL J20 5 important_JJ and_CC powerful_JJ paper_NN ,_, treats_VBZ the_ATI J20 5 Sturm-Liouville_NP case_NN (_( and_CC J20 6 also_RB certain_JJ singular_JJ cases_NNS )_) ,_, but_CC only_RB as_IN J20 6 a_AT special_JJ case_NN of_IN a_AT long_JJ and_CC J20 7 complicated_JJ function-theoretic_JJ argument_NN ._. ^ Keldysh_NP (_( J20 7 10_CD )_) has_HVZ also_RB J20 8 given_VBN a_AT linear-operator_JJB approach_NN to_IN the_ATI problem_NN J20 8 ._. J20 9 ^ altogether_RB ,_, there_EX does_DOZ seem_VB a_AT case_NN for_IN J20 9 a_AT direct_JJ justification_NN of_IN J20 10 Peierls's_NP$ work_NN that_WPR does_DOZ not_XNOT depend_VB on_IN J20 10 function-theoretic_JJ arguments_NNS ,_, J20 11 and_CC this_DT is_BEZ particularly_RB so_PN when_WRB it_PP3 appears_VBZ J20 11 that_CS ,_, without_IN any_DTI great_JJ J20 12 complication_NN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ possible_JJ at_IN the_ATI same_AP J20 12 time_NN to_TO make_VB a_AT contribution_NN J20 13 to_IN the_ATI singular_JJ case_NN in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI range_NN J20 13 of_IN x_ZZ remains_VBZ finite_JJ but_CC J20 14 q(x)_&FO becomes_VBZ discontinuous_JJ at_IN one_CD1 or_CC other_AP J20 14 or_CC both_ABX of_IN the_ATI J20 15 end-points_NNS ._. ^ this_DT contribution_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT seem_VB J20 15 to_TO be_BE covered_VBN by_IN the_ATI J20 16 existing_JJ function-theoretic_JJ arguments_NNS ._. J20 17 ^ the_ATI problem_NN we_PP1AS shall_MD consider_VB is_BEZ the_ATI J20 17 following_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS take_VB the_ATI J20 18 equation_NN J20 19 **[formula**]_&FO J20 20 where_WRB q(r)_&FO may_MD be_BE complex_JJ but_CC is_BEZ J20 20 continuous_JJ except_CS at_IN r_ZZ J20 21 =_&FO 0_CD ,_, and_CC where_WRB J20 22 **[formula**]_&FO exists_VBZ ._. ^ we_PP1AS suppose_VB that_CS l_ZZ J20 22 is_BEZ a_AT positive_JJ integer_NN or_CC J20 23 zero_CD ._. ^ the_ATI reader_NN will_MD readily_RB verify_VB that_CS J20 23 the_ATI analysis_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT J20 24 restricted_VBN to_IN those_DTS values_NNS of_IN l_ZZ ,_, but_CC this_DT J20 24 is_BEZ the_ATI case_NN of_IN practical_JJ J20 25 importance_NN ._. ^ (_( the_ATI equation_NN is_BEZ the_ATI J20 25 well-known_JJ equation_NN that_WPR arises_VBZ when_WRB J20 26 a_AT three-dimensional_JJ equation_NN with_IN spherical_JJ symmetry_NN J20 26 is_BEZ solved_VBN by_IN the_ATI J20 27 method_NN of_IN separation_NN of_IN variables_NNS ._. )_) J20 28 ^ the_ATI boundary_NN conditions_NNS we_PP1AS impose_VB are_BER (_( J20 28 1.3_CD )_) ,_, for_IN some_DTI b_ZZ >_&FO 0_CD ,_, J20 29 together_RB with_IN the_ATI requirement_NN that_CS y(x)_&FO be_BE J20 30 L*:2**:(0,b)_&FO ._. ^ this_DT ,_, as_CS the_ATI analysis_NN shows_VBZ J20 30 ,_, is_BEZ sufficient_JJ to_TO J20 31 define_VB an_AT eigenvalue_NN problem_NN ,_, except_CS in_IN the_ATI J20 31 case_NN l_ZZ =_&FO 0_CD ,_, when_WRB we_PP1AS J20 32 have_HV to_TO impose_VB a_AT further_JJB condition_NN of_IN the_ATI J20 32 type_NN (_( 1.2_CD )_) at_IN a_ZZ =_&FO 0_CD ._. J20 33 ^ despite_IN this_DT ,_, the_ATI case_NN l_ZZ =_&FO 0_CD is_BEZ J20 33 similar_JJ enough_QLP to_IN the_ATI case_NN l_ZZ J20 34 >_&FO 0_CD ,_, so_CS that_CS" we_PP1AS can_MD safely_RB restrict_VB J20 34 ourselves_PPLS to_IN l_ZZ >_&FO 0_CD ._. ^ the_ATI J20 35 case_NN l_ZZ =_&FO 0_CD ,_, with_IN q(r)_&FO continuous_JJ ,_, is_BEZ J20 35 just_RB the_ATI J20 36 Sturm-Liouville_NP case_NN ,_, which_WDTR therefore_RB comes_VBZ out_RP J20 36 as_IN a_AT particular_JJ case_NN J20 37 of_IN the_ATI argument_NN ._. J20 38 ^ we_PP1AS shall_MD examine_VB the_ATI eigenfunctions_NNS J20 38 associated_VBN with_IN this_DT J20 39 eigenvalue_NN problem_NN ._. ^ as_CS usual_JJ ,_, an_AT J20 39 eigenfunction_NN is_BEZ a_AT non-trivial_JJ J20 40 solution_NN of_IN the_ATI equation_NN (_( 1.4_CD )_) which_WDTR J20 40 satisfies_VBZ the_ATI boundary_NN J20 41 conditions_NNS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI self-adjoint_JJ case_NN ,_, the_ATI J20 41 set_NN of_IN eigenfunctions_NNS would_MD J20 42 be_BE complete_JJ ,_, \0i.e_RB any_DTI reasonable_JJ function_NN J20 42 could_MD be_BE expanded_VBN in_IN a_AT J20 43 series_NN of_IN them_PP3OS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI non-self-adjoint_JJ J20 43 case_NN ,_, we_PP1AS shall_MD see_VB that_CS in_RB J20 44 general_RB" this_DT no_RB longer_RBR holds_VBZ ,_, but_CC that_CS J20 44 the_ATI set_NN of_IN eigenfunctions_NNS can_MD J20 45 be_BE made_VBN complete_JJ by_IN adding_VBG to_IN it_PP3 certain_JJ J20 45 other_AP functions_NNS which_WDTR ,_, though_CS J20 46 not_XNOT eigenfunctions_NNS ,_, are_BER related_VBN to_IN them_PP3OS J20 46 ._. ^ (_( their_PP$ precise_JJ form_NN will_MD be_BE J20 47 found_VBN in_IN *?135_&FO ._. )_) ^ I_PP1A shall_MD refer_VB to_IN J20 47 these_DTS additional_JJ functions_NNS as_IN J20 48 adjoint_JJ functions_NNS ._. J20 49 ^ the_ATI problem_NN can_MD be_BE extended_VBN to_IN the_ATI case_NN J20 49 in_IN which_WDTR r_ZZ =_&FO b_ZZ is_BEZ J20 50 also_RB a_AT discontinuity_NN of_IN q(r)_&FO ,_, of_IN the_ATI same_AP J20 50 type_NN as_CS at_IN r_ZZ =_&FO J20 51 0_CD ._. ^ it_PP3 will_MD not_XNOT be_BE necessary_JJ to_TO discuss_VB J20 51 in_IN detail_NN this_DT extension_NN ,_, but_CC J20 52 it_PP3 will_MD be_BE clear_JJ that_CS the_ATI same_AP general_JJ J20 52 conclusions_NNS hold_VB on_IN the_ATI J20 53 completeness_NN of_IN the_ATI set_NN of_IN eigenfunctions_NNS and_CC J20 53 adjoint_JJ functions_NNS ._. J20 54 ^ I_PP1A have_HV limited_VBN myself_PPL to_IN proving_VBG J20 54 completeness_NN ,_, but_CC ,_, at_RB least_RB" in_IN J20 55 certain_JJ cases_NNS ,_, much_AP more_AP can_MD be_BE proved_VBN ._. ^ J20 55 for_IN example_NN ,_, in_IN the_ATI J20 56 Sturm-Liouville_NP case_NN ,_, a_AT very_QL straightforward_JJ J20 56 adaptation_NN of_IN (_( 1_CD1 )_) J20 57 (_( \0Ch_NN 1_CD1 )_) shows_VBZ that_CS not_XNOT only_RB is_BEZ the_ATI J20 57 set_NN of_IN eigenfunctions_NNS and_CC J20 58 adjoint_JJ functions_NNS complete_JJ ,_, but_CC also_RB that_CS ,_, J20 58 if_CS f(r)_&FO is_BEZ any_DTI J20 59 function_NN of_IN L(0,b)_&FO ,_, then_RN the_ATI eigenfunction_NN J20 59 expansion_NN of_IN J20 60 f(r)_&FO (_( an_AT expansion_NN which_WDTR ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, J20 60 includes_VBZ adjoint_JJ J20 61 functions_NNS )_) converges_VBZ under_IN Fourier_NP conditions_NNS J20 61 to_IN f(r)_&FO ._. ^ this_DT J20 62 analysis_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT seem_VB to_TO extend_VB to_IN the_ATI J20 62 singular_JJ cases_NNS considered_VBN in_IN J20 63 this_DT paper_NN ._. J20 64 ^ 2_CD ._. ^ if_CS J20 65 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, then_RN (_( 1.4_CD )_) has_HVZ solutions_NNS J20 66 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, of_IN which_WDTR J20 67 **[formula**]_&FO is_BEZ L*:2**:(0,b)_&FO ._. ^ if_CS we_PP1AS then_RN J20 67 write_VB (_( 1.4_CD )_) in_IN the_ATI J20 68 form_NN J20 69 **[formula**]_&FO J20 70 we_PP1AS see_VB that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ formally_RB equivalent_JJ J20 70 to_IN the_ATI integral_JJ equation_NN J20 71 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J20 72 ^ our_PP$ first_OD objective_NN is_BEZ to_TO prove_VB that_CS ,_, J20 72 for_IN J20 73 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, and_CC all_ABN J20 74 **[formula**]_&FO sufficiently_RB large_JJ ,_, the_ATI solution_NN J20 74 of_IN (_( 1.4_CD )_) that_DT is_BEZ J20 75 L*:2**:(0,b)_&FO is_BEZ ,_, apart_IN from_IN" a_AT multiplicative_JJ J20 75 constant_NN ,_, J20 76 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J20 77 where_WRB o(1)_&FO denotes_VBZ a_AT term_NN small_JJ where_WRB J20 78 **[formula**]_&FO is_BEZ large_JJ ,_, uniformly_RB for_IN r_ZZ in_IN J20 78 [0,b]_&FO ,_, and_CC where_WRB J20 79 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ we_PP1AS do_DO this_DT by_IN investigating_VBG J20 79 (_( 2.1_CD )_) ._. J20 80 ^ let_VB J20 81 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J20 82 ^ then_RN J20 83 **[formula**]_&FO J20 84 for_IN all_ABN r_ZZ ,_, l_ZZ ,_, where_WRB A_ZZ denotes_VBZ J20 84 various_JJ positive_JJ J20 85 constants_NNS ._. ^ let_VB J20 86 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J20 87 ^ then_RN ,_, if_CS J20 88 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, (_( 2.1_CD )_) gives_VBZ J20 89 **[formula**]_&FO J20 90 since_CS J20 91 **[formula**]_&FO exists_VBZ ,_, the_ATI o(1)_&FO term_NN denoting_VBG J20 91 a_AT quantity_NN which_WDTR J20 92 tends_VBZ to_IN zero_CD as_CS J20 93 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ also_RB ,_, if_CS J20 94 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J20 95 **[formula**]_&FO J20 96 where_WRB J20 97 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J20 98 ^ but_CC ,_, for_IN J20 99 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, we_PP1AS have_HV J20 100 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ for_CS ,_, for_IN all_ABN z_ZZ ,_, J20 101 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J20 102 so_CS that_CS" J20 103 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J20 104 ^ the_ATI required_JJ estimate_NN for_IN G(r,t,l)_&FO follows_VBZ J20 104 from_IN this_DT J20 105 by_IN using_VBG the_ATI asymptotic_JJ expressions_NNS for_IN J20 106 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J20 107 ^ substituting_VBG this_DT estimate_NN in_IN (_( 2.2_CD )_) ,_, J20 107 we_PP1AS obtain_VB J20 108 **[formula**]_&FO J20 109 ._. ^ the_ATI first_OD of_IN the_ATI two_CD integrals_NNS in_IN J20 109 the_ATI last_AP line_NN is_BEZ J20 110 **[formula**]_&FO since_CS J20 111 **[formula**]_&FO in_IN the_ATI range_NN of_IN integration_NN and_CC J20 112 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J20 113 ^ the_ATI second_OD integral_NN is_BEZ J20 114 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, by_IN a_AT similar_JJ type_NN of_IN argument_NN J20 114 ._. ^ (_( the_ATI second_OD integral_NN J20 115 will_MD not_XNOT ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, appear_VB if_CS J20 116 **[formula**]_&FO ._. )_) J20 117 ^ it_PP3 thus_RB follows_VBZ from_IN (_( 2.1_CD b_ZZ )_) and_CC (_( J20 117 2.4_CD )_) that_CS ,_, for_IN J20 118 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, if_CS J20 119 **[formula**]_&FO is_BEZ large_JJ enough_QLP ,_, \0i.e_RB that_CS J20 120 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ if_CS we_PP1AS substitute_VB this_DT result_NN J20 120 back_NN in_IN the_ATI integral_NN in_IN J20 121 (_( 2.1_CD )_) and_CC re-estimate_VB this_DT integral_NN on_IN the_ATI J20 121 same_AP lines_NNS as_CS has_HVZ just_RB been_BEN J20 122 done_VBN ,_, we_PP1AS emerge_VB with_IN (_( 2.1_CD a_ZZ )_) ._. J20 123 ^ thus_RB any_DTI solution_NN of_IN (_( 2.1_CD )_) satisfies_VBZ (_( J20 123 2.1_CD a_ZZ )_) ._. ^ that_CS there_EX is_BEZ one_CD1 J20 124 (_( and_CC just_RB one_CD1 )_) solution_NN of_IN (_( 2.1_CD )_) can_MD J20 124 be_BE proved_VBN by_IN the_ATI usual_JJ iteration_NN J20 125 process_NN ,_, of_IN which_WDTR the_ATI work_NN above_RI is_BEZ J20 125 effectively_RB the_ATI first_OD step_NN ._. ^ then_RN J20 126 (_( 2.1_CD )_) can_MD be_BE differentiated_VBN back_RP to_TO show_VB J20 126 that_CS the_ATI solution_NN is_BEZ a_AT J20 127 solution_NN of_IN (_( 1.4_CD )_) ._. J20 128 ^ we_PP1AS have_HV thus_RB found_VBN a_AT solution_NN of_IN (_( J20 128 1.4_CD )_) that_DT is_BEZ J20 129 L*:2**:(0,b)_&FO ._. ^ if_CS we_PP1AS denote_VB this_DT solution_NN J20 129 by_IN J20 130 f(r,l)_&FO ,_, then_RN any_DTI other_AP solution_NN apart_IN from_IN" J20 130 a_AT constant_JJ J20 131 multiple_NN of_IN f(r,l)_&FO is_BEZ given_VBN by_IN a_AT constant_JJ J20 131 multiple_NN of_IN J20 132 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J20 133 and_CC knowing_VBG now_RN the_ATI behaviour_NN of_IN f(r,l)_&FO J20 133 near_IN r_ZZ J20 134 =_&FO 0_CD ,_, we_PP1AS can_MD readily_RB verify_VB that_CS ps(r,l)_&FO J20 134 is_BEZ not_XNOT J20 135 L*:2**:(0,b)_&FO ._. ^ the_ATI L*:2**:(0,b)_&FO solution_NN is_BEZ J20 135 therefore_RB J20 136 (_( apart_IN from_IN" a_AT multiplicative_JJ constant_NN )_) unique_JJ J20 136 ._. J20 137 ^ we_PP1AS remark_VB finally_RB that_CS ,_, since_CS J20 138 **[formula**]_&FO is_BEZ an_AT integral_JJ function_NN of_IN l_ZZ ,_, J20 138 the_ATI process_NN of_IN solving_VBG J20 139 (_( 2.1_CD )_) by_IN iteration_NN shows_VBZ that_CS J20 140 **[formula**]_&FO is_BEZ also_RB an_AT integral_JJ function_NN of_IN J20 140 l_ZZ ._. J20 141 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ we_PP1AS now_RN consider_VB the_ATI solution_NN J20 141 ch(r,l)_&FO which_WDTR J20 142 satisfies_VBZ (_( 1.4_CD )_) and_CC the_ATI boundary_NN conditions_NNS J20 143 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J20 144 ^ as_CS in_IN (_( 1_CD1 )_) (_( \0Ch_NN 1_CD1 )_) ch(r,l)_&FO is_BEZ J20 144 an_AT integral_JJ J20 145 function_NN of_IN l_ZZ ._. J20 146 ^ the_ATI Wronskian_NNP of_IN f_ZZ ,_, ch_&FW is_BEZ independent_JJ J20 146 of_IN r_ZZ and_CC so_RB may_MD J20 147 be_BE written_VBN as_IN o(l)_&FO ,_, and_CC J20 148 **[formula**]_&FO will_MD be_BE an_AT integral_JJ function_NN of_IN J20 148 l_ZZ ._. J20 149 ^ further_RB ,_, the_ATI vanishing_NN of_IN o(l)_&FO is_BEZ a_AT J20 149 necessary_JJ and_CC J20 150 sufficient_JJ condition_NN for_IN f_ZZ ,_, ch_&FW to_TO be_BE J20 150 multiples_NNS the_ATI one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI J20 151 other_AP ,_, \0i.e_RB for_IN l_ZZ to_TO be_BE an_AT eigenvalue_NN ._. J20 152 ^ for_IN large_JJ values_NNS of_IN J20 153 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J20 154 **[formula**]_&FO J20 155 ._. ^ (_( the_ATI asymptotic_JJ behaviour_NN of_IN **[formula**]_&FO J20 155 is_BEZ J20 156 obtained_VBN by_IN differentiating_VBG (_( 2.1_CD )_) with_IN J20 156 respect_NN to_IN r_ZZ and_CC proceeding_VBG J20 157 as_CS before_RI ._. )_) ^ hence_RB ,_, for_IN large_JJ values_NNS of_IN J20 158 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, the_ATI zeros_CDS of_IN o(l)_&FO must_MD be_BE J20 158 near_IN the_ATI zeros_CDS of_IN J20 159 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, which_WDTR are_BER ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, J20 159 independent_JJ of_IN q(r)_&FO ._. J20 160 ^ further_RB ,_, for_IN large_JJ J20 161 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, the_ATI zeros_CDS of_IN o(l)_&FO are_BER J20 161 simple_JJ ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ best_RBT seen_VBN J20 162 by_IN writing_VBG J20 163 **[formula**]_&FO J20 164 where_WRB C_ZZ is_BEZ a_AT circle_NN with_IN centre_NN l_ZZ ,_, J20 164 and_CC by_IN using_VBG the_ATI J20 165 asymptotic_JJ expression_NN (_( 3.1_CD )_) for_IN o(l)_&FO to_TO J20 165 give_VB an_AT asymptotic_JJ J20 166 expression_NN for_IN o*?7(l)_&FO ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ then_RN clear_JJ J20 166 that_CS values_NNS of_IN l_ZZ J20 167 near_IN the_ATI zeros_CDS of_IN J20 168 **[formula**]_&FO do_DO not_XNOT satisfy_VB o*?7(l)_&FO =_&FO 0_CD ._. J20 169 ^ we_PP1AS now_RN construct_VB the_ATI function_NN F(r,l)_&FO ,_, J20 169 where_WRB J20 170 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J20 171 and_CC f(t)_&FO is_BEZ any_DTI function_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ J20 171 L*:2**:(0,b)_&FO ._. J20 172 ^ this_DT is_BEZ a_AT meromorphic_JJ function_NN of_IN l_ZZ ,_, J20 172 having_HVG poles_NNS at_IN the_ATI zeros_CDS of_IN J20 173 o(l)_&FO ._. ^ it_PP3 will_MD be_BE our_PP$ object_NN in_IN the_ATI J20 173 next_AP section_NN to_TO show_VB that_CS ,_, J20 174 if_CS f(t)_&FO is_BEZ such_ABL that_CS all_ABN the_ATI residues_NNS J20 174 of_IN J20 175 F(r,l)_&FO at_IN its_PP$ poles_NNS vanish_VB ,_, then_RN f(t)_&FO =_&FO J20 175 0_CD J20 176 almost_RB everywhere_RB ._. J20 177 ^ 4_CD ._. ^ if_CS all_ABN the_ATI residues_NNS vanish_VB ,_, J20 177 F(r,l)_&FO becomes_VBZ J20 178 an_AT integral_JJ function_NN of_IN l_ZZ ._. ^ let_VB us_PP1OS J20 178 suppose_VB that_CS we_PP1AS can_MD prove_VB (_( as_CS we_PP1AS J20 179 shall_MD do_DO )_) that_CS we_PP1AS can_MD find_VB a_AT sequence_NN J20 179 of_IN circles_NNS J20 180 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, with_IN J20 181 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, such_CS that_CS" F(r,l)_&FO is_BEZ bounded_VBN J20 181 on_IN the_ATI J20 182 circles_NNS ,_, with_IN the_ATI bound_NN possibly_RB dependent_JJ on_IN J20 182 r_ZZ ,_, but_CC independent_JJ J20 183 of_IN n_ZZ ._. ^ then_RN ,_, by_IN Liouville's_NP$ theorem_NN ,_, J20 183 F(r,l)_&FO is_BEZ a_AT J20 184 constant_NN ,_, independent_JJ of_IN l_ZZ ._. J20 185 ^ suppose_VB then_RN that_CS F(r,l)=g(r)_&FO ._. ^ it_PP3 J20 186 follows_VBZ by_IN differentiation_NN that_CS J20 187 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J20 188 with_IN the_ATI result_NN holding_VBG at_RB least_RB" almost_RB J20 188 everywhere_RB ._. ^ by_IN varying_VBG J20 189 l_ZZ ,_, we_PP1AS have_HV g(r)_&FO =_&FO 0_CD ,_, and_CC hence_RB J20 189 f(r)_&FO =_&FO 0_CD almost_RB J20 190 everywhere_RB ._. J20 191 ^ it_PP3 remains_VBZ to_TO prove_VB the_ATI boundedness_NN of_IN J20 191 F(r,l)_&FO ,_, with_IN J20 192 r_ZZ fixed_VBN ,_, but_CC J20 193 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, on_IN the_ATI circles_NNS J20 194 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ since_CS we_PP1AS are_BER concerned_VBN only_RB J20 194 with_IN results_NNS *'_*' almost_RB J20 195 everywhere_RB **'_**' ,_, we_PP1AS may_MD exclude_VB r_ZZ =_&FO 0_CD J20 195 ._. ^ the_ATI differential_JJ equation_NN is_BEZ J20 196 thus_RB non-singular_JJ in_IN the_ATI interval_NN (_( r_ZZ ,_, b_ZZ )_) J20 196 ,_, and_CC we_PP1AS can_MD appeal_VB to_IN J20 197 (_( 1_CD1 )_) (_( equation_NN (_( 1.7.8_CD )_) )_) to_TO get_VB an_AT J20 197 asymptotic_JJ form_NN of_IN J20 198 ch(r,l)_&FO for_IN sufficiently_RB large_JJ J20 199 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ in_IN fact_NN ,_, we_PP1AS have_HV J20 200 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J20 201 where_WRB A_ZZ denotes_VBZ various_JJ positive_JJ constants_NNS J20 201 independent_JJ of_IN J20 202 l_ZZ ._. ^ from_IN *?132_&FO we_PP1AS have_HV ,_, again_RB for_IN J20 202 fixed_JJ r_ZZ and_CC sufficiently_RB J20 203 large_JJ J20 204 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J20 205 **[formula**]_&FO J20 206 ._. ^ finally_RB ,_, if_CS we_PP1AS choose_VB the_ATI sequence_NN J20 207 **[formula**]_&FO to_TO be_BE such_ABL that_CS J20 208 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J20 209 we_PP1AS see_VB that_CS J20 210 **[formula**]_&FO J20 211 on_IN each_DT of_IN the_ATI circles_NNS J20 212 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, and_CC so_RB ,_, on_IN those_DTS circles_NNS ,_, J20 212 for_IN n_ZZ sufficiently_RB large_JJ ,_, J20 213 we_PP1AS have_HV from_IN (_( 3.1_CD )_) that_CS J20 214 **[formula**]_&FO J20 215 ._. ^ if_CS we_PP1AS now_RN substitute_VB (_( 4.1_CD )_) ,_, (_( J20 215 4.2_CD )_) ,_, (_( 4.3_CD )_) in_IN the_ATI definition_NN of_IN J20 216 F(r,l)_&FO ,_, and_CC use_VB Schwarz's_NP$ inequality_NN to_TO J20 216 estimate_VB the_ATI J20 217 integrals_NNS ,_, we_PP1AS see_VB readily_RB that_CS ,_, on_IN the_ATI J20 217 circles_NNS J20 218 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, F(r,l)_&FO is_BEZ bounded_VBN with_IN bound_NN J20 219 independent_JJ of_IN n_ZZ ._. J20 220 ^ 5_CD ._. ^ from_IN this_DT ,_, we_PP1AS can_MD deduce_VB the_ATI J20 220 completeness_NN of_IN the_ATI J20 221 eigenfunctions_NNS and_CC adjoint_JJ functions_NNS ._. ^ before_CS J20 221 we_PP1AS do_DO this_DT ,_, however_RB ,_, we_PP1AS J20 222 must_MD examine_VB the_ATI nature_NN of_IN these_DTS eigenfunctions_NNS J20 222 and_CC adjoint_JJ functions_NNS ._. J20 223 ^ in_IN the_ATI real_JJ self-adjoint_JJ case_NN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ J20 223 well_RB known_VBN that_CS the_ATI zeros_CDS of_IN J20 224 o(l)_&FO are_BER real_JJ and_CC simple_JJ ,_, and_CC ,_, if_CS J20 224 l*;n**;_&FO is_BEZ such_ABL a_AT J20 225 zero_CD ,_, ch(r,l*;n**;)_&FO is_BEZ a_AT multiple_NN of_IN J20 226 f(r,l*;n**;)_&FO ,_, so_CS that_CS" we_PP1AS may_MD write_VB J20 227 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ then_RN ,_, near_IN l_ZZ =_&FO l*;n**;_&FO ,_, J20 227 the_ATI singular_JJ part_NN J20 228 of_IN F(r,l)_&FO is_BEZ J20 229 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J20 230 ^ hence_RB the_ATI residue_NN at_IN l_ZZ =_&FO l*;n**;_&FO is_BEZ J20 231 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J20 232 and_CC this_DT vanishes_VBZ for_IN all_ABN r_ZZ if_CS and_CC only_RB J20 232 if_CS the_ATI Fourier_NP J20 233 coefficient_NN of_IN f(t)_&FO with_IN respect_NN to_IN the_ATI J20 233 eigenfunction_NN J20 234 f(t,l*;n**;)_&FO vanishes_VBZ ._. J20 235 ^ the_ATI argument_NN remains_VBZ valid_JJ even_RB in_IN the_ATI J20 235 non-self-adjoint_JJ case_NN J20 236 provided_CS that_CS" l*;n**;_&FO is_BEZ a_AT simple_JJ zero_CD of_IN J20 236 o(l)_&FO ._. J20 237 ^ however_RB ,_, there_EX is_BEZ no_RB longer_RBR any_DTI guarantee_NN J20 237 that_CS the_ATI eigenvalues_NNS of_IN J20 238 o(l)_&FO will_MD be_BE simple_JJ ,_, and_CC counterexamples_NNS are_BER J20 238 easily_RB provided_VBN ._. J20 239 ^ suppose_VB now_RN that_CS l*;n**;_&FO is_BEZ a_AT zero_CD of_IN J20 239 order_NN p_ZZ of_IN J20 240 o(l)_&FO ._. ^ then_RN ,_, at_IN l_ZZ =_&FO l*;n**;_&FO ,_, F(r,l)_&FO J20 241 has_HVZ a_AT residue_NN of_IN the_ATI form_NN J20 242 **[formula**]_&FO J20 243 where_WRB the_ATI A*;s**;(l*;n**;)_&FO are_BER constants_NNS J20 243 depending_VBG J20 244 on_IN the_ATI derivatives_NNS of_IN o(l)_&FO at_IN l_ZZ =_&FO J20 244 l*;n**;_&FO and_CC whose_WP$R J20 245 precise_JJ value_NN will_MD not_XNOT concern_VB us_PP1OS ._. J20 246 ^ now_RN o(l)_&FO can_MD be_BE written_VBN in_IN the_ATI form_NN J20 247 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J20 248 and_CC we_PP1AS know_VB that_CS o(l*;n**;)_&FO =_&FO J20 248 o*?7(l*;n**;)_&FO =_&FO J20 249 0_CD ._. ^ hence_RB J20 250 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J20 251 and_CC interchange_NN of_IN the_ATI order_NN of_IN J20 251 differentiation_NN gives_VBZ that_CS J20 252 **[formula**]_&FO J20 253 is_BEZ independent_JJ of_IN r_ZZ ._. J20 254 ^ if_CS we_PP1AS repeat_VB this_DT process_NN with_IN higher_JJR J20 254 differentiations_NNS with_IN J20 255 respect_NN to_IN l_ZZ ,_, we_PP1AS obtain_VB finally_RB that_CS J20 256 **[formula**]_&FO J20 257 is_BEZ independent_JJ of_IN r_ZZ for_IN s_ZZ =_&FO 0_CD ,_, 1_CD1 ,_, J20 257 ..._... ,_, p-1_ZZ ._. ^ this_DT J20 258 implies_VBZ that_CS ,_, for_IN these_DTS values_NNS of_IN s_ZZ ,_, J20 259 **[formula**]_&FO J20 260 so_CS that_CS" (_( 5.1_CD )_) can_MD be_BE expressed_VBN as_IN a_AT J20 260 linear_JJ combination_NN of_IN the_ATI J20 261 p_ZZ functions_NNS J20 262 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, the_ATI coefficients_NNS being_BEG homogeneous_JJ J20 262 linear_JJ combinations_NNS J20 263 of_IN the_ATI p_ZZ expressions_NNS J20 264 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J20 265 or_CC ,_, what_WDT is_BEZ the_ATI same_AP thing_NN ,_, J20 265 homogeneous_JJ linear_JJ combinations_NNS of_IN the_ATI J20 266 p_ZZ expressions_NNS J20 267 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J20 268 ^ for_IN the_ATI residue_NN to_TO vanish_VB it_PP3 is_BEZ J20 268 therefore_RB sufficient_JJ that_CS all_ABN the_ATI J20 269 Fourier_NP coefficients_NNS of_IN f(t)_&FO with_IN respect_NN to_IN J20 269 the_ATI p_ZZ J20 270 functions_NNS J20 271 **[formula**]_&FO should_MD vanish_VB ._. ^ hence_RB ,_, if_CS all_ABN J20 271 the_ATI Fourier_NP coefficients_NNS J20 272 of_IN f(t)_&FO vanish_VB at_IN all_ABN zeros_CDS of_IN o(l)_&FO ,_, J20 272 then_RN all_ABN the_ATI J20 273 residues_NNS of_IN F(r,l)_&FO vanish_VB ,_, and_CC so_RB ,_, as_CS J20 273 already_RB proved_VBN ,_, J20 274 f(t)_&FO =_&FO 0_CD almost_RB everywhere_RB ._. ^ this_DT shows_VBZ ,_, J20 274 by_IN application_NN of_IN a_AT J20 275 standard_JJ theorem_NN ,_, that_CS the_ATI system_NN of_IN J20 275 eigenfunctions_NNS and_CC adjoint_JJ J20 276 functions_NNS ,_, where_WRB the_ATI adjoint_JJ functions_NNS are_BER J20 277 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J20 278 is_BEZ complete_JJ ._. J20 279 ^ the_ATI question_NN does_DOZ arise_VB whether_CS the_ATI J20 279 adjoint_JJ functions_NNS are_BER indeed_RB J20 280 necessary_JJ for_IN completeness_NN ,_, or_CC whether_CS on_IN the_ATI J20 280 contrary_NN they_PP3AS themselves_PPLS J20 281 can_MD be_BE expressed_VBN as_IN linear_JJ combinations_NNS of_IN J20 281 the_ATI eigenfunctions_NNS ,_, and_CC so_RB J20 282 be_BE eliminated_VBN from_IN the_ATI expansion_NN of_IN an_AT J20 282 arbitrary_JJ function_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ a_AT J20 283 standard_JJ theorem_NN in_IN the_ATI theory_NN of_IN orthogonal_JJ J20 283 functions_NNS that_CS all_ABN the_ATI J20 284 eigenfunctions_NNS and_CC adjoint_JJ functions_NNS are_BER necessary_JJ J20 284 if_CS they_PP3AS form_VB an_AT J20 285 orthonormal_JJ set_NN ,_, and_CC we_PP1AS shall_MD prove_VB that_CS J20 285 they_PP3AS are_BER substantially_RB J20 286 orthonormal_JJ in_IN *?13_NN 6_CD ._. ^ what_WDT we_PP1AS shall_MD J20 286 actually_RB prove_VB (_( and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ clear_JJ J20 287 that_CS this_DT will_MD be_BE sufficient_JJ )_) is_BEZ J20 288 (_( 1_CD1 )_) that_CS all_ABN the_ATI eigenfunctions_NNS and_CC J20 288 adjoint_JJ functions_NNS J20 289 associated_VBN with_IN an_AT eigenvalue_NN l*;n**;_&FO are_BER J20 289 orthogonal_JJ to_IN all_ABN J20 290 the_ATI eigenfunctions_NNS and_CC adjoint_JJ functions_NNS J20 290 associated_VBN with_IN an_AT eigenvalue_NN J20 291 l*;m**;_&FO ,_, where_WRB J20 292 **[formula**]_&FO ;_; J20 293 (_( 2_CD )_) that_CS the_ATI eigenfunctions_NNS and_CC adjoint_JJ J20 293 functions_NNS associated_VBN J20 294 with_IN an_AT eigenvalue_NN l*;n**;_&FO of_IN multiplicity_NN p_ZZ J20 294 can_MD be_BE J20 295 expressed_VBN by_IN a_AT non-singular_JJ transformation_NN as_IN J20 295 linear_JJ combinations_NNS of_IN J20 296 p_ZZ orthonormal_JJ functions_NNS ._. J20 297 ^ it_PP3 should_MD be_BE remarked_VBN that_CS the_ATI number_NN J20 297 of_IN multiple_JJ eigenvalues_NNS is_BEZ J20 298 at_IN most_AP finite_JJ ,_, and_CC so_RB the_ATI number_NN of_IN J20 298 adjoint_JJ functions_NNS is_BEZ at_IN most_AP J20 299 finite_JJ ._. J21 2 ^ a_AT permutation_NN representation_NN of_IN the_ATI group_NN of_IN J21 2 the_ATI bitangents_NNS ._. J21 3 ^ \0W_NP \0L_NP Edge_NP ._. J21 4 ^ 1_CD1 ._. ^ the_ATI group_NN G_ZZ of_IN the_ATI bitangents_NNS J21 4 has_HVZ been_BEN studied_VBN in_IN two_CD J21 5 recent_JJ papers_NNS (_( (_( 3_CD )_) and_CC (_( 4_CD )_) )_) ._. ^ J21 5 it_PP3 was_BEDZ represented_VBN in_IN (_( 4_CD )_) as_IN a_AT J21 5 subgroup_NN J21 6 of_IN index_NN 2_CD of_IN the_ATI group_NN of_IN symmetries_NNS of_IN J21 6 a_AT regular_JJ polytope_NN in_IN J21 7 Euclidean_JNP space_NN of_IN dimension_NN 6_CD ,_, in_IN (_( 3_CD )_) J21 7 as_IN the_ATI group_NN of_IN automorphisms_NNS J21 8 of_IN a_AT non-singular_JJ quadric_NN Q_ZZ in_IN the_ATI finite_JJ J21 8 projective_JJ space_NN (_( 6_CD )_) J21 9 over_IN F_ZZ *-_*- the_ATI Galois_NP field_NN GF(2)_&FO ._. ^ the_ATI J21 9 culmination_NN of_IN (_( 4_CD )_) is_BEZ J21 10 the_ATI compilation_NN ,_, for_IN the_ATI first_OD time_NN ,_, of_IN J21 10 the_ATI complete_JJ table_NN of_IN J21 11 characters_NNS of_IN G_ZZ ,_, and_CC Frame_NP uses_VBZ this_DT table_NN J21 11 to_TO suggest_VB possible_JJ J21 12 degrees_NNS for_IN permutation_NN representations_NNS ._. ^ such_ABL J21 12 representations_NNS ,_, of_IN J21 13 degrees_NNS 28_CD ,_, 36_CD ,_, 63_CD ,_, 135_CD ,_, 288_CD are_BER J21 13 patent_JJ once_CS the_ATI geometry_NN of_IN Q_ZZ is_BEZ J21 14 known_VBN ;_; but_CC Frame_NP ,_, having_HVG observed_VBN that_CS J21 14 there_EX is_BEZ a_AT combination_NN of_IN the_ATI J21 15 characters_NNS that_WPR satisfies_VBZ the_ATI several_AP conditions_NNS J21 15 known_VBN to_TO be_BE J21 16 necessary_JJ ,_, had_HVD proposed_VBN also_RB 120_CD as_IN a_AT J21 16 possible_JJ degree_NN ._. ^ as_CS there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI J21 17 guarantee_NN that_CS the_ATI set_NN of_IN necessary_JJ conditions_NNS J21 17 is_BEZ sufficient_JJ ,_, and_CC as_CS J21 18 no_ATI representation_NN of_IN G_ZZ of_IN degree_NN 120_CD seems_VBZ J21 18 yet_RB to_TO have_HV appeared_VBN in_IN J21 19 the_ATI literature_NN ,_, a_AT description_NN is_BEZ here_RN J21 19 submitted_VBN of_IN one_CD1 that_WPR is_BEZ J21 20 incorporated_VBN with_IN the_ATI geometry_NN of_IN Q_ZZ ._. J21 21 ^ q_ZZ consists_VBZ ,_, as_CS explained_VBN in_IN (_( 3_CD )_) ,_, J21 21 of_IN 63_CD points_NNS m_ZZ ;_; 315_CD lines_NNS J21 22 g_ZZ (_( all_ABN three_CD points_NNS on_IN a_AT g_ZZ being_BEG m_ZZ )_) J21 22 lie_VB on_IN Q_ZZ ,_, while_CS J21 23 through_IN each_DT g_ZZ pass_VB three_CD planes_NNS d_ZZ lying_VBG J21 23 wholly_RB on_IN Q_ZZ (_( in_CS J21 24 that_CS" all_ABN seven_CD points_NNS in_IN d_ZZ are_BER m_ZZ ,_, and_CC J21 24 all_ABN seven_CD lines_NNS in_IN d_ZZ J21 25 are_BER g_ZZ )_) ._. ^ these_DTS three_CD d_ZZ form_VB the_ATI J21 25 complete_JJ intersection_NN of_IN Q_ZZ J21 26 with_IN E_ZZ ,_, the_ATI polar_NN (_( 4_CD )_) of_IN g_ZZ ._. J21 27 ^ there_EX are_BER ,_, and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ intended_VBN to_TO J21 27 construct_VB them_PP3OS ,_, 120_CD figures_NNS J21 28 F_ZZ ;_; each_DT F_ZZ includes_VBZ all_ABN 63_CD m_ZZ together_RB J21 28 with_IN 63_CD d_ZZ ,_, one_CD1 J21 29 d_ZZ being_BEG associated_VBN with_IN each_DT m_ZZ *-_*- having_HVG J21 29 m_ZZ for_IN its_PP$ focus_NN J21 30 as_CS one_CD1 may_MD say_VB ._. ^ those_DTS g_ZZ in_IN d_ZZ that_WPR J21 30 pass_VB through_IN its_PP$ focus_NN J21 31 may_MD be_BE called_VBN rays_NNS ;_; all_ABN three_CD d_ZZ J21 31 containing_VBG a_AT ray_NN belong_VB to_IN J21 32 F_ZZ ,_, their_PP$ foci_NNS being_BEG those_DTS three_CD m_ZZ that_WPR J21 32 constitute_VB the_ATI ray_NN ,_, so_CS J21 33 that_CS" ,_, there_EX being_BEG three_CD rays_NNS in_IN each_DT of_IN J21 33 63_CD d_ZZ ,_, there_EX are_BER 63_CD rays_NNS in_IN J21 34 F_ZZ ._. ^ the_ATI plane_NN of_IN any_DTI two_CD intersecting_JJ J21 34 rays_NNS is_BEZ on_IN Q_ZZ ,_, and_CC the_ATI J21 35 third_OD line_NN therein_RB through_IN the_ATI intersection_NN is_BEZ J21 35 a_AT ray_NN too_RB ._. ^ none_PN of_IN the_ATI J21 36 72_CD d_ZZ extraneous_JJ to_IN F_ZZ includes_VBZ a_AT ray_NN ;_; of_IN J21 36 those_DTS d_ZZ that_WPR pass_VB J21 37 through_IN a_AT g_ZZ which_WDTR is_BEZ not_XNOT a_AT ray_NN only_RB J21 37 one_CD1 belongs_VBZ to_IN F_ZZ ,_, the_ATI J21 38 other_AP two_CD being_BEG extraneous_JJ to_IN F_ZZ ._. J21 39 ^ although_CS such_ABL a_AT figure_NN as_IN F_ZZ may_MD not_XNOT J21 39 have_HV been_BEN previously_RB J21 40 described_VBN it_PP3 has_HVZ been_BEN encountered_VBN ,_, so_RB to_TO J21 40 say_VB ,_, by_IN implication_NN ,_, being_BEG J21 41 obtainable_JJ when_WRB Q_ZZ is_BEZ regarded_VBN as_IN a_AT section_NN J21 41 of_IN a_AT ruled_JJ quadric_NN S_ZZ J21 42 in_IN (_( 7_CD )_) ;_; one_CD1 has_HVZ then_RN only_RB to_TO take_VB J21 42 ,_, on_IN S_ZZ ,_, those_DTS points_NNS that_WPR are_BER J21 43 autoconjugate_JJ (_( \0i.e_RB incident_JJ with_IN their_PP$ J21 43 corresponding_JJ solids_NNS )_) J21 44 in_IN a_AT certain_JJ triality_NN ._. ^ that_CS such_ABL points_NNS J21 44 make_VB up_RP a_AT prime_JJB section_NN of_IN J21 45 S_ZZ is_BEZ known_VBN (_( see_VB 5.2.2_CD in_IN (_( 5_CD )_) )_) ,_, J21 45 and_CC that_CS there_EX are_BER 63_CD of_IN them_PP3OS J21 46 accords_NNS with_IN putting_VBG k_ZZ =_&FO l_ZZ =_&FO 2_CD in_IN J21 46 8.2.4_CD of_IN (_( 5_CD )_) ;_; 8.2.6_CD then_RN says_VBZ J21 47 that_CS ,_, of_IN 63_CD m_ZZ ,_, 32_CD lie_VB outside_IN the_ATI J21 47 tangent_NN prime_NN T*;0**;_&FO to_IN Q_ZZ J21 48 at_IN a_AT given_JJ point_NN m*;0**;_&FO while_CS 8.2.5_CD says_VBZ J21 48 that_CS there_EX are_BER 63_CD J21 49 rays_NNS ,_, or_CC *'_*' fixed_JJ lines_NNS **'_**' in_IN Tits'_NP$ J21 49 phraseology_NN ._. J21 50 ^ 2_CD ._. ^ let_VB d_ZZ ,_, d*?7_ZZ be_BE any_DTI two_CD of_IN J21 50 the_ATI 135_CD planes_NNS on_IN Q_ZZ that_WPR J21 51 are_BER skew_JJ to_IN one_PPLS another_PPLS" ;_; they_PP3AS span_VB J21 51 a_AT (_( 5_CD )_) C_ZZ and_CC ,_, being_BEG skew_JJ ,_, belong_VB J21 52 to_IN opposite_JJ systems_NNS on_IN K_ZZ ,_, the_ATI Klein_NP J21 52 section_NN of_IN Q_ZZ by_IN C_ZZ ._. J21 53 ^ through_IN any_DTI line_NN g_ZZ of_IN d_ZZ passes_VBZ another_DT J21 53 plane_NN of_IN K_ZZ J21 54 which_WDTR ,_, belonging_VBG to_IN the_ATI opposite_JJ system_NN to_IN J21 54 d_ZZ ,_, is_BEZ in_IN the_ATI same_AP J21 55 system_NN as_IN d*?7_ZZ and_CC so_RB meets_VBZ d*?7_ZZ at_IN a_AT J21 55 point_NN m*?7_ZZ ;_; moreover_RB ,_, J21 56 the_ATI points_NNS m*?7_ZZ so_RB arising_VBG from_IN g_ZZ in_IN d_ZZ J21 56 concurrent_JJ at_IN m_ZZ J21 57 lie_VB on_IN g*?7_ZZ ,_, the_ATI line_NN of_IN intersection_NN of_IN J21 57 d*?7_ZZ with_IN the_ATI J21 58 tangent_NN space_NN (_( dg*?7_&FO )_) of_IN K_ZZ at_IN m_ZZ ._. ^ J21 58 the_ATI plane_NN ,_, other_AP J21 59 than_IN d*?7_ZZ ,_, on_IN K_ZZ that_WPR contains_VBZ g*?7_ZZ is_BEZ (_( J21 59 mg*?7_&FO )_) ._. ^ so_RB J21 60 there_EX is_BEZ set_VBN up_RP a_AT correlation_NN between_IN d_ZZ J21 60 and_CC d*?7_ZZ ;_; each_DT point_NN of_IN J21 61 either_DTX is_BEZ correlative_JJ to_IN a_AT line_NN of_IN the_ATI J21 61 other_AP ._. J21 62 ^ if_CS m_ZZ in_IN d_ZZ and_CC m*?7_ZZ in_IN d*?7_ZZ each_DT lie_VB J21 62 on_IN the_ATI line_NN J21 63 correlative_JJ to_IN the_ATI other_AP their_PP$ join_NN is_BEZ on_IN J21 63 K_ZZ ._. ^ there_EX are_BER 21_CD such_ABL J21 64 joins_NNS ;_; through_IN each_DT point_NN m_ZZ of_IN d_ZZ there_EX J21 64 pass_VB three_CD ,_, lying_VBG in_IN the_ATI J21 65 plane_NN joining_VBG m_ZZ to_IN its_PP$ correlative_NN g*?7_ZZ ,_, J21 65 and_CC likewise_RB there_RN J21 66 pass_VB three_CD coplanar_JJ joins_NNS through_IN each_DT point_NN J21 66 m*?7_ZZ of_IN d*?7_ZZ ._. J21 67 ^ since_CS K_ZZ consists_VBZ of_IN 35_CD m_ZZ there_EX are_BER 21_CD J21 67 ,_, which_WDTR may_MD be_BE labelled_VBN J21 68 temporarily_RB as_IN points_NNS m_ZZ ,_, that_WPR lie_VB neither_DTX J21 68 in_IN d_ZZ nor_CC in_IN d*?7_ZZ ;_; J21 69 through_IN each_DT m_ZZ passes_VBZ one_CD1 transversal_NN to_IN d_ZZ J21 69 and_CC d*?7_ZZ ;_; these_DTS J21 70 21_CD lines_NNS ,_, one_CD1 through_IN each_DT m_ZZ ,_, are_BER the_ATI J21 70 joins_NNS mm*?7_&FO of_IN points_NNS J21 71 each_DT on_IN the_ATI line_NN correlative_JJ to_IN the_ATI other_AP ._. J21 72 ^ through_IN each_DT point_NN on_IN K_ZZ pass_VB nine_CD lines_NNS J21 72 lying_VBG on_IN K_ZZ ;_; if_CS J21 73 m_ZZ is_BEZ in_IN d_ZZ three_CD of_IN them_PP3OS lie_VB in_IN d_ZZ J21 73 while_CS another_DT three_CD join_VB J21 74 m_ZZ to_IN the_ATI points_NNS on_IN its_PP$ correlative_NN g*?7_ZZ ;_; J21 74 there_EX remain_VB three_CD J21 75 others_APS ,_, so_CS that_CS" 21_CD g_ZZ on_IN K_ZZ meet_VB d_ZZ in_IN J21 75 points_NNS and_CC are_BER skew_JJ to_IN J21 76 d*?7_ZZ ._. ^ another_DT 21_CD meet_VB d*?7_ZZ in_IN points_NNS and_CC J21 76 are_BER skew_JJ to_IN d_ZZ ._. J21 77 ^ there_EX are_BER also_RB among_IN the_ATI 105g_CD on_IN K_ZZ seven_CD J21 77 in_IN d_ZZ ,_, seven_CD in_IN J21 78 d*?7_ZZ ,_, 21_CD transversal_JJ to_IN d_ZZ and_CC d*?7_ZZ ;_; there_EX J21 78 remain_VB 28_CD ,_, which_WDTR J21 79 may_MD be_BE labelled_VBN g*/_&FO ,_, skew_JJ to_IN both_ABX d_ZZ J21 79 and_CC d*?7_ZZ ._. ^ these_DTS 28_CD J21 80 g*/_&FO may_MD be_BE identified_VBN as_CS follows_VBZ ._. ^ take_VB J21 80 any_DTI g_ZZ in_IN d_ZZ ;_; the_ATI J21 81 solid_NN that_WPR joins_VBZ it_PP3 to_IN any_DTI g*?7_ZZ through_IN J21 81 its_PP$ correlative_NN m*?7_ZZ J21 82 in_IN d_ZZ meets_VBZ K_ZZ in_IN two_CD planes_NNS through_IN mm*?7_&FO J21 82 ,_, m_ZZ being_BEG that_DT J21 83 point_NN on_IN g_ZZ to_IN which_WDTR g*?7_ZZ is_BEZ correlative_JJ ._. ^ J21 83 but_CC there_EX are_BER four_CD J21 84 lines_NNS g*?7_ZZ in_IN d*?7_ZZ that_WPR do_DO not_XNOT contain_VB J21 84 m*?7_ZZ ;_; then_RN the_ATI solid_NN J21 85 (_( gg*?7_&FO )_) meets_VBZ K_ZZ in_IN a_AT hyperboloid_NN whereon_WRB J21 85 the_ATI regulus_NN that_WPR J21 86 includes_VBZ g_ZZ and_CC g*?7_ZZ is_BEZ completed_VBN by_IN g*/_&FO ._. J21 86 ^ as_CS there_EX are_BER J21 87 seven_CD g_ZZ in_IN d_ZZ ,_, and_CC four_CD g*?7_ZZ in_IN d*?7_ZZ J21 87 not_XNOT containing_VBG the_ATI J21 88 correlative_NN m_ZZ ,_, the_ATI 28_CD g*/_&FO are_BER accounted_VBN J21 88 for_IN ._. J21 89 ^ there_EX being_BEG three_CD m_ZZ on_IN each_DT g*/_&FO ,_, but_CC J21 89 only_RB 21_CD m_ZZ in_IN all_ABN ,_, J21 90 one_CD1 expects_VBZ there_EX to_TO be_BE four_CD g*/_&FO through_IN J21 90 each_DT m_ZZ ;_; this_DT is_BEZ so_PN ._. J21 91 ^ for_CS let_VB the_ATI transversal_NN from_IN m_ZZ to_IN d_ZZ ,_, J21 91 d*?7_ZZ meet_VB d_ZZ in_IN m_ZZ ,_, J21 92 d*?7_ZZ in_IN m*?7_ZZ ;_; through_IN m_ZZ ,_, and_CC in_IN d_ZZ ,_, J21 92 are_BER lines_NNS J21 93 g*;1**;_&FO ,_, g*;2**;_&FO other_AP than_IN the_ATI correlative_NN J21 93 g_ZZ to_IN m*?7_ZZ ;_; J21 94 through_IN m*?7_ZZ ,_, and_CC in_IN d*?7_ZZ ,_, are_BER lines_NNS J21 94 g*;1**;*?7_&FO ,_, J21 95 g*;2**;*?7_&FO other_AP than_IN the_ATI correlative_NN g*?7_ZZ to_IN J21 95 m_ZZ ;_; each_DT J21 96 solid_NN J21 97 **[formula**]_&FO J21 98 meets_VBZ K_ZZ in_IN a_AT hyperboloid_NN whereon_WRB a_AT regulus_NN J21 98 is_BEZ completed_VBN by_IN a_AT J21 99 g*/_&FO through_IN m_ZZ ._. J21 100 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ take_VB ,_, now_RN ,_, one_CD1 of_IN these_DTS g*/_&FO J21 100 :_: the_ATI transversals_NNS from_IN its_PP$ J21 101 three_CD m_ZZ to_IN d_ZZ ,_, d*?7_ZZ form_VB a_AT regulus_NN whose_WP$R J21 101 complement_NN includes_VBZ J21 102 g_ZZ in_IN d_ZZ and_CC g*?7_ZZ in_IN d*?7_ZZ ,_, neither_DTX g_ZZ J21 102 nor_CC g*?7_ZZ J21 103 being_BEG correlative_JJ to_IN any_DTI point_NN on_IN the_ATI other_AP J21 103 ._. ^ the_ATI correlative_NN m_ZZ J21 104 in_IN d_ZZ of_IN g*?7_ZZ is_BEZ conjugate_NN to_IN every_AT point_NN J21 104 of_IN g_ZZ and_CC ,_, by_IN the_ATI J21 105 defining_JJ property_NN of_IN the_ATI correlation_NN ,_, to_IN every_AT J21 105 point_NN of_IN g*?7_ZZ ;_; so_PN ,_, J21 106 likewise_RB ,_, is_BEZ the_ATI correlative_NN m*?7_ZZ in_IN d*?7_ZZ J21 106 of_IN g_ZZ ._. ^ hence_RB the_ATI J21 107 polar_JJ plane_NN j*;0**;_&FO (_( (_( 3_CD )_) ,_, *?136_&FO )_) of_IN J21 107 (_( gg*?7_&FO )_) with_IN respect_NN to_IN J21 108 Q_ZZ contains_VBZ both_ABX m_ZZ and_CC m*?7_ZZ ;_; there_EX is_BEZ J21 108 one_CD1 remaining_JJ point_NN J21 109 m*/_&FO of_IN Q_ZZ in_IN j*;0**;_&FO ,_, and_CC it_PP3 lies_VBZ J21 109 outside_IN C_ZZ *-_*- for_CS to_TO J21 110 suppose_VB that_CS it_PP3 belonged_VBD to_IN C_ZZ would_MD put_VB J21 110 the_ATI whole_NN of_IN j*;0**;_&FO J21 111 in_IN C_ZZ ,_, whereas_CS the_ATI kernel_NN of_IN Q_ZZ ,_, which_WDTR J21 111 is_BEZ in_IN j*;0**;_&FO ,_, is_BEZ J21 112 outside_IN C_ZZ ._. ^ now_RN there_EX are_BER 63-25_&FO =_&FO 28_CD J21 112 points_NNS m*/_&FO on_IN Q_ZZ that_WPR J21 113 are_BER not_XNOT on_IN K_ZZ ;_; thus_RB each_DT m*/_&FO is_BEZ J21 113 linked_VBN to_IN a_AT g*/_&FO ,_, and_CC J21 114 m*/g*/_&FO is_BEZ a_AT plane_NN d_ZZ on_IN Q_ZZ ._. J21 115 ^ there_EX are_BER three_CD planes_NNS on_IN Q_ZZ through_IN any_DTI J21 115 line_NN thereon_RB ;_; if_CS J21 116 this_DT line_NN is_BEZ a_AT transversal_NN mmm*?7_&FO from_IN one_CD1 J21 116 of_IN the_ATI 21_CD m_ZZ to_IN J21 117 d_ZZ and_CC d*?7_ZZ two_CD of_IN these_DTS planes_NNS are_BER on_IN J21 117 K_ZZ ,_, while_CS the_ATI third_OD J21 118 contains_VBZ a_AT quadrangle_NN J21 119 **[formula**]_&FO with_IN its_PP$ J21 120 diagonal_JJ points_NNS at_IN m_ZZ ,_, m_ZZ ,_, m*?7_ZZ ._. ^ the_ATI J21 120 tangent_NN prime_NN to_IN Q_ZZ at_IN J21 121 any_DTI vertex_NN of_IN this_DT quadrangle_NN contains_VBZ mmm*?7_&FO J21 121 and_CC meets_VBZ J21 122 d_ZZ ,_, d*?7_ZZ in_IN lines_NNS belonging_VBG to_IN a_AT regulus_NN J21 122 completed_VBN by_IN g*/_&FO J21 123 through_IN m_ZZ ._. ^ thus_RB four_CD concurrent_JJ g*/_&FO are_BER J21 123 linked_VBN with_IN coplanar_JJ J21 124 m*/_&FO whose_WP$R plane_NN ,_, containing_VBG the_ATI transversal_NN J21 124 to_IN d_ZZ and_CC d*?7_ZZ J21 125 from_IN the_ATI point_NN of_IN concurrence_NN ,_, lies_VBZ on_IN Q_ZZ J21 125 but_CC not_XNOT on_IN K_ZZ ._. J21 126 ^ 4_CD ._. ^ choose_VB now_RN ,_, from_IN among_IN the_ATI 315_CD J21 126 g_ZZ on_IN Q_ZZ ,_, the_ATI 21_CD J21 127 transversals_NNS of_IN d_ZZ ,_, d*?7_ZZ and_CC those_DTS ,_, three_CD J21 127 through_IN each_DT m*/_&FO ,_, J21 128 that_WPR join_VB m*/_&FO to_IN those_DTS m_ZZ on_IN the_ATI g*/_&FO J21 128 that_WPR is_BEZ linked_VBN with_IN J21 129 it_PP3 ._. ^ each_DT such_ABL join_NN contains_VBZ two_CD m*/_&FO ,_, J21 129 the_ATI g*/_&FO that_WPR are_BER linked_VBN J21 130 therewith_RB both_ABX passing_VBG through_IN m_ZZ ;_; hence_RB ,_, J21 130 under_IN this_DT second_OD heading_NN ,_, J21 131 the_ATI number_NN of_IN g_ZZ selected_VBN is_BEZ J21 132 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ so_RB 63_CD g_ZZ are_BER chosen_VBN :_: call_VB J21 132 them_PP3OS rays_NNS ._. ^ through_IN each_DT J21 133 m_ZZ on_IN Q_ZZ pass_VB three_CD rays_NNS ,_, and_CC they_PP3AS are_BER J21 133 coplanar_JJ ._. ^ if_CS m_ZZ is_BEZ J21 134 m*/_&FO this_DT is_BEZ manifest_JJ from_IN the_ATI prescription_NN J21 134 of_IN choice_NN ,_, as_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ too_RB J21 135 if_CS m_ZZ is_BEZ in_IN d_ZZ or_CC d*?7_ZZ ._. ^ if_CS m_ZZ is_BEZ m_ZZ J21 135 the_ATI rays_NNS are_BER ,_, say_VB ,_, J21 136 **[formula**]_&FO and_CC lie_VB in_IN that_DT d_ZZ through_IN J21 136 mmm*?7_&FO that_WPR is_BEZ J21 137 not_XNOT on_IN K_ZZ ._. ^ so_RB 63_CD d_ZZ are_BER chosen_VBN from_IN J21 137 among_IN the_ATI 135_CD on_IN Q_ZZ ;_; J21 138 each_DT contains_VBZ three_CD concurrent_JJ rays_NNS ._. ^ call_VB J21 138 the_ATI m_ZZ wherein_WRB the_ATI rays_NNS J21 139 concur_VB the_ATI focus_NN of_IN d_ZZ ._. J21 140 ^ through_IN any_DTI g_ZZ there_EX pass_VB three_CD d_ZZ ;_; if_CS J21 140 g_ZZ is_BEZ a_AT ray_NN J21 141 these_DTS d_ZZ are_BER those_DTS having_HVG the_ATI m_ZZ on_IN the_ATI J21 141 ray_NN for_IN foci_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J21 142 points_NNS of_IN d_ZZ other_AP than_IN its_PP$ focus_NN m_ZZ are_BER J21 142 foci_NNS of_IN those_DTS other_AP d_ZZ J21 143 which_WDTR belong_VB to_IN F_ZZ and_CC contain_VB m_ZZ ;_; if_CS d_ZZ J21 143 ,_, d*?7_ZZ in_IN F_ZZ are_BER J21 144 such_ABL that_CS the_ATI focus_NN of_IN d*?7_ZZ is_BEZ in_IN d_ZZ J21 144 then_RN the_ATI focus_NN of_IN d_ZZ is_BEZ J21 145 in_IN d*?7_ZZ ._. ^ whenever_WRB two_CD rays_NNS meet_VB the_ATI J21 145 third_OD line_NN through_IN their_PP$ J21 146 intersection_NN and_CC lying_VBG in_IN their_PP$ plane_NN is_BEZ a_AT J21 146 ray_NN too_RB ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ these_DTS 63_CD J21 147 d_ZZ ,_, with_IN the_ATI 63_CD rays_NNS and_CC foci_NNS ,_, that_WPR J21 147 constitute_VB the_ATI figure_NN F_ZZ ._. J21 148 ^ each_DT d_ZZ in_IN F_ZZ contains_VBZ ,_, as_CC well_CC" as_CC" J21 148 three_CD concurrent_JJ rays_NNS ,_, J21 149 a_AT quadrilateral_NN of_IN g_ZZ that_WPR are_BER not_XNOT rays_NNS ;_; J21 149 thus_RB ,_, by_IN four_CD in_IN each_DT of_IN J21 150 63_CD d_ZZ ,_, the_ATI 315-63_&FO =_&FO 252_CD g_ZZ that_WPR are_BER J21 150 not_XNOT rays_NNS are_BER accounted_VBN for_IN ._. J21 151 ^ through_IN each_DT such_ABL g_ZZ pass_VB two_CD planes_NNS on_IN Q_ZZ J21 151 in_IN addition_NN to_IN d_ZZ ,_, J21 152 but_CC they_PP3AS are_BER extraneous_JJ to_IN F_ZZ ._. ^ the_ATI J21 152 135-63_&FO =_&FO 72_CD extraneous_JJ planes_NNS J21 153 may_MD be_BE labelled_VBN d_ZZ ;_; the_ATI planes_NNS above_RI J21 153 denominated_VBN by_IN d_ZZ and_CC d*?7_ZZ J21 154 are_BER in_IN this_DT category_NN ._. ^ no_ATI g_ZZ in_IN d_ZZ is_BEZ J21 154 a_AT ray_NN and_CC only_RB one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI J21 155 planes_NNS on_IN Q_ZZ that_DT pass_VB through_IN it_PP3 belongs_VBZ J21 155 to_IN F_ZZ whereas_CS ,_, were_BED J21 156 g_ZZ a_AT ray_NN ,_, all_ABN three_CD would_MD do_DO so_PN ._. J21 157 ^ 5_CD ._. ^ label_VB the_ATI m_ZZ in_IN any_DTI of_IN the_ATI 72_CD J21 157 d_ZZ by_IN J21 158 **[formula**]_&FO J21 159 they_PP3AS lie_VB on_IN g_ZZ that_WPR can_MD be_BE taken_VBN as_IN J21 160 **[formula**]_&FO J21 161 ._. ^ through_IN each_DT such_ABL g_ZZ there_EX is_BEZ a_AT J21 161 single_JJ d_ZZ belonging_VBG to_IN J21 162 F_ZZ ;_; label_VB the_ATI foci_NNS of_IN these_DTS d_ZZ ,_, none_PN J21 162 of_IN which_WDTR can_MD lie_VB in_IN d_ZZ ,_, J21 163 respectively_RB J21 164 **[formula**]_&FO J21 165 ._. ^ then_RN those_DTS d_ZZ whose_WP$R foci_NNS are_BER in_IN d_ZZ J21 165 join_VB its_PP$ points_NNS to_IN the_ATI J21 166 respective_JJ triads_NNS J21 167 **[formula**]_&FO J21 168 ._. ^ thus_RB the_ATI join_NN of_IN every_AT pair_NN of_IN J21 168 points_NNS 1_CD1 is_BEZ on_IN Q_ZZ and_CC ,_, J21 169 there_EX being_BEG no_ATI solid_NN on_IN Q_ZZ ,_, the_ATI points_NNS J21 169 1_CD1 lie_NN in_IN a_AT plane_NN J21 170 d*?7_ZZ whose_WP$R lines_NNS consist_VB of_IN the_ATI triads_NNS 2_CD J21 170 ._. J21 171 ^ each_DT of_IN the_ATI 72_CD d_ZZ has_HVZ ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ now_RN J21 171 clear_JJ ,_, a_AT twin_NN d*?7_ZZ coupled_VBN J21 172 with_IN it_PP3 by_IN F_ZZ ._. ^ the_ATI correlation_NN between_IN d_ZZ J21 172 and_CC d*?7_ZZ is_BEZ shown_VBN J21 173 by_IN 1_CD1 and_CC 2_CD or_CC ,_, alternatively_RB ,_, by_IN 1_CD1 J21 173 and_CC 2_CD ._. ^ those_DTS d_ZZ J21 174 that_WPR pass_VB one_CD1 through_IN each_DT line_NN of_IN d*?7_ZZ J21 174 have_HV for_IN their_PP$ foci_NNS the_ATI J21 175 points_NNS of_IN d_ZZ correlative_JJ to_IN these_DTS lines_NNS ;_; J21 175 if_CS d_ZZ passes_VBZ ,_, say_VB ,_, J21 176 through_IN 1_CD1 3_CD 5_CD its_PP$ focus_NN is_BEZ the_ATI point_NN 5_CD J21 176 common_JJ to_IN J21 177 those_DTS d_ZZ whose_WP$R foci_NNS are_BER 1_CD1 ,_, 3_CD ,_, 5_CD ._. J21 178 ^ since_CS ,_, by_IN the_ATI construction_NN in_IN *?134_&FO ,_, J21 178 d_ZZ and_CC d*?7_ZZ determine_VB J21 179 F_ZZ uniquely_RB there_EX are_BER x/36_&FO figures_NNS F_ZZ where_WRB J21 179 x_ZZ is_BEZ the_ATI J21 180 number_NN of_IN pairs_NNS of_IN skew_JJ planes_VBZ on_IN Q_ZZ ._. ^ J21 180 to_TO calculate_VB x_ZZ note_VB ,_, in_IN J21 181 the_ATI first_OD place_NN (_( using_VBG d_ZZ now_RN to_TO signify_VB J21 181 a_AT plane_NN on_IN Q_ZZ whether_CS J21 182 it_PP3 be_BE in_IN F_ZZ or_CC extraneous_JJ thereto_RB )_) ,_, that_CS J21 182 each_DT d_ZZ is_BEZ met_VBN in_IN lines_NNS J21 183 by_IN 14_CD others_APS ,_, two_CD passing_VBG through_IN each_DT g_ZZ J21 183 in_IN d_ZZ ._. ^ note_VB next_RB ,_, to_TO J21 184 ascertain_VB how_WRB many_AP d_ZZ meet_VB a_AT given_JJ d*;0**;_&FO J21 184 in_IN points_NNS only_RB ,_, that_CS J21 185 the_ATI 15_CD d_ZZ through_IN a_AT point_NN m_ZZ of_IN d*;0**;_&FO J21 185 project_VB ,_, from_IN m_ZZ ,_, J21 186 the_ATI figure_NN of_IN 15_CD g_ZZ in_IN (_( 4_CD )_) passing_VBG J21 186 three_CD by_IN three_CD through_IN 15_CD J21 187 points_NNS (_( (_( 2_CD )_) ,_, *?13*?1313-15_NNS )_) ._. J22 2 ^ this_DT is_BEZ a_AT very_QL much_RB over-simplified_JJ example_NN ,_, J22 2 but_CC it_PP3 may_MD serve_VB to_TO J22 3 emphasise_VB the_ATI point_NN that_CS common_JJ criteria_NNS of_IN J22 3 adaptation_NN often_RB J22 4 contradict_VB each_PPLS other_PPLS" ._. J22 6 ^ a_AT common_JJ antecedent_NN to_IN symptoms_NNS of_IN stress_NN J22 6 in_IN the_ATI individual_NN is_BEZ J22 7 violent_JJ change_NN in_IN the_ATI environment_NN and_CC ,_, in_IN J22 7 the_ATI particular_JJ instance_NN of_IN J22 8 stress_NN conditions_NNS and_CC behaviour_NN that_WPR I_PP1A will_MD J22 8 be_BE discussing_VBG ,_, overt_JJ and_CC J22 9 drastic_JJ changes_NNS are_BER not_XNOT far_RB to_TO seek_VB ._. ^ J22 9 Africa_NP is_BEZ in_IN a_AT stage_NN of_IN J22 10 turbulent_JJ transition_NN ._. ^ the_ATI last_AP hundred_CD years_NNS J22 10 have_HV brought_VBN great_JJ J22 11 changes_NNS in_IN the_ATI life_NN of_IN its_PP$ tribes_NNS and_CC of_IN J22 11 its_PP$ tribesmen_NNS ._. ^ as_CS I_PP1A have_HV J22 12 mentioned_VBN ,_, a_AT fertile_JJ source_NN of_IN human_JJ stress_NN J22 12 is_BEZ the_ATI clash_NN between_IN the_ATI J22 13 demands_NNS of_IN the_ATI individual_NN and_CC those_DTS of_IN his_PP$ J22 13 society_NN ._. ^ this_DT conflict_NN J22 14 must_MD be_BE the_ATI more_QL severe_JJ when_WRB the_ATI two_CD J22 14 aspects_NNS are_BER not_XNOT geared_VBN together_RB ,_, J22 15 functionally_RB ,_, as_CS they_PP3AS tend_VB to_TO be_BE in_IN any_DTI J22 15 rigid_JJ pre-literate_JJB tribal_JJ J22 16 system_NN where_WRB the_ATI conformity_NN of_IN the_ATI individual_NN J22 16 to_IN a_AT very_QL stable_JJ pattern_NN J22 17 of_IN expected_JJ behaviour_NN is_BEZ ensured_VBN by_IN the_ATI J22 17 traditional_JJ methods_NNS of_IN child_NN J22 18 rearing_NN ._. J22 19 ^ tonight_NR I_PP1A will_MD be_BE considering_VBG some_DTI J22 19 aspects_NNS of_IN life_NN in_IN Zululand_NP J22 20 and_CC change_NN has_HVZ been_BEN as_QL violent_JJ here_RN as_CS J22 20 elsewhere_RB on_IN the_ATI continent_NN ._. J22 21 ^ the_ATI modern_JJ Zulu_NP is_BEZ neither_DTX purely_RB traditional_JJ J22 21 African_JNP nor_CC purely_RB J22 22 western_JJ in_IN his_PP$ attitudes_NNS ,_, aspirations_NNS and_CC J22 22 behaviour_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A is_BEZ a_AT J22 23 displaced_JJ person_NN and_CC his_PP$ society_NN is_BEZ a_AT J22 23 displaced_JJ society_NN ._. ^ in_IN effect_NN ,_, J22 24 there_EX are_BER few_AP readily_RB identifiable_JJ social_JJ norms_NNS J22 24 for_IN any_DTI specific_JJ J22 25 action_NN and_CC I_PP1A think_VB that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ this_DT fact_NN J22 25 that_WPR makes_VBZ the_ATI investigation_NN J22 26 of_IN stress_NN disorder_NN in_IN Zululand_NP so_QL difficult_JJ and_CC J22 26 yet_RB so_QL potentially_RB J22 27 illuminating_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI situation_NN is_BEZ an_AT excellent_JJ J22 27 example_NN of_IN Durkheim's_NP$ J22 28 anomy_NN ,_, social_JJ disorganization_NN at_IN all_ABN levels_NNS J22 28 *-_*- *'_*' norms_NNS **'_**' are_BER hard_JJ J22 29 or_CC impossible_JJ to_TO find_VB and_CC the_ATI psychologist_NN can_MD J22 29 not_XNOT ,_, for_IN long_RB ,_, hold_VB many_AP J22 30 preconceptions_NNS ._. ^ as_CS ,_, to_IN most_AP of_IN you_PP2 ,_, J22 30 the_ATI background_NN will_MD be_BE unfamiliar_JJ J22 31 I_PP1A must_MD spend_VB a_AP little_AP" time_NN in_IN giving_VBG a_AT J22 31 very_QL short_JJ account_NN of_IN the_ATI J22 32 social_JJ situation_NN then_RN (_( say_VB 1850_CD )_) and_CC now_RN ._. J22 33 ^ in_IN the_ATI nineteenth_OD century_NN the_ATI Zulu_NP people_NNS J22 33 were_BED the_ATI pastoralist_JJ J22 34 and_CC agriculturist_JJ conquerors_NNS of_IN a_AT very_QL large_JJ J22 34 area_NN of_IN southern_JJ Africa_NP ._. J22 35 ^ there_EX was_BEDZ more_AP than_IN enough_DTI land_NN for_IN their_PP$ J22 35 needs_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI men_NNS were_BED J22 36 warriors_NNS whose_WP$R chief_JJB domestic_JJ duty_NN was_BEDZ the_ATI J22 36 tending_NN of_IN the_ATI cattle_NNS *-_*- an_AT J22 37 occupation_NN strictly_RB taboo_JJ to_IN women_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J22 37 women_NNS did_DOD the_ATI hard_JJ work_NN on_IN J22 38 the_ATI lands_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI state_NN was_BEDZ a_AT pyramidal_JJ J22 38 patriarchy_NN with_IN the_ATI Zulu_NP king_NN ,_, J22 39 the_ATI secular_JJ and_CC religious_JJ *'_*' father_NN of_IN his_PP$ J22 39 people_NNS **'_**' ,_, at_IN the_ATI apex_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J22 40 men_NNS remained_VBD at_IN their_PP$ homesteads_NNS except_CS when_WRB J22 40 they_PP3AS were_BED required_VBN for_IN J22 41 military_JJ service_NN ,_, and_CC all_ABN legal_JJ and_CC ritual_JJB J22 41 authority_NN was_BEDZ vested_VBN in_IN the_ATI J22 42 males_NNS of_IN the_ATI nation_NN ._. ^ most_AP marriages_NNS were_BED J22 42 polygynous_JJ and_CC based_VBN upon_IN a_AT J22 43 system_NN of_IN bride-price_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI Zulu_NP woman_NN J22 43 was_BEDZ at_IN the_ATI bottom_NN of_IN the_ATI J22 44 social_JJ pyramid_NN ._. ^ while_CS the_ATI behaviour_NN of_IN all_ABN J22 44 members_NNS of_IN the_ATI society_NN was_BEDZ J22 45 strictly_RB circumscribed_VBN by_IN law_NN and_CC custom_NN ,_, this_DT J22 45 was_BEDZ especially_RB true_JJ of_IN J22 46 the_ATI young_JJ married_JJ woman_NN ,_, living_VBG under_IN the_ATI J22 46 strict_JJ tutelage_NN of_IN her_PP$ J22 47 husband's_NN$ mother_NN ._. ^ she_PP3A even_RB had_HVD to_TO modify_VB J22 47 the_ATI very_AP speech_NN that_WPR she_PP3A J22 48 used_VBD in_TO order_TO" to_TO" avoid_VB any_DTI words_NNS J22 48 containing_VBG the_ATI root_NN sound_NN of_IN the_ATI name_NN J22 49 of_IN her_PP$ father_NN in_IN law_NN ._. ^ the_ATI extended_JJ J22 49 family_NN was_BEDZ always_RB present_JJ ,_, which_WDTR J22 50 helped_VBD greatly_RB in_IN the_ATI rearing_NN of_IN children_NNS ;_; J22 50 children_NNS that_WPR were_BED of_IN vital_JJ J22 51 importance_NN to_IN the_ATI nation_NN for_CS not_XNOT only_RB did_DOD J22 51 they_PP3AS ensure_VB continuity_NN of_IN J22 52 the_ATI clan_NN and_CC the_ATI adequate_JJ care_NN of_IN the_ATI J22 52 parents_NNS when_WRB they_PP3AS died_VBD and_CC J22 53 became_VBD ancestral_JJ spirits_NNS ,_, but_CC they_PP3AS were_BED J22 53 also_RB economically_RB profitable_JJ ,_, J22 54 a_AT girl_NN child_NN fetching_VBG ,_, on_IN marriage_NN ,_, some_DTI J22 54 ten_CD head_NN of_IN cattle_NNS (_( highly_RB J22 55 prized_VBN on_IN both_ABX economic_JJ and_CC religious_JJ grounds_NNS J22 55 )_) from_IN the_ATI prospective_JJ J22 56 bridegroom_NN ._. ^ fertility_NN in_IN women_NNS was_BEDZ thus_RB an_AT J22 56 attribute_NN of_IN paramount_JJ J22 57 importance_NN ._. ^ in_IN any_DTI marriage_NN without_IN issue_NN J22 57 the_ATI woman_NN was_BEDZ ,_, almost_RB J22 58 invariably_RB ,_, regarded_VBN as_IN the_ATI sterile_JJ partner_NN ._. J22 59 ^ in_IN only_RB two_CD ways_NNS could_MD women_NNS ever_RB assert_VB J22 59 power_NN in_IN any_DTI public_JJ J22 60 fashion_NN ._. ^ on_IN one_CD1 day_NN in_IN the_ATI year_NN they_PP3AS J22 60 were_BED allowed_VBN to_TO dress_VB as_IN men_NNS ,_, J22 61 tend_VB the_ATI cattle_NNS ,_, drink_VB beer_NN in_IN a_AT masculine_JJ J22 61 fashion_NN ,_, sing_VB obscene_JJ songs_NNS J22 62 and_CC beat_VB any_DTI man_NN found_VBN outside_IN the_ATI huts_NNS ._. J22 62 ^ also_RB any_DTI woman_NN ,_, if_CS possessed_VBN J22 63 by_IN the_ATI spirits_NNS of_IN the_ATI dead_JJ ancestors_NNS ,_, J22 63 could_MD become_VB a_AT diviner_NN *-_*- usually_RB J22 64 called_VBN in_IN lay_JJB description_NN *'_*' a_AT witch-doctor_NN J22 64 **'_**' ._. ^ during_IN the_ATI period_NN of_IN J22 65 her_PP$ emergence_NN into_IN this_DT ro*?5le_NN the_ATI possessed_JJ J22 65 person_NN (_( ninety_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" J22 66 of_IN diviners_NNS were_BED and_CC are_BER women_NNS )_) became_VBD J22 66 very_QL ill_JJ ,_, showing_VBG gross_JJ J22 67 symptoms_NNS of_IN mental_JJ disturbance_NN ,_, *-_*- in_IN our_PP$ J22 67 society_NN the_ATI label_NN J22 68 *'_*' psychotic_NC **'_**' would_MD probably_RB be_BE applied_VBN *-_*- J22 68 and_CC then_RN often_RB recovered_VBN to_TO J22 69 take_VB up_RP her_PP$ profitable_JJ and_CC public_JJ duties_NNS as_IN J22 69 a_AT diviner_NN of_IN the_ATI causes_NNS of_IN J22 70 harm_NN in_IN the_ATI society_NN such_IN as_IN" illness_NN or_CC J22 70 the_ATI results_NNS of_IN bewitchment_NN ._. ^ to_IN J22 71 the_ATI people_NNS ,_, a_AT kind_NN of_IN Harley_NP Street_NPL J22 71 consultant_NN ._. J22 72 ^ so_QL much_AP for_IN a_AT very_QL brief_JJ summary_NN of_IN J22 72 the_ATI position_NN as_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ ._. ^ what_WDT J22 73 of_IN the_ATI analogous_JJ situation_NN today_NR ?_? J22 74 ^ there_EX is_BEZ no_RB longer_RBR a_AT Zulu_NP King_NPT ,_, the_ATI J22 74 temporal_JJ and_CC spiritual_JJ head_NN J22 75 of_IN his_PP$ people_NNS ._. ^ tribal_JJ authority_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J22 75 taken_VBN over_RP ,_, in_IN all_ABN really_RB J22 76 effective_JJ aspects_NNS ,_, by_IN the_ATI white_JJ man_NN ._. ^ J22 76 the_ATI tribal_JJ lands_NNS have_HV been_BEN J22 77 drastically_RB restricted_VBN in_IN area_NN ._. ^ in_TO order_TO" J22 77 to_TO" make_VB ends_NNS meet_VB some_DTI J22 78 eighty_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN all_ABN men_NNS of_IN working_NN J22 78 age_NN (_( between_IN sixteen_CD and_CC fifty_CD )_) J22 79 have_HV to_TO be_BE away_RP from_IN home_NR for_IN some_DTI ten_CD J22 79 months_NNS in_IN each_DT year_NN ,_, working_VBG J22 80 hundreds_CDS of_IN miles_NNS away_RP in_IN the_ATI mines_NNS and_CC J22 80 factories_NNS of_IN the_ATI white_JJ man_NN ._. J22 81 ^ the_ATI Zulu_NP extended_JJ family_NN has_HVZ ,_, usually_RB ,_, J22 81 been_BEN broken_VBN up_RP ,_, and_CC the_ATI J22 82 traditions_NNS and_CC regulations_NNS of_IN the_ATI tribe_NN are_BER J22 82 becoming_VBG a_AT dead_JJ letter_NN ._. J22 83 ^ many_AP Zulu_NPS have_HV become_VBN Christians_NNPS ,_, J22 83 abandoning_VBG ,_, at_IN any_DTI rate_NN nominally_RB ,_, J22 84 the_ATI worship_NN of_IN the_ATI ancestors_NNS ._. ^ polygyny_NN is_BEZ J22 84 rare_JJ ,_, and_CC becoming_VBG rarer_JJR ._. J22 85 ^ poverty_NN and_CC malnutrition_NN are_BER rife_JJ ;_; infant_NN J22 85 mortality_NN is_BEZ some_DTI 350_CD per_IN J22 86 1000_CD live_JJ births_NNS ._. ^ both_ABX tuberculosis_NN and_CC J22 86 venereal_JJ disease_NN have_HV become_VBN J22 87 common_JJ disorders_NNS *-_*- the_ATI latter_AP exacerbated_VBN by_IN J22 87 the_ATI promiscuity_NN J22 88 engendered_VBN by_IN the_ATI migrant_JJ labour_NN system_NN ._. ^ J22 88 what_WDT of_IN the_ATI Zulu_NP woman_NN in_IN J22 89 all_ABN this_DT ?_? J22 90 ^ she_PP3A will_MD still_RB work_VB in_IN the_ATI fields_NNS J22 90 though_CS they_PP3AS can_MD not_XNOT produce_VB J22 91 enough_DTI food_NN for_IN herself_PPL and_CC her_PP$ children_NNS ._. ^ J22 91 she_PP3A will_MD have_HV to_TO tend_VB the_ATI J22 92 cattle_NNS ,_, an_AT unthinkable_JJ action_NN in_IN the_ATI J22 92 indigenous_JJ situation_NN ._. ^ she_PP3A is_BEZ J22 93 still_RB subject_JJ to_IN the_ATI control_NN of_IN her_PP$ mother_NN J22 93 in_IN law_NN ._. ^ she_PP3A is_BEZ less_QL likely_JJ J22 94 to_TO be_BE pregnant_JJ and_CC to_TO bear_VB a_AT live_JJ child_NN ;_; J22 94 conception_NN is_BEZ more_QL improbable_JJ J22 95 with_IN her_PP$ husband_NN away_RP for_IN a_AT large_JJ part_NN of_IN J22 95 the_ATI year_NN and_CC here_RN too_QL J22 96 venereal_JJ disease_NN rates_NNS are_BER of_IN relevance_NN ._. ^ on_IN J22 96 average_NN ,_, she_PP3A will_MD have_HV J22 97 had_HVN two_CD or_CC three_CD years_NNS of_IN western_JJ education_NN J22 97 ._. ^ even_CS if_CS" she_PP3A has_HVZ been_BEN to_IN J22 98 school_NN for_IN a_AT much_RB longer_JJR time_NN she_PP3A may_MD J22 98 not_XNOT be_BE allowed_VBN to_TO work_VB in_IN the_ATI J22 99 distant_JJ towns_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI transvestite_NN ceremony_NN of_IN J22 99 the_ATI one_CD1 day_NN in_IN the_ATI year_NN J22 100 has_HVZ fallen_VBN into_IN desuetude_NN ,_, but_CC the_ATI Zulu_NP J22 100 woman_NN can_MD still_RB become_VB a_AT J22 101 diviner_NN and_CC there_EX are_BER as_QL many_AP of_IN these_DTS *-_*- J22 101 probably_RB more_AP *-_*- than_CS there_EX J22 102 ever_RB were_BED ._. J22 103 ^ here_RN ,_, then_RN ,_, we_PP1AS have_HV a_AT classic_JJ J22 103 picture_NN of_IN general_JJ social_JJ stress_NN as_CS J22 104 it_PP3 has_HVZ usually_RB been_BEN conceived_VBN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ J22 104 obvious_JJ that_CS the_ATI Zulu_NP woman_NN J22 105 could_MD be_BE affected_VBN at_IN many_AP levels_NNS of_IN her_PP$ J22 105 functioning_NN by_IN the_ATI J22 106 pressures_NNS inherent_JJ in_IN the_ATI general_JJ situation_NN ,_, J22 106 and_CC many_AP theorists_NNS would_MD J22 107 argue_VB that_CS some_DTI new_JJ forms_NNS of_IN pathological_JJ J22 107 behaviour_NN were_BED to_TO be_BE J22 108 expected_VBN or_CC ,_, at_RB least_RB" ,_, that_CS one_CD1 would_MD J22 108 expect_VB an_AT increase_NN in_IN the_ATI J22 109 rates_NNS of_IN known_JJ types_NNS of_IN mental_JJ disorder_NN in_IN J22 109 the_ATI population_NN ._. ^ has_HVZ J22 110 either_DTX of_IN these_DTS possibilities_NNS come_VBN to_TO pass_VB ?_? J22 110 ^ this_DT is_BEZ an_AT extremely_RB J22 111 difficult_JJ question_NN to_TO answer_VB but_CC ,_, possibly_RB J22 111 rashly_RB ,_, I_PP1A am_BEM inclined_VBN to_TO J22 112 say_VB *'_*' yes_UH **'_**' ._. J22 113 ^ about_IN 1897_CD the_ATI crying_NN began_VBD *-_*- umHayizo_&FW J22 113 or_CC isiPoliyane_&FW *-_*- J22 114 it_PP3 goes_VBZ under_IN different_JJ names_NNS ._. ^ but_CC none_PN J22 114 of_IN these_DTS names_NNS ,_, as_QL far_RB as_CS I_PP1A J22 115 can_MD ascertain_VB ,_, had_HVD appeared_VBN in_IN the_ATI language_NN J22 115 before_IN this_DT date_NN ._. ^ there_EX J22 116 is_BEZ no_ATI mention_NN of_IN this_DT very_QL specific_JJ behaviour_NN J22 116 in_IN the_ATI written_JJ records_NNS J22 117 of_IN travellers_NNS ,_, missionaries_NNS or_CC lexicographers_NNS ,_, J22 117 though_CS other_AP aberrant_JJ J22 118 forms_NNS of_IN behaviour_NN such_IN as_IN" spirit_NN possession_NN J22 118 had_HVD been_BEN named_VBN and_CC J22 119 described_VBN from_IN 1820_CD onwards_RB ._. ^ the_ATI people_NNS J22 119 themselves_PPLS date_VB the_ATI symptoms_NNS J22 120 from_IN 1897_CD ,_, *'_*' after_CS all_ABN our_PP$ cattle_NNS had_HVD J22 120 died_VBN in_IN the_ATI greatest_JJT rinderpest_NN J22 121 epidemic_NN **'_**' ._. ^ but_CC why_WRB should_MD simple_JJ *'_*' J22 121 crying_NN **'_**' be_BE regarded_VBN as_CS J22 122 pathological_JJ ?_? ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ ,_, in_IN fact_NN ,_, anything_RB J22 122 but_RB" simple_JJ and_CC ordinary_JJ ._. ^ a_AT J22 123 Zulu_NP woman_NN may_MD suddenly_RB begin_VB to_TO cry_VB out_RP *'_*' J22 123 Hayi_&FW !_! Hayi_&FW !_! Hayi_&FW !_! **'_**' J22 124 or_CC *'_*' Zza_&FW !_! Zza_&FW !_! Zza_&FW !_! **'_**' or_&FW to_TO J22 124 make_VB guttural_JJ grunting_JJ J22 125 screams_NNS ._. ^ she_PP3A may_MD keep_VB this_DT up_RP for_IN J22 125 hours_NNS ,_, days_NNS ,_, even_RB weeks_NNS on_IN end_NN ,_, J22 126 ceasing_VBG only_RB during_IN sleep_NN ._. ^ by_IN our_PP$ J22 126 standards_NNS this_DT looks_VBZ ,_, and_CC sounds_VBZ ,_, J22 127 most_QL peculiar_JJ and_CC most_AP earlier_JJR observers_NNS J22 127 unhesitatingly_RB adjudged_VBD it_PP3 J22 128 pathological_JJ ._. ^ various_JJ ethnologists_NNS ,_, doctors_NNS J22 128 and_CC missionaries_NNS stated_VBD J22 129 that_CS the_ATI crying_NN was_BEDZ directly_RB caused_VBN by_IN :_: J22 129 epilepsy_NN ;_; alcoholism_NN and_CC the_ATI J22 130 breakdown_NN of_IN the_ATI old_JJ social_JJ order_NN ;_; abnormal_JJ J22 130 sexual_JJ habits_NNS ;_; forbidden_JJ J22 131 or_CC unfulfilled_JJ sexual_JJ wishes_NNS ;_; *'_*' gain_NN by_IN J22 131 illness_NN **'_**' ;_; the_ATI use_NN of_IN love_NN J22 132 charms_NNS by_IN men_NNS ;_; even_RB *'_*' Hamletism_NNP **'_**' ._. ^ J22 132 once_CS a_AT *'_*' reason_NN **'_**' for_IN the_ATI J22 133 behaviour_NN had_HVD been_BEN stated_VBN no_ATI further_JJB J22 133 investigation_NN was_BEDZ ,_, generally_RB ,_, J22 134 felt_VBN to_TO be_BE necessary_JJ but_CC there_EX are_BER J22 134 implications_NNS of_IN a_AT stress_NN situation_NN J22 135 in_IN most_AP of_IN the_ATI hypotheses_NNS advanced_VBN ._. ^ J22 135 observers_NNS tended_VBD to_TO assume_VB that_CS J22 136 the_ATI crying_NN was_BEDZ a_AT discrete_JJ reaction_NN *-_*- a_AT J22 136 single_JJ and_CC separate_JJ bit_NN of_IN J22 137 behaviour_NN in_IN its_PP$ own_AP right_NN ._. J22 138 ^ at_IN any_DTI rate_NN ,_, using_VBG interviews_NNS ,_, J22 138 questionnaires_NNS and_CC a_AT projective_JJ J22 139 test_NN (_( asking_VBG my_PP$ subjects_NNS to_TO tell_VB stories_NNS J22 139 about_IN pictures_NNS which_WDTR were_BED J22 140 illustrative_JJ ,_, I_PP1A hoped_VBD ,_, of_IN the_ATI *'_*' stress_NN J22 140 points_NNS **'_**' of_IN the_ATI culture_NN )_) I_PP1A J22 141 spent_VBD some_DTI years_NNS trying_VBG to_TO find_VB out_RP about_IN J22 141 this_DT very_QL clear_JJ cut_JJ" kind_NN of_IN J22 142 behaviour_NN ._. ^ I_PP1A hope_VB that_CS some_DTI of_IN my_PP$ J22 142 findings_NNS may_MD serve_VB to_TO illustrate_VB J22 143 various_JJ levels_NNS of_IN adaptation_NN ,_, the_ATI possible_JJ J22 143 utility_NN of_IN some_DTI apparently_RB J22 144 *'_*' maladaptive_JJ **'_**' symptoms_NNS ,_, and_CC to_TO J22 144 demonstrate_VB that_CS this_DT pattern_NN of_IN J22 145 behaviour_NN is_BEZ anything_RB but_RB" discrete_JJ and_CC that_CS J22 145 it_PP3 has_HVZ a_AT logic_NN of_IN its_PP$ own_AP J22 146 as_IN an_AT integral_JJ part_NN of_IN the_ATI personality_NN of_IN J22 146 the_ATI screamer_NN ._. J22 147 ^ firstly_RB it_PP3 emerged_VBD that_CS while_CS some_DTI ten_CD J22 147 per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN men_NNS reported_VBD J22 148 that_CS they_PP3AS had_HVD suffered_VBN occasional_JJ attacks_NNS ,_, J22 148 almost_RB exactly_RB half_ABN Zulu_NP J22 149 women_NNS showed_VBD a_AT history_NN of_IN the_ATI crying_NN fits_NNS J22 149 ._. ^ this_DT fact_NN emerged_VBD on_IN three_CD J22 150 separate_JJ occasions_NNS from_IN random_JJ samples_NNS totalling_VBG J22 150 some_DTI thousand_CD women_NNS ._. J22 151 ^ this_DT made_VBD the_ATI use_NN of_IN a_AT quantitative_JJ J22 151 criterion_NN for_IN normality_NN (_( is_BEZ it_PP3 J22 152 more_QL normal_JJ to_TO scream_VB than_CS not_XNOT to_TO scream_VB ?_? J22 152 )_) unprofitable_JJ ,_, and_CC I_PP1A went_VBD on_RP J22 153 to_TO examine_VB related_JJ phenomena_NNS to_TO try_VB to_TO J22 153 establish_VB the_ATI nosology_NN and_CC J22 154 aetiology_NN of_IN the_ATI condition_NN ._. ^ using_VBG as_IN a_AT J22 154 control_NN group_NN those_DTS women_NNS who_WPR J22 155 had_HVD no_ATI history_NN of_IN such_ABL crying_NN I_PP1A found_VBD ,_, J22 155 on_IN a_AT statistical_JJ basis_NN ,_, that_CS J22 156 the_ATI crying_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT linked_VBN with_IN *'_*' J22 156 hysteria_NN **'_**' as_CS I_PP1A had_HVD thought_VBN likely_JJ ,_, J22 157 but_CC that_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ highly_RB significantly_RB J22 157 associated_VBN with_IN a_AT history_NN of_IN such_ABL J22 158 classical_JJ symptoms_NNS of_IN anxiety_NN as_IN precordial_JJ pain_NN J22 158 ,_, sweating_JJ hands_NNS and_CC J22 159 feet_NNS ,_, apparently_RB *'_*' causeless_JJ **'_**' fear_NN \0etc_RB J22 159 ._. ^ the_ATI screaming_NN represented_VBD J22 160 an_AT immediate_JJ reaction_NN to_IN fear_NN ._. ^ the_ATI subject_NN J22 160 felt_VBD overpowering_JJ terror_NN ,_, J22 161 the_ATI physical_JJ sensation_NN of_IN which_WDTR was_BEDZ J22 161 localised_VBN between_IN the_ATI shoulder_NN J22 162 blades_NNS ,_, and_CC cried_VBD out_RP ._. ^ this_DT could_MD be_BE J22 162 precipitated_VBN by_IN many_AP different_JJ J22 163 stimuli_NNS in_IN the_ATI environment_NN ,_, a_AT snake_NN ,_, a_AT J22 163 clap_NN of_IN thunder_NN ,_, a_AT sharp_JJ word_NN J22 164 or_CC even_RB ,_, subjective_JJ and_CC very_QL common_JJ ,_, *'_*' a_AT J22 164 feeling_NN of_IN anger_NN **'_**' ._. ^ in_IN J22 165 effect_NN ,_, what_WDT I_PP1A was_BEDZ investigating_VBG was_BEDZ J22 165 probably_RB a_AT sudden_JJ discharge_NN of_IN J22 166 anxiety_NN in_IN the_ATI form_NN of_IN an_AT immediate_JJ ,_, but_CC J22 166 prolonged_JJ ,_, fear_NN reaction_NN ._. J22 167 ^ here_RN ,_, too_RB ,_, the_ATI interesting_JJ finding_NN J22 167 appeared_VBD that_CS the_ATI cryers_NNS were_BED ,_, J22 168 if_CS anything_PN ,_, less_QL prone_JJ to_IN most_AP symptoms_NNS of_IN J22 168 conversion_NN hysteria_NN than_CS J22 169 were_BED the_ATI controls_NNS ._. ^ there_EX seemed_VBD a_AT J22 169 possibility_NN that_CS this_DT relative_JJ J22 170 immunity_NN from_IN hysterical_JJ blindnesses_NNS ,_, paralyses_NNS J22 170 \0etc_RB was_BEDZ connected_VBN J22 171 with_IN the_ATI crying_NN fits_NNS as_CS this_DT was_BEDZ a_AT J22 171 central_JJ difference_NN between_IN the_ATI two_CD J22 172 groups_NNS ;_; the_ATI categories_NNS of_IN cryers_NNS and_CC J22 172 controls_NNS having_HVG been_BEN established_VBN J22 173 after_CS all_ABN the_ATI questions_NNS had_HVD been_BEN asked_VBN ,_, J22 173 on_IN the_ATI basis_NN of_IN whether_CS the_ATI J22 174 reply_NN to_IN the_ATI question_NN ._. ^ *'_*' have_HV you_PP2 ever_RB J22 174 had_HVN crying_NN attacks_NNS ?_? **'_**' was_BEDZ J22 175 positive_JJ or_CC negative_JJ ._. ^ but_CC there_EX was_BEDZ one_CD1 J22 175 exception_NN to_IN this_DT freedom_NN J22 176 from_IN hysterical_JJ conversion_NN ._. ^ women_NNS with_IN a_AT J22 176 history_NN of_IN pseudocyesis_NN ,_, J22 177 common_JJ in_IN the_ATI area_NN ,_, and_CC itself_PPL a_AT classical_JJ J22 177 symptom_NN of_IN conversion_NN J22 178 hysteria_NN ,_, were_BED practically_RB all_ABN to_TO be_BE found_VBN J22 178 in_IN the_ATI crying_JJ group_NN ._. ^ this_DT J22 179 was_BEDZ of_IN particular_JJ interest_NN for_IN two_CD reasons_NNS ._. ^ J22 179 firstly_RB it_PP3 was_BEDZ an_AT J22 180 exception_NN to_IN the_ATI relative_JJ lack_NN of_IN proneness_NN to_IN J22 180 conversion_NN shown_VBN by_IN the_ATI J22 181 screamers_NNS ,_, and_CC the_ATI reasons_NNS for_IN this_DT J22 181 exception_NN thus_RB seemed_VBD worthy_JJ of_IN J22 182 close_JJ investigation_NN ._. ^ secondly_RB ,_, in_IN terms_NNS of_IN J22 182 the_ATI literature_NN ,_, such_ABL J22 183 pseudo-pregnancy_NN has_HVZ often_RB been_BEN regarded_VBN as_IN J22 183 the_ATI result_NN of_IN a_AT strong_JJ but_CC J22 184 unavailing_JJ wish_NN for_IN a_AT child_NN ,_, especially_RB when_WRB J22 184 the_ATI woman_NN is_BEZ under_IN strong_JJ J22 185 social_JJ pressure_NN to_TO produce_VB a_AT baby_NN *-_*- the_ATI J22 185 obstetrical_JJ history_NN of_IN some_DTI J22 186 Queens_NPTS of_IN England_NP where_WRB an_AT heir_NN to_IN the_ATI J22 186 throne_NN was_BEDZ required_VBN is_BEZ a_AT case_NN J22 187 in_IN point_NN ._. J23 2 ^ Piaget_NP stresses_VBZ that_CS children_NNS can_MD not_XNOT J23 2 visualize_VB the_ATI results_NNS of_IN the_ATI J23 3 simplest_JJT actions_NNS until_CS they_PP3AS have_HV seen_VBN J23 3 them_PP3OS performed_VBN ,_, so_CS that_CS" a_AT child_NN J23 4 can_MD not_XNOT imagine_VB the_ATI section_NN of_IN a_AT cylinder_NN J23 4 as_IN a_AT circle_NN ,_, until_CS he_PP3A has_HVZ cut_VBN J23 5 through_IN ,_, say_VB ,_, a_AT cylinder_NN of_IN plasticine_NN ._. ^ J23 5 as_CS always_RB for_IN Piaget_NP ,_, thought_NN J23 6 can_MD only_RB take_VB the_ATI place_NN of_IN action_NN on_IN the_ATI J23 6 basis_NN of_IN the_ATI data_NNS that_WPR action_NN J23 7 itself_PPL provides_VBZ ._. J23 8 ^ while_CS experience_NN and_CC general_JJ cultural_JJ J23 8 opportunities_NNS are_BER of_IN great_JJ J23 9 importance_NN in_IN helping_VBG the_ATI child_NN to_TO develop_VB J23 9 his_PP$ concepts_NNS of_IN space_NN ,_, it_PP3 J23 10 must_MD not_XNOT be_BE forgotten_VBN that_CS genetic_JJ causes_NNS ,_, J23 10 and_CC temperament_NN ,_, play_VB J23 11 important_JJ roles_NNS too_RB ,_, especially_RB the_ATI former_AP ._. ^ J23 11 it_PP3 has_HVZ long_RB been_BEN known_VBN J23 12 that_CS ability_NN to_TO manipulate_VB shapes_NNS in_IN the_ATI mind_NN J23 12 is_BEZ present_JJ by_IN 10-12_CD-CD J23 13 years_NNS of_IN age_NN ,_, independent_JJ of_IN measured_JJ J23 13 intelligence_NN ._. ^ further_RB ,_, girls_NNS J23 14 possess_VB this_DT ability_NN to_IN a_AT lesser_JJR degree_NN than_IN J23 14 boys_NNS ,_, and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ likely_JJ J23 15 that_CS their_PP$ inferiority_NN in_IN this_DT respect_NN is_BEZ in_IN J23 15 part_NN due_JJ to_IN the_ATI differing_JJ J23 16 kinds_NNS of_IN activities_NNS in_IN which_WDTR they_PP3AS engage_VB J23 16 ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ suggested_VBN ,_, too_RB ,_, by_IN J23 17 El_NP Koussy_NP in_IN 1935_CD ,_, that_CS the_ATI ability_NN J23 17 depended_VBN on_IN the_ATI capacity_NN of_IN the_ATI J23 18 individual_NN to_TO obtain_VB ,_, and_CC the_ATI facility_NN to_TO J23 18 utilize_VB ,_, visual_JJ spatial_JJ J23 19 imagery_NN ._. ^ El_NP Koussy's_NP$ point_NN of_IN view_NN has_HVZ J23 19 recently_RB received_VBN a_AP little_AP" J23 20 support_NN from_IN the_ATI work_NN of_IN Stewart_NP and_CC J23 20 Macfarlane_NP Smith_NP (_( 1959_CD )_) using_VBG the_ATI J23 21 electroencephalograph_NN ._. ^ Piaget_NP would_MD certainly_RB admit_VB J23 21 that_CS imagery_NN J23 22 supports_VBZ spatial_JJ reasoning_NN and_CC geometrical_JJ thought_NN J23 22 ,_, but_CC is_BEZ not_XNOT in_IN J23 23 itself_PPL sufficient_JJ ._. J23 25 ^ chapter_NN nine_CD ._. J23 26 ^ concepts_NNS of_IN length_NN and_CC measurement_NN ._. J23 27 ^ before_CS children_NNS come_VB to_IN school_NN they_PP3AS are_BER J23 27 likely_JJ to_TO hear_VB many_AP J23 28 expressions_NNS used_VBN by_IN adults_NNS and_CC older_JJR children_NNS J23 28 in_IN relation_NN to_IN length_NN J23 29 and_CC measurement_NN ._. ^ for_IN example_NN ,_, most_AP children_NNS J23 29 hear_VB their_PP$ mothers_NNS speak_VB J23 30 of_IN yards_NNS of_IN material_NN ,_, or_CC *-_*- less_QL often_RB J23 30 *-_*- their_PP$ fathers_NNS speak_VB of_IN feet_NNS of_IN J23 31 timber_NN ,_, or_CC of_IN the_ATI distance_NN to_IN the_ATI station_NN J23 31 or_CC nearby_JJB town_NN ._. ^ more_QL J23 32 frequently_RB ,_, however_RB ,_, they_PP3AS hear_VB of_IN J23 32 comparisons_NNS rather_RB than_IN the_ATI names_NNS of_IN J23 33 actual_JJ lengths_NNS ,_, such_IN as_IN" ~ *'_*' this_DT is_BEZ J23 33 longer_JJR than_IN that_DT **'_**' ,_, or_CC ~ *'_*' that_DT is_BEZ J23 34 higher_JJR than_IN this_DT **'_**' ._. ^ these_DTS expressions_NNS J23 34 are_BER associated_VBN with_IN many_AP J23 35 experiences_NNS ranging_VBG ,_, maybe_RB ,_, from_IN the_ATI length_NN J23 35 of_IN nails_NNS to_IN the_ATI height_NN of_IN J23 36 mountains_NNS ._. ^ likewise_RB a_AT child_NN hears_VBZ terms_NNS J23 36 like_IN *'_*' near_NC **'_**' and_CC *'_*' far_NC J23 37 **'_**' in_IN relation_NN to_IN nearby_JJB or_CC distant_JJ towns_NNS J23 37 ._. ^ again_RB ,_, from_IN his_PP$ play_NN ,_, or_CC J23 38 through_IN watching_VBG the_ATI activities_NNS of_IN grown-ups_NNS ,_, J23 38 he_PP3A learns_VBZ that_CS a_AT piece_NN J23 39 of_IN string_NN may_MD be_BE made_VBN shorter_JJR by_IN cutting_VBG J23 39 a_AT piece_NN off_RP ,_, or_CC a_AT stick_NN made_VBN J23 40 shorter_NN by_IN breaking_VBG it_PP3 ._. ^ likewise_RB he_PP3A J23 40 learns_VBZ that_CS sticks_NNS and_CC ropes_NNS may_MD J23 41 be_BE joined_VBN to_IN other_AP sticks_NNS and_CC ropes_NNS and_CC J23 41 so_RB made_VBN longer_JJR ._. ^ later_RBR we_PP1AS J23 42 shall_MD say_VB a_AT great_JJ deal_NN about_IN the_ATI view_NN of_IN J23 42 the_ATI Geneva_NP school_NN regarding_IN J23 43 conceptual_JJ development_NN in_IN relation_NN to_IN length_NN and_CC J23 43 measurement_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ J23 44 sufficient_JJ to_TO say_VB here_RN that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ out_RP of_IN J23 44 these_DTS pre-school_JJB and_CC J23 45 out-of-school_JJB experiences_NNS ,_, and_CC out_RP of_IN infant_NN J23 45 school_NN activities_NNS such_CS as_CS" J23 46 take_VB place_NN in_IN the_ATI *'_*' free_JJ choice_NN **'_**' J23 46 period_NN ,_, that_CS the_ATI child_NN comes_VBZ to_TO J23 47 understand_VB the_ATI quality_NN of_IN longness_NN or_CC length_NN J23 47 *-_*- that_DT is_BEZ ,_, the_ATI extent_NN J23 48 from_IN beginning_NN to_IN end_NN in_IN the_ATI spatial_JJ field_NN ._. J23 48 ^ during_IN these_DTS experiences_NNS J23 49 the_ATI child_NN moves_VBZ from_IN visual_JJ ,_, auditory_JJ and_CC J23 49 kinaesthetic_JJ perceptions_NNS ,_, J23 50 and_CC actions_NNS to_IN concepts_NNS ._. J23 51 ^ in_IN activities_NNS involving_VBG counting_NN a_AT child_NN J23 51 may_MD be_BE asked_VBN to_TO count_VB J23 52 the_ATI number_NN of_IN steps_NNS he_PP3A has_HVZ to_TO take_VB to_TO J23 52 cross_VB the_ATI classroom_NN ._. ^ another_DT J23 53 child_NN will_MD be_BE found_VBN to_TO take_VB a_AT different_JJ J23 53 number_NN of_IN steps_NNS ._. ^ or_CC ,_, the_ATI J23 54 lengths_NNS of_IN short_JJ objects_NNS may_MD be_BE measured_VBN by_IN J23 54 the_ATI foot_NN *-_*- the_ATI distance_NN J23 55 from_IN heel_NN to_IN toe_NN *-_*- or_CC by_IN the_ATI span_NN from_IN J23 55 little_JJ finger_NN to_IN thumb_NN when_WRB the_ATI J23 56 hand_NN is_BEZ stretched_VBN as_QL far_RB as_CS possible_JJ ._. ^ J23 56 from_IN a_AT variety_NN of_IN similar_JJ J23 57 exercises_NNS the_ATI teacher_NN can_MD help_VB her_PP$ children_NNS J23 57 to_TO understand_VB the_ATI need_NN for_IN J23 58 a_AT fixed_JJ unit_NN of_IN length_NN for_IN measuring_NN purposes_NNS J23 58 ._. ^ of_RB course_RB" ,_, mankind_NN has_HVZ J23 59 had_HVN exactly_RB this_DT problem_NN of_IN establishing_VBG fixed_JJ J23 59 units_NNS ,_, and_CC a_AT little_JJ J23 60 history_NN of_IN measurement_NN is_BEZ an_AT enjoyable_JJ and_CC J23 60 stimulating_JJ piece_NN of_IN work_NN J23 61 for_IN older_JJR junior_JJ pupils_NNS ._. J23 62 ^ by_IN the_ATI upper_JJB end_NN of_IN the_ATI infant's_NN$ J23 62 school_NN the_ATI faster_JJR learners_NNS will_MD J23 63 be_BE ready_JJ to_TO be_BE introduced_VBN to_IN one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI J23 63 agreed_JJ units_NNS of_IN measurement_NN ,_, J23 64 \0viz_RB the_ATI foot_NN ._. ^ lengths_NNS of_IN wood_NN or_CC J23 64 hardboard_NN ,_, or_CC plain_JJ foot_NN rulers_NNS J23 65 without_IN end_NN pieces_NNS or_CC sub-divisions_NNS *-_*- which_WDTR J23 65 can_MD be_BE purchased_VBN *-_*- are_BER J23 66 given_VBN to_IN the_ATI children_NNS ,_, and_CC they_PP3AS are_BER J23 66 instructed_VBN to_TO measure_VB various_JJ J23 67 lengths_NNS and_CC record_VB their_PP$ answers_NNS in_IN a_AT J23 67 notebook_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI early_JJ stages_NNS J23 68 they_PP3AS should_MD be_BE set_VBN to_TO measure_VB the_ATI lengths_NNS J23 68 of_IN lines_NNS drawn_VBN on_IN the_ATI J23 69 blackboard_NN or_CC floor_NN ,_, or_CC to_TO measure_VB the_ATI J23 69 length_NN of_IN pieces_NNS of_IN string_NN ,_, J23 70 paper_NN ,_, \0etc_RB ,_, all_ABN of_IN which_WDTR are_BER cut_VBN J23 70 to_IN an_AT exact_JJ number_NN of_IN feet_NNS in_IN J23 71 length_NN ._. ^ later_RBR ,_, they_PP3AS can_MD be_BE set_VBN to_TO J23 71 measure_VB the_ATI length_NN of_IN other_AP objects_NNS J23 72 in_IN the_ATI environment_NN to_IN the_ATI nearest_JJT foot_NN ,_, J23 72 so_CS that_CS" if_CS an_AT object_NN is_BEZ nearly_RB J23 73 3_CD feet_NNS long_JJ it_PP3 is_BEZ recorded_VBN as_IN a_AT full_JJ J23 73 3_CD feet_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ good_JJ ,_, too_RB ,_, to_TO let_VB J23 74 children_NNS estimate_VB lengths_NNS before_CS they_PP3AS measure_VB J23 74 ,_, in_IN the_ATI hope_NN that_CS it_PP3 J23 75 will_MD lead_VB to_IN estimation_NN with_IN increased_JJ accuracy_NN J23 75 ._. J23 76 ^ with_IN experience_NN and_CC maturity_NN the_ATI pupils_NNS J23 76 naturally_RB become_VB J23 77 dissatisfied_JJ with_IN a_AT ruler_NN that_WPR permits_VBZ J23 77 measurement_NN to_IN a_AT foot_NN only_RB ,_, for_CS J23 78 there_EX are_BER so_QL many_AP bits_NNS and_CC pieces_NNS left_VBN J23 78 over_RP ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ the_ATI moment_NN to_TO J23 79 introduce_VB the_ATI inch_NN ,_, and_CC a_AT foot_NN stick_NN or_CC J23 79 foot_NN ruler_NN with_IN inch_NN marks_NNS on_IN J23 80 it_PP3 ._. ^ at_IN the_ATI same_AP time_NN have_HV work_NN cards_NNS J23 80 available_JJ on_IN which_WDTR there_EX are_BER J23 81 lines_NNS drawn_VBN to_IN an_AT exact_JJ number_NN of_IN inches_NNS ,_, J23 81 or_CC lengths_NNS of_IN string_NN and_CC J23 82 paper_NN similarly_RB cut_VBN for_IN the_ATI pupils_NNS to_TO J23 82 measure_VB ._. ^ the_ATI next_AP step_NN is_BEZ the_ATI J23 83 measurement_NN ,_, to_IN the_ATI nearest_JJT inch_NN ,_, of_IN J23 83 objects_NNS in_IN the_ATI environment_NN ;_; the_ATI J23 84 children_NNS ought_MD frequently_RB to_TO express_VB their_PP$ J23 84 answer_NN as_IN ,_, say_VB ,_, 1_CD1 foot_NN 3_CD J23 85 inches_NNS and_CC as_IN 15_CD inches_NNS ,_, for_CS this_DT will_MD J23 85 help_VB them_PP3OS to_TO understand_VB the_ATI J23 86 relationship_NN between_IN two_CD units_NNS used_VBN in_IN the_ATI J23 86 measurement_NN of_IN length_NN ._. J23 87 ^ soon_RB they_PP3AS will_MD be_BE found_VBN to_TO be_BE ready_JJ J23 87 for_IN a_AT wall_NN scale_NN by_IN means_IN" of_IN" J23 88 which_WDTR they_PP3AS can_MD measure_VB each_PPLS other's_PPLS" J23 88 height_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ an_AT activity_NN that_WPR J23 89 creates_VBZ great_JJ interest_NN ,_, since_CS personal_JJ J23 89 dimensions_NNS and_CC growth_NN are_BER of_IN J23 90 great_JJ consequence_NN to_IN most_AP children_NNS ._. J23 91 ^ next_RB we_PP1AS come_VB to_IN the_ATI yard_NN and_CC yard_NN J23 91 stick_NN ;_; a_AT necessary_JJ unit_NN when_WRB J23 92 measuring_VBG longer_JJR distances_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ helpful_JJ J23 92 to_TO have_HV some_DTI rulers_NNS divided_VBN J23 93 into_IN 3_CD feet_NNS with_IN alternate_JJ sections_NNS ,_, say_VB ,_, J23 93 red_JJ and_CC white_JJ ,_, and_CC a_AT second_OD J23 94 set_NN divided_VBN into_IN 36_CD inches_NNS ,_, with_IN alternate_JJ J23 94 inches_NNS of_IN different_JJ J23 95 colours_NNS ._. ^ after_IN comparing_VBG these_DTS with_IN the_ATI J23 95 whole_JJ foot_NN ,_, and_CC with_IN the_ATI J23 96 12-inch_JJB ruler_NN previously_RB used_VBN ,_, the_ATI teacher_NN J23 96 should_MD show_VB that_CS the_ATI yard_NN J23 97 ruler_NN or_CC stick_NN is_BEZ comparable_JJ with_IN the_ATI length_NN J23 97 of_IN her_PP$ stride_NN ._. ^ by_IN means_IN" J23 98 of_IN" graded_JJ exercises_NNS similar_JJ in_IN type_NN to_IN those_DTS J23 98 described_VBN for_IN feet_NNS ,_, and_CC J23 99 feet_NNS and_CC inches_NNS ,_, we_PP1AS hope_VB to_TO get_VB the_ATI J23 99 child_NN to_IN the_ATI stage_NN where_WRB he_PP3A can_MD J23 100 measure_VB a_AT length_NN as_CS ,_, for_IN example_NN 2_CD yards_NNS J23 100 1_CD1 foot_NN 9_CD inches_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J23 101 ordinary_JJ foot_NN ruler_NN with_IN end_NN pieces_NNS ,_, and_CC J23 101 fractions_NNS of_IN an_AT inch_NN up_RP to_IN J23 102 1/10_CD or_CC even_RB 1/16_CD inch_NN ,_, can_MD be_BE introduced_VBN J23 102 when_WRB pupils_NNS are_BER ready_JJ for_IN J23 103 it_PP3 ,_, but_CC with_IN the_ATI very_QL slow_JJ learners_NNS J23 103 simplified_JJ rulers_NNS may_MD have_HV to_TO be_BE J23 104 used_VBN throughout_IN the_ATI junior_JJ school_NN ._. J23 105 ^ so_QL far_RB ,_, activities_NNS and_CC experiences_NNS that_WPR J23 105 presuppose_VB that_CS the_ATI J23 106 concepts_NNS of_IN length_NN and_CC measurement_NN are_BER possible_JJ J23 106 for_IN children_NNS have_HV been_BEN J23 107 dealt_VBN with_IN ._. ^ have_HV we_PP1AS ,_, however_RB ,_, any_DTI J23 107 clues_NNS as_IN to_IN" the_ATI first_OD beginnings_NNS of_IN J23 108 these_DTS concepts_NNS ?_? ^ are_BER there_EX any_DTI conditions_NNS J23 108 which_WDTR are_BER necessary_JJ before_CS J23 109 understanding_NN of_IN length_NN can_MD take_VB place_NN at_IN all_ABN J23 109 ?_? ^ the_ATI Geneva_NP school_NN led_VBN J23 110 by_IN Piaget_NP has_HVZ carried_VBN out_RP many_AP interesting_JJ J23 110 experiments_NNS in_IN this_DT field_NN J23 111 to_IN which_WDTR we_PP1AS now_RN turn_VB ._. J23 112 ^ the_ATI views_NNS of_IN the_ATI Geneva_NP school_NN on_IN the_ATI J23 112 development_NN of_IN concepts_NNS J23 113 relating_VBG to_IN length_NN and_CC measurement_NN ._. J23 114 ^ Piaget_NP ,_, Inhelder_NP ,_, and_CC Szeminska_NP (_( 1960_CD )_) J23 114 have_HV outlined_VBN the_ATI views_NNS J23 115 on_IN the_ATI way_NN in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI child_NN comes_VBZ to_TO J23 115 understand_VB length_NN and_CC J23 116 measurement_NN ._. ^ in_IN one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI experiments_NNS J23 116 reported_VBN early_RB in_IN their_PP$ book_NN J23 117 they_PP3AS study_VB his_PP$ spontaneous_JJ measurement_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J23 117 experimenter_NN showed_VBD J23 118 the_ATI child_NN a_AT tower_NN made_VBN of_IN twelve_CD blocks_NNS J23 118 and_CC a_RB little_RB" over_RB 2_CD feet_NNS 6_CD J23 119 inches_NNS high_JJ *-_*- the_ATI tower_NN being_BEG constructed_VBN J23 119 on_IN a_AT table_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J23 120 experimenter_NN told_VBD the_ATI child_NN to_TO make_VB another_DT J23 120 tower_NN *'_*' the_ATI same_AP as_IN J23 121 mine_PP$$ **'_**' on_IN another_DT table_NN about_RB 6_CD feet_NNS J23 121 away_RP ,_, the_ATI table_NN top_NN being_BEG some_DTI 3_CD J23 122 feet_NNS lower_JJR than_IN that_DT of_IN the_ATI first_OD table_NN ._. ^ J23 122 there_EX was_BEDZ a_AT large_JJ screen_NN J23 123 between_IN the_ATI model_NN and_CC the_ATI copy_NN but_CC the_ATI J23 123 child_NN was_BEDZ encouraged_VBN to_TO *'_*' go_VB J23 124 and_CC see_VB **'_**' the_ATI model_NN as_QL often_RB as_CS he_PP3A J23 124 liked_VBD ._. ^ he_PP3A was_BEDZ also_RB given_VBN strips_NNS J23 125 of_IN paper_NN ,_, sticks_NNS ,_, rulers_NNS ,_, \0etc_RB ,_, and_CC J23 125 he_PP3A was_BEDZ told_VBN to_TO use_VB them_PP3OS if_CS his_PP$ J23 126 spontaneous_JJ efforts_NNS ceased_VBD ,_, but_CC he_PP3A was_BEDZ J23 126 not_XNOT told_VBN how_WRB to_TO use_VB them_PP3OS ._. J23 127 ^ the_ATI following_JJ stages_NNS were_BED observed_VBN :_: J23 129 ^ (_( a_ZZ )_) ._. ^ up_RP to_IN about_RB 4_CD 1/2_CD years_NNS J23 129 of_IN age_NN there_EX was_BEDZ visual_JJ J23 130 comparison_NN only_RB ._. ^ the_ATI child_NN judged_VBD the_ATI J23 130 second_OD tower_NN to_TO be_BE the_ATI same_AP J23 131 height_NN as_IN the_ATI first_OD by_IN stepping_VBG back_RP and_CC J23 131 estimating_VBG height_NN ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ J23 132 done_VBN regardless_RB of_IN the_ATI difference_NN in_IN heights_NNS J23 132 of_IN the_ATI table_NN tops_NNS ;_; J23 133 ^ (_( b_ZZ )_) ._. ^ this_DT lasted_VBD from_IN 4_CD 1/2_CD -_IN J23 133 7_CD years_NNS of_IN age_NN roughly_RB ._. ^ at_RB first_RB" J23 134 the_ATI child_NN might_MD lay_VB a_AT long_JJ rod_NN across_IN the_ATI J23 134 tops_NNS of_IN the_ATI towers_NNS to_TO make_VB J23 135 sure_JJ they_PP3AS were_BED level_JJ ._. ^ when_WRB he_PP3A J23 135 realized_VBD that_CS the_ATI base_NN of_IN the_ATI towers_NNS J23 136 were_BED not_XNOT at_IN the_ATI same_AP height_NN ,_, he_PP3A J23 136 sometimes_RB attempted_VBD to_TO place_VB his_PP$ tower_NN J23 137 on_IN the_ATI same_AP table_NN as_IN the_ATI model_NN ._. ^ J23 137 naturally_RB ,_, that_DT was_BEDZ not_XNOT permitted_VBN ._. J23 138 ^ later_RBR ,_, the_ATI children_NNS began_VBD to_TO look_VB for_IN J23 138 a_AT measuring_NN instrument_NN ,_, and_CC J23 139 some_DTI of_IN them_PP3OS began_VBD using_VBG their_PP$ own_AP J23 139 bodies_NNS for_IN this_DT purpose_NN ._. ^ for_IN J23 140 example_NN ,_, the_ATI span_NN of_IN the_ATI hands_NNS might_MD be_BE J23 140 used_VBN ,_, or_CC the_ATI arms_NNS ,_, by_IN placing_VBG J23 141 one_CD1 hand_NN on_IN top_IN" of_IN" the_ATI model_NN tower_NN and_CC J23 141 the_ATI other_AP at_IN the_ATI base_NN and_CC J23 142 moving_VBG over_RP from_IN the_ATI model_NN to_IN the_ATI copy_NN ,_, J23 142 meanwhile_RB trying_VBG to_TO keep_VB the_ATI J23 143 hands_NNS the_ATI same_AP distance_NN apart_RP ._. ^ when_WRB J23 143 they_PP3AS discovered_VBD that_CS this_DT J23 144 procedure_NN was_BEDZ unreliable_JJ ,_, some_DTI would_MD place_VB ,_, J23 144 say_VB ,_, their_PP$ shoulder_NN J23 145 against_IN the_ATI top_NN of_IN the_ATI tower_NN (_( a_AT chair_NN J23 145 or_CC stool_NN might_MD be_BE used_VBN )_) and_CC J23 146 would_MD mark_VB a_AT spot_NN on_IN their_PP$ leg_NN opposite_IN J23 146 the_ATI base_NN ._. ^ they_PP3AS would_MD then_RN J23 147 move_VB to_IN the_ATI second_OD tower_NN to_TO see_VB if_CS the_ATI J23 147 heights_NNS were_BED the_ATI same_AP ._. J23 149 ^ the_ATI authors_NNS point_VB out_RP that_CS in_IN their_PP$ J23 149 view_NN this_DT use_NN of_IN the_ATI body_NN is_BEZ J23 150 an_AT important_JJ step_NN forward_RB ,_, for_CS coming_VBG to_TO J23 150 regard_VB the_ATI body_NN as_IN a_AT common_JJ J23 151 measure_NN must_MD have_HV its_PP$ origin_NN in_IN visual_JJ J23 151 perception_NN when_WRB the_ATI child_NN sees_VBZ J23 152 the_ATI objects_NNS ,_, and_CC in_IN motor_NN acts_NNS as_CS when_WRB J23 152 he_PP3A walks_VBZ from_IN the_ATI model_NN to_IN its_PP$ J23 153 copy_NN ._. ^ these_DTS perceptions_NNS and_CC motor_NN acts_NNS J23 153 give_VB rise_NN to_IN images_NNS which_WDTR in_IN J23 154 turn_NN confer_VB a_AT symbolic_JJ value_NN first_RB on_IN the_ATI J23 154 child's_NN$ own_AP body_NN as_IN a_AT J23 155 measuring_NN instrument_NN ,_, and_CC later_RBR on_IN a_AT neutral_JJ J23 155 object_NN ,_, \0e.g_RB a_AT ruler_NN ._. J23 157 ^ (_( c_ZZ )_) ._. ^ from_IN 7_CD years_NNS of_IN age_NN onwards_RB J23 157 there_EX was_BEDZ an_AT increasing_JJ J23 158 tendency_NN to_TO use_VB some_DTI symbolic_JJ object_NN (_( \0e.g_RB J23 158 a_AT rod_NN )_) to_TO imitate_VB size_NN ._. J23 159 ^ very_QL occasionally_RB a_AT child_NN built_VBD a_AT third_OD J23 159 tower_NN by_IN the_ATI first_OD and_CC J23 160 carried_VBD it_PP3 over_RP to_IN the_ATI second_OD :_: this_DT was_BEDZ J23 160 permitted_VBN ._. ^ more_QL frequently_RB ,_, J23 161 though_RB ,_, he_PP3A used_VBD a_AT rod_NN that_WPR was_BEDZ exactly_RB J23 161 the_ATI same_AP length_NN as_CS the_ATI J23 162 model_NN tower_NN was_BEDZ high_JJ ._. J23 164 ^ next_RB ,_, the_ATI child_NN came_VBD to_TO use_VB an_AT J23 164 intermediate_JJ term_NN in_IN an_AT J23 165 operational_JJ way_NN (_( \0i.e_RB in_IN the_ATI mind_NN )_) ,_, J23 165 this_DT ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, being_BEG an_AT J23 166 expression_NN of_IN the_ATI general_JJ logical_JJ principle_NN that_CS J23 166 if_CS a=b_&FO ,_, and_CC b=c_&FO ,_, a=c_&FO ._. J23 167 ^ children_NNS were_BED found_VBN to_TO take_VB a_AT longer_JJR rod_NN J23 167 than_CS necessary_JJ and_CC mark_VB off_RP J23 168 the_ATI height_NN of_IN the_ATI model_NN tower_NN on_IN it_PP3 with_IN J23 168 a_AT finger_NN or_CC by_IN other_AP means_NNS ,_, J23 169 so_TO as_TO" to_TO" maintain_VB a_AT constant_JJ length_NN when_WRB J23 169 transposing_VBG to_IN the_ATI copy_NN ._. J23 170 ^ but_CC ,_, this_DT transference_NN is_BEZ only_RB one_CD1 aspect_NN J23 170 of_IN measurement_NN ;_; the_ATI other_AP J23 171 aspect_NN which_WDTR must_MD be_BE understood_VBN is_BEZ J23 171 sub-division_NN ;_; for_CS only_RB when_WRB this_DT ,_, J23 172 too_RB ,_, has_HVZ been_BEN grasped_VBN can_MD a_AT particular_JJ J23 172 length_NN of_IN the_ATI measuring_NN rod_NN be_BE J23 173 given_VBN a_AT definite_JJ value_NN ,_, and_CC repeated_VBN again_RB J23 173 and_CC again_RB (_( iteration_NN )_) ._. ^ in_IN J23 174 the_ATI final_JJ stage_NN it_PP3 was_BEDZ found_VBN that_CS J23 174 children_NNS could_MD also_RB use_VB a_AT rod_NN J23 175 shorter_JJR than_IN the_ATI tower_NN ,_, and_CC it_PP3 was_BEDZ J23 175 applied_VBN as_QL often_RB as_CS was_BEDZ necessary_JJ ;_; J23 176 so_CS that_CS" the_ATI height_NN of_IN the_ATI model_NN tower_NN J23 176 was_BEDZ found_VBN by_IN applying_VBG a_AT shorter_JJR J23 177 rod_NN a_AT number_NN of_IN times_NNS up_IN the_ATI side_NN ._. J23 178 ^ for_IN the_ATI authors_NNS ,_, then_RN ,_, the_ATI concept_NN J23 178 of_IN measurement_NN depends_VBZ upon_IN J23 179 logical_JJ thinking_NN ._. ^ the_ATI child_NN must_MD first_RB grasp_VB J23 179 that_CS the_ATI whole_NN is_BEZ J23 180 composed_VBN of_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN parts_NNS added_VBN together_RB J23 180 ._. ^ second_RB ,_, he_PP3A must_MD J23 181 understand_VB the_ATI principles_NNS of_IN substitution_NN and_CC J23 181 iteration_NN ,_, that_DT is_BEZ the_ATI J23 182 transport_NN of_IN the_ATI applied_JJ measure_NN to_IN another_DT J23 182 length_NN ,_, and_CC its_PP$ repeated_JJ J23 183 application_NN to_IN this_DT other_AP ._. J24 2 ^ (_( 7_CD )_) ._. ^ equilibrium_NN in_IN the_ATI hydraulic_JJ J24 2 press_NN ._. ^ an_AT all-glass_JJB 50_CD J24 3 \0c.c_NNU hypodermic_JJ syringe_NN ,_, the_ATI piston_NN of_IN J24 3 which_WDTR could_MD be_BE loaded_VBN with_IN J24 4 different_JJ weights_NNS ,_, was_BEDZ connected_VBN to_IN a_AT J24 4 length_NN of_IN narrow_JJ glass_NN tubing_NN ._. J24 5 ^ alongside_RI was_BEDZ an_AT exact_JJ duplicate_NN of_IN the_ATI J24 5 apparatus_NN so_CS the_ATI subject_NN J24 6 could_MD work_VB with_IN two_CD liquids_NNS of_IN different_JJ J24 6 densities_NNS at_IN the_ATI same_AP time_NN ._. J24 7 ^ one_CD1 liquid_NN was_BEDZ tap_NN water_NN tinged_VBN very_QL J24 7 slightly_RB red_JJ ,_, and_CC the_ATI other_AP was_BEDZ J24 8 concentrated_JJ salt_JJ solution_NN tinged_VBN very_QL slightly_RB J24 8 blue_JJ ._. J24 9 ^ (_( 8_CD )_) ._. ^ equilibrium_NN in_IN the_ATI balance_NN ._. ^ J24 9 the_ATI balance_NN arm_NN (_( and_CC the_ATI J24 10 associated_JJ supporting_JJ framework_NN )_) was_BEDZ made_VBN from_IN J24 10 Meccano_NP strips_NNS ._. ^ by_IN J24 11 this_DT means_NN the_ATI distance_NN of_IN the_ATI weights_NNS from_IN J24 11 the_ATI fulcrum_NN could_MD be_BE J24 12 quickly_RB obtained_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI weights_NNS were_BED cut_VBN J24 12 so_CS that_CS" the_ATI weight_NN plus_IN J24 13 attached_JJ hook_NN weighed_VBD 2_CD ,_, 5_CD ,_, 10_CD or_CC 20_CD J24 13 \0g_NNU J24 14 ._. ^ (_( 9_CD )_) ._. ^ projection_NN of_IN shadows_NNS ._. J24 15 ^ (_( 10_CD )_) ._. ^ correlations_NNS ._. ^ each_DT of_IN forty_CD J24 15 postcards_NNS had_HVD the_ATI head_NN of_IN a_AT J24 16 girl_NN drawn_VBN on_IN it_PP3 ._. ^ the_ATI shape_NN of_IN the_ATI J24 16 face_NN ,_, hair_NN style_NN and_CC colouring_NN J24 17 differed_VBD for_IN each_DT girl_NN ,_, but_CC the_ATI hair_NN and_CC J24 17 eyes_NNS were_BED coloured_VBN as_CS J24 18 indicated_VBN in_IN the_ATI book_NN ._. ^ Inhelder_NP and_CC Piaget_NP J24 18 give_VB no_ATI stages_NNS earlier_JJR J24 19 than_IN 3A_CD ,_, but_CC the_ATI writer_NN laid_VBD down_RP J24 19 criteria_NNS for_IN 1_CD1 ,_, 2A_CD and_CC 2B_CD J24 20 stages_NNS ._. J24 21 ^ subjects_NNS ._. J24 22 ^ our_PP$ population_NN consisted_VBD of_IN 34_CD average_JJ and_CC J24 22 bright_JJ primary_JJ J24 23 school_NN pupils_NNS ;_; 14_CD average_JJ and_CC bright_JJ J24 23 preparatory_JJ school_NN pupils_NNS (_( aged_JJ J24 24 8-11_CD-CD years_NNS )_) ;_; 39_CD grammar_NN school_NN pupils_NNS ;_; J24 24 50_CD secondary_JJ modern_JJ school_NN J24 25 pupils_NNS ;_; 50_CD comprehensive_JJ school_NN pupils_NNS ;_; 10_CD J24 25 training_NN college_NN students_NNS ;_; J24 26 3_CD able_JJ adults_NNS whose_WP$R ages_NNS ranged_VBD from_IN 25_CD J24 26 to_IN 32_CD years_NNS of_IN age_NN ;_; thus_RB J24 27 making_VBG 200_CD subjects_NNS in_IN all_ABN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J24 27 comprehensive_JJ and_CC secondary_JJ modern_JJ J24 28 schools_NNS approximately_RB equal_JJ numbers_NNS were_BED drawn_VBN J24 28 from_IN the_ATI top_JJB and_CC bottom_JJB J24 29 streams_NNS of_IN each_DT year_NN group_NN ._. J24 30 ^ general_JJ technique_NN ._. J24 31 ^ each_DT subject_NN was_BEDZ examined_VBN ,_, individually_RB ,_, J24 31 on_IN four_CD experiments_NNS ,_, J24 32 with_IN everyone_PN taking_VBG the_ATI experiment_NN involving_VBG J24 32 the_ATI combinations_NNS of_IN J24 33 colourless_JJ chemical_JJ liquids_NNS (_( \0no_NN 5_CD )_) ._. ^ J24 33 after_CS the_ATI subject_NN had_HVD been_BEN J24 34 introduced_VBN to_IN the_ATI materials_NNS ,_, and_CC after_IN some_DTI J24 34 general_JJ discussions_NNS and_CC J24 35 sometimes_RB free_JJ experimentation_NN ,_, he_PP3A was_BEDZ asked_VBN J24 35 to_TO perform_VB certain_JJ J24 36 standard_JJ tasks_NNS and_CC asked_VBN certain_JJ standard_JJ J24 36 questions_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI subject's_NN$ J24 37 actions_NNS were_BED noted_VBN and_CC his_PP$ replies_NNS recorded_VBN J24 37 verbatim_RB ._. ^ details_NNS of_IN the_ATI J24 38 exact_JJ procedure_NN used_VBN in_IN each_DT experiment_NN may_MD be_BE J24 38 obtained_VBN from_IN the_ATI J24 39 writer_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 must_MD be_BE stressed_VBN ,_, however_RB ,_, J24 39 that_CS the_ATI experimenter_NN was_BEDZ quite_RB J24 40 free_JJ to_TO vary_VB the_ATI procedure_NN by_IN asking_VBG J24 40 supplementary_JJ questions_NNS ,_, or_CC by_IN J24 41 prompting_NN ,_, or_CC by_IN experimenting_VBG slightly_RB J24 41 differently_RB ,_, if_CS he_PP3A thought_VBD it_PP3 J24 42 would_MD be_BE helpful_JJ ._. ^ in_IN brief_JJ our_PP$ procedure_NN J24 42 was_BEDZ semi-structured_JJ and_CC this_DT J24 43 is_BEZ the_ATI best_JJT that_WPR one_CD1 can_MD do_DO if_CS the_ATI J24 43 clinical_JJ approach_NN is_BEZ to_TO be_BE combined_VBN J24 44 with_IN some_DTI degree_NN of_IN standardization_NN of_IN procedure_NN J24 44 ._. ^ the_ATI subjects_NNS were_BED J24 45 asked_VBN *'_*' to_TO think_VB aloud_RB **'_**' as_QL much_RB as_CS J24 45 possible_JJ ._. J24 46 ^ usually_RB Inhelder_NP and_CC Piaget_NP give_VB details_NNS of_IN J24 46 three_CD stages_NNS of_IN J24 47 thinking_NN ;_; stages_NNS 2_CD and_CC 3_CD usually_RB being_BEG J24 47 subdivided_VBN further_RBR into_IN J24 48 *'_*' A_ZZ **'_**' and_CC *'_*' B_ZZ **'_**' stages_NNS ._. ^ after_IN J24 48 examining_VBG our_PP$ protocols_NNS it_PP3 was_BEDZ J24 49 thought_VBN better_JJR to_TO subdivide_VB the_ATI Inhelder_NP and_CC J24 49 Piaget_NP stages_NNS still_RB J24 50 further_RBR ,_, and_CC we_PP1AS usually_RB used_VBD nine_CD stages_NNS J24 50 ,_, \0viz_RB :_: J24 51 1_CD1 ;_; 1-2A_CD-CD ;_; 2A_CD ;_; 2A-2B_CD-CD ;_; 2B_CD ;_; J24 51 2B-3A_CD-CD ;_; 3A_CD ;_; 3A-3B_CD-CD ;_; J24 52 3B_CD ._. J24 53 ^ in_IN this_DT way_NN we_PP1AS were_BED ,_, in_IN our_PP$ J24 53 opinion_NN ,_, able_JJ to_TO classify_VB our_PP$ J24 54 protocols_NNS within_IN the_ATI framework_NN provided_VBN by_IN the_ATI J24 54 authors_NNS ._. ^ each_DT protocol_NN J24 55 was_BEDZ studied_VBN by_IN the_ATI writer_NN and_CC by_IN the_ATI J24 55 experimenter_NN independently_RB ,_, and_CC J24 56 given_VBN a_AT rating_NN on_IN the_ATI scale_NN of_IN stages_NNS ._. ^ J24 56 the_ATI results_NNS were_BED compared_VBN and_CC J24 57 after_IN discussion_NN a_AT final_JJ rating_NN was_BEDZ given_VBN to_IN J24 57 each_DT protocol_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J24 58 assessment_NN of_IN some_DTI of_IN the_ATI protocols_NNS was_BEDZ J24 58 not_XNOT an_AT easy_JJ matter_NN ,_, and_CC we_PP1AS J24 59 can_MD not_XNOT be_BE sure_JJ that_CS the_ATI more_QL difficult_JJ J24 59 ones_CD1S were_BED always_RB rated_VBN J24 60 correctly_RB ,_, although_CS the_ATI ratings_NNS of_IN these_DTS J24 60 are_BER not_XNOT likely_JJ to_TO be_BE more_AP J24 61 than_IN one_CD1 stage_NN out_RP in_IN the_ATI nine-stage_JJB scale_NN J24 61 that_WPR was_BEDZ usually_RB used_VBN ._. ^ in_IN J24 62 the_ATI experiment_NN involving_VBG invisible_JJ magnetization_NN J24 62 the_ATI authors_NNS give_VB a_AT J24 63 stage_NN 3_CD only_RB ,_, not_XNOT stages_NNS 3A_CD and_CC 3B_CD ,_, J24 63 and_CC we_PP1AS have_HV kept_VBN to_IN this_DT ._. J24 64 ^ 3_CD ._. results_NNS ._. J24 65 ^ a_AT number_NN of_IN tables_NNS are_BER now_RN given_VBN J24 65 showing_VBG how_WRB the_ATI different_JJ J24 66 groups_NNS performed_VBD on_IN the_ATI various_JJ experiments_NNS ._. ^ J24 66 all_ABN our_PP$ results_NNS are_BER J24 67 included_VBN ._. J24 68 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ important_JJ to_TO know_VB to_IN what_WDT extent_NN J24 68 the_ATI level_NN of_IN thinking_NN of_IN J24 69 our_PP$ subjects_NNS remained_VBD the_ATI same_AP throughout_IN the_ATI J24 69 four_CD experiments_NNS that_WPR J24 70 each_DT one_CD1 undertook_VBD ._. ^ to_TO determine_VB this_DT we_PP1AS J24 70 used_VBD Kendall's_NP$ coefficient_NN J24 71 of_IN concordance_NN W_ZZ ,_, which_WDTR specifies_VBZ the_ATI J24 71 degree_NN J24 73 of_IN association_NN between_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN sets_NNS of_IN J24 73 rankings_NNS ._. ^ first_RB ,_, the_ATI rank_NN J24 74 of_IN each_DT subject_NN was_BEDZ calculated_VBN ,_, separately_RB J24 74 for_IN each_DT of_IN the_ATI four_CD J24 75 experiments_NNS ._. ^ w_ZZ was_BEDZ then_RN calculated_VBN from_IN J24 75 formula_NN 9.16_CD given_VBN by_IN J24 76 Siegel_NP (_( 1956_CD )_) ,_, \0p_NN 234_CD ;_; this_DT allows_VBZ J24 76 for_IN tied_JJ observations_NNS ._. J24 77 ^ furthermore_RB ,_, if_CS the_ATI total_JJ number_NN of_IN cases_NNS J24 77 concerned_VBN is_BEZ N_ZZ ,_, and_CC N_ZZ J24 78 >_&FO 7_CD ,_, we_PP1AS may_MD find_VB the_ATI probability_NN of_IN J24 78 any_DTI value_NN as_QL large_JJ as_IN an_AT J24 79 observed_JJ W_ZZ ,_, by_IN calculating_VBG xe*:2**:_&FO =_&FO J24 79 k(N-1)W_&FO ,_, with_IN J24 80 \0d.f_NN =_&FO N-1_&FO ,_, where_WRB k_ZZ is_BEZ the_ATI number_NN J24 80 of_IN sets_NNS of_IN rankings_NNS J24 81 (_( Siegel_NP ,_, 1956_CD ,_, \0p_NN 236_CD ,_, formula_NN 9.18_CD )_) J24 81 ._. ^ accordingly_RB xe*:2**:_&FO was_BEDZ J24 82 calculated_VBN for_IN each_DT W_ZZ and_CC the_ATI probability_NN J24 82 associated_VBN with_IN so_QL large_JJ J24 83 a_AT value_NN of_IN xe*:2**:_&FO was_BEDZ found_VBN by_IN referring_VBG J24 83 to_IN Siegel_NP (_( 1956_CD )_) ,_, table_NN J24 84 C_ZZ ,_, \0p_NN 249_CD ._. ^ table_NN 11_CD shows_VBZ the_ATI J24 84 values_NNS of_IN W_ZZ ,_, and_CC the_ATI probability_NN J24 85 of_IN finding_VBG an_AT associated_JJ xe*:2**:_&FO as_QL large_JJ ,_, J24 85 P*;xe*:2**:**;_&FO ,_, J24 86 for_IN the_ATI differing_JJ groups_NNS of_IN experiments_NNS and_CC J24 86 subjects_NNS ._. J24 87 ^ even_CS if_CS" there_EX is_BEZ a_AT substantial_JJ degree_NN of_IN J24 87 association_NN between_IN the_ATI J24 88 level_NN of_IN thinking_NN J24 90 displayed_VBN by_IN our_PP$ subjects_NNS on_IN each_DT of_IN the_ATI J24 90 four_CD experiments_NNS ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ J24 91 necessary_JJ to_TO determine_VB if_CS the_ATI experiments_NNS (_( J24 91 coupled_VBN with_IN the_ATI manner_NN in_IN J24 92 which_WDTR the_ATI protocols_NNS were_BED assigned_VBN to_IN stages_NNS J24 92 by_IN Inhelder_NP and_CC Piaget_NP )_) J24 93 were_BED in_IN fact_NN drawn_VBN from_IN the_ATI same_AP population_NN J24 93 of_IN experiments_NNS ._. ^ for_IN J24 94 example_NN ,_, it_PP3 could_MD be_BE that_CS a_AT particular_JJ J24 94 experiment_NN was_BEDZ rather_RB easier_JJR or_CC J24 95 more_QL difficult_JJ for_IN one_CD1 reason_NN or_CC another_DT ._. ^ J24 95 accordingly_RB the_ATI J24 96 Kruskal-Wallis_NP one-way_JJB analysis_NN of_IN variance_NN by_IN J24 96 ranks_NNS was_BEDZ used_VBN ,_, as_CS this_DT J24 97 test_NN will_MD decide_VB if_CS a_AT number_NN of_IN different_JJ J24 99 samples_NNS are_BER drawn_VBN from_IN the_ATI same_AP population_NN ._. J24 99 ^ the_ATI test_NN assumes_VBZ only_RB J24 100 that_CS the_ATI variables_NNS studied_VBN have_HV an_AT underlying_JJ J24 100 continuous_JJ distribution_NN ,_, J24 101 and_CC that_DT ordinal_JJ measurement_NN is_BEZ possible_JJ for_IN J24 101 each_DT variable_NN ._. ^ these_DTS J24 102 conditions_NNS are_BER fulfilled_VBN in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN J24 102 our_PP$ data_NNS ._. ^ first_RB ,_, the_ATI total_JJ J24 103 number_NN of_IN subjects_NNS at_IN each_DT stage_NN on_IN each_DT of_IN J24 103 the_ATI four_CD tests_NNS was_BEDZ J24 104 calculated_VBN ,_, and_CC the_ATI rank_NN of_IN each_DT subject_NN J24 104 found_VBN from_IN the_ATI single_JJ series_NN J24 105 that_WPR resulted_VBD ._. ^ thus_RB H_ZZ ,_, the_ATI statistic_NN J24 105 used_VBN in_IN the_ATI Kruskal-Wallis_NP J24 106 test_NN ,_, was_BEDZ calculated_VBN from_IN formula_NN 8.3_CD given_VBN J24 106 by_IN Siegel_NP (_( 1956_CD )_) ,_, page_NN J24 107 192_CD ,_, as_CS this_DT allows_VBZ for_IN tied_JJ observations_NNS ._. J24 107 ^ since_CS in_IN our_PP$ case_NN there_EX J24 108 were_BED four_CD samples_NNS ,_, and_CC the_ATI number_NN of_IN J24 108 subjects_NNS in_IN each_DT sample_NN is_BEZ J24 109 greater_JJR than_IN five_CD ,_, H_ZZ is_BEZ distributed_VBN J24 109 approximately_RB as_IN xe*:2**:_&FO J24 110 with_IN \0d.f_NN =_&FO k-1_&FO ,_, where_WRB k_ZZ is_BEZ the_ATI J24 110 number_NN of_IN samples_NNS ._. ^ once_RB J24 111 again_RB the_ATI probability_NN of_IN finding_VBG a_AT xe*:2**:_&FO J24 111 as_QL large_JJ as_IN H_ZZ was_BEDZ J24 112 found_VBN by_IN referring_VBG to_IN Siegel_NP ,_, table_NN C_ZZ ,_, J24 112 page_NN 249_CD ._. ^ hence_RB table_NN 11_CD shows_VBZ J24 113 also_RB the_ATI probability_NN of_IN finding_VBG a_AT xe*:2**:_&FO J24 113 as_QL large_JJ as_IN H_ZZ ,_, J24 114 p*;h**;_&FO ,_, for_IN the_ATI differing_JJ groups_NNS of_IN J24 114 experiments_NNS and_CC subjects_NNS ._. J24 116 ^ the_ATI results_NNS of_IN the_ATI remaining_JJ ten_CD training_NN J24 116 college_NN students_NNS were_BED J24 117 not_XNOT analysed_VBN in_IN this_DT manner_NN on_IN account_NN of_IN J24 117 the_ATI smallness_NN and_CC J24 118 homogeneity_NN of_IN the_ATI sample_NN ._. ^ the_ATI four_CD J24 118 experiments_NNS which_WDTR they_PP3AS undertook_VBD J24 119 were_BED :_: chemical_JJ combinations_NNS ,_, pendulum_NN ,_, J24 119 invisible_JJ magnetization_NN ,_, and_CC J24 120 equilibrium_NN in_IN the_ATI balance_NN ._. J24 121 ^ reference_NN to_IN the_ATI values_NNS of_IN p*;h**;_&FO in_IN J24 121 table_NN 11_CD shows_VBZ that_CS the_ATI J24 122 experiments_NNS in_IN the_ATI first_OD ,_, second_OD and_CC fifth_OD J24 122 groups_NNS may_MD be_BE regarded_VBN as_IN J24 123 random_JJ samples_NNS drawn_VBN from_IN the_ATI same_AP population_NN J24 123 of_IN experiments_NNS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J24 124 third_OD and_CC fourth_OD groups_NNS ,_, however_RB ,_, p*;h**;_&FO J24 124 <_&FO 0.01_CD indicating_VBG that_CS J24 125 one_CD1 or_CC more_AP experiments_NNS in_IN each_DT group_NN can_MD J24 125 not_XNOT be_BE so_RB regarded_VBN ._. J24 126 ^ experience_NN gained_VBN in_IN examining_VBG the_ATI subjects_NNS J24 126 indicated_VBD that_CS the_ATI J24 127 projection_NN of_IN shadows_NNS ,_, and_CC correlations_NNS J24 127 experiments_NNS found_VBN in_IN the_ATI third_OD J24 128 and_CC fourth_OD groups_NNS ,_, respectively_RB ,_, were_BED likely_JJ J24 128 to_TO be_BE responsible_JJ for_IN J24 129 this_DT ._. ^ consequently_RB the_ATI remaining_JJ three_CD J24 129 experiments_NNS in_IN each_DT of_IN these_DTS J24 130 groups_NNS were_BED subjected_VBN to_IN the_ATI Kruskal-Wallis_NP J24 130 test_NN ;_; and_CC for_IN each_DT of_IN the_ATI J24 131 two_CD groups_NNS of_IN three_CD experiments_NNS the_ATI value_NN of_IN J24 131 H_ZZ so_RB obtained_VBN was_BEDZ J24 132 such_ABL that_CS p*;h**;_&FO >_&FO 0.05_CD ._. J24 133 ^ 4_CD ._. ^ discussion_NN ._. J24 134 ^ the_ATI following_JJ discussion_NN deals_VBZ principally_RB J24 134 with_IN the_ATI educational_JJ J24 135 implications_NNS of_IN the_ATI study_NN ,_, and_CC in_TO order_TO" J24 135 to_TO" be_BE succinct_JJ the_ATI findings_NNS J24 136 are_BER grouped_VBN under_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN points_NNS ._. J24 137 ^ (_( 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ the_ATI main_JJB stages_NNS in_IN the_ATI J24 137 development_NN of_IN logical_JJ thinking_NN J24 138 proposed_VBN by_IN Inhelder_NP and_CC Piaget_NP have_HV been_BEN J24 138 confirmed_VBN ._. ^ it_PP3 seems_VBZ that_CS J24 139 the_ATI authors_NNS are_BER correct_JJ in_IN suggesting_VBG that_CS J24 139 it_PP3 is_BEZ only_RB rarely_RB that_CS J24 140 average_JJ to_IN bright_JJ junior_JJ school_NN children_NNS reach_VB J24 140 the_ATI stage_NN of_IN formal_JJ J24 141 thinking_NN ._. ^ the_ATI ablest_JJT of_IN the_ATI secondary_JJ J24 141 modern_JJ and_CC comprehensive_JJ school_NN J24 142 pupils_NNS certainly_RB attain_VB the_ATI stage_NN of_IN formal_JJ J24 142 thought_NN ,_, but_CC not_XNOT all_ABN the_ATI J24 143 older_JJR grammar_NN school_NN pupils_NNS always_RB do_DO so_PN ._. ^ J24 143 there_EX is_BEZ a_AT suggestion_NN that_CS J24 144 ill-digested_JJ snippets_NNS of_IN knowledge_NN ,_, mental_JJ set_NN J24 144 ,_, and_CC expectancy_NN ,_, are_BER J24 145 affecting_VBG thinking_NN more_RBR in_IN the_ATI students_NNS than_CS J24 145 among_IN the_ATI school_NN pupils_NNS ._. J24 146 ^ the_ATI student_NN with_IN the_ATI poorest_JJT performance_NN J24 146 was_BEDZ aged_JJ 19_CD years_NNS ,_, and_CC on_IN J24 147 the_ATI four_CD experiments_NNS her_PP$ replies_NNS were_BED J24 147 classified_VBN at_IN the_ATI 2A_CD ,_, 2B_CD ,_, J24 148 2B_CD and_CC 2B-3A_CD-CD stages_NNS ._. ^ she_PP3A had_HVD obtained_VBN J24 148 a_AT pass_NN in_IN art_NN at_IN J24 149 \0G.C.E_NP *'_*' A_ZZ **'_**' level_NN ._. ^ however_RB ,_, the_ATI J24 149 least_QL able_JJ of_IN the_ATI J24 150 secondary_JJ modern_JJ and_CC comprehensive_JJ school_NN pupils_NNS J24 150 certainly_RB remain_VB at_IN a_AT J24 151 low_JJ level_NN of_IN logical_JJ thought_NN even_RB at_IN 15_CD J24 151 years_NNS of_IN age_NN ,_, and_CC many_AP of_IN J24 152 these_DTS do_DO not_XNOT seem_VB to_TO pass_VB beyond_IN the_ATI J24 152 2A-2B_CD-CD stage_NN of_IN thinking_NN ._. J24 153 ^ this_DT is_BEZ a_AT finding_NN the_ATI authors_NNS do_DO not_XNOT J24 153 mention_VB ,_, and_CC it_PP3 leads_VBZ one_CD1 to_TO J24 154 suspect_VB that_CS the_ATI school_NN population_NN in_IN Geneva_NP J24 154 which_WDTR they_PP3AS examined_VBD J24 155 consisted_VBD of_IN able_JJ children_NNS ._. J24 156 ^ (_( 2_CD )_) ._. ^ by_IN getting_VBG each_DT subject_NN to_TO J24 156 undergo_VB four_CD experiments_NNS and_CC J24 157 analysing_VBG the_ATI results_NNS by_IN means_IN" of_IN" a_AT J24 157 non-parametric_JJ statistical_JJ J24 158 technique_NN ,_, it_PP3 has_HVZ been_BEN possible_JJ to_TO show_VB J24 158 that_CS there_EX is_BEZ a_AT considerable_JJ J24 159 agreement_NN between_IN the_ATI levels_NNS of_IN thinking_NN that_CS J24 159 the_ATI subjects_NNS display_VB in_IN J24 160 the_ATI four_CD experiments_NNS ._. ^ moreover_RB ,_, the_ATI value_NN J24 160 of_IN the_ATI coefficient_NN of_IN J24 161 concordance_NN W_ZZ declines_VBZ as_CS the_ATI population_NN J24 161 becomes_VBZ more_QL homogeneous_JJ J24 162 with_IN respect_NN to_IN mental_JJ age_NN ._. ^ naturally_RB there_EX J24 162 is_BEZ no_ATI exact_JJ J24 163 correspondence_NN since_CS the_ATI experiments_NNS and_CC *'_*' J24 163 intelligence_NN **'_**' tests_NNS do_DO J24 164 not_XNOT measure_VB exactly_RB the_ATI same_AP thinking_NN skills_NNS J24 164 ._. ^ among_IN the_ATI preparatory_JJ J24 165 and_CC grammar_NN school_NN pupils_NNS ,_, W_ZZ =_&FO 0.89_CD ,_, J24 165 and_CC among_IN the_ATI primary_JJ and_CC J24 166 grammar_NN school_NN pupils_NNS W_ZZ =_&FO 0.81_CD (_( table_NN 11_CD J24 166 )_) ._. ^ in_IN these_DTS groups_NNS the_ATI J24 167 mental_JJ ages_NNS of_IN the_ATI pupils_NNS ranged_VBD from_IN 8_CD J24 167 years_NNS to_IN well_RB above_IN 15_CD years_NNS J24 168 (_( the_ATI \0M.A_NN usually_RB accepted_VBN for_IN average_JJ J24 168 adults_NNS )_) ,_, whereas_CS in_IN the_ATI J24 169 primary_JJ school_NN group_NN alone_RB ,_, for_IN which_WDTR W_ZZ =_&FO J24 169 0.52_CD ,_, the_ATI mental_JJ ages_NNS J24 170 would_MD range_VB from_IN 8_CD to_IN 13_CD or_CC 15_CD years_NNS ._. ^ J24 170 the_ATI authors_NNS give_VB no_ATI evidence_NN on_IN J24 171 this_DT issue_NN ,_, but_CC one_CD1 would_MD certainly_RB expect_VB J24 171 some_DTI such_ABL stability_NN of_IN J24 172 thinking_NN skills_NNS if_CS their_PP$ general_JJ theory_NN is_BEZ J24 172 correct_JJ ._. ^ again_RB the_ATI J24 173 Kruskal-Wallis_NP test_NN gave_VBD reasonable_JJ grounds_NNS for_IN J24 173 assuming_VBG that_CS eight_CD of_IN J24 174 the_ATI ten_CD experiments_NNS may_MD be_BE regarded_VBN as_IN J24 174 samples_NNS drawn_VBN from_IN the_ATI same_AP J24 175 population_NN of_IN experiments_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI correlations_NNS J24 175 experiment_NN is_BEZ too_QL easy_JJ J24 176 for_IN secondary_JJ ,_, but_CC not_XNOT for_IN primary_JJ pupils_NNS J24 176 ,_, compared_VBN with_IN the_ATI other_AP J24 177 eight_CD experiments_NNS ;_; while_CS the_ATI projection_NN of_IN J24 177 shadows_NNS test_NN placed_VBD too_QL J24 178 many_AP subjects_NNS at_IN stage_NN 2B_CD ._. J24 179 ^ (_( 3_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI majority_NN of_IN our_PP$ protocols_NNS J24 179 show_VB much_RB the_ATI same_AP kind_NN of_IN J24 180 reasoning_NN as_IN those_DTS of_IN Inhelder_NP and_CC Piaget_NP ,_, J24 180 and_CC support_VB many_AP of_IN their_PP$ J24 181 statements_NNS ._. ^ for_IN example_NN ,_, the_ATI authors_NNS J24 181 maintain_VB that_CS ,_, at_IN the_ATI level_NN of_IN J24 182 formal_JJ thought_NN ,_, the_ATI child_NN comes_VBZ to_IN the_ATI J24 182 projection_NN of_IN shadows_NNS J24 183 experiment_NN assuming_VBG proportionality_NN from_IN the_ATI start_NN J24 183 ._. ^ below_RI is_BEZ a_AT copy_NN J24 184 of_IN part_NN of_IN the_ATI protocol_NN of_IN a_AT boy_NN aged_JJ 13_CD J24 184 years_NNS 3_CD months_NNS ._. J24 185 ^ *'_*' what_WDT happens_VBZ to_IN the_ATI shadow_NN as_CS you_PP2 J24 185 move_VB the_ATI ring_NN up_IN and_CC down_IN the_ATI J24 186 scale_NN ?_? **'_**' ^ *'_*' nearer_IN the_ATI wall_NN smaller_JJR ,_, J24 186 further_RBR away_RP bigger_JJR ._. **'_**' J24 187 ^ *'_*' use_VB two_CD rings_NNS of_IN different_JJ size_NN ,_, and_CC J24 187 move_VB them_PP3OS until_CS their_PP$ J24 188 shadows_NNS are_BER exactly_RB the_ATI same_AP size_NN ,_, that_DT J24 188 is_BEZ ,_, they_PP3AS cover_VB each_PPLS other_PPLS" J24 189 exactly_RB ._. **'_**' ^ places_VBZ the_ATI 5_CD \0cm_NNU diameter_NN J24 189 ring_NN at_IN 20_CD \0cm_NNU from_IN light_NN ,_, J24 190 and_CC 10_CD \0cm_NNU diameter_NN ring_NN at_IN 40_CD \0cm_NNU ._. ^ J24 190 *'_*' why_WRB do_DO the_ATI rings_NNS have_HV to_TO go_VB J24 191 in_IN these_DTS positions_NNS ?_? **'_**' ^ *'_*' well_UH 10_CD is_BEZ J24 191 twice_RB 5_CD ,_, and_CC 40_CD is_BEZ twice_RB 20_CD ._. **'_**' J24 192 ^ after_IN placing_VBG three_CD rings_NNS of_IN different_JJ J24 192 diameter_NN correctly_RB in_IN J24 193 position_NN he_PP3A is_BEZ asked_VBN to_TO place_VB four_CD rings_NNS J24 193 of_IN different_JJ diameters_NNS in_IN J24 194 position_NN so_CS that_CS" their_PP$ shadows_NNS coincide_VB ._. ^ J24 194 he_PP3A places_VBZ 5_CD \0cm_NNU ring_NN at_IN 10_CD J24 195 \0cm_NNU from_IN light_NN ,_, 10_CD \0cm_NNU ring_NN at_IN 20_CD J24 195 \0cm_NNU ,_, 15_CD \0cm_NNU ring_NN at_IN 30_CD J24 196 \0cm_NNU ,_, and_CC 20_CD \0cm_NNU ring_NN at_IN 40_CD \0cm_NNU from_IN J24 196 light_NN ._. ^ *'_*' tell_VB me_PP1O exactly_RB J24 197 what_WDT you_PP2 have_HV done_VBN about_IN the_ATI position_NN of_IN J24 197 the_ATI rings_NNS ._. **'_**' ^ *'_*' well_UH 5_CD is_BEZ J24 198 10_CD \0cm_NNU from_IN torch_NN ,_, 10_CD is_BEZ twice_RB as_QL big_JJ J24 198 so_CS it_PP3 goes_VBZ at_IN 20_CD \0cm_NNU ,_, 15_CD is_BEZ J24 199 half_RB as_QL big_JJ again_RB so_CS it_PP3 goes_VBZ at_IN 30_CD ,_, J24 199 and_CC 20_CD is_BEZ twice_RB 10_CD so_CS it_PP3 goes_VBZ here_RN J24 200 at_IN 40_CD ._. **'_**' J25 2 ^ unfortunately_RB ,_, Story_NP does_DOZ not_XNOT break_VB down_RP J25 2 her_PP$ data_NNS for_IN monocular_JJ J25 3 viewing_NN according_IN to_IN" whether_CS T-_JJB and_CC I-figures_NNS J25 3 were_BED on_IN the_ATI same_AP or_CC J25 4 opposite_JJ sides_NNS as_CS the_ATI eye_NN used_VBD so_CS that_CS" J25 4 this_DT prediction_NN would_MD only_RB J25 5 apply_VB to_IN half_ABN the_ATI trials_NNS she_PP3A reports_VBZ ._. ^ J25 5 nevertheless_RB ,_, there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI sign_NN J25 6 of_IN this_DT trend_NN in_IN her_PP$ results_NNS for_IN monocular_JJ J25 6 viewing_NN ._. ^ (_( 3_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI J25 7 effects_NNS to_TO be_BE expected_VBN due_JJ to_IN the_ATI different_JJ J25 7 spatial_JJ positions_NNS of_IN the_ATI J25 8 two_CD eyes_NNS should_MD be_BE even_RB more_QL striking_JJ when_WRB J25 8 the_ATI distance_NN between_IN shape_NN J25 9 and_CC eye_NN is_BEZ less_AP than_CS in_IN Story's_NP$ experiment_NN J25 9 ,_, and_CC when_WRB the_ATI I-figure_NN is_BEZ J25 10 shown_VBN to_IN one_CD1 eye_NN and_CC the_ATI T_ZZ to_IN the_ATI J25 10 other_AP :_: although_CS these_DTS conditions_NNS J25 11 have_HV often_RB been_BEN used_VBN in_IN experiments_NNS on_IN \0FAE_NN J25 11 no_ATI effects_NNS of_IN this_DT J25 12 sort_NN have_HV been_BEN reported_VBN ._. ^ (_( it_PP3 might_MD ,_, J25 12 however_RB ,_, be_BE worth_IN looking_VBG for_IN J25 13 them_PP3OS in_IN future_JJB experiments_NNS ._. )_) ^ (_( 4_CD )_) ._. ^ J25 13 finally_RB ,_, although_CS Story_NP suggests_VBZ J25 14 that_CS the_ATI different_JJ visual_JJ angles_NNS subtended_VBN by_IN J25 14 the_ATI figures_NNS at_IN the_ATI J25 15 retinae_NNS might_MD be_BE the_ATI explanation_NN of_IN the_ATI J25 15 effects_NNS obtained_VBN under_IN J25 16 binocular_JJ viewing_NN ,_, she_PP3A does_DOZ not_XNOT show_VB in_IN J25 16 detail_NN how_WRB these_DTS effects_NNS would_MD J25 17 be_BE predicted_VBN by_IN the_ATI geometry_NN of_IN the_ATI J25 17 situation_NN ,_, and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ difficult_JJ to_TO J25 18 see_VB how_WRB the_ATI effects_NNS found_VBN could_MD in_IN fact_NN J25 18 be_BE produced_VBN in_IN this_DT way_NN ._. J25 19 ^ nevertheless_RB ,_, the_ATI suggestion_NN is_BEZ an_AT interesting_JJ J25 19 one_CD1 and_CC could_MD be_BE J25 20 followed_VBN up_RP by_IN experiments_NNS in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI J25 20 figures_NNS are_BER placed_VBN closer_RBR to_IN J25 21 the_ATI eye_NN and_CC conditions_NNS of_IN alternating_JJ monocular_JJ J25 21 viewing_NN are_BER employed_VBN ._. J25 22 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ possible_JJ that_CS the_ATI reason_NN why_WRB J25 22 the_ATI A-effect_NN is_BEZ obtained_VBN only_RB J25 23 when_WRB both_ABX eyes_NNS are_BER used_VBN is_BEZ that_CS binocular_JJ J25 23 vision_NN itself_PPL provides_VBZ a_AT cue_NN J25 24 to_IN the_ATI distance_NN of_IN the_ATI figures_NNS and_CC thus_RB J25 24 to_IN their_PP$ relative_JJ apparent_JJ J25 25 sizes_NNS (_( \0v_VB below_RI )_) :_: thus_RB ,_, the_ATI fact_NN J25 25 that_CS the_ATI effect_NN only_RB occurs_VBZ J25 26 with_IN binocular_JJ viewing_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT necessarily_RB J25 26 conflict_VB with_IN the_ATI J25 27 hypothesis_NN that_CS under_IN some_DTI conditions_NNS the_ATI \0FAE_NN J25 27 may_MD be_BE determined_VBN J25 28 by_IN apparent_JJ size_NN ,_, and_CC indeed_RB can_MD be_BE J25 28 interpreted_VBN within_IN the_ATI framework_NN J25 29 of_IN this_DT hypothesis_NN ._. J25 30 ^ size_NN of_IN circles_NNS ._. J25 31 ^ if_CS smaller_JJR circles_NNS than_IN those_DTS used_VBN by_IN J25 31 Sutherland_NP are_BER J25 32 employed_VBN ,_, the_ATI A-effect_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT occur_VB (_( J25 32 Day_NP and_CC Logan_NP ,_, 1961_CD ;_; J25 33 Terwilliger_NP ,_, 1961_CD ;_; McEwen_NP 1959_CD ;_; Oyama_NP ,_, J25 33 1956_CD )_) :_: the_ATI usual_JJ result_NN under_IN J25 34 these_DTS conditions_NNS is_BEZ that_CS the_ATI T-circle_NN looks_VBZ J25 34 smaller_JJR than_IN C_ZZ whether_CS I_ZZ J25 35 is_BEZ nearer_RBR or_CC further_RBR away_RP ._. ^ (_( it_PP3 should_MD J25 35 be_BE noted_VBN that_CS Terwilliger_NP did_DOD J25 36 not_XNOT obtain_VB this_DT result_NN :_: when_WRB the_ATI retinal_JJ J25 36 size_NN of_IN T_ZZ and_CC I_ZZ was_BEDZ the_ATI same_AP ,_, J25 37 he_PP3A found_VBD no_ATI change_NN in_IN the_ATI apparent_JJ size_NN J25 37 of_IN T_ZZ ._. )_) ^ this_DT effect_NN is_BEZ also_RB J25 38 found_VBN when_WRB T_ZZ and_CC I_PP1A shapes_NNS are_BER the_ATI J25 38 same_AP distance_NN away_RP as_IN one_PPLS another_PPLS" J25 39 (_( Day_NP and_CC Logan_NP (_( 1961_CD )_) ,_, \0cf_VB also_RB J25 39 Ko"hler_NP and_CC Wallach_NP (_( 1944_CD )_) )_) ._. ^ Day_NP J25 40 and_CC Logan_NP make_VB the_ATI interesting_JJ suggestion_NN that_CS J25 40 this_DT shrinkage_NN may_MD J25 41 resemble_VB a_AT time_NN error_NN effect_NN though_CS they_PP3AS do_DO J25 41 not_XNOT discuss_VB the_ATI details_NNS of_IN J25 42 how_WRB this_DT might_MD occur_VB ._. ^ unfortunately_RB ,_, from_IN J25 42 what_WDT is_BEZ known_VBN about_IN time_NN J25 43 errors_NNS ,_, one_CD1 might_MD expect_VB the_ATI opposite_JJ effect_NN J25 43 with_IN small_JJ circles_NNS ._. ^ when_WRB J25 44 a_AT series_NN of_IN stimuli_NNS are_BER being_BEG judged_VBN ,_, J25 44 there_EX is_BEZ usually_RB a_AT point_NN in_IN the_ATI J25 45 middle_NN of_IN the_ATI series_NN where_WRB (_( after_IN practice_NN J25 45 )_) there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI constant_JJ J25 46 error_NN :_: above_IN this_DT point_NN ,_, time_NN errors_NNS tend_VB J25 46 to_TO be_BE negative_JJ ,_, below_IN it_PP3 ,_, J25 47 positive_JJ ._. ^ we_PP1AS shall_MD call_VB this_DT point_NN the_ATI J25 47 *'_*' adaptation_NN point_NN ._. **'_**' J25 48 ^ subjects_NNS will_MD have_HV an_AT adaptation_NN point_NN at_IN J25 48 the_ATI start_NN of_IN an_AT experiment_NN J25 49 and_CC it_PP3 will_MD usually_RB be_BE shifted_VBN in_IN the_ATI J25 49 course_NN of_IN the_ATI experiment_NN :_: now_RN J25 50 when_WRB a_AT small_JJ circle_NN is_BEZ shown_VBN as_IN I-figure_NN J25 50 this_DT should_MD shift_VB the_ATI J25 51 adaptation_NN point_NN downwards_RB ._. ^ if_CS it_PP3 shifts_VBZ J25 51 it_PP3 downwards_RB further_RBR for_IN J25 52 that_DT part_NN of_IN the_ATI visual_JJ field_NN on_IN which_WDTR J25 52 the_ATI I-figure_NN is_BEZ shown_VBN than_CS for_IN J25 53 other_AP parts_NNS ,_, we_PP1AS would_MD expect_VB the_ATI T-figure_NN J25 53 to_TO be_BE judged_VBN larger_JJR than_IN J25 54 the_ATI C-figure_NN :_: the_ATI T-figure_NN is_BEZ less_QL far_RB J25 54 away_RP from_IN the_ATI adaptation_NN point_NN J25 55 at_IN that_DT part_NN of_IN the_ATI visual_JJ field_NN than_CS is_BEZ J25 55 the_ATI C-figure_NN from_IN the_ATI J25 56 adaptation_NN point_NN at_IN its_PP$ part_NN of_IN the_ATI visual_JJ J25 56 field_NN ._. ^ Day_NP and_CC Logan_NP J25 57 obtained_VBD exactly_RB the_ATI opposite_JJ result_NN to_IN this_DT ._. J25 58 ^ thus_RB ,_, there_EX is_BEZ some_DTI difficulty_NN in_IN J25 58 applying_VBG this_DT type_NN of_IN J25 59 explanation_NN ,_, though_CS the_ATI correspondence_NN between_IN J25 59 the_ATI change_NN in_IN direction_NN J25 60 of_IN the_ATI \0FAE_NN with_IN different_JJ sized_JJ circles_NNS (_( J25 60 found_VBN by_IN Day_NP and_CC Logan_NP )_) J25 61 and_CC the_ATI change_NN in_IN direction_NN of_IN \0TE_NN (_( found_VBN J25 61 by_IN Watson_NP ,_, 1957_CD )_) is_BEZ J25 62 very_QL suggestive_JJ ._. ^ nevertheless_RB ,_, Day_NP and_CC J25 62 Logan's_NP$ work_NN does_DOZ make_VB it_PP3 J25 63 difficult_JJ to_TO interpret_VB the_ATI A-effect_NN as_CS due_JJ to_IN J25 63 differences_NNS in_IN apparent_JJ J25 64 size_NN because_IN of_IN" their_PP$ finding_NN that_CS when_WRB J25 64 large_JJ circles_NNS are_BER used_VBN and_CC J25 65 both_ABX are_BER far_RB away_RP ,_, the_ATI T-circle_NN appears_VBZ J25 65 larger_JJR than_IN the_ATI C_ZZ ._. J25 66 ^ outline_NN and_CC filled-in_JJB circles_NNS ._. J25 67 ^ Day_NP and_CC Logan_NP show_NN that_CS the_ATI A-effect_NN J25 67 occurs_VBZ with_IN outline_NN J25 68 circles_NNS but_CC not_XNOT with_IN filled-in_JJB circles_NNS :_: J25 68 it_PP3 is_BEZ hard_JJ to_TO see_VB what_WDT J25 69 explanation_NN could_MD be_BE offered_VBN for_IN this_DT at_IN J25 69 present_NN ._. J25 70 ^ further_JJB discussion_NN ._. J25 71 ^ one_CD1 very_QL ingenious_JJ recent_JJ experiment_NN has_HVZ J25 71 demonstrated_VBN in_IN a_AT most_QL J25 72 convincing_JJ way_NN that_CS an_AT \0FAE_NN determined_VBN wholly_RB J25 72 by_IN apparent_JJ size_NN J25 73 does_DOZ occur_VB under_IN certain_JJ conditions_NNS :_: Gregory_NP (_( J25 73 personal_JJ communication_NN )_) J25 74 has_HVZ shown_VBN that_CS if_CS the_ATI apparent_JJ size_NN of_IN a_AT J25 74 figure_NN is_BEZ made_VBN to_TO shrink_VB J25 75 continuously_RB while_CS the_ATI retinal_JJ size_NN remains_VBZ the_ATI J25 75 same_AP ,_, when_WRB the_ATI J25 76 shrinkage_NN in_IN apparent_JJ size_NN is_BEZ stopped_VBN suddenly_RB J25 76 there_EX is_BEZ a_AT dramatic_JJ J25 77 increase_NN in_IN the_ATI apparent_JJ size_NN of_IN the_ATI figure_NN J25 77 ._. ^ this_DT phenomenon_NN is_BEZ very_QL J25 78 striking_JJ and_CC is_BEZ seen_VBN by_IN all_ABN observers_NNS ._. ^ J25 78 since_CS this_DT shows_VBZ that_CS a_AT J25 79 \0FAE_NN determined_VBN by_IN continuous_JJ change_NN in_IN apparent_JJ J25 79 size_NN can_MD occur_VB ,_, J25 80 the_ATI question_NN arises_VBZ of_IN why_WRB it_PP3 is_BEZ so_QL J25 80 difficult_JJ to_TO demonstrate_VB the_ATI J25 81 effect_NN with_IN static_JJ figures_NNS ._. ^ there_EX are_BER three_CD J25 81 possible_JJ answers_NNS to_IN this_DT ._. J25 82 ^ (_( 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ it_PP3 may_MD be_BE that_CS just_RB as_CS J25 82 with_IN \0FAE_NN due_JJ to_IN retinal_JJ size_NN ,_, J25 83 the_ATI effect_NN through_IN apparent_JJ size_NN only_RB occurs_VBZ J25 83 if_CS the_ATI difference_NN between_IN J25 84 the_ATI apparent_JJ sizes_NNS of_IN the_ATI T-_JJB and_CC I-figures_NNS J25 84 is_BEZ optimal_JJ (_( \0cf_VB the_ATI J25 85 distance_NN paradox_NN )_) ._. ^ if_CS this_DT is_BEZ correct_JJ ,_, J25 85 we_PP1AS would_MD only_RB expect_VB to_TO obtain_VB J25 86 a_AT \0FAE_NN due_JJ to_IN apparent_JJ size_NN under_IN limited_JJ J25 86 conditions_NNS ._. ^ this_DT J25 87 suggestion_NN could_MD be_BE tested_VBN experimentally_RB by_IN J25 87 keeping_VBG one_CD1 circle_NN a_AT J25 88 constant_JJ size_NN and_CC distance_NN and_CC varying_VBG the_ATI J25 88 size_NN and_CC distance_NN of_IN the_ATI J25 89 other_AP keeping_VBG retinal_JJ size_NN equal_JJ ._. ^ we_PP1AS J25 89 would_MD expect_VB an_AT effect_NN due_JJ to_IN J25 90 apparent_JJ size_NN to_TO occur_VB only_RB within_IN a_AT limited_JJ J25 90 range_NN of_IN size_NN and_CC J25 91 distance_NN of_IN the_ATI other_AP figure_NN ._. ^ in_IN Gregory's_NP$ J25 91 experiment_NN ,_, because_CS the_ATI J25 92 apparent_JJ size_NN of_IN the_ATI inspection_NN figure_NN changes_VBZ J25 92 continuously_RB ,_, these_DTS J25 93 changes_NNS are_BER bound_VBN to_TO straddle_VB the_ATI point_NN J25 93 which_WDTR would_MD be_BE optimal_JJ for_IN J25 94 producing_VBG the_ATI effect_NN ._. J25 95 ^ (_( 2_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI conditions_NNS of_IN the_ATI J25 95 experiments_NNS performed_VBN with_IN static_JJ J25 96 figures_NNS are_BER such_ABL that_CS there_EX may_MD be_BE a_AT J25 96 temptation_NN to_TO judge_VB in_IN terms_NNS of_IN J25 97 retinal_JJ size_NN :_: it_PP3 is_BEZ known_VBN that_CS when_WRB two_CD J25 97 shapes_NNS of_IN different_JJ real_JJ size_NN J25 98 are_BER aligned_VBN side_NN by_IN side_NN ,_, subjects_NNS tend_VB J25 98 to_TO make_VB judgements_NNS in_IN terms_NNS of_IN J25 99 retinal_JJ size_NN (_( Joynson_NP and_CC Kirk_NP ,_, 1960_CD )_) ._. ^ J25 99 it_PP3 would_MD be_BE interesting_JJ to_TO J25 100 test_VB for_IN the_ATI occurrence_NN of_IN the_ATI A-effect_NN ,_, J25 100 using_VBG for_IN T-_JJB and_CC C-figures_NNS J25 101 two_CD shapes_NNS of_IN the_ATI same_AP physical_JJ size_NN but_CC J25 101 different_JJ retinal_JJ sizes_NNS at_IN J25 102 different_JJ distances_NNS away_RP from_IN the_ATI observer_NN and_CC J25 102 not_XNOT aligned_VBN opposite_IN J25 103 one_PPLS another_PPLS" ._. ^ the_ATI T-circle_NN could_MD be_BE J25 103 kept_VBN the_ATI same_AP retinal_JJ size_NN as_IN the_ATI J25 104 I_ZZ ,_, and_CC the_ATI C-circle_NN would_MD be_BE a_AT different_JJ J25 104 retinal_JJ size_NN :_: subjects_NNS would_MD J25 105 be_BE asked_VBN to_TO compare_VB the_ATI real_JJ size_NN of_IN T-_JJB J25 105 and_CC C-figures_NNS ._. ^ these_DTS J25 106 experimental_JJ conditions_NNS should_MD tend_VB to_TO favour_VB J25 106 judgements_NNS in_IN terms_NNS of_IN J25 107 apparent_JJ physical_JJ size_NN rather_RB than_IN apparent_JJ J25 107 retinal_JJ size_NN ._. J25 108 ^ (_( 3_CD )_) ._. ^ it_PP3 may_MD be_BE that_CS apparent_JJ size_NN J25 108 only_RB influences_VBZ \0FAE_NN when_WRB J25 109 the_ATI apparent_JJ size_NN has_HVZ changed_VBN continuously_RB ,_, J25 109 \0i.e_RB where_WRB there_EX has_HVZ J25 110 been_BEN an_AT apparent_JJ movement_NN effect_NN :_: if_CS J25 110 established_VBN this_DT would_MD be_BE an_AT J25 111 important_JJ finding_NN since_CS it_PP3 would_MD reveal_VB a_AT J25 111 difference_NN in_IN the_ATI mechanisms_NNS J25 112 underlying_VBG apparent_JJ movement_NN and_CC judgements_NNS of_IN J25 112 apparent_JJ size_NN (_( \0v_VB J25 113 below_RI )_) ._. ^ this_DT could_MD only_RB be_BE established_VBN by_IN J25 113 a_AT thorough_JJ investigation_NN J25 114 of_IN the_ATI static_JJ A-effect_NN along_IN the_ATI lines_NNS set_VBN J25 114 out_RP in_IN (_( 1_CD1 )_) and_CC (_( 2_CD )_) above_RI ._. J25 115 ^ theoretical_JJ considerations_NNS ._. J25 116 ^ the_ATI work_NN of_IN Hubel_NP and_CC Wiesel_NP (_( 1959_CD )_) J25 116 suggests_VBZ a_AT new_JJ theoretical_JJ J25 117 approach_NN to_IN \0FAE_NN problems_NNS ._. ^ in_TO order_TO" to_TO" J25 117 see_VB the_ATI experiments_NNS J25 118 described_VBN above_RI in_IN perspective_NN ,_, it_PP3 may_MD be_BE J25 118 worth_IN setting_VBG out_RP briefly_RB J25 119 what_WDT this_DT approach_NN is_BEZ :_: it_PP3 has_HVZ suggested_VBN J25 119 itself_PPL independently_RB to_IN a_AT J25 120 number_NN of_IN workers_NNS in_IN the_ATI field_NN ,_, and_CC Papert_NP J25 120 is_BEZ currently_RB engaged_VBN on_IN J25 121 testing_VBG some_DTI of_IN its_PP$ implications_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 J25 121 must_MD be_BE stressed_VBN that_CS a_AT new_JJ J25 122 approach_NN is_BEZ necessary_JJ since_CS the_ATI sort_NN of_IN J25 122 theory_NN espoused_VBN by_IN Ko"hler_NP and_CC J25 123 Wallach_NP (_( 1944_CD )_) and_CC by_IN Osgood_NP and_CC Heyer_NP (_( J25 123 1952_CD )_) is_BEZ unable_JJ to_TO account_VB for_IN J25 124 many_AP of_IN the_ATI phenomena_NNS of_IN \0FAE_NN ._. ^ they_PP3AS J25 124 both_ABX assume_VB that_CS inspection_NN J25 125 of_IN a_AT contour_NN results_VBZ in_IN any_DTI contour_NN J25 125 subsequently_RB falling_VBG near_IN the_ATI J25 126 second_OD contour_NN being_BEG seen_VBN as_CS displaced_VBN away_RP J25 126 from_IN it_PP3 :_: the_ATI amount_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ J25 127 displaced_VBN is_BEZ said_VBN to_TO depend_VB upon_IN the_ATI J25 127 distance_NN separating_VBG the_ATI two_CD J25 128 contours_NNS on_IN the_ATI retina_NN ,_, and_CC there_EX will_MD be_BE J25 128 a_AT point_NN at_IN which_WDTR J25 129 displacement_NN is_BEZ maximal_JJ ._. ^ three_CD instances_NNS of_IN J25 129 well_RB attested_JJ phenomena_NNS J25 130 which_WDTR this_DT theory_NN is_BEZ unable_JJ to_TO explain_VB will_MD J25 130 be_BE quoted_VBN ._. (_( 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ in_IN figure_NN J25 131 1_CD1 ,_, if_CS the_ATI I-line_NN is_BEZ fixated_VBN ,_, the_ATI J25 131 T-line_NN should_MD appear_VB as_CS shown_VBN (_( P_ZZ )_) :_: J25 132 displacement_NN should_MD be_BE small_JJ where_WRB I_PP1A and_CC T_ZZ J25 132 lie_VB near_RI together_RB gradually_RB J25 133 increasing_VBG to_IN a_AT maximum_NN and_CC then_RN decreasing_VBG ._. ^ J25 133 in_IN fact_NN T_ZZ is_BEZ seen_VBN J25 134 occupying_VBG the_ATI position_NN of_IN line_NN A_ZZ ._. (_( 2_CD )_) J25 134 ._. ^ similarly_RB J25 136 when_WRB a_AT curved_JJ line_NN is_BEZ shown_VBN ,_, and_CC a_AT J25 136 straight_JJ line_NN used_VBN as_IN I-figure_NN ,_, the_ATI J25 137 straight_JJ line_NN should_MD appear_VB like_IN line_NN P_ZZ in_IN J25 137 figure_NN 1_CD1 (_( b_ZZ )_) but_CC in_IN J25 138 fact_NN appears_VBZ like_IN line_NN A_ZZ ._. (_( 3_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI J25 138 theories_NNS are_BER unable_JJ to_TO account_VB for_IN J25 139 the_ATI after_JJB effect_NN of_IN seen_JJ motion_NN ._. ^ both_ABX J25 139 theories_NNS under_IN discussion_NN J25 140 assume_VB that_CS the_ATI \0FAE_NN occurs_VBZ before_CS any_DTI J25 140 analysis_NN of_IN the_ATI stimuli_NNS is_BEZ J25 141 undertaken_VBN ._. J25 142 ^ Hubel_NP and_CC Wiesel_NP have_HV demonstrated_VBN by_IN J25 142 recording_VBG from_IN single_JJ cells_NNS J25 143 that_CS in_IN the_ATI cat_NN considerable_JJ analysis_NN of_IN the_ATI J25 143 stimulus_NN on_IN the_ATI retina_NN J25 144 occurs_VBZ at_IN or_CC before_IN the_ATI level_NN of_IN the_ATI J25 144 striate_JJ cortex_NN ._. ^ in_RB particular_RB" J25 145 they_PP3AS present_VB evidence_NN to_TO show_VB that_CS in_IN the_ATI J25 145 striate_JJ cortex_NN there_EX are_BER J25 146 cells_NNS whose_WP$R response_NN is_BEZ determined_VBN by_IN the_ATI J25 146 orientation_NN of_IN lines_NNS on_IN a_AT J25 147 given_JJ part_NN of_IN the_ATI retina_NN ;_; \0i.e_RB the_ATI J25 147 orientation_NN of_IN lines_NNS is_BEZ coded_VBN J25 148 in_IN separate_JJ fibres_NNS at_IN this_DT level_NN of_IN the_ATI J25 148 cat_NN visual_JJ system_NN ._. ^ if_CS we_PP1AS J25 149 assume_VB that_CS there_EX are_BER cells_NNS with_IN similar_JJ J25 149 receptive_JJ fields_NNS in_IN human_JJ J25 150 beings_NNS we_PP1AS have_HV a_AT very_QL simple_JJ explanation_NN of_IN J25 150 the_ATI effect_NN shown_VBN in_IN figure_NN J25 151 1_CD1 (_( a_ZZ )_) :_: inspection_NN of_IN a_AT line_NN in_IN one_CD1 J25 151 orientation_NN will_MD result_VB in_IN J25 152 heavy_JJ firing_NN of_IN the_ATI cells_NNS maximally_RB responsive_JJ J25 152 to_IN lines_NNS in_IN this_DT J25 153 orientation_NN ,_, and_CC to_IN some_DTI firing_NN of_IN cells_NNS J25 153 maximally_RB responsive_JJ to_IN lines_NNS J25 154 in_IN neighbouring_JJ orientations_NNS ._. ^ if_CS any_DTI J25 154 adaptation_NN occurs_VBZ in_IN these_DTS cells_NNS J25 155 as_IN a_AT result_NN of_IN prolonged_JJ firing_NN ,_, when_WRB a_AT J25 155 T-contour_NN in_IN a_AT slightly_RB J25 156 different_JJ orientation_NN to_IN the_ATI I_ZZ line_NN is_BEZ J25 156 exposed_VBN on_IN the_ATI same_AP part_NN of_IN the_ATI J25 157 retina_NN ,_, the_ATI cells_NNS fired_VBN maximally_RB by_IN it_PP3 J25 157 will_MD be_BE ones_CD1S which_WDTR are_BER J25 158 normally_RB maximally_RB responsive_JJ to_IN contours_NNS in_IN J25 158 orientations_NNS lying_VBG J25 159 further_RBR away_RP from_IN the_ATI orientation_NN of_IN the_ATI J25 159 I-figure_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ reasonable_JJ J25 160 to_TO suppose_VB that_CS the_ATI orientation_NN in_IN which_WDTR a_AT J25 160 contour_NN is_BEZ seen_VBN will_MD depend_VB J25 161 upon_IN the_ATI balance_NN of_IN firing_NN in_IN cells_NNS J25 161 representing_VBG contour_NN orientation_NN :_: J25 162 the_ATI firing_NN in_IN any_DTI one_CD1 cell_NN will_MD be_BE J25 162 determined_VBN partly_RB by_IN the_ATI contrast_NN J25 163 of_IN the_ATI contour_NN with_IN its_PP$ background_NN ,_, \0etc_RB ,_, J25 163 but_CC such_ABL effects_NNS would_MD be_BE J25 164 balanced_VBN out_RP if_CS the_ATI ratio_NN of_IN firing_NN in_IN J25 164 all_ABN cells_NNS sensitive_JJ to_IN J25 165 orientation_NN in_IN a_AT given_JJ region_NN of_IN the_ATI retina_NN J25 165 were_BED computed_VBN ._. ^ if_CS there_EX J25 166 are_BER also_RB cells_NNS sensitive_JJ to_IN curvature_NN of_IN a_AT J25 166 line_NN a_AT similar_JJ mechanism_NN J25 167 would_MD explain_VB the_ATI sort_NN of_IN finding_NN depicted_VBN in_IN J25 167 figure_NN 1_CD1 (_( b_ZZ )_) ._. ^ as_RB J25 168 yet_RB" there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI physiological_JJ demonstration_NN of_IN J25 168 the_ATI existence_NN of_IN such_ABL J25 169 cells_NNS ._. J25 170 ^ Hubel_NP and_CC Wiesel_NP have_HV ,_, however_RB ,_, found_VBN J25 170 cells_NNS which_WDTR respond_VB J25 171 differentially_RB according_IN to_IN" the_ATI direction_NN in_IN J25 171 which_WDTR a_AT stimulus_NN is_BEZ moved_VBN J25 172 across_IN the_ATI retina_NN ._. ^ if_CS direction_NN of_IN movement_NN J25 172 is_BEZ coded_VBN in_IN single_JJ cells_NNS J25 173 in_IN human_JJ beings_NNS ,_, adaptation_NN in_IN these_DTS cells_NNS J25 173 might_MD clearly_RB underly_VB J25 174 the_ATI after-effect_NN of_IN movement_NN ._. ^ once_RB again_RB J25 174 the_ATI direction_NN in_IN J25 175 which_WDTR something_PN is_BEZ seen_VBN to_TO move_VB might_MD J25 175 depend_VB upon_IN the_ATI ratios_NNS of_IN firing_NN J25 176 in_IN cells_NNS sensitive_JJ to_IN movement_NN in_IN different_JJ J25 176 directions_NNS ,_, and_CC after_IN J25 177 prolonged_JJ movement_NN in_IN one_CD1 direction_NN a_AT stationary_JJ J25 177 image_NN would_MD produce_VB J25 178 less_AP firing_NN in_IN the_ATI cells_NNS which_WDTR had_HVD just_RB J25 178 been_BEN stimulated_VBN than_CS normally_RB ,_, J25 179 hence_RB apparent_JJ movement_NN in_IN the_ATI opposite_JJ direction_NN J25 179 would_MD be_BE seen_VBN to_TO J25 180 occur_VB ._. J25 181 ^ this_DT explanation_NN of_IN \0FAE_NN is_BEZ based_VBN on_IN J25 181 sound_JJ physiological_JJ J25 182 evidence_NN and_CC is_BEZ so_QL simple_JJ that_CS it_PP3 seems_VBZ J25 182 highly_RB convincing_JJ ._. ^ it_PP3 does_DOZ J25 183 not_XNOT ,_, however_RB ,_, explain_VB mere_JJB displacements_NNS in_IN J25 183 apparent_JJ spatial_JJ position_NN J25 184 occurring_NN as_IN a_AT \0FAE_NN :_: for_IN this_DT phenomenon_NN ,_, J25 184 the_ATI Osgood_NP and_CC Heyer_NP J25 185 type_NN of_IN explanation_NN appears_VBZ reasonably_RB plausible_JJ ._. J25 185 ^ this_DT explanation_NN in_IN J25 186 fact_NN fits_VBZ well_RB with_IN the_ATI explanation_NN outlined_VBN J25 186 above_RI since_CS Osgood_NP and_CC J25 187 Heyer_NP argue_VB that_CS the_ATI position_NN at_IN which_WDTR a_AT J25 187 contour_NN is_BEZ seen_VBN itself_PPL J25 188 depends_VBZ upon_IN ratios_NNS of_IN firing_NN in_IN different_JJ J25 188 cells_NNS ._. J26 2 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ wondered_VBN if_CS such_ABL a_AT boy_NN requires_VBZ J26 2 inspiration_NN which_WDTR might_MD be_BE J26 3 got_VBN by_IN tactful_JJ film_NN teaching_NN in_IN the_ATI classroom_NN J26 3 ._. ^ indeed_RB it_PP3 might_MD be_BE J26 4 questioned_VBN what_WDT he_PP3A does_DOZ learn_VB at_IN school_NN ._. ^ J26 4 his_PP$ untidy_JJ ,_, dirty_JJ ,_, badly_RB J26 5 spelled_JJ and_CC careless_JJ paper_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT indicate_VB J26 5 much_AP attainment_NN ._. J26 6 ^ further_JJB information_NN about_IN viewing_NN tastes_NNS J26 6 comes_VBZ out_RP in_IN the_ATI last_AP J26 7 two_CD questions_NNS of_IN the_ATI paper_NN where_WRB the_ATI young_JJ J26 7 people_NNS were_BED asked_VBN in_IN what_WDT J26 8 way_NN they_PP3AS preferred_VBD cinema_NN to_IN television_NN and_CC J26 8 vice_RB versa_RB" ._. ^ again_RB it_PP3 J26 9 is_BEZ not_XNOT easy_JJ to_TO tabulate_VB these_DTS written_JJ J26 9 answers_NNS but_CC they_PP3AS do_DO fall_VB into_IN a_AT J26 10 fairly_RB regular_JJ pattern_NN ._. ^ unfortunately_RB 26_CD %_NNU J26 10 do_DO not_XNOT answer_VB the_ATI question_NN ._. J26 11 ^ 23_CD %_NNU merely_RB say_VB they_PP3AS do_DO not_XNOT prefer_VB J26 11 television_NN to_IN cinema_NN without_IN any_DTI J26 12 explanation_NN and_CC a_AT small_JJ number_NN 13_CD %_NNU that_CS J26 12 they_PP3AS do_DO not_XNOT prefer_VB cinema_NN to_IN J26 13 television_NN ._. ^ most_AP of_IN the_ATI reasons_NNS of_IN those_DTS J26 13 who_WPR prefer_VB the_ATI cinema_NN have_HV J26 14 already_RB been_BEN discussed_VBN *-_*- the_ATI colour_NN ,_, the_ATI J26 14 stars_NNS ,_, the_ATI choice_NN ,_, the_ATI J26 15 company_NN and_RB so_RB" on_RB" ._. ^ the_ATI television_NN J26 15 supporters_NNS have_HV other_AP reasons_NNS ._. J26 16 ^ these_DTS are_BER not_XNOT all_ABN concerned_VBN with_IN the_ATI J26 16 content_NN ._. J26 17 ^ 23_CD %_NNU ,_, almost_RB equally_RB boys_NNS and_CC girls_NNS ,_, J26 17 prefer_VB to_TO do_DO their_PP$ viewing_NN in_IN J26 18 the_ATI comfort_NN of_IN their_PP$ own_AP homes_NRS ._. ^ 10_CD %_NNU J26 18 of_IN the_ATI boys_NNS and_CC 13_CD %_NNU of_IN the_ATI girls_NNS J26 19 prefer_VB television_NN because_CS they_PP3AS do_DO not_XNOT have_HV J26 19 to_TO wait_VB in_IN a_AT queue_NN and_CC have_HV J26 20 a_AT cold_JJ journey_NN home_NR in_IN a_AT bus_NN after_IN the_ATI J26 20 show_NN ._. ^ they_PP3AS do_DO not_XNOT get_VB cold_JJ and_CC J26 21 wet_JJ and_CC *'_*' even_CS if_CS" the_ATI \0TV_NN programme_NN is_BEZ J26 21 not_XNOT so_QL good_JJ you_PP2 feel_VB better_JJR J26 22 on_IN a_AT miserable_JJ night_NN ._. **'_**' ^ 11_CD %_NNU of_IN J26 22 the_ATI young_JJ people_NNS like_VB \0TV_NN because_CS J26 23 it_PP3 is_BEZ cheaper_JJR ,_, at_RB least_RB" so_QL far_RB as_CS J26 23 they_PP3AS are_BER concerned_VBN ._. ^ they_PP3AS are_BER J26 24 pleased_JJ to_TO switch_VB it_PP3 off_RP when_WRB they_PP3AS do_DO J26 24 not_XNOT like_VB the_ATI programme_NN or_CC change_VB J26 25 to_IN the_ATI other_AP channel_NN ._. J26 26 ^ 2_CD %_NNU prefer_VB to_TO do_DO their_PP$ viewing_NN at_IN J26 26 home_NR because_CS the_ATI atmosphere_NN is_BEZ J26 27 not_XNOT so_QL smoky_JJ nor_CC so_QL stuffy_JJ ._. ^ others_APS J26 27 rising_VBG to_IN 3_CD %_NNU of_IN the_ATI 18-year-old_JJB J26 28 boys_NNS prefer_VB television_NN as_CS they_PP3AS do_DO not_XNOT J26 28 require_VB to_TO *'_*' dress_VB up_RP to_TO go_VB and_CC J26 29 see_VB it_PP3 ._. **'_**' ^ five_CD secondary_JJ 15-year-old_JJB J26 29 girls_NNS say_VB the_ATI same_AP ._. ^ a_AT J26 30 17-year-old_JJB girl_NN civil_JJ servant_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, J26 30 comments_VBZ that_CS cinema_NN *'_*' is_BEZ not_XNOT J26 31 so_QL compelling_JJ as_IN \0TV_NN and_CC being_BEG away_RP from_IN J26 31 the_ATI home_NR it_PP3 does_DOZ not_XNOT make_VB J26 32 you_PP2 lazy_JJ ._. **'_**' ^ another_DT 17-year-old_NN at_IN J26 32 secondary_JJ school_NN says_VBZ ,_, ^ *'_*' \0TV_NN J26 33 makes_VBZ you_PP2 lazy_JJ *-_*- most_AP people_NNS become_VB too_QL J26 33 lazy_JJ to_TO make_VB the_ATI effort_NN to_TO go_VB J26 34 to_IN the_ATI cinema_NN ._. **'_**' ^ another_DT 15-year-old_NN J26 34 says_VBZ ,_, ^ *'_*' my_PP$ parents_NNS know_VB the_ATI J26 35 cinema_NN is_BEZ better_JJR but_CC they_PP3AS can_MD n't_XNOT be_BE J26 35 bothered_VBN going_VBG out_RP and_CC the_ATI \0TV_NN J26 36 gives_VBZ them_PP3OS something_PN to_TO look_VB at_IN ._. **'_**' ^ J26 36 a_AT small_JJ number_NN of_IN 15/16-year-old_JJB J26 37 boys_NNS who_WPR have_HV recently_RB started_VBN work_NN say_VB that_CS J26 37 \0TV_NN is_BEZ *'_*' all_RB right_RB" J26 38 for_IN Sunday_NR when_WRB you_PP2 can_MD n't_XNOT get_VB into_IN J26 38 the_ATI pictures_NNS ._. **'_**' ^ this_DT attitude_NN J26 39 only_RB appears_VBZ with_IN a_AT small_JJ percentage_NN ,_, about_RB J26 39 1/5_CD %_NNU of_IN the_ATI boys_NNS and_CC not_XNOT J26 40 at_IN all_ABN with_IN the_ATI girls_NNS ._. J26 41 ^ other_AP reasons_NNS for_IN preferring_VBG \0TV_NN other_AP J26 41 than_IN the_ATI content_NN of_IN J26 42 the_ATI programme_NN are_BER numerous_JJ ._. ^ a_AT 16-year-old_JJB J26 42 secondary_JJ schoolgirl_NN says_VBZ ,_, J26 43 ^ *'_*' at_IN a_AT cinema_NN you_PP2 can_MD not_XNOT do_DO what_WDT J26 43 you_PP2 want_VB ,_, lie_NN on_IN the_ATI floor_NN ,_, get_VB up_RP J26 44 when_WRB you_PP2 like_VB ,_, shout_VB at_IN the_ATI people_NNS you_PP2 J26 44 do_DO n't_XNOT like_VB but_CC you_PP2 can_MD with_IN J26 45 \0TV_NN ._. **'_**' ^ this_DT freedom_NN in_IN viewing_NN is_BEZ J26 45 implied_VBN in_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN J26 46 answers_NNS ._. ^ a_AT 14-year-old_JJB girl_NN puts_VBZ it_PP3 ,_, ~ J26 46 *'_*' you_PP2 get_VB peace_NN and_CC quietness_NN J26 47 to_TO do_DO what_WDT you_PP2 like_VB ,_, **'_**' and_CC an_AT J26 47 18-year-old_JJB boy_NN gets_VBZ satisfaction_NN ,_, J26 48 ^ *'_*' you_PP2 can_MD blast_VB at_IN the_ATI stupid_JJ things_NNS J26 48 seen_VBN and_CC know_VB you_PP2 will_MD not_XNOT be_BE J26 49 put_VBN out_RP ._. **'_**' ^ a_AT 15-year-old_NN says_VBZ ,_, ^ *'_*' J26 49 there_EX is_BEZ peace_NN and_CC tranquility_NN at_IN J26 50 home_NR *-_*- you_PP2 can_MD leave_VB and_CC study_VB when_WRB J26 50 inclined_VBN ._. **'_**' ^ another_DT 15-year-old_JJB J26 51 boy_NN probably_RB explains_VBZ this_DT when_WRB he_PP3A says_VBZ J26 51 you_PP2 can_MD *'_*' turn_VB it_PP3 off_RP or_CC go_VB J26 52 and_CC do_DO something_PN else_RB without_IN feeling_VBG you_PP2 J26 52 have_HV wasted_VBN money_NN ._. **'_**' J26 53 ^ television_NN is_BEZ blamed_VBN by_IN a_AT secondary_JJ schoolboy_NN J26 53 as_CS *'_*' anti-social_JJ and_CC J26 54 leads_VBZ to_IN unfriendliness_NN ._. **'_**' ^ a_AT girl_NN of_IN J26 54 the_ATI same_AP age_NN also_RB thinks_VBZ J26 55 ._. ^ *'_*' \0TV_NN is_BEZ anti-social_JJ ._. **'_**' ^ this_DT J26 55 aspect_NN is_BEZ also_RB mentioned_VBN by_IN a_AT J26 56 number_NN of_IN others_APS who_WPR repeat_VB the_ATI objections_NNS J26 56 that_WPR have_HV often_RB been_BEN made_VBN J26 57 about_IN radio_NN controlling_VBG the_ATI home_NR ,_, when_WRB the_ATI J26 57 family_NN have_HV to_TO be_BE quiet_JJ J26 58 when_WRB one_CD1 member_NN is_BEZ listening_VBG ._. J26 59 ^ perhaps_RB the_ATI most_QL unexpected_JJ reply_NN in_IN this_DT J26 59 section_NN came_VBD from_IN a_AT J26 60 junior_JJ secondary_JJ boy_NN of_IN 15_CD ,_, ^ *'_*' our_PP$ rented_JJ J26 60 \0TV_NN was_BEDZ removed_VBN by_IN my_PP$ J26 61 request_NN six_CD weeks_NNS before_IN the_ATI exams_NNS in_IN March_NR J26 61 ._. **'_**' ^ a_AT considerable_JJ J26 62 number_NN ,_, although_CS having_HVG \0TV_NN in_IN the_ATI home_NR ,_, J26 62 *'_*' prefer_VB watching_VBG \0TV_NN J26 63 in_IN a_AT cafe_NN or_CC at_IN my_PP$ mate's_NN$ house_NN **'_**' or_CC J26 63 *'_*' in_IN the_ATI girl's_NN$ home_NR *-_*- it_PP3 is_BEZ J26 64 cosier_JJR ._. **'_**' ^ a_AP few_AP" older_JJR boys_NNS translate_VB J26 64 this_DT into_IN ,_, ^ *'_*' it_PP3 's_BEZ friendlier_JJR J26 65 seeing_VBG \0TV_NN with_IN a_AT pint_NN in_IN the_ATI pub_NN ._. J26 65 **'_**' J26 66 ^ others_APS find_VB television_NN useful_JJ as_IN background_NN J26 66 to_IN other_AP activity_NN ._. ^ a_AT J26 67 14-year-old_JJB boy_NN confesses_VBZ ,_, ^ *'_*' you_PP2 can_MD neck_VB J26 67 and_CC kiss_VB your_PP$ girl_NN in_IN peace_NN J26 68 when_WRB dad_NN and_CC mum_NN go_VB to_IN the_ATI pictures_NNS ._. J26 68 **'_**' ^ another_DT ,_, aged_JJ 15_CD ,_, finds_VBZ J26 69 *'_*' fireside_NN comfort_NN with_IN a_AT girl_NN when_WRB family_NN J26 69 is_BEZ out_RP ._. **'_**' ^ at_IN 17_CD a_AT boy_NN J26 70 claims_VBZ ,_, ^ *'_*' it_PP3 is_BEZ warmer_JJR at_IN home_NR J26 70 especially_RB if_CS you_PP2 are_BER in_RP alone_JJ with_IN J26 71 the_ATI girl_NN ._. **'_**' ^ another_DT aged_JJ 14_CD with_IN a_AT J26 71 dirty_JJ paper_NN says_VBZ ,_, ^ *'_*' I_PP1A only_RB watch_VB J26 72 \0TV_NN when_WRB my_PP$ parents_NNS have_HV gone_VBN out_RP so_CS J26 72 I_PP1A can_MD get_VB peace_NN to_TO watch_VB J26 73 \0TV_NN and_CC my_PP$ smoke_NN ._. ^ I_PP1A really_RB prefer_VB J26 73 cinema_NN so_CS that_CS" I_PP1A can_MD get_VB out_RP of_IN J26 74 the_ATI house_NN and_CC get_VB rid_VBN of_IN my_PP$ moaning_JJ J26 74 family_NN ._. **'_**' ^ although_CS they_PP3AS do_DO not_XNOT J26 75 come_VB into_IN the_ATI enquiry_NN proper_JJ it_PP3 is_BEZ J26 75 interesting_JJ that_CS two_CD 19-year-old_JJB J26 76 members_NNS of_IN a_AT boys'_NNS$ youth_NN club_NN prefer_VB \0TV_NN J26 76 because_CS *'_*' you_PP2 can_MD sit_VB J26 77 back_RP with_IN a_AT pie_NN and_CC a_AT pint_NN ._. **'_**' ^ one_CD1 J26 77 feels_VBZ sympathy_NN for_IN the_ATI 15-year-old_JJB J26 78 girl_NN who_WPR likes_VBZ \0TV_NN but_CC goes_VBZ to_IN the_ATI J26 78 cinema_NN for_IN *'_*' peace_NN and_CC quiet_NN J26 79 compared_VBN with_IN noise_NN at_IN home_NR ._. *-_*- ^ there_EX J26 79 are_BER six_CD children_NNS at_IN home_NR ._. **'_**' J26 80 ^ actual_JJ tastes_NNS in_IN television_NN viewing_NN have_HV J26 80 already_RB been_BEN discussed_VBN J26 81 in_IN the_ATI section_NN on_IN favourite_JJB \0TV_NN programmes_NNS ._. J26 81 ^ the_ATI western_NN is_BEZ J26 82 popular_JJ with_IN both_ABX sexes_NNS and_CC all_ABN ages_NNS ._. ^ J26 82 sports_NNS play_VB a_AT large_JJ part_NN in_IN J26 83 boys'_NNS$ viewing_NN ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI whole_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ J26 83 difficult_JJ to_TO know_VB who_WP chooses_VBZ the_ATI J26 84 programme_NN to_TO be_BE viewed_VBN ._. ^ two_CD secondary_JJ girls_NNS J26 84 of_IN 15_CD would_MD rather_RB go_VB to_IN J26 85 the_ATI cinema_NN to_TO see_VB what_WDT they_PP3AS like_VB ._. ^ *'_*' J26 85 you_PP2 do_DO n't_XNOT have_HV to_TO watch_VB what_WDT your_PP$ J26 86 parents_NNS want_VB ,_, \0e.g_RB boxing_NN for_IN 2_CD 1/2_CD hours_NNS J26 86 or_CC some_DTI hopeless_JJ J26 87 advertising_NN programme_NN ._. **'_**' ^ *'_*' because_CS your_PP$ J26 87 young_JJ brother_NN wants_VBZ to_TO see_VB a_AT J26 88 stupid_JJ quiz_NN programme_NN you_PP2 have_HV to_TO look_VB as_RB J26 88 well_RB" ._. **'_**' ^ boys_NNS in_IN different_JJ J26 89 schools_NNS say_VB ,_, ^ *'_*' you_PP2 do_DO n't_XNOT have_HV the_ATI J26 89 family_NN quarrelling_VBG about_IN which_WDT J26 90 channel_NN to_TO go_VB on_IN ._. **'_**' ^ two_CD others_APS say_VB ,_, J26 90 ^ *'_*' you_PP2 do_DO n't_XNOT have_HV to_TO watch_VB what_WDT J26 91 younger_JJR children_NNS want_VB or_CC what_WDT parents_NNS want_VB ._. J26 91 **'_**' J26 92 ^ a_AT number_NN of_IN 14/15-year-olds_NNS seem_VB to_TO like_VB J26 92 the_ATI serials_NNS on_IN J26 93 television_NN but_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT clear_JJ whether_CS J26 93 they_PP3AS actually_RB mean_VB plays_NNS ,_, J26 94 dramas_NNS or_CC novels_NNS too_QL long_JJ for_IN one_CD1 evening_NN J26 94 and_CC therefore_RB continued_VBN for_IN J26 95 a_AT number_NN of_IN weeks_NNS or_CC whether_CS they_PP3AS mean_VB a_AT J26 95 series_NN in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI same_AP J26 96 characters_NNS appear_VB each_DT week_NN ._. ^ *'_*' I_PP1A like_VB J26 96 to_TO be_BE kept_VBN in_IN suspense_NN with_IN J26 97 serials_NNS ,_, **'_**' has_HVZ to_TO be_BE balanced_VBN by_IN ,_, ^ J26 97 *'_*' I_PP1A just_RB long_VB to_TO know_VB what_WDT Dixon_NP J26 98 will_MD solve_VB next_AP week_NN ._. **'_**' ^ a_AT considerable_JJ J26 98 number_NN of_IN girls_NNS like_VB J26 99 television_NN dramatisation_NN of_IN novels_NNS ._. J26 100 ^ a_AP few_AP" girls_NNS mention_VB that_DT \0TV_NN occasionally_RB J26 100 gives_VBZ opera_NN and_CC J26 101 ballet_NN performances_NNS ._. ^ *'_*' I_PP1A would_MD never_RB get_VB J26 101 a_AT chance_NN of_IN seeing_VBG great_JJ J26 102 ballet_NN otherwise_RB ,_, **'_**' says_VBZ one_CD1 15-year-old_JJB J26 102 secondary_JJ girl_NN ._. ^ several_AP ,_, of_RB J26 103 course_RB" ,_, include_VB ballet_NN and_CC opera_NN among_IN the_ATI J26 103 types_NNS of_IN film_NN they_PP3AS would_MD J26 104 like_VB to_TO see_VB in_IN the_ATI cinema_NN ._. ^ some_DTI add_VB J26 104 to_IN this_DT *'_*' but_CC of_RB course_RB" the_ATI J26 105 public_NN would_MD not_XNOT go_VB ._. **'_**' ^ television_NN music_NN J26 105 comes_VBZ in_RP for_IN considerable_JJ J26 106 praise_NN and_CC some_DTI of_IN the_ATI musical_JJ settings_NNS are_BER J26 106 admired_VBN ._. ^ *'_*' \0TV_NN music_NN J26 107 interludes_NNS and_CC background_NN music_NN are_BER more_QL J26 107 enjoyable_JJ than_IN that_DT heard_VBN in_IN J26 108 the_ATI cinema_NN ._. **'_**' ^ *'_*' settings_NNS for_IN \0B.B.C_NP J26 108 celebrity_NN recitals_NNS help_VB J26 109 you_PP2 to_TO understand_VB it_PP3 better_RBR ._. **'_**' J26 110 ^ the_ATI commonest_JJT favourable_JJ criticism_NN of_IN J26 110 television_NN is_BEZ that_CS it_PP3 J26 111 provides_VBZ so_QL many_AP programmes_NNS of_IN an_AT educational_JJ J26 111 and_CC instructional_JJ J26 112 nature_NN ._. ^ *'_*' I_PP1A like_VB to_TO see_VB how_WRB things_NNS J26 112 are_BER made_VBN ,_, **'_**' says_VBZ a_AT 15-year-old_JJB J26 113 boy_NN ._. ^ several_AP secondary_JJ schoolgirls_NNS comment_VB that_DT J26 113 panorama_NN and_CC such_ABL J26 114 programmes_NNS help_VB them_PP3OS to_TO *'_*' understand_VB some_DTI J26 114 of_IN the_ATI things_NNS we_PP1AS hear_VB about_IN J26 115 at_IN school_NN ._. **'_**' ^ news_NN programmes_NNS are_BER popular_JJ J26 115 ._. ^ indeed_RB it_PP3 seems_VBZ that_CS some_DTI J26 116 boys_NNS make_VB the_ATI news_NN broadcast_NN a_AT break_NN in_IN J26 116 their_PP$ homework_NN ._. ^ an_AT J26 117 18-year-old_JJB shorthand_NN typist_NN likes_VBZ newsreels_NNS ._. ^ J26 117 *'_*' I_PP1A would_MD show_VB J26 118 newsreels_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI decision_NN banning_VBG the_ATI newsreel_NN J26 118 in_IN the_ATI cinema_NN is_BEZ from_IN my_PP$ J26 119 point_NN of_IN view_NN absolutely_RB wrong_JJ ._. ^ many_AP people_NNS J26 119 depended_VBD on_IN it_PP3 ._. **'_**' ^ *'_*' it_PP3 J26 120 is_BEZ marvellous_JJ seeing_VBG and_CC hearing_VBG from_IN famous_JJ J26 120 people_NNS what_WDT you_PP2 would_MD n't_XNOT J26 121 know_VB anything_PN about_IN if_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ n't_XNOT for_IN J26 121 \0TV_NN ,_, **'_**' says_VBZ a_AT 17-year-old_JJB J26 122 student_NN ._. ^ the_ATI immediacy_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ usually_RB J26 122 claimed_VBN for_IN \0TV_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT J26 123 seem_VB to_TO be_BE a_AT point_NN in_IN its_PP$ favour_NN for_IN J26 123 young_JJ people_NNS except_CS with_IN sports_NNS J26 124 programmes_NNS ._. J26 125 ^ a_AT girl_NN civil_JJ servant_NN of_IN 17_CD likes_VBZ \0TV_NN J26 125 for_IN showing_VBG *'_*' older_JJR J26 126 films_NNS that_CS we_PP1AS would_MD like_VB to_TO see_VB but_CC J26 126 were_BED in_IN circulation_NN when_WRB we_PP1AS were_BED J26 127 too_QL young_JJ to_TO appreciate_VB them_PP3OS ._. **'_**' ^ the_ATI J26 127 nature_NN programmes_NNS of_IN \0TV_NN J26 128 like_IN look_VB ,_, zoo_NN quest_NN ,_, safari_NN ,_, \0etc_RB ,_, J26 128 all_ABN have_HV those_DTS who_WPR like_VB them_PP3OS J26 129 and_CC look_VB forward_RB to_IN them_PP3OS ._. ^ *'_*' what_WDT a_AT J26 129 pity_NN the_ATI nature_NN programmes_NNS can_MD not_XNOT J26 130 be_BE in_IN colour_NN ._. ^ the_ATI commentator_NN speaks_VBZ of_IN J26 130 the_ATI beautiful_JJ reds_NNS and_CC greens_NNS J26 131 but_CC we_PP1AS just_RB see_VB black_NN and_CC white_NN and_CC grey_NN J26 131 ._. **'_**' ^ for_IN this_DT reason_NN we_PP1AS find_VB J26 132 a_AT considerable_JJ number_NN preferring_VBG the_ATI Disney_NP J26 132 series_NN of_IN nature_NN films_NNS and_CC J26 133 asking_VBG for_IN more_AP ._. ^ another_DT section_NN of_IN the_ATI J26 133 young_JJ people_NNS like_VB the_ATI dancing_NN J26 134 programmes_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI white_JJ heather_NN club_NN receives_VBZ J26 134 more_AP votes_NNS than_IN the_ATI J26 135 kilt_NN is_BEZ my_PP$ delight_NN and_CC the_ATI more_QL formal_JJ J26 135 country_NN dance_NN items_NNS ._. J26 136 ^ rock'n'roll_NN programmes_NNS have_HV a_AT good_JJ following_NN of_IN J26 136 the_ATI younger_JJR J26 137 age_NN groups_NNS and_CC the_ATI various_JJ stars_NNS who_WPR have_HV J26 137 programmes_NNS receive_VB votes_NNS ._. J26 138 ^ Tony_NP Hancock_NP is_BEZ the_ATI most_QL popular_JJ and_CC J26 138 Terry-Thomas_NP the_ATI least_QL ._. J26 139 ^ magicians_NNS and_CC illusionists_NNS seem_VB to_TO intrigue_VB J26 139 but_CC some_DTI of_IN the_ATI variety_NN J26 140 acts_NNS are_BER described_VBN as_CS *'_*' corny_JJ ._. **'_**' ^ J26 140 plays_NNS are_BER more_QL popular_JJ with_IN girls_NNS J26 141 than_CS with_IN boys_NNS ._. J26 142 ^ 4_CD ._. ^ summary_NN and_CC conclusion_NN ._. J26 143 ^ the_ATI tastes_NNS of_IN adolescents_NNS seem_VB to_TO be_BE J26 143 affected_VBN by_IN their_PP$ J26 144 intelligence_NN and_CC their_PP$ school_NN education_NN ._. ^ there_EX J26 144 would_MD appear_VB to_TO be_BE J26 145 great_JJ opportunity_NN for_IN teachers_NNS and_CC others_APS to_TO J26 145 inspire_VB their_PP$ young_JJ J26 146 charges_NNS in_IN the_ATI junior_JJ secondary_JJ school_NN and_CC in_IN J26 146 further_JJB education_NN J26 147 establishments_NNS to_TO appreciate_VB what_WDT they_PP3AS see_VB at_IN J26 147 the_ATI cinema_NN or_CC on_IN the_ATI J26 148 television_NN screen_NN ._. ^ there_EX seems_VBZ also_RB a_AT need_NN J26 148 for_IN such_ABL inspiration_NN in_IN J26 149 youth_NN organisations_NNS of_IN all_ABN types_NNS ,_, not_XNOT J26 149 excluding_VBG those_DTS which_WDTR have_HV some_DTI J26 150 form_NN of_IN religious_JJ background_NN ._. ^ although_CS the_ATI J26 150 need_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT so_QL evident_JJ in_IN J26 151 the_ATI case_NN of_IN children_NNS attending_VBG senior_JJ secondary_JJ J26 151 schools_NNS whose_WP$R parents_NNS J26 152 appear_VB to_IN a_AT greater_JJR extent_NN to_TO influence_VB their_PP$ J26 152 choice_NN of_IN cinema_NN and_CC J26 153 television_NN programme_NN ,_, nevertheless_RB inspiration_NN in_IN J26 153 the_ATI best_JJT types_NNS of_IN J26 154 visual_JJ material_NN is_BEZ just_RB as_QL necessary_JJ as_IN J26 154 instruction_NN in_IN literary_JJ ,_, art_NN J26 155 and_CC musical_JJ appreciation_NN ._. J26 156 ^ the_ATI majority_NN still_RB look_VB at_IN films_NNS and_CC J26 156 television_NN for_IN J26 157 entertainment_NN ._. ^ they_PP3AS seek_VB to_TO enjoy_VB J26 157 themselves_PPLS ._. ^ family_NN pictures_NNS are_BER J26 158 required_VBN ,_, appealing_VBG to_IN the_ATI higher_JJR instincts_NNS J26 158 of_IN the_ATI young_JJ people_NNS ._. ^ too_QL J26 159 many_AP existing_JJ films_NNS are_BER condemned_VBN by_IN the_ATI J26 159 young_JJ people_NNS themselves_PPLS for_IN J26 160 their_PP$ appeal_NN to_IN the_ATI baser_JJR nature_NN of_IN man_NN J26 160 and_CC the_ATI makers_NNS and_CC exhibitors_NNS J26 161 are_BER criticised_VBN for_IN handling_VBG them_PP3OS ._. J26 162 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ clear_JJ that_CS the_ATI enormous_JJ sums_NNS of_IN J26 162 money_NN spent_VBN on_IN advertising_VBG J26 163 films_NNS and_CC their_PP$ stars_NNS influence_VB many_AP young_JJ J26 163 people_NNS in_IN their_PP$ choice_NN of_IN J26 164 picture_NN ,_, but_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ encouraging_JJ that_CS the_ATI J26 164 young_JJ people_NNS are_BER not_XNOT much_RB J26 165 influenced_VBN by_IN the_ATI films_NNS or_CC by_IN the_ATI J26 165 advertisements_NNS to_TO lead_VB a_AT life_NN other_AP J26 166 than_IN that_DT which_WDTR happens_VBZ to_TO be_BE theirs_PP$$ ._. J26 167 ^ a_AT problem_NN exists_VBZ for_IN the_ATI censor_NN in_IN J26 167 looking_VBG after_IN the_ATI morals_NNS of_IN J26 168 the_ATI adolescents_NNS ._. ^ an_AT *'_*' X_ZZ **'_**' certificate_NN J26 168 assures_VBZ a_AT good_JJ house_NN ,_, J26 169 according_IN to_IN" the_ATI young_JJ people_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J26 169 majority_NN look_VB at_IN the_ATI category_NN of_IN a_AT J26 170 film_NN before_IN attending_VBG the_ATI cinema_NN (_( table_NN 5_CD )_) J26 170 ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ a_AT matter_NN for_IN J26 171 serious_JJ examination_NN how_WRB so_QL many_AP under-age_JJ are_BER J26 171 able_JJ to_TO see_VB *'_*' X_ZZ J26 172 **'_**' films_NNS ._. ^ perhaps_RB the_ATI regulations_NNS are_BER J26 172 not_XNOT strict_JJ enough_QLP :_: perhaps_RB they_PP3AS J26 173 are_BER too_QL difficult_JJ to_TO implement_VB ._. ^ perhaps_RB too_QL J26 173 many_AP cinemas_NNS in_IN a_AT city_NN J26 174 are_BER showing_VBG too_QL many_AP *'_*' X_ZZ **'_**' films_NNS :_: J26 174 perhaps_RB the_ATI film_NN makers_NNS are_BER failing_VBG J26 175 to_TO produce_VB universally_RB suitable_JJ films_NNS in_IN the_ATI J26 175 numbers_NNS required_VBN for_IN the_ATI J26 176 existing_JJ houses_NNS ._. J26 177 ^ the_ATI cinema_NN is_BEZ still_RB a_AT popular_JJ place_NN of_IN J26 177 entertainment_NN for_IN J26 178 adolescents_NNS ._. ^ about_RB the_ATI same_AP number_NN attend_VB J26 178 once_RB per_IN week_NN as_CS attended_VBD J26 179 thirty_CD years_NNS ago_RB ,_, although_CS fewer_AP attend_VB J26 179 oftener_RBR (_( table_NN 4_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI star_NN J26 180 and_CC the_ATI type_NN of_IN film_NN are_BER the_ATI principal_JJB J26 180 attractions_NNS for_IN attending_VBG the_ATI J26 181 cinema_NN in_IN 1960_CD (_( table_NN 6_CD )_) ._. ^ information_NN J26 181 about_IN the_ATI films_NNS is_BEZ obtained_VBN J26 182 more_RBR from_IN newspaper_NN reports_NNS than_CS from_IN film_NN J26 182 magazines_NNS (_( tables_NNS 7_CD and_CC J26 183 8_CD )_) although_CS nearly_RB half_ABN the_ATI adolescents_NNS do_DO J26 183 not_XNOT bother_VB about_IN either_DTX ._. J26 184 ^ comedy_NN films_NNS are_BER most_QL popular_JJ at_IN all_ABN J26 184 ages_NNS with_IN crime_NN and_CC J26 185 detection_NN films_NNS in_IN second_OD place_NN (_( table_NN 10_CD )_) J26 185 ._. J27 2 ^ small_JJ shops_NNS supply_VB all_ABN the_ATI staple_NN foods_NNS ,_, J27 2 and_CC general_JJ stores_NNS offer_VB a_AT J27 3 variety_NN of_IN household_NN goods_NNS ._. ^ cheap_JJ clothing_NN J27 3 and_CC furniture_NN stores_NNS J27 4 advertise_VB goods_NNS on_IN the_ATI instalment_NN plan_NN ,_, and_CC J27 4 here_RN also_RB numerous_JJ shops_NNS J27 5 devoted_VBN to_IN repairs_NNS and_CC to_IN the_ATI sale_NN of_IN J27 5 second-hand_JJB articles_NNS are_BER to_TO be_BE J27 6 found_VBN ._. ^ this_DT area_NN has_HVZ some_DTI of_IN the_ATI J27 6 oldest_JJT and_CC lowest_JJT buildings_NNS in_IN the_ATI J27 7 parish_NN ,_, and_CC one_CD1 cheap_JJ cinema_NN ._. ^ its_PP$ J27 7 north-easterly_JJ tip_NN abuts_VBZ on_IN the_ATI J27 8 market_NN of_IN San_NP Ildefonso_NP whose_WP$R parish_NN was_BEDZ J27 8 once_RB an_AT annexe_NN of_IN San_NP J27 9 Marti*?2n_NP ,_, and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ full_JJ of_IN busy_JJ taverns_NNS J27 9 ._. J27 10 ^ 4_CD ._. ^ Fuencarral_NP :_: forms_VBZ part_NN of_IN the_ATI J27 10 municipal_JJ quarters_NNS of_IN J27 11 Mun*?4oz_NP Torrero_NP ,_, San_NP Luis_NP ,_, Jardines_NP and_CC J27 11 Carmen_NP ._. ^ a_AT predominant_JJ J27 12 business_NN and_CC commercial_JJ activity_NN marks_VBZ this_DT area_NN J27 12 of_IN banks_NNS ,_, offices_NNS ,_, J27 13 the_ATI central_JJ telephone_NN exchange_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI type_NN J27 13 of_IN shop_NN which_WDTR deals_VBZ in_IN J27 14 manufactured_JJ goods_NNS such_IN as_IN" radios_NNS ,_, typewriters_NNS J27 14 ,_, office-equipment_NN and_CC J27 15 shoes_NNS ._. ^ dozens_CDS of_IN tailors_NNS squat_VB over_IN their_PP$ J27 15 sewing_NN in_IN the_ATI upper_JJB storeys_NNS J27 16 of_IN old_JJ buildings_NNS and_CC the_ATI side_NN streets_NNS are_BER J27 16 studded_VBN with_IN craftsmen's_NNS$ J27 17 workshops_NNS and_CC the_ATI comfortable_JJ family_NN type_NN of_IN J27 17 restaurant_NN ,_, notable_JJ for_IN J27 18 its_PP$ kitchen_NN rather_RB than_IN its_PP$ prices_NNS ._. J27 19 ^ 5_CD ._. ^ Luna_NP *-_*- Desengan*?4o_NP :_: belongs_VBZ in_IN J27 19 parts_NNS to_IN the_ATI municipal_JJ J27 20 quarters_NNS of_IN Estrella_NP ,_, Mun*?4oz_NP Torrero_NP and_CC San_NP J27 20 Luis_NP ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ the_ATI J27 21 least_QL definable_JJ area_NN of_IN all_ABN since_CS its_PP$ limits_NNS J27 21 link_VB up_RP and_CC merge_VB with_IN J27 22 all_ABN others_APS ._. ^ most_AP of_IN its_PP$ buildings_NNS are_BER J27 22 residential_JJ ,_, but_CC the_ATI four_CD J27 23 churches_NNS it_PP3 contains_VBZ also_RB make_VB it_PP3 the_ATI J27 23 centre_NN of_IN ecclesiastical_JJ J27 24 influence_NN ._. J27 25 ^ the_ATI population_NN of_IN Madrid_NP has_HVZ trebled_VBN in_IN J27 25 the_ATI last_AP fifty_CD years_NNS and_CC J27 26 continues_VBZ to_TO grow_VB in_IN an_AT increasing_JJ proportion_NN ;_; J27 26 in_IN 1958_CD it_PP3 was_BEDZ J27 27 estimated_VBN at_IN 1,887,000_CD ._. ^ this_DT rise_NN owes_VBZ much_AP J27 27 to_IN migration_NN from_IN the_ATI J27 28 country_NN districts_NNS ,_, especially_RB those_DTS of_IN the_ATI J27 28 south_NR because_IN of_IN" the_ATI fall_NN J27 29 in_IN real_JJ wages_NNS ._. ^ even_RB in_IN Madrid's_NP$ own_AP J27 29 province_NN the_ATI gain_NN at_IN the_ATI expense_NN J27 30 of_IN the_ATI country_NN areas_NNS was_BEDZ nearly_RB 2,000_CD in_IN J27 30 1956_CD ._. ^ within_IN the_ATI city_NN J27 31 itself_PPL ,_, the_ATI birth_NN rate_NN has_HVZ dropped_VBN by_IN J27 31 almost_RB one-third_CD over_IN the_ATI same_AP J27 32 fifty_CD years_NNS and_CC ,_, as_CS in_IN all_ABN the_ATI primate_NN J27 32 cities_NNS ,_, was_BEDZ below_IN the_ATI average_NN J27 33 of_IN 23.43_CD per_IN 1000_CD inhabitants_NNS in_IN 1953_CD ._. ^ J27 33 urbanization_NN in_IN Spain_NP J27 34 generally_RB is_BEZ distinctly_RB correlated_VBN with_IN a_AT fall_NN J27 34 in_IN reproductive_JJ rates_NNS ._. J27 35 ^ in_IN San_NP Marti*?2n_NP the_ATI parish_NN church_NN declares_VBZ J27 35 that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ in_IN contact_NN J27 36 with_IN some_DTI 5,000_CD homes_NRS ,_, but_CC admits_VBZ that_CS J27 36 the_ATI total_JJ population_NN of_IN the_ATI J27 37 parish_NN fluctuates_VBZ between_IN 25,000_CD and_CC 30,000_CD ._. ^ J27 37 as_CS the_ATI average_JJ size_NN J27 38 family_NN is_BEZ four_CD or_CC five_CD ,_, the_ATI overflow_NN is_BEZ J27 38 taken_VBN up_RP by_IN approximately_RB J27 39 fifty_CD hotels_NNS and_CC 150_CD pensiones_&FW (_( boarding_NN J27 39 houses_NNS )_) ._. ^ density_NN J27 40 figures_NNS of_IN 847_CD (_( 12_CD square_JJ metres_NNS per_IN J27 40 inhabitant_NN )_) show_VB that_CS the_ATI housing_NN J27 41 problem_NN is_BEZ acute_JJ ,_, and_CC San_NP Marti*?2n_NP is_BEZ ,_, J27 41 in_IN fact_NN ,_, expanding_VBG upwards_RB in_IN J27 42 the_ATI form_NN of_IN higher_JJR buildings_NNS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J27 42 narrow_JJ back_JJB streets_NNS one_CD1 commonly_RB J27 43 finds_VBZ old_JJ houses_NNS whose_WP$R bulging_JJ walls_NNS have_HV J27 43 been_BEN shored_VBN up_RP by_IN heavy_JJ J27 44 timbers_NNS ,_, often_RB stretching_VBG beyond_IN the_ATI pavement_NN J27 44 on_RP to_IN the_ATI road_NN surface_NN ._. J27 45 ^ when_WRB these_DTS finally_RB topple_VB the_ATI landlord_NN is_BEZ J27 45 only_RB too_QL pleased_JJ ,_, for_CS the_ATI J27 46 rents_NNS of_IN pre-civil_JJB war_NN tenants_NNS have_HV been_BEN J27 46 controlled_VBN and_CC tenancy_NN J27 47 secured_VBN ._. ^ although_CS he_PP3A must_MD find_VB alternative_JJ J27 47 accommodation_NN for_IN his_PP$ old_JJ J27 48 tenants_NNS it_PP3 need_MD not_XNOT be_BE in_IN the_ATI same_AP area_NN J27 48 ;_; the_ATI loftier_JJR the_ATI new_JJ building_NN ,_, J27 49 the_ATI higher_JJR the_ATI new_JJ rents_NNS ,_, so_CS that_CS" the_ATI J27 49 previous_JJ occupier_NN often_RB has_HVZ to_TO J27 50 move_VB out_RP of_IN the_ATI parish_NN ._. ^ thus_RB ,_, the_ATI J27 50 demographic_JJ changes_NNS induced_VBN by_IN the_ATI J27 51 double_JJ decline_NN in_IN births_NNS and_CC deaths_NNS are_BER J27 51 linked_VBN to_IN an_AT increasingly_RB J27 52 rapid_JJ change_NN in_IN the_ATI composition_NN of_IN the_ATI parish_NN J27 52 population_NN ._. ^ money_NN is_BEZ J27 53 ruthlessly_RB finding_VBG its_PP$ own_AP level_NN in_IN housing_NN ,_, J27 53 and_CC as_CS the_ATI wave_NN of_IN wealth_NN J27 54 sweeps_VBZ from_IN the_ATI Gran_NP Vi*?2a_NP to_TO trickle_VB away_RP J27 54 into_IN insignificance_NN in_IN the_ATI J27 55 poorer_JJR areas_NNS of_IN Pez_NP ,_, so_CS those_DTS who_WPR can_MD J27 55 not_XNOT enter_VB the_ATI economic_JJ swim_NN are_BER J27 56 driven_VBN farther_RBR away_RP from_IN the_ATI centre_NN of_IN the_ATI J27 56 city_NN and_CC their_PP$ traditional_JJ J27 57 parish_NN ._. ^ two_CD of_IN the_ATI highest_JJT buildings_NNS in_IN J27 57 Europe_NP now_RN tower_VB over_IN the_ATI J27 58 parish_NN from_IN the_ATI Gran_NP Vi*?2a_NP area_NN ._. ^ these_DTS J27 58 skyscrapers_NNS ,_, full_JJ of_IN offices_NNS ,_, J27 59 flats_NNS and_CC hotels_NNS ,_, are_BER also_RB a_AT home_NR from_IN J27 59 home_NR for_IN Americans_NNPS who_WPR J27 60 administer_VB their_PP$ military_JJ bases_NNS in_IN Spain_NP under_IN J27 60 the_ATI pact_NN of_IN 1952_CD ;_; they_PP3AS J27 61 supply_VB much_AP employment_NN to_IN the_ATI local_JJ parishioners_NNS J27 61 ._. ^ the_ATI new_JJ pattern_NN J27 62 evolving_VBG ,_, therefore_RB ,_, may_MD roughly_RB be_BE explained_VBN J27 62 in_IN terms_NNS of_IN a_AT J27 63 correlation_NN between_IN the_ATI height_NN of_IN the_ATI building_NN J27 63 and_CC the_ATI income_NN group_NN J27 64 and_CC the_ATI degree_NN of_IN density_NN of_IN population_NN in_IN J27 64 the_ATI parish_NN ._. ^ the_ATI two_CD J27 65 opposing_JJ poles_NNS of_IN this_DT correlation_NN are_BER the_ATI J27 65 Gran_NP Vi*?2a_NP and_CC Pez_NP areas_NNS ,_, J27 66 ten_CD minutes'_NNS$ stroll_NN apart_RP ._. J27 67 ^ there_EX are_BER no_ATI detached_JJ or_CC semi-detached_JJ J27 67 houses_NNS in_IN this_DT built-up_JJB J27 68 parish_NN ;_; and_CC no_ATI front_JJB or_CC back_JJB gardens_NNS ._. ^ J27 68 buildings_NNS form_VB part_NN of_IN blocks_NNS J27 69 whose_WP$R rear_NN may_MD overlook_VB communal_JJ courts_NNS ._. ^ J27 69 these_DTS are_BER either_DTX mere_JJB wells_NNS J27 70 criss-crossed_VBN with_IN washing-lines_NNS from_IN window_NN to_IN J27 70 window_NN ,_, or_CC more_QL J27 71 spacious_JJ ones_CD1S used_VBN for_IN commercial_JJ purposes_NNS ,_, J27 71 such_IN as_IN" scrap-iron_JJB storage_NN J27 72 yards_NNS ._. ^ a_AT sense_NN of_IN neighbourhood_NN is_BEZ ,_, J27 72 therefore_RB ,_, enforced_VBN by_IN the_ATI number_NN J27 73 of_IN families_NNS crammed_VBN together_RB in_IN one_CD1 building_NN J27 73 whose_WP$R ground-floor_JJB tenant_NN J27 74 usually_RB acts_VBZ as_IN porter_NN and_CC general_JJ informant_NN ._. J27 75 ^ a_AT certain_JJ privacy_NN is_BEZ ensured_VBN for_IN J27 75 households_NNS who_WPR have_HV separate_JJ J27 76 access_NN to_IN common_JJ landings_NNS or_CC to_IN a_AT staircase_NN J27 76 ,_, but_CC the_ATI entrance_NN is_BEZ J27 77 invariably_RB overlooked_VBN by_IN a_AT porter's_NN$ window_NN ._. ^ J27 77 yet_RB this_DT modicum_NN of_IN J27 78 privacy_NN is_BEZ being_BEG invaded_VBN by_IN the_ATI increasing_JJ J27 78 clamour_NN for_IN accommodation_NN ._. J27 79 ^ more_AP and_CC more_AP *'_*' apartments_NNS **'_**' are_BER being_BEG J27 79 created_VBN out_RP of_IN old_JJ reception_NN J27 80 rooms_NNS or_CC spare_JJ bedrooms_NNS ._. ^ humorists_NNS publish_VB J27 80 exaggerated_JJ cartoons_NNS in_IN J27 81 which_WDTR even_RB a_AT large_JJ wardrobe_NN or_CC piano_NN have_HV J27 81 been_BEN sub-let_VBN to_IN the_ATI J27 82 desperate_JJ homeless_JJ ._. ^ few_AP families_NNS are_BER owners_NNS J27 82 of_IN the_ATI houses_NNS they_PP3AS live_VB J27 83 in_IN ,_, but_CC many_AP more_AP have_HV a_AT long-term_JJB lease_NN J27 83 of_IN the_ATI floor_NN on_IN which_WDTR they_PP3AS J27 84 reside_VB ._. ^ some_DTI of_IN the_ATI ancient_JJ three-storeyed_JJ J27 84 mansions_NNS ,_, now_RN converted_VBN J27 85 into_IN flats_NNS ,_, have_HV separate_JJ entrances_NNS and_CC J27 85 staircases_NNS for_IN the_ATI use_NN of_IN J27 86 owner_NN and_CC tenants_NNS ._. J27 87 ^ four-storeyed_JJ buildings_NNS of_IN grey_JJ stone_NN ,_, with_IN J27 87 attics_NNS jutting_VBG out_RP of_IN J27 88 red-tiled_JJ roofs_NNS ,_, and_CC railed_JJ balconies_NNS at_IN the_ATI J27 88 French_JNP windows_NNS of_IN each_DT J27 89 floor_NN ,_, are_BER still_RB the_ATI most_QL common_JJ in_IN the_ATI J27 89 residential_JJ areas_NNS ._. ^ some_DTI of_IN J27 90 the_ATI tenement-houses_NNS have_HV roof-terraces_NNS ,_, access_NN J27 90 to_IN which_WDTR is_BEZ usually_RB a_AT J27 91 bone_NN of_IN contention_NN ._. ^ only_RB the_ATI more_QL modern_JJ J27 91 and_CC higher_JJR buildings_NNS have_HV J27 92 central_JJ heating_NN and_CC originally-planned_JJB bathrooms_NNS ._. ^ J27 92 on_IN the_ATI hot_JJ summer_NN J27 93 nights_NNS the_ATI side_NN streets_NNS are_BER full_JJ of_IN the_ATI J27 93 chairs_NNS and_CC stools_NNS of_IN family_NN J27 94 groups_NNS until_IN the_ATI cool_JJ breezes_NNS of_IN early_JJ J27 94 morning_NN ._. ^ for_IN the_ATI privilege_NN of_IN J27 95 living_VBG in_IN this_DT parish_NN a_AT working-class_JJ father_NN J27 95 in_IN the_ATI older_JJR houses_NNS may_MD J27 96 pay_VB as_QL little_AP as_IN the_ATI equivalent_NN of_IN one_CD1 J27 96 United_NP States_NP dollar_NN a_AT month_NN *-_*- J27 97 a_AT controlled_JJ rent_NN ;_; but_CC this_DT is_BEZ probably_RB a_AT J27 97 sixteenth_NN of_IN his_PP$ weekly_JJ J27 98 income_NN ._. ^ rents_NNS which_WDTR are_BER uncontrolled_JJ may_MD J27 98 be_BE as_QL high_JJ as_IN 2,000_CD pesetas_NNS J27 99 a_AT month_NN or_CC more_AP ._. J27 100 ^ the_ATI sanctity_NN of_IN the_ATI home_NR throughout_IN Spain_NP J27 100 has_HVZ never_RB encouraged_VBD J27 101 the_ATI casual_JJ Anglo-Saxon_JNP habit_NN of_IN *'_*' dropping-in_VBG J27 101 **'_**' for_IN unexpected_JJ J27 102 visits_NNS ._. ^ for_IN a_AT family_NN of_IN six_CD ,_, cramped_VBN J27 102 in_IN four_CD rooms_NNS in_IN Madrid_NP ,_, the_ATI J27 103 enforced_JJ proximity_NN of_IN the_ATI neighbours_NNS scarcely_RB J27 103 permits_VBZ the_ATI degree_NN of_IN J27 104 self-imposed_JJ isolation_NN which_WDTR it_PP3 would_MD obviously_RB J27 104 prefer_VB ._. ^ even_CS if_CS" it_PP3 J27 105 could_MD get_VB on_IN the_ATI depressingly-long_JJB waiting_NN J27 105 lists_NNS of_IN the_ATI state_NN ,_, J27 106 syndicate_NN or_CC church_NN housing_VBG projects_NNS in_IN the_ATI J27 106 suburbs_NNS ,_, a_AT typical_JJ family_NN J27 107 would_MD be_BE reluctant_JJ to_TO move_VB from_IN the_ATI familiar_JJ J27 107 parish_NN area_NN ;_; meanwhile_RB it_PP3 J27 108 regards_VBZ with_IN a_AT resigned_JJ surprise_NN the_ATI restoration_NN J27 108 of_IN ancient_JJ castles_NNS ,_, J27 109 and_CC derives_VBZ a_AT mocking_JJ pleasure_NN from_IN the_ATI J27 109 splendidly_RB unfinished_JJ J27 110 ministries_NNS and_CC monuments_NNS begun_VBN by_IN a_AT J27 110 display-minded_JJ regime_NN ._. J27 111 ^ the_ATI feeling_NN of_IN belonging_VBG to_IN the_ATI parish_NN J27 111 as_IN an_AT ecclesiastical_JJ unit_NN J27 112 consists_VBZ in_IN being_BEG a_AT feligre*?2s_&FW *-_*- a_AT J27 112 parishioner_NN inscribed_VBN in_IN the_ATI J27 113 parish_NN register_NN ._. ^ this_DT entitles_VBZ him_PP3O to_TO take_VB J27 113 advantage_NN of_IN the_ATI essential_JJ J27 114 sacraments_NNS of_IN baptism_NN ,_, marriage_NN and_CC extreme_JJ J27 114 unction_NN ,_, and_CC of_IN the_ATI J27 115 religious_JJ associations_NNS ,_, charities_NNS and_CC their_PP$ J27 115 services_NNS ._. ^ official_JJ status_NN J27 116 as_IN a_AT vecino_&FW in_IN the_ATI district_NN is_BEZ acquired_VBN J27 116 by_IN a_AT minimum_NN of_IN six_CD J27 117 month's_NN$ residence_NN for_IN all_ABN Spaniards_NNPS of_IN 21_CD J27 117 or_CC more_AP ,_, or_CC for_IN those_DTS of_IN 18_CD J27 118 or_CC above_RI who_WPR are_BER legally_RB living_VBG apart_RP from_IN J27 118 their_PP$ parents_NNS and_CC are_BER J27 119 inscribed_VBN in_IN the_ATI electoral_JJ census_NN as_IN heads_NNS J27 119 of_IN households_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J27 120 municipal_JJ Padro*?2n_&FW is_BEZ the_ATI civil_JJ register_NN of_IN J27 120 those_DTS liable_JJ to_TO pay_VB J27 121 taxes_NNS within_IN the_ATI Centro_NP district_NN ._. ^ all_ABN J27 121 those_DTS listed_VBN therein_RB are_BER J27 122 required_VBN to_TO carry_VB an_AT identity_NN card_NN with_IN J27 122 photograph_NN and_CC ,_, if_CS qualified_VBN J27 123 for_IN social_JJ insurance_NN benefits_NNS ,_, to_TO acquire_VB on_IN J27 123 marrying_VBG a_AT family_NN book_NN J27 124 from_IN the_ATI so-called_JJB ministry_NN of_IN grace_NN and_CC J27 124 justice_NN ._. J27 125 ^ the_ATI difference_NN between_IN membership_NN of_IN the_ATI J27 125 ecclesiastical_JJ and_CC civil_JJ J27 126 units_NNS can_MD not_XNOT be_BE considered_VBN wholly_RB in_IN J27 126 terms_NNS of_IN the_ATI voluntary_JJ and_CC the_ATI J27 127 compulsory_JJ ._. ^ except_IN for_IN" an_AT insignificant_JJ J27 127 percentage_NN of_IN protestants_NNS ,_, J27 128 there_EX is_BEZ religious_JJ conformity_NN within_IN the_ATI parish_NN J27 128 ,_, and_CC social_JJ and_CC J27 129 religious_JJ obligations_NNS often_RB dovetail_VB ;_; for_IN J27 129 religion_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT yet_RB merely_RB a_AT J27 130 personal_JJ affair_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI parish_NN still_RB exerts_VBZ J27 130 certain_JJ controls_NNS ._. ^ these_DTS J27 131 will_MD be_BE discussed_VBN in_IN the_ATI next_AP chapter_NN ,_, J27 131 where_WRB an_AT examination_NN of_IN the_ATI J27 132 political_JJ structure_NN of_IN both_ABX church_NN and_CC state_NN J27 132 will_MD reveal_VB the_ATI authority_NN J27 133 and_CC influence_NN each_DT wields_VBZ ._. J27 134 ^ the_ATI aim_NN of_IN this_DT chapter_NN has_HVZ been_BEN to_TO J27 134 paint_VB the_ATI background_NN and_CC J27 135 landscape_NN of_IN the_ATI Madrid_NP picture_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J27 135 subsequent_JJ pattern_NN that_WPR will_MD J27 136 emerge_VB will_MD not_XNOT be_BE the_ATI comparatively_RB regular_JJ J27 136 one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI pueblo_NN but_CC ,_, J27 137 rather_RB ,_, a_AT jigsaw_NN of_IN interlocking_JJ social_JJ J27 137 relationships_NNS which_WDTR merge_VB J27 138 their_PP$ various_JJ forms_NNS and_CC colours_NNS ._. J27 139 ^ 2_CD ._. J27 140 ^ the_ATI authorities_NNS and_CC the_ATI world_NN around_RP ._. J27 141 ^ an_AT authoritarian_JJ triad_NN composed_VBN of_IN mayor_NN ,_, J27 141 police_NNS and_CC priest_NN ,_, J27 142 similar_JJ to_IN that_WPR found_VBN in_IN the_ATI village_NN ,_, J27 142 exists_VBZ in_IN the_ATI city_NN but_CC in_IN a_AT more_QL J27 143 impersonal_JJ form_NN ,_, which_WDTR only_RB adds_VBZ weight_NN to_IN J27 143 its_PP$ authority_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 helps_VBZ to_TO J27 144 create_VB awareness_NN of_IN community_NN among_IN all_ABN who_WPR J27 144 share_VB a_AT common_JJ mode_NN of_IN J27 145 living_VBG in_IN the_ATI district_NN and_CC parish_NN ,_, divisions_NNS J27 145 which_WDTR are_BER themselves_PPLS part_NN J27 146 of_IN a_AT nationally_RB imposed_JJ political_JJ structure_NN ._. ^ J27 146 for_CS not_XNOT even_RB the_ATI rural_JJ J27 147 parish_NN is_BEZ an_AT autonomous_JJ ,_, integrated_JJ whole_NN J27 147 wherein_WRB everything_PN that_WPR J27 148 happens_VBZ is_BEZ functionally_RB interdependent_JJ ,_, and_CC the_ATI J27 148 urban_JJ parish_NN is_BEZ much_RB J27 149 less_QL so_PN ._. ^ San_NP Marti*?2n_NP is_BEZ at_IN the_ATI heart_NN J27 149 of_IN the_ATI nation's_NN$ government_NN ;_; J27 150 and_CC interaction_NN between_IN the_ATI superstructure_NN of_IN J27 150 the_ATI capital_NN as_IN a_AT whole_NN J27 151 and_CC the_ATI local_JJ parish_NN unit_NN becomes_VBZ clear_JJ only_RB J27 151 when_WRB the_ATI institutionalism_NN J27 152 of_IN authority_NN in_RB general_RB" is_BEZ examined_VBN ._. J27 153 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT my_PP$ task_NN here_RN to_TO go_VB J27 153 deeply_RB into_IN the_ATI historical_JJ causes_NNS of_IN J27 154 the_ATI existing_JJ system_NN ,_, or_CC to_TO evaluate_VB the_ATI J27 154 political_JJ structure_NN ._. ^ a_AT J27 155 distinction_NN must_MD ,_, however_RB ,_, be_BE drawn_VBN between_IN J27 155 that_DT which_WDTR is_BEZ traditional_JJ J27 156 and_CC enduring_JJ and_CC that_DT which_WDTR is_BEZ the_ATI result_NN J27 156 of_IN current_JJ political_JJ J27 157 necessity_NN ._. J27 158 ^ when_WRB ,_, in_IN the_ATI sixteenth_OD century_NN ,_, the_ATI J27 158 country_NN quickly_RB fell_VBD under_IN a_AT J27 159 bureaucratic_JJ absolutism_NN pride_NN was_BEDZ lost_VBN in_IN the_ATI J27 159 provincial_JJ fueros_&FW ,_, J27 160 in_IN municipal_JJ liberties_NNS ,_, and_CC in_IN the_ATI rights_NNS J27 160 of_IN the_ATI Cortes_NP of_IN Castile_NP ._. J27 161 ^ imperialism_NN ,_, Parry_NP says_VBZ ,_, killed_VBD the_ATI best_JJT J27 161 political_JJ thought_NN in_IN Spain_NP ._. J27 162 ^ later_RBR ,_, as_IN an_AT aftermath_NN of_IN the_ATI Napoleonic_JNP J27 162 wars_NNS ,_, the_ATI pendulum_NN of_IN J27 163 government_NN swung_VBD from_IN reaction_NN to_IN counter-reaction_NN J27 163 ._. ^ the_ATI political_JJ J27 164 instability_NN and_CC internal_JJ strife_NN reflected_VBN by_IN the_ATI J27 164 ninety-eight_CD changes_NNS J27 165 of_IN cabinet_NN between_IN 1834_CD and_CC 1912_CD *-_*- a_AT period_NN J27 165 which_WDTR saw_VBD revolutions_NNS ,_, J27 166 regents_NNS ,_, pretenders_NNS ,_, new_JJ monarchs_NNS ,_, the_ATI J27 166 first_OD republic_NN ,_, military_JJ coups_NNS ,_, J27 167 a_AT restoration_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI humiliating_JJ loss_NN of_IN J27 167 the_ATI last_AP of_IN Spain's_NP$ new_JJ J27 168 world_NN possessions_NNS *-_*- made_VBD the_ATI populace_NN J27 168 apathetic_JJ and_CC destroyed_VBD its_PP$ J27 169 little_AP faith_NN in_IN government_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ very_QL J27 169 quickly_RB revealed_VBN in_IN the_ATI J27 170 parish_NN by_IN the_ATI reluctance_NN to_TO discuss_VB the_ATI past_NN J27 170 ,_, except_IN that_DT during_IN which_WDTR J27 171 Spain_NP was_BEDZ dominant_JJ in_IN world_NN affairs_NNS ._. ^ past_JJB J27 171 experience_NN has_HVZ not_XNOT J27 172 apparently_RB deterred_VBN this_DT people's_NN$ search_NN for_IN J27 172 heroic_JJ leaders_NNS rather_RB J27 173 than_CS for_IN an_AT abstract_JJ political_JJ ideal_NN ;_; the_ATI J27 173 comparative_JJ success_NN of_IN two_CD J27 174 dictatorships_NNS and_CC the_ATI failure_NN of_IN the_ATI second_OD J27 174 republic_NN in_IN this_DT century_NN J27 175 might_MD be_BE adduced_VBN in_IN support_NN of_IN this_DT view_NN if_CS J27 175 one_CD1 were_BED concerned_VBN with_IN J27 176 political_JJ theory_NN ._. J27 177 ^ government_NN in_IN Spain_NP continues_VBZ to_TO rest_VB on_IN J27 177 the_ATI three_CD institutions_NNS J27 178 of_IN an_AT hereditary_JJ monarchy_NN (_( rejected_VBN by_IN two_CD J27 178 short-lived_JJ republics_NNS )_) ,_, the_ATI J27 179 parliament_NN of_IN the_ATI old_JJ Castilian_JNP Cortes_NP ,_, and_CC J27 179 an_AT extensive_JJ civil_JJ J27 180 service_NN ,_, with_IN a_AT permanent_JJ staff_NN except_IN for_IN" J27 180 its_PP$ highest_JJT officials_NNS ._. J27 181 ^ Spain_NP is_BEZ at_IN the_ATI moment_NN a_AT kingdom_NN without_IN J27 181 a_AT king_NN ._. ^ the_ATI Franco_NP regime_NN J27 182 has_HVZ committed_VBN itself_PPL to_IN the_ATI maintenance_NN of_IN J27 182 the_ATI monarchy_NN as_IN an_AT J27 183 institution_NN by_IN the_ATI 1947_CD law_NN of_IN succession_NN and_CC J27 183 the_ATI referendum_NN of_IN the_ATI J27 184 following_JJ year_NN ._. ^ meanwhile_RB the_ATI regime_NN ,_, in_IN J27 184 its_PP$ own_AP words_NNS ,_, is_BEZ *'_*' a_AT J27 185 representative_JJ ,_, organic_JJ democracy_NN in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI J27 185 individual_NN participates_VBZ J27 186 in_IN government_NN through_IN the_ATI natural_JJ representative_JJ J27 186 organs_NNS of_IN the_ATI family_NN ,_, J27 187 the_ATI city_NN council_NN and_CC the_ATI syndicate_NN **'_**' ._. ^ J27 187 of_IN these_DTS three_CD organs_NNS one_CD1 *-_*- J27 188 the_ATI family_NN *-_*- has_HVZ continued_VBN to_TO participate_VB J27 188 through_IN the_ATI parish_NN in_IN the_ATI J27 189 election_NN of_IN another_DT *-_*- the_ATI city_NN council_NN of_IN J27 189 Madrid_NP *-_*- since_IN the_ATI J27 190 fourteenth_OD century_NN ._. J27 191 ^ syndicalism_NN can_MD be_BE considered_VBN as_IN a_AT J27 191 twentieth-century_JJB edition_NN of_IN J27 192 the_ATI mediaeval_JJ gremios_&FW or_CC trade_NN guilds_NNS ,_, J27 192 which_WDTR were_BED themselves_PPLS J27 193 linked_VBN to_IN both_ABX the_ATI family_NN and_CC the_ATI parish_NN J27 193 by_IN their_PP$ religious_JJ activities_NNS J27 194 and_CC the_ATI practice_NN of_IN spiritual_JJ sponsorship_NN ._. ^ J27 194 it_PP3 grew_VBD in_IN the_ATI cities_NNS ,_, not_XNOT J27 195 in_IN the_ATI country_NN areas_NNS ,_, and_CC was_BEDZ closely_RB J27 195 associated_VBN with_IN anarchism_NN in_IN the_ATI J27 196 past_NN before_IN the_ATI Falangists_NNPS and_CC catholics_NNS made_VBD J27 196 it_PP3 *'_*' respectable_JJ **'_**' in_IN J27 197 its_PP$ current_JJ form_NN of_IN national_JJ verticalism_NN ._. J28 2 ^ in_IN Pul_NP Eliya_NP these_DTS obligations_NNS are_BER still_RB J28 2 imposed_VBN upon_IN the_ATI holder_NN of_IN J28 3 any_DTI gamvasama_&FW plot_NN whether_CS or_CC not_XNOT he_PP3A J28 3 chooses_VBZ to_TO lay_VB claim_NN to_IN the_ATI J28 4 title_NN of_IN Gamara*?1la_&FW ._. J28 5 ^ as_CS shown_VBN in_IN map_NN E_ZZ (_( \0p_NN 152_CD )_) each_DT J28 5 of_IN three_CD ba*?1ga_&FW has_HVZ J28 6 one_CD1 elapata_&FW ,_, one_CD1 elapat_&FW panguva_&FW ,_, one_CD1 J28 6 gamvasama_&FW and_CC J28 7 four_CD ordinary_JJ pangu_&FW ._. J28 8 ^ according_IN to_IN" Ievers_NP the_ATI elapata_&FW ,_, the_ATI J28 8 elapat_&FW panguva_&FW J28 9 and_CC the_ATI gamvasama_&FW should_MD all_ABN belong_VB to_IN the_ATI J28 9 Gamara*?1la_&FW ,_, but_CC J28 10 this_DT represents_VBZ only_RB an_AT ideal_JJ initial_JJ situation_NN J28 10 ._. ^ when_WRB detailed_JJ Pul_NP J28 11 Eliya_NP records_NNS begin_VB in_IN 1886_CD the_ATI pattern_NN had_HVD J28 11 already_RB diverged_VBN widely_RB J28 12 from_IN this_DT ideal_NN ._. ^ in_IN that_DT year_NN ,_, in_IN each_DT J28 12 of_IN the_ATI three_CD ba*?1ga_&FW ,_, the_ATI J28 13 gamvasama_&FW ,_, elapat_&FW panguva_&FW and_CC elapata_&FW were_BED J28 13 in_IN different_JJ J28 14 hands_NNS ._. J28 15 ^ nevertheless_RB the_ATI theoretical_JJ association_NN of_IN J28 15 the_ATI elapata_&FW with_IN J28 16 the_ATI elapat_&FW panguva_&FW provides_VBZ yet_RB another_DT J28 16 example_NN of_IN the_ATI J28 17 principle_NN of_IN *'_*' fair_JJ shares_NNS **'_**' ._. J28 18 ^ since_CS the_ATI elapata_&FW constitutes_VBZ the_ATI end_NN of_IN J28 18 the_ATI field_NN it_PP3 J28 19 therefore_RB carries_VBZ with_IN it_PP3 the_ATI obligation_NN to_TO J28 19 build_VB and_CC maintain_VB the_ATI J28 20 whole_NN of_IN the_ATI end_NN fence_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ about_RB J28 20 ten_CD times_NNS more_AP fencing_NN than_CS J28 21 attaches_VBZ to_IN any_DTI ordinary_JJ panguva_&FW strip_NN ._. ^ J28 21 because_IN of_IN" this_DT extra_JJ J28 22 fencing_NN obligation_NN the_ATI owner_NN of_IN an_AT elapata_&FW J28 22 is_BEZ excused_VBN from_IN the_ATI J28 23 duty_NN of_IN carrying_VBG out_RP tank_NN repair_NN work_NN ._. ^ J28 23 but_CC the_ATI elapat_&FW panguva_&FW J28 24 has_HVZ no_ATI such_ABL privilege_NN ._. ^ thus_RB the_ATI idea_NN J28 24 behind_IN the_ATI doctrine_NN that_CS the_ATI J28 25 elapata_&FW and_CC the_ATI elapat_&FW panguva_&FW should_MD always_RB J28 25 be_BE owned_VBN by_IN J28 26 the_ATI same_AP individual_NN is_BEZ simply_RB to_TO ensure_VB that_CS J28 26 no_PN one_PN" wholly_RB escapes_VBZ J28 27 from_IN the_ATI unpleasant_JJ obligation_NN of_IN carrying_VBG out_RP J28 27 tank_NN repair_NN J28 28 ra*?1jaka*?1riya_&FW duty_NN ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ felt_VBN to_TO J28 28 be_BE particularly_RB J28 29 important_JJ since_CS in_IN the_ATI event_NN of_IN a_AT breach_NN in_IN J28 29 the_ATI bund_NN all_ABN villagers_NNS J28 30 must_MD be_BE equally_RB responsible_JJ ._. J28 31 ^ in_IN a_AT comparable_JJ way_NN ,_, while_CS the_ATI owner_NN J28 31 of_IN an_AT elapata_&FW and_CC the_ATI J28 32 owner_NN of_IN a_AT gamvasama_&FW must_MD both_ABX pay_VB for_IN J28 32 the_ATI building_NN of_IN watch_NN J28 33 huts_NNS ,_, the_ATI latter_AP ,_, as_IN Gamara*?1la_&FW ,_, J28 33 escapes_VBZ the_ATI ra*?1jaka*?1riya_&FW J28 34 duty_NN of_IN night_NN watchman_NN ._. ^ but_CC ,_, unlike_IN the_ATI J28 34 owner_NN of_IN the_ATI elapata_&FW ,_, J28 35 the_ATI gamvasama_&FW owner_NN must_MD do_DO his_PP$ share_NN of_IN J28 35 bund_NN repair_NN J28 36 ra*?1jaka*?1riya_&FW along_IN with_IN" the_ATI other_AP J28 36 shareholders_NNS ._. ^ in_IN Pul_NP Eliya_NP J28 37 this_DT carefully_RB differentiated_JJ system_NN of_IN rights_NNS J28 37 and_CC obligations_NNS has_HVZ J28 38 been_BEN rigorously_RB maintained_VBN even_CS though_CS" the_ATI J28 38 status_NN of_IN the_ATI Gamara*?1la_&FW J28 39 as_IN a_AT specialised_JJ class_NN of_IN individual_NN is_BEZ no_RB J28 39 longer_RBR formally_RB recognised_VBN ._. J28 40 ^ the_ATI rights_NNS and_CC duties_NNS attach_VB to_IN the_ATI land_NN J28 40 itself_PPL ,_, not_XNOT to_IN the_ATI J28 41 individuals_NNS who_WPR own_VB it_PP3 ._. J28 42 ^ contemporary_JJ practice_NN in_IN Pul_NP Eliya_NP ._. J28 43 ^ so_QL much_AP then_RN for_IN the_ATI theory_NN behind_IN the_ATI J28 43 tenure_NN of_IN land_NN in_IN Pul_NP J28 44 Eliya_NP old_JJ field_NN ._. ^ now_RN let_VB us_PP1OS consider_VB J28 44 the_ATI actual_JJ state_NN of_IN affairs_NNS as_CS J28 45 it_PP3 existed_VBD in_IN 1954_CD ._. J28 46 ^ according_IN to_IN" present-day_JJB Pul_NP Eliya_NP tradition_NN J28 46 the_ATI old_JJ field_NN J28 47 originally_RB contained_VBD 18_CD pangu_&FW ,_, six_CD for_IN each_DT J28 47 ba*?1ga_&FW ,_, but_CC at_IN J28 48 some_DTI unspecified_JJ date_NN in_IN the_ATI past_JJB two_CD extra_JJ J28 48 pangu_&FW were_BED added_VBN to_IN J28 49 the_ATI Pahala_NP ba*?1ga_&FW by_IN reducing_VBG the_ATI amount_NN J28 49 of_IN land_NN allocated_VBN to_IN the_ATI J28 50 Pahala_NP elapata_&FW ._. J28 51 ^ the_ATI circumstances_NNS which_WDTR brought_VBD this_DT change_NN J28 51 about_RP are_BER not_XNOT now_RN J28 52 remembered_VBN so_CS I_PP1A was_BEDZ fortunate_JJ that_CS among_IN J28 52 the_ATI few_AP nineteenth-century_JJB J28 53 documents_NNS relating_VBG to_IN Pul_NP Eliya_NP which_WDTR still_RB J28 53 survive_VB there_EX are_BER two_CD tax_NN J28 54 returns_NNS which_WDTR appear_VB to_TO confirm_VB the_ATI tradition_NN J28 54 ._. J28 55 ^ the_ATI village_NN Vel_NP Vida*?1ne_NP still_RB submits_VBZ J28 55 annually_RB to_IN the_ATI revenue_NN J28 56 administration_NN a_AT return_NN purporting_VBG to_TO show_VB the_ATI J28 56 exact_JJ amount_NN of_IN land_NN J28 57 cultivated_VBN throughout_IN the_ATI village_NN and_CC the_ATI J28 57 precise_JJ ownership_NN of_IN each_DT J28 58 plot_NN ._. ^ today_NR this_DT return_NN is_BEZ compiled_VBN for_IN J28 58 the_ATI purpose_NN of_IN crop_NN J28 59 statistics_NNS ,_, but_CC its_PP$ form_NN is_BEZ just_RB the_ATI J28 59 same_AP as_IN that_DT of_IN the_ATI paddy_NN tax_NN J28 60 census_NN of_IN the_ATI 1870-90_CD-CD period_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ ,_, J28 60 therefore_RB ,_, easy_JJ to_TO correlate_VB J28 61 surviving_JJ tax_NN census_NN documents_NNS with_IN the_ATI layout_NN J28 61 of_IN the_ATI modern_JJ field_NN ._. J28 62 ^ table_NN 4_CD has_HVZ been_BEN drawn_VBN up_RP from_IN this_DT J28 62 documentary_JJ evidence_NN to_TO show_VB J28 63 the_ATI relationship_NN between_IN the_ATI 1954_CD old_JJ field_NN J28 63 holdings_NNS (_( upper_JJB field_NN )_) and_CC J28 64 those_DTS of_IN the_ATI years_NNS 1889_CD ,_, 1890_CD ._. ^ this_DT J28 64 table_NN is_BEZ analysed_VBN in_IN detail_NN in_IN J28 65 section_NN B_ZZ of_IN the_ATI present_JJ chapter_NN ._. J28 66 ^ the_ATI detailed_JJ analysis_NN shows_VBZ that_CS the_ATI 1889_CD J28 66 list_NN is_BEZ drawn_VBN up_RP J28 67 according_IN to_IN" a_AT scheme_NN of_IN 18_CD pangu_&FW ;_; the_ATI J28 67 1890_CD list_NN on_IN the_ATI other_AP J28 68 hand_NN fits_VBZ the_ATI present-day_JJB arrangement_NN of_IN 20_CD J28 68 pangu_&FW ._. ^ the_ATI story_NN of_IN J28 69 the_ATI *'_*' two_CD extra_JJ pangu_&FW **'_**' must_MD therefore_RB J28 69 be_BE correct_JJ and_CC the_ATI J28 70 alteration_NN must_MD have_HV occurred_VBN shortly_RB before_IN 1890_CD J28 70 ._. J28 71 ^ because_IN of_IN" this_DT satisfactory_JJ fit_NN of_IN J28 71 documentary_JJ evidence_NN with_IN J28 72 oral_JJ tradition_NN I_PP1A feel_VB confident_JJ that_CS map_NN e_ZZ J28 72 (_( which_WDTR *'_*' fits_VBZ **'_**' the_ATI J28 73 present-day_JJB arrangement_NN of_IN strips_NNS to_IN an_AT *'_*' J28 73 original_JJ **'_**' system_NN of_IN 18_CD J28 74 pangu_&FW and_CC three_CD elapata_&FW )_) is_BEZ justified_VBN and_CC J28 74 correct_JJ ._. J28 75 ^ *'_*' originally_RB **'_**' the_ATI field_NN consisted_VBN of_IN J28 75 3_CD ba*?1ga_&FW ;_; each_DT J28 76 ba*?1ga_&FW comprised_VBD a_AT 40-fathom_JJB elapata_&FW and_CC 6_CD J28 76 pangu_&FW ;_; each_DT J28 77 panguva_&FW comprised_VBD 10_CD fathoms_NNS in_IN the_ATI upper_JJB J28 77 field_NN and_CC 10_CD fathoms_NNS in_IN J28 78 the_ATI lower_JJR field_NN ._. ^ such_ABL discrepancies_NNS as_CS J28 78 now_RN exist_VB result_VB from_IN the_ATI fact_NN J28 79 that_CS shortly_RB before_IN 1890_CD two_CD fathoms_NNS from_IN J28 79 panguva_&FW four_CD of_IN the_ATI J28 80 Pahala_NP ba*?1ga_&FW together_RB with_IN 22_CD fathoms_NNS from_IN J28 80 the_ATI Pahala_NP elapata_&FW were_BED J28 81 reclassified_VBN as_CS forming_VBG *'_*' two_CD extra_JJ pangu_&FW J28 81 **'_**' ._. ^ since_IN that_DT date_NN J28 82 the_ATI Pahala_NP ba*?1ga_&FW has_HVZ been_BEN deemed_VBN to_TO J28 82 consist_VB of_IN 8_CD pangu_&FW as_IN J28 83 opposed_IN" to_IN" the_ATI 6_CD pangu_&FW in_IN each_DT of_IN the_ATI J28 83 other_AP two_CD ba*?1ga_&FW ._. J28 84 ^ the_ATI principal_JJB effect_NN of_IN this_DT reclassification_NN J28 84 has_HVZ been_BEN to_TO alter_VB the_ATI J28 85 type_NN of_IN ra*?1jaka*?1riya_&FW obligation_NN falling_NN on_IN J28 85 owners_NNS of_IN these_DTS J28 86 plots_NNS of_IN land_NN ._. ^ details_NNS are_BER given_VBN at_IN J28 86 \0pp_NNUS 207_CD \0f_RB J28 87 ._. ^ *'_*' bethma_&FW **'_**' ._. J28 88 ^ the_ATI arrangement_NN of_IN the_ATI irrigation_NN channels_NNS J28 88 together_RB with_IN Vel_NP J28 89 Vida*?1ne's_NP$ assumptions_NNS concerning_IN water_NN allocation_NN J28 89 for_IN the_ATI different_JJ J28 90 parts_NNS of_IN the_ATI field_NN have_HV the_ATI following_JJ J28 90 implications_NNS :_: J28 91 ^ (_( 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ the_ATI upper_JJB field_NN consists_VBZ of_IN J28 91 two_CD equal_JJ parts_NNS *-_*- the_ATI north_NR half_NN J28 92 of_IN the_ATI field_NN and_CC the_ATI south_NR half_NN of_IN the_ATI J28 92 field_NN ._. J28 93 ^ (_( 2_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI lower_JJR field_NN is_BEZ half_ABN J28 93 the_ATI area_NN of_IN the_ATI upper_JJB field_NN ._. J28 94 ^ thus_RB the_ATI field_NN as_IN a_AT whole_NN is_BEZ divided_VBN J28 94 into_IN three_CD supposedly_RB equal_JJ J28 95 areas_NNS ,_, each_DT of_IN which_WDTR contains_VBZ the_ATI same_AP J28 95 number_NN of_IN strips_NNS of_IN the_ATI same_AP J28 96 width_NN ,_, owned_VBN in_IN the_ATI same_AP way_NN ._. ^ one-third_CD J28 96 of_IN every_AT holding_NN falls_VBZ into_IN J28 97 each_DT of_IN the_ATI three_CD main_JJB parts_NNS of_IN the_ATI J28 97 field_NN ._. ^ this_DT symmetry_NN has_HVZ J28 98 important_JJ consequences_NNS ._. J28 99 ^ the_ATI north_NR central_JJ province_NN institution_NN of_IN J28 99 bethma_&FW has_HVZ J28 100 received_VBN frequent_JJ comment_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ an_AT J28 100 arrangement_NN whereby_WRB the_ATI J28 101 shareholders_NNS in_IN a_AT field_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ short_JJ of_IN J28 101 water_NN may_MD agree_VB to_TO cultivate_VB J28 102 only_RB a_AT proportion_NN of_IN that_DT field_NN and_CC then_RN J28 102 share_VB out_RP the_ATI proceeds_NNS among_IN J28 103 themselves_PPLS ._. ^ the_ATI theoretical_JJ procedure_NN ,_, as_CS J28 103 recently_RB described_VBN by_IN J28 104 Farmer_NP is_BEZ as_CS follows_VBZ :_: J28 105 *"_*' J28 106 ^ the_ATI village_NN has_HVZ an_AT admirable_JJ system_NN ,_, J28 106 known_VBN as_IN bethma_&FW ,_, under_IN J28 107 which_WDTR ,_, if_CS the_ATI whole_JJ extent_NN of_IN the_ATI paddy_NN J28 107 field_NN can_MD not_XNOT be_BE cultivated_VBN for_IN J28 108 lack_NN of_IN water_NN ,_, as_QL many_AP of_IN the_ATI tracts_NNS as_CS J28 108 can_MD be_BE irrigated_VBN are_BER divided_VBN ,_, J28 109 regardless_RB of_IN their_PP$ ownership_NN ,_, between_IN the_ATI J28 109 peasants_NNS in_IN proportion_NN to_IN J28 110 their_PP$ several_AP holdings_NNS ,_, and_CC thus_RB cultivated_VBN J28 110 as_IN a_AT compact_JJ block_NN with_IN J28 111 minimum_JJ waste_NN of_IN water_NN (_( Farmer_NP ,_, 1957_CD ,_, \0p_NN J28 111 558_CD )_) ._. J28 112 **"_**' J28 113 ^ the_ATI earliest_JJT reference_NN to_IN bethma_&FW in_IN this_DT J28 113 form_NN is_BEZ in_IN J28 114 administration_NN documents_NNS of_IN the_ATI 1861-4_CD-CD period_NN J28 114 ._. J28 115 ^ I_PP1A have_HV studied_VBN these_DTS entries_NNS with_IN care_NN J28 115 ,_, but_CC they_PP3AS are_BER J28 116 unfortunately_RB ambiguous_JJ ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ evident_JJ that_CS J28 116 the_ATI government_NN agent_NN of_IN J28 117 that_DT date_NN imagined_VBD that_CS the_ATI system_NN was_BEDZ J28 117 supposed_VBN to_TO work_VB in_IN the_ATI way_NN J28 118 that_CS Farmer_NP has_HVZ described_VBN ,_, and_CC he_PP3A on_IN J28 118 several_AP occasions_NNS records_VBZ the_ATI J28 119 fact_NN that_CS he_PP3A had_HVD ordered_VBN reluctant_JJ villagers_NNS J28 119 to_TO carry_VB out_RP bethma_&FW J28 120 division_NN in_IN this_DT way_NN ._. ^ but_CC it_PP3 seems_VBZ to_IN J28 120 me_PP1O probable_JJ that_CS this_DT form_NN of_IN J28 121 bethma_&FW was_BEDZ the_ATI unintended_JJ invention_NN of_IN the_ATI J28 121 British_JNP government_NN J28 122 agent_NN himself_PPL !_! J28 123 ^ at_IN the_ATI present_JJ time_NN different_JJ villages_NNS seem_VB J28 123 to_TO work_VB bethma_&FW J28 124 in_IN different_JJ ways_NNS ,_, and_CC there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI way_NN J28 124 of_IN ascertaining_VBG which_WDT ,_, if_CS J28 125 any_DTI ,_, of_IN these_DTS methods_NNS is_BEZ the_ATI ancient_JJ J28 125 traditional_JJ system_NN ._. ^ but_CC what_WDT is_BEZ J28 126 quite_RB clear_JJ is_BEZ that_CS the_ATI Pul_NP Eliya_NP method_NN J28 126 is_BEZ very_QL much_RB simpler_JJR than_IN J28 127 that_DT described_VBN by_IN Farmer_NP ._. ^ furthermore_RB it_PP3 J28 127 is_BEZ bethma_&FW which_WDTR J28 128 provides_VBZ the_ATI ultimate_JJ justification_NN for_IN J28 128 fragmenting_VBG each_DT individual_JJ J28 129 holding_NN in_IN the_ATI complicated_JJ way_NN I_PP1A have_HV J28 129 described_VBN ._. ^ for_IN Pul_NP Eliya_NP the_ATI J28 130 system_NN is_BEZ as_CS follows_VBZ ._. J28 131 ^ if_CS the_ATI villagers_NNS are_BER to_TO cultivate_VB rice_NN J28 131 in_IN the_ATI old_JJ field_NN during_IN J28 132 the_ATI Yala_&FW (_( April_NR /_IN September_NR )_) season_NN J28 132 they_PP3AS will_MD decide_VB from_IN the_ATI J28 133 start_NN either_DTX to_TO cultivate_VB the_ATI whole_NN of_IN the_ATI J28 133 field_NN or_CC two-thirds_CDS of_IN the_ATI J28 134 field_NN (_( that_DT is_BEZ ,_, the_ATI whole_NN of_IN the_ATI J28 134 upper_JJB field_NN only_RB )_) or_CC just_RB one-third_CD J28 135 of_IN the_ATI field_NN (_( that_DT is_BEZ ,_, the_ATI northern_JJ J28 135 half_NN of_IN the_ATI upper_JJB field_NN only_RB )_) ._. ^ no_ATI J28 136 pooling_NN of_IN proceeds_NNS or_CC reallocation_NN of_IN holdings_NNS J28 136 is_BEZ necessary_JJ since_CS the_ATI J28 137 land_NN is_BEZ already_RB divided_VBN up_RP in_IN such_ABL a_AT way_NN J28 137 that_CS each_DT shareholder_NN works_VBZ J28 138 the_ATI whole_NN or_CC two-thirds_CDS or_CC one-third_CD of_IN his_PP$ J28 138 total_JJ holding_NN as_CS the_ATI case_NN J28 139 may_MD be_BE ._. J28 140 ^ in_IN my_PP$ limited_JJ experience_NN this_DT is_BEZ the_ATI J28 140 most_QL common_JJ form_NN of_IN J28 141 bethma_&FW in_IN all_ABN this_DT area_NN ._. ^ the_ATI ideal_JJ J28 141 scheme_NN described_VBN by_IN Ievers_NP ,_, J28 142 in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI total_JJ field_NN is_BEZ divided_VBN into_IN J28 142 two_CD or_CC more_AP tracts_NNS J28 143 (_( pota_&FW )_) ,_, corresponds_VBZ to_IN the_ATI actual_JJ facts_NNS J28 143 for_IN all_ABN the_ATI villages_NNS in_IN J28 144 the_ATI Pul_NP Eliya_NP area_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ invariably_RB J28 144 the_ATI case_NN that_CS every_AT strip_NN or_CC J28 145 holding_NN in_IN the_ATI upper_JJB tract_NN has_HVZ a_AT J28 145 corresponding_JJ strip_NN or_CC holding_NN in_IN the_ATI J28 146 lower_JJR tract_NN ,_, though_CS the_ATI precise_JJ manner_NN in_IN J28 146 which_WDTR this_DT is_BEZ effected_VBN is_BEZ J28 147 not_XNOT always_RB the_ATI same_AP ._. ^ this_DT fragmentation_NN of_IN J28 147 individual_JJ holdings_NNS is_BEZ J28 148 always_RB directly_RB associated_VBN with_IN the_ATI local_JJ J28 148 practices_NNS regarding_IN J28 149 bethma_&FW ._. ^ the_ATI relative_JJ size_NN of_IN the_ATI different_JJ J28 149 tracts_NNS (_( pota_&FW )_) is_BEZ J28 150 such_ABL that_CS when_WRB the_ATI water_NN is_BEZ scarce_JJ J28 150 cultivation_NN of_IN the_ATI upper_JJB tract_NN J28 151 only_RB ,_, or_CC of_IN half_ABN the_ATI upper_JJB tract_NN divided_VBN J28 151 longitudinally_RB ,_, serves_VBZ as_IN a_AT J28 152 bethma_&FW ._. J28 153 ^ Farmer's_NP$ description_NN ,_, which_WDTR is_BEZ the_ATI J28 153 orthodox_JJ one_CD1 ,_, implies_VBZ that_CS J28 154 individual_JJ Sinhalese_JNP farmers_NNS get_VB on_RP so_QL well_RB J28 154 together_RB that_CS they_PP3AS can_MD J28 155 readily_RB agree_VB to_IN a_AT reallocation_NN of_IN land_NN in_IN J28 155 times_NNS of_IN water_NN scarcity_NN ._. ^ I_PP1A J28 156 can_MD only_RB say_VB that_CS this_DT does_DOZ correspond_VB to_IN J28 156 my_PP$ experience_NN !_! J28 157 ^ cultivation_NN areas_NNS ._. J28 158 ^ before_IN proceeding_VBG ,_, we_PP1AS may_MD note_VB one_CD1 J28 158 further_JJB feature_NN of_IN the_ATI tax_NN J28 159 lists_NNS (_( table_NN 4_CD )_) ._. ^ for_IN the_ATI years_NNS 1889_CD J28 159 and_CC 1890_CD the_ATI areas_NNS of_IN each_DT J28 160 individual_JJ holding_NN are_BER given_VBN in_IN seed_NN quantities_NNS J28 160 (_( \0P_NN =_&FO J28 161 pa*?12la_&FW ;_; \0L_NN =_&FO la*?1ha_&FW :_: where_WRB 1_CD1 J28 161 pa*?12la_&FW =_&FO 10_CD J28 162 la*?1ha_&FW )_) ._. ^ but_CC in_IN the_ATI 1954_CD plot_NN list_NN J28 162 areas_NNS are_BER given_VBN in_IN acres_NNS ._. J28 163 ^ the_ATI numerical_JJ totals_NNS at_IN the_ATI bottom_NN of_IN the_ATI J28 163 table_NN are_BER in_IN each_DT case_NN J28 164 nearly_RB the_ATI same_AP ;_; the_ATI 1889/90_CD tax_NN lists_NNS J28 164 show_VB that_CS the_ATI upper_JJB part_NN of_IN the_ATI J28 165 old_JJ field_NN had_HVD a_AT sowing_NN area_NN of_IN about_RB 48_CD J28 165 pa*?12la_&FW ,_, the_ATI 1954_CD J28 166 returns_NNS show_VB the_ATI same_AP field_NN as_CS having_HVG an_AT J28 166 area_NN of_IN just_RB short_RB of_IN 48_CD J28 167 acres_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI latter_AP figure_NN exaggerates_VBZ the_ATI J28 167 facts_NNS by_IN about_RB 50_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" ._. J28 168 ^ the_ATI coincidence_NN of_IN numbers_NNS is_BEZ no_ATI accident_NN J28 168 ._. J28 169 ^ the_ATI administration's_NN$ requirement_NN that_CS the_ATI Vel_NP J28 169 Vida*?1ne's_NP$ crop_NN J28 170 returns_NNS should_MD show_VB cultivation_NN areas_NNS in_IN acres_NNS J28 170 rather_RB than_CS in_IN seed_NN J28 171 quantity_NN dates_VBZ from_IN the_ATI early_JJ days_NNS of_IN this_DT J28 171 century_NN ._. ^ the_ATI villagers_NNS ,_, J28 172 however_RB ,_, still_RB reckon_VB land_NN areas_NNS in_IN terms_NNS J28 172 of_IN seed_NN sown_VBN and_CC have_HV no_ATI J28 173 satisfactory_JJ method_NN of_IN converting_VBG one_CD1 scale_NN into_IN J28 173 the_ATI other_AP ._. ^ in_IN making_VBG J28 174 out_RP his_PP$ annual_JJ returns_NNS the_ATI Vel_NP Vida*?1ne_NP now_RN J28 174 works_VBZ to_IN a_AT simple_JJ rule_NN of_IN J28 175 thumb_NN ._. J28 176 ^ sinakkara_&FW land_NN and_CC badu_&FW land_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J28 176 surveyed_VBN by_IN J28 177 government_NN officials_NNS and_CC hence_RB the_ATI true_JJ acreage_NN J28 177 of_IN such_ABL holdings_NNS is_BEZ J28 178 known_VBN and_CC is_BEZ entered_VBN accordingly_RB ._. ^ for_IN the_ATI J28 178 old_JJ field_NN on_IN the_ATI other_AP J28 179 hand_NN ,_, all_ABN that_WPR is_BEZ really_RB known_VBN is_BEZ that_CS J28 179 it_PP3 contains_VBZ 20_CD pangu_&FW ._. ^ now_RN J28 180 when_WRB the_ATI old_JJ field_NN was_BEDZ originally_RB surveyed_VBN J28 180 in_IN 1900_CD ,_, the_ATI whole_JJ field_NN J28 181 was_BEDZ shown_VBN to_TO be_BE just_RB over_RB 40_CD acres_NNS ._. ^ J28 181 it_PP3 thus_RB became_VBD established_VBN that_CS J28 182 in_IN Pul_NP Eliya_NP *'_*' 1_CD1 panguva_&FW *'_*' equals_VBZ **'_**' J28 182 2_CD acres_NNS **'_**' and_CC this_DT J28 183 tradition_NN has_HVZ stayed_VBN ._. ^ today_NR when_WRB working_VBG J28 183 out_RP the_ATI allocation_NN of_IN labour_NN J28 184 obligations_NNS for_IN the_ATI purpose_NN of_IN ra*?1jaka*?1riya_&FW J28 184 duty_NN every_AT 2_CD J28 185 acres_NNS of_IN sinakkara_&FW land_NN and_CC badu_&FW land_NN J28 185 counts_NNS as_IN 1_CD1 J28 186 panguva_&FW ._. J28 187 ^ in_IN this_DT way_NN it_PP3 was_BEDZ argued_VBN that_CS at_IN J28 187 the_ATI beginning_NN of_IN 1954_CD there_EX J28 188 were_BED 52_CD pangu_&FW in_IN Pul_NP Eliya_NP in_IN all_ABN ._. ^ J28 188 of_IN these_DTS 20_CD were_BED the_ATI old_JJ J28 189 field_NN pangu_&FW and_CC 32_CD were_BED represented_VBN by_IN 64_CD J28 189 acres_NNS of_IN sinakkara_&FW J28 190 and_CC badu_&FW land_NN ._. ^ (_( \0Cf_VB 48_CD pangu_&FW (_( table_NN J28 190 5_CD )_) plus_IN plots_NNS 124_CD ,_, J28 191 151-2_CD-CD (_( table_NN 6_CD )_) ._. )_) J28 192 ^ the_ATI quite_RB erroneous_JJ acreages_NNS shown_VBN in_IN the_ATI J28 192 1954_CD plot_NN list_NN for_IN the_ATI J28 193 plots_NNS in_IN the_ATI old_JJ field_NN were_BED arrived_VBN at_IN J28 193 by_IN reversing_VBG this_DT argument_NN ._. J28 194 ^ every_AT 6_CD pangu_&FW in_IN the_ATI upper_JJB tract_NN of_IN J28 194 the_ATI old_JJ field_NN are_BER reckoned_VBN J28 195 as_IN 12_CD acres_NNS ._. ^ this_DT leaves_VBZ out_RP of_IN account_NN J28 195 both_ABX the_ATI elapata_&FW of_IN the_ATI J28 196 upper_JJB field_NN and_CC the_ATI whole_NN of_IN the_ATI lower_JJR J28 196 field_NN ._. ^ consequently_RB by_IN the_ATI J28 197 time_NN the_ATI Vel_NP Vida*?1ne_NP has_HVZ completed_VBN his_PP$ J28 197 returns_NNS so_TO as_TO" to_TO" show_VB an_AT J28 198 acreage_NN figure_NN for_IN each_DT plot_NN he_PP3A has_HVZ about_RB J28 198 20_CD acres_NNS too_QL many_AP ._. ^ Pul_NP J28 199 Eliya_NP village_NN ,_, like_IN all_ABN other_AP villages_NNS in_IN J28 199 the_ATI area_NN ,_, has_HVZ been_BEN J28 200 submitting_VBG these_DTS bogus_JJ crop_NN returns_NNS annually_RB J28 200 ever_RB since_IN the_ATI beginning_NN J28 201 of_IN the_ATI century_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI same_AP type_NN of_IN J28 201 error_NN has_HVZ persisted_VBN throughout_RI ._. J28 202 ^ for_IN Pul_NP Eliya_NP the_ATI return_NN for_IN *'_*' area_NN J28 202 cultivated_VBN **'_**' has_HVZ never_RB been_BEN J28 203 less_AP than_IN 15_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" in_IN excess_NN and_CC has_HVZ J28 203 often_RB been_BEN over_RB 50_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" in_IN J28 204 excess_NN ._. J29 2 ^ parents'_NNS$ expectations_NNS of_IN the_ATI junior_JJ school_NN ._. J29 3 ^ \0F_NP Musgrove_NP ._. J29 4 ^ purpose_NN and_CC scope_NN of_IN the_ATI survey_NN ._. J29 5 ^ in_IN May_NR and_CC June_NR 1960_CD a_AT survey_NN was_BEDZ J29 5 made_VBN of_IN attitudes_NNS to_IN and_CC J29 6 expectations_NNS of_IN the_ATI school_NN among_IN parents_NNS of_IN J29 6 children_NNS in_IN the_ATI last_AP two_CD J29 7 years_NNS of_IN two_CD junior_JJ schools_NNS in_IN a_AT midland_JJB J29 7 city_NN ._. ^ children_NNS of_IN this_DT age_NN J29 8 (_( 10_CD and_CC 11_CD years_NNS )_) were_BED chosen_VBN on_IN the_ATI J29 8 assumption_NN that_CS parental_JJ interest_NN J29 9 and_CC curiosity_NN would_MD be_BE at_IN their_PP$ height_NN ,_, and_CC J29 9 views_NNS on_IN education_NN most_QL J29 10 fully_RB developed_VBN ,_, in_IN this_DT period_NN immediately_RB J29 10 preceding_VBG secondary_JJ J29 11 selection_NN ._. J29 12 ^ one_CD1 junior_JJ school_NN (_( A_ZZ )_) is_BEZ situated_VBN on_IN J29 12 a_AT large_JJ municipal_JJ housing_NN J29 13 estate_NN of_IN subsidised_JJ houses_NNS ;_; the_ATI children_NNS in_IN J29 13 the_ATI top_JJB two_CD years_NNS J29 14 numbered_VBD 310_CD ._. ^ the_ATI school_NN has_HVZ a_AT *'_*' J29 14 progressive_JJ **'_**' headmaster_NN ;_; teaching_NN J29 15 and_CC school_NN organisation_NN are_BER informal_JJ and_CC there_EX J29 15 is_BEZ no_ATI excessive_JJ J29 16 concentration_NN on_IN the_ATI *'_*' three_CD R's_NNS **'_**' ._. ^ J29 16 the_ATI other_AP junior_JJ school_NN is_BEZ J29 17 smaller_JJR and_CC there_EX were_BED 104_CD children_NNS in_IN the_ATI J29 17 last_AP two_CD years_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 serves_VBZ J29 18 an_AT expensive_JJ residential_JJ area_NN of_IN owner-occupied_JJ J29 18 houses_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ a_AT J29 19 Church_NPL of_IN England_NP school_NN favoured_VBN by_IN well-to-do_JJ J29 19 Anglican_JNP parents_NNS of_IN J29 20 the_ATI district_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ far_RB more_QL formal_JJ in_IN J29 20 its_PP$ teaching_NN and_CC organisation_NN ,_, J29 21 and_CC places_VBZ more_AP emphasis_NN on_IN the_ATI *'_*' three_CD J29 21 R's_NNS **'_**' ,_, than_IN school_NN A_ZZ ._. J29 22 ^ the_ATI two_CD schools_NNS were_BED chosen_VBN because_IN of_IN" J29 22 the_ATI marked_JJ social_JJ contrast_NN J29 23 in_IN the_ATI areas_NNS they_PP3AS serve_VB ._. J29 24 ^ a_AT random_JJ sample_NN of_IN one_CD1 in_IN four_CD names_NNS J29 24 was_BEDZ taken_VBN from_IN the_ATI school_NN J29 25 registers_NNS with_IN a_AT view_NN to_IN interviewing_VBG the_ATI J29 25 parents_NNS of_IN these_DTS children_NNS ._. J29 26 ^ the_ATI homes_NRS of_IN 26_CD children_NNS in_IN school_NN B_ZZ J29 26 were_BED approached_VBN and_CC interviews_NNS J29 27 were_BED carried_VBN out_RP in_IN 22_CD ;_; the_ATI homes_NRS of_IN J29 27 62_CD children_NNS in_IN school_NN A_ZZ were_BED J29 28 approached_VBN and_CC interviews_NNS were_BED carried_VBN out_RP in_IN J29 28 50_CD ._. J29 29 ^ an_AT important_JJ feature_NN of_IN the_ATI survey_NN was_BEDZ J29 29 the_ATI separate_JJ interviewing_NN J29 30 of_IN husbands_NNS and_CC wives_NNS ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI estate_NN (_( J29 30 area_NN A_ZZ )_) 42_CD couples_NNS were_BED J29 31 interviewed_VBN ,_, five_CD wives_NNS whose_WP$R husbands_NNS were_BED J29 31 either_DTX unavailable_JJ or_CC J29 32 refused_VBD interview_NN ;_; and_CC three_CD husbands_NNS whose_WP$R J29 32 wives_NNS were_BED either_DTX J29 33 unavailable_JJ or_CC refused_VBD interview_NN ._. ^ thus_RB one_CD1 J29 33 or_CC both_ABX parents_NNS of_IN 50_CD J29 34 children_NNS (_( 22_CD boys_NNS and_CC 28_CD girls_NNS )_) were_BED J29 34 interviewed_VBN *-_*- 47_CD mothers_NNS and_CC 45_CD J29 35 fathers_NNS ,_, a_AT total_NN of_IN 92_CD parents_NNS ._. ^ in_IN J29 35 the_ATI middle-class_JJ district_NN (_( area_NN B_ZZ )_) J29 36 18_CD couples_NNS were_BED interviewed_VBN and_CC ,_, in_IN addition_NN J29 36 ,_, four_CD wives_NNS whose_WP$R J29 37 husbands_NNS were_BED not_XNOT available_JJ ._. ^ thus_RB one_CD1 or_CC J29 37 both_ABX parents_NNS of_IN 22_CD children_NNS J29 38 (_( 14_CD boys_NNS and_CC 8_CD girls_NNS )_) were_BED interviewed_VBN J29 38 :_: 18_CD fathers_NNS and_CC 22_CD mothers_NNS ,_, a_AT J29 39 total_NN of_IN 40_CD parents_NNS ._. ^ altogether_RB 132_CD parents_NNS J29 39 in_IN the_ATI two_CD areas_NNS were_BED J29 40 interviewed_VBN ,_, representing_VBG 72_CD children_NNS (_( 36_CD J29 40 boys_NNS and_CC 36_CD girls_NNS )_) ._. J29 41 ^ the_ATI parents_NNS in_IN area_NN A_ZZ were_BED predominantly_RB J29 41 working_JJ class_NN :_: 47_CD of_IN the_ATI J29 42 50_CD children_NNS came_VBD from_IN homes_NRS where_WRB the_ATI head_NN J29 42 of_IN household_NN was_BEDZ in_IN the_ATI J29 43 Registrar-General's_NPT$ occupational_JJ classes_NNS 3-5_CD-CD ._. ^ J29 43 in_IN area_NN B_ZZ the_ATI J29 44 parents_NNS were_BED predominantly_RB white-collar_JJB ,_, J29 44 professional_JJ middle_JJB class_NN :_: 19_CD J29 45 of_IN the_ATI 22_CD children_NNS were_BED from_IN households_NNS J29 45 where_WRB the_ATI head_NN was_BEDZ in_IN J29 46 occupational_JJ classes_NNS 1_CD1 and_CC 2_CD ._. ^ the_ATI following_JJ J29 46 table_NN gives_VBZ the_ATI J29 47 percentage_NN distribution_NN of_IN occupational_JJ classes_NNS in_IN J29 47 the_ATI two_CD groups_NNS ,_, in_IN J29 48 the_ATI city_NN (_( 1951_CD census_NN report_NN )_) and_CC in_IN J29 48 the_ATI country_NN ._. ^ the_ATI overlap_NN between_IN J29 49 the_ATI two_CD groups_NNS within_IN the_ATI city_NN is_BEZ very_QL J29 49 small_JJ ._. J29 51 ^ parents_NNS in_IN area_NN A_ZZ were_BED on_IN average_NN J29 51 younger_JJR than_IN parents_NNS in_IN area_NN B_ZZ :_: J29 52 **[TABLE**]_&FO J29 53 ^ the_ATI average_JJ size_NN of_IN family_NN was_BEDZ larger_JJR J29 53 in_IN area_NN A_ZZ than_CS in_IN area_NN B_ZZ :_: J29 54 3.2_CD and_CC 2.5_CD children_NNS respectively_RB ._. J29 55 ^ the_ATI author_NN was_BEDZ assisted_VBN in_IN the_ATI J29 55 interviewing_NN by_IN 14_CD local_JJ teachers_NNS J29 56 who_WPR were_BED known_VBN to_IN him_PP3O for_IN their_PP$ interest_NN J29 56 in_IN problems_NNS of_IN educational_JJ J29 57 sociology_NN and_CC who_WPR had_HVD ,_, in_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN J29 57 cases_NNS ,_, previous_JJ interviewing_NN J29 58 experience_NN and_CC training_NN in_IN field_NN work_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J29 58 team_NN worked_VBD throughout_RI J29 59 under_IN the_ATI direction_NN of_IN the_ATI author_NN who_WPR J29 59 designed_VBD and_CC directed_VBD the_ATI J29 60 project_NN ._. ^ six_CD families_NNS were_BED randomly_RB allocated_VBN J29 60 to_IN each_DT member_NN of_IN the_ATI J29 61 team_NN ._. ^ preliminary_JJ meetings_NNS were_BED held_VBN to_TO J29 61 discuss_VB the_ATI content_NN of_IN the_ATI J29 62 interviewing_NN schedule_NN ,_, to_TO clear_VB up_RP any_DTI J29 62 possible_JJ ambiguities_NNS in_IN the_ATI J29 63 wording_NN and_CC purpose_NN of_IN each_DT item_NN ,_, and_CC to_TO J29 63 standardize_VB procedure_NN at_IN the_ATI J29 64 interviews_NNS and_CC in_IN the_ATI recording_NN of_IN J29 64 interviewees'_NNS$ responses_NNS ._. ^ all_ABN J29 65 members_NNS of_IN the_ATI team_NN were_BED clear_JJ that_CS they_PP3AS J29 65 should_MD record_VB as_QL fully_RB as_CS J29 66 possible_JJ all_ABN answers_NNS that_WPR were_BED given_VBN and_CC J29 66 any_DTI additional_JJ information_NN or_CC J29 67 opinion_NN that_WPR was_BEDZ volunteered_VBN :_: that_CS although_CS J29 67 some_DTI questions_NNS might_MD J29 68 simply_RB be_BE answered_VBN *'_*' yes_UH **'_**' or_CC *'_*' no_UH J29 68 **'_**' or_CC *'_*' do_DO n't_XNOT know_VB **'_**' ,_, any_DTI J29 69 elaboration_NN ,_, qualifying_JJ comment_NN or_CC reasons_NNS given_VBN J29 69 should_MD also_RB be_BE noted_VBN ._. J29 70 ^ all_ABN interviewers_NNS were_BED to_TO emphasize_VB to_IN the_ATI J29 70 parents_NNS that_CS the_ATI interviews_NNS J29 71 were_BED unofficial_JJ and_CC that_CS answers_NNS were_BED not_XNOT J29 71 only_RB entirely_RB confidential_JJ J29 72 but_CC anonymous_JJ ._. ^ a_AT copy_NN of_IN the_ATI schedule_NN J29 72 used_VBN in_IN the_ATI interviews_NNS J29 73 (_( excluding_VBG *'_*' classificatory_JJ questions_NNS **'_**' J29 73 regarding_IN age_NN ,_, number_NN of_IN J29 74 children_NNS ,_, occupation_NN ,_, \0etc_RB )_) will_MD be_BE found_VBN J29 74 in_IN appendix_NN A_ZZ ._. J29 75 ^ the_ATI interviews_NNS provided_VBD evidence_NN of_IN J29 75 parents'_NNS$ expectations_NNS on_IN J29 76 three_CD scores_NNS :_: (_( a_ZZ )_) relating_VBG to_IN children's_NNS$ J29 76 behaviour_NN ,_, (_( b_ZZ )_) relating_VBG to_IN J29 77 academic_JJ and_CC scholastic_JJ training_NN ,_, and_CC (_( c_ZZ )_) J29 77 relating_VBG to_IN the_ATI curriculum_NN ._. J29 78 ^ parents'_NNS$ expectations_NNS of_IN the_ATI school_NN in_IN the_ATI J29 78 sphere_NN of_IN behaviour_NN J29 79 training_NN ._. J29 80 ^ emphasis_NN on_IN the_ATI responsibility_NN of_IN school_NN or_CC J29 80 home_NR ._. J29 81 ^ parents_NNS were_BED asked_VBN whether_CS they_PP3AS expected_VBD J29 81 the_ATI school_NN to_TO guide_VB J29 82 their_PP$ child's_NN$ behaviour_NN as_CC well_CC" as_CC" teach_VB *'_*' J29 82 school_NN subjects_NNS **'_**' ,_, and_CC J29 83 those_DTS who_WPR answered_VBD *'_*' yes_NC **'_**' were_BED asked_VBN J29 83 to_TO state_VB what_WDT kinds_NNS of_IN J29 84 behaviour_NN they_PP3AS expected_VBD the_ATI school_NN to_TO J29 84 encourage_VB ._. ^ interviewers_NNS were_BED J29 85 asked_VBN to_TO make_VB a_AT full_JJ recording_NN of_IN J29 85 elaborations_NNS and_CC qualifications_NNS to_IN J29 86 answers_NNS to_IN the_ATI first_OD part_NN of_IN the_ATI question_NN J29 86 (_( 5a_CD )_) so_CS that_CS" responses_NNS could_MD J29 87 be_BE classified_VBN and_CC placed_VBN on_IN a_AT five-point_JJB J29 87 scale_NN ranging_VBG from_IN strong_JJ J29 88 emphasis_NN on_IN the_ATI home's_NR$ responsibility_NN at_IN one_CD1 J29 88 extreme_NN to_IN strong_JJ J29 89 emphasis_NN on_IN the_ATI school's_NN$ at_IN the_ATI other_AP ._. ^ J29 89 the_ATI following_NN are_BER the_ATI five_CD J29 90 groups_NNS into_IN which_WDTR all_ABN answers_NNS were_BED sorted_VBN J29 90 :_: J29 92 ^ 1_CD1 ._. ^ answers_NNS which_WDTR gave_VBD the_ATI school_NN an_AT J29 92 emphatic_JJ responsibility_NN for_IN J29 93 children's_NNS$ behaviour_NN ,_, \0e.g_RB ,_, ~ *'_*' certainly_RB J29 93 the_ATI school_NN should_MD teach_VB J29 94 children_NNS how_WRB to_TO behave_VB *-_*- that_DT 's_BEZ what_WDT J29 94 school_NN 's_BEZ for_IN **'_**' ;_; ~ *'_*' definitely_RB J29 95 yes_UH *-_*- it_PP3 's_BEZ the_ATI school's_NN$ job_NN to_TO teach_VB J29 95 manners_NNS ,_, \0etc_RB J29 96 ._. **'_**' ^ 2_CD ._. ^ answers_NNS which_WDTR emphasized_VBD J29 96 the_ATI school's_NN$ importance_NN but_CC also_RB J29 97 mentioned_VBD the_ATI need_NN for_IN parental_JJ assistance_NN ,_, J29 97 \0e.g_RB ,_, ~ *'_*' the_ATI school_NN J29 98 is_BEZ responsible_JJ for_IN behaviour_NN to_IN a_AT great_JJ extent_NN J29 98 ,_, but_CC not_XNOT entirely_RB J29 99 **'_**' and_CC ~ *'_*' the_ATI school_NN has_HVZ a_AT big_JJ J29 99 responsibility_NN ,_, as_CC well_CC" as_CC" the_ATI parents_NNS ._. J29 99 **'_**' J29 100 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ answers_NNS which_WDTR stressed_VBD the_ATI equal_JJ J29 100 partnership_NN between_IN home_NR and_CC J29 101 school_NN ,_, \0e.g_RB ,_, ~ *'_*' fifty-fifty_CD partnership_NN J29 101 **'_**' ;_; ~ *'_*' home_NR and_CC school_NN J29 102 should_MD share_VB the_ATI responsibility_NN equally_RB **'_**' ;_; ~ J29 102 *'_*' home_NR and_CC school_NN J29 103 complementary_JJ **'_**' and_CC ~ *'_*' school's_NN$ job_NN in_IN J29 103 school_NN hours_NNS ,_, parents'_NNS$ job_NN J29 104 otherwise_RB **'_**' ._. J29 105 ^ 4_CD ._. ^ answers_NNS which_WDTR emphasized_VBD the_ATI J29 105 home's_NR$ responsibility_NN but_CC also_RB J29 106 mentioned_VBD the_ATI need_NN for_IN some_DTI support_NN from_IN J29 106 the_ATI school_NN ,_, \0e.g_RB ,_, J29 107 ~ *'_*' it_PP3 's_BEZ mainly_RB the_ATI parents'_NNS$ responsibility_NN J29 107 but_CC the_ATI school_NN should_MD J29 108 help_VB **'_**' and_CC ,_, ~ *'_*' to_IN some_DTI extent_NN *-_*- J29 108 but_CC this_DT is_BEZ mainly_RB the_ATI responsibility_NN J29 109 of_IN the_ATI home_NR and_CC parents_NNS **'_**' ._. J29 110 ^ 5_CD ._. ^ answers_NNS which_WDTR placed_VBD the_ATI J29 110 responsibility_NN for_IN behaviour_NN J29 111 emphatically_RB on_IN the_ATI parents_NNS (_( requiring_VBG of_IN J29 111 the_ATI school_NN no_ATI more_AP than_CS that_CS J29 112 it_PP3 should_MD not_XNOT undermine_VB parental_JJ influence_NN )_) ,_, J29 112 \0e.g_RB ~ *'_*' it_PP3 is_BEZ J29 113 definitely_RB the_ATI parents'_NNS$ job_NN to_TO guide_VB behaviour_NN J29 113 **'_**' ;_; ~ *'_*' definitely_RB no_UH :_: J29 114 the_ATI school_NN can_MD n't_XNOT do_DO everything_PN and_CC should_MD J29 114 stick_VB to_IN its_PP$ job_NN ,_, which_WDTR is_BEZ J29 115 teaching_VBG *'_*' subjects_NNS **'_**' ;_; and_CC ~ *'_*' teachers_NNS J29 115 should_MD teach_VB *-_*- behaviour_NN is_BEZ J29 116 the_ATI parents'_NNS$ responsibility_NN **'_**' ._. J29 118 ^ the_ATI two_CD areas_NNS were_BED sharply_RB distinguished_VBN J29 118 in_IN their_PP$ answers_NNS :_: in_IN J29 119 area_NN A_ZZ ,_, 27.7_CD per_NNU \0cent_NNU" gave_VBD answers_NNS J29 119 which_WDTR fell_VBD into_IN categories_NNS 3_CD ,_, 4_CD J29 120 or_CC 5_CD ,_, whereas_CS 57.5_CD per_NNU \0cent_NNU" in_IN area_NN J29 120 B_ZZ did_DOD so_PN :_: J29 121 **[TABLE**]_&FO J29 122 ^ there_EX was_BEDZ no_ATI tendency_NN for_IN parents_NNS in_IN J29 122 either_DTX area_NN who_WPR stressed_VBD the_ATI J29 123 home's_NR$ responsibility_NN for_IN behaviour_NN to_TO have_HV fewer_AP J29 123 children_NNS than_IN the_ATI J29 124 average_NN :_: in_IN area_NN A_ZZ ,_, 20_CD parents_NNS stressed_VBD J29 124 the_ATI home's_NR$ responsibility_NN as_IN J29 125 against_IN" the_ATI school's_NN$ and_CC their_PP$ average_JJ number_NN J29 125 of_IN children_NNS was_BEDZ 3.1_CD ,_, J29 126 while_CS the_ATI average_NN for_IN the_ATI area_NN was_BEDZ 3.2_CD ;_; J29 126 in_IN area_NN B_ZZ ,_, 23_CD parents_NNS stressed_VBD J29 127 the_ATI home_NR and_CC their_PP$ average_JJ number_NN of_IN J29 127 children_NNS was_BEDZ 2.5_CD ,_, the_ATI same_AP as_CS for_IN J29 128 all_ABN the_ATI families_NNS in_IN the_ATI area_NN ._. J29 129 ^ there_EX was_BEDZ no_ATI tendency_NN for_IN working_JJ wives_NNS J29 129 in_IN either_DTX area_NN to_TO stress_VB J29 130 the_ATI school's_NN$ responsibility_NN more_RBR than_IN non-working_JJ J29 130 wives_NNS ._. ^ in_IN area_NN A_ZZ ,_, J29 131 75_CD per_NNU \0cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI mothers_NNS were_BED in_IN J29 131 full-time_JJB or_CC part-time_JJB work_NN ,_, in_IN J29 132 area_NN B_ZZ ,_, 14_CD per_NNU \0cent_NNU" were_BED at_IN work_NN ._. ^ J29 132 twenty-five_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI J29 133 mothers_NNS in_IN area_NN A_ZZ who_WPR were_BED not_XNOT at_IN work_NN J29 133 (_( 4_CD out_RP of_IN 12_CD )_) stressed_VBD the_ATI J29 134 home's_NR$ responsibility_NN (_( categories_NNS 3_CD ,_, 4_CD or_CC J29 134 5_CD )_) ,_, but_CC so_PN did_DOD 22.8_CD per_NNU J29 135 \0cent_NNU" (_( 8_CD out_RP of_IN 35_CD )_) of_IN mothers_NNS who_WPR J29 135 went_VBD out_RP to_IN work_NN ._. ^ in_IN area_NN B_ZZ ,_, all_ABN J29 136 three_CD working_JJ mothers_NNS stressed_VBD the_ATI responsibility_NN J29 136 of_IN the_ATI home_NR as_IN J29 137 against_IN the_ATI school_NN ,_, and_CC 58_CD per_NNU \0cent_NNU" (_( J29 137 11_CD out_RP of_IN 19_CD )_) of_IN the_ATI J29 138 non-working_JJ mothers_NNS ._. J29 139 ^ the_ATI difference_NN in_IN expectations_NNS between_IN the_ATI J29 139 two_CD areas_NNS reflects_VBZ J29 140 their_PP$ different_JJ social_JJ class_NN composition_NN ._. ^ when_WRB J29 140 the_ATI same_AP social_JJ levels_NNS J29 141 in_IN the_ATI two_CD areas_NNS are_BER compared_VBN the_ATI J29 141 differences_NNS disappear_VB ._. ^ in_TO order_TO" to_TO" J29 142 obtain_VB social_JJ groups_NNS large_JJ enough_QLP for_IN comparison_NN J29 142 ,_, occupational_JJ classes_NNS J29 143 1_CD1 and_CC 2_CD are_BER combined_VBN to_TO form_VB the_ATI *'_*' J29 143 middle_JJB class_NN **'_**' and_CC J29 144 occupational_JJ classes_NNS 3_CD ,_, 4_CD and_CC 5_CD to_TO form_VB J29 144 the_ATI *'_*' working_JJ class_NN **'_**' ._. J29 145 ^ in_IN area_NN A_ZZ ,_, three_CD out_RP of_IN five_CD middle-class_JJ J29 145 parents_NNS placed_VBD emphasis_NN on_IN J29 146 the_ATI home_NR ,_, in_IN area_NN B_ZZ ,_, 22_CD out_RP of_IN 34_CD ._. J29 146 ^ there_EX was_BEDZ no_ATI significant_JJ J29 147 difference_NN between_IN the_ATI two_CD areas_NNS within_IN the_ATI J29 147 middle_JJB class_NN ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI J29 148 estate_NN ,_, 17_CD working-class_JJ parents_NNS emphasized_VBD the_ATI J29 148 home_NR and_CC 70_CD emphasized_VBD J29 149 the_ATI school_NN ;_; in_IN the_ATI contrasted_JJ area_NN one_CD1 J29 149 working-class_JJ parent_NN emphasized_VBD J29 150 the_ATI home_NR ,_, and_CC five_CD the_ATI school_NN ._. ^ there_EX J29 150 was_BEDZ no_ATI significant_JJ difference_NN J29 151 between_IN the_ATI two_CD areas_NNS within_IN the_ATI working_JJ J29 151 class_NN ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, J29 152 there_EX was_BEDZ a_AT highly_RB significant_JJ difference_NN J29 152 between_IN the_ATI two_CD areas_NNS when_WRB J29 153 social_JJ class_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT held_VBN constant_JJ ._. ^ on_IN J29 153 the_ATI estate_NN ,_, 20_CD parents_NNS J29 154 emphasized_VBD the_ATI home_NR and_CC 72_CD the_ATI school_NN ,_, in_IN J29 154 area_NN B_ZZ ,_, 23_CD emphasized_VBD the_ATI J29 155 home_NR and_CC 17_CD the_ATI school_NN ._. J29 156 ^ although_CS in_IN working-class_JJ area_NN A_ZZ a_AT far_RB J29 156 higher_JJR proportion_NN of_IN J29 157 parents_NNS than_CS in_IN middle-class_JJ area_NN B_ZZ emphasized_VBD J29 157 the_ATI school's_NN$ J29 158 responsibility_NN for_IN behaviour-training_NN ,_, a_AT far_RB J29 158 higher_JJR proportion_NN claimed_VBD J29 159 explicitly_RB to_TO direct_VB or_CC influence_VB their_PP$ J29 159 children's_NNS$ behaviour_NN in_IN three_CD J29 160 main_JJB directions_NNS :_: towards_IN their_PP$ teachers_NNS ,_, J29 160 towards_IN their_PP$ friends_NNS ,_, and_CC in_IN J29 161 their_PP$ choice_NN of_IN friends_NNS and_CC associates_NNS :_: J29 162 **[TABLE**]_&FO J29 163 ^ claims_NNS to_TO give_VB explicit_JJ direction_NN and_CC J29 163 guidance_NN on_IN behaviour_NN were_BED J29 164 significantly_RB greater_JJR in_IN working-class_JJ area_NN A_ZZ J29 164 than_CS in_IN middle-class_JJ J29 165 area_NN B_ZZ :_: in_IN the_ATI former_AP area_NN 188_CD claims_NNS (_( J29 165 out_RP of_IN a_AT possible_JJ 276_CD )_) were_BED J29 166 made_VBN on_IN three_CD criteria_NNS ;_; in_IN the_ATI latter_AP J29 166 only_RB 53_CD (_( out_RP of_IN a_AT possible_JJ 120_CD )_) ._. J29 167 ^ the_ATI difference_NN between_IN the_ATI areas_NNS is_BEZ J29 167 significant_JJ at_IN the_ATI 0.001_CD level_NN ._. J29 168 ^ the_ATI reasons_NNS for_IN this_DT marked_JJ difference_NN J29 168 between_IN the_ATI areas_NNS was_BEDZ J29 169 apparent_JJ in_IN the_ATI answers_NNS given_VBN by_IN the_ATI J29 169 respondents_NNS :_: parents_NNS in_IN the_ATI J29 170 middle-class_JJ area_NN were_BED sufficiently_RB confident_JJ of_IN J29 170 their_PP$ children's_NNS$ J29 171 behaviour_NN that_CS they_PP3AS felt_VBD no_ATI need_NN to_TO J29 171 instruct_VB them_PP3OS on_IN their_PP$ J29 172 relationship_NN with_IN teachers_NNS and_CC friends_NNS ,_, and_CC J29 172 they_PP3AS felt_VBD sufficient_JJ J29 173 confidence_NN in_IN the_ATI social_JJ composition_NN of_IN the_ATI J29 173 school_NN and_CC the_ATI locality_NN J29 174 that_CS they_PP3AS saw_VBD no_ATI need_NN to_TO guide_VB their_PP$ J29 174 children_NNS in_IN the_ATI choice_NN of_IN J29 175 friends_NNS ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ clear_JJ from_IN many_AP of_IN J29 175 the_ATI answers_NNS given_VBN to_IN questions_NNS J29 176 7a_CD and_CC 7c_CD ._. ^ the_ATI interviewees_NNS were_BED not_XNOT J29 176 asked_VBN why_WRB they_PP3AS did_DOD or_CC did_DOD J29 177 not_XNOT advise_VB their_PP$ children_NNS about_IN whom_WPO to_TO J29 177 play_VB with_IN or_CC whom_WPO to_TO avoid_VB :_: J29 178 the_ATI question_NN could_MD be_BE answered_VBN simply_RB *'_*' yes_NC J29 178 **'_**' or_CC *'_*' no_NC **'_**' ,_, yet_CC J29 179 one-third_CD of_IN the_ATI parents_NNS who_WPR said_VBD that_CS J29 179 they_PP3AS did_DOD not_XNOT tell_VB their_PP$ J29 180 children_NNS how_WRB to_TO behave_VB with_IN other_AP children_NNS J29 180 volunteered_VBD the_ATI explanation_NN J29 181 that_CS this_DT was_BEDZ *'_*' unnecessary_JJ **'_**' and_CC a_AT J29 181 similar_JJ proportion_NN of_IN those_DTS who_WPR J29 182 said_VBD they_PP3AS never_RB told_VBD their_PP$ children_NNS not_XNOT J29 182 to_TO play_VB with_IN certain_JJ other_AP J29 183 children_NNS elaborated_VBD their_PP$ answer_NN by_IN saying_VBG J29 183 there_EX was_BEDZ no_ATI need_NN to_TO do_DO so_PN J29 184 in_IN this_DT school_NN and/or_CC district_NN :_: ~ *'_*' no_UH :_: J29 184 the_ATI children_NNS at_IN this_DT school_NN are_BER J29 185 nice_JJ children_NNS **'_**' and_CC ~ *'_*' no_UH :_: it_PP3 is_BEZ J29 185 unnecessary_JJ around_IN here_RN **'_**' ._. ^ the_ATI J29 186 marked_JJ difference_NN ,_, then_RN ,_, between_IN directing_JJ and_CC J29 186 non-directing_JJ parents_NNS J29 187 is_BEZ a_AT function_NN of_IN area_NN and_CC not_XNOT of_IN social_JJ J29 187 class_NN ._. ^ the_ATI greater_JJR tendency_NN J29 188 among_IN parents_NNS of_IN area_NN A_ZZ to_TO direct_VB behaviour_NN J29 188 reflects_VBZ their_PP$ lack_NN of_IN J29 189 confidence_NN in_IN the_ATI social_JJ contacts_NNS available_JJ to_IN J29 189 their_PP$ children_NNS ._. J29 190 ^ behaviour_NN which_WDTR the_ATI school_NN should_MD encourage_VB ._. J29 191 ^ the_ATI greater_JJR emphasis_NN in_IN working-class_JJ area_NN J29 191 A_ZZ on_IN the_ATI school's_NN$ J29 192 responsibility_NN for_IN behaviour-training_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT J29 192 necessarily_RB reflect_VB a_AT J29 193 lack_NN of_IN concern_NN for_IN parental_JJ duties_NNS :_: the_ATI J29 193 school_NN is_BEZ often_RB given_VBN the_ATI job_NN J29 194 of_IN directing_VBG behaviour_NN because_CS ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ felt_VBN J29 194 ,_, only_RB the_ATI school_NN can_MD do_DO J29 195 this_DT effectively_RB ._. ^ the_ATI reason_NN often_RB volunteered_VBN J29 195 for_IN assigning_VBG so_QL much_AP J29 196 responsibility_NN to_IN the_ATI school_NN was_BEDZ that_CS the_ATI J29 196 children_NNS would_MD *'_*' take_VB more_AP J29 197 notice_NN of_IN teachers_NNS **'_**' than_CS of_IN parents_NNS ._. J29 198 ^ the_ATI anxiety_NN over_IN children's_NNS$ disobedience_NN J29 198 towards_IN parents_NNS is_BEZ J29 199 reflected_VBN in_IN answers_NNS to_IN the_ATI question_NN :_: ^ *'_*' J29 199 what_WDT kinds_NNS of_IN behaviour_NN do_DO J29 200 you_PP2 expect_VB the_ATI school_NN to_TO encourage_VB in_IN your_PP$ J29 200 child_NN ?_? **'_**' ^ parents_NNS who_WPR J29 201 expected_VBD the_ATI school_NN to_TO guide_VB behaviour_NN were_BED J29 201 asked_VBN to_TO particularize_VB ._. J29 202 ^ out_RP of_IN the_ATI 77_CD parents_NNS in_IN area_NN A_ZZ who_WPR J29 202 gave_VBD such_ABL particulars_NNS of_IN the_ATI J29 203 attitudes_NNS ,_, virtues_NNS ,_, and_CC qualities_NNS of_IN J29 203 personality_NN which_WDTR they_PP3AS wished_VBD the_ATI J29 204 school_NN to_TO develop_VB ,_, 70_CD per_NNU \0cent_NNU" showed_VBD J29 204 a_AT concern_NN for_IN various_JJ forms_NNS J29 205 of_IN unruly_JJ or_CC anti-social_JJ behaviour_NN ._. J30 2 ^ the_ATI Vale_NPL has_HVZ a_AT population_NN of_IN about_RB 13,000_CD J30 2 people_NNS ._. ^ most_AP of_IN them_PP3OS J30 3 live_VB in_IN scattered_JJ farms_NNS ,_, hamlets_NNS and_CC J30 3 villages_NNS ._. ^ there_EX are_BER also_RB two_CD J30 4 small_JJ market_NN towns_NNS in_IN the_ATI area_NN ,_, each_DT with_IN J30 4 about_RB 1,500_CD inhabitants_NNS ._. J30 5 ^ most_AP of_IN my_PP$ detailed_JJ enquiries_NNS have_HV been_BEN J30 5 carried_VBN out_RP in_IN one_CD1 of_IN these_DTS J30 6 towns_NNS and_CC in_IN three_CD adjoining_JJ rural_JJ parishes_NNS ,_, J30 6 in_IN one_CD1 of_IN which_WDTR I_PP1A live_VB J30 7 with_IN my_PP$ family_NN ._. ^ a_AT certain_JJ number_NN of_IN my_PP$ J30 7 informants_NNS live_VB in_IN other_AP parts_NNS J30 8 of_IN the_ATI area_NN ._. ^ in_IN addition_NN ,_, a_AT private_JJ J30 8 census_NN of_IN the_ATI whole_JJ Vale_NPL J30 9 population_NN ,_, carried_VBN out_RP in_IN 1960_CD ,_, has_HVZ J30 9 provided_VBN a_AT good_JJ deal_NN of_IN basic_JJ J30 10 information_NN about_IN each_DT individual_JJ inhabitant_NN and_CC J30 10 the_ATI composition_NN of_IN J30 11 each_DT household_NN ._. J30 12 ^ although_CS a_AT rural_JJ and_CC predominantly_RB agricultural_JJ J30 12 area_NN ,_, no_ATI part_NN of_IN J30 13 the_ATI Vale_NPL is_BEZ more_AP than_IN 12_CD miles_NNS from_IN J30 13 major_JJ industrial_JJ and_CC urban_JJ J30 14 centres_NNS ._. ^ many_AP of_IN the_ATI people_NNS who_WPR live_VB J30 14 in_IN the_ATI Vale_NPL work_VB outside_IN it_PP3 and_CC J30 15 travel_VB to_RP and_CC fro_RB each_DT day_NN to_TO earn_VB their_PP$ J30 15 livings_NNS in_IN adjacent_JJ urban_JJ J30 16 areas_NNS ._. ^ most_AP Vale_NPL people_NNS also_RB have_HV kin_NNS J30 16 ties_NNS with_IN people_NNS who_WPR live_VB in_IN J30 17 these_DTS areas_NNS and_CC in_IN other_AP parts_NNS of_IN south_NR J30 17 Wales_NP with_IN whom_WPOR they_PP3AS maintain_VB J30 18 effective_JJ social_JJ relations_NNS ._. ^ a_AT larger_JJR number_NN J30 18 of_IN Vale_NPL people_NNS who_WPR do_DO not_XNOT J30 19 work_NN in_IN the_ATI urban_JJ areas_NNS nevertheless_RB visit_VB J30 19 them_PP3OS fairly_RB regularly_RB to_TO J30 20 see_VB friends_NNS and_CC relatives_NNS who_WPR live_VB there_RN or_CC J30 20 who_WPR are_BER in_IN hospital_NN there_RN ,_, J30 21 to_TO shop_VB or_CC go_VB to_IN the_ATI cinema_NN ,_, and_CC for_IN J30 21 such_ABL recreational_JJ purposes_NNS as_CS to_TO J30 22 attend_VB football_NN matches_NNS and_CC greyhound_NN races_NNS ._. ^ J30 22 about_RB 40_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI J30 23 adult_JJ population_NN of_IN the_ATI Vale_NPL consists_VBZ of_IN J30 23 people_NNS who_WPR were_BED born_VBN outside_IN J30 24 it_PP3 and_CC have_HV lived_VBN in_IN it_PP3 for_IN less_AP than_IN J30 24 15_CD years_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI majority_NN of_IN such_ABL J30 25 comparative_JJ newcomers_NNS were_BED born_VBN in_IN other_AP parts_NNS J30 25 of_IN south_NR Wales_NP ,_, mostly_RB J30 26 in_IN places_NNS in_IN the_ATI counties_NNS of_IN Glamorgan_NP and_CC J30 26 Monmouthshire_NP which_WDTR lie_VB J30 27 within_IN 25_CD miles_NNS of_IN the_ATI borders_NNS of_IN the_ATI J30 27 Vale_NPL ._. ^ many_AP of_IN them_PP3OS have_HV close_JJ J30 28 relatives_NNS still_RB living_VBG at_IN their_PP$ places_NNS of_IN J30 28 birth_NN or_CC previous_JJ residence_NN J30 29 with_IN whom_WPOR they_PP3AS maintain_VB frequent_JJ and_CC intimate_JJ J30 29 contact_NN ._. J30 30 ^ the_ATI most_QL important_JJ sources_NNS of_IN employment_NN J30 30 for_IN those_DTS Vale_NPL people_NNS J30 31 who_WPR earn_VB their_PP$ livings_NNS within_IN its_PP$ borders_NNS J30 31 are_BER agriculture_NN and_CC J30 32 forestry_NN ,_, stone_NN quarries_NNS and_CC cement_NN works_NNS ,_, J30 32 and_CC the_ATI building_NN industry_NN ._. J30 33 ^ a_AT large_JJ number_NN of_IN men_NNS and_CC women_NNS are_BER J30 33 employed_VBN in_IN different_JJ capacities_NNS J30 34 by_IN public_JJ bodies_NNS such_IN as_IN" the_ATI county_NN and_CC J30 34 rural_JJ district_NN councils_NNS ,_, the_ATI J30 35 fire_NN service_NN ,_, and_CC local_JJ electricity_NN and_CC water_NN J30 35 undertakings_NNS ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ J30 36 also_RB a_AT large_JJ royal_JJ air_NN force_NN station_NN in_IN the_ATI J30 36 Vale_NPL which_WDTR provides_VBZ J30 37 employment_NN for_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN locally_RB resident_JJ J30 37 civilians_NNS ._. ^ further_JJB J30 38 sources_NNS of_IN employment_NN are_BER public_JJ and_CC private_JJ J30 38 transport_NN and_CC J30 39 communication_NN services_NNS ,_, the_ATI distributive_JJ trades_NNS J30 39 ,_, and_CC a_AT number_NN of_IN small_JJ J30 40 industrial_JJ concerns_NNS in_IN the_ATI two_CD Vale_NPL market_NN J30 40 towns_NNS ,_, among_IN which_WDTR are_BER an_AT J30 41 asbestos_NN factory_NN ,_, a_AT printing_NN works_NN and_CC three_CD J30 41 firms_NNS of_IN agricultural_JJ J30 42 engineers_NNS ._. J30 43 ^ 2_CD ._. J30 44 ^ most_AP of_IN the_ATI material_NN concerning_IN kinship_NN in_IN J30 44 the_ATI Vale_NPL was_BEDZ J30 45 obtained_VBN by_IN standard_JJ anthropological_JJ procedures_NNS :_: J30 45 the_ATI collection_NN of_IN J30 46 genealogies_NNS ,_, unstructured_JJ interviews_NNS with_IN J30 46 individual_JJ informants_NNS ,_, and_CC J30 47 participant_NN observation_NN ._. ^ certain_JJ data_NNS on_IN J30 47 particular_JJ aspects_NNS of_IN J30 48 kinship_NN behaviour_NN were_BED provided_VBN in_IN the_ATI course_NN J30 48 of_IN a_AT study_NN of_IN the_ATI J30 49 attitudes_NNS to_IN mental_JJ disorder_NN of_IN the_ATI relatives_NNS J30 49 of_IN psychiatric_JJ patients_NNS ._. J30 50 ^ I_PP1A have_HV also_RB had_HVN access_NN to_IN a_AT wealth_NN of_IN J30 50 documentary_JJ material_NN ,_, most_AP of_IN J30 51 it_PP3 unpublished_JJ ._. ^ after_IN a_AT time_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, J30 51 I_PP1A found_VBD myself_PPL able_JJ to_TO make_VB J30 52 increasing_JJ use_NN of_IN direct_JJ observation_NN to_TO supplement_VB J30 52 verbal_JJ information_NN ._. J30 53 ^ participation_NN in_IN the_ATI life_NN of_IN the_ATI locality_NN J30 53 and_CC growing_JJ familiarity_NN J30 54 with_IN the_ATI details_NNS of_IN kinship_NN connections_NNS made_VBD J30 54 it_PP3 possible_JJ to_TO observe_VB J30 55 social_JJ relations_NNS between_IN kin_NNS taking_VBG place_NN in_IN J30 55 a_AT wide_JJ variety_NN of_IN J30 56 contexts_NNS and_CC to_TO compare_VB behaviour_NN between_IN kin_NNS J30 56 with_IN behaviour_NN between_IN J30 57 non-kin_NN in_IN similar_JJ situations_NNS ._. J30 58 ^ in_IN collecting_VBG material_NN from_IN informants_NNS I_PP1A J30 58 have_HV tried_VBN as_QL far_RB as_CS J30 59 possible_JJ to_TO relate_VB statements_NNS regarding_IN kin_NNS J30 59 ties_NNS to_IN the_ATI individuals_NNS J30 60 concerned_VBN rather_RB than_CS to_IN married_JJ couples_NNS ,_, J30 60 elementary_JJ families_NNS or_CC J30 61 households_NNS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI field_NN situation_NN this_DT is_BEZ J30 61 not_XNOT ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, as_QL easy_JJ as_CS J30 62 it_PP3 sounds_VBZ ._. ^ data_NNS on_IN kinship_NN are_BER often_RB J30 62 obtained_VBN from_IN two_CD or_CC more_AP J30 63 informants_NNS simultaneously_RB ._. ^ the_ATI discussions_NNS and_CC J30 63 arguments_NNS between_IN them_PP3OS J30 64 which_WDTR such_ABL inquiries_NNS tend_VB to_TO provoke_VB often_RB J30 64 compensate_VB for_IN the_ATI J30 65 resultant_JJ difficulty_NN in_IN comparing_VBG knowledge_NN of_IN J30 65 kin_NNS and_CC quality_NN of_IN J30 66 relationship_NN with_IN them_PP3OS revealed_VBN by_IN individual_JJ J30 66 members_NNS of_IN the_ATI same_AP J30 67 domestic_JJ unit_NN ._. ^ this_DT emphasis_NN on_IN the_ATI kinship_NN J30 67 universe_NN of_IN the_ATI J30 68 individual_NN rather_RB than_IN the_ATI domestic_JJ unit_NN arose_VBD J30 68 from_IN certain_JJ apparent_JJ J30 69 differences_NNS between_IN men_NNS and_CC women_NNS ,_, between_IN J30 69 spouses_NNS ,_, and_CC between_IN J30 70 parents_NNS and_CC children_NNS in_IN degree_NN of_IN recognition_NN J30 70 of_IN extra-familial_JJ kin_NNS J30 71 ties_NNS and_CC in_IN their_PP$ functions_NNS in_IN various_JJ J30 71 contexts_NNS ._. J30 72 ^ I_PP1A have_HV also_RB attempted_VBN to_TO collect_VB material_NN J30 72 on_IN the_ATI J30 73 interconnectedness_NN of_IN kin_NNS ties_NNS by_IN interviewing_VBG J30 73 and_CC observing_VBG different_JJ J30 74 members_NNS of_IN the_ATI kinship_NN universe_NN of_IN individual_JJ J30 74 informants_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J30 75 difficulties_NNS of_IN doing_VBG so_PN seem_VB often_RB to_TO be_BE J30 75 directly_RB related_VBN to_IN the_ATI J30 76 degree_NN to_IN which_WDTR an_AT individual's_NN$ kinship_NN network_NN J30 76 is_BEZ what_WDT Bott_NP describes_VBZ J30 77 as_CS *'_*' close-knit_JJ **'_**' ,_, in_IN which_WDTR there_EX are_BER J30 77 many_AP relationships_NNS ,_, independent_JJ J30 78 of_IN the_ATI individual_NN concerned_VBN ,_, among_IN the_ATI J30 78 component_NN units_NNS of_IN his_PP$ kin_NNS J30 79 universe_NN ._. ^ in_IN many_AP *'_*' families_NNS **'_**' there_EX J30 79 is_BEZ generally_RB at_RB least_RB" one_CD1 J30 80 person_NN who_WPR is_BEZ acknowledged_VBN by_IN most_AP other_AP J30 80 family_NN members_NNS to_TO be_BE the_ATI J30 81 expert_NN on_IN genealogical_JJ connections_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J30 81 existence_NN of_IN such_ABL recognized_JJ J30 82 experts_NNS is_BEZ particularly_RB common_JJ among_IN *'_*' J30 82 families_NNS **'_**' long_RB settled_VBN in_IN the_ATI J30 83 area_NN ,_, other_AP members_NNS of_IN which_WDTR tend_VB to_TO rely_VB J30 83 on_IN them_PP3OS for_IN details_NNS of_IN J30 84 genealogical_JJ connections_NNS and_CC to_TO refer_VB the_ATI J30 84 investigator_NN to_IN them_PP3OS when_WRB J30 85 approached_VBN for_IN kinship_NN information_NN ._. J30 86 ^ Firth_NP refers_VBZ to_IN such_ABL experts_NNS as_IN pivotal_JJ J30 86 kin_NNS ,_, *'_*' relatives_NNS who_WPR act_VB J30 87 as_IN linking_JJ points_NNS in_IN the_ATI kinship_NN structure_NN J30 87 **'_**' and_CC who_WPR *'_*' hold_VB more_AP J30 88 threads_NNS of_IN genealogical_JJ connections_NNS in_IN their_PP$ J30 88 heads_NNS than_IN anyone_PN J30 89 else_RB **'_**' ._. ^ I_PP1A prefer_VB to_TO differentiate_VB J30 89 between_IN experts_NNS and_CC pivotal_JJ kin_NNS ,_, J30 90 and_CC to_TO reserve_VB the_ATI latter_AP term_NN for_IN those_DTS J30 90 individuals_NNS who_WPR act_VB as_IN J30 91 connecting_JJ relatives_NNS ,_, irrespective_IN of_IN" whether_CS J30 91 they_PP3AS are_BER also_RB experts_NNS ._. J30 92 ^ the_ATI significance_NN of_IN pivotal_JJ kin_NNS as_IN connecting_JJ J30 92 links_NNS is_BEZ usually_RB J30 93 greater_JJR if_CS they_PP3AS are_BER also_RB experts_NNS ,_, as_CS J30 93 is_BEZ often_RB the_ATI case_NN ._. ^ but_CC many_AP J30 94 pivotal_JJ kin_NNS are_BER elderly_JJ men_NNS who_WPR ,_, in_RB J30 94 general_RB" ,_, know_VB less_AP about_IN kinship_NN J30 95 connections_NNS than_IN their_PP$ daughters_NNS or_CC nieces_NNS ;_; J30 95 and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ often_RB found_VBN that_CS J30 96 individuals_NNS remain_VB pivotal_JJ kin_NNS after_IN their_PP$ J30 96 death_NN ._. ^ not_XNOT only_RB do_DO their_PP$ J30 97 graves_NNS sometimes_RB form_VB the_ATI pivot_NN round_IN which_WDTR J30 97 kin_NNS ties_NNS tenuously_RB J30 98 revolve_VB ,_, but_CC the_ATI dead_JJ are_BER often_RB used_VBN by_IN J30 98 living_JJ informants_NNS as_IN foci_NNS from_IN J30 99 which_WDTR genealogical_JJ connections_NNS stem_VB ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ J30 99 particularly_RB the_ATI case_NN J30 100 when_WRB the_ATI dead_JJ person_NN lived_VBD to_IN a_AT great_JJ age_NN J30 100 or_CC had_HVD high_JJ prestige_NN for_IN J30 101 some_DTI reason_NN among_IN his_PP$ kindred_NN or_CC in_IN the_ATI J30 101 locality_NN ._. J30 102 ^ most_AP pivotal_JJ kin_NNS who_WPR are_BER also_RB experts_NNS J30 102 are_BER elderly_JJ women_NNS who_WPR ,_, from_IN J30 103 their_PP$ personal_JJ knowledge_NN of_IN dead_JJ kin_NNS of_IN J30 103 previous_JJ generations_NNS ,_, maintain_VB J30 104 links_NNS of_IN information_NN and_CC social_JJ contact_NN between_IN J30 104 their_PP$ own_AP and_CC their_PP$ J30 105 siblings'_NNS$ descendants_NNS and_CC the_ATI descendants_NNS of_IN J30 105 their_PP$ parents'_NNS$ and_CC J30 106 grandparents'_NNS$ siblings_NNS ._. ^ in_IN theory_NN ,_, and_CC J30 106 often_RB in_IN practice_NN ,_, this_DT means_VBZ J30 107 that_CS such_ABL women_NNS carry_VB in_IN their_PP$ heads_NNS J30 107 kinship_NN knowledge_NN of_IN six_CD J30 108 generations_NNS depth_NN and_CC extending_VBG laterally_RB among_IN J30 108 consanguineal_JJ kin_NNS as_QL J30 109 far_RB as_IN the_ATI grandchildren_NN of_IN second_OD cousins_NNS ._. ^ J30 109 when_WRB economic_JJ and_CC other_AP J30 110 social_JJ factors_NNS reinforce_VB relatively_RB remote_JJ kinship_NN J30 110 connections_NNS ,_, the_ATI J30 111 lateral_JJ extension_NN among_IN consanguineal_JJ kin_NNS may_MD go_VB J30 111 further_RBR :_: the_ATI J30 112 grandchildren_NN of_IN pivotal_JJ kin_NNS may_MD recognize_VB as_IN J30 112 cousins_NNS of_IN unspecified_JJ J30 113 degree_NN the_ATI descendants_NNS of_IN the_ATI pivotal_JJ kin's_NN$ J30 113 second_OD or_CC third_OD cousins_NNS ._. J30 114 ^ the_ATI same_AP factors_NNS often_RB lead_VB to_IN knowledge_NN of_IN J30 114 ,_, and_CC contact_NN with_IN ,_, J30 115 affines_NNS being_BEG very_QL extensive_JJ ._. J30 116 ^ there_EX are_BER many_AP individuals_NNS in_IN the_ATI Vale_NPL J30 116 who_WPR are_BER able_JJ to_TO identify_VB J30 117 between_IN 200_CD and_CC 500_CD living_JJ and_CC dead_JJ relatives_NNS J30 117 ,_, about_IN the_ATI majority_NN of_IN J30 118 whom_WPOR they_PP3AS can_MD provide_VB at_RB least_RB" such_ABL J30 118 information_NN as_IN sex_NN ,_, marital_JJ state_NN ,_, J30 119 place_NN of_IN residence_NN and_CC occupation_NN ._. ^ most_AP of_IN J30 119 these_DTS individuals_NNS are_BER J30 120 people_NNS long_RB settled_VBN in_IN the_ATI area_NN ,_, by_IN J30 120 which_WDTR I_PP1A mean_VB people_NNS who_WPR ,_, in_RB the_RB" J30 121 main_RB" ,_, were_BED born_VBN in_IN the_ATI Vale_NPL and_CC one_CD1 J30 121 or_CC both_ABX of_IN whose_WP$R parents_NNS ,_, and_CC J30 122 often_RB whose_WP$R grandparents_NNS ,_, were_BED also_RB born_VBN J30 122 there_RN ._. ^ by_IN contrast_NN ,_, there_EX J30 123 are_BER other_AP individuals_NNS who_WPR show_VB a_AT very_QL much_RB J30 123 more_QL restricted_JJ range_NN of_IN J30 124 kin_NNS recognition_NN of_IN the_ATI order_NN of_IN about_RB 50_CD J30 124 relatives_NNS in_IN all_ABN ._. ^ some_DTI of_IN J30 125 these_DTS individuals_NNS have_HV always_RB lived_VBN in_IN the_ATI J30 125 area_NN but_CC most_AP of_IN them_PP3OS are_BER J30 126 relatively_RB recent_JJ immigrants_NNS ,_, that_DT is_BEZ ,_, J30 126 adults_NNS who_WPR were_BED born_VBN outside_IN J30 127 the_ATI Vale_NPL ,_, often_RB in_IN urban_JJ areas_NNS ,_, and_CC J30 127 who_WPR have_HV only_RB moved_VBN into_IN the_ATI J30 128 locality_NN since_IN 1945_CD ._. ^ in_IN both_ABX instances_NNS ,_, J30 128 in_IN spite_IN" of_IN" the_ATI great_JJ J30 129 differences_NNS in_IN size_NN of_IN the_ATI average_JJ kinship_NN J30 129 universe_NN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ rare_JJ for_IN J30 130 the_ATI depth_NN of_IN generations_NNS over_IN which_WDTR kin_NNS J30 130 are_BER recognized_VBN to_TO exceed_VB seven_CD J30 131 or_CC to_TO be_BE less_AP than_IN four_CD ._. ^ again_RB ,_, while_CS J30 131 the_ATI number_NN of_IN kin_NNS with_IN whom_WPOR an_AT J30 132 individual_NN may_MD have_HV some_DTI kind_NN of_IN periodic_JJ J30 132 contact_NN tends_VBZ to_TO vary_VB with_IN J30 133 the_ATI size_NN of_IN the_ATI kinship_NN universe_NN ,_, the_ATI J30 133 number_NN of_IN kin_NNS with_IN whom_WPOR an_AT J30 134 individual_NN has_HVZ frequent_JJ and_CC intimate_JJ contact_NN is_BEZ J30 134 usually_RB little_RB J30 135 different_JJ for_IN those_DTS with_IN large_JJ kinship_NN networks_NNS J30 135 from_IN those_DTS with_IN small_JJ ._. J30 136 ^ degree_NN of_IN physical_JJ mobility_NN is_BEZ only_RB one_CD1 J30 136 of_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN J30 137 interdependent_JJ social_JJ factors_NNS which_WDTR act_VB directly_RB J30 137 or_CC indirectly_RB to_TO J30 138 influence_VB the_ATI size_NN of_IN an_AT individual's_NN$ kinship_NN J30 138 universe_NN ._. ^ these_DTS factors_NNS J30 139 are_BER also_RB related_VBN to_IN the_ATI amount_NN of_IN contact_NN J30 139 the_ATI individual_NN has_HVZ with_IN his_PP$ J30 140 extra-familial_JJ kin_NNS and_CC to_IN the_ATI differentiations_NNS J30 140 he_PP3A makes_VBZ among_IN them_PP3OS ;_; J30 141 the_ATI most_QL important_JJ are_BER occupation_NN ,_, economic_JJ J30 141 resources_NNS ,_, ownership_NN of_IN J30 142 property_NN and_CC degree_NN of_IN social_JJ mobility_NN ._. ^ in_IN J30 142 some_DTI cases_NNS religious_JJ J30 143 affiliations_NNS and_CC level_NN of_IN education_NN also_RB seem_VB J30 143 significant_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI J30 144 decisions_NNS which_WDTR an_AT individual_NN makes_VBZ in_IN J30 144 choosing_VBG how_WRB far_RB to_TO observe_VB or_CC J30 145 disregard_VB in_IN any_DTI particular_JJ set_NN of_IN circumstances_NNS J30 145 the_ATI sentiments_NNS ,_, J30 146 obligations_NNS and_CC expectations_NNS which_WDTR are_BER involved_VBN J30 146 in_IN the_ATI recognition_NN of_IN J30 147 extra-familial_JJ kin_NNS ties_NNS appear_VB to_TO be_BE influenced_VBN J30 147 by_IN the_ATI interplay_NN of_IN J30 148 such_ABL factors_NNS as_IN these_DTS ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ within_IN J30 148 the_ATI framework_NN provided_VBN by_IN them_PP3OS J30 149 that_CS idiosyncratic_JJ preferences_NNS operate_VB ._. J30 150 ^ the_ATI same_AP factors_NNS also_RB tend_VB to_TO affect_VB J30 150 the_ATI degree_NN to_IN which_WDTR J30 151 marriages_NNS reinforce_VB already_RB existing_JJ ties_NNS of_IN J30 151 kinship_NN and_CC affinity_NN and_CC ,_, J30 152 among_IN certain_JJ sections_NNS of_IN the_ATI population_NN ,_, J30 152 the_ATI scarcely_RB less_QL J30 153 significant_JJ ties_NNS between_IN kith_NNS ,_, that_DT is_BEZ ,_, J30 153 between_IN friends_NNS and_CC neighbours_NNS J30 154 of_IN approximately_RB the_ATI same_AP perceived_JJ social_JJ status_NN J30 154 ._. ^ indeed_RB ,_, kith_NNS may_MD J30 155 be_BE described_VBN as_CS consisting_VBG of_IN those_DTS who_WPR J30 155 are_BER an_AT individual's_NN$ potential_JJ J30 156 affines_NNS ._. J30 157 ^ the_ATI multiplicity_NN of_IN roles_NNS which_WDTR every_AT J30 157 individual_NN fills_VBZ both_ABX J30 158 successively_RB in_IN his_PP$ lifetime_NN and_CC simultaneously_RB J30 158 at_IN any_DTI given_JJ time_NN is_BEZ a_AT J30 159 sociological_JJ truism_NN which_WDTR needs_VBZ no_ATI labouring_NN ._. ^ J30 159 in_IN any_DTI attempt_NN to_TO study_VB J30 160 the_ATI functions_NNS of_IN kinship_NN in_IN a_AT highly_RB complex_JJ J30 160 society_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ J30 161 nevertheless_RB all_RB too_QL easy_JJ to_TO lose_VB sight_NN of_IN J30 161 the_ATI importance_NN for_IN social_JJ J30 162 behaviour_NN of_IN role-relationships_NNS other_AP than_IN those_DTS J30 162 based_VBN on_IN kin_NNS ties_NNS ._. J30 163 ^ any_DTI analysis_NN of_IN a_AT system_NN of_IN social_JJ J30 163 relations_NNS necessarily_RB involves_VBZ the_ATI J30 164 overemphasis_NN ,_, for_IN heuristic_JJ purposes_NNS ,_, of_IN J30 164 lines_NNS of_IN demarcation_NN between_IN J30 165 particular_JJ aspects_NNS of_IN behaviour_NN ._. ^ in_IN fact_NN it_PP3 J30 165 is_BEZ often_RB very_QL difficult_JJ J30 166 for_IN the_ATI observer_NN to_TO disentangle_VB the_ATI kinship_NN J30 166 network_NN of_IN an_AT individual_NN J30 167 from_IN the_ATI wider_JJR social_JJ network_NN of_IN which_WDTR it_PP3 J30 167 forms_VBZ a_AT part_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ most_QL J30 168 clearly_RB seen_VBN in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN farmers_NNS and_CC J30 168 their_PP$ families_NNS who_WPR ,_, together_RB J30 169 with_IN those_DTS whose_WP$R occupations_NNS are_BER largely_RB J30 169 dependent_JJ on_IN agriculture_NN and_CC J30 170 who_WPR come_VB ,_, in_IN many_AP cases_NNS ,_, of_IN local_JJ J30 170 farming_JJ stock_NN ,_, form_VB one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI J30 171 significant_JJ sections_NNS of_IN Vale_NPL society_NN ._. ^ at_IN J30 171 the_ATI same_AP time_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ possible_JJ J30 172 to_TO demonstrate_VB the_ATI importance_NN of_IN the_ATI social_JJ J30 172 factors_NNS mentioned_VBN earlier_RBR J30 173 in_IN relation_NN to_IN the_ATI structure_NN and_CC functions_NNS of_IN J30 173 extra-familial_JJ kin_NNS ties_NNS ._. J30 174 ^ among_IN farmers_NNS the_ATI degree_NN of_IN physical_JJ J30 174 mobility_NN is_BEZ relatively_RB low_JJ ._. J30 175 ^ although_CS most_AP farmers_NNS in_IN the_ATI Vale_NPL are_BER J30 175 tenants_NNS ,_, holdings_NNS relatively_RB J30 176 rarely_RB become_VB vacant_JJ other_AP than_CS through_IN the_ATI J30 176 death_NN or_CC retirement_NN of_IN the_ATI J30 177 tenant_NN ,_, when_WRB it_PP3 is_BEZ the_ATI traditional_JJ policy_NN J30 177 among_IN landowners_NNS and_CC their_PP$ J30 178 agents_NNS to_TO give_VB preference_NN among_IN applicants_NNS for_IN J30 178 the_ATI new_JJ tenancy_NN to_IN the_ATI J30 179 sons_NNS of_IN the_ATI previous_JJ tenant_NN ._. ^ the_ATI vast_JJ J30 179 majority_NN of_IN farmers_NNS are_BER the_ATI J30 180 sons_NNS and_CC grandsons_NNS of_IN farmers_NNS and_CC most_AP J30 180 farmers'_NNS$ wives_NNS are_BER the_ATI J30 181 daughters_NNS of_IN farmers_NNS ._. ^ those_DTS children_NNS of_IN J30 181 farmers_NNS who_WPR are_BER socially_RB J30 182 mobile_JJ tend_VB to_TO maintain_VB close_JJ links_NNS with_IN J30 182 their_PP$ relatives_NNS who_WPR are_BER still_RB J30 183 farming_VBG ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ a_AT high_JJ degree_NN of_IN J30 183 interconnectedness_NN in_IN the_ATI kinship_NN J30 184 and_CC social_JJ networks_NNS of_IN farmers_NNS ;_; there_EX is_BEZ J30 184 also_RB considerable_JJ variation_NN J30 185 between_IN individual_JJ farmers_NNS in_IN the_ATI recognition_NN of_IN J30 185 extra-familial_JJ kin_NNS J30 186 ties_NNS ,_, according_IN to_IN" the_ATI age_NN of_IN the_ATI J30 186 individuals_NNS concerned_VBN ,_, the_ATI stage_NN of_IN J30 187 development_NN in_IN its_PP$ life-cycle_NN reached_VBN by_IN the_ATI J30 187 elementary_JJ family_NN to_IN J30 188 which_WDTR they_PP3AS belong_VB and_CC the_ATI social_JJ context_NN J30 188 of_IN contacts_NNS between_IN them_PP3OS ._. J30 189 ^ the_ATI result_NN is_BEZ that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ often_RB almost_RB J30 189 impossible_JJ to_TO know_VB whether_CS J30 190 social_JJ relations_NNS between_IN individuals_NNS in_IN particular_JJ J30 190 instances_NNS should_MD be_BE J30 191 classified_VBN as_CS taking_VBG place_NN between_IN kin_NNS or_CC J30 191 between_IN non-kin_NNS ._. J31 2 ^ the_ATI reticent_JJ users_NNS were_BED asked_VBN simply_RB ,_, J31 2 as_CS described_VBN above_RI ,_, J31 3 to_TO state_VB the_ATI methods_NNS they_PP3AS had_HVD ever_RB used_VBN J31 3 and_CC the_ATI stage_NN in_IN family_NN J31 4 building_NN when_WRB they_PP3AS started_VBD these_DTS practices_NNS ._. J31 4 ^ they_PP3AS were_BED not_XNOT asked_VBN for_IN J31 5 further_JJB details_NNS in_IN view_NN of_IN their_PP$ original_JJ J31 5 reluctance_NN to_TO admit_VB to_IN J31 6 practice_NN ._. J31 7 ^ in_IN this_DT attempt_NN to_TO elicit_VB contraceptive_JJ J31 7 histories_NNS ,_, attention_NN was_BEDZ J31 8 directed_VBN towards_IN minimising_VBG any_DTI embarrassment_NN ._. ^ J31 8 the_ATI relevant_JJ questions_NNS J31 9 were_BED put_VBN at_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN the_ATI questionnaire_NN J31 9 to_TO allow_VB time_NN for_IN the_ATI J31 10 interviewer_NN to_TO gain_VB the_ATI informant's_NN$ confidence_NN J31 10 and_CC the_ATI list_NN of_IN J31 11 contraceptives_NNS included_VBD both_ABX medical_JJ and_CC J31 11 colloquial_JJ names_NNS for_IN the_ATI J31 12 various_JJ contraceptive_JJ methods_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI use_NN of_IN J31 12 the_ATI card_NN with_IN its_PP$ numbered_JJ J31 13 list_NN prevented_VBD the_ATI informant_NN from_IN having_HVG to_TO J31 13 mention_VB the_ATI methods_NNS by_IN J31 14 name_NN ._. J31 15 ^ in_IN the_ATI event_NN interviewers_NNS found_VBD little_AP J31 15 difficulty_NN with_IN these_DTS J31 16 birth_NN control_NN questions_NNS ;_; reports_NNS from_IN J31 16 supervisors_NNS suggest_VB that_CS once_CS an_AT J31 17 informant_NN had_HVD embarked_VBN on_IN the_ATI questionnaire_NN ,_, J31 17 he_PP3A or_CC she_PP3A co-operated_VBD to_IN J31 18 the_ATI end_NN ._. ^ only_RB 17_CD refused_VBD to_TO say_VB whether_CS J31 18 or_CC not_XNOT they_PP3AS had_HVD ever_RB J31 19 practised_VBN any_DTI form_NN of_IN birth_NN control_NN ,_, and_CC a_AT J31 19 further_JJB 20_CD informants_NNS ,_, who_WPR J31 20 were_BED found_VBN to_TO have_HV taken_VBN some_DTI action_NN to_TO J31 20 control_VB conception_NN ,_, refused_VBD to_TO J31 21 indicate_VB the_ATI methods_NNS they_PP3AS had_HVD used_VBN ;_; one_CD1 J31 21 commented_VBD :_: ^ *'_*' I_PP1A think_VB it_PP3 is_BEZ a_AT J31 22 very_QL private_JJ matter_NN and_CC would_MD rather_RB not_XNOT J31 22 discuss_VB it_PP3 ._. **'_**' ^ this_DT bears_VBZ J31 23 out_RP the_ATI American_JNP study_NN experience_NN :_: only_RB 10_CD J31 23 of_IN the_ATI 2,713_CD wives_NNS who_WPR were_BED J31 24 interviewed_VBN were_BED unwilling_JJ to_TO answer_VB the_ATI J31 24 questions_NNS about_IN their_PP$ J31 25 attempts_NNS to_TO avoid_VB conception_NN ;_; this_DT was_BEDZ less_AP J31 25 than_IN the_ATI refusal_NN rate_NN for_IN J31 26 their_PP$ questions_NNS about_IN income_NN and_CC the_ATI usual_JJ J31 26 refusal_NN rate_NN for_IN income_NN J31 27 questions_NNS in_IN other_AP sample_NN surveys_NNS ._. J31 28 ^ despite_IN the_ATI apparent_JJ ease_NN of_IN the_ATI interview_NN J31 28 situation_NN and_CC the_ATI low_JJ J31 29 refusal_NN rate_NN on_IN these_DTS birth_NN control_NN questions_NNS J31 29 ,_, possibilities_NNS for_IN error_NN J31 30 and_CC reticence_NN exist_VB ._. ^ as_CS mentioned_VBN in_IN part_NN J31 30 1_CD1 of_IN this_DT paper_NN ,_, nearly_RB J31 31 half_ABN the_ATI informants_NNS were_BED interviewed_VBN in_IN the_ATI J31 31 presence_NN of_IN relatives_NNS ,_, J31 32 friends_NNS or_CC children_NNS ;_; although_CS it_PP3 seems_VBZ that_CS J31 32 the_ATI presence_NN of_IN these_DTS J31 33 people_NNS did_DOD not_XNOT seriously_RB affect_VB the_ATI response_NN J31 33 to_IN questions_NNS on_IN J31 34 contraceptive_JJ practice_NN ,_, they_PP3AS may_MD occasionally_RB J31 34 have_HV been_BEN an_AT inhibiting_JJ J31 35 factor_NN ,_, even_CS though_CS" informants_NNS were_BED not_XNOT J31 35 required_VBN to_TO mention_VB methods_NNS by_IN J31 36 name_NN ._. ^ also_RB ,_, although_CS the_ATI informants_NNS seemed_VBD J31 36 to_TO understand_VB the_ATI terms_NNS on_IN J31 37 the_ATI card_NN showing_VBG the_ATI list_NN of_IN contraceptives_NNS J31 37 ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ possible_JJ that_CS J31 38 incorrect_JJ answers_NNS were_BED given_VBN by_IN a_AP few_AP" who_WPR J31 38 only_RB knew_VBD a_AT different_JJ J31 39 colloquial_JJ name_NN for_IN the_ATI method_NN used_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI J31 39 following_JJ analysis_NN shows_VBZ J31 40 that_CS a_AT large_JJ majority_NN of_IN the_ATI informants_NNS only_RB J31 40 ever_RB used_VBD one_CD1 J31 41 contraceptive_JJ method_NN or_CC group_NN of_IN methods_NNS J31 41 simultaneously_RB ;_; however_RB ,_, it_PP3 J31 42 is_BEZ possible_JJ that_CS a_AP few_AP" informants_NNS ,_, weary_JJ J31 42 at_IN this_DT stage_NN in_IN a_AT long_JJ J31 43 interview_NN ,_, may_MD not_XNOT have_HV taken_VBN the_ATI trouble_NN J31 43 to_TO outline_VB their_PP$ whole_JJ J31 44 contraceptive_JJ history_NN and_CC only_RB mentioned_VBD the_ATI J31 44 method_NN they_PP3AS considered_VBD J31 45 the_ATI most_QL important_JJ ._. ^ lastly_RB ,_, the_ATI J31 45 interviewers_NNS ,_, though_CS skilled_JJ and_CC J31 46 experienced_JJ at_IN questioning_VBG diverse_JJ people_NNS on_IN a_AT J31 46 wide_JJ range_NN of_IN topics_NNS ,_, J31 47 were_BED not_XNOT specifically_RB trained_VBN as_CS those_DTS J31 47 engaged_VBN in_IN the_ATI Lewis-Faning_NP and_CC J31 48 the_ATI American_JNP study_NN had_HVD been_BEN for_IN this_DT almost_RB J31 48 clinical_JJ aspect_NN of_IN the_ATI J31 49 inquiry_NN ._. J31 50 ^ differential_JJ response_NN by_IN male_JJ and_CC female_JJ J31 50 informants_NNS ._. J31 51 ^ one_CD1 or_CC more_AP of_IN the_ATI above_JJ may_MD account_VB J31 51 for_IN the_ATI surprising_JJ finding_NN J31 52 that_CS ,_, in_IN every_AT cohort_NN and_CC social_JJ class_NN ,_, J31 52 birth_NN control_NN practice_NN was_BEDZ J31 53 mentioned_VBN more_QL often_RB by_IN men_NNS than_CS by_IN women_NNS J31 53 ._. ^ some_DTI 74_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI J31 54 male_JJ informants_NNS married_VBN since_IN 1930_CD reported_VBD J31 54 practising_VBG contraception_NN J31 55 in_IN their_PP$ first_OD marriages_NNS against_IN only_RB 65.1_CD J31 55 per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI female_JJ J31 56 informants_NNS ._. J31 57 ^ the_ATI questions_NNS had_HVD been_BEN designed_VBN (_( see_VB J31 57 \0p_NN 122_CD )_) to_TO obtain_VB each_DT J31 58 couple's_NN$ contraceptive_JJ practice_NN and_CC not_XNOT just_RB J31 58 the_ATI action_NN taken_VBN by_IN the_ATI J31 59 informants_NNS alone_RB ,_, and_CC hence_RB similar_JJ results_NNS J31 59 were_BED anticipated_VBN from_IN male_JJ J31 60 and_CC female_JJ informants_NNS ._. ^ perhaps_RB this_DT was_BEDZ a_AT J31 60 naive_JJ expectation_NN ,_, since_CS J31 61 psycho-sexual_JJ factors_NNS ,_, particularly_RB in_IN this_DT J31 61 culture_NN may_MD tend_VB to_TO J31 62 inhibit_VB women_NNS on_IN the_ATI subject_NN and_CC possibly_RB in_IN J31 62 turn_NN lead_VB men_NNS in_IN some_DTI J31 63 cases_NNS to_TO overstate_VB their_PP$ practices_NNS ._. ^ a_AT J31 63 complete_JJ understanding_NN of_IN this_DT J31 64 differential_JJ sexual_JJ response_NN is_BEZ obviously_RB impossible_JJ J31 64 ,_, but_CC a_AT clearer_JJR J31 65 examination_NN of_IN the_ATI method_NN of_IN questioning_VBG J31 65 suggests_VBZ some_DTI explanation_NN and_CC J31 66 makes_VBZ possible_JJ an_AT assessment_NN of_IN the_ATI significance_NN J31 66 of_IN this_DT finding_NN on_IN J31 67 the_ATI validity_NN of_IN the_ATI results_NNS on_IN birth_NN control_NN J31 67 methods_NNS ._. J31 68 ^ questioning_VBG on_IN family_NN planning_NN opened_VBD with_IN J31 68 an_AT inquiry_NN about_IN J31 69 attitudes_NNS ._. ^ \0Q_NN 182a_CD :_: ^ *'_*' many_AP married_JJ J31 69 couples_NNS do_DO something_PN to_TO J31 70 limit_VB the_ATI size_NN of_IN their_PP$ families_NNS and_CC to_TO J31 70 control_VB when_WRB their_PP$ children_NNS J31 71 come_VB ._. ^ how_WRB do_DO you_PP2 feel_VB about_IN this_DT ?_? J31 71 **'_**' ^ replies_NNS showed_VBD that_CS male_JJ J31 72 informants_NNS married_VBN since_IN 1930_CD fully_RB approved_VBD of_IN J31 72 birth_NN control_NN more_QL J31 73 frequently_RB than_IN female_JJ informants_NNS ;_; in_IN all_ABN J31 73 68.9_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI men_NNS J31 74 against_IN 63.9_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI women_NNS ,_, but_CC J31 74 the_ATI differences_NNS were_BED J31 75 especially_RB marked_JJ amongst_IN those_DTS married_VBN in_IN the_ATI J31 75 1940s_CDS ,_, where_WRB 72.2_CD per_NNU J31 76 cent_NNU" of_IN men_NNS approved_VBD against_IN only_RB 60.2_CD per_NNU J31 76 cent_NNU" of_IN women_NNS ._. J31 77 ^ this_DT questioning_NN on_IN personal_JJ attitudes_NNS was_BEDZ J31 77 followed_VBN by_IN the_ATI J31 78 enquiries_NNS about_IN practice_NN described_VBN above_RI ._. ^ J31 78 response_NN to_IN the_ATI first_OD J31 79 question_NN shows_VBZ the_ATI main_JJB sex_NN differential_NN ;_; J31 79 57.5_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI male_JJ J31 80 informants_NNS married_VBN since_IN 1930_CD answered_VBD positively_RB J31 80 (_( in_IN our_PP$ terminology_NN J31 81 declared_VBD themselves_PPLS to_TO be_BE avowed_JJ users_NNS )_) as_IN J31 81 against_IN" 47.2_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" J31 82 of_IN the_ATI female_JJ informants_NNS ;_; this_DT differential_NN J31 82 operated_VBD in_IN all_ABN cohorts_NNS J31 83 and_CC classes_NNS ,_, but_CC ,_, as_CS with_IN the_ATI attitude_NN J31 83 question_NN ,_, was_BEDZ more_QL marked_JJ in_IN J31 84 the_ATI 1940-49_CD-CD cohort_NN (_( 62.1_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN J31 84 male_JJ informants_NNS to_IN 46.1_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" J31 85 of_IN female_JJ informants_NNS )_) and_CC particularly_RB amongst_IN J31 85 the_ATI skilled_JJ manual_JJ and_CC J31 86 other_AP manual_JJ workers_NNS in_IN this_DT cohort_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J31 86 was_BEDZ only_RB when_WRB informants_NNS had_HVD J31 87 declared_VBN their_PP$ use_NN of_IN contraception_NN in_IN this_DT J31 87 way_NN that_CS they_PP3AS were_BED asked_VBN J31 88 the_ATI methods_NNS they_PP3AS had_HVD used_VBN and_CC were_BED J31 88 shown_VBN the_ATI full_JJ list_NN of_IN appliance_NN J31 89 and_CC non-appliance_JJB methods_NNS ._. ^ at_IN this_DT stage_NN J31 89 the_ATI same_AP proportion_NN of_IN each_DT J31 90 sex_NN reported_VBD using_VBG only_RB non-appliance_JJB methods_NNS J31 90 including_IN withdrawal_NN ,_, J31 91 but_CC the_ATI female_JJ informants_NNS reported_VBD less_AP use_NN J31 91 of_IN appliance_NN methods_NNS ._. J31 92 ^ closer_JJR examination_NN revealed_VBD ,_, as_CS was_BEDZ to_TO be_BE J31 92 expected_VBN ,_, that_CS as_QL many_AP J31 93 female_JJ informants_NNS as_IN male_JJ informants_NNS had_HVD J31 93 reported_VBN use_NN of_IN the_ATI cap_NN ;_; J31 94 hence_RB the_ATI difference_NN lay_VBD essentially_RB in_IN reports_NNS J31 94 of_IN the_ATI sheath_NN ._. J31 95 ^ we_PP1AS had_HVD expected_VBN the_ATI difference_NN to_TO lie_VB J31 95 in_IN reports_NNS of_IN *'_*' male_JJ J31 96 **'_**' methods_NNS since_CS it_PP3 seems_VBZ possible_JJ that_CS J31 96 some_DTI female_JJ informants_NNS who_WPR J31 97 disapproved_VBD of_IN birth_NN control_NN might_MD quite_RB J31 97 reasonably_RB have_HV denied_VBN J31 98 practice_NN if_CS their_PP$ husbands_NNS were_BED responsible_JJ for_IN J31 98 the_ATI methods_NNS used_VBN ,_, and_CC J31 99 particularly_RB as_IN the_ATI request_NN for_IN information_NN on_IN J31 99 the_ATI couple's_NN$ J31 100 methods_NNS was_BEDZ not_XNOT specifically_RB repeated_VBN in_IN J31 100 the_ATI wording_NN of_IN the_ATI question_NN J31 101 on_IN methods_NNS used_VBN (_( \0Q_NN 188_CD )_) ;_; but_CC we_PP1AS J31 101 thought_VBD this_DT difference_NN would_MD show_VB J31 102 up_RP more_RBR in_IN the_ATI proportion_NN reporting_VBG withdrawal_NN J31 102 ._. ^ however_RB ,_, in_IN all_ABN J31 103 cohorts_NNS as_QL many_AP women_NNS as_IN men_NNS married_VBN since_IN J31 103 1930_CD had_HVD ,_, by_IN this_DT stage_NN in_IN J31 104 the_ATI questioning_NN ,_, reported_VBN the_ATI practice_NN of_IN J31 104 withdrawal_NN ._. ^ but_CC perhaps_RB ,_, J31 105 and_CC Freedman_NP and_CC Whelpton_NP mention_VB this_DT possibility_NN J31 105 ,_, women_NNS responded_VBD to_IN J31 106 the_ATI positive_JJ suggestion_NN of_IN *'_*' husband_NN is_BEZ J31 106 careful_JJ ,_, withdraws_VBZ **'_**' and_CC some_DTI J31 107 reported_VBD this_DT method_NN when_WRB in_IN fact_NN their_PP$ *'_*' J31 107 careful_JJ **'_**' husbands_NNS had_HVD used_VBN J31 108 the_ATI sheath_NN ._. J31 109 ^ it_PP3 will_MD be_BE remembered_VBN from_IN \0p_NN 123_CD (_( J31 109 \0Q_NN 186_CD )_) that_CS all_ABN those_DTS J31 110 denying_VBG birth_NN control_NN practice_NN were_BED shown_VBN a_AT J31 110 numbered_JJ list_NN of_IN J31 111 non-appliance_JJB methods_NNS and_CC asked_VBN to_TO state_VB ,_, by_IN J31 111 number_NN which_WDTR ,_, if_CS any_DTI ,_, J31 112 they_PP3AS had_HVD used_VBN ._. ^ in_IN some_DTI of_IN the_ATI J31 112 cohorts_NNS and_CC classes_NNS where_WRB the_ATI sex_NN J31 113 differential_NN in_IN the_ATI proportion_NN of_IN avowed_JJ users_NNS J31 113 was_BEDZ most_QL marked_JJ J31 114 some_DTI of_IN the_ATI leeway_NN was_BEDZ made_VBN up_RP by_IN a_AT J31 114 greater_JJR proportion_NN of_IN women_NNS J31 115 admitting_VBG to_IN the_ATI use_NN of_IN these_DTS non-appliance_JJB J31 115 methods_NNS (_( in_IN our_PP$ J31 116 terminology_NN declaring_VBG themselves_PPLS to_TO be_BE reticent_JJ J31 116 users_NNS )_) ,_, J31 117 particularly_RB in_IN the_ATI 1940-49_CD-CD cohort_NN where_WRB a_AT J31 117 further_JJB 21.1_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI J31 118 female_JJ informants_NNS became_VBD reticent_JJ users_NNS as_IN J31 118 against_IN" only_RB 16_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN J31 119 the_ATI male_JJ informants_NNS (_( the_ATI proportion_NN for_IN the_ATI J31 119 *'_*' other_AP manual_JJ **'_**' group_NN J31 120 showed_VBD an_AT excess_NN of_IN 10_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" for_IN J31 120 women_NNS over_IN men_NNS )_) ._. ^ it_PP3 should_MD be_BE J31 121 remembered_VBN here_RN that_CS for_IN these_DTS informants_NNS this_DT J31 121 was_BEDZ the_ATI first_OD time_NN they_PP3AS J31 122 had_HVD been_BEN shown_VBN a_AT list_NN of_IN methods_NNS and_CC J31 122 also_RB that_CS this_DT list_NN only_RB included_VBD J31 123 non-appliance_JJB methods_NNS ._. ^ interestingly_RB ,_, at_IN this_DT J31 123 point_NN ,_, more_AP women_NNS than_IN J31 124 men_NNS mentioned_VBD use_NN of_IN withdrawal_NN and_CC J31 124 significantly_RB more_AP in_IN the_ATI J31 125 seriously_RB affected_JJ 1940-49_CD-CD cohort_NN ,_, supporting_VBG J31 125 the_ATI theory_NN that_CS some_DTI of_IN J31 126 the_ATI sex_NN differential_NN on_IN avowed_JJ use_NN was_BEDZ due_JJ J31 126 to_IN the_ATI failure_NN of_IN women_NNS J31 127 to_TO report_VB practice_NN when_WRB their_PP$ husbands_NNS had_HVD J31 127 taken_VBN the_ATI contraceptive_JJ J31 128 action_NN ._. ^ also_RB ,_, since_CS these_DTS informants_NNS were_BED J31 128 confined_VBN to_IN non-appliance_JJB J31 129 methods_NNS ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ possible_JJ that_CS some_DTI women_NNS J31 129 reported_VBD withdrawal_NN when_WRB in_IN J31 130 fact_NN their_PP$ husbands_NNS had_HVD used_VBN the_ATI sheath_NN ._. J31 131 ^ the_ATI combined_JJ answers_NNS of_IN the_ATI avowed_JJ and_CC J31 131 reticent_JJ users_NNS J31 132 together_RB give_VB us_PP1OS the_ATI total_JJ extent_NN of_IN J31 132 eventually_RB admitted_VBN birth_NN control_NN J31 133 practice_NN ._. ^ this_DT shows_VBZ a_AT steady_JJ differential_NN J31 133 in_IN all_ABN cohorts_NNS including_IN J31 134 the_ATI 1940s_CDS ,_, of_IN approximately_RB 10_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" J31 134 more_AP admitted_JJ practice_NN for_IN J31 135 male_JJ informants_NNS than_IN females_NNS ;_; the_ATI difference_NN J31 135 lies_VBZ ,_, particularly_RB in_IN the_ATI J31 136 1940-49_CD-CD cohort_NN in_IN the_ATI proportion_NN of_IN male_JJ J31 136 and_CC female_JJ informants_NNS J31 137 reporting_VBG use_NN of_IN appliance_NN methods_NNS ._. J31 138 ^ from_IN the_ATI probably_RB genuine_JJ sex_NN differential_NN J31 138 in_IN personal_JJ attitudes_NNS J31 139 to_IN contraception_NN ,_, through_IN the_ATI intensive_JJ ,_, J31 139 carefully_RB worded_JJ but_CC perhaps_RB J31 140 too_QL closely_RB defined_VBN method_NN of_IN questioning_NN ,_, J31 140 some_DTI female_JJ informants_NNS may_MD J31 141 have_HV failed_VBN to_TO reveal_VB their_PP$ birth_NN control_NN J31 141 practices_NNS ,_, particularly_RB J31 142 where_WRB their_PP$ husbands_NNS were_BED responsible_JJ for_IN the_ATI J31 142 contraceptive_JJ measures_NNS ,_, J31 143 and_CC others_APS may_MD have_HV recorded_VBN *'_*' husband_NN is_BEZ J31 143 careful_JJ **'_**' ,_, \0i.e_RB J31 144 withdrawal_NN ,_, when_WRB in_IN fact_NN he_PP3A used_VBD the_ATI J31 144 sheath_NN ._. J31 145 ^ in_IN assessing_VBG the_ATI significance_NN of_IN this_DT ,_, J31 145 particularly_RB in_IN relation_NN J31 146 to_IN the_ATI analysis_NN of_IN patterns_NNS of_IN contraceptive_JJ J31 146 practice_NN to_TO follow_VB ,_, it_PP3 J31 147 seems_VBZ most_QL relevant_JJ to_TO examine_VB the_ATI effect_NN on_IN J31 147 the_ATI internal_JJ consistency_NN J31 148 of_IN the_ATI all_ABN user_NN group_NN ,_, and_CC more_QL J31 148 particularly_RB the_ATI avowed_JJ user_NN J31 149 group_NN ._. ^ here_RN we_PP1AS find_VB that_CS the_ATI differential_JJ J31 149 response_NN by_IN male_JJ and_CC J31 150 female_JJ informants_NNS has_HVZ not_XNOT seriously_RB disturbed_VBN J31 150 the_ATI balance_NN of_IN methods_NNS J31 151 reported_VBN by_IN the_ATI two_CD sexes_NNS ._. ^ amongst_IN the_ATI J31 151 all_ABN user_NN group_NN the_ATI J31 152 proportions_NNS reporting_VBG any_DTI appliance_NN method_NN and_CC J31 152 using_VBG only_RB J31 153 non-appliance_JJB methods_NNS show_VB an_AT unbalance_NN for_IN the_ATI J31 153 sexes_NNS only_RB in_IN the_ATI J31 154 1940-49_CD-CD cohort_NN ,_, and_CC even_RB these_DTS differences_NNS J31 154 are_BER barely_RB significant_JJ at_IN J31 155 the_ATI 5_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" level_NN ._. ^ the_ATI pattern_NN for_IN J31 155 the_ATI avowed_JJ users_NNS is_BEZ even_RB J31 156 better_JJR ;_; in_IN all_ABN cohorts_NNS and_CC classes_NNS the_ATI J31 156 frequency_NN of_IN methods_NNS reported_VBN J31 157 by_IN male_JJ and_CC female_JJ informants_NNS is_BEZ similar_JJ ._. J31 158 ^ since_CS the_ATI analysis_NN of_IN birth_NN control_NN methods_NNS J31 158 and_CC contraceptive_JJ J31 159 histories_NNS is_BEZ concerned_VBN essentially_RB with_IN the_ATI J31 159 patterns_NNS of_IN methods_NNS J31 160 reported_VBN by_IN the_ATI users_NNS and_CC particularly_RB the_ATI J31 160 avowed_JJ users_NNS ,_, we_PP1AS have_HV J31 161 felt_VBN it_PP3 justified_VBN to_TO continue_VB the_ATI analysis_NN J31 161 of_IN birth_NN control_NN methods_NNS J31 162 for_IN all_ABN informants_NNS ,_, male_NN and_CC female_JJ combined_VBN J31 162 ._. J31 163 ^ the_ATI above_JJB poses_VBZ obvious_JJ questions_NNS about_IN J31 163 the_ATI completeness_NN of_IN the_ATI J31 164 data_NNS to_TO follow_VB ._. ^ undoubtedly_RB the_ATI results_NNS J31 164 understate_VB the_ATI actual_JJ extent_NN J31 165 of_IN practice_NN and_CC probably_RB the_ATI use_NN of_IN some_DTI J31 165 methods_NNS ;_; nevertheless_RB ,_, this_DT J31 166 is_BEZ a_AT first_OD attempt_NN to_TO get_VB at_IN the_ATI birth_NN J31 166 control_NN experiences_NNS of_IN a_AT J31 167 national_JJ sample_NN and_CC the_ATI findings_NNS appear_VB to_TO be_BE J31 167 consistent_JJ in_IN their_PP$ J31 168 trends_NNS ,_, and_CC at_RB least_RB" point_VB to_IN changes_NNS J31 168 over_IN time_NN in_IN contraceptive_JJ J31 169 behaviour_NN ,_, even_CS if_CS" they_PP3AS do_DO not_XNOT provide_VB J31 169 an_AT absolutely_RB complete_JJ history_NN J31 170 of_IN birth_NN control_NN experiences_NNS throughout_IN the_ATI J31 170 population_NN ._. J31 171 ^ use_NN of_IN different_JJ birth_NN control_NN methods_NNS ._. J31 172 ^ the_ATI informants_NNS who_WPR admitted_VBD to_IN the_ATI J31 172 practice_NN of_IN birth_NN control_NN ,_, J31 173 whether_CS at_RB once_RB" or_CC after_IN probing_VBG ,_, indicated_VBD J31 173 the_ATI various_JJ contraceptive_JJ J31 174 methods_NNS they_PP3AS had_HVD used_VBN during_IN their_PP$ married_JJ J31 174 lives_NNS ._. ^ many_AP reported_VBD that_CS J31 175 two_CD or_CC more_AP methods_NNS had_HVD been_BEN used_VBN ,_, J31 175 either_DTX simultaneously_RB or_CC in_IN J31 176 succession_NN ,_, so_CS the_ATI number_NN of_IN reports_NNS of_IN J31 176 methods_NNS exceeds_VBZ the_ATI total_NN of_IN J31 177 users_NNS ._. ^ to_TO show_VB the_ATI extent_NN to_IN which_WDTR J31 177 the_ATI various_JJ methods_NNS are_BER used_VBN and_CC J31 178 their_PP$ changing_JJ popularity_NN over_IN the_ATI period_NN ,_, J31 178 table_NN 1_CD1 treats_VBZ each_DT method_NN J31 179 separately_RB and_CC gives_VBZ the_ATI proportion_NN of_IN users_NNS J31 179 reporting_VBG each_DT method_NN ._. J31 180 ^ it_PP3 also_RB contrasts_VBZ the_ATI marriage_NN survey_NN with_IN J31 180 the_ATI American_JNP study_NN ._. J31 182 ^ table_NN 1_CD1 shows_VBZ the_ATI overwhelming_JJ importance_NN J31 182 among_IN marriage_NN survey_NN J31 183 users_NNS of_IN the_ATI two_CD male_JJ methods_NNS :_: the_ATI J31 183 sheath_NN is_BEZ reported_VBN by_IN almost_RB half_ABN J31 184 these_DTS users_NNS and_CC withdrawal_NN by_IN 44_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" J31 184 ._. ^ the_ATI next_AP most_QL popular_JJ J31 185 method_NN is_BEZ *'_*' safe_JJ period_NN **'_**' but_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ J31 185 only_RB reported_VBN by_IN 16_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN J31 186 the_ATI informants_NNS ,_, followed_VBN by_IN cap_NN (_( 11_CD per_NNU J31 186 cent_NNU" )_) and_CC pessary_NN and_CC gels_NNS (_( 10_CD J31 187 per_NNU cent_NNU" )_) ._. ^ comparison_NN of_IN the_ATI three_CD J31 187 cohorts_NNS shows_VBZ some_DTI changes_NNS ._. ^ there_EX J31 188 is_BEZ a_AT significant_JJ trend_NN away_RP from_IN withdrawal_NN J31 188 and_CC towards_IN the_ATI cap_NN ;_; the_ATI J31 189 increase_NN in_IN the_ATI proportion_NN of_IN sheath_NN users_NNS J31 189 is_BEZ not_XNOT quite_RB significant_JJ ._. J31 190 ^ the_ATI American_JNP data_NNS can_MD be_BE compared_VBN with_IN J31 190 the_ATI marriage_NN survey_NN totals_NNS J31 191 column_NN ._. ^ although_CS the_ATI sheath_NN is_BEZ the_ATI most_QL J31 191 popular_JJ method_NN in_IN both_ABX J31 192 countries_NNS ,_, the_ATI frequency_NN of_IN other_AP methods_NNS J31 192 is_BEZ significantly_RB different_JJ ._. J31 193 ^ withdrawal_NN ,_, Britain's_NP$ next_AP most_QL frequently_RB J31 193 adopted_JJ method_NN ,_, is_BEZ used_VBN by_IN J31 194 only_RB 15_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI American_JNP sample_NN J31 194 ,_, and_CC instead_RB there_EX is_BEZ greater_JJR J31 195 reliance_NN on_IN the_ATI *'_*' female_JJ **'_**' methods_NNS :_: J31 195 cap_NN ,_, safe_JJ period_NN and_CC douche_NN ._. J31 196 ^ in_IN Britain_NP there_EX are_BER nearly_RB twice_RB as_QL many_AP J31 196 reports_NNS of_IN the_ATI use_NN of_IN J31 197 *'_*' male_JJ **'_**' methods_NNS as_CS *'_*' female_JJ **'_**' (_( J31 197 92.8_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" to_IN 48.2_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" )_) ,_, J31 198 whereas_CS in_IN the_ATI \0U.S.A_NP the_ATI proportions_NNS are_BER J31 198 reversed_VBN ._. J32 2 ^ Hogben's_NP$ paper_NN is_BEZ thus_RB of_IN some_DTI value_NN as_IN J32 2 a_AT counsel_NN of_IN scientific_JJ J32 3 caution_NN ,_, but_CC adduces_VBZ no_ATI fundamental_JJ objections_NNS J32 3 to_IN the_ATI theory_NN ._. J32 4 ^ in_IN the_ATI preceding_JJ pages_NNS an_AT attempt_NN has_HVZ J32 4 been_BEN made_VBN to_TO clarify_VB the_ATI J32 5 issues_NNS and_CC gain_VB some_DTI idea_NN of_IN the_ATI influence_NN J32 5 of_IN genetic_JJ factors_NNS in_IN one_CD1 J32 6 aspect_NN of_IN language_NN ,_, the_ATI sound_NN structure_NN ._. ^ J32 6 this_DT has_HVZ been_BEN taken_VBN broadly_RB ,_, J32 7 and_CC the_ATI sound-producing_JJ apparatus_NN and_CC its_PP$ J32 7 results_NNS ,_, whether_CS in_IN the_ATI J32 8 individual_NN ,_, the_ATI group_NN ,_, or_CC the_ATI population_NN ,_, J32 8 the_ATI complement_NN of_IN sounds_NNS of_IN J32 9 a_AT language_NN and_CC of_IN the_ATI languages_NNS of_IN a_AT J32 9 population_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI changes_NNS in_IN a_AT J32 10 sound_NN complement_NN ,_, have_HV all_ABN been_BEN considered_VBN ._. ^ J32 10 each_DT of_IN these_DTS should_MD have_HV J32 11 a_AT genetic_JJ component_NN ._. ^ the_ATI development_NN ,_, J32 11 structure_NN and_CC functioning_NN of_IN J32 12 the_ATI vocal_JJ apparatus_NN are_BER clearly_RB determined_VBN in_IN J32 12 part_NN by_IN genes_NNS ,_, and_CC hence_RB J32 13 the_ATI nature_NN and_CC the_ATI limits_NNS of_IN the_ATI continuum_NN J32 13 of_IN sound_NN production_NN J32 14 possible_JJ to_IN this_DT apparatus_NN must_MD be_BE likewise_RB ._. ^ J32 14 and_CC following_VBG from_IN this_DT ,_, J32 15 in_IN the_ATI last_AP analysis_NN ,_, any_DTI vocal_JJ sound_NN J32 15 produced_VBN by_IN an_AT individual_NN ,_, J32 16 whether_CS in_IN speech_NN or_CC not_XNOT ,_, and_CC if_CS in_IN J32 16 speech_NN ,_, whether_CS significant_JJ or_CC J32 17 not_XNOT ,_, will_MD be_BE of_IN the_ATI nature_NN that_WPR it_PP3 J32 17 is_BEZ ,_, in_IN part_NN at_IN any_DTI rate_NN ,_, because_IN of_IN" J32 18 the_ATI particular_JJ genetic_JJ composition_NN of_IN that_DT J32 18 individual_NN ._. ^ similarly_RB the_ATI J32 19 complement_NN of_IN sounds_NNS used_VBN by_IN a_AT group_NN in_IN J32 19 the_ATI vocalisation_NN of_IN its_PP$ J32 20 language_NN and_CC the_ATI total_JJ complement_NN of_IN sounds_NNS J32 20 used_VBN by_IN the_ATI various_JJ groups_NNS J32 21 of_IN a_AT population_NN in_IN the_ATI vocalisation_NN of_IN their_PP$ J32 21 languages_NNS will_MD be_BE of_IN J32 22 their_PP$ characteristic_JJ natures_NNS ,_, in_IN part_NN ,_, J32 22 because_IN of_IN" the_ATI particular_JJ J32 23 genetic_JJ composition_NN of_IN that_DT group_NN or_CC population_NN J32 23 ._. J32 24 ^ and_CC it_PP3 would_MD seem_VB that_CS genetic_JJ factors_NNS J32 24 must_MD play_VB some_DTI part_NN in_IN J32 25 changes_NNS in_IN a_AT sound_NN complement_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ J32 25 not_XNOT only_RB in_IN the_ATI sense_NN that_CS the_ATI J32 26 intermediate_JJ stages_NNS in_IN any_DTI case_NN of_IN sound_NN J32 26 change_NN must_MD have_HV some_DTI genetic_JJ J32 27 component_NN ,_, but_CC also_RB in_IN the_ATI sense_NN that_CS the_ATI J32 27 motivations_NNS which_WDTR induce_VB a_AT J32 28 community_NN of_IN speakers_NNS to_TO make_VB the_ATI change_NN J32 28 derive_VB from_IN those_DTS speakers_NNS ,_, J32 29 and_CC hence_RB axiomatically_RB reflect_VB ,_, to_IN some_DTI J32 29 extent_NN ,_, their_PP$ genetic_JJ J32 30 composition_NN ._. ^ the_ATI most_QL important_JJ of_IN these_DTS J32 30 motivations_NNS has_HVZ been_BEN taken_VBN J32 31 to_TO be_BE the_ATI tendency_NN to_IN economy_NN of_IN effort_NN ,_, J32 31 a_AT tendency_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ known_VBN to_TO J32 32 be_BE operative_JJ in_IN a_AT wide_JJ range_NN of_IN human_JJ J32 32 activities_NNS ,_, and_CC which_WDTR itself_PPL J32 33 must_MD be_BE largely_RB genetic_JJ in_IN its_PP$ determination_NN J32 33 *-_*- there_EX is_BEZ after_IN all_ABN no_ATI J32 34 difficulty_NN in_IN imagining_VBG its_PP$ evolution_NN in_IN a_AT J32 34 species_NN under_IN conditions_NNS of_IN J32 35 natural_JJ selection_NN ._. ^ but_CC even_RB those_DTS changes_NNS J32 35 which_WDTR seem_VB to_TO be_BE mainly_RB the_ATI J32 36 result_NN of_IN cultural_JJ influences_NNS of_IN one_CD1 sort_NN or_CC J32 36 another_DT will_MD have_HV a_AT J32 37 genetic_JJ component_NN ._. ^ the_ATI speakers_NNS of_IN a_AT J32 37 dialect_NN borrow_VB ,_, imitate_VB ,_, or_CC J32 38 learn_VB sounds_NNS from_IN other_AP dialects_NNS ,_, partly_RB ,_, J32 38 perhaps_RB ,_, as_CS I_PP1A have_HV suggested_VBN J32 39 above_RI (_( \0p_NN 205_CD )_) in_IN accordance_NN with_IN their_PP$ J32 39 own_AP preferences_NNS ,_, but_CC mainly_RB ,_, J32 40 it_PP3 is_BEZ usually_RB assumed_VBN ,_, because_IN of_IN" their_PP$ J32 40 impulses_NNS to_TO conform_VB with_IN what_WDT J32 41 seems_VBZ a_AT desirable_JJ norm_NN ._. ^ such_ABL impulses_NNS will_MD J32 41 in_IN theory_NN also_RB have_HV a_AT J32 42 genetic_JJ component_NN ._. ^ they_PP3AS vary_VB ,_, as_CS is_BEZ J32 42 common_JJ knowledge_NN ,_, from_IN individual_NN J32 43 to_IN individual_NN and_CC they_PP3AS doubtless_RB vary_VB also_RB ,_, J32 43 in_IN terms_NNS of_IN mean_JJ values_NNS ,_, J32 44 from_IN group_NN to_IN group_NN ._. J32 45 ^ the_ATI result_NN of_IN this_DT investigation_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J32 45 to_TO develop_VB in_IN more_AP J32 46 detail_NN the_ATI hypothesis_NN of_IN genetic_JJ influence_NN in_IN J32 46 the_ATI sounds_NNS of_IN language_NN ,_, J32 47 particularly_RB with_IN regard_NN to_IN the_ATI extent_NN of_IN its_PP$ J32 47 field_NN of_IN operation_NN and_CC J32 48 to_IN the_ATI nature_NN of_IN the_ATI way_NN in_IN which_WDTR this_DT J32 48 influence_NN is_BEZ exerted_VBN ._. ^ for_IN the_ATI J32 49 reasons_NNS given_VBN ,_, it_PP3 seems_VBZ that_CS the_ATI existence_NN J32 49 of_IN a_AT genetic_JJ component_NN of_IN J32 50 language_NN as_IN such_ABL is_BEZ a_RB priori_RB" to_TO be_BE J32 50 accepted_VBN ;_; the_ATI question_NN J32 51 which_WDTR remains_VBZ then_RN is_BEZ whether_CS the_ATI further_JJB J32 51 hypothesis_NN of_IN the_ATI extent_NN and_CC J32 52 the_ATI nature_NN of_IN the_ATI genetic_JJ influence_NN such_CS as_CS" J32 52 has_HVZ been_BEN outlined_VBN in_IN the_ATI J32 53 preceding_JJ pages_NNS is_BEZ valid_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI answer_NN to_IN J32 53 this_DT must_MD primarily_RB depend_VB on_IN J32 54 the_ATI success_NN with_IN which_WDTR it_PP3 is_BEZ considered_VBN J32 54 that_CS this_DT hypothesis_NN may_MD be_BE J32 55 applied_VBN to_IN and_CC shed_VB new_JJ light_NN on_IN the_ATI J32 55 observed_JJ data_NNS of_IN the_ATI subject_NN ,_, and_CC J32 56 suggest_VB further_JJB constructive_JJ work_NN ._. J32 57 ^ there_EX can_MD be_BE no_ATI doubt_NN of_IN its_PP$ J32 57 applicability_NN to_IN a_AT considerable_JJ J32 58 amount_NN of_IN the_ATI material_NN in_IN linguistics_NN and_CC its_PP$ J32 58 ancillary_JJ disciplines_NNS ._. J32 59 ^ it_PP3 can_MD be_BE applied_VBN to_IN the_ATI individual_NN and_CC J32 59 to_IN the_ATI particular_JJ rate_NN ,_, J32 60 method_NN ,_, and_CC accuracy_NN of_IN his_PP$ acquisition_NN of_IN J32 60 his_PP$ sound_NN complement_NN ,_, to_IN J32 61 the_ATI uniqueness_NN of_IN this_DT ,_, and_CC to_IN its_PP$ J32 61 aberration_NN from_IN the_ATI group_NN mean_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J32 62 can_MD be_BE applied_VBN to_IN the_ATI group_NN ,_, to_IN the_ATI J32 62 mean_NN of_IN the_ATI group_NN rate_NN and_CC method_NN J32 63 of_IN acquisition_NN ,_, to_IN the_ATI uniqueness_NN of_IN the_ATI J32 63 group_NN sound_NN complement_NN ,_, and_CC J32 64 to_IN the_ATI relations_NNS between_IN overlapping_JJ groups_NNS and_CC J32 64 their_PP$ dialects_NNS ._. J32 65 ^ further_RB ,_, it_PP3 can_MD be_BE applied_VBN to_IN the_ATI J32 65 population_NN ,_, to_IN the_ATI uniqueness_NN of_IN J32 66 the_ATI total_JJ sound_NN complement_NN of_IN a_AT population_NN ,_, J32 66 to_IN the_ATI widespread_JJ J32 67 similarities_NNS in_IN the_ATI sound_NN complements_NNS of_IN its_PP$ J32 67 various_JJ constituent_JJ J32 68 groups_NNS ,_, and_CC to_IN the_ATI particular_JJ distributions_NNS J32 68 of_IN the_ATI sounds_NNS and_CC sound_NN J32 69 features_NNS of_IN that_DT total_JJ sound_NN complement_NN ._. J32 70 ^ it_PP3 also_RB provides_VBZ a_AT basic_JJ factor_NN in_IN the_ATI J32 70 causation_NN of_IN phonetic_JJ J32 71 change_NN ,_, clarifying_VBG the_ATI nature_NN and_CC the_ATI role_NN J32 71 of_IN the_ATI tendency_NN to_IN economy_NN J32 72 of_IN effort_NN in_IN this_DT phenomenon_NN ,_, and_CC offers_VBZ an_AT J32 72 explanation_NN of_IN many_AP of_IN its_PP$ J32 73 observed_JJ characteristics_NNS ,_, including_IN some_DTI ,_, such_IN J32 73 as_IN" the_ATI parallel_JJ J32 74 developments_NNS in_IN related_JJ languages_NNS spoken_VBN by_IN J32 74 related_JJ peoples_NNS ,_, or_CC the_ATI J32 75 long_JJ continued_JJ drifts_NNS in_IN a_AT sound_NN complement_NN ,_, J32 75 which_WDTR have_HV been_BEN J32 76 peculiarly_RB resistant_JJ to_IN explanation_NN in_IN the_ATI past_NN J32 76 ._. J32 77 ^ and_CC it_PP3 suggests_VBZ a_AT number_NN of_IN lines_NNS of_IN J32 77 investigation_NN which_WDTR should_MD J32 78 be_BE fruitful_JJ in_IN the_ATI further_JJB development_NN of_IN J32 78 the_ATI subject_NN ._. ^ some_DTI of_IN the_ATI J32 79 most_QL obvious_JJ of_IN these_DTS may_MD now_RN be_BE considered_VBN J32 79 briefly_RB in_IN turn_NN ._. J32 80 ^ geographical_JJ distribution_NN of_IN sound_NN features_NNS ._. J32 81 ^ the_ATI most_QL obvious_JJ and_CC important_JJ linguistically_RB J32 81 is_BEZ the_ATI J32 82 geographical_JJ distribution_NN of_IN sounds_NNS and_CC sound_NN J32 82 features_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI cases_NNS J32 83 discussed_VBN in_IN this_DT book_NN have_HV been_BEN discovered_VBN J32 83 largely_RB by_IN trial_NN and_CC J32 84 error_NN ,_, and_CC an_AT adequate_JJ series_NN of_IN maps_NNS of_IN J32 84 the_ATI distributions_NNS of_IN the_ATI main_JJB J32 85 types_NNS of_IN articulations_NNS is_BEZ a_AT prime_JJB desideratum_NN J32 85 ._. ^ besides_IN articulations_NNS J32 86 in_IN the_ATI strict_JJ sense_NN ,_, it_PP3 would_MD seem_VB likely_JJ J32 86 that_CS there_EX may_MD be_BE much_AP of_IN J32 87 interest_NN in_IN the_ATI distribution_NN of_IN such_ABL features_NNS J32 87 as_IN type_NN of_IN syllabic_JJ J32 88 structure_NN ,_, liaison_NN and_CC juncture_NN phenomena_NNS ,_, J32 88 the_ATI restrictions_NNS on_IN J32 89 occurrence_NN of_IN specific_JJ sounds_NNS and_CC sound_NN types_NNS J32 89 *-_*- practically_RB all_ABN the_ATI J32 90 languages_NNS of_IN Europe_NP from_IN Dutch_NNP to_IN Russian_NNP ,_, J32 90 for_IN example_NN ,_, permit_VB no_ATI J32 91 voiced_JJ plosive_NN in_IN word_NN final_JJ position_NN *-_*- and_RB J32 91 so_RB" on_RB" ._. ^ and_CC further_RB ,_, among_IN J32 92 less_QL detailed_JJ phenomena_NNS ,_, the_ATI establishment_NN of_IN J32 92 the_ATI distribution_NN of_IN J32 93 languages_NNS with_IN lexical_JJ tone_NN would_MD seem_VB valuable_JJ J32 93 in_IN this_DT connexion_NN ._. ^ at_IN J32 94 the_ATI moment_NN we_PP1AS have_HV very_QL little_AP idea_NN of_IN J32 94 the_ATI distributions_NNS of_IN such_ABL J32 95 features_NNS ,_, and_CC the_ATI lines_NNS of_IN research_NN which_WDTR J32 95 they_PP3AS may_MD suggest_VB ._. J32 96 ^ the_ATI historical_JJ development_NN of_IN such_ABL J32 96 distributions_NNS opens_VBZ a_AT new_JJ J32 97 field_NN in_CS that_CS" the_ATI appearance_NN of_IN a_AT specific_JJ J32 97 sound_NN type_NN in_IN one_CD1 language_NN J32 98 need_MD not_XNOT be_BE an_AT event_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ solely_RB J32 98 the_ATI result_NN of_IN conditions_NNS internal_JJ J32 99 to_IN that_DT language_NN ;_; it_PP3 may_MD be_BE related_VBN to_IN J32 99 the_ATI occurrence_NN of_IN sounds_NNS of_IN J32 100 similar_JJ type_NN in_IN other_AP languages_NNS ,_, of_IN the_ATI J32 100 same_AP or_CC different_JJ family_NN ,_, in_IN J32 101 the_ATI same_AP region_NN ._. ^ I_PP1A have_HV suggested_VBN in_IN a_AT J32 101 previous_JJ article_NN (_( Brosnahan_NP ,_, J32 102 1959_CD )_) ,_, for_IN instance_NN ,_, that_CS the_ATI development_NN J32 102 of_IN affricate_NN articulations_NNS J32 103 in_IN the_ATI old_JJ high_JJ German_JNP consonant_NN shift_NN is_BEZ J32 103 part_NN of_IN a_AT larger_JJR ,_, but_CC J32 104 geographically_RB limited_JJ phenomenon_NN ,_, a_AT remarkable_JJ J32 104 development_NN of_IN J32 105 affricates_NNS over_IN the_ATI last_AP two_CD thousand_CD years_NNS J32 105 and_CC centred_VBN in_IN the_ATI area_NN J32 106 now_RN occupied_VBN by_IN the_ATI western_JJ Slavonic_JNP languages_NNS J32 106 ,_, Hungarian_NNP and_CC J32 107 Albanian_NNP ._. ^ our_PP$ understanding_NN of_IN language_NN and_CC J32 107 the_ATI deeper-lying_JJR factors_NNS J32 108 in_IN its_PP$ development_NN is_BEZ likely_JJ to_TO be_BE very_QL J32 108 greatly_RB extended_VBN by_IN J32 109 investigation_NN along_IN these_DTS lines_NNS ._. J32 110 ^ a_AT further_JJB possibility_NN is_BEZ the_ATI comparison_NN J32 110 and_CC mapping_NN of_IN acoustic_JJ J32 111 features_NNS or_CC characteristics_NNS of_IN representative_JJ J32 111 samples_NNS of_IN different_JJ J32 112 languages_NNS ._. ^ with_IN modern_JJ methods_NNS of_IN recording_NN J32 112 ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT difficult_JJ to_TO J32 113 devise_VB techniques_NNS to_TO determine_VB ,_, say_VB ,_, the_ATI J32 113 mean_JJ distribution_NN of_IN energy_NN J32 114 over_IN the_ATI range_NN of_IN frequencies_NNS used_VBN in_IN speech_NN J32 114 ._. ^ such_ABL mean_JJ distributions_NNS J32 115 should_MD vary_VB from_IN language_NN to_IN language_NN with_IN J32 115 differences_NNS in_IN their_PP$ sound_NN J32 116 complements_NNS ,_, and_CC with_IN differences_NNS in_IN the_ATI J32 116 relative_JJ frequency_NN of_IN J32 117 occurrence_NN of_IN specific_JJ types_NNS of_IN articulation_NN ._. ^ J32 117 the_ATI mapping_NN of_IN such_ABL J32 118 distributions_NNS may_MD also_RB be_BE informative_JJ in_IN J32 118 bringing_VBG to_IN light_NN unexpected_JJ J32 119 correspondences_NNS at_IN the_ATI sound_NN level_NN among_IN J32 119 different_JJ languages_NNS ._. J32 120 ^ the_ATI mechanism_NN of_IN hearing_NN ._. J32 121 ^ this_DT leads_VBZ to_IN another_DT field_NN of_IN investigation_NN J32 121 ._. ^ the_ATI discussion_NN J32 122 of_IN the_ATI vocal_JJ apparatus_NN in_IN this_DT work_NN has_HVZ J32 122 been_BEN confined_VBN to_IN that_DT of_IN the_ATI J32 123 sound-producing_JJ mechanism_NN ._. ^ but_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT J32 123 unreasonable_JJ to_TO expect_VB that_CS J32 124 the_ATI capacities_NNS of_IN the_ATI sound_NN reception_NN mechanism_NN J32 124 may_MD also_RB have_HV exerted_VBN J32 125 some_DTI influence_NN on_IN the_ATI development_NN of_IN the_ATI J32 125 sound_NN aspect_NN of_IN language_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J32 126 is_BEZ true_JJ there_EX is_BEZ little_AP evidence_NN that_CS the_ATI J32 126 auditory_JJ distinctiveness_NN of_IN J32 127 specific_JJ sounds_NNS has_HVZ much_AP effect_NN on_IN their_PP$ J32 127 selection_NN in_IN a_AT sound_NN J32 128 complement_NN (_( \0p_NN 12_CD \0f_RB above_RI )_) but_CC other_AP J32 128 possibilities_NNS exist_VB ._. ^ the_ATI J32 129 capacity_NN of_IN the_ATI ear_NN and_CC its_PP$ mean_JJ sensitivity_NN J32 129 to_IN different_JJ ranges_NNS of_IN J32 130 acoustic_JJ frequency_NN are_BER likely_JJ to_TO vary_VB from_IN J32 130 group_NN to_IN group_NN and_CC J32 131 population_NN to_IN population_NN of_IN the_ATI earth's_NN$ surface_NN J32 131 in_IN accordance_NN with_IN J32 132 differences_NNS in_IN the_ATI genetic_JJ composition_NN of_IN the_ATI J32 132 peoples_NNS involved_VBN ,_, and_CC it_PP3 J32 133 is_BEZ not_XNOT impossible_JJ that_CS the_ATI general_JJ or_CC J32 133 average_JJ *'_*' set_NN **'_**' of_IN a_AT language_NN J32 134 in_IN the_ATI frequency_NN scale_NN shows_VBZ some_DTI sort_NN of_IN J32 134 correlation_NN with_IN this_DT J32 135 capacity_NN ._. ^ a_AT case_NN that_WPR springs_VBZ to_IN mind_NN in_IN J32 135 this_DT connexion_NN is_BEZ that_DT of_IN J32 136 languages_NNS with_IN lexical_JJ tone_NN ,_, and_CC an_AT J32 136 investigation_NN into_IN audiograms_NNS of_IN J32 137 speakers_NNS of_IN these_DTS languages_NNS and_CC comparison_NN with_IN J32 137 those_DTS of_IN speakers_NNS of_IN J32 138 other_AP types_NNS may_MD be_BE of_IN interest_NN ._. J32 139 ^ some_DTI possible_JJ indications_NNS of_IN a_AT close_JJ J32 139 connexion_NN between_IN vocal_JJ J32 140 language_NN and_CC the_ATI hearing_NN mechanism_NN have_HV been_BEN J32 140 found_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI mechanical_JJ J32 141 resolving_JJ power_NN of_IN the_ATI cochlea_NN with_IN regard_NN to_IN J32 141 frequency_NN ,_, measured_VBN as_IN J32 142 the_ATI extent_NN of_IN the_ATI shift_NN of_IN the_ATI point_NN of_IN J32 142 maximum_JJ response_NN along_IN the_ATI J32 143 cochlear_JJ partition_NN for_IN a_AT given_JJ ratio_NN of_IN J32 143 frequency_NN change_NN ,_, is_BEZ J32 144 practically_RB independent_JJ of_IN frequency_NN in_IN most_AP J32 144 animals_NNS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI human_JJ J32 145 ear_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, this_DT resolving_JJ power_NN is_BEZ J32 145 relatively_RB low_JJ up_RP to_IN about_RB 300_CD J32 146 cycles_NNS per_IN second_NN and_CC then_RN shows_VBZ an_AT abrupt_JJ J32 146 increase_NN ,_, reaching_VBG a_AT J32 147 relatively_RB high_JJ value_NN by_IN 1,000_CD cycles_NNS per_IN J32 147 second_NN (_( von_&FW Be*?2ke*?2sy_NP J32 148 and_CC Rosenblith_NP ,_, 1951_CD )_) ._. ^ since_CS the_ATI range_NN J32 148 of_IN frequencies_NNS most_QL important_JJ J32 149 for_IN intelligibility_NN seems_VBZ to_TO be_BE that_DT above_IN J32 149 1,000_CD cycles_NNS per_IN second_NN ,_, it_PP3 J32 150 is_BEZ tempting_JJ to_TO regard_VB the_ATI human_JJ variation_NN J32 150 from_IN the_ATI pattern_NN in_IN other_AP J32 151 animals_NNS as_IN the_ATI result_NN ,_, at_RB least_RB" in_IN part_NN J32 151 ,_, of_IN adaptation_NN in_IN the_ATI course_NN J32 152 of_IN evolution_NN to_IN these_DTS important_JJ frequencies_NNS of_IN J32 152 human_JJ vocal_JJ J32 153 communication_NN ._. ^ if_CS language_NN or_CC its_PP$ forerunners_NNS J32 153 has_HVZ exerted_VBN such_ABL J32 154 influence_NN on_IN the_ATI phylogenetic_JJ development_NN of_IN the_ATI J32 154 hearing_NN mechanism_NN ,_, it_PP3 J32 155 is_BEZ not_XNOT unlikely_JJ that_CS this_DT mechanism_NN has_HVZ J32 155 also_RB exerted_VBN some_DTI influence_NN on_IN J32 156 the_ATI frequencies_NNS of_IN language_NN ._. J32 157 ^ the_ATI acquisition_NN of_IN speech_NN ._. J32 158 ^ a_AT field_NN in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI influence_NN of_IN J32 158 genetic_JJ factors_NNS is_BEZ likely_JJ to_TO J32 159 be_BE more_QL easily_RB recognised_VBN is_BEZ that_DT of_IN the_ATI J32 159 acquisition_NN of_IN a_AT sound_NN J32 160 complement_NN in_IN the_ATI process_NN of_IN learning_VBG to_TO J32 160 speak_VB ._. ^ a_AT real_JJ need_NN is_BEZ more_AP J32 161 work_NN of_IN the_ATI nature_NN of_IN that_DT done_VBN by_IN Irwin_NP J32 161 and_CC his_PP$ associates_NNS covering_VBG J32 162 adequate_JJ numbers_NNS of_IN children_NNS and_CC carried_VBN out_RP J32 162 by_IN investigators_NNS with_IN J32 163 standardised_JJ techniques_NNS ,_, to_TO determine_VB in_IN detail_NN J32 163 the_ATI norms_NNS of_IN this_DT J32 164 acquisition_NN in_IN other_AP communities_NNS and_CC with_IN other_AP J32 164 languages_NNS ._. ^ besides_IN J32 165 their_PP$ importance_NN in_IN demonstrating_VBG the_ATI influence_NN J32 165 of_IN the_ATI heredity_NN of_IN the_ATI J32 166 group_NN ,_, such_ABL norms_NNS would_MD be_BE of_IN considerable_JJ J32 166 value_NN in_IN pediatrics_NN and_CC J32 167 child_NN development_NN generally_RB as_CC well_CC" as_CC" in_IN J32 167 speech_NN therapy_NN ._. ^ they_PP3AS may_MD be_BE J32 168 expected_VBN to_TO vary_VB ,_, not_XNOT only_RB on_IN the_ATI J32 168 grounds_NNS of_IN genetic_JJ theory_NN ,_, but_CC also_RB J32 169 in_IN accordance_NN with_IN our_PP$ existing_JJ knowledge_NN of_IN J32 169 child_NN development_NN :_: thus_RB ,_, J32 170 for_IN example_NN ,_, the_ATI recent_JJ investigations_NNS by_IN J32 170 Geber_NP and_CC Dean_NP (_( 1957_CD )_) have_HV J32 171 indicated_VBN that_CS the_ATI general_JJ development_NN of_IN young_JJ J32 171 east_NR African_JNP children_NNS J32 172 is_BEZ some_DTI months_NNS ahead_RB of_IN that_DT of_IN European_JNP J32 172 children_NNS of_IN corresponding_JJ J32 173 ages_NNS ._. J32 174 ^ another_DT field_NN here_RN ,_, which_WDTR would_MD seem_VB to_TO J32 174 be_BE very_QL important_JJ ,_, but_CC J32 175 which_WDTR as_QL far_RB as_CS I_PP1A know_VB has_HVZ hardly_RB been_BEN J32 175 touched_VBN ,_, is_BEZ the_ATI environment_NN in_IN J32 176 which_WDTR the_ATI child_NN acquires_VBZ its_PP$ sound_NN complement_NN J32 176 ._. ^ though_CS some_DTI J32 177 information_NN is_BEZ available_JJ as_IN to_IN" the_ATI nature_NN J32 177 and_CC frequency_NN of_IN the_ATI sounds_NNS J32 178 which_WDTR the_ATI child_NN produces_VBZ ,_, no_ATI attempt_NN J32 178 seems_VBZ to_TO have_HV been_BEN made_VBN to_TO J32 179 determine_VB the_ATI nature_NN and_CC the_ATI frequency_NN of_IN J32 179 the_ATI sounds_NNS which_WDTR the_ATI child_NN J32 180 hears_VBZ at_IN this_DT period_NN of_IN its_PP$ life_NN ._. ^ J32 180 difficult_JJ though_CS such_ABL research_NN may_MD J32 181 be_BE to_TO plan_VB and_CC execute_VB ,_, it_PP3 should_MD not_XNOT J32 181 be_BE neglected_VBN ._. ^ it_PP3 may_MD well_RB be_BE J32 182 that_CS some_DTI correlation_NN will_MD be_BE found_VBN between_IN J32 182 the_ATI nature_NN of_IN the_ATI stimulus_NN J32 183 from_IN the_ATI environment_NN and_CC the_ATI nature_NN of_IN the_ATI J32 183 child's_NN$ development_NN ,_, and_CC J32 184 this_DT must_MD be_BE considered_VBN in_IN assessing_VBG the_ATI J32 184 role_NN of_IN the_ATI genetic_JJ component_NN J32 185 in_IN the_ATI process_NN ._. ^ investigation_NN of_IN this_DT topic_NN J32 185 may_MD also_RB be_BE of_IN value_NN by_IN J32 186 giving_VBG precision_NN to_IN the_ATI conception_NN of_IN the_ATI J32 186 representative_JJ sample_NN of_IN the_ATI J32 187 sound_NN complement_NN ,_, which_WDTR ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ suggested_VBN J32 187 above_RI (_( \0p_NN 140_CD )_) ,_, could_MD be_BE J32 188 taken_VBN as_IN the_ATI actual_JJ norm_NN of_IN the_ATI group_NN in_IN J32 188 the_ATI experience_NN of_IN the_ATI J32 189 individual_NN ._. J33 2 ^ the_ATI grammatical_JJ interpretation_NN of_IN Russian_JNP J33 2 inflected_JJ forms_NNS using_VBG a_AT J33 3 stem_NN dictionary_NN ._. J33 4 ^ by_IN \0J_NP McDaniel_NP and_CC \0S_NP Whelan_NP ,_, national_JJ J33 4 physical_JJ J33 5 laboratory_NN ,_, Teddington_NP ,_, England_NP ._. J33 6 ^ introduction_NN ._. J33 7 ^ the_ATI \0NPL_NP Russian-English_JNP automatic_JJ dictionary_NN J33 7 is_BEZ organised_VBN J33 8 on_IN a_AT stem-paradigm_JJB basis_NN wherein_WRB there_EX is_BEZ J33 8 for_IN most_AP nouns_NNS and_CC J33 9 adjectives_NNS a_AT single_JJ entry_NN for_IN all_ABN their_PP$ J33 9 inflected_JJ forms_NNS and_CC for_IN most_AP J33 10 verbs_NNS only_RB one_CD1 or_CC two_CD entries_NNS ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ J33 10 in_IN contrast_NN to_IN the_ATI full-form_JJB J33 11 type_NN of_IN dictionary_NN organisation_NN wherein_WRB each_DT J33 11 inflected_JJ form_NN of_IN every_AT J33 12 word_NN has_HVZ a_AT separate_JJ entry_NN ._. ^ the_ATI decision_NN J33 12 to_TO organise_VB our_PP$ dictionary_NN on_IN J33 13 this_DT basis_NN was_BEDZ made_VBN so_TO as_TO" to_TO" be_BE able_JJ J33 13 to_TO accommodate_VB it_PP3 on_IN the_ATI magnetic_JJ J33 14 tape_NN store_NN available_JJ to_IN us_PP1OS on_IN the_ATI \0ACE_NP J33 14 digital_JJ electronic_JJ J33 15 computer_NN of_IN our_PP$ laboratory_NN and_CC ,_, further_RB ,_, to_TO J33 15 minimise_VB the_ATI look-up_NN time_NN J33 16 per_IN word_NN on_IN the_ATI computer_NN without_IN complicating_VBG J33 16 the_ATI look-up_NN procedure_NN J33 17 too_QL much_RB or_CC investing_VBG too_QL much_AP programming_NN J33 17 effort_NN in_IN its_PP$ compilation_NN ._. J33 18 ^ the_ATI word_NN content_NN of_IN the_ATI dictionary_NN initially_RB J33 18 is_BEZ to_TO be_BE 15,000_CD words_NNS J33 19 from_IN the_ATI Harvard_NP University_NPL automatic_JJ dictionary_NN J33 19 ._. ^ our_PP$ dictionary_NN will_MD J33 20 have_HV an_AT average_NN of_IN about_RB 1.5_CD entries_NNS per_IN J33 20 word_NN ,_, whereas_CS a_AT full-form_JJB J33 21 dictionary_NN would_MD have_HV about_RB ten_CD times_NNS that_DT J33 21 average_NN ._. J33 22 ^ the_ATI operation_NN of_IN our_PP$ stem-paradigm_JJB dictionary_NN J33 22 involves_VBZ two_CD extra_JJ J33 23 processing_NN steps_NNS as_CS compared_VBN with_IN the_ATI J33 23 full-form_JJB type_NN dictionary_NN ._. J33 24 ^ firstly_RB ,_, words_NNS referred_VBN to_IN the_ATI dictionary_NN J33 24 are_BER reduced_VBN to_IN their_PP$ stems_NNS J33 25 so_CS that_CS" they_PP3AS may_MD be_BE matched_VBN against_IN the_ATI J33 25 corresponding_JJ dictionary_NN stem_NN J33 26 entries_NNS and_CC ,_, secondly_RB ,_, after_IN matching_NN of_IN J33 26 stems_NNS ,_, that_DT part_NN of_IN the_ATI J33 27 referred_JJ word_NN split_VBN off_RP to_TO give_VB the_ATI stem_NN J33 27 requires_VBZ interpretation_NN to_TO J33 28 determine_VB its_PP$ grammatical_JJ significance_NN for_IN that_DT J33 28 stem_NN ._. ^ the_ATI first_OD J33 29 process_NN is_BEZ known_VBN as_IN affix-splitting_NN and_CC J33 29 consists_VBZ of_IN matching_VBG the_ATI end_NN J33 30 of_IN a_AT referred_JJ word_NN against_IN a_AT list_NN of_IN J33 30 recognised_JJ affixes_NNS having_HVG J33 31 grammatical_JJ significance_NN ._. ^ the_ATI process_NN is_BEZ fully_RB J33 31 described_VBN in_IN a_AT J33 32 companion_NN paper_NN to_IN this_DT ._. ^ we_PP1AS shall_MD refer_VB J33 32 to_IN the_ATI results_NNS of_IN these_DTS J33 33 papers_NNS where_WRB necessary_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI second_OD process_NN J33 33 ,_, affix_NN interpretation_NN ,_, is_BEZ J33 34 the_ATI subject_NN of_IN this_DT paper_NN ._. ^ the_ATI extra_JJ J33 34 grammatical_JJ properties_NNS of_IN the_ATI J33 35 referred_JJ word_NN revealed_VBN by_IN affix_NN identification_NN ,_, J33 35 in_IN addition_NN to_IN those_DTS J33 36 identifiable_JJ in_IN the_ATI stem_NN of_IN the_ATI word_NN are_BER J33 36 as_CS follows_VBZ ,_, for_IN nouns_NNS ,_, J33 37 adjectives_NNS and_CC verbs_NNS :_: *-_*- J33 38 ^ nouns_NNS :_: *-_*- J33 39 ^ number_NN and_CC case_NN J33 40 ._. ^ adjectives_NNS :_: *-_*- J33 41 ^ number_NN ,_, case_NN ,_, gender_NN ,_, short_JJ or_CC long_JJ J33 41 form_NN J33 42 ._. ^ verbs_NNS :_: *-_*- J33 43 ^ person_NN ,_, number_NN ,_, tense_NN ,_, gender_NN ,_, mood_NN ,_, J33 43 voice_NN ,_, and_CC ,_, for_IN participles_NNS J33 44 only_RB ,_, case_NN and_CC short_JJ or_CC long_JJ form_NN ._. J33 45 ^ of_RB course_RB" ,_, not_XNOT all_ABN combinations_NNS of_IN J33 45 these_DTS properties_NNS can_MD occur_VB ._. J33 46 ^ the_ATI majority_NN of_IN pronoun_NN forms_NNS are_BER treated_VBN J33 46 like_IN adjectives_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J33 47 remaining_JJ pronoun_NN forms_NNS and_CC all_ABN indeclinable_JJ J33 47 words_NNS are_BER referred_VBN to_IN J33 48 full-form_JJB type_NN dictionary_NN entries_NNS ,_, and_CC do_DO J33 48 not_XNOT participate_VB in_IN affix_NN J33 49 identification_NN ,_, although_CS they_PP3AS undergo_VB the_ATI J33 49 splitting_NN process_NN ._. J33 50 ^ affix_NN interpretation_NN is_BEZ necessary_JJ for_IN all_ABN J33 50 stem_NN type_NN entries_NNS as_CS J33 51 its_PP$ results_NNS form_VB the_ATI basis_NN of_IN systems_NNS of_IN J33 51 syntactic_JJ analysis_NN designed_VBN J33 52 to_TO improve_VB a_AT word-for-stem_JJB type_NN *'_*' translation_NN J33 52 **'_**' of_IN Russian_NNP into_IN J33 53 English_NNP ._. ^ rules_NNS of_IN English_JNP inflection_NN ,_, J33 53 insertion_NN of_IN prepositions_NNS and_CC J33 54 auxiliaries_NNS ,_, suppression_NN of_IN Russian_JNP equivalents_NNS J33 54 and_CC variations_NNS of_IN word_NN J33 55 order_NN will_MD all_ABN require_VB the_ATI affix_NN interpretation_NN J33 55 results_NNS ._. J33 56 ^ 2_CD ._. ^ principle_NN of_IN interpretation_NN ._. J33 57 ^ the_ATI splitting_NN process_NN consists_VBZ in_IN matching_VBG J33 57 the_ATI endings_NNS of_IN text_NN J33 58 words_NNS against_IN a_AT list_NN of_IN affixes_NNS ,_, and_CC J33 58 splitting_VBG off_RP any_DTI matched_JJ J33 59 affixes_NNS ,_, so_CS that_CS" the_ATI interpretation_NN problem_NN J33 59 may_MD be_BE stated_VBN as_IN the_ATI J33 60 problem_NN of_IN giving_VBG a_AT grammatical_JJ significance_NN to_IN J33 60 each_DT of_IN these_DTS J33 61 recognised_JJ affixes_NNS when_WRB they_PP3AS are_BER found_VBN ._. ^ J33 61 now_RN some_DTI of_IN the_ATI affixes_NNS will_MD J33 62 have_HV varying_JJ significance_NN depending_VBG on_IN the_ATI stem_NN J33 62 from_IN which_WDTR they_PP3AS have_HV J33 63 been_BEN split_VBN ._. ^ for_IN instance_NN ,_, one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI J33 63 affixes_NNS in_IN the_ATI list_NN is_BEZ -A_NC ,_, and_CC J33 64 this_DT can_MD have_HV five_CD different_JJ interpretations_NNS :_: J33 64 *-_*- J33 66 1_CD1 ._. genitive_JJ singular_NN when_WRB split_VBN from_IN some_DTI J33 66 masculine_JJ noun_NN stems_NNS ._. J33 67 2_CD ._. genitive_JJ singular_NN and_CC nominative_JJ plural_NN J33 67 when_WRB split_VBN from_IN some_DTI J33 68 other_AP masculine_JJ noun_NN stems_NNS and_CC from_IN neuter_JJ J33 68 noun_NN stems_NNS ._. J33 69 3_CD ._. nominative_JJ singular_NN when_WRB split_VBN from_IN J33 69 feminine_JJ noun_NN stems_NNS ._. J33 70 4_CD ._. feminine_JJ short_JJ form_NN when_WRB split_VBN from_IN J33 70 adjective_NN and_CC participle_NN J33 71 stems_NNS ._. J33 72 5_CD ._. present_NN gerund_NN when_WRB split_VBN from_IN verb_NN J33 72 stems_NNS ._. J33 74 ^ so_RB for_IN these_DTS ambiguous_JJ affixes_NNS (_( they_PP3AS J33 74 are_BER mostly_RB noun_NN affixes_NNS )_) it_PP3 J33 75 is_BEZ necessary_JJ to_TO check_VB the_ATI stem_NN type_NN from_IN J33 75 which_WDTR the_ATI affix_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J33 76 split_VBN before_IN giving_VBG the_ATI grammatical_JJ significance_NN J33 76 ._. J33 77 ^ there_EX is_BEZ a_AT further_JJB check_NN ,_, on_IN the_ATI J33 77 validity_NN of_IN a_AT given_JJ split_NN ,_, J33 78 which_WDTR can_MD be_BE conveniently_RB made_VBN during_IN J33 78 interpretation_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ to_TO J33 79 check_VB that_CS the_ATI matched_JJ dictionary_NN stem_NN includes_VBZ J33 79 the_ATI split-off_JJB affix_NN in_IN J33 80 the_ATI declension_NN or_CC conjugation_NN intended_VBN to_TO be_BE J33 80 associated_VBN with_IN it_PP3 in_IN the_ATI J33 81 dictionary_NN compilation_NN stage_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS call_VB this_DT J33 81 check_NN reconciliation_NN of_IN J33 82 stem_NN and_CC affix_NN ,_, and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ necessary_JJ J33 82 because_IN of_IN" the_ATI occurrence_NN of_IN stem_NN J33 83 homographs_NNS and_CC also_RB because_IN of_IN" the_ATI possibility_NN J33 83 of_IN a_AT text_NN word_NN whose_WP$R J33 84 true_JJ stem_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT entered_VBN in_IN the_ATI dictionary_NN J33 84 being_BEG falsely_RB split_VBN and_CC the_ATI J33 85 resulting_JJ stem_NN matching_VBG with_IN a_AT dictionary_NN stem_NN J33 85 ._. J33 86 ^ we_PP1AS combine_VB interpretation_NN and_CC reconciliation_NN J33 86 in_IN one_CD1 operation_NN ,_, J33 87 making_VBG use_NN of_IN a_AT paradigm_NN indicator_NN associated_VBN J33 87 with_IN each_DT stem_NN ,_, and_CC one_CD1 J33 88 or_CC more_AP role_NN indicators_NNS associated_VBN with_IN each_DT J33 88 affix_NN ._. ^ by_IN speaking_VBG of_IN J33 89 the_ATI paradigm_NN of_IN a_AT stem_NN ,_, we_PP1AS mean_VB that_DT J33 89 set_NN of_IN our_PP$ recognised_JJ affixes_NNS ,_, J33 90 all_ABN of_IN which_WDTR combine_VB with_IN that_DT stem_NN to_TO J33 90 form_VB valid_JJ inflectional_JJ forms_NNS J33 91 of_IN one_CD1 Russian_JNP word_NN ._. ^ thus_RB each_DT stem_NN J33 91 entry_NN in_IN the_ATI dictionary_NN contains_VBZ J33 92 a_AT computer_NN word_NN ,_, known_VBN as_IN the_ATI paradigm_NN J33 92 indicator_NN word_NN (_( \0PIW_NN )_) ,_, J33 93 which_WDTR indicates_VBZ by_IN a_AT binary_JJ pattern_NN the_ATI J33 93 paradigm_NN of_IN that_DT stem_NN ._. J33 94 ^ there_EX are_BER three_CD different_JJ formats_NNS for_IN the_ATI J33 94 \0PIW_NN for_IN noun_NN ,_, J33 95 adjective_NN and_CC verb_NN stems_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI verb_NN format_NN J33 95 is_BEZ used_VBN for_IN two_CD types_NNS of_IN J33 96 verb_NN stems_NNS ,_, but_CC in_IN each_DT case_NN it_PP3 J33 96 represents_VBZ a_AT different_JJ set_NN of_IN endings_NNS ._. J33 97 ^ this_DT was_BEDZ only_RB necessary_JJ in_IN practice_NN because_CS J33 97 one_CD1 computer_NN word_NN (_( the_ATI J33 98 \0ACE_NP word_NN is_BEZ 48_CD binary_JJ digits_NNS (_( bits_NNS )_) J33 98 long_JJ )_) is_BEZ not_XNOT long_JJ enough_QLP J33 99 to_TO represent_VB all_ABN the_ATI verbal_JJ affixes_NNS ._. ^ we_PP1AS J33 99 shall_MD consider_VB the_ATI noun_NN J33 100 format_NN of_IN the_ATI \0PIW_NN as_IN a_AT specific_JJ example_NN ._. J33 101 ^ the_ATI word_NN is_BEZ divided_VBN into_IN fields_NNS ,_, one_CD1 J33 101 for_IN each_DT of_IN the_ATI case_NN and_CC J33 102 number_NN combinations_NNS of_IN nouns_NNS ._. ^ accusative_JJ J33 102 plural_NN is_BEZ excluded_VBN ,_, as_CS its_PP$ J33 103 endings_NNS follow_VB those_DTS of_IN nominative_JJ plural_NN or_CC J33 103 genitive_JJ plural_NN depending_VBG J33 104 on_IN the_ATI animation_NN of_IN the_ATI noun_NN ._. ^ in_IN each_DT J33 104 field_NN ,_, a_AT bit_NN position_NN is_BEZ J33 105 associated_VBN with_IN each_DT affix_NN that_WPR conveys_VBZ the_ATI J33 105 significance_NN of_IN that_DT field_NN J33 106 with_IN a_AT noun_NN stem_NN ._. ^ the_ATI noun_NN format_NN is_BEZ J33 106 shown_VBN in_IN figure_NN 1_CD1 ._. ^ (_( #_&FO is_BEZ J33 107 our_PP$ symbol_NN for_IN the_ATI null_JJ affix_NN )_) ._. ^ in_IN J33 107 the_ATI accusative_JJ singular_JJ field_NN ,_, J33 108 only_RB the_ATI feminine_JJ affixes_NNS are_BER shown_VBN ,_, the_ATI J33 108 masculine_JJ and_CC neuter_JJ affixes_NNS J33 109 being_BEG implicit_JJ from_IN the_ATI nominative_JJ singular_JJ ,_, J33 109 and_CC genitive_JJ singular_JJ J33 110 fields_NNS and_CC the_ATI animation_NN marker_NN in_IN bit_NN J33 110 position_NN 43_CD ._. ^ we_PP1AS could_MD have_HV J33 111 repeated_VBN the_ATI masculine_JJ and_CC neuter_JJ ,_, nominative_JJ J33 111 and_CC genitive_JJ singular_JJ J33 112 endings_NNS in_IN the_ATI accusative_JJ singular_JJ field_NN ,_, but_CC J33 112 this_DT would_MD have_HV required_VBN J33 113 more_AP bit_NN positions_NNS than_CS are_BER available_JJ in_IN an_AT J33 113 \0ACE_NP word_NN ._. ^ so_RB J33 114 simply_RB by_IN indicating_VBG the_ATI animation_NN of_IN a_AT noun_NN J33 114 stem_NN ,_, we_PP1AS can_MD restrict_VB the_ATI J33 115 paradigm_NN format_NN to_IN within_IN one_CD1 \0ACE_NP word_NN ._. J33 116 ^ the_ATI \0PIW_NN for_IN a_AT particular_JJ noun_NN stem_NN is_BEZ J33 116 formed_VBN in_RB general_RB" J33 117 by_IN inserting_VBG a_AT binary_JJ digit_NN 1_CD1 in_IN the_ATI bit_NN J33 117 position_NN corresponding_VBG to_IN the_ATI J33 118 appropriate_JJ affix_NN in_IN each_DT field_NN ._. ^ for_IN example_NN J33 118 ,_, consider_VB the_ATI stem_NN entry_NN J33 119 and_CC \0PIW_NN resulting_VBG from_IN the_ATI Russian_JNP word_NN J33 119 whose_WP$R nominative_JJ J33 120 singular_NN is_BEZ stol_&FW (_( table_NN )_) ._. ^ the_ATI stem_NN J33 120 entry_NN will_MD be_BE stol_&FW *-_*- J33 121 and_CC the_ATI set_NN of_IN affixes_NNS which_WDTR give_VB all_ABN J33 121 the_ATI inflected_JJ forms_NNS of_IN J33 122 stol_&FW is_BEZ #_&FO ,_, a_ZZ ,_, u_ZZ ,_, e_ZZ ,_, om_&FW ,_, y_ZZ J33 122 ,_, ov_&FW ,_, am_&FW ,_, akh_&FW ,_, ami_&FW ._. ^ the_ATI J33 123 \0PIW_NN will_MD thus_RB have_HV *'_*' ones_CD1S **'_**' in_IN J33 123 positions_NNS 1_CD1 ,_, 11_CD ,_, 15_CD ,_, 19_CD ,_, 21_CD ,_, J33 124 26_CD ,_, 32_CD ,_, 37_CD ,_, 39_CD and_CC 41_CD ._. J33 126 ^ the_ATI absence_NN of_IN a_AT *'_*' one_CD1 **'_**' in_IN bit_NN J33 126 position_NN 43_CD indicates_VBZ the_ATI inanimate_JJ J33 127 nature_NN of_IN the_ATI stem_NN and_CC hence_RB implicitly_RB J33 127 indicates_VBZ the_ATI accusative_JJ J33 128 singular_JJ and_CC accusative_JJ plural_JJ endings_NNS ._. ^ a_AT J33 128 stem_NN which_WDTR takes_VBZ J33 129 alternative_JJ affixes_NNS in_IN a_AT given_JJ field_NN will_MD have_HV J33 129 *'_*' ones_CD1S **'_**' in_IN the_ATI bit_NN J33 130 positions_NNS of_IN both_ABX affixes_NNS \0e.g_RB the_ATI stem_NN J33 130 volos_&FW (_( hair_NN )_) has_HVZ J33 131 the_ATI alternative_JJ affixes_NNS Y_ZZ and_CC A_ZZ in_IN the_ATI J33 131 nominative_JJ plural_JJ form_NN ._. J33 132 ^ where_WRB a_AT stem_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT common_JJ to_IN all_ABN J33 132 inflected_JJ forms_NNS of_IN a_AT word_NN ,_, only_RB J33 133 those_DTS fields_NNS to_IN which_WDTR that_DT stem_NN applies_VBZ J33 133 will_MD have_HV a_AT *'_*' one_CD1 **'_**' in_IN them_PP3OS J33 134 \0e.g_RB the_ATI stem_NN brat-_&FW (_( brother_NN )_) applies_VBZ to_IN J33 134 the_ATI singular_JJ J33 135 inflected_JJ forms_NNS only_RB (_( 1_CD1 ,_, 11_CD ,_, 15_CD ,_, 19_CD J33 135 ,_, 21_CD ,_, 43_CD )_) while_CS the_ATI stem_NN J33 136 brat'-_&FW applies_VBZ to_IN the_ATI plural_JJ forms_NNS (_( 29_CD ,_, J33 136 33_CD ,_, 36_CD ,_, 38_CD ,_, 40_CD ,_, 43_CD )_) ._. J33 137 ^ the_ATI formats_NNS for_IN adjectives_NNS and_CC verbs_NNS are_BER J33 137 shown_VBN in_IN figure_NN 2_CD J33 138 and_CC in_IN principle_NN are_BER similar_JJ to_IN the_ATI noun_NN J33 138 format_NN ._. ^ they_PP3AS all_ABN have_HV more_AP J33 139 fields_NNS than_IN the_ATI noun_NN format_NN ,_, but_CC have_HV much_AP J33 139 less_AP variety_NN of_IN affixes_NNS J33 140 within_IN each_DT field_NN ._. ^ the_ATI two_CD verb_NN formats_NNS J33 140 have_HV identical_JJ fields_NNS ,_, but_CC J33 141 mostly_RB different_JJ affixes_NNS in_IN those_DTS fields_NNS ._. ^ J33 141 they_PP3AS include_VB fields_NNS for_IN J33 142 participle_NN affixes_NNS ,_, but_CC the_ATI affixes_NNS in_IN J33 142 these_DTS fields_NNS are_BER only_RB the_ATI J33 143 participle_NN stem-building_JJ affixes_NNS ._. ^ however_RB ,_, as_IN J33 143 participle_NN adjectival_NN J33 144 endings_NNS follow_VB a_AT perfectly_RB regular_JJ pattern_NN ,_, J33 144 they_PP3AS need_MD not_XNOT be_BE J33 145 explicitly_RB stated_VBN in_IN the_ATI \0PIW_NN J33 146 ._. ^ nearly_RB all_ABN nouns_NNS and_CC adjectives_NNS will_MD J33 146 require_VB only_RB one_CD1 stem_NN and_CC J33 147 \0PIW_NN to_TO represent_VB all_ABN their_PP$ inflected_JJ forms_NNS J33 147 ._. ^ approximately_RB J33 148 2/3_CD of_IN Russian_JNP verbs_NNS will_MD need_VB only_RB one_CD1 J33 148 stem_NN ,_, most_AP of_IN the_ATI rest_NN J33 149 requiring_VBG two_CD stems_NNS ,_, and_CC only_RB the_ATI irregular_JJ J33 149 verbs_NNS more_AP than_IN two_CD ._. J33 150 ^ the_ATI \0PIW_NN are_BER compiled_VBN by_IN the_ATI computer_NN J33 150 from_IN data_NNS sheets_NNS J33 151 (_( dictionary_NN entry_NN forms_NNS )_) one_CD1 of_IN which_WDTR J33 151 is_BEZ manually_RB completed_VBN for_IN each_DT J33 152 word_NN to_TO be_BE entered_VBN into_IN the_ATI dictionary_NN ._. ^ J33 152 there_EX is_BEZ a_AT different_JJ data_NNS J33 153 sheet_NN for_IN each_DT of_IN several_AP broad_JJ classes_NNS of_IN J33 153 noun_NN declension_NN ,_, so_TO as_TO" to_TO" J33 154 limit_VB the_ATI linguistic_JJ decisions_NNS to_TO be_BE made_VBN in_IN J33 154 completing_VBG the_ATI sheets_NNS ,_, J33 155 but_CC all_ABN noun_NN data_NNS sheets_NNS refer_VB to_IN the_ATI J33 155 one_CD1 standard_JJ format_NN for_IN the_ATI noun_NN J33 156 \0PIW_NN ._. ^ there_EX are_BER similar_JJ data_NNS sheets_NNS for_IN J33 156 adjectives_NNS and_CC the_ATI J33 157 two_CD types_NNS of_IN verbs_NNS ,_, in_IN these_DTS cases_NNS only_RB J33 157 one_CD1 type_NN of_IN data_NNS sheet_NN per_IN J33 158 format_NN ,_, because_IN of_IN" the_ATI lesser_JJR variety_NN of_IN J33 158 inflection_NN ._. J33 159 ^ with_IN the_ATI provision_NN of_IN a_AT \0PIW_NN in_IN each_DT J33 159 stem_NN entry_NN in_IN the_ATI J33 160 dictionary_NN ,_, the_ATI problem_NN of_IN interpretation_NN of_IN J33 160 an_AT affix_NN which_WDTR has_HVZ J33 161 occurred_VBN on_IN a_AT given_JJ stem_NN as_IN a_AT text_NN word_NN ,_, J33 161 is_BEZ resolved_VBN into_IN spotlighting_VBG J33 162 the_ATI occurrences_NNS (_( if_CS any_DTI )_) of_IN that_DT affix_NN J33 162 in_IN the_ATI \0PIW_NN for_IN that_DT J33 163 stem_NN and_CC noting_VBG the_ATI fields_NNS (_( grammatical_JJ J33 163 properties_NNS )_) in_IN which_WDTR they_PP3AS J33 164 occur_VB ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ most_QL easily_RB done_VBN by_IN J33 164 having_HVG ,_, for_IN that_DT affix_NN ,_, a_AT masking_JJ J33 165 pattern_NN containing_VBG a_AT *'_*' one_CD1 **'_**' bit_NN J33 165 corresponding_VBG to_IN each_DT occurrence_NN of_IN J33 166 it_PP3 in_IN the_ATI \0PIW_NN format_NN ._. ^ then_RN ,_, by_IN J33 166 performing_VBG a_AT *'_*' logical_JJ and_CC J33 167 **'_**' operation_NN between_IN this_DT mask_NN and_CC the_ATI \0PIW_NN J33 167 of_IN the_ATI given_JJ stem_NN ,_, J33 168 the_ATI result_NN will_MD contain_VB a_AT *'_*' one_CD1 **'_**' bit_NN J33 168 in_IN each_DT field_NN where_WRB that_DT affix_NN J33 169 has_HVZ significance_NN for_IN the_ATI given_JJ stem_NN ._. ^ of_RB J33 169 course_RB" ,_, if_CS the_ATI result_NN was_BEDZ J33 170 zero_CD ,_, this_DT would_MD mean_VB that_CS the_ATI affix_NN and_CC J33 170 stem_NN were_BED incompatible_JJ J33 171 \0i.e_RB the_ATI stem_NN did_DOD not_XNOT combine_VB with_IN the_ATI J33 171 affix_NN in_IN any_DTI meaningful_JJ J33 172 inflection_NN ._. ^ this_DT situation_NN may_MD arise_VB with_IN J33 172 stem_NN homographs_NNS and_CC with_IN J33 173 words_NNS whose_WP$R true_JJ stems_NNS are_BER not_XNOT yet_RB J33 173 compiled_VBN into_IN the_ATI dictionary_NN and_CC J33 174 are_BER falsely_RB split_VBN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI latter_AP case_NN J33 174 the_ATI \0PIW_NN would_MD not_XNOT J33 175 contain_VB the_ATI falsely_RB split_JJ affix_NN ._. J33 176 ^ the_ATI masking_JJ pattern_NN referred_VBN to_IN above_RI we_PP1AS J33 176 call_VB the_ATI role_NN indicator_NN J33 177 word_NN (_( \0RIW_NN )_) for_IN the_ATI given_JJ affix_NN ._. ^ J33 177 some_DTI affixes_NNS have_HV J33 178 significance_NN with_IN more_AP than_IN one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI \0PIW_NN J33 178 formats_NNS ,_, and_CC for_IN J33 179 these_DTS there_EX will_MD need_VB to_TO be_BE more_AP than_IN one_CD1 J33 179 \0RIW_NN \0e.g_RB I_ZZ J33 180 has_HVZ significance_NN for_IN and_CC appears_VBZ in_IN each_DT of_IN J33 180 the_ATI four_CD \0PIW_NN J33 181 formats_NNS ,_, so_CS it_PP3 will_MD have_HV four_CD \0RIW_NN ._. ^ J33 181 in_TO order_TO" to_TO" be_BE able_JJ to_TO J33 182 match_VB the_ATI appropriate_JJ \0RIW_NN to_IN a_AT given_JJ \0PIW_NN J33 182 in_IN an_AT J33 183 interpretation_NN ,_, the_ATI format_NN types_NNS are_BER given_VBN J33 183 a_AT type_NN number_NN (_( digits_NNS 47_CD J33 184 and_CC 48_CD )_) and_CC the_ATI \0RIW_NNS which_WDTR relate_VB to_IN J33 184 these_DTS types_NNS are_BER given_VBN the_ATI J33 185 corresponding_JJ type_NN \0no_NN ._. ^ there_EX are_BER identical_JJ J33 185 I_ZZ and_CC E_ZZ verb_NN J33 186 \0RIW_NNS for_IN each_DT of_IN 10_CD verbal_JJ affixes_NNS (_( u_ZZ ,_, J33 186 ju_&FW ,_, I_ZZ ,_, j_ZZ ,_, '_&FW ,_, jte_&FW ,_, J33 187 'te_&FW ,_, a_ZZ ,_, ja_&FW ,_, enn_&FW )_) and_CC so_RB we_PP1AS J33 187 save_VB some_DTI space_NN in_IN storing_VBG the_ATI J33 188 \0RIW_NN by_IN having_HVG only_RB one_CD1 verb_NN \0RIW_NN for_IN J33 188 each_DT of_IN these_DTS 10_CD J33 189 and_CC indicating_VBG its_PP$ dual_JJ utility_NN ._. J33 190 ^ let_VB us_PP1OS consider_VB two_CD examples_NNS of_IN J33 190 interpretation_NN of_IN noun_NN forms_NNS J33 191 avtomobili_&FW and_CC nedeli_&FW ,_, which_WDTR would_MD be_BE J33 191 matched_VBN against_IN J33 192 the_ATI dictionary_NN stems_NNS avtomobil-_&FW and_CC nedel-_&FW J33 192 respectively_RB ,_, J33 193 with_IN I_ZZ as_IN the_ATI affix_NN to_TO be_BE interpreted_VBN in_IN J33 193 both_ABX cases_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J33 194 \0PIW_NN for_IN the_ATI noun_NN stem_NN avtomobil-_&FW and_CC the_ATI J33 194 noun_NN type_NN J33 195 \0RIW_NN for_IN I_ZZ would_MD be_BE as_CS shown_VBN in_IN figure_NN J33 195 3_CD ._. ^ the_ATI J33 196 *'_*' logical-and_NN **'_**' of_IN these_DTS two_CD computer_NN J33 196 words_NNS would_MD give_VB a_AT *'_*' one_CD1 **'_**' bit_NN J33 197 in_IN position_NN 28_CD only_RB \0i.e_RB in_IN the_ATI nominative_JJ J33 197 plural_JJ field_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J33 198 \0PIW_NN for_IN nedel-_&FW is_BEZ also_RB shown_VBN in_IN figure_NN J33 198 3_CD and_CC the_ATI J33 199 result_NN of_IN *'_*' anding_VBG **'_**' this_DT word_NN with_IN J33 199 the_ATI \0RIW_NN for_IN I_ZZ would_MD J33 200 be_BE a_AT *'_*' one_CD1 **'_**' bit_NN in_IN positions_NNS 14_CD J33 200 and_CC 28_CD \0i.e_RB in_IN the_ATI genitive_JJ J33 201 singular_JJ and_CC nominative_JJ plural_JJ fields_NNS ._. J34 2 ^ by_IN the_ATI former_AP view_NN the_ATI categories_NNS are_BER J34 2 common_JJ by_IN definition_NN and_CC J34 3 a_RB priori_RB" ,_, by_IN the_ATI latter_AP empirically_RB and_CC by_IN J34 3 reason_NN of_IN a_AT more_QL J34 4 or_CC less_QL similar_JJ semantic_JJ range_NN a_RB posteriori_RB" ._. ^ J34 4 but_CC while_CS many_AP J34 5 modern_JJ linguists_NNS would_MD subscribe_VB to_IN the_ATI latter_AP J34 5 view_NN there_EX remains_VBZ J34 6 still_RB a_AT common_JJ core_NN of_IN syntactic_JJ terms_NNS ,_, J34 6 common_JJ by_IN definition_NN among_IN J34 7 those_DTS making_VBG use_NN of_IN them_PP3OS ,_, not_XNOT from_IN J34 7 any_DTI content_NN or_CC semantic_JJ meaning_NN ,_, J34 8 but_CC from_IN the_ATI method_NN of_IN establishing_VBG them_PP3OS J34 8 within_IN each_DT language_NN ._. ^ terms_NNS J34 9 like_IN nucleus_NN ,_, expansion_NN ,_, cohesion_NN ,_, endocentric_JJ J34 9 ,_, and_CC exocentric_JJ are_BER J34 10 general_JJ (_( though_CS not_XNOT necessarily_RB universal_JJ )_) J34 10 categories_NNS ,_, by_IN reason_NN of_IN J34 11 the_ATI common_JJ operations_NNS by_IN which_WDTR sentences_NNS in_IN J34 11 a_AT language_NN are_BER compared_VBN J34 12 and_CC classed_VBN together_RB as_IN regards_IN" the_ATI formal_JJ J34 12 inter-relations_NNS of_IN their_PP$ J34 13 components_NNS ._. ^ these_DTS operations_NNS and_CC the_ATI J34 13 criteria_NNS employed_VBN need_MD not_XNOT be_BE in_IN J34 14 detail_NN the_ATI same_AP between_IN any_DTI two_CD linguists_NNS ,_, J34 14 but_CC the_ATI overall_JJB operational_JJ J34 15 similarity_NN in_IN their_PP$ use_NN is_BEZ obvious_JJ ._. J34 16 ^ *'_*' general_JJ syntax_NN **'_**' thus_RB allows_VBZ two_CD J34 16 possible_JJ interpretations_NNS ,_, and_CC J34 17 different_JJ answers_NNS may_MD be_BE given_VBN to_IN the_ATI J34 17 question_NN of_IN generality_NN on_IN each_DT J34 18 of_IN the_ATI two_CD ._. J34 19 ^ (_( 4_CD )_) ._. ^ what_WDT is_BEZ the_ATI relationship_NN J34 19 between_IN syntax_NN and_CC morphology_NN ?_? ^ to_IN J34 20 some_DTI extent_NN the_ATI answer_NN to_IN this_DT question_NN is_BEZ J34 20 conditioned_VBN by_IN one's_CD1$ answer_NN J34 21 to_IN question_NN (_( 1_CD1 )_) above_RI ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI J34 21 morpheme_NN ,_, not_XNOT the_ATI word_NN ,_, is_BEZ the_ATI minimal_JJ J34 22 unit_NN of_IN syntax_NN ,_, the_ATI role_NN of_IN morphology_NN ,_, J34 22 no_RB longer_RBR concerned_VBN with_IN J34 23 syntagmatic_JJ word_NN structure_NN ,_, is_BEZ correspondingly_RB J34 23 reduced_VBN ;_; and_CC there_EX are_BER J34 24 those_DTS who_WPR say_VB that_CS the_ATI distinction_NN between_IN J34 24 these_DTS two_CD traditional_JJ parts_NNS J34 25 of_IN grammmar_NN is_BEZ of_IN little_AP value_NN today_NR ._. ^ but_CC J34 25 assuming_VBG that_CS the_ATI J34 26 distinction_NN is_BEZ maintained_VBN one_CD1 may_MD ask_VB which_WDT J34 26 is_BEZ to_TO be_BE analytically_RB J34 27 prior_JJ :_: in_IN which_WDT domain_NN do_DO we_PP1AS establish_VB J34 27 the_ATI majority_NN of_IN the_ATI principal_JJB J34 28 categories_NNS first_RB ?_? ^ are_BER syntactic_JJ structures_NNS J34 28 set_VBN up_RP to_TO explain_VB the_ATI use_NN J34 29 of_IN the_ATI morphological_JJ form_NN classes_NNS ,_, or_CC are_BER J34 29 form_NN classes_NNS dependent_JJ on_IN J34 30 their_PP$ role_NN in_IN syntactic_JJ structures_NNS for_IN their_PP$ J34 30 grammatical_JJ significance_NN ?_? J34 31 ^ this_DT question_NN may_MD be_BE ,_, and_CC has_HVZ been_BEN ,_, J34 31 answered_VBN either_DTX way_NN irrespective_IN J34 32 of_IN" the_ATI degree_NN to_IN which_WDTR logic_NN or_CC *'_*' J34 32 meaning_NN **'_**' are_BER admitted_VBN as_IN criteria_NNS J34 33 in_IN grammatical_JJ analysis_NN ;_; in_IN traditional_JJ terms_NNS J34 33 it_PP3 involves_VBZ the_ATI relative_JJ J34 34 priority_NN of_IN such_ABL class_NN concepts_NNS as_IN noun_NN and_CC J34 34 verb_NN as_IN against_IN" such_ABL as_IN J34 35 subject_NN and_CC predicate_NN ._. J34 36 ^ (_( 5_CD )_) ._. ^ what_WDT is_BEZ meant_VBN by_IN *'_*' J34 36 structural_JJ **'_**' syntax_NN ?_? ^ *'_*' structural_NC **'_**' J34 36 is_BEZ J34 37 an_AT epithet_NN few_AP linguists_NNS would_MD deny_VB of_IN their_PP$ J34 37 work_NN today_NR ,_, as_CS it_PP3 carries_VBZ J34 38 connotations_NNS of_IN up-to-dateness_NN and_CC scientific_JJ J34 38 thinking_NN ,_, however_WRB varied_VBD J34 39 its_PP$ applications_NNS may_MD be_BE ._. ^ *'_*' structural_NC **'_**' J34 39 is_BEZ ,_, in_IN fact_NN ,_, consistent_JJ with_IN J34 40 a_AT number_NN of_IN otherwise_RB divergent_JJ approaches_NNS to_IN J34 40 language_NN ._. ^ Trubetzkoy's_NP$ J34 41 phonology_NN as_CC well_CC" as_CC" Pike's_NP$ or_CC Trager_NP and_CC J34 41 Smith's_NP$ phonemics_NN is_BEZ J34 42 structural_JJ ;_; morphological_JJ analyses_NNS based_VBN on_IN the_ATI J34 42 *'_*' meanings_NNS J34 43 expressed_VBN **'_**' by_IN the_ATI forms_NNS can_MD be_BE worked_VBN J34 43 out_RP structurally_RB ,_, and_CC equally_RB J34 44 the_ATI purely_RB formal_JJ morphemic_JJ analysis_NN of_IN Harris_NP J34 44 is_BEZ structural_JJ ._. J34 45 ^ semantics_NN can_MD ,_, at_RB least_RB" in_IN part_NN ,_, be_BE J34 45 treated_VBN structurally_RB on_IN the_ATI lines_NNS J34 46 of_IN the_ATI de_&FW Saussure-inspired_JJ *'_*' field_NN theory_NN J34 46 **'_**' ,_, or_CC on_IN the_ATI statistical_JJ J34 47 models_NNS suggested_VBN by_IN Wells_NP and_CC others_APS ,_, and_CC J34 47 Firth's_NP$ theory_NN of_IN context_NN of_IN J34 48 situation_NN ,_, framed_VBN so_TO as_TO" to_TO" cover_VB the_ATI J34 48 whole_NN of_IN the_ATI semantic_JJ analysis_NN of_IN J34 49 utterances_NNS as_QL far_RB as_CS this_DT can_MD fall_VB within_IN J34 49 general_JJ linguistics_NN ,_, is_BEZ J34 50 essentially_RB structural_JJ ._. J34 51 ^ applied_VBN to_IN general_JJ linguistics_NN as_IN a_AT whole_NN J34 51 ,_, *'_*' structural_NC **'_**' has_HVZ a_AT J34 52 fairly_RB definite_JJ comprehensive_JJ meaning_NN ,_, namely_RB that_CS J34 52 the_ATI elements_NNS and_CC J34 53 categories_NNS of_IN linguistic_JJ statement_NN and_CC analysis_NN J34 53 are_BER established_VBN and_CC J34 54 explained_VBN by_IN reference_NN to_IN their_PP$ relations_NNS with_IN J34 54 one_PPLS another_PPLS" within_IN the_ATI J34 55 system_NN or_CC systems_NNS of_IN the_ATI language_NN concerned_VBN ,_, J34 55 rather_RB than_CS as_IN units_NNS of_IN J34 56 an_AT aggregate_NN each_DT carrying_VBG its_PP$ own_AP independent_JJ J34 56 formal_JJ constitution_NN or_CC J34 57 value_NN ._. ^ applied_VBN to_IN syntax_NN ,_, perhaps_RB ,_, the_ATI J34 57 term_NN adds_VBZ less_AP than_CS to_IN the_ATI J34 58 other_AP levels_NNS of_IN linguistic_JJ analysis_NN ._. ^ in_IN a_AT J34 58 sense_NN syntax_NN has_HVZ always_RB J34 59 been_BEN structural_JJ ,_, as_CS it_PP3 has_HVZ concerned_VBN the_ATI J34 59 relations_NNS of_IN the_ATI parts_NNS of_IN J34 60 sentences_NNS to_IN each_PPLS other_PPLS" ,_, whether_CS as_IN J34 60 exponents_NNS of_IN the_ATI logical_JJ J34 61 constituents_NNS of_IN propositions_NNS in_IN the_ATI traditional_JJ J34 61 view_NN ,_, or_CC as_IN the_ATI J34 62 expression_NN of_IN the_ATI psychological_JJ components_NNS of_IN *'_*' J34 62 judgments_NNS **'_**' ,_, or_CC ,_, in_IN J34 63 formal_JJ terms_NNS ,_, as_CS the_ATI elements_NNS of_IN a_AT number_NN J34 63 of_IN patterns_NNS to_IN which_WDTR J34 64 sentences_NNS of_IN a_AT particular_JJ language_NN can_MD be_BE J34 64 shown_VBN to_TO conform_VB ._. J34 65 ^ these_DTS considerations_NNS are_BER all_ABN pertinent_JJ to_IN J34 65 the_ATI reading_NN of_IN J34 66 Tesnie*?3re's_NP$ recently_RB published_VBN extensive_JJ work_NN on_IN J34 66 syntax_NN ._. ^ his_PP$ J34 67 E*?2le*?2ments_&FW ,_, in_IN manuscript_NN at_IN the_ATI time_NN of_IN J34 67 his_PP$ death_NN in_IN 1954_CD J34 68 and_CC now_RN published_VBN with_IN an_AT explanatory_JJ preface_NN J34 68 by_IN \0J_NP Fourquet_NP (_( \0pp_NNUS J34 69 3-7_CD-CD )_) ,_, arose_VBD from_IN his_PP$ dissatisfaction_NN ,_, J34 69 especially_RB from_IN the_ATI teacher's_NN$ J34 70 point_NN of_IN view_NN ,_, which_WDTR is_BEZ constantly_RB kept_VBN J34 70 to_IN the_ATI fore_NN ,_, with_IN traditional_JJ J34 71 grammar_NN and_CC its_PP$ preoccupation_NN with_IN morphology_NN as_IN J34 71 the_ATI basis_NN of_IN J34 72 grammatical_JJ instruction_NN and_CC the_ATI learning_NN of_IN J34 72 languages_NNS ._. ^ for_IN J34 73 Tesnie*?3re_NP syntax_NN is_BEZ the_ATI centre_NN of_IN grammar_NN J34 73 and_CC the_ATI proper_JJ foundation_NN J34 74 for_IN grammatical_JJ categories_NNS like_IN word_NN classes_NNS ,_, J34 74 morphology_NN being_BEG the_ATI J34 75 study_NN of_IN some_DTI of_IN the_ATI markers_NNS of_IN such_ABL J34 75 categories_NNS and_CC of_IN the_ATI syntactic_JJ J34 76 functions_NNS of_IN words_NNS in_IN the_ATI sentence_NN (_( J34 76 chapters_NNS 15-6_CD-CD )_) ._. ^ in_IN language_NN J34 77 description_NN syntax_NN is_BEZ the_ATI heart_NN of_IN the_ATI J34 77 grammar_NN ,_, not_XNOT something_PN added_VBN at_IN J34 78 the_ATI end_NN to_TO explain_VB the_ATI uses_NNS of_IN the_ATI J34 78 morphologically_RB different_JJ forms_NNS ._. J34 79 ^ this_DT emphasis_NN on_IN syntax_NN ,_, or_CC sentence_NN J34 79 structure_NN ,_, in_IN grammar_NN ,_, rather_RB J34 80 than_CS on_IN word_NN form_NN ,_, morpheme_NN shapes_NNS ,_, and_CC J34 80 paradigms_NNS ,_, is_BEZ to_TO be_BE welcomed_VBN ,_, J34 81 and_CC is_BEZ in_IN agreeable_JJ contrast_NN to_IN an_AT excessive_JJ J34 81 devotion_NN to_IN purely_RB J34 82 morphological_JJ problems_NNS among_IN some_DTI modern_JJ linguists_NNS J34 82 as_CC well_CC" as_CC" more_QL J34 83 old-fashioned_JJ ones_CD1S ._. ^ Tesnie*?3re_NP shares_VBZ with_IN J34 83 the_ATI more_QL rigidly_RB formal_JJ J34 84 American_JNP linguists_NNS a_AT reaction_NN against_IN tradition_NN ,_, J34 84 but_CC as_CS Fourquet_NP J34 85 remarks_VBZ he_PP3A owes_VBZ little_AP to_IN their_PP$ work_NN ,_, J34 85 and_CC his_PP$ theories_NNS are_BER ,_, more_RBR J34 86 perhaps_RB than_CS with_IN most_AP writers_NNS ,_, his_PP$ own_AP ._. ^ J34 86 one_CD1 may_MD ,_, however_RB ,_, ask_VB J34 87 whether_CS he_PP3A has_HVZ gone_VBN far_RB enough_QLP in_IN J34 87 rejecting_VBG traditional_JJ ideas_NNS ,_, and_CC J34 88 whether_CS despite_IN his_PP$ insistence_NN on_IN the_ATI autonomy_NN J34 88 of_IN syntax_NN (_( \0p_NN 42_CD )_) he_PP3A J34 89 has_HVZ not_XNOT ,_, in_IN fact_NN ,_, retained_VBN certain_JJ of_IN J34 89 them_PP3OS that_WPR look_VB like_IN convenient_JJ J34 90 points_NNS d'appui_NNS" for_IN his_PP$ theory_NN but_CC themselves_PPLS J34 90 lack_VB a_AT secure_JJ J34 91 basis_NN in_IN language_NN itself_PPL ._. J34 92 ^ Tesnie*?3re's_NP$ syntactic_JJ theory_NN is_BEZ general_JJ in_IN J34 92 the_ATI first_OD sense_NN J34 93 mentioned_VBN above_RI ;_; language_NN expresses_VBZ thought_NN (_( J34 93 \0p_NN 12_CD )_) ,_, and_CC grammatical_JJ J34 94 categories_NNS are_BER ide*?2es_&FW ge*?2ne*?2rales_&FW and_CC J34 95 classificateurs_&FW of_IN the_ATI innumerable_JJ ide*?2es_&FW J34 96 particulie*?3res_&FW ;_; they_PP3AS may_MD vary_VB from_IN language_NN J34 96 to_IN language_NN and_CC are_BER J34 97 not_XNOT identical_JJ with_IN the_ATI cate*?2gories_&FW de_&FW la_&FW J34 97 pense*?2e_&FW which_WDTR are_BER J34 98 said_VBN to_TO be_BE the_ATI same_AP for_IN all_ABN men_NNS (_( how_WRB J34 98 do_DO we_PP1AS know_VB this_DT ?_? )_) ,_, but_CC have_HV close_JJ J34 99 links_NNS with_IN them_PP3OS and_CC often_RB coincide_VB ,_, and_CC J34 99 always_RB rele*?3vent_&FW de_&FW la_&FW J34 100 se*?2mantique_&FW (_( chapter_NN 24_CD )_) ._. ^ an_AT example_NN of_IN J34 100 this_DT kind_NN of_IN J34 101 grammatical_JJ approach_NN is_BEZ found_VBN in_IN the_ATI way_NN J34 101 Tesnie*?3re_NP defines_VBZ the_ATI J34 102 various_JJ types_NNS of_IN subordinate_JJ clause_NN (_( causal_JJ ,_, J34 102 final_JJ ,_, conditional_JJ ,_, J34 103 concessive_JJ ,_, \0etc_RB ,_, chapters_NNS 254-65_CD-CD )_) by_IN J34 103 their_PP$ meanings_NNS ,_, and_CC then_RN J34 104 exhibits_VBZ examples_NNS of_IN the_ATI *'_*' same_AP **'_**' types_NNS J34 104 differently_RB realized_VBN in_IN J34 105 different_JJ languages_NNS (_( \0e.g_RB chapter_NN 243_CD ,_, *?137_&FO J34 105 ;_; 259_CD ,_, *?1315_&FO ;_; 262_CD ,_, J34 106 *?1323_&FO )_) ._. ^ though_CS he_PP3A elaborates_VBZ his_PP$ work_NN J34 106 mainly_RB with_IN reference_NN to_IN J34 107 written_JJ French_NNP ,_, with_IN a_AT bias_NN towards_IN the_ATI J34 107 language_NN of_IN literature_NN ,_, and_CC J34 108 his_PP$ illustrations_NNS are_BER drawn_VBN largely_RB from_IN J34 108 European_JNP languages_NNS (_( note_VB that_CS J34 109 all_ABN the_ATI American-Indian_JNP languages_NNS are_BER lumped_VBN J34 109 together_RB typologically_RB !_! ,_, J34 110 \0p_NN 33_CD )_) ,_, he_PP3A regards_VBZ the_ATI basic_JJ elements_NNS J34 110 of_IN his_PP$ syntax_NN as_CS universal_JJ ._. J34 111 ^ words_NNS as_CS written_VBN are_BER the_ATI units_NNS he_PP3A J34 111 works_VBZ with_IN ,_, but_CC he_PP3A recognizes_VBZ J34 112 the_ATI difficulties_NNS of_IN word_NN delimitation_NN and_CC the_ATI J34 112 occasional_JJ inadequacies_NNS J34 113 of_IN traditional_JJ orthographic_JJ divisions_NNS (_( chapter_NN 10_CD J34 113 )_) ._. ^ where_WRB what_WDT he_PP3A J34 114 considers_VBZ to_TO be_BE the_ATI same_AP sort_NN of_IN syntactic_JJ J34 114 process_NN (_( \0e.g_RB a_AT J34 115 translation_&FW ,_, see_VB below_RI )_) is_BEZ carried_VBN out_RP in_IN J34 115 one_CD1 language_NN by_IN a_AT J34 116 separate_JJ word_NN and_CC in_IN another_DT by_IN an_AT affix_NN ,_, J34 116 he_PP3A does_DOZ not_XNOT for_IN that_DT reason_NN J34 117 analyse_VB it_PP3 differently_RB (_( \0p_NN 361_CD )_) ._. J34 118 ^ Tesnie*?3re's_NP$ syntax_NN is_BEZ based_VBN on_IN the_ATI J34 118 noeud_&FW ,_, and_CC sentences_NNS J34 119 consist_VB wholly_RB of_IN noeuds_&FW hierarchically_RB arranged_VBN J34 119 ,_, the_ATI minimal_JJ J34 120 sentence_NN being_BEG a_AT single_JJ simple_JJ noeud_&FW ._. ^ J34 120 sentences_NNS set_VBN out_RP in_IN such_ABL J34 121 a_AT way_NN as_CS to_TO reveal_VB their_PP$ *'_*' nodal_JJ **'_**' J34 121 structuring_NN are_BER called_VBN J34 122 stemmata_&FW ,_, and_CC abstract_JJ stemmata_&FW (_( phrases_&FW J34 122 virtuelles_&FW ,_, J34 123 chapter_NN 33_CD )_) represent_VB sentence_NN types_NNS with_IN the_ATI J34 123 lexical_JJ differences_NNS of_IN J34 124 the_ATI component_NN words_NNS ignored_VBN ._. ^ sentences_NNS in_IN J34 124 familiar_JJ languages_NNS are_BER J34 125 usually_RB based_VBN on_IN a_AT verbal_JJ noeud_&FW ,_, but_CC other_AP J34 125 noeuds_&FW (_( nominal_JJ ,_, J34 126 adjectival_JJ ,_, and_CC adverbial_JJ )_) are_BER possible_JJ as_IN J34 126 entire_JJB sentences_NNS ,_, J34 127 especially_RB in_IN conversational_JJ discourse_NN (_( \0p_NN 15_CD )_) J34 127 ._. ^ stemmata_&FW J34 128 represent_VB the_ATI sentence_NN structure_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI *'_*' J34 128 real_JJ sentence_NN J34 129 **'_**' syntactically_RB ;_; speaking_VBG a_AT language_NN is_BEZ J34 129 transforming_VBG it_PP3 into_IN a_AT linear_JJ J34 130 succession_NN of_IN words_NNS ,_, and_CC conversely_RB J34 130 understanding_VBG is_BEZ recovering_VBG the_ATI J34 131 sentence_NN structure_NN from_IN such_ABL a_AT succession_NN (_( J34 131 chapter_NN 6_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI following_JJ J34 132 examples_NNS illustrate_VB ,_, (_( a_ZZ )_) and_CC (_( b_ZZ )_) a_AT J34 132 single_JJ noeud_&FW ,_, and_CC ,_, J34 133 (_( c_ZZ )_) a_AT hierarchy_NN of_IN noeuds_&FW in_IN a_AT stemma_&FW J34 133 (_( \0pp_NNUS 14-15_CD-CD )_) :_: J34 134 **[DIAGRAM**]_&FO J34 135 ^ subordination_NN ,_, the_ATI dependence_NN of_IN the_ATI J34 135 governed_JJ on_IN the_ATI governor_NN ,_, J34 136 represented_VBN by_IN its_PP$ occupying_VBG a_AT lower_JJR line_NN J34 136 in_IN the_ATI stemma_&FW ,_, is_BEZ J34 137 fundamental_JJ ,_, since_CS the_ATI noeud_&FW is_BEZ defined_VBN as_IN J34 137 un_&FW re*?2gissant_&FW J34 138 qui_&FW commande_&FW un_&FW ou_&FW plusieurs_&FW subordonne*?2s_&FW (_( J34 138 chapters_NNS 2_CD ,_, 3_CD )_) ,_, J34 139 though_CS the_ATI concept_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT appear_VB to_TO be_BE J34 139 fully_RB defined_VBN ._. ^ adjectives_NNS J34 140 depend_VB on_IN nouns_NNS ,_, and_CC adverbs_NNS on_IN verbs_NNS or_CC J34 140 adjectives_NNS ,_, and_CC tout_&FW J34 141 subordonne*?2_&FW suit_&FW le_&FW sort_&FW de_&FW son_&FW J34 141 re*?2gissant_&FW (_( \0p_NN 14_CD )_) ,_, just_RB as_CS J34 142 in_IN Bloomfieldian_JNP terms_NNS words_NNS are_BER grouped_VBN into_IN J34 142 endocentric_JJ J34 143 constructions_NNS because_CS they_PP3AS behave_VB syntactically_RB J34 143 like_IN their_PP$ head_JJB J34 144 component_NN ._. ^ but_CC Tesnie*?3re_NP also_RB subordinates_VBZ *'_*' J34 144 subject_NN **'_**' nouns_NNS to_IN J34 145 verbs_NNS ,_, as_CS is_BEZ seen_VBN in_IN the_ATI examples_NNS J34 145 cited_VBN above_RI ,_, where_WRB parle_&FW J34 146 governs_VBZ Alfred_NC as_CC well_CC" as_CC" Bernard_NC ,_, and_RB J34 146 so_RB" on_RB" ._. ^ we_PP1AS are_BER not_XNOT J34 147 told_VBN why_WRB ;_; is_BEZ it_PP3 because_CS in_IN some_DTI J34 147 languages_NNS (_( \0e.g_RB Latin_NNP )_) the_ATI verb_NN J34 148 by_IN itself_PPL can_MD form_VB a_AT complete_JJ sentence_NN (_( J34 148 cantat_&FW ,_, of_IN which_WDTR vir_&FW J34 149 cantat_&FW is_BEZ an_AT expansion_NN )_) ?_? ^ in_IN French_NNP J34 149 chante_&FW is_BEZ not_XNOT a_AT complete_JJ J34 150 sentence_NN of_IN the_ATI same_AP type_NN as_IN Alfred_&FW chante_&FW J34 150 ,_, but_CC il_&FW J34 151 chante_&FW is_BEZ ,_, and_CC such_ABL a_AT sentence_NN ,_, wherein_WRB J34 151 il_&FW is_BEZ a_AT mot_&FW J34 152 vide_&FW and_CC a_AT mere_JJB indice_&FW ,_, is_BEZ regarded_VBN as_IN J34 152 a_AT single_JJ semantic_JJ unit_NN J34 153 (_( nucle*?2us_&FW )_) ,_, though_CS a_AT noeud_&FW of_IN head_NN J34 153 and_CC subordinate_NN J34 154 (_( chapter_NN 22_CD ,_, \0cp_VB stemma_&FW 33_CD ,_, \0p_NN 56_CD )_) J34 154 ._. ^ if_CS this_DT is_BEZ the_ATI argument_NN ,_, J34 155 it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT made_VBN clear_JJ by_IN Tesnie*?3re_NP ._. J34 156 ^ words_NNS are_BER divisible_JJ into_IN the_ATI categories_NNS J34 156 of_IN *'_*' full_JJ J34 157 **'_**' (_( pleins_&FW )_) and_CC *'_*' empty_JJ **'_**' (_( vides_&FW J34 157 )_) on_IN semantic_JJ grounds_NNS ,_, full_JJ J34 158 words_NNS bearing_VBG a_AT separate_JJ meaning_NN ,_, empty_JJ J34 158 words_NNS only_RB a_AT grammatical_JJ use_NN J34 159 (_( chapter_NN 28_CD )_) ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ familiar_JJ ground_NN ,_, J34 159 and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ hard_JJ to_TO see_VB how_WRB the_ATI J34 160 distinction_NN can_MD be_BE rigorously_RB carried_VBN through_RP ;_; J34 160 *'_*' having_HVG an_AT independent_JJ J34 161 meaning_NN **'_**' is_BEZ probably_RB equivalent_JJ to_IN the_ATI J34 161 fact_NN that_CS a_AT gloss_NN can_MD be_BE J34 162 given_VBN by_IN a_AT native_JJ speaker_NN to_IN the_ATI word_NN in_IN J34 162 isolation_NN ,_, and_CC this_DT is_BEZ likely_JJ J34 163 to_TO be_BE a_AT matter_NN of_IN degree_NN rather_RB than_CS of_IN a_AT J34 163 binary_JJ division_NN into_IN two_CD J34 164 classes_NNS ._. ^ Tesnie*?3re_NP follows_VBZ the_ATI full_JJ /_CC J34 164 empty_JJ division_NN with_IN the_ATI more_QL J34 165 formal_JJ division_NN of_IN mot_&FW constitutif_&FW and_CC mot_&FW J34 165 subsidiaire_&FW J34 166 (_( chapter_NN 29_CD )_) ,_, the_ATI former_AP being_BEG able_JJ to_TO J34 166 constitute_VB the_ATI head_NN of_IN a_AT J34 167 noeud_&FW ,_, while_CS the_ATI latter_AP can_MD only_RB appear_VB as_IN J34 167 a_AT subordinate_JJ member_NN J34 168 of_IN one_CD1 ._. ^ the_ATI divisions_NNS full_JJ /_CC empty_JJ and_CC J34 168 constitutive_JJ /_CC subsidiary_NN are_BER J34 169 nearly_RB though_CS not_XNOT quite_RB coextensive_JJ in_IN J34 169 membership_NN (_( \0p_NN 57_CD )_) ._. J34 170 ^ although_CS the_ATI full_JJ /_CC empty_JJ division_NN is_BEZ J34 170 the_ATI less_QL satisfactory_JJ of_IN the_ATI J34 171 two_CD ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ this_DT that_WPR is_BEZ used_VBN J34 171 subsequently_RB in_IN word_NN classification_NN ,_, and_CC J34 172 within_IN full_JJ words_NNS four_CD classes_NNS (_( each_DT of_IN J34 172 which_WDTR can_MD be_BE the_ATI head_NN of_IN its_PP$ J34 173 own_AP noeud_&FW )_) are_BER recognized_VBN and_CC distinguished_VBN J34 173 by_IN their_PP$ class_NN J34 174 meanings_NNS (_( contenu_&FW cate*?2gorique_&FW ,_, chapter_NN 32_CD J34 174 )_) :_: J34 175 **[TABLE**]_&FO J34 176 ^ defined_VBN thus_RB these_DTS classes_NNS are_BER general_JJ ,_, J34 176 but_CC not_XNOT universal_JJ ,_, J34 177 because_CS ,_, astonishingly_RB ,_, we_PP1AS read_VB that_CS the_ATI J34 177 noun_NN /_CC verb_NN distinction_NN is_BEZ J34 178 predominantly_RB European_JNP ,_, and_CC that_CS the_ATI majority_NN J34 178 of_IN other_AP languages_NNS show_VB J34 179 only_RB nominal_JJ noeuds_&FW as_IN the_ATI basis_NN of_IN their_PP$ J34 179 sentences_NNS ,_, and_CC J34 180 *'_*' conceive_VB of_IN process_NN as_IN a_AT substance_NN **'_**' (_( J34 180 \0p_NN 61_CD )_) ._. J34 181 ^ mots_&FW vides_&FW are_BER either_DTX *'_*' junctives_NNS **'_**' J34 181 ,_, joining_VBG J34 182 grammatically_RB equivalent_JJ words_NNS and_CC word_NN groups_NNS J34 182 together_RB ,_, or_CC J34 183 *'_*' translatives_NNS **'_**' ,_, which_WDTR convert_VB the_ATI J34 183 grammatical_JJ class_NN of_IN one_CD1 word_NN J34 184 into_IN that_DT of_IN another_DT or_CC convert_VB a_AT sentence_NN J34 184 or_CC word_NN group_NN into_IN the_ATI J34 185 grammatical_JJ equivalent_NN of_IN a_AT single_JJ word_NN ._. ^ thus_RB J34 185 and_NC and_CC but_NC J34 186 (_( traditionally_RB coordinating_JJ conjunctions_NNS )_) are_BER J34 186 junctives_NNS ;_; J34 187 prepositions_NNS are_BER translatives_NNS converting_VBG nouns_NNS J34 187 into_IN adverbs_NNS (_( *'_*' first_OD J34 188 degree_NN translation_&FW **'_**' ,_, \0pp_NNUS 386-7_CD-CD )_) ,_, J34 188 and_CC the_ATI traditional_JJ relative_JJ J34 189 pronouns_NNS and_CC subordinating_JJ conjunctions_NNS are_BER J34 189 translatives_NNS of_IN the_ATI second_OD J34 190 degree_NN (_( conjunction_NN +_IN verbal_JJ noeud_&FW =_&FO adverb_NN J34 190 ,_, relative_JJ pronoun_NN +_IN J34 191 verbal_JJ noeud_&FW =_&FO adjective_NN )_) ._. ^ translation_&FW (_( J34 191 in_IN Tesnie*?3re's_NP$ J34 192 sense_NN )_) ,_, which_WDTR may_MD be_BE marked_VBN by_IN separate_JJ J34 192 mots_&FW vides_&FW J34 193 (_( translatifs_&FW )_) ,_, by_IN affixes_NNS or_CC word_NN form_NN J34 193 changes_NNS ,_, or_CC be_BE unmarked_JJ ,_, is_BEZ J34 194 what_WDT gives_VBZ languages_NNS their_PP$ universal_JJ suppleness_NN J34 194 and_CC utility_NN (_( chapter_NN J34 195 153_CD )_) ,_, and_CC its_PP$ importance_NN in_IN grammar_NN is_BEZ J34 195 emphasized_VBN throughout_IN the_ATI book_NN ._. J34 196 ^ in_IN fact_NN approximately_RB the_ATI second_OD half_NN of_IN it_PP3 J34 196 is_BEZ devoted_VBN to_IN the_ATI J34 197 theoretical_JJ exposition_NN and_CC copious_JJ exemplification_NN of_IN J34 197 the_ATI various_JJ J34 198 types_NNS of_IN translation_&FW ,_, and_CC includes_VBZ double_JJ (_( J34 198 and_CC triple_JJ and_CC J34 199 upwards_RB )_) translations_&FW ,_, as_CS when_WRB ,_, for_IN J34 199 example_NN ,_, a_AT de-adjectival_JJ noun_NN J34 200 or_CC nominal_JJ expression_NN is_BEZ adverbialized_VBN (_( \0e.g_RB J34 200 French_NNP (_( trancher_&FW )_) J34 201 dans_&FW le_&FW vif_&FW ,_, \0pp_NNUS 474-5_CD-CD )_) ._. J34 202 ^ the_ATI four_CD classes_NNS of_IN full_JJ words_NNS always_RB J34 202 preserve_VB their_PP$ class_NN J34 203 meanings_NNS and_CC their_PP$ consequent_JJ grammatical_JJ status_NN J34 203 ,_, and_CC an_AT apparent_JJ J34 204 atypical_JJ use_NN (_( \0e.g_RB adverb_NN with_IN a_AT noun_NN head_NN J34 204 ,_, un_&FW homme_&FW bien_&FW ,_, un_&FW J34 205 vin_&FW extra_&FW ,_, owi_&FW pa*?2lai_&FW a*?2nthropoi_&FW ,_, J34 205 chapter_NN 197_CD )_) is_BEZ J34 206 explained_VBN as_IN a_AT translation_&FW adjective_NN to_IN adverb_NN J34 206 without_IN overt_JJ J34 207 mark_NN ;_; conversely_RB ,_, morphological_JJ form_NN ,_, if_CS in_IN J34 207 apparent_JJ contrast_NN to_IN J34 208 syntactic_JJ function_NN ,_, has_HVZ no_ATI effect_NN on_IN J34 208 classification_NN (_( in_IN French_NNP J34 209 tout_&FW /_CC toute_&FW in_IN sentences_NNS like_IN elle_&FW est_&FW J34 209 toute_&FW honteuse_&FW ,_, J34 210 \0p_NN 184_CD ,_, is_BEZ an_AT adverb_NN irrespective_IN of_IN" its_PP$ J34 210 concordial_JJ variability_NN of_IN J34 211 gender_NN form_NN )_) ._. J35 2 ^ the_ATI theory_NN has_HVZ a_AT great_JJ sweep_NN about_IN it_PP3 :_: J35 2 language_NN is_BEZ no_ATI conglomerate_NN J35 3 of_IN single_JJ words_NNS ,_, but_CC a_AT whole_NN with_IN J35 3 meaningful_JJ division_NN ,_, a_AT J35 4 super-Gestalt_NN :_: conceptual_JJ fields_NNS shape_VB the_ATI raw_JJ J35 4 material_NN of_IN J35 5 experience_NN and_CC divide_VB it_PP3 up_RP without_IN overlapping_NN J35 5 ,_, like_IN the_ATI pieces_NNS in_IN a_AT J35 6 completed_JJ jig-saw_NN puzzle_NN ._. ^ the_ATI individual_JJ field_NN J35 6 ,_, in_IN its_PP$ turn_NN ,_, is_BEZ a_AT J35 7 mosaic_NN of_IN related_JJ words_NNS or_CC concepts_NNS ,_, the_ATI J35 7 individual_JJ word_NN getting_VBG its_PP$ J35 8 meaning_NN only_RB through_IN distinguishing_VBG itself_PPL from_IN J35 8 its_PP$ neighbours_NNS ,_, and_CC J35 9 the_ATI field_NN again_RB being_BEG divided_VBN up_RP completely_RB J35 9 and_CC without_IN overlapping_NN ._. J35 10 ^ the_ATI concepts_NNS in_IN a_AT field_NN ,_, in_RB short_RB" ,_, J35 10 form_VB a_AT structure_NN of_IN interdependent_JJ J35 11 elements_NNS ._. ^ a_AT word-form_NN may_MD change_VB without_IN J35 11 there_EX being_BEG any_DTI change_NN in_IN J35 12 the_ATI structure_NN of_IN the_ATI field_NN ,_, in_IN Sprachinhalte_&FW J35 12 ;_; for_IN instance_NN ,_, in_IN J35 13 the_ATI Romance_JNP languages_NNS ,_, the_ATI continuants_NNS of_IN J35 13 \0Lat_NNP coxa_&FW replaced_VBD J35 14 those_DTS of_IN \0Lat_NNP femur_&FW ,_, weakened_VBN by_IN a_AT J35 14 homonymic_JJ clash_NN ,_, without_IN J35 15 there_EX being_BEG any_DTI change_NN in_IN the_ATI structure_NN of_IN J35 15 the_ATI semantic_JJ field_NN ._. ^ any_DTI J35 16 change_NN in_IN the_ATI limits_NNS of_IN a_AT concept_NN ,_, on_IN J35 16 the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, will_MD involve_VB a_AT J35 17 modification_NN of_IN the_ATI value_NN of_IN the_ATI other_AP J35 17 concepts_NNS in_IN the_ATI same_AP field_NN ,_, and_CC J35 18 of_IN the_ATI words_NNS which_WDTR express_VB those_DTS concepts_NNS J35 18 ._. J35 19 ^ Trier_NP sought_VBD to_TO illustrate_VB the_ATI validity_NN of_IN J35 19 his_PP$ hypothesis_NN from_IN J35 20 his_PP$ analysis_NN of_IN the_ATI intellectual_JJ vocabulary_NN of_IN J35 20 old_JJ and_CC middle_JJB high_JJ J35 21 German_NNP ._. ^ the_ATI most-quoted_JJ example_NN is_BEZ that_DT of_IN J35 21 a_AT comparison_NN of_IN a_AT J35 22 particular_JJ field_NN in_IN about_RB \0A.D_RB 1200_CD with_IN the_ATI J35 22 corresponding_JJ J35 23 one_CD1 in_IN about_RB \0A.D_RB 1300_CD ._. ^ at_IN the_ATI J35 23 beginning_NN of_IN the_ATI 13th_OD J35 24 century_NN ,_, the_ATI structural_JJ ensemble_NN of_IN the_ATI J35 24 middle_JJB high_JJ German_JNP J35 25 *'_*' field_NN **'_**' of_IN knowledge_NN was_BEDZ based_VBN ,_, J35 25 he_PP3A maintains_VBZ ,_, on_IN the_ATI co-existence_NN J35 26 of_IN three_CD key_JJB terms_NNS *-_*- kunst_&FW ,_, list_&FW and_CC J35 26 wi*?5sheit_&FW (_( very_QL J35 27 roughly_RB *'_*' art_NC **'_**' ,_, *'_*' artifice_NC **'_**' and_CC J35 27 *'_*' wisdom_NC **'_**' )_) ;_; at_IN the_ATI beginning_NN of_IN J35 28 the_ATI 14th_OD century_NN ,_, the_ATI key-words_NNS were_BED kunst_&FW J35 28 ,_, wizzen_&FW and_CC J35 29 wi*?5sheit_&FW ._. ^ there_EX had_HVD not_XNOT ,_, however_RB ,_, J35 29 been_BEN a_AT simple_JJ substitution_NN J35 30 of_IN wizzen_&FW for_IN list_&FW which_WDTR continued_VBD to_TO be_BE J35 30 used_VBN in_IN a_AT somewhat_RB J35 31 different_JJ sense_NN :_: what_WDT had_HVD occurred_VBN was_BEDZ a_AT J35 31 re-organization_NN of_IN the_ATI J35 32 linguistic_JJ structure_NN of_IN the_ATI field_NN ,_, and_CC above_IN J35 32 all_ABN of_IN the_ATI Weltbild_&FW J35 33 or_CC *'_*' world-picture_NN **'_**' which_WDTR the_ATI latter_AP J35 33 reflected_VBD ._. ^ in_IN 1200_CD ,_, the_ATI term_NN J35 34 kunst_&FW was_BEDZ applied_VBN to_IN courtly_JJ skills_NNS ,_, and_CC J35 34 list_&FW to_IN non-courtly_JJ J35 35 ones_CD1S ,_, to_IN techniques_NNS and_CC skills_NNS other_AP than_IN J35 35 those_DTS of_IN the_ATI knightly_JJ class_NN ._. J35 36 ^ thus_RB ,_, courtly_JJ bearing_NN towards_IN adversaries_NNS was_BEDZ J35 36 a_AT kunst_&FW in_IN a_AT J35 37 knight_NN ;_; so_PN was_BEDZ the_ATI art_NN of_IN writing_VBG poetry_NN J35 37 ;_; so_PN were_BED the_ATI liberal_JJ arts_NNS of_IN J35 38 rhetoric_NN and_CC music_NN in_CS so_CS" far_CS" as_CS" they_PP3AS J35 38 contributed_VBD to_IN the_ATI training_NN of_IN J35 39 the_ATI ideal_JJ knight_NN ;_; on_IN the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, J35 39 astronomy_NN ,_, botany_NN ,_, medicine_NN and_CC J35 40 all_ABN the_ATI crafts_NNS of_IN the_ATI artisan_NN were_BED liste_&FW J35 40 ._. ^ the_ATI difference_NN between_IN J35 41 kunst_&FW and_CC list_&FW was_BEDZ ,_, however_RB ,_, not_XNOT as_QL J35 41 clear-cut_JJ as_CS that_DT J35 42 suggests_VBZ ;_; whereas_CS skill_NN at_IN arms_NNS was_BEDZ a_AT J35 42 kunst_&FW in_IN a_AT knight_NN ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ J35 43 only_RB a_AT list_&FW in_IN a_AT man_NN at_IN arms_NNS :_: \0i.e_RB ,_, J35 43 these_DTS branches_NNS of_IN J35 44 knowledge_NN were_BED not_XNOT appraised_VBN objectively_RB ,_, but_CC J35 44 socially_RB ._. ^ this_DT gulf_NN J35 45 between_IN courtly_JJ and_CC non-courtly_JJ at_IN the_ATI level_NN J35 45 of_IN material_JJ knowledge_NN was_BEDZ J35 46 transcended_VBN at_IN the_ATI spiritual_JJ level_NN :_: the_ATI term_NN J35 46 wi*?5sheit_&FW embraced_VBD J35 47 kunst_&FW and_CC list_&FW ,_, and_CC much_AP else_RB besides_RI ,_, J35 47 being_BEG applied_VBN to_IN all_ABN J35 48 kinds_NNS of_IN knowledge_NN ,_, divine_JJ as_CC well_CC" as_CC" J35 48 human_JJ ._. ^ there_EX was_BEDZ therefore_RB a_AT J35 49 close_JJ interlocking_NN of_IN concepts_NNS within_IN a_AT field_NN J35 49 of_IN knowledge_NN conceived_VBN J35 50 synthetically_RB ;_; kunst_&FW and_CC list_&FW were_BED J35 50 co-determined_VBN in_IN their_PP$ J35 51 senses_NNS by_IN the_ATI links_NNS which_WDTR united_VBD them_PP3OS J35 51 within_IN the_ATI wider_JJR sphere_NN of_IN J35 52 personal_JJ and_CC divine_JJ wisdom_NN ._. J35 53 ^ the_ATI key-terms_NNS of_IN the_ATI later_JJR field_NN did_DOD J35 53 not_XNOT form_VB a_AT mystic_JJ trinity_NN of_IN J35 54 this_DT type_NN :_: there_EX was_BEDZ merely_RB a_AT duality_NN J35 54 between_IN kunst_&FW and_CC J35 55 wizzen_&FW ,_, wi*?5sheit_&FW being_BEG on_IN quite_ABL a_AT J35 55 different_JJ level_NN from_IN them_PP3OS ._. J35 56 ^ kunst_&FW was_BEDZ used_VBN to_TO describe_VB certain_JJ branches_NNS J35 56 of_IN knowledge_NN ,_, in_IN J35 57 rather_ABL the_ATI same_AP way_NN as_CS in_IN modern_JJ German_NNP J35 57 *-_*- in_IN opposition_NN to_IN wizzen_&FW ,_, J35 58 which_WDTR was_BEDZ applied_VBN to_IN knowledge_NN in_RB general_RB" J35 58 and_CC to_IN technical_JJ skills_NNS J35 59 and_CC abilities_NNS in_RB particular_RB" ,_, but_CC without_IN any_DTI J35 59 social_JJ connotation_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J35 60 disappearance_NN of_IN the_ATI earlier_JJR duality_NN between_IN J35 60 kunst_&FW and_CC list_&FW J35 61 signified_VBD from_IN the_ATI spiritual_JJ point_NN of_IN view_NN J35 61 the_ATI abandonment_NN of_IN an_AT J35 62 ethico-social_JJ attitude_NN towards_IN the_ATI scientific_JJ and_CC J35 62 technical_JJ :_: it_PP3 had_HVD J35 63 become_VBN possible_JJ to_TO talk_VB of_IN what_WDT a_AT man_NN J35 63 knew_VBD or_CC could_MD do_DO ,_, without_IN a_AT J35 64 *'_*' social_JJ **'_**' appraisal_NN of_IN him_PP3O as_CC well_CC" J35 64 as_CC" of_IN what_WDT he_PP3A was_BEDZ doing_VBG ._. J35 65 ^ wi*?5sheit_&FW was_BEDZ no_RB longer_RBR used_VBN as_IN a_AT J35 65 semi-alternative_NN for_IN either_DTX J35 66 of_IN the_ATI other_AP terms_NNS ,_, nor_CC as_IN a_AT synthetic_JJ J35 66 term_NN embracing_VBG them_PP3OS both_ABX ._. J35 67 ^ material_JJ knowledge_NN (_( kunst_&FW and_CC wizzen_&FW )_) had_HVD J35 67 been_BEN removed_VBN from_IN J35 68 the_ATI sphere_NN of_IN wi*?5sheit_&FW ,_, which_WDTR ,_, as_IN J35 68 spiritual_JJ and_CC religious_JJ J35 69 wisdom_NN ,_, had_HVD moved_VBN to_IN a_AT different_JJ plane_NN ._. ^ J35 69 the_ATI use_NN of_IN the_ATI terms_NNS showed_VBD a_AT J35 70 drastic_JJ change_NN in_IN the_ATI conception_NN of_IN knowledge_NN ,_, J35 70 which_WDTR had_HVD been_BEN divided_VBN J35 71 up_RP in_IN a_AT more_QL analytical_JJ and_CC abstract_JJ way_NN ._. ^ J35 71 whereas_CS in_IN 1200_CD no_ATI truly_RB J35 72 objective_JJ appraisal_NN of_IN knowledge_NN was_BEDZ possible_JJ (_( J35 72 it_PP3 could_MD not_XNOT be_BE J35 73 divorced_VBN from_IN its_PP$ social_JJ and/or_CC religious_JJ J35 73 connotations_NNS )_) ,_, in_IN 1300_CD ,_, J35 74 spiritual_JJ or_CC theological_JJ knowledge_NN was_BEDZ dissociated_VBN J35 74 from_IN worldly_JJ J35 75 skills_NNS ,_, and_CC the_ATI contrast_NN between_IN courtly_JJ and_CC J35 75 non-courtly_JJ attainments_NNS J35 76 had_HVD been_BEN eliminated_VBN ._. ^ Trier_NP saw_VBD this_DT J35 76 re-arrangement_NN of_IN the_ATI field_NN as_CS J35 77 reflecting_VBG the_ATI disintegration_NN of_IN the_ATI earlier_JJR J35 77 *'_*' catholic_JJ **'_**' conception_NN J35 78 of_IN knowledge_NN ._. J35 79 ^ Trier's_NP$ theories_NNS have_HV been_BEN strongly_RB J35 79 criticized_VBN as_CC well_CC" as_CC" J35 80 praised_VBN ,_, in_RB particular_RB" by_IN Dornseiff_NP and_CC J35 80 Scheidweiler_NP in_IN the_ATI 1930's_CDS and_CC J35 81 early_JJ 1940's_CDS ,_, and_CC by_IN \0W_NP Betz_NP and_CC Els_NP J35 81 Oksaar_NP in_IN the_ATI 1950's_CDS ;_; \0W_NP von_&FW J35 82 Wartburg_NP and_CC \0S_NP Ullmann_NP ,_, as_CS I_PP1A have_HV J35 82 already_RB mentioned_VBN ,_, have_HV J35 83 criticized_VBN certain_JJ aspects_NNS of_IN them_PP3OS ,_, while_CS J35 83 remaining_VBG generally_RB J35 84 favourable_JJ ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ inevitable_JJ that_CS I_PP1A J35 84 repeat_VB some_DTI of_IN the_ATI arguments_NNS used_VBN J35 85 against_IN Trier_NP by_IN other_AP scholars_NNS ,_, but_CC I_PP1A J35 85 hope_VB to_TO make_VB a_AP few_AP" new_JJ points_NNS ._. J35 86 ^ basically_RB ,_, Trier's_NP$ field_NN theory_NN depends_VBZ on_IN J35 86 the_ATI validity_NN of_IN J35 87 several_AP hypotheses_NNS about_IN the_ATI nature_NN of_IN language_NN J35 87 and_CC of_IN thinking_NN and_CC J35 88 the_ATI relationship_NN between_IN the_ATI two_CD :_: firstly_RB ,_, J35 88 that_CS the_ATI whole_JJ vocabulary_NN J35 89 is_BEZ organized_VBN ,_, as_CS he_PP3A believes_VBZ ,_, within_IN J35 89 closely-articulated_JJB fields_NNS J35 90 which_WDTR fit_VB into_IN each_PPLS other_PPLS" and_CC delimit_VB J35 90 each_PPLS other_PPLS" in_IN the_ATI same_AP way_NN as_IN J35 91 the_ATI words_NNS within_IN the_ATI individual_JJ fields_NNS ,_, J35 91 without_IN any_DTI overlapping_NN ;_; and_CC J35 92 secondly_RB ,_, that_CS the_ATI single_JJ word_NN gets_VBZ its_PP$ J35 92 meaning_NN only_RB through_IN J35 93 distinguishing_VBG itself_PPL from_IN its_PP$ field_NN neighbours_NNS J35 93 ._. ^ the_ATI latter_AP follows_VBZ J35 94 to_IN some_DTI extent_NN ,_, but_CC not_XNOT ,_, I_PP1A think_VB ,_, J35 94 completely_RB ,_, from_IN the_ATI first_OD J35 95 postulate_NN ._. ^ both_ABX points_NNS are_BER valid_JJ ,_, if_CS J35 95 they_PP3AS are_BER valid_JJ ,_, for_IN any_DTI language_NN J35 96 at_IN any_DTI period_NN ._. J35 97 ^ let_VB us_PP1OS take_VB the_ATI second_OD point_NN first_RB J35 97 because_CS it_PP3 can_MD be_BE dealt_VBN with_IN J35 98 more_QL briefly_RB ._. ^ whatever_WDT the_ATI validity_NN of_IN the_ATI J35 98 oppositional_JJ approach_NN in_IN J35 99 determining_VBG linguistic_JJ units_NNS such_IN as_IN" phonemes_NNS J35 99 and_CC morphemes_NNS ,_, it_PP3 seems_VBZ J35 100 doubtful_JJ whether_CS word-meanings_NNS are_BER based_VBN on_IN J35 100 oppositions_NNS between_IN J35 101 words_NNS in_IN the_ATI same_AP conceptual_JJ field_NN ._. ^ this_DT J35 101 idea_NN of_IN the_ATI element_NN only_RB J35 102 deriving_VBG its_PP$ meaning_NN from_IN the_ATI system_NN as_IN a_AT J35 102 whole_NN has_HVZ to_TO be_BE qualified_VBN so_QL J35 103 much_RB that_CS it_PP3 really_RB ceases_VBZ to_TO have_HV much_AP J35 103 point_NN :_: \0e.g_RB ,_, I_PP1A can_MD know_VB J35 104 the_ATI Russian_JNP for_IN *'_*' to_NC walk_NC (_( habitually_NC )_) J35 104 **'_**' without_IN knowing_VBG the_ATI Russian_JNP J35 105 verbs_NNS for_IN *'_*' run_NC **'_**' ,_, *'_*' hop_NC **'_**' ,_, J35 105 *'_*' skip_NC **'_**' ,_, or_CC *'_*' jump_NC **'_**' (_( habitually_RB J35 105 or_CC J35 106 otherwise_RB )_) ._. ^ \0W_NP Pfleiderer_NP makes_VBZ the_ATI point_NN J35 106 that_CS a_AT child's_NN$ first_OD J35 107 properly_RB used_JJ word_NN means_VBZ something_PN to_IN it_PP3 ,_, J35 107 but_CC it_PP3 does_DOZ not_XNOT know_VB any_DTI J35 108 fields_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 certainly_RB seems_VBZ that_CS when_WRB J35 108 learning_VBG a_AT language_NN one_CD1 J35 109 fortunately_RB does_DOZ not_XNOT have_HV to_TO learn_VB the_ATI J35 109 whole_NN before_IN knowing_VBG the_ATI parts_NNS ._. J35 110 ^ if_CS it_PP3 be_BE then_RN argued_VBN that_CS one_CD1 can_MD not_XNOT J35 110 know_VB the_ATI system_NN properly_RB J35 111 without_IN knowing_VBG the_ATI whole_NN ,_, I_PP1A should_MD reply_VB J35 111 that_CS it_PP3 depends_VBZ what_WDT one_CD1 J35 112 means_VBZ by_IN both_ABX properly_NC and_CC by_IN whole_NC ._. ^ is_BEZ J35 112 the_ATI whole_NN of_IN the_ATI J35 113 English_JNP vocabulary_NN that_DT which_WDTR is_BEZ known_VBN to_IN J35 113 or_CC used_VBN by_IN that_DT abstraction_NN ,_, J35 114 *'_*' the_ATI man_NN in_IN the_ATI street_NN **'_**' ,_, or_CC that_DT J35 114 which_WDTR is_BEZ *'_*' deposited_VBN **'_**' in_IN the_ATI J35 115 new_JJ English_JNP dictionary_NN ,_, plus_IN Eric_NP Partridge's_NP$ J35 115 dictionary_NN of_IN J35 116 slang_NN and_CC a_AP few_AP" other_AP works_NNS of_IN that_DT type_NN J35 116 ?_? ^ nobody_PN knows_VBZ all_ABN the_ATI J35 117 words_NNS in_IN those_DTS works_NNS ,_, \0i.e_RB ,_, knows_VBZ the_ATI J35 117 whole_NN of_IN the_ATI system_NN in_IN that_DT J35 118 sense_NN ;_; is_BEZ it_PP3 then_RN the_ATI vocabulary_NN used_VBN by_IN J35 118 the_ATI *'_*' man_NN in_IN the_ATI street_NN **'_**' ,_, J35 119 whoever_WP he_PP3A may_MD be_BE (_( with_IN his_PP$ 2,500_CD words_NNS J35 119 ,_, or_CC whatever_WDT it_PP3 may_MD be_BE )_) ?_? ^ the_ATI J35 120 newspapers_NNS are_BER full_JJ of_IN complaints_NNS about_IN the_ATI J35 120 inability_NN of_IN J35 121 school-leavers_NNS (_( or_CC students_NNS ,_, or_CC civil_JJ J35 121 servants_NNS )_) to_TO *'_*' use_VB English_NNP J35 122 properly_RB **'_**' ._. ^ at_IN one_CD1 level_NN ,_, this_DT means_VBZ J35 122 that_CS the_ATI members_NNS of_IN these_DTS J35 123 groups_NNS do_DO not_XNOT express_VB themselves_PPLS as_QL J35 123 accurately_RB or_CC as_QL elegantly_RB as_CS J35 124 their_PP$ critics_NNS do_DO ,_, or_CC think_VB they_PP3AS do_DO ._. ^ J35 124 at_IN another_DT level_NN ,_, as_IN a_AT statement_NN J35 125 about_IN English-speakers_NNS ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ rather_RB like_IN J35 125 saying_VBG ,_, *'_*' only_RB 2_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN J35 126 the_ATI population_NN have_HV normal_JJ teeth_NNS ._. **'_**' J35 127 ^ take_VB any_DTI obscurish_JJ word_NN *-_*- since_CS I_PP1A have_HV J35 127 mentioned_VBN teeth_NNS ,_, let_VB it_PP3 be_BE J35 128 the_ATI term_NN *'_*' orthodontics_NC **'_**' ._. ^ as_IN the_ATI J35 128 name_NN of_IN a_AT branch_NN of_IN dentistry_NN ,_, it_PP3 J35 129 comes_VBZ (_( I_PP1A assume_VB )_) into_IN the_ATI same_AP field_NN J35 129 as_IN *'_*' teeth_NC **'_**' ,_, and_CC if_CS we_PP1AS assume_VB J35 130 the_ATI validity_NN of_IN the_ATI hypothesis_NN ,_, the_ATI two_CD J35 130 help_VB reciprocally_RB to_TO delimit_VB J35 131 each_PPLS other's_PPLS" meaning_NN ,_, they_PP3AS are_BER part_NN of_IN J35 131 the_ATI structure_NN of_IN the_ATI field_NN *-_*- J35 132 but_CC only_RB for_IN those_DTS who_WPR know_VB the_ATI word_NN ,_, J35 132 or_CC for_IN everybody_PN ?_? ^ in_IN either_DTX J35 133 case_NN ,_, only_RB a_AT tiny_JJ proportion_NN of_IN the_ATI J35 133 English-speaking_JJ population_NN of_IN the_ATI J35 134 world_NN is_BEZ using_VBG the_ATI term_NN *'_*' teeth_NC **'_**' J35 134 with_IN an_AT appreciation_NN of_IN its_PP$ full_JJ J35 135 value_NN *-_*- which_WDTR is_BEZ absurd_JJ ._. J35 136 ^ similar_JJ arguments_NNS can_MD be_BE brought_VBN against_IN J35 136 the_ATI main_JJB postulate_NN *-_*- J35 137 that_CS closely-integrated_JJB conceptual_JJ fields_NNS ,_, J35 137 expressed_VBN in_IN linguistic_JJ J35 138 ones_CD1S ,_, cover_VB the_ATI whole_JJ field_NN of_IN experience_NN J35 138 (_( and_CC of_IN the_ATI vocabulary_NN )_) J35 139 without_IN gaps_NNS and_CC without_IN overlapping_NN ._. ^ is_BEZ J35 139 this_DT generally_RB true_JJ of_IN the_ATI J35 140 way_NN the_ATI vocabulary_NN is_BEZ organized_VBN in_IN the_ATI J35 140 consciousness_NN of_IN the_ATI J35 141 individual_NN *-_*- let_RB alone_RB" of_IN a_AT vast_JJ and_CC J35 141 heterogeneous_JJ group_NN of_IN J35 142 individuals_NNS ?_? ^ basically_RB ,_, the_ATI theory_NN is_BEZ one_CD1 J35 142 about_IN the_ATI way_NN the_ATI mind_NN J35 143 works_VBZ *-_*- and_CC as_IN such_ABL ,_, would_MD be_BE better_RBR J35 143 tackled_VBN by_IN psychologists_NNS than_CS by_IN J35 144 linguists_NNS ._. ^ things_NNS are_BER not_XNOT made_VBN any_RB J35 144 easier_JJR by_IN the_ATI fact_NN that_CS Trier_NP does_DOZ J35 145 not_XNOT make_VB an_AT absolutely_RB clear_JJ division_NN between_IN J35 145 his_PP$ conceptual_JJ and_CC his_PP$ J35 146 lexical_JJ *'_*' fields_NNS **'_**' :_: he_PP3A does_DOZ not_XNOT J35 146 always_RB separate_VB them_PP3OS at_IN all_ABN ,_, but_CC when_WRB J35 147 he_PP3A does_DOZ ,_, he_PP3A seems_VBZ to_TO indicate_VB that_CS J35 147 conceptual_JJ divisions_NNS are_BER expressed_VBN J35 148 in_IN linguistic_JJ ones_CD1S ,_, and_CC not_XNOT ,_, as_CS has_HVZ J35 148 been_BEN somewhat_RB more_QL plausibly_RB J35 149 maintained_VBN ,_, that_CS the_ATI structure_NN of_IN a_AT language_NN J35 149 and_CC the_ATI vocabulary_NN J35 150 *'_*' transmitted_VBN **'_**' to_IN a_AT given_JJ individual_NN to_IN J35 150 some_DTI extent_NN determine_VB his_PP$ J35 151 modes_NNS of_IN thought_NN ._. J35 152 ^ what_WDT evidence_NN is_BEZ there_EX to_TO support_VB the_ATI J35 152 view_NN that_CS the_ATI vocabulary_NN is_BEZ J35 153 organized_VBN in_IN the_ATI manner_NN suggested_VBN by_IN Trier_NP ?_? ^ J35 153 there_EX are_BER Trier's_NP$ own_AP J35 154 analyses_NNS which_WDTR are_BER open_JJ to_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN J35 154 criticisms_NNS :_: as_CS Scheidweiler_NP J35 155 points_VBZ out_RP ,_, Trier_NP himself_PPL makes_VBZ statements_NNS J35 155 about_IN the_ATI use_NN of_IN words_NNS J35 156 which_WDTR seem_VB to_TO run_VB counter_RB to_IN his_PP$ own_AP J35 156 theories_NNS ._. ^ for_IN instance_NN ,_, on_IN \0p_NN J35 157 150_CD of_IN his_PP$ magnum_JJ opus_NN ,_, he_PP3A speaks_VBZ of_IN J35 157 a_AT completely_RB J35 158 unarticulated_JJ field_NN of_IN *'_*' the_ATI positive_JJ assessment_NN J35 158 of_IN value_NN **'_**' ;_; he_PP3A J35 159 tells_VBZ us_PP1OS that_CS the_ATI famous_JJ terms_NNS kunst_&FW and_CC J35 159 list_&FW are_BER applied_VBN J35 160 interchangeably_RB by_IN the_ATI author_NN of_IN the_ATI Pilatus_&FW J35 160 ,_, and_RB so_RB" on_RB" ._. ^ there_EX J35 161 is_BEZ no_ATI uniformity_NN in_IN the_ATI usage_NN of_IN different_JJ J35 161 authors_NNS :_: it_PP3 is_BEZ true_JJ that_CS J35 162 Trier_NP speaks_VBZ of_IN transition_NN conditions_NNS under_IN J35 162 which_WDTR the_ATI field_NN becomes_VBZ J35 163 fluid_JJ (_( *'_*' das_&FW Feld_&FW zuna"chst_&FW einmal_&FW in_&FW J35 163 ein_&FW sta"ndiges_&FW Fliessen_&FW J35 164 gera"t_&FW **'_**' )_) ,_, but_CC in_IN that_DT case_NN ,_, J35 164 Scheidweiler_NP comments_VBZ ,_, the_ATI whole_JJ J35 165 period_NN investigated_VBN by_IN Trier_NP must_MD have_HV been_BEN J35 165 one_CD1 of_IN transition_NN ._. ^ from_IN J35 166 his_PP$ own_AP examination_NN of_IN the_ATI texts_NNS used_VBN by_IN J35 166 Trier_NP ,_, Scheidweiler_NP finds_VBZ it_PP3 J35 167 impossible_JJ to_TO support_VB the_ATI former's_AP$ conclusions_NNS J35 167 about_IN the_ATI values_NNS of_IN the_ATI J35 168 terms_NNS kunst_&FW and_CC list_&FW ,_, while_CS with_IN regard_NN J35 168 to_IN wi*?5sheit_&FW J35 169 he_PP3A points_VBZ out_RP that_CS the_ATI term_NN Weisheit_&FW is_BEZ J35 169 still_RB used_VBN in_IN modern_JJ J35 170 German_NNP with_IN the_ATI sense_NN of_IN *'_*' knowledge_NC **'_**' J35 170 in_IN such_ABL phrases_NNS as_IN *'_*' ich_&FW bin_&FW J35 171 mit_&FW meiner_&FW Weisheit_&FW zu_&FW Ende_&FW **'_**' ,_, *'_*' J35 171 er_&FW besass_&FW keine_&FW umfangreiche_&FW J35 172 Buchweisheit_&FW **'_**' ,_, *'_*' woher_&FW hast_&FW du_&FW deine_&FW J35 172 Weisheit_&FW ?_? **'_**' and_RB so_RB" on_RB" ._. J35 173 ^ Trier_NP would_MD probably_RB counter_VB by_IN saying_VBG that_CS J35 173 he_PP3A was_BEDZ concerned_VBN with_IN J35 174 conceptual_JJ fields_NNS and_CC that_CS his_PP$ view_NN could_MD J35 174 not_XNOT be_BE disproved_VBN by_IN the_ATI J35 175 survival_NN of_IN lexical_JJ fossils_NNS ._. ^ this_DT would_MD J35 175 perhaps_RB be_BE a_AT valid_JJ argument_NN ,_, J35 176 but_CC the_ATI extent_NN of_IN the_ATI disagreement_NN between_IN J35 176 Trier's_NP$ findings_NNS and_CC J35 177 Scheidweiler's_NP$ goes_VBZ far_RB deeper_RBR ,_, and_CC seems_VBZ J35 177 to_TO justify_VB caution_NN with_IN J35 178 regard_NN to_IN Trier's_NP$ findings_NNS ._. ^ Trier_NP himself_PPL ,_, J35 178 judging_VBG by_IN his_PP$ various_JJ J35 179 qualifications_NNS and_CC his_PP$ references_NNS to_IN *'_*' J35 179 transition_NN states_NNS **'_**' found_VBD the_ATI J35 180 evidence_NN less_QL clear-cut_JJ than_CS he_PP3A might_MD have_HV J35 180 desired_VBN ._. ^ in_IN Scheidweiler's_NP$ J35 181 opinion_NN ,_, usage_NN in_IN mediaeval_JJ German_JNP texts_NNS J35 181 provided_VBD no_ATI support_NN for_IN any_DTI J35 182 theory_NN that_CS words_NNS or_CC concepts_NNS were_BED organized_VBN J35 182 in_IN *'_*' fields_NNS **'_**' without_IN J35 183 overlapping_NN :_: even_RB the_ATI same_AP author_NN used_VBD the_ATI J35 183 same_AP words_NNS with_IN totally_RB J35 184 different_JJ meanings_NNS ,_, and_RB so_RB" forth_RB" ,_, in_IN a_AT J35 184 way_NN that_WPR we_PP1AS should_MD find_VB J35 185 intolerable_JJ (_( Scheidweiler_NP quotes_VBZ examples_NNS )_) ._. ^ J35 185 one_CD1 of_IN his_PP$ general_JJ J35 186 conclusions_NNS is_BEZ that_CS these_DTS early_JJ texts_NNS are_BER J35 186 an_AT unsuitable_JJ testing-ground_NN J35 187 for_IN such_ABL a_AT theory_NN because_IN of_IN" the_ATI lack_NN of_IN J35 187 precision_NN in_IN the_ATI use_NN of_IN terms_NNS J35 188 in_IN mediaeval_JJ times_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 seems_VBZ to_IN me_PP1O J35 188 that_CS that_DT judgement_NN damns_VBZ the_ATI J35 189 theory_NN for_IN the_ATI wrong_JJ reason_NN ._. ^ lack_NN of_IN J35 189 precision_NN in_IN the_ATI use_NN of_IN J35 190 terminology_NN can_MD not_XNOT indefinitely_RB be_BE explained_VBN J35 190 as_IN the_ATI product_NN of_IN J35 191 *'_*' transition_NN **'_**' from_IN one_CD1 world-view_NN to_IN J35 191 another_DT ,_, one_CD1 system_NN to_IN another_DT :_: J35 192 the_ATI fact_NN that_CS lasting_JJ imprecision_NN exists_VBZ itself_PPL J35 192 seems_VBZ to_TO disprove_VB J35 193 Trier's_NP$ hypothesis_NN ._. J36 2 ^ Plato_NP envisaged_VBD the_ATI need_NN for_IN an_AT examination_NN J36 2 system_NN not_XNOT essentially_RB J36 3 different_JJ from_IN ours_PP$$ ._. ^ of_IN his_PP$ potential_JJ *'_*' J36 3 guardians_NNS **'_**' he_PP3A wrote_VBD :_: J36 4 *"_*' J36 5 ^ we_PP1AS must_MD find_VB out_RP who_WP are_BER the_ATI best_JJT J36 5 guardians_NNS ..._... ._. ^ we_PP1AS shall_MD have_HV to_TO J36 6 watch_VB them_PP3OS from_IN earliest_JJT childhood_NN and_CC set_VB J36 6 them_PP3OS tasks_NNS ..._... ._. ^ we_PP1AS must_MD J36 7 also_RB subject_VB them_PP3OS to_IN ordeals_NNS of_IN toil_NN and_CC J36 7 pain_NN and_CC watch_VB for_IN (_( their_PP$ )_) J36 8 qualities_NNS ._. ^ and_CC we_PP1AS must_MD observe_VB them_PP3OS J36 8 when_WRB exposed_VBN to_IN the_ATI test_NN ..._... put_VB J36 9 them_PP3OS to_IN severer_JJR proof_NN than_IN gold_NN tried_VBN in_IN J36 9 the_ATI furnace_NN ..._... ._. ^ if_CS we_PP1AS find_VB J36 10 one_CD1 bearing_VBG himself_PPL well_RB in_IN all_ABN these_DTS J36 10 trials_NNS ..._... such_ABL a_AT one_CD1 will_MD be_BE of_IN J36 11 the_ATI greatest_JJT service_NN to_IN the_ATI commonwealth_NN as_CC J36 11 well_CC" as_CC" to_IN himself_PPL ._. J36 12 **"_**' J36 13 ^ the_ATI purpose_NN of_IN Plato's_NP$ tests_NNS was_BEDZ to_TO J36 13 be_BE of_IN service_NN to_IN the_ATI J36 14 commonwealth_NN as_CC well_CC" as_CC" ,_, and_CC more_RBR than_CS ,_, J36 14 to_IN the_ATI individual_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A held_VBD J36 15 that_CS social_JJ life_NN depended_VBD on_IN specialization_NN of_IN J36 15 function_NN and_CC he_PP3A J36 16 believed_VBD that_CS each_DT person_NN was_BEDZ best_RBT fitted_VBN J36 16 by_IN congenital_JJ constitution_NN J36 17 and_CC education_NN for_IN a_AT particular_JJ role_NN ._. ^ J36 17 education_NN not_XNOT only_RB helped_VBD to_TO J36 18 train_VB a_AT person_NN for_IN his_PP$ particular_JJ function_NN ,_, J36 18 it_PP3 also_RB revealed_VBD native_JJ J36 19 constitution_NN :_: response_NN to_IN education_NN predicted_VBD J36 19 capacity_NN for_IN future_JJB J36 20 achievement_NN ._. ^ the_ATI educational_JJ system_NN was_BEDZ J36 20 inevitably_RB also_RB a_AT selection_NN J36 21 system_NN ,_, and_CC Plato's_NP$ tests_NNS were_BED only_RB more_QL J36 21 refined_JJ instruments_NNS of_IN J36 22 screening_VBG than_IN the_ATI educational_JJ process_NN itself_PPL ._. J36 23 ^ this_DT dual_JJ function_NN of_IN educational_JJ systems_NNS *-_*- J36 23 to_TO educate_VB and_CC to_TO J36 24 assign_VB people_NNS to_IN roles_NNS *-_*- is_BEZ a_AT perennial_JJ J36 24 source_NN of_IN difficulty_NN ._. ^ both_ABX J36 25 functions_NNS are_BER necessary_JJ ,_, but_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT J36 25 easy_JJ to_TO carry_VB them_PP3OS out_RP J36 26 together_RB ,_, and_CC the_ATI temptation_NN is_BEZ to_TO welcome_VB J36 26 one_CD1 and_CC to_TO reject_VB the_ATI J36 27 other_AP ._. ^ \0Dr_NPT Wiseman_NP refers_VBZ in_IN his_PP$ foreword_NN J36 27 to_IN those_DTS who_WPR ,_, rightly_RB J36 28 valuing_VBG education_NN ,_, reject_VB the_ATI necessity_NN of_IN J36 28 selection_NN ,_, and_CC take_VB up_RP the_ATI J36 29 position_NN he_PP3A condemns_VBZ as_IN *'_*' therapeutic_JJ J36 29 extremism_NN **'_**' ._. ^ Plato_NP may_MD be_BE J36 30 accused_VBN of_IN having_HVG gone_VBN to_IN the_ATI other_AP extreme_NN J36 30 ,_, for_CS it_PP3 seems_VBZ that_CS having_HVG J36 31 selected_VBN his_PP$ guardians_NNS he_PP3A has_HVZ little_AP J36 31 interest_NN (_( in_IN the_ATI republic_NN )_) in_IN J36 32 the_ATI education_NN of_IN the_ATI rest_NN ._. ^ the_ATI American_JNP J36 32 public_JJ school_NN system_NN has_HVZ J36 33 accepted_VBN the_ATI function_NN of_IN education_NN and_CC on_IN J36 33 the_ATI whole_NN rejected_VBN that_DT of_IN J36 34 selection_NN :_: selection_NN is_BEZ left_VBN to_IN the_ATI college_NN J36 34 and_CC the_ATI university_NN ,_, to_IN the_ATI J36 35 \0M.A_NPT and_CC the_ATI \0Ph.D_NPT stage_NN rather_RB than_CS to_IN J36 35 anything_PN resembling_VBG J36 36 the_ATI *'_*' 11-plus_NN **'_**' and_CC the_ATI \0G.C.E_NP ._. ^ in_IN J36 36 England_NP 11-plus_NN selection_NN has_HVZ J36 37 been_BEN deplored_VBN because_IN of_IN" its_PP$ adverse_JJ effects_NNS J36 37 on_IN education_NN in_IN the_ATI J36 38 primary_JJ school_NN ._. ^ a_AT distaste_NN for_IN the_ATI selection_NN J36 38 function_NN may_MD be_BE J36 39 discerned_VBN also_RB in_IN the_ATI Crowther_NP report's_NN$ desire_NN J36 39 ,_, on_IN behalf_NN of_IN secondary_JJ J36 40 schools_NNS ,_, to_TO make_VB the_ATI \0G.C.E_NP a_AT school-leaving_NN J36 40 and_CC *'_*' qualifying_NN J36 41 **'_**' examination_NN and_CC to_TO dissociate_VB it_PP3 from_IN J36 41 the_ATI selection_NN of_IN university_NN J36 42 students_NNS ._. ^ distasteful_JJ though_CS the_ATI function_NN of_IN J36 42 selection_NN may_MD be_BE ,_, J36 43 however_RB ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ one_CD1 which_WDTR the_ATI educational_JJ J36 43 system_NN can_MD not_XNOT escape_VB ,_, for_CS as_CS J36 44 Plato_NP pointed_VBD out_RP educational_JJ achievement_NN is_BEZ J36 44 not_XNOT only_RB the_ATI means_NN to_IN ,_, J36 45 but_CC an_AT indispensable_JJ index_NN of_IN capacity_NN for_IN ,_, J36 45 service_NN to_IN the_ATI J36 46 commonwealth_NN ._. J36 47 ^ the_ATI screening_NN function_NN has_HVZ not_XNOT been_BEN J36 47 pressed_VBN upon_IN educational_JJ J36 48 systems_NNS with_IN equal_JJ insistence_NN at_IN all_ABN times_NNS J36 48 and_CC in_IN all_ABN places_NNS ._. ^ in_CS so_CS" J36 49 far_CS" as_CS" social_JJ and_CC vocational_JJ roles_NNS are_BER J36 49 predetermined_VBN by_IN race_NN ,_, caste_NN ,_, J36 50 or_CC family_NN ,_, the_ATI assessment_NN of_IN the_ATI abilities_NNS J36 50 of_IN the_ATI individual_NN is_BEZ of_IN J36 51 less_AP significance_NN ._. ^ the_ATI possibility_NN of_IN selection_NN J36 51 on_IN the_ATI basis_NN of_IN J36 52 individual_JJ differences_NNS presupposes_VBZ some_DTI degree_NN of_IN J36 52 social_JJ mobility_NN ,_, and_CC J36 53 it_PP3 is_BEZ arguable_JJ that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ at_IN times_NNS and_CC J36 53 places_NNS where_WRB social_JJ mobility_NN is_BEZ J36 54 greatest_JJT that_CS the_ATI interest_NN in_IN examinations_NNS and_CC J36 54 tests_NNS has_HVZ been_BEN J36 55 strongest_JJT ._. ^ \0Mr_NPT Morris_NP has_HVZ noted_VBN that_CS J36 55 imperial_JJ China_NP ,_, with_IN its_PP$ J36 56 dictum_NN ._. ^ *'_*' employ_VB the_ATI able_JJ and_CC promote_VB J36 56 the_ATI worthy_JJ **'_**' ,_, developed_VBD a_AT J36 57 highly_RB complex_JJ system_NN of_IN examinations_NNS ,_, whereas_CS J36 57 in_IN the_ATI comparatively_RB J36 58 closed_JJ society_NN of_IN medieval_JJ Europe_NP the_ATI interest_NN J36 58 in_IN examinations_NNS was_BEDZ J36 59 limited_JJ and_CC sporadic_JJ ._. ^ Bentham_NP ,_, intent_JJ on_IN J36 59 widening_VBG and_CC improving_VBG J36 60 recruitment_NN to_IN the_ATI civil_JJ service_NN ,_, was_BEDZ J36 60 characteristically_RB interested_JJ in_IN J36 61 examinations_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI development_NN of_IN public_JJ J36 61 examinations_NNS since_IN the_ATI 1850's_CDS J36 62 has_HVZ been_BEN closely_RB connected_VBN with_IN the_ATI extension_NN J36 62 of_IN elementary_JJ ,_, J36 63 secondary_JJ ,_, technical_JJ and_CC university_NN education_NN and_CC J36 63 of_IN access_NN to_IN the_ATI J36 64 crafts_NNS and_CC professions_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI more_QL recent_JJ J36 64 institution_NN of_IN the_ATI diploma_NN in_IN J36 65 technology_NN and_CC the_ATI work_NN of_IN the_ATI associated_JJ J36 65 examination_NN board_NN are_BER J36 66 obviously_RB related_VBN to_IN the_ATI increasing_JJ esteem_NN J36 66 which_WDTR technical_JJ skills_NNS and_CC J36 67 abilities_NNS command_VB ._. ^ Plato_NP in_IN fourth_OD century_NN J36 67 Greece_NP noted_VBD (_( with_IN J36 68 disapproval_NN )_) the_ATI similar_JJ upward_JJB mobility_NN of_IN J36 68 craftsmen_NNS and_CC its_PP$ J36 69 connection_NN with_IN an_AT interest_NN in_IN qualifications_NNS *-_*- J36 69 with_IN philosophy_NN if_CS not_XNOT J36 70 with_IN the_ATI doctorate_NN of_IN it_PP3 :_: J36 71 *"_*' J36 72 ^ philosophy_NN ..._... is_BEZ dishonoured_VBN by_IN unworthy_JJ J36 72 interlopers_NNS ..._... when_WRB any_DTI J36 73 poor_JJ creature_NN who_WPR has_HVZ proved_VBN his_PP$ cleverness_NN J36 73 in_IN some_DTI mechanical_JJ craft_NN J36 74 sees_VBZ here_RN an_AT opening_NN for_IN a_AT portentous_JJ display_NN J36 74 of_IN high-sounding_JJ words_NNS J36 75 and_CC is_BEZ glad_JJ to_TO break_VB out_RP of_IN the_ATI prison_NN J36 75 of_IN his_PP$ paltry_JJ trade_NN and_CC take_VB J36 76 sanctuary_NN in_IN the_ATI shrine_NN of_IN philosophy_NN ._. ^ for_CS J36 76 as_CS compared_VBN with_IN other_AP J36 77 occupations_NNS ,_, philosophy_NN ,_, even_RB in_IN its_PP$ present_JJ J36 77 case_NN ,_, still_RB enjoys_VBZ a_AT high_JJ J36 78 prestige_NN ._. J36 79 **"_**' J36 80 ^ values_NNS in_IN educational_JJ achievement_NN change_VB ._. ^ J36 80 Plato_NP valued_VBD J36 81 philosophy_NN and_CC despised_VBD crafts_NNS that_WPR enslaved_VBD J36 81 men_NNS ;_; we_PP1AS value_VB J36 82 technologists_NNS more_RBR than_IN philosophers_NNS ;_; but_CC J36 82 whatever_WDT kind_NN of_IN specialist_JJ J36 83 one_CD1 has_HVZ most_AP use_NN for_IN one_CD1 seeks_VBZ to_TO select_VB J36 83 and_CC promote_VB ;_; and_CC the_ATI greater_JJR J36 84 the_ATI freedom_NN to_TO rise_VB the_ATI more_RBR one_CD1 uses_VBZ J36 84 tests_NNS and_CC examinations_NNS to_TO refine_VB J36 85 the_ATI screening_NN function_NN which_WDTR the_ATI educational_JJ J36 85 system_NN performs_VBZ ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ J36 86 because_CS democratic_JJ ideals_NNS and_CC economic_JJ needs_NNS at_IN J36 86 the_ATI present_JJ time_NN put_VB a_AT J36 87 premium_NN on_IN the_ATI emergence_NN of_IN ability_NN that_CS we_PP1AS J36 87 are_BER specially_RB interested_JJ J36 88 both_ABX in_IN education_NN and_CC selection_NN ._. J36 89 ^ as_CS new_JJ kinds_NNS of_IN *'_*' service_NN to_IN the_ATI J36 89 commonwealth_NN **'_**' are_BER demanded_VBN ,_, J36 90 new_JJ kinds_NNS of_IN education_NN have_HV to_TO be_BE established_VBN J36 90 ,_, or_CC old_JJ kinds_NNS have_HV to_TO be_BE J36 91 adapted_VBN ;_; and_CC examinations_NNS at_RB once_RB" define_VB and_CC J36 91 support_VB them_PP3OS ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ J36 92 often_RB said_VBN that_CS examinations_NNS maintain_VB standards_NNS J36 92 in_IN education_NN ;_; it_PP3 J36 93 should_MD not_XNOT be_BE overlooked_VBN that_CS they_PP3AS sometimes_RB J36 93 help_VB to_TO create_VB them_PP3OS ._. ^ the_ATI J36 94 diploma_NN in_IN technology_NN not_XNOT merely_RB preserves_VBZ J36 94 standards_NNS ,_, it_PP3 sets_VBZ J36 95 objectives_NNS and_CC stimulates_VBZ the_ATI effort_NN to_TO achieve_VB J36 95 them_PP3OS ._. ^ the_ATI reform_NN of_IN J36 96 university_NN examinations_NNS in_IN the_ATI nineteenth_OD century_NN J36 96 did_DOD not_XNOT preserve_VB J36 97 standards_NNS ,_, it_PP3 helped_VBD to_TO establish_VB higher_JJR J36 97 standards_NNS of_IN education_NN for_IN J36 98 service_NN to_IN church_NN and_CC state_NN ._. ^ examinations_NNS J36 98 defined_VBD standards_NNS which_WDTR J36 99 supported_VBD the_ATI development_NN of_IN secondary_JJ education_NN J36 99 for_IN girls_NNS in_IN the_ATI same_AP J36 100 century_NN and_CC that_DT of_IN the_ATI maintained_JJ grammar_NN J36 100 schools_NNS in_IN the_ATI twentieth_OD J36 101 century_NN ,_, and_CC if_CS they_PP3AS did_DOD not_XNOT create_VB J36 101 sixth_OD forms_NNS in_IN these_DTS they_PP3AS at_RB least_RB" J36 102 stimulated_VBD their_PP$ growth_NN ._. ^ the_ATI examination_NN of_IN J36 102 general_JJ studies_NNS is_BEZ J36 103 helping_VBG to_TO produce_VB a_AT situation_NN in_IN which_WDTR J36 103 such_ABL studies_NNS have_HV a_AT greater_JJR J36 104 chance_NN of_IN survival_NN in_IN the_ATI sixth_OD form_NN ._. J36 105 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ the_ATI value_NN systems_NNS of_IN the_ATI J36 105 commonwealth_NN which_WDTR likewise_RB confer_VB J36 106 on_IN examinations_NNS their_PP$ force_NN as_IN incentives_NNS to_IN J36 106 learning_NN ._. ^ Plato_NP alone_RB *-_*- J36 107 and_CC he_PP3A in_IN theory_NN only_RB *-_*- removed_VBD the_ATI J36 107 economic_JJ incentive_NN to_IN learning_NN ._. J36 108 ^ his_PP$ guardians_NNS were_BED to_TO be_BE motivated_VBN in_IN J36 108 their_PP$ arduous_JJ studies_NNS by_IN J36 109 disinterested_JJ service_NN to_IN the_ATI commonwealth_NN :_: ^ *'_*' J36 109 they_PP3AS alone_RB of_IN all_ABN the_ATI J36 110 citizens_NNS are_BER forbidden_VBN to_TO touch_VB and_CC handle_VB J36 110 silver_NN or_CC gold_NN ._. **'_**' ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ J36 111 hardly_RB to_TO be_BE supposed_VBN that_CS the_ATI incentives_NNS J36 111 he_PP3A proposed_VBD would_MD appeal_VB J36 112 strongly_RB to_IN the_ATI candidate_NN in_IN 11-plus_NN ,_, \0G.C.E_NP J36 112 or_CC university_NN J36 113 examinations_NNS :_: ^ *'_*' whenever_WRB we_PP1AS find_VB one_CD1 J36 113 who_WPR has_HVZ come_VBN unscathed_JJ through_IN J36 114 every_AT test_NN in_IN childhood_NN ,_, youth_NN ,_, and_CC manhood_NN J36 114 ,_, we_PP1AS shall_MD set_VB him_PP3O as_IN a_AT J36 115 ruler_NN to_TO watch_VB over_IN the_ATI commonwealth_NN ;_; he_PP3A J36 115 will_MD be_BE honoured_VBN in_IN life_NN ,_, and_CC J36 116 after_IN death_NN receive_VB the_ATI highest_JJT tribute_NN of_IN J36 116 funeral_NN rites_NNS and_CC other_AP J36 117 memorials_NNS ._. **'_**' ^ it_PP3 may_MD be_BE true_JJ that_CS J36 117 pupils_NNS do_DO not_XNOT always_RB have_HV clearly_RB J36 118 in_IN mind_NN the_ATI long-term_JJB advantages_NNS of_IN passing_VBG J36 118 examinations_NNS ,_, and_CC that_CS it_PP3 J36 119 is_BEZ rather_RB the_ATI teacher_NN or_CC parent_NN who_WPR is_BEZ J36 119 moved_VBN by_IN them_PP3OS ._. ^ even_RB so_RB the_ATI J36 120 incentive_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ felt_VBN by_IN the_ATI pupil_NN J36 120 through_IN them_PP3OS is_BEZ derived_VBN J36 121 ultimately_RB from_IN the_ATI demands_NNS of_IN the_ATI commonwealth_NN J36 121 for_IN particular_JJ kinds_NNS J36 122 of_IN developed_JJ ability_NN :_: the_ATI examination_NN merely_RB J36 122 focuses_VBZ these_DTS demands_NNS ._. J36 123 ^ the_ATI pupil's_NN$ educational_JJ values_NNS are_BER at_RB least_RB" J36 123 indirectly_RB those_DTS of_IN the_ATI J36 124 society_NN in_IN which_WDTR he_PP3A will_MD find_VB his_PP$ role_NN ._. J36 124 ^ it_PP3 may_MD be_BE suspected_VBN that_CS the_ATI J36 125 \0G.C.E_NP candidate_NN ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, has_HVZ a_AT J36 125 shrewd_JJ idea_NN of_IN the_ATI relative_JJ J36 126 values_NNS of_IN passes_NNS in_IN English_JNP language_NN ,_, J36 126 scripture_NN knowledge_NN ,_, physics_NN and_CC J36 127 art_NN ._. ^ the_ATI trends_NNS in_IN the_ATI number_NN of_IN J36 127 entries_NNS for_IN \0G.C.E_NP examinations_NNS J36 128 to_IN which_WDTR \0Dr_NPT Petch_NP draws_VBZ attention_NN suggest_VB J36 128 a_AT quick_JJ appreciation_NN of_IN J36 129 the_ATI social_JJ and_CC economic_JJ evaluation_NN of_IN different_JJ J36 129 studies_NNS ._. J36 130 ^ the_ATI most_QL radical_JJ method_NN of_IN increasing_VBG J36 130 social_JJ mobility_NN so_QL far_RB J36 131 devised_VBN has_HVZ been_BEN the_ATI use_NN of_IN intelligence_NN J36 131 tests_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI education_NN system_NN J36 132 educates_VBZ and_CC selects_VBZ ,_, but_CC as_CS we_PP1AS have_HV J36 132 seen_VBN the_ATI two_CD functions_NNS are_BER not_XNOT J36 133 easily_RB reconciled_VBN ._. ^ if_CS selection_NN can_MD interfere_VB J36 133 with_IN education_NN ,_, so_PN can_MD J36 134 education_NN ,_, or_CC the_ATI lack_NN of_IN it_PP3 ,_, interfere_VB J36 134 with_IN selection_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 has_HVZ long_RB J36 135 been_BEN recognized_VBN that_CS there_EX are_BER *'_*' mute_JJ J36 135 inglorious_JJ Miltons_NPS **'_**' *-_*- mute_JJ and_CC J36 136 inglorious_JJ because_CS uneducated_JJ and_CC a_RB fortiori_RB" J36 136 unselected_JJ ._. ^ in_IN J36 137 twentieth-century_JJB England_NP there_EX may_MD be_BE few_AP who_WPR J36 137 have_HV not_XNOT had_HVN the_ATI J36 138 opportunity_NN of_IN education_NN ,_, but_CC opportunities_NNS have_HV J36 138 varied_VBN ;_; and_CC as_CS J36 139 parents_NNS ,_, teachers_NNS and_CC communities_NNS can_MD not_XNOT J36 139 be_BE equalized_VBN opportunities_NNS J36 140 are_BER long_RB likely_JJ to_TO vary_VB ._. ^ yet_RB democratic_JJ J36 140 ideals_NNS and_CC the_ATI economic_JJ need_NN J36 141 to_TO exploit_VB the_ATI scarce_JJ commodity_NN of_IN talent_NN J36 141 alike_RB impel_VB us_PP1OS to_TO seek_VB out_RP J36 142 ability_NN even_RB where_WRB it_PP3 has_HVZ not_XNOT been_BEN fully_RB J36 142 developed_VBN by_IN education_NN ._. ^ no_ATI J36 143 reputable_JJ psychologist_NN has_HVZ claimed_VBN that_CS he_PP3A can_MD J36 143 measure_VB some_DTI pure_JJ J36 144 hypothetical_JJ *'_*' intelligence_NN **'_**' which_WDTR has_HVZ J36 144 not_XNOT been_BEN affected_VBN by_IN J36 145 environment_NN and_CC education_NN ,_, but_CC psychologists_NNS have_HV J36 145 been_BEN highly_RB J36 146 successful_JJ in_IN constructing_VBG tests_NNS which_WDTR are_BER J36 146 less_RBR affected_VBN by_IN J36 147 differences_NNS in_IN educational_JJ opportunity_NN than_CS are_BER J36 147 most_AP tests_NNS of_IN J36 148 educational_JJ attainment_NN ._. ^ the_ATI psychologists'_NNS$ J36 148 success_NN has_HVZ naturally_RB been_BEN J36 149 looked_VBN upon_IN with_IN disfavour_NN by_IN those_DTS who_WPR J36 149 could_MD command_VB educational_JJ J36 150 opportunity_NN though_CS not_XNOT intellectual_JJ capacity_NN ._. ^ J36 150 their_PP$ tests_NNS have_HV also_RB J36 151 been_BEN the_ATI object_NN of_IN abuse_NN from_IN those_DTS who_WPR J36 151 believe_VB that_CS a_AT person_NN is_BEZ made_VBN J36 152 by_IN collective_JJ society_NN and_CC who_WPR can_MD not_XNOT on_IN J36 152 ideological_JJ grounds_NNS accept_VB J36 153 that_CS the_ATI individual_NN (_( or_CC for_IN that_DT matter_NN J36 153 wheat_NN )_) has_HVZ any_DTI characteristics_NNS J36 154 which_WDTR he_PP3A does_DOZ not_XNOT owe_VB to_IN society_NN ._. ^ J36 154 neither_DTX group_NN objects_VBZ to_IN selection_NN J36 155 or_CC to_IN selection_NN tests_NNS :_: each_DT merely_RB wishes_VBZ J36 155 to_TO select_VB persons_NNS who_WPR meet_VB J36 156 his_PP$ own_AP specifications_NNS ,_, which_WDTR are_BER not_XNOT J36 156 solely_RB in_IN terms_NNS of_IN the_ATI qualities_NNS J36 157 of_IN the_ATI individual_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ to_TO be_BE hoped_VBN J36 157 that_CS the_ATI uninformed_JJ and_CC J36 158 doctrinaire_JJ attacks_NNS on_IN the_ATI judicious_JJ use_NN of_IN J36 158 intelligence_NN tests_NNS will_MD be_BE J36 159 stoutly_RB resisted_VBN ._. ^ they_PP3AS are_BER not_XNOT a_AT J36 159 panacea_NN ,_, but_CC they_PP3AS can_MD be_BE highly_RB J36 160 competent_JJ instruments_NNS for_IN use_NN in_IN the_ATI open_JJ J36 160 society_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ significant_JJ J36 161 that_CS ,_, as_CS \0Dr_NPT Wiseman_NP points_VBZ out_RP ,_, such_ABL J36 161 tests_NNS first_RB became_VBD widely_RB J36 162 acceptable_JJ in_IN the_ATI American_JNP army_NN in_IN the_ATI first_OD J36 162 world_NN war_NN ,_, when_WRB it_PP3 was_BEDZ J36 163 acceptable_JJ that_CS military_JJ rank_NN and_CC function_NN should_MD J36 163 depend_VB on_IN individual_JJ J36 164 rather_RB than_CS social_JJ ,_, economic_JJ or_CC racial_JJ J36 164 differences_NNS ._. ^ tests_NNS and_CC J36 165 examinations_NNS are_BER instruments_NNS which_WDTR a_AT free_JJ and_CC J36 165 open_JJ society_NN has_HVZ need_NN J36 166 of_IN ._. J36 167 ^ it_PP3 must_MD be_BE admitted_VBN that_DT selection_NN on_IN J36 167 the_ATI basis_NN of_IN the_ATI abilities_NNS J36 168 of_IN the_ATI individual_NN has_HVZ been_BEN criticized_VBN by_IN J36 168 not_XNOT illiberal_JJ persons_NNS ._. ^ there_EX J36 169 are_BER dangers_NNS in_IN the_ATI selection_NN of_IN the_ATI able_JJ J36 169 but_CC badly_RB educated_VBN ._. ^ \0T_NP J36 170 \0S_NP Eliot_NP has_HVZ suggested_VBN in_IN effect_NN that_CS an_AT J36 170 e*?2lite_NN may_MD have_HV J36 171 intelligence_NN but_CC lack_NN culture_NN ._. ^ the_ATI emergence_NN J36 171 of_IN angry_JJ young_JJ men_NNS may_MD J36 172 be_BE taken_VBN to_TO support_VB his_PP$ argument_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A J36 172 probably_RB underestimates_VBZ ,_, J36 173 however_RB ,_, the_ATI assimilative_JJ power_NN of_IN education_NN ._. ^ J36 173 men_NNS do_DO not_XNOT remain_VB J36 174 young_JJ ,_, or_CC necessarily_RB angry_JJ ,_, and_CC their_PP$ J36 174 children_NNS ,_, faced_VBN with_IN fewer_AP J36 175 obstacles_NNS to_IN selection_NN ,_, may_MD be_BE more_QL open_JJ to_IN J36 175 the_ATI influences_NNS of_IN culture_NN ._. J36 176 ^ the_ATI evidence_NN in_IN the_ATI Crowther_NP report_NN shows_VBZ J36 176 that_CS the_ATI first_OD generation_NN J36 177 of_IN the_ATI more_QL educated_JJ seeks_VBZ still_RB more_AP J36 177 education_NN for_IN its_PP$ children_NNS ,_, so_CS J36 178 that_CS" culture_NN as_CS it_PP3 were_BED accumulates_VBZ at_IN J36 178 compound_JJ interest_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J36 179 selected_JJ have_HV also_RB been_BEN depicted_VBN as_IN a_AT *'_*' J36 179 meritocracy_NN **'_**' ._. ^ one_CD1 can_MD J36 180 sympathize_VB with_IN the_ATI guilty_JJ feeling_NN that_CS it_PP3 J36 180 is_BEZ in_IN some_DTI ways_NNS distasteful_JJ J36 181 that_CS some_DTI people_NNS should_MD be_BE endowed_VBN with_IN J36 181 greater_JJR gifts_NNS than_IN others_APS ._. ^ it_PP3 J36 182 might_MD have_HV been_BEN better_JJR if_CS it_PP3 were_BED true_JJ J36 182 that_CS all_ABN men_NNS are_BER equal_JJ *-_*- though_CS J36 183 it_PP3 would_MD detract_VB from_IN the_ATI interest_NN of_IN ,_, for_IN J36 183 example_NN ,_, the_ATI Olympic_JNP games_NNS ._. J36 184 ^ the_ATI facts_NNS being_BEG what_WDT they_PP3AS are_BER ,_, J36 184 however_RB ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ incumbent_JJ on_IN the_ATI J36 185 objectors_NNS to_IN *'_*' meritocracy_NN **'_**' to_TO say_VB what_WDT J36 185 alternative_NN they_PP3AS would_MD J36 186 propose_VB *-_*- aristocracy_NN ,_, plutocracy_NN ,_, caste_NN ,_, J36 186 nepotism_NN ,_, party_NN membership_NN ,_, J36 187 or_CC what_WDT ?_? ^ until_CS a_AT rational_JJ non-escapist_JJB J36 187 alternative_NN is_BEZ offered_VBN ,_, the_ATI J36 188 only_AP way_NN seems_VBZ to_TO be_BE to_TO make_VB intelligence_NN J36 188 tests_NNS ,_, examinations_NNS and_CC J36 189 other_AP instruments_NNS of_IN selection_NN as_QL effective_JJ as_CS J36 189 possible_JJ for_IN their_PP$ J36 190 purposes_NNS ,_, while_CS minimizing_VBG as_QL far_RB as_CS possible_JJ J36 190 any_DTI harmful_JJ effects_NNS they_PP3AS J36 191 may_MD have_HV on_IN the_ATI main_JJB function_NN of_IN the_ATI J36 191 educational_JJ system_NN ,_, that_DT of_IN J36 192 education_NN ._. J36 193 ^ there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI denying_VBG that_CS the_ATI inevitable_JJ J36 193 process_NN of_IN selection_NN can_MD J36 194 have_HV deleterious_JJ effects_NNS on_IN the_ATI more_QL essential_JJ J36 194 process_NN of_IN education_NN ._. J36 195 ^ at_IN every_AT stage_NN of_IN the_ATI educational_JJ process_NN J36 195 where_WRB selection_NN becomes_VBZ J36 196 prominent_JJ ,_, the_ATI latter_AP affects_VBZ the_ATI former_AP ,_, J36 196 usually_RB in_IN some_DTI respects_NNS to_IN J36 197 its_PP$ disadvantage_NN ._. ^ \0Dr_NPT Wiseman_NP has_HVZ discussed_VBN J36 197 in_RB particular_RB" the_ATI J36 198 educational_JJ effects_NNS of_IN 11-plus_NN selection_NN ,_, where_WRB J36 198 the_ATI problems_NNS have_HV been_BEN J36 199 recognized_VBN and_CC fully_RB debated_VBN ._. J37 2 ^ nevertheless_RB ,_, during_IN the_ATI sixteenth_OD century_NN J37 2 several_AP factors_NNS were_BED J37 3 to_TO be_BE instrumental_JJ in_IN establishing_VBG those_DTS secure_JJ J37 3 foundations_NNS on_IN which_WDTR J37 4 the_ATI brilliant_JJ scientific_JJ achievements_NNS of_IN the_ATI J37 4 succeeding_JJ century_NN could_MD J37 5 be_BE built_VBN ._. ^ first_OD among_IN these_DTS factors_NNS was_BEDZ J37 5 a_AT more_QL emphatic_JJ appeal_NN for_IN J37 6 acceptance_NN of_IN that_DT philosophical_JJ outlook_NN which_WDTR J37 6 has_HVZ been_BEN so_QL favourable_JJ J37 7 to_IN progress_NN in_IN science_NN ,_, namely_RB ,_, recourse_NN to_IN J37 7 observation_NN and_CC J37 8 experiment_NN ,_, and_CC substitution_NN of_IN rationality_NN for_IN J37 8 authority_NN ._. ^ in_IN 1536_CD J37 9 Peter_NP Ramus_NP (_( 1515-1572_CD-CD )_) started_VBD the_ATI revolt_NN J37 9 against_IN Aristotle's_NP$ tyranny_NN J37 10 with_IN his_PP$ \0M.A_NPT thesis_NN at_IN Paris_NP University_NPL J37 10 that_CS *'_*' all_ABN that_WPR J37 11 Aristotle_NP has_HVZ said_VBN is_BEZ false_JJ **'_**' ._. ^ J37 11 Marcellus_NP Palingenius_NP Stellatus_NP J37 12 voiced_VBD the_ATI same_AP sentiment_NN in_IN his_PP$ Zodiacus_&FW J37 12 vitae_&FW (_( Venice_NP 1531_CD )_) in_IN J37 13 which_WDTR he_PP3A affirmed_VBD :_: J37 15 ^ *'_*' whatever_WDT Aristotle_NP saith_VBZ ,_, or_CC any_DTI of_IN J37 15 them_PP3OS all_ABN ,_, I_PP1A passe_VB not_XNOT J37 16 for_IN :_: since_CS from_IN the_ATI truth_NN they_PP3AS many_AP J37 16 times_NNS doe_DO fall_VB ._. **'_**' J37 18 ^ in_IN 1560_CD Barnaby_NP Googe_NP published_VBD his_PP$ J37 18 English_JNP translation_NN of_IN this_DT J37 19 work_NN which_WDTR contained_VBD ,_, amidst_IN a_AT mass_NN of_IN J37 19 characteristic_JJ moralising_NN ,_, J37 20 references_NNS to_IN the_ATI vacuum_NN ,_, light_NN ,_, the_ATI J37 20 elements_NNS ,_, heat_NN ,_, motion_NN ,_, \0etc_RB J37 21 ._. ^ his_PP$ translation_NN was_BEDZ widely_RB read_VBN as_IN a_AT J37 21 textbook_NN in_IN Elizabethan_JNP grammar_NN J37 22 schools_NNS ._. J37 23 ^ the_ATI scientific_JJ attitude_NN is_BEZ also_RB discernible_JJ J37 23 in_IN the_ATI writings_NNS of_IN J37 24 Leonard_NP and_CC Thomas_NP Digges_NP ._. ^ from_IN passages_NNS in_IN J37 24 the_ATI pantometria_NN (_( 1571_CD )_) it_PP3 J37 25 would_MD appear_VB that_CS Leonard_NP Digges_NP ,_, of_IN J37 25 University_NPL College_NPL ,_, Cambridge_NP ,_, J37 26 was_BEDZ conversant_JJ with_IN the_ATI principles_NNS of_IN the_ATI J37 26 telescope_NN ._. ^ in_IN his_PP$ J37 27 dedicatory_JJ epistle_NN to_IN the_ATI stratioticus_NN (_( 1579_CD )_) J37 27 Thomas_NP Digges_NP ,_, who_WPR also_RB J37 28 studied_VBD at_IN Cambridge_NP ,_, mentions_VBZ J37 30 *'_*' having_HVG spent_VBN many_AP of_IN my_PP$ yeares_NNS in_IN J37 30 reducing_VBG the_ATI sciences_NNS J37 31 mathematicall_JJ from_IN demonstrative_JJ contemplations_NNS ,_, to_IN J37 31 experimentall_JJ J37 32 actions_NNS ..._... ._. **'_**' J37 34 ^ \0Dr_NPT John_NP Dee_NP (_( 1527-1608_CD-CD )_) ,_, of_IN \0St_NPT J37 34 John's_NP$ College_NPL ,_, Cambridge_NP ,_, J37 35 likewise_RB sings_VBZ the_ATI praises_NNS of_IN Scientia_&FW J37 35 Experimentalis_&FW in_IN his_PP$ J37 36 preface_NN to_IN an_AT English_JNP translation_NN of_IN Euclid_NP (_( J37 36 1570_CD )_) ._. ^ in_IN 1550_CD Dee_NP read_VBD J37 37 public_JJ lectures_NNS on_IN Euclid's_NP$ elements_NNS *'_*' J37 37 mathematice*?3_&FW ,_, physice*?3_&FW ,_, J37 38 et_&FW Pythagorice*?3_&FW **'_**' in_IN the_ATI College_NPL of_IN J37 38 Rheims_NP ._. ^ his_PP$ audience_NN became_VBD J37 39 so_QL large_JJ that_CS many_AP had_HVD to_TO listen_VB at_IN the_ATI J37 39 windows_NNS ._. ^ Dee_NP also_RB wrote_VBD on_IN J37 40 mechanics_NN ,_, perspective_NN and_CC on_IN *'_*' burning_JJ J37 40 mirrors_NNS ._. **'_**' J37 41 ^ the_ATI brilliant_JJ achievements_NNS of_IN Galileo_NP ,_, of_IN J37 41 Stevin_NP ,_, of_IN Gilbert_NP and_CC J37 42 of_IN others_APS were_BED the_ATI fruits_NNS of_IN putting_NN into_IN J37 42 practice_NN of_IN this_DT *'_*' modern_JJ J37 43 **'_**' experimental_JJ scientific_JJ attitude_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J37 43 creation_NN of_IN the_ATI science_NN of_IN J37 44 dynamics_NN as_CS we_PP1AS know_VB it_PP3 today_NR is_BEZ J37 44 principally_RB due_JJ to_IN Galileo_NP J37 45 (_( 1564-1642_CD-CD )_) ,_, Professor_NPT of_IN mathematics_NN at_IN J37 45 Pisa_NP and_CC Padua_NP Universities_NPLS ._. J37 46 ^ he_PP3A pointed_VBD out_RP that_CS all_ABN bodies_NNS fell_VBD at_IN J37 46 the_ATI same_AP rate_NN and_CC that_CS the_ATI J37 47 distance_NN covered_VBN by_IN falling_JJ bodies_NNS varied_VBD as_IN J37 47 the_ATI square_NN of_IN the_ATI time_NN ._. J37 48 ^ he_PP3A showed_VBD that_CS the_ATI path_NN of_IN a_AT projectile_NN J37 48 was_BEDZ a_AT parabola_NN ,_, and_CC he_PP3A J37 49 understood_VBD centrifugal_JJ force_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A gave_VBD J37 49 precise_JJ definitions_NNS of_IN J37 50 momentum_NN ,_, velocity_NN and_CC kinetic_JJ energy_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J37 50 was_BEDZ he_PP3A who_WPR formulated_VBD the_ATI J37 51 principle_NN of_IN the_ATI parallelogram_NN of_IN forces_NNS ,_, and_CC J37 51 he_PP3A was_BEDZ familiar_JJ with_IN J37 52 what_WDT later_RBR came_VBD to_TO be_BE known_VBN as_IN Newton's_NP$ J37 52 first_OD two_CD laws_NNS of_IN motion_NN ._. J37 53 ^ besides_IN discovering_VBG the_ATI isochronism_NN of_IN the_ATI J37 53 pendulum_NN ,_, he_PP3A showed_VBD that_CS J37 54 the_ATI time_NN of_IN oscillation_NN varied_VBD as_IN the_ATI square_JJ J37 54 root_NN of_IN its_PP$ length_NN ._. J37 55 ^ William_NP Gilbert_NP (_( 1540-1603_CD-CD )_) ,_, *'_*' the_ATI J37 55 father_NN of_IN the_ATI magnetic_JJ J37 56 philosophy_NN ,_, **'_**' was_BEDZ the_ATI author_NN of_IN that_DT J37 56 great_JJ textbook_NN of_IN magnetism_NN and_CC J37 57 electricity_NN ,_, the_ATI *'_*' de_&FW magnete_&FW ,_, **'_**' J37 57 which_WDTR was_BEDZ published_VBN in_IN London_NP in_IN J37 58 1600_CD ._. ^ his_PP$ contempt_NN for_IN the_ATI methods_NNS of_IN J37 58 the_ATI schoolmen_NNS crops_VBZ up_RP J37 59 everywhere_RB in_IN this_DT book_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A is_BEZ full_JJ of_IN J37 59 the_ATI importance_NN of_IN J37 60 experimentation_NN ,_, as_CS for_IN instance_NN ,_, when_WRB he_PP3A J37 60 warns_VBZ that_CS J37 62 *'_*' men_NNS of_IN acute_JJ intelligence_NN ,_, without_IN J37 62 actual_JJ knowledge_NN of_IN facts_NNS ,_, J37 63 and_CC in_IN the_ATI absence_NN of_IN experiment_NN ,_, easily_RB J37 63 slip_VB and_CC err_VB ._. **'_**' J37 65 ^ Gilbert_NP was_BEDZ the_ATI first_OD to_TO use_VB the_ATI now_RN J37 65 familiar_JJ terms_NNS *'_*' electric_NC J37 66 force_NC **'_**' ,_, *'_*' electric_NC attraction_NC **'_**' ,_, J37 66 magnetic_JJ *'_*' pole_NC **'_**' ,_, \0etc_RB J37 67 ._. ^ by_IN the_ATI time_NN of_IN the_ATI sixteenth_OD century_NN J37 67 considerable_JJ industrial_JJ and_CC J37 68 commercial_JJ expansion_NN was_BEDZ taking_VBG place_NN ,_, and_CC J37 68 this_DT resulted_VBD in_IN a_AT greater_JJR J37 69 demand_NN by_IN the_ATI rising_JJ middle_JJB classes_NNS for_IN a_AT J37 69 more_QL utilitarian_JJ education_NN J37 70 biased_VBN towards_IN science_NN and_CC mathematics_NN ,_, for_IN J37 70 substitution_NN of_IN a_AT more_QL J37 71 realistic_JJ approach_NN to_IN life_NN for_IN the_ATI aloofness_NN J37 71 of_IN the_ATI cloister_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J37 72 increasing_JJ tempo_NN of_IN the_ATI new_JJ economic_JJ world_NN J37 72 could_MD no_RB longer_RBR afford_VB to_TO J37 73 dispense_VB with_IN mechanics_NN ,_, hydrostatics_NN ,_, optics_NN ,_, J37 73 navigation_NN ,_, \0etc_RB J37 74 ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ in_TO order_TO" to_TO" cater_VB for_IN the_ATI J37 74 needs_NNS of_IN a_AT society_NN growing_VBG J37 75 increasingly_RB more_QL conscious_JJ of_IN the_ATI vital_JJ part_NN J37 75 that_WPR science_NN could_MD play_VB J37 76 in_IN technology_NN that_CS Gresham's_NP$ College_NPL was_BEDZ J37 76 founded_VBN in_IN London_NP in_IN 1596_CD for_IN J37 77 gratuitous_JJ instruction_NN in_IN the_ATI seven_CD liberal_JJ arts_NNS J37 77 and_CC sciences_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J37 78 celebrated_JJ physicist_NN Robert_NP Hooke_NP was_BEDZ Professor_NPT J37 78 of_IN geometry_NN here_RN for_IN a_AT J37 79 time_NN ._. ^ lectures_NNS were_BED given_VBN at_IN the_ATI College_NPL J37 79 *-_*- which_WDTR ,_, incidentally_RB ,_, was_BEDZ J37 80 the_ATI first_OD home_NR of_IN the_ATI royal_JJ society_NN *-_*- J37 80 till_IN 1768_CD ,_, when_WRB they_PP3AS were_BED J37 81 delivered_VBN at_IN the_ATI royal_JJ exchange_NN until_IN 1841_CD ,_, J37 81 the_ATI year_NN when_WRB the_ATI present_JJ J37 82 Gresham_NP College_NPL was_BEDZ erected_VBN ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ J37 82 for_IN precisely_RB the_ATI same_AP reason_NN J37 83 that_CS during_IN the_ATI second_OD half_NN of_IN the_ATI century_NN J37 83 a_AT new_JJ type_NN of_IN school_NN ,_, or_CC J37 84 academy_NN ,_, came_VBD into_IN existence_NN to_TO give_VB a_AT J37 84 wider_JJR education_NN ,_, including_IN J37 85 practical_JJ mathematics_NN and_CC physics_NN ,_, than_IN that_DT J37 85 provided_VBN by_IN the_ATI J37 86 conservative_JJ public_JJ and_CC grammar_NN schools_NNS whose_WP$R J37 86 sole_JJB preoccupation_NN was_BEDZ J37 87 with_IN the_ATI classics_NNS ._. ^ Sir_NPT Humphrey_NP Gilbert_NP (_( J37 87 1539-1583_CD-CD )_) proposed_VBD the_ATI J37 88 erection_NN of_IN such_ABL an_AT Academy_NP in_IN London_NP in_IN J37 88 1572_CD ._. J37 89 ^ by_IN now_RN the_ATI discovery_NN of_IN printing_NN had_HVD J37 89 come_VBN into_IN its_PP$ own_AP and_CC this_DT J37 90 led_VBD to_IN the_ATI writing_NN ,_, in_IN the_ATI vernacular_NN ,_, J37 90 of_IN numerous_JJ popular_JJ compendia_NNS J37 91 of_IN knowledge_NN ._. ^ the_ATI numerous_JJ editions_NNS through_IN J37 91 which_WDTR many_AP of_IN these_DTS J37 92 compendia_NNS and_CC encyclopaedia_NN went_VBD indicates_VBZ the_ATI J37 92 thirst_NN of_IN the_ATI people_NNS of_IN J37 93 those_DTS times_NNS for_IN knowledge_NN ._. ^ the_ATI best_RBT known_JJ J37 93 of_IN these_DTS was_BEDZ probably_RB the_ATI J37 94 *'_*' pearl_NN philosophic_JJ **'_**' (_( *'_*' margarita_&FW J37 94 philosophica_&FW **'_**' )_) of_IN Gregorius_NP J37 95 Reisch_NP ,_, which_WDTR was_BEDZ first_RB printed_VBN in_IN 1503_CD J37 95 ._. ^ the_ATI subjects_NNS of_IN astronomy_NN ,_, J37 96 natural_JJ philosophy_NN ,_, chemistry_NN ,_, optics_NN ,_, \0etc_RB J37 96 ,_, are_BER treated_VBN in_IN this_DT J37 97 encyclopaedia_NN which_WDTR was_BEDZ illustrated_VBN and_CC J37 97 intended_VBN as_IN a_AT textbook_NN for_IN J37 98 young_JJ students_NNS ._. J37 99 ^ in_IN his_PP$ book_NN on_IN *'_*' natural_JJ magic_NN **'_**' J37 99 Giambatista_NP Porta_NP (_( \0c_RB J37 100 1541-1615_CD-CD )_) dealt_VBD with_IN such_ABL topics_NNS as_IN J37 100 optical_JJ experiments_NNS ,_, mirrors_NNS ,_, J37 101 experiments_NNS on_RP statics_NNS such_IN as_IN" those_DTS of_IN J37 101 Nicholas_NP of_IN Cusa_NP ,_, and_CC J37 102 pneumatic_JJ experiments_NNS similar_JJ to_IN those_DTS of_IN Hero_NP J37 102 ._. ^ an_AT English_JNP edition_NN of_IN J37 103 this_DT book_NN was_BEDZ published_VBN in_IN London_NP in_IN 1658_CD J37 103 ._. J37 104 ^ the_ATI reformation_NN ,_, too_RB ,_, had_HVD an_AT influence_NN J37 104 on_IN the_ATI progress_NN of_IN J37 105 science_NN ._. ^ the_ATI refusal_NN to_TO submit_VB to_IN a_AT J37 105 single_JJ spiritual_JJ authority_NN J37 106 carried_VBD over_RP to_IN other_AP fields_NNS and_CC helped_VBD to_TO J37 106 emancipate_VB physics_NN from_IN J37 107 Aristotle's_NP$ *'_*' tyranny_NN **'_**' ._. J37 108 ^ in_IN 1535_CD the_ATI students_NNS of_IN \0St_NPT John's_NP$ J37 108 College_NPL were_BED permitted_VBN to_TO J37 109 receive_VB instruction_NN from_IN a_AT lecturer_NN in_IN natural_JJ J37 109 philosophy_NN ,_, who_WPR was_BEDZ to_TO J37 110 receive_VB two_CD shillings_NNS a_AT week_NN ,_, half_ABN that_DT J37 110 sum_NN being_BEG paid_VBN by_IN the_ATI College_NPL J37 111 and_CC the_ATI other_AP half_NN by_IN his_PP$ audience_NN ._. J37 112 ^ the_ATI Edwardian_JNP code_NN of_IN July_NR 1549_CD enjoined_VBD J37 112 that_CS disputations_NNS were_BED J37 113 to_TO be_BE held_VBN regularly_RB ._. ^ the_ATI disputations_NNS in_IN J37 113 mathematics_NN ,_, dialectics_NN and_CC J37 114 in_IN natural_JJ philosophy_NN were_BED to_TO be_BE held_VBN on_IN J37 114 Thursdays_NRS ,_, Fridays_NRS and_CC J37 115 Sundays_NRS ._. ^ we_PP1AS are_BER given_VBN some_DTI idea_NN of_IN J37 115 the_ATI nature_NN of_IN these_DTS university_NN J37 116 disputations_NNS from_IN Izaak_NP Walton's_NP$ life_NN of_IN Sir_NPT J37 116 Henry_NP Wotton_NP (_( 1568-1639_CD-CD )_) ._. J37 117 ^ he_PP3A writes_VBZ that_CS Sir_NPT Henry_NP :_: J37 119 *'_*' about_IN the_ATI nineteenth_OD year_NN of_IN his_PP$ age_NN J37 119 ,_, he_PP3A did_DOD proceed_VB Master_NPT J37 120 of_IN arts_NNS ,_, and_CC at_IN that_DT time_NN read_VBD in_IN J37 120 Latine_NNP three_CD lectures_NNS de_&FW Oculo_&FW :_: J37 121 wherein_WRB he_PP3A having_HVG described_VBN the_ATI form_NN ,_, J37 121 the_ATI motion_NN ,_, the_ATI curious_JJ J37 122 compositione_NN of_IN the_ATI eye_NN and_CC demonstrated_VBN ,_, J37 122 how_WRB of_IN these_DTS very_QL many_AP ,_, J37 123 every_AT humour_NN and_CC nerve_NN performs_VBZ its_PP$ distinct_JJ J37 123 office_NN ..._... ._. ^ after_IN these_DTS J37 124 observations_NNS he_PP3A fell_VBD to_TO dispute_VB this_DT optique_JJ J37 124 question_NN ,_, whether_CS we_PP1AS see_VB J37 125 by_IN the_ATI emission_NN of_IN the_ATI beams_NNS from_IN within_RI ,_, J37 125 or_CC reception_NN of_IN the_ATI species_NN J37 126 from_IN without_RI ._. **'_**' J37 128 ^ by_IN the_ATI visitation_NN of_IN 1549_CD a_AT Reader_NPT in_IN J37 128 natural_JJ philosophy_NN was_BEDZ J37 129 provided_VBN for_IN all_ABN souls_NNS College_NPL ,_, Oxford_NP ._. ^ J37 129 in_IN 1551_CD Michael_NP Renninger_NP (_( or_CC J37 130 Rhanger_NP ,_, 1530-1609_CD-CD )_) was_BEDZ appointed_VBN to_TO J37 130 lecture_VB on_IN natural_JJ philosophy_NN at_IN J37 131 Magdalen_NP College_NPL ,_, Oxford_NP ._. J37 132 ^ the_ATI sixteenth_OD century_NN is_BEZ significant_JJ for_IN J37 132 the_ATI publication_NN of_IN J37 133 several_AP educational_JJ treatises_NNS that_WPR paved_VBD the_ATI J37 133 way_NN for_IN a_AT new_JJ J37 134 presentation_NN of_IN studies_NNS not_XNOT only_RB in_IN the_ATI J37 134 university_NN curricula_NNS but_CC also_RB J37 135 in_IN that_DT of_IN the_ATI schools_NNS and_CC which_WDTR J37 135 encouraged_VBD realism_NN in_IN education_NN in_IN J37 136 distinction_NN to_IN scholastic_JJ formalism_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J37 136 writings_NNS of_IN Ramus_NP ,_, Francis_NP J37 137 Bacon_NP ,_, Sir_NPT Thomas_NP Elyot_NP ,_, Rabelais_NP ,_, Vives_NP J37 137 and_CC Melanchthon_NP all_ABN catch_VB a_AT J37 138 glimpse_NN of_IN the_ATI future_NN reserved_VBN to_IN scientific_JJ J37 138 education_NN ,_, to_IN a_AT study_NN of_IN J37 139 nature_NN by_IN inductive_JJ speculation_NN ,_, to_IN a_AT study_NN J37 139 of_IN things_NNS instead_RB of_IN the_ATI J37 140 worship_NN of_IN words_NNS ._. J37 141 ^ for_IN the_ATI traditional_JJ quadrivium_NN Ramus_NP would_MD J37 141 substitute_VB J37 142 mathematics_NN ,_, physics_NN (_( including_IN astronomy_NN )_) ,_, J37 142 metaphysics_NN and_CC ethics_NN ._. J37 143 ^ the_ATI textbook_NN to_TO be_BE used_VBN in_IN physics_NN was_BEDZ J37 143 his_PP$ own_AP treatise_NN ,_, *'_*' studies_NNS in_IN J37 144 physics_NN ,_, **'_**' which_WDTR ,_, in_IN spite_IN" of_IN" his_PP$ J37 144 criticism_NN of_IN Aristotle_NP ,_, was_BEDZ based_VBN J37 145 on_IN the_ATI latter's_AP$ physics_NN ,_, on_IN Pliny's_NP$ natural_JJ J37 145 history_NN and_CC on_IN Virgil's_NP$ J37 146 Georgics_NP ._. J37 147 ^ in_IN the_ATI De_&FW Tradendis_&FW Disciplinis_&FW (_( 1531_CD )_) J37 147 Vives_NP advocated_VBD the_ATI J37 148 study_NN of_IN physics_NN ,_, even_RB in_IN the_ATI schools_NNS ._. ^ J37 148 but_CC the_ATI subject_NN still_RB needed_VBD J37 149 to_TO be_BE systematised_VBN and_CC simplified_VBN before_CS it_PP3 J37 149 lent_VBD itself_PPL to_IN instruction_NN J37 150 of_IN the_ATI young_JJ ._. J37 152 ^ chapter_NN 3_CD ._. J37 153 ^ the_ATI seventeenth_OD century_NN ._. J37 154 ^ as_IN a_AT result_NN of_IN the_ATI genuine_JJ scientific_JJ J37 154 curiosity_NN of_IN the_ATI true_JJ J37 155 natural_JJ philosopher_NN ,_, of_IN the_ATI curiosity_NN of_IN the_ATI J37 155 gentleman_NN of_IN leisure_NN in_IN J37 156 search_NN of_IN diversions_NNS ,_, of_IN the_ATI puritans'_NNS$ J37 156 looking_VBG at_IN the_ATI phenomena_NNS of_IN J37 157 God's_NP$ creation_NN ,_, and_CC of_IN the_ATI monetary_JJ J37 157 interests_NNS of_IN the_ATI manufacturer_NN ,_, the_ATI J37 158 miner_NN ,_, the_ATI engineer_NN ,_, the_ATI alchemist_NN ,_, J37 158 physics_NN made_VBD great_JJ advances_NNS ._. J37 159 ^ experimentation_NN increased_VBD from_IN a_AT mere_JJB trickle_NN J37 159 into_IN what_WDT was_BEDZ soon_RB to_TO J37 160 become_VB a_AT flood_NN ;_; in_IN fact_NN ,_, so_QL much_RB so_PN J37 160 that_CS science_NN was_BEDZ in_IN danger_NN of_IN J37 161 being_BEG reduced_VBN *'_*' to_IN a_AT worship_NN and_CC idolisation_NN J37 161 of_IN experiment_NN as_IN an_AT end_NN J37 162 in_IN itself_PPL ._. **'_**' ^ the_ATI achievements_NNS of_IN J37 162 earlier_JJR physicists_NNS were_BED crowned_VBN by_IN J37 163 the_ATI brilliant_JJ work_NN of_IN Galileo_NP and_CC Torricelli_NP J37 163 in_IN Italy_NP ,_, of_IN Guericke_NP in_IN J37 164 Germany_NP ,_, of_IN Huygens_NP and_CC Snell_NP in_IN Holland_NP ,_, J37 164 of_IN Mariotte_NP and_CC Descartes_NP in_IN J37 165 France_NP ,_, and_CC of_IN Boyle_NP ,_, Hooke_NP ,_, Halley_NP and_CC J37 165 Newton_NP in_IN England_NP ._. ^ their_PP$ J37 166 advances_NNS marked_VBD the_ATI end_NN of_IN the_ATI era_NN of_IN J37 166 doubt_NN and_CC confusion_NN and_CC J37 167 proclaimed_VBD the_ATI birth_NN of_IN *'_*' modern_JJ **'_**' J37 167 physics_NN ._. J37 168 ^ Newton's_NP$ (_( 1642-1727_CD-CD )_) *'_*' principia_&FW **'_**' J37 168 was_BEDZ published_VBN in_IN 1687_CD in_IN J37 169 Latin_NNP and_CC in_IN this_DT he_PP3A defined_VBD mass_NN ,_, force_NN J37 169 ,_, momentum_NN ,_, acceleration_NN ,_, J37 170 \0etc_RB ,_, clearly_RB for_IN the_ATI first_OD time_NN ,_, and_CC J37 170 worked_VBD out_RP his_PP$ laws_NNS of_IN motion_NN ._. J37 171 ^ in_IN 1668_CD Newton_NP constructed_VBD the_ATI first_OD J37 171 reflecting_JJ telescope_NN ._. ^ eight_CD J37 172 years_NNS earlier_RBR he_PP3A had_HVD begun_VBN his_PP$ experiments_NNS J37 172 on_IN the_ATI incidence_NN of_IN white_JJ J37 173 light_NN on_IN a_AT prism_NN ._. ^ Newton_NP also_RB investigated_VBD J37 173 the_ATI colours_NNS of_IN thin_JJ plates_NNS J37 174 and_CC coloured_JJ rings_NNS ,_, the_ATI bending_NN of_IN light_NN J37 174 and_CC the_ATI coloured_JJ fringes_NNS at_IN J37 175 narrow_JJ slits_NNS ._. ^ his_PP$ observations_NNS on_IN double_JJ J37 175 refraction_NN in_IN Iceland_NP spar_NN J37 176 laid_VBD the_ATI foundations_NNS for_IN the_ATI theory_NN of_IN the_ATI J37 176 polarisation_NN of_IN light_NN ._. ^ in_IN J37 177 the_ATI controversy_NN over_IN the_ATI theory_NN of_IN light_NN J37 177 Newton_NP threw_VBD his_PP$ great_JJ J37 178 authority_NN on_IN the_ATI emission_NN theory_NN ,_, with_IN the_ATI J37 178 result_NN that_CS the_ATI wave_NN theory_NN J37 179 of_IN Hooke_NP and_CC Huygens_NP was_BEDZ in_IN abeyance_NN for_IN J37 179 over_RB a_AT century_NN ._. J37 180 ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ in_IN 1658_CD that_CS Robert_NP Boyle_NP (_( J37 180 1627-91_CD-CD )_) invented_VBD his_PP$ improved_JJ J37 181 air_NN pump_NN with_IN which_WDTR he_PP3A performed_VBD his_PP$ J37 181 classic_JJ experiments_NNS on_IN the_ATI J37 182 weight_NN ,_, pressure_NN and_CC elasticity_NN of_IN the_ATI air_NN ,_, J37 182 and_CC on_IN the_ATI part_NN played_VBN by_IN J37 183 air_NN in_IN respiration_NN and_CC in_IN acoustics_NN ._. ^ Boyle_NP J37 183 encouraged_VBD study_NN of_IN J37 184 experimental_JJ physics_NN by_IN writing_VBG (_( in_IN 1663_CD )_) J37 184 *'_*' some_DTI considerations_NNS J37 185 touching_IN the_ATI usefulnesse_NN of_IN experimental_JJ naturall_JJ J37 185 philosophy_NN ..._... ._. by_IN J37 186 way_NN of_IN invitation_NN to_IN the_ATI study_NN of_IN it_PP3 ,_, J37 186 **'_**' and_CC by_IN writing_VBG (_( in_IN 1664_CD )_) J37 187 *'_*' experiments_NNS and_CC considerations_NNS touching_IN colours_NNS J37 187 **'_**' in_IN which_WDTR he_PP3A J37 188 deliberately_RB gave_VBD a_AT simple_JJ and_CC popular_JJ outline_NN J37 188 of_IN the_ATI subject_NN in_TO order_TO" J37 189 to_TO" encourage_VB more_AP readers_NNS ,_, including_IN the_ATI J37 189 fair_JJ sex_NN ._. J37 190 ^ Boyle's_NP$ assistant_NN ,_, Robert_NP Hooke_NP ,_, propounded_VBD J37 190 his_PP$ law_NN *-_*- ut_&FW J37 191 tensio_&FW ,_, sic_&FW vis_&FW *-_*- about_IN 1658_CD ._. ^ in_IN J37 191 1666_CD he_PP3A measured_VBD the_ATI force_NN of_IN J37 192 gravity_NN by_IN the_ATI swinging_NN of_IN a_AT pendulum_NN ._. ^ J37 192 the_ATI fixing_NN of_IN the_ATI thermometric_JJ J37 193 zero_CD at_IN the_ATI freezing_NN point_NN of_IN water_NN is_BEZ due_JJ J37 193 to_IN him_PP3O ._. ^ in_IN 1666_CD he_PP3A J37 194 demonstrated_VBD magnetic_JJ lines_NNS of_IN force_NN using_VBG iron_NN J37 194 filings_NNS and_CC a_AT small_JJ J37 195 movable_JJ magnetic_JJ needle_NN ._. ^ in_IN his_PP$ micrographia_&FW J37 195 (_( 1665_CD ,_, \0p_NN 7_CD )_) he_PP3A J37 196 advocated_VBD increased_JJ study_NN of_IN the_ATI new_JJ J37 196 experimental_JJ physics_NN in_IN the_ATI place_NN J37 197 of_IN *'_*' discourse_NN and_CC disputation_NN ,_, **'_**' since_CS :_: J37 199 ~ *'_*' these_DTS being_BEG the_ATI dangers_NNS in_IN the_ATI J37 199 process_NN of_IN humane_JJ reason_NN ,_, the_ATI J37 200 remedies_NNS of_IN them_PP3OS all_ABN can_MD only_RB proceed_VB from_IN J37 200 the_ATI real_JJ ,_, the_ATI J37 201 mechanical_JJ ,_, the_ATI experimental_JJ philosophy_NN ._. **'_**' J37 203 ^ remarkable_JJ advances_NNS were_BED also_RB made_VBN in_IN J37 203 applied_JJ science_NN ,_, \0e.g_RB J37 204 the_ATI invention_NN of_IN a_AT steam_NN engine_NN by_IN Edward_NP J37 204 Somerset_NP (_( 1601-67_CD-CD )_) ,_, second_OD J37 205 Marquis_NPT of_IN Worcester_NP ,_, though_CS the_ATI first_OD J37 205 practical_JJ steam_NN engine_NN was_BEDZ made_VBN J37 206 only_RB in_IN 1698_CD by_IN Thomas_NP Savery_NP (_( 1650-1715_CD-CD )_) J37 206 ._. J37 207 ^ scientific_JJ instruments_NNS were_BED now_RN available_JJ on_IN J37 207 a_AT large_JJ scale_NN for_IN J37 208 the_ATI first_OD time_NN ._. ^ among_IN these_DTS may_MD be_BE J37 208 mentioned_VBN barometers_NNS ,_, J37 209 thermometers_NNS ,_, telescopes_NNS ,_, microscopes_NNS ,_, the_ATI J37 209 camera_NN obscura_NN" ,_, lenses_NNS J37 210 and_CC prisms_NNS ._. ^ a_AT new_JJ profession_NN *-_*- that_DT of_IN J37 210 mathematical_JJ and_CC scientific_JJ J37 211 instrument_NN maker_NN *-_*- arose_VBD to_TO supply_VB the_ATI J37 211 demands_NNS of_IN the_ATI new_JJ experimental_JJ J37 212 sciences_NNS ._. ^ James_NP Moxon_NP ,_, who_WPR lived_VBD on_IN J37 212 Ludgate_NP Hill_NPL ,_, was_BEDZ one_CD1 such_ABL ;_; J37 213 another_DT was_BEDZ John_NP Yarwell_NP ,_, who_WPR sold_VBD his_PP$ J37 213 scientific_JJ apparatus_NN at_IN *'_*' the_ATI J37 214 Archimedes_NP and_CC three_CD golden_JJ prospects_NNS near_IN the_ATI J37 214 great_JJ north-door_NN in_IN J37 215 \0St_NPT Paul's_NP$ Church-yard_NPL ,_, London_NP ._. **'_**' J37 216 ^ the_ATI advances_NNS in_IN science_NN and_CC in_IN applied_JJ J37 216 science_NN were_BED largely_RB the_ATI J37 217 fruits_NNS of_IN substituting_VBG observation_NN and_CC experiment_NN J37 217 for_IN dogmatism_NN and_CC J37 218 for_IN the_ATI a-priori_JJ methods_NNS of_IN Aristotelian_JNP J37 218 physics_NN ._. J38 2 ^ first_OD investigation_NN ._. J38 3 ^ in_IN the_ATI endeavour_NN to_TO sort_VB out_RP some_DTI of_IN J38 3 the_ATI intricacies_NNS of_IN this_DT J38 4 problem_NN the_ATI foundation_NN carried_VBD out_RP two_CD small_JJ J38 4 investigations_NNS ._. ^ a_AT number_NN J38 5 of_IN primary_JJ schools_NNS assisted_VBD in_IN these_DTS studies_NNS J38 5 and_CC their_PP$ help_NN and_CC J38 6 co-operation_NN is_BEZ gratefully_RB acknowledged_VBN ._. J38 7 ^ the_ATI first_OD investigation_NN was_BEDZ carried_VBN out_RP J38 7 in_IN a_AT junior_JJ school_NN in_IN J38 8 which_WDTR the_ATI children_NNS were_BED streamed_VBN by_IN age_NN J38 8 *-_*- that_DT is_BEZ ,_, they_PP3AS were_BED grouped_VBN J38 9 in_IN classes_NNS according_IN to_IN" age_NN in_IN the_ATI J38 9 contributing_JJ infant_NN school_NN and_CC the_ATI J38 10 junior_JJ headmaster_NN accepted_VBD these_DTS groupings_NNS and_CC J38 10 maintained_VBD them_PP3OS J38 11 throughout_IN his_PP$ school_NN ._. ^ in_TO order_TO" to_TO" obtain_VB J38 11 a_AT measure_NN of_IN performance_NN ,_, J38 12 all_ABN the_ATI children_NNS in_IN each_DT of_IN the_ATI four_CD J38 12 years_NNS of_IN the_ATI junior_JJ school_NN were_BED J38 13 given_VBN ,_, in_IN the_ATI spring_NN term_NN 1959_CD ,_, the_ATI J38 13 foundation's_NN$ sentence_NN reading_VBG test_NN J38 14 1_CD1 ._. ^ the_ATI median_JJ raw_JJ and_CC standardised_JJ scores_NNS J38 14 together_RB with_IN mean_JJ ages_NNS and_CC J38 15 age_NN ranges_NNS of_IN the_ATI four_CD year_NN groups_NNS are_BER J38 15 given_VBN in_IN table_NN 1_CD1 ._. J38 17 ^ class_NN 5_CD was_BEDZ an_AT exception_NN to_IN the_ATI rule_NN J38 17 of_IN *'_*' streaming_VBG **'_**' by_IN age_NN J38 18 since_CS it_PP3 contained_VBD all_ABN the_ATI poor_JJ readers_NNS J38 18 from_IN the_ATI 2nd_OD year_NN group_NN ._. J38 19 ^ the_ATI standardised_JJ scores_NNS (_( mean_NN 100_CD ,_, \0S.D_NN J38 19 15_CD )_) contain_VB an_AT age_NN J38 20 allowance_NN determined_VBN from_IN the_ATI sample_NN on_IN which_WDTR J38 20 the_ATI test_NN was_BEDZ J38 21 standardised_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI median_JJ standardised_JJ score_NN J38 21 for_IN each_DT year_NN group_NN was_BEDZ J38 22 then_RN used_VBN to_TO determine_VB what_WDT would_MD be_BE the_ATI J38 22 expected_JJ median_JJ raw_JJ score_NN for_IN J38 23 each_DT class_NN within_IN the_ATI year_NN group_NN ._. ^ this_DT J38 23 expected_JJ median_JJ raw_JJ score_NN was_BEDZ J38 24 then_RN compared_VBN with_IN the_ATI observed_JJ median_JJ raw_JJ J38 24 score_NN ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI classes_NNS had_HVD J38 25 been_BEN grouped_VBN by_IN age_NN only_RB *-_*- that_DT is_BEZ ,_, J38 25 within_IN each_DT class_NN there_EX was_BEDZ a_AT full_JJ J38 26 range_NN of_IN ability_NN *-_*- then_RN the_ATI observed_JJ and_CC J38 26 expected_JJ median_JJ raw_JJ scores_NNS J38 27 should_MD be_BE approximately_RB the_ATI same_AP ._. ^ similarly_RB ,_, J38 27 of_RB course_RB" ,_, the_ATI median_JJB J38 28 observed_JJ standardised_JJ score_NN for_IN each_DT class_NN within_IN J38 28 a_AT year_NN group_NN should_MD J38 29 be_BE approximately_RB equal_JJ to_IN that_DT for_IN the_ATI year_NN J38 29 group_NN as_IN a_AT whole_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J38 30 results_NNS are_BER given_VBN in_IN table_NN 2_CD ._. ^ in_TO order_TO" J38 30 to_TO" complete_VB the_ATI analysis_NN the_ATI J38 31 children_NNS from_IN class_NN 5_CD were_BED distributed_VBN into_IN J38 31 classes_NNS 3_CD and_CC 4_CD according_IN J38 32 to_IN" their_PP$ age_NN ._. J38 34 ^ it_PP3 will_MD be_BE seen_VBN from_IN table_NN 2_CD that_CS J38 34 there_EX was_BEDZ not_XNOT a_AT great_JJ deal_NN of_IN J38 35 discrepancy_NN between_IN expected_JJ and_CC observed_JJ scores_NNS J38 35 for_IN classes_NNS 1_CD1 and_CC 2_CD J38 36 in_IN the_ATI first_OD year_NN group_NN ._. ^ the_ATI observed_JJ J38 36 scores_NNS for_IN class_NN 3_CD ,_, however_RB ,_, J38 37 are_BER well_RB below_IN expectation_NN ,_, while_CS those_DTS for_IN J38 37 class_NN 4_CD are_BER well_RB above_RI ._. J38 38 ^ the_ATI difficulty_NN with_IN class_NN 5_CD may_MD have_HV J38 38 contributed_VBN to_IN this_DT discrepancy_NN ,_, J38 39 but_CC the_ATI same_AP phenomenon_NN occurs_VBZ with_IN the_ATI J38 39 three_CD classes_NNS in_IN the_ATI 3rd_OD year_NN J38 40 group_NN and_CC also_RB with_IN the_ATI two_CD classes_NNS in_IN J38 40 the_ATI 4th_OD year_NN group_NN ._. J38 41 ^ however_RB ,_, it_PP3 will_MD be_BE seen_VBN that_CS the_ATI J38 41 age_NN *'_*' streaming_NN **'_**' is_BEZ by_IN no_ATI J38 42 means_NNS exact_JJ *-_*- there_EX is_BEZ considerable_JJ overlap_NN J38 42 in_IN the_ATI age_NN ranges_NNS for_IN each_DT J38 43 class_NN in_IN a_AT year_NN group_NN ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ due_JJ J38 43 to_IN the_ATI presence_NN of_IN a_AP few_AP" children_NNS J38 44 only_RB and_CC therefore_RB the_ATI results_NNS for_IN the_ATI 3rd_OD J38 44 year_NN group_NN were_BED J38 45 re-calculated_VBN and_CC the_ATI analysis_NN confined_VBN to_IN J38 45 those_DTS children_NNS falling_VBG J38 46 within_IN a_AT five_CD month_NN group_NN in_IN each_DT class_NN ._. ^ J38 46 the_ATI results_NNS are_BER given_VBN in_IN J38 47 table_NN 3_CD ._. J38 49 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ still_RB clear_JJ from_IN the_ATI figures_NNS in_IN J38 49 table_NN 3_CD that_CS class_NN 8_CD is_BEZ J38 50 doing_VBG considerably_RB better_RBR than_CS their_PP$ average_JJ J38 50 age_NN indicates_VBZ and_CC class_NN 6_CD J38 51 not_XNOT as_QL well_RB ._. J38 52 ^ a_AT satisfactory_JJ explanation_NN for_IN these_DTS J38 52 differences_NNS could_MD not_XNOT be_BE J38 53 found_VBN in_IN any_DTI differential_JJ treatment_NN of_IN the_ATI J38 53 various_JJ classes_NNS within_IN a_AT J38 54 year_NN group_NN ._. ^ that_DT is_BEZ to_TO say_VB ,_, all_ABN J38 54 classes_NNS within_IN a_AT year_NN group_NN in_IN the_ATI J38 55 school_NN were_BED treated_VBN as_CS *'_*' parallel_JJ **'_**' and_CC J38 55 a_AT careful_JJ balance_NN of_IN the_ATI J38 56 teaching_NN strength_NN was_BEDZ always_RB maintained_VBN ._. ^ J38 56 indeed_RB the_ATI only_AP plausible_JJ J38 57 explanation_NN seemed_VBD to_TO be_BE one_CD1 associated_VBN with_IN J38 57 the_ATI length_NN of_IN schooling_NN ._. J38 58 ^ information_NN was_BEDZ obtained_VBN on_IN this_DT variable_NN for_IN J38 58 most_AP of_IN the_ATI children_NNS in_IN J38 59 the_ATI 3rd_OD year_NN group_NN and_CC this_DT showed_VBD that_CS J38 59 for_IN the_ATI most_AP part_NN class_NN 6_CD had_HVD J38 60 received_VBN 13_CD terms_NNS previous_JJ schooling_NN and_CC class_NN J38 60 8_CD ,_, 15_CD terms_NNS ._. J38 61 ^ it_PP3 must_MD be_BE made_VBN clear_JJ that_CS this_DT J38 61 investigation_NN was_BEDZ carried_VBN out_RP in_IN J38 62 only_RB one_CD1 school_NN and_CC a_AT relatively_RB small_JJ number_NN J38 62 of_IN children_NNS were_BED J38 63 concerned_VBN ._. ^ however_RB ,_, the_ATI results_NNS showed_VBD J38 63 that_CS in_IN a_AT school_NN where_WRB J38 64 children_NNS were_BED *'_*' streamed_VBN **'_**' by_IN age_NN ,_, J38 64 older_JJR children_NNS scored_VBN higher_RBR on_IN J38 65 the_ATI average_NN on_IN a_AT reading_NN test_NN than_CS might_MD J38 65 have_HV been_BEN expected_VBN according_IN J38 66 to_IN" their_PP$ age_NN ,_, while_CS younger_JJR children_NNS did_DOD J38 66 not_XNOT perform_VB as_QL well_RB ._. J38 67 ^ furthermore_RB ,_, the_ATI findings_NNS were_BED in_IN the_ATI J38 67 direction_NN expected_VBN from_IN the_ATI J38 68 hypothesis_NN that_CS an_AT extra_JJ term_NN or_CC two_CD of_IN J38 68 schooling_NN would_MD result_VB in_IN J38 69 improved_JJ performance_NN ._. J38 70 ^ second_OD investigation_NN ._. J38 71 ^ following_IN an_AT article_NN in_IN an_AT earlier_JJR issue_NN J38 71 of_IN this_DT journal_NN on_IN the_ATI J38 72 effects_NNS of_IN streaming_NN a_AT number_NN of_IN primary_JJ J38 72 school_NN head_JJB teachers_NNS J38 73 interested_JJ in_IN this_DT topic_NN wrote_VBD to_IN the_ATI J38 73 foundation_NN expressing_VBG their_PP$ J38 74 willingness_NN to_TO co-operate_VB in_IN any_DTI relevant_JJ J38 74 research_NN ._. ^ although_CS the_ATI J38 75 problem_NN of_IN length_NN of_IN schooling_NN was_BEDZ distinct_JJ J38 75 from_IN that_DT of_IN streaming_NN ,_, J38 76 these_DTS schools_NNS together_RB with_IN others_APS ,_, readily_RB J38 76 agreed_VBD to_TO participate_VB in_IN a_AT J38 77 further_JJB investigation_NN which_WDTR ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ hoped_VBN J38 77 ,_, would_MD provide_VB more_QL definite_JJ J38 78 evidence_NN ._. ^ six_CD junior_JJ schools_NNS in_IN all_ABN were_BED J38 78 asked_VBN to_TO administer_VB sentence_NN J38 79 reading_VBG test_NN 1_CD1 to_IN all_ABN children_NNS in_IN their_PP$ J38 79 four_CD year_NN groups_NNS ,_, and_CC to_TO J38 80 obtain_VB for_IN each_DT child_NN a_AT record_NN of_IN the_ATI J38 80 number_NN of_IN completed_JJ terms_NNS J38 81 previous_JJ schooling_NN up_RP to_IN the_ATI time_NN of_IN testing_NN J38 81 ._. ^ a_AT total_NN of_IN 1,604_CD J38 82 children_NNS were_BED tested_VBN and_CC the_ATI relationship_NN J38 82 examined_VBN between_IN reading_NN J38 83 performance_NN and_CC the_ATI number_NN of_IN terms_NNS previous_JJ J38 83 schooling_NN ._. J38 84 ^ before_IN considering_IN any_DTI effect_NN due_JJ to_IN the_ATI J38 84 age_NN of_IN the_ATI children_NNS ,_, it_PP3 J38 85 was_BEDZ found_VBN that_CS ,_, within_IN schools_NNS ,_, there_EX J38 85 was_BEDZ a_AT highly_RB significant_JJ J38 86 regression_NN effect_NN of_IN raw_JJ scores_NNS on_IN the_ATI J38 86 reading_NN test_NN ,_, on_IN the_ATI number_NN of_IN J38 87 terms_NNS previous_JJ schooling_NN ._. ^ using_VBG this_DT J38 87 regression_NN the_ATI expected_JJ mean_JJ J38 88 reading_NN scores_NNS for_IN given_JJ lengths_NNS of_IN schooling_NN J38 88 may_MD be_BE calculated_VBN and_CC J38 89 the_ATI results_NNS of_IN this_DT are_BER given_VBN in_IN table_NN 4_CD J38 89 ._. J38 91 ^ quite_RB clearly_RB reading_NN test_NN performance_NN is_BEZ J38 91 affected_VBN by_IN the_ATI length_NN J38 92 of_IN previous_JJ schooling_NN ._. ^ after_CS the_ATI effects_NNS of_IN J38 92 the_ATI age_NN of_IN the_ATI children_NNS J38 93 has_HVZ been_BEN eliminated_VBN ,_, however_RB ,_, the_ATI J38 93 regression_NN of_IN test_NN score_NN on_IN length_NN J38 94 of_IN schooling_NN becomes_VBZ statistically_RB non-significant_JJ (_( J38 94 taking_VBG the_ATI usual_JJ J38 95 5_CD %_NNU significance_NN level_NN )_) ._. ^ the_ATI predicted_JJ J38 95 reading_NN scores_NNS for_IN different_JJ J38 96 number_NN of_IN terms_NNS schooling_NN after_IN the_ATI elimination_NN J38 96 of_IN the_ATI age_NN effect_NN J38 97 are_BER given_VBN in_IN table_NN 5_CD ._. J38 99 ^ a_AT comparison_NN of_IN tables_NNS 4_CD and_CC 5_CD shows_VBZ J38 99 that_CS the_ATI change_NN in_IN score_NN J38 100 that_WPR may_MD be_BE expected_VBN for_IN an_AT increase_NN of_IN J38 100 one_CD1 term's_NN$ schooling_NN has_HVZ J38 101 decreased_VBN from_IN approximately_RB 1.46_CD to_IN 0.50_CD points_NNS J38 101 of_IN score_NN ,_, when_WRB age_NN is_BEZ J38 102 eliminated_VBN ._. ^ this_DT second_OD figure_NN is_BEZ no_RB J38 102 longer_RBR large_JJ enough_QLP to_TO be_BE J38 103 described_VBN statistically_RB as_CS significantly_RB different_JJ J38 103 from_IN zero_CD ._. J38 104 ^ the_ATI regression_NN analysis_NN was_BEDZ also_RB carried_VBN J38 104 out_RP on_IN the_ATI results_NNS for_IN J38 105 each_DT school_NN separately_RB ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ found_VBN that_CS J38 105 the_ATI regression_NN of_IN reading_NN J38 106 score_NN on_IN length_NN of_IN schooling_NN remained_VBD J38 106 statistically_RB significant_JJ ,_, after_IN J38 107 the_ATI elimination_NN of_IN age_NN ,_, in_IN only_RB one_CD1 of_IN J38 107 the_ATI six_CD schools_NNS ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ a_AT J38 108 large_JJ three-stream_JJB school_NN which_WDTR ,_, for_IN the_ATI J38 108 most_AP part_NN ,_, *'_*' streamed_VBD **'_**' by_IN J38 109 age_NN within_IN each_DT year_NN group_NN ._. ^ the_ATI regression_NN J38 109 for_IN this_DT school_NN was_BEDZ found_VBN J38 110 to_TO be_BE significant_JJ at_IN the_ATI 5_CD %_NNU level_NN ,_, J38 110 while_CS the_ATI results_NNS for_IN the_ATI remaining_JJ J38 111 five_CD schools_NNS agreed_VBD with_IN those_DTS obtained_VBN on_IN J38 111 the_ATI total_NN ._. J38 112 ^ these_DTS results_NNS indicate_VB that_CS while_CS length_NN of_IN J38 112 schooling_NN is_BEZ J38 113 obviously_RB related_VBN to_IN reading_NN performance_NN (_( r_ZZ =_&FO J38 113 0.539_CD )_) there_EX is_BEZ such_ABL a_AT J38 114 close_JJ correspondence_NN between_IN length_NN of_IN schooling_NN J38 114 and_CC age_NN (_( r_ZZ =_&FO 0.979_CD )_) J38 115 that_CS ,_, to_TO allow_VB for_IN age_NN when_WRB considering_VBG J38 115 test_NN score_NN also_RB allows_VBZ for_IN J38 116 differences_NNS in_IN length_NN of_IN schooling_NN ._. J38 117 ^ this_DT analysis_NN seemed_VBD conclusive_JJ enough_QLP ;_; J38 117 there_EX remained_VBD the_ATI J38 118 possibility_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, that_CS any_DTI residual_JJ effect_NN J38 118 from_IN the_ATI length_NN of_IN J38 119 schooling_NN might_MD only_RB be_BE apparent_JJ during_IN the_ATI J38 119 early_JJ years_NNS of_IN the_ATI junior_JJ J38 120 school_NN and_CC that_CS by_IN carrying_VBG out_RP analyses_NNS over_IN J38 120 all_ABN four_CD years_NNS the_ATI J38 121 effect_NN was_BEDZ masked_VBN ._. ^ these_DTS regression_NN J38 121 analyses_NNS were_BED repeated_VBN ,_, J38 122 therefore_RB ,_, covering_VBG the_ATI first_OD two_CD and_CC the_ATI J38 122 last_AP two_CD years_NNS of_IN the_ATI junior_JJ J38 123 school_NN separately_RB ._. ^ two_CD schools_NNS were_BED omitted_VBN J38 123 from_IN these_DTS calculations_NNS ,_, J38 124 since_CS their_PP$ data_NNS were_BED incomplete_JJ ._. J38 125 ^ the_ATI first_OD repeat_NN analysis_NN was_BEDZ carried_VBN out_RP J38 125 on_IN the_ATI first_OD and_CC second_OD J38 126 years_NNS of_IN the_ATI junior_JJ school_NN ._. ^ before_CS the_ATI J38 126 ages_NNS of_IN the_ATI children_NNS were_BED J38 127 considered_VBN ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ again_RB found_VBN that_CS ,_, J38 127 within_IN schools_NNS ,_, there_EX was_BEDZ a_AT J38 128 highly_RB significant_JJ regression_NN of_IN raw_JJ reading_NN score_NN J38 128 on_IN the_ATI number_NN of_IN J38 129 terms_NNS previous_JJ schooling_NN ._. ^ however_RB ,_, when_WRB J38 129 the_ATI effect_NN of_IN the_ATI ages_NNS of_IN the_ATI J38 130 children_NNS was_BEDZ removed_VBN ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ found_VBN that_CS J38 130 no_ATI statistically_RB significant_JJ J38 131 regression_NN remained_VBD ._. J38 132 ^ this_DT regression_NN analysis_NN was_BEDZ also_RB carried_VBN J38 132 out_RP on_IN the_ATI first_OD two_CD J38 133 years_NNS of_IN each_DT school_NN separately_RB ,_, but_CC the_ATI J38 133 same_AP result_NN was_BEDZ found_VBN for_IN J38 134 each_DT ._. ^ thus_RB it_PP3 is_BEZ clear_JJ that_CS variations_NNS J38 134 in_IN length_NN of_IN schooling_NN have_HV no_ATI J38 135 residual_JJ effect_NN on_IN reading_NN performance_NN during_IN the_ATI J38 135 first_OD two_CD years_NNS of_IN J38 136 the_ATI junior_JJ school_NN once_CS the_ATI effects_NNS of_IN J38 136 differences_NNS in_IN age_NN are_BER allowed_VBN J38 137 for_IN ._. J38 138 ^ for_IN the_ATI third_OD and_CC fourth_OD years_NNS the_ATI J38 138 regression_NN of_IN reading_NN score_NN on_IN J38 139 the_ATI number_NN of_IN terms_NNS previous_JJ schooling_NN was_BEDZ J38 139 also_RB highly_RB significant_JJ J38 140 before_CS age_NN was_BEDZ considered_VBN ._. ^ when_WRB the_ATI J38 140 effects_NNS of_IN age_NN were_BED eliminated_VBN ,_, J38 141 again_RB the_ATI regression_NN was_BEDZ no_RB longer_RBR J38 141 statistically_RB significant_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI J38 142 repeat_NN of_IN the_ATI analysis_NN for_IN each_DT school_NN J38 142 separately_RB ,_, however_RB ,_, gave_VBD J38 143 results_NNS for_IN two_CD of_IN the_ATI schools_NNS which_WDTR J38 143 agreed_VBD with_IN those_DTS for_IN the_ATI totals_NNS ,_, J38 144 but_CC for_IN the_ATI other_AP two_CD schools_NNS the_ATI number_NN J38 144 of_IN terms_NNS previous_JJ schooling_NN J38 145 still_RB had_HVN a_AT significant_JJ effect_NN on_IN reading_NN J38 145 scores_NNS ,_, even_RB after_IN the_ATI J38 146 elimination_NN of_IN age_NN ._. J38 147 ^ it_PP3 will_MD be_BE recalled_VBN that_CS most_AP of_IN the_ATI J38 147 schools_NNS participating_VBG in_IN the_ATI J38 148 investigations_NNS were_BED interested_JJ in_IN the_ATI problem_NN J38 148 of_IN streaming_VBG and_CC in_IN fact_NN J38 149 only_RB one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI four_CD schools_NNS in_IN the_ATI last_AP J38 149 analyses_NNS was_BEDZ streamed_VBN by_IN J38 150 ability_NN ._. ^ in_IN this_DT school_NN there_EX was_BEDZ no_ATI J38 150 residual_JJ effect_NN of_IN length_NN of_IN J38 151 schooling_NN ._. ^ one_CD1 other_AP school_NN practiced_VBD no_ATI J38 151 streaming_NN at_IN all_ABN ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ a_AT J38 152 large_JJ school_NN and_CC except_IN for_IN" one_CD1 *'_*' fast_JJ J38 152 **'_**' class_NN in_IN both_ABX the_ATI third_OD and_CC J38 153 fourth_OD years_NNS ,_, in_IN all_ABN other_AP classes_NNS the_ATI J38 153 children_NNS were_BED grouped_VBN at_RB J38 154 random_RB" ._. ^ this_DT school_NN also_RB showed_VBD no_ATI J38 154 residual_JJ effects_NNS of_IN length_NN of_IN J38 155 schooling_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI other_AP two_CD schools_NNS ,_, J38 155 however_RB ,_, streaming_NN ,_, not_XNOT by_IN J38 156 ability_NN but_CC by_IN age_NN ,_, was_BEDZ practiced_VBN and_CC in_IN J38 156 both_ABX these_DTS schools_NNS J38 157 the_ATI residual_JJ effect_NN of_IN length_NN of_IN previous_JJ J38 157 schooling_NN on_IN reading_NN J38 158 performance_NN was_BEDZ significant_JJ after_IN the_ATI elimination_NN J38 158 of_IN age_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ J38 159 interesting_JJ to_TO note_VB that_CS this_DT result_NN agrees_VBZ J38 159 with_IN the_ATI first_OD J38 160 investigation_NN reported_VBN above_RI ,_, in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI J38 160 school_NN concerned_VBN also_RB J38 161 streamed_VBD by_IN age_NN ._. J38 162 ^ discussion_NN of_IN results_NNS ._. J38 163 ^ the_ATI number_NN of_IN schools_NNS participating_VBG in_IN J38 163 this_DT investigation_NN was_BEDZ J38 164 fairly_RB small_JJ and_CC since_CS the_ATI results_NNS seem_VB to_TO J38 164 depend_VB upon_IN the_ATI type_NN of_IN J38 165 streaming_NN practiced_VBN in_IN each_DT school_NN the_ATI findings_NNS J38 165 must_MD be_BE J38 166 reviewed_VBN with_IN caution_NN ._. ^ there_EX appears_VBZ to_TO be_BE J38 166 evidence_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, to_TO J38 167 suggest_VB that_CS under_IN the_ATI usual_JJ circumstances_NNS J38 167 pertaining_VBG in_IN most_AP schools_NNS ,_, J38 168 if_CS due_JJ allowance_NN is_BEZ made_VBN for_IN the_ATI age_NN of_IN J38 168 each_DT child_NN when_WRB tested_VBN ,_, then_RN J38 169 due_JJ compensation_NN will_MD also_RB be_BE given_VBN for_IN any_DTI J38 169 differences_NNS that_WPR might_MD J38 170 exist_VB in_IN length_NN of_IN previous_JJ schooling_NN ._. ^ where_WRB J38 170 the_ATI practice_NN of_IN grouping_VBG J38 171 children_NNS into_IN classes_NNS according_IN to_IN" their_PP$ age_NN J38 171 is_BEZ adopted_VBN ,_, the_ATI evidence_NN J38 172 from_IN both_ABX investigations_NNS reported_VBN here_RN suggests_VBZ J38 172 that_CS even_RB after_CS due_JJ J38 173 allowance_NN is_BEZ made_VBN for_IN the_ATI age_NN of_IN the_ATI J38 173 children_NNS ,_, their_PP$ reading_NN J38 174 performance_NN still_RB varies_VBZ according_IN to_IN" the_ATI J38 174 length_NN of_IN previous_JJ schooling_NN J38 175 they_PP3AS have_HV received_VBN ,_, although_CS this_DT residual_JJ J38 175 effect_NN appears_VBZ only_RB to_TO be_BE J38 176 noticeable_JJ during_IN the_ATI latter_AP part_NN of_IN the_ATI J38 176 junior_JJ school_NN ._. J38 177 ^ the_ATI explanation_NN of_IN these_DTS results_NNS is_BEZ not_XNOT J38 177 easy_JJ to_TO find_VB ._. ^ the_ATI fact_NN J38 178 that_CS this_DT residual_JJ effect_NN only_RB appears_VBZ in_IN the_ATI J38 178 latter_AP part_NN of_IN the_ATI J38 179 junior_JJ school_NN makes_VBZ the_ATI hypothesis_NN that_CS it_PP3 J38 179 is_BEZ due_JJ purely_RB to_IN length_NN of_IN J38 180 previous_JJ schooling_NN questionable_JJ ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI latter_AP J38 180 is_BEZ to_TO have_HV an_AT effect_NN J38 181 on_IN test_NN scores_NNS after_CS age_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J38 181 considered_VBN ,_, then_RN it_PP3 would_MD surely_RB be_BE J38 182 more_QL noticeable_JJ with_IN younger_JJR children_NNS ,_, that_DT J38 182 is_BEZ ,_, in_IN the_ATI early_JJ years_NNS of_IN J38 183 the_ATI junior_JJ school_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 will_MD be_BE observed_VBN ,_, J38 183 however_RB ,_, that_CS under_IN these_DTS J38 184 circumstances_NNS of_IN *'_*' streaming_NN **'_**' by_IN age_NN ,_, J38 184 the_ATI older_JJR children_NNS in_IN a_AT year_NN J38 185 group_NN ,_, who_WPR happen_VB also_RB to_TO be_BE those_DTS who_WPR J38 185 have_HV received_VBN a_AT longer_JJR J38 186 schooling_NN ,_, perform_VB better_RBR than_CS is_BEZ expected_VBN J38 186 of_IN children_NNS of_IN their_PP$ age_NN ,_, J38 187 while_CS the_ATI younger_JJR children_NNS in_IN the_ATI year_NN J38 187 group_NN perform_VB below_IN the_ATI J38 188 expectation_NN for_IN their_PP$ age_NN ._. ^ the_ATI possibility_NN J38 188 must_MD be_BE considered_VBN ,_, J38 189 therefore_RB ,_, that_CS the_ATI differential_JJ performance_NN J38 189 effect_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT due_JJ to_IN any_DTI J38 190 differences_NNS in_IN length_NN of_IN schooling_NN ,_, but_CC to_IN J38 190 the_ATI fact_NN that_CS the_ATI children_NNS J38 191 are_BER *'_*' streamed_VBN **'_**' by_IN age_NN ._. ^ some_DTI J38 191 evidence_NN has_HVZ already_RB been_BEN obtained_VBN J38 192 that_CS one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI effects_NNS of_IN streaming_NN is_BEZ J38 192 to_TO increase_VB the_ATI *'_*' spread_NN **'_**' of_IN J38 193 test_NN performance_NN ._. ^ that_DT is_BEZ ,_, under_IN the_ATI J38 193 circumstances_NNS of_IN ability_NN J38 194 streaming_NN ,_, more_AP high_JJ scores_NNS and_CC also_RB more_AP J38 194 low_JJ scores_NNS are_BER produced_VBN than_CS J38 195 would_MD be_BE the_ATI case_NN were_BED the_ATI children_NNS not_XNOT J38 195 streamed_VBN ._. J38 196 ^ the_ATI suggestion_NN here_RN is_BEZ that_CS since_CS older_JJR J38 196 children_NNS of_IN a_AT year_NN group_NN J38 197 will_MD be_BE doing_VBG more_QL advanced_JJ work_NN than_IN the_ATI J38 197 younger_JJR one_CD1 ,_, simply_RB by_IN J38 198 reason_NN of_IN their_PP$ age_NN ,_, an_AT older_JJR stream_NN will_MD J38 198 give_VB the_ATI appearance_NN of_IN being_BEG J38 199 *'_*' better_JJR **'_**' than_IN a_AT younger_JJR stream_NN ._. J39 2 ^ a_AT new_JJ type_NN of_IN ratepayers'_NNS$ secondary_JJ school_NN J39 2 began_VBD to_TO establish_VB J39 3 itself_PPL in_IN the_ATI nineties_CDS ._. J39 4 ^ not_XNOT only_RB this_DT ,_, but_CC in_IN London_NP the_ATI J39 4 school_NN board_NN ,_, ever_RB short_JJ of_IN good_JJ J39 5 pupil-teachers_NNS ,_, found_VBD itself_PPL at_RB length_RB" in_IN J39 5 friendly_JJ competition_NN with_IN J39 6 the_ATI \0T.E.B_NP in_IN the_ATI field_NN of_IN teacher_NN training_NN J39 6 ._. ^ there_EX were_BED J39 7 pupil_NN teacher_NN centres_NNS ;_; and_CC a_AT *'_*' college_NN J39 7 **'_**' in_IN the_ATI Greystoke_NP Place_NPL J39 8 building_NN off_IN Chancery_NPL Lane_NPL began_VBD to_TO undertake_VB J39 8 this_DT work_NN in_IN a_AT manner_NN J39 9 which_WDTR the_ATI leader_NN of_IN the_ATI \0L.C.C_NP has_HVZ in_IN J39 9 more_QL recent_JJ times_NNS J39 10 publicly_RB described_VBN as_CS illegal_JJ ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI same_AP J39 10 occasion_NN he_PP3A referred_VBD in_IN J39 11 quite_RB different_JJ terms_NNS to_IN the_ATI \0T.E.B_NP as_CS J39 11 taking_VBG *'_*' a_AT wide_JJ and_CC J39 12 generous_JJ view_NN of_IN its_PP$ duties_NNS **'_**' in_IN its_PP$ J39 12 first_OD plans_NNS for_IN the_ATI London_NP day_NN J39 13 training_NN College_NPL ._. ^ in_IN this_DT field_NN ,_, as_CS in_IN J39 13 the_ATI initiatory_JJ stages_NNS of_IN J39 14 various_JJ other_AP institutions_NNS destined_VBN to_TO have_HV a_AT J39 14 place_NN in_IN the_ATI life_NN of_IN J39 15 London_NP University_NPL ,_, the_ATI Webb_NP influence_NN may_MD be_BE J39 15 seen_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI two_CD powerful_JJ J39 16 democratic_JJ agencies_NNS ,_, the_ATI two_CD boards_NNS ,_, were_BED J39 16 thus_RB at_IN various_JJ points_NNS in_IN J39 17 rivalry_NN with_IN one_PPLS another_PPLS" for_IN the_ATI custom_NN J39 17 of_IN the_ATI teen-agers_NNS ;_; and_CC in_IN J39 18 several_AP spheres_NNS the_ATI school_NN board_NN was_BEDZ J39 18 undercutting_VBG the_ATI institutions_NNS J39 19 supported_VBN by_IN the_ATI technical_JJ education_NN board_NN ,_, J39 19 of_IN which_WDTR Sidney_NP Webb_NP was_BEDZ J39 20 the_ATI driving_JJ force_NN ._. J39 21 ^ the_ATI dominion_NN of_IN the_ATI London_NP school_NN board_NN J39 21 was_BEDZ at_RB length_RB" overthrown_VBN J39 22 as_IN a_AT result_NN of_IN a_AT decision_NN of_IN the_ATI public_JJ J39 22 auditor_NN ,_, strongly_RB backed_VBN by_IN J39 23 the_ATI courts_NNS of_IN appeal_NN ,_, that_CS the_ATI board_NN had_HVD J39 23 grossly_RB exceeded_VBN its_PP$ J39 24 parliamentary_JJ powers_NNS in_IN spending_VBG ratepayers'_NNS$ J39 24 money_NN on_IN evening_NN and_CC J39 25 continuation_NN work_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI uncomfortable_JJ J39 25 atmosphere_NN created_VBN by_IN this_DT J39 26 challenge_NN ,_, all_ABN school_NN boards_NNS now_RN found_VBD J39 26 themselves_PPLS in_IN hazard_NN ._. ^ their_PP$ J39 27 friends_NNS had_HVD diminished_VBN in_IN numbers_NNS ,_, but_CC J39 27 they_PP3AS made_VBD up_RP in_IN the_ATI vigorous_JJ J39 28 expression_NN of_IN outraged_JJ feelings_NNS for_IN their_PP$ J39 28 growing_JJ sense_NN of_IN inferiority_NN J39 29 in_IN face_NN of_IN onslaughts_NNS from_IN tory_JJ supporters_NNS of_IN J39 29 church_NN schools_NNS and_CC in_IN J39 30 face_NN of_IN the_ATI criticisms_NNS of_IN the_ATI social_JJ J39 30 engineers_NNS playing_VBG earnestly_RB with_IN J39 31 their_PP$ one_CD1 and_CC two-tier_JJB models_NNS in_IN the_ATI back_JJB J39 31 rooms_NNS of_IN the_ATI Fabian_JNP society_NN ._. J39 32 ^ one_CD1 embarrassing_JJ complication_NN which_WDTR tested_VBD the_ATI J39 32 pliable_JJ diplomacy_NN of_IN J39 33 the_ATI Webbs_NPS arose_VBD out_RP of_IN the_ATI membership_NN of_IN J39 33 the_ATI London_NP school_NN board_NN of_IN J39 34 their_PP$ reforming_JJ associate_NN Graham_NP Wallas_NP ,_, J39 34 passionately_RB disposed_JJ as_CS he_PP3A J39 35 was_BEDZ to_TO defend_VB it_PP3 on_IN the_ATI highest_JJT grounds_NNS J39 35 of_IN free-thinking_JJ principle_NN ._. J39 36 ^ this_DT old_JJ friendship_NN with_IN a_AT fellow_JJB Fabian_NNP J39 36 was_BEDZ for_IN a_AT long_JJ while_NN in_IN J39 37 jeopardy_NN ._. ^ but_CC Graham_NP Wallas_NP stood_VBD fast_JJ ,_, J39 37 whereas_CS in_IN this_DT great_JJ J39 38 struggle_NN most_AP of_IN the_ATI school_NN board_NN supporters_NNS ,_, J39 38 with_IN their_PP$ only_AP staunch_JJ J39 39 reserves_NNS in_IN the_ATI rallying_NN ground_NN of_IN the_ATI J39 39 susceptible_JJ nonconformist_JJ J39 40 conscience_NN ,_, were_BED frequently_RB in_IN disarray_NN because_CS J39 40 never_RB quite_RB sure_JJ J39 41 whether_CS they_PP3AS had_HVD all_ABN the_ATI hostile_JJ forces_NNS J39 41 correctly_RB identified_VBN ._. ^ these_DTS J39 42 forces_NNS were_BED numerous_JJ enough_QLP ,_, and_CC even_RB now_RN J39 42 after_IN sixty_CD years_NNS it_PP3 is_BEZ hard_JJ J39 43 to_TO find_VB anyone_PN whose_WP$R sympathies_NNS can_MD be_BE J39 43 enlisted_VBN for_IN them_PP3OS against_IN those_DTS J39 44 who_WPR emerged_VBD with_IN the_ATI battle_NN honours_NNS and_CC J39 44 the_ATI consequent_JJ good_JJ press_NN ._. J39 45 ^ the_ATI London_NP school_NN board_NN had_HVD been_BEN a_AT J39 45 gallant_JJ success_NN against_IN many_AP J39 46 odds_NNS from_IN the_ATI beginning_NN (_( in_IN 1871_CD )_) ,_, J39 46 when_WRB Thomas_NP Huxley_NP drafted_VBD the_ATI J39 47 first_OD curriculum_NN reform_NN ._. ^ and_CC he_PP3A and_CC his_PP$ J39 47 colleagues_NNS were_BED succeeded_VBN by_IN J39 48 a_AT line_NN of_IN most_QL able_JJ men_NNS and_CC women_NNS of_IN a_AT J39 48 quality_NN which_WDTR would_MD bring_VB J39 49 outstanding_JJ distinction_NN to_IN the_ATI London_NP county_NN J39 49 education_NN committee_NN today_NR J39 50 were_BED they_PP3AS equipped_VBD with_IN such_ABL talents_NNS ._. ^ J39 50 the_ATI school_NN board_NN had_HVD undertaken_VBN J39 51 to_TO civilize_VB one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI most_QL backward_JJ and_CC J39 51 barbarous_JJ and_CC misgoverned_JJ J39 52 urban_JJ committees_NNS in_IN Christendom_NNP ;_; it_PP3 had_HVD J39 52 carried_VBN through_RP what_WDT \0Dr_NPT J39 53 Lowndes_NP had_HVD aptly_RB described_VBN as_IN a_AT silent_JJ J39 53 social_JJ revolution_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J39 54 course_NN of_IN their_PP$ constitutional_JJ development_NN the_ATI J39 54 school_NN boards_NNS taught_VBD J39 55 the_ATI country_NN for_IN the_ATI first_OD time_NN to_TO use_VB the_ATI J39 55 machinery_NN of_IN a_AT ratepayers'_NNS$ J39 56 democracy_NN *-_*- a_AT democracy_NN of_IN women_NNS as_CC well_CC" J39 56 as_CC" men_NNS *-_*- and_CC moreover_RB to_TO use_VB J39 57 it_PP3 in_IN defence_NN of_IN public_JJ principles_NNS wider_JJR J39 57 than_IN the_ATI restraint_NN of_IN petty_JJ J39 58 corruption_NN ._. ^ their_PP$ champions_NNS have_HV been_BEN few_AP ._. J39 58 ^ and_CC all_ABN but_IN the_ATI ugly_JJ name_NN J39 59 of_IN the_ATI schools_NNS they_PP3AS administered_VBD has_HVZ J39 59 passed_VBN into_IN oblivion_NN ._. ^ how_WRB far_RB J39 60 were_BED the_ATI Webbs_NPS responsible_JJ for_IN their_PP$ demise_NN J39 60 ?_? J39 61 ^ that_CS an_AT ad_JJ hoc_JJ" education_NN authority_NN ,_, with_IN J39 61 powers_NNS limited_VBN J39 62 (_( the_ATI courts_NNS now_RN declared_VBD )_) to_IN little_AP more_AP J39 62 than_IN instruction_NN in_IN the_ATI three_CD J39 63 Rs_NNS ,_, must_MD be_BE an_AT anachronism_NN was_BEDZ becoming_VBG J39 63 evident_JJ to_IN all_ABN at_IN the_ATI J39 64 close_NN of_IN the_ATI nineteenth_OD century_NN ._. ^ and_CC it_PP3 J39 64 was_BEDZ undoubtedly_RB the_ATI J39 65 administrative_JJ triumph_NN of_IN the_ATI \0T.E.B_NP in_IN so_QL J39 65 completely_RB filling_VBG J39 66 a_AT new_JJ set_NN of_IN gaps_NNS in_IN education_NN that_WPR made_VBD J39 66 the_ATI county_NN councils_NNS the_ATI final_JJ J39 67 take-over_NN claimants_NNS ,_, as_IN all-purpose_JJB authorities_NNS J39 67 for_IN the_ATI elementary_JJ and_CC J39 68 secondary_JJ sectors_NNS ._. J39 69 ^ still_RB ,_, it_PP3 would_MD be_BE wrong_JJ to_TO suppose_VB J39 69 that_CS the_ATI \0L.C.C_NP and_CC J39 70 the_ATI \0L.S.B_NP had_HVD a_AT war_NN to_IN the_ATI knife_NN on_IN J39 70 their_PP$ hands_NNS ._. ^ both_ABX were_BED J39 71 dismayed_VBN to_TO see_VB the_ATI national_JJ colouring_NN their_PP$ J39 71 rivalry_NN had_HVD assumed_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI J39 72 \0L.C.C_NP almost_RB fell_VBD over_RP backwards_RB ,_, repeatedly_RB J39 72 ._. ^ it_PP3 showed_VBD no_ATI J39 73 greed_NN for_IN the_ATI rich_JJ inheritance_NN ,_, with_IN its_PP$ J39 73 awful_JJ responsibilities_NNS ,_, so_QL J39 74 different_JJ in_IN their_PP$ complexity_NN from_IN those_DTS J39 74 offered_VBN by_IN street_NN markets_NNS and_CC J39 75 outfall_NN sewers_NNS ._. ^ whilst_CS this_DT rather_RB ugly_JJ J39 75 chapter_NN in_IN national_JJ politics_NN J39 76 was_BEDZ unfolded_VBN ,_, whilst_CS the_ATI grinding_NN of_IN axes_NNS J39 76 and_CC the_ATI scuffles_NNS and_CC squeaks_NNS J39 77 of_IN burrowing_JJ intriguers_NNS in_IN the_ATI higher_JJR ranges_NNS J39 77 of_IN administration_NN could_MD J39 78 often_RB be_BE heard_VBN above_IN the_ATI sound_NN of_IN the_ATI J39 78 Westminster_NP traffic_NN ,_, the_ATI J39 79 dominant_JJ wish_NN of_IN the_ATI county_NN councillors_NNS in_IN J39 79 Spring_NP Gardens_NPLS was_BEDZ that_CS J39 80 somehow_RB the_ATI face_NN of_IN the_ATI school_NN board_NN should_MD J39 80 be_BE saved_VBN ._. J39 81 ^ matters_NNS first_RB came_VBD to_IN a_AT head_NN during_IN the_ATI J39 81 absence_NN of_IN Sidney_NP and_CC J39 82 Beatrice_NP on_IN an_AT extensive_JJ tour_NN abroad_RB ._. ^ Garnett_NP J39 82 was_BEDZ successful_JJ in_IN J39 83 swiftly_RB adopting_VBG a_AT new_JJ Whitehall_NP administrative_JJ J39 83 provision_NN which_WDTR was_BEDZ J39 84 now_RN used_VBN to_TO make_VB the_ATI \0T.E.B_NP the_ATI J39 84 grant-distributing_JJ authority_NN J39 85 for_IN London_NP of_IN national_JJ science_NN and_CC art_NN J39 85 payments_NNS ._. ^ this_DT outraged_VBD the_ATI J39 86 school_NN board_NN ,_, for_CS ,_, as_CS Garnett_NP astutely_RB J39 86 observed_VBD ,_, it_PP3 made_VBD his_PP$ J39 87 \0L.C.C_NP board_NN the_ATI effective_JJ authority_NN for_IN J39 87 secondary_JJ classes_NNS ._. J39 88 ^ *'_*' the_ATI ball_NN which_WDTR had_HVD been_BEN set_VBN rolling_VBG J39 88 ..._... did_DOD not_XNOT stop_VB **'_**' ,_, he_PP3A wrote_VBD J39 89 later_RBR ,_, *'_*' until_CS the_ATI education_NN acts_NNS ..._... J39 89 had_HVD revolutionised_VBN ..._... J39 90 administration_NN ..._... throughout_IN the_ATI country_NN **'_**' ._. J39 91 ^ William_NP Garnett_NP and_CC Robert_NP Morant_NP (_( who_WPR J39 91 drafted_VBD the_ATI bill_NN of_IN 1902_CD J39 92 and_CC was_BEDZ rapidly_RB promoted_VBN to_TO become_VB first_OD J39 92 permanent_JJ secretary_NN of_IN the_ATI J39 93 new_JJ board_NN of_IN education_NN )_) have_HV shared_VBN the_ATI J39 93 same_AP friendly_JJ biographer_NN ;_; and_CC J39 94 it_PP3 has_HVZ long_RB been_BEN known_VBN that_CS these_DTS two_CD J39 94 men_NNS were_BED at_IN the_ATI centre_NN of_IN the_ATI J39 95 network_NN of_IN political_JJ activity_NN within_IN which_WDTR J39 95 steps_NNS were_BED taken_VBN to_TO ensure_VB J39 96 that_CS the_ATI ball_NN went_VBD on_RP rolling_VBG ._. ^ what_WDT J39 96 is_BEZ much_RB less_QL clear_JJ is_BEZ how_WRB far_RB J39 97 Sidney_NP Webb_NP was_BEDZ responsible_JJ for_IN the_ATI direction_NN J39 97 taken_VBN by_IN affairs_NNS in_IN 1901_CD J39 98 and_CC 1902_CD ,_, and_CC how_WRB closely_RB he_PP3A worked_VBD with_IN J39 98 Morant_NP ,_, with_IN whom_WPOR he_PP3A and_CC J39 99 Beatrice_NP were_BED of_RB course_RB" later_RBR to_TO quarrel_VB J39 99 over_IN social_JJ insurance_NN ._. J39 100 ^ Beatrice's_NP$ diaries_NNS provide_VB a_AT certain_JJ amount_NN of_IN J39 100 information_NN and_CC give_VB J39 101 us_PP1OS light_NN on_IN her_PP$ views_NNS ._. ^ Sidney_NP had_HVD J39 101 little_AP or_CC nothing_PN to_TO do_DO with_IN the_ATI J39 102 incidents_NNS connected_VBN with_IN the_ATI famous_JJ Cockerton_NP J39 102 judgment_NN on_IN the_ATI misuse_NN J39 103 of_IN the_ATI school-board_JJB fund_NN ._. ^ but_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ J39 103 certain_JJ both_ABX that_CS the_ATI Fabian_JNP J39 104 tract_NN 106_CD ,_, the_ATI education_NN muddle_NN and_CC the_ATI J39 104 way_NN out_RP (_( 1901_CD )_) was_BEDZ J39 105 essentially_RB the_ATI fruit_NN of_IN Sidney's_NP$ thinking_NN and_CC J39 105 that_CS this_DT tract_NN and_CC the_ATI J39 106 lobbying_NN pressures_NNS brought_VBN to_TO bear_VB by_IN Sidney_NP J39 106 greatly_RB influenced_VBD the_ATI J39 107 drafting_NN of_IN the_ATI education_NN bill_NN ._. ^ tract_NN 106_CD J39 107 itself_PPL made_VBD the_ATI case_NN J39 108 first_RB for_IN local_JJ control_NN of_IN education_NN ,_, next_RB J39 108 for_IN a_AT unified_JJ control_NN ,_, J39 109 and_CC finally_RB for_IN the_ATI claims_NNS of_IN the_ATI large_JJ J39 109 all-purpose_JJB authority_NN the_ATI form_NN J39 110 and_CC frame_NN of_IN which_WDTR existed_VBD since_IN 1888_CD in_IN J39 110 the_ATI county_NN and_CC county_NN borough_NN J39 111 councils_NNS ._. ^ this_DT important_JJ document_NN (_( largely_RB J39 111 penned_VBN by_IN Webb_NP )_) in_IN which_WDTR a_AT J39 112 theory_NN of_IN educational_JJ administration_NN is_BEZ set_VBN out_RP J39 112 and_CC related_VBN with_IN the_ATI J39 113 utmost_JJB assurance_NN to_IN the_ATI principle_NN of_IN the_ATI J39 113 full_JJ development_NN of_IN every_AT J39 114 child's_NN$ faculties_NNS ,_, is_BEZ one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI few_AP J39 114 major_JJ texts_NNS on_IN the_ATI subject_NN which_WDTR J39 115 is_BEZ available_JJ for_IN profitable_JJ scrutiny_NN by_IN the_ATI J39 115 student_NN of_IN the_ATI period_NN ._. J39 116 ^ there_EX has_HVZ been_BEN a_AT conspiracy_NN of_IN modesty_NN J39 116 about_IN Sidney's_NP$ real_JJ claim_NN J39 117 to_TO be_BE the_ATI father_NN of_IN the_ATI bill_NN of_IN 1902_CD ;_; J39 117 and_CC thus_RB perhaps_RB the_ATI ancestor_NN of_IN J39 118 so_QL many_AP of_IN our_PP$ subsequent_JJ achievements_NNS and_CC J39 118 woes_NNS ._. ^ avoiding_VBG one_CD1 counsel_NN J39 119 of_IN the_ATI Fabian_JNP tract_NN ,_, that_CS a_AP few_AP" of_IN J39 119 the_ATI larger_JJR school_NN boards_NNS might_MD well_RB J39 120 be_BE saved_VBN for_IN limited_JJ purposes_NNS because_IN of_IN" J39 120 their_PP$ superior_JJ efficiency_NN ,_, J39 121 the_ATI government_NN came_VBD out_RP for_IN their_PP$ abolition_NN ._. J39 121 ^ in_IN fact_NN the_ATI argument_NN for_IN J39 122 Sidney's_NP$ paternity_NN for_IN the_ATI measure_NN of_IN 1902_CD J39 122 is_BEZ in_IN places_NNS weak_JJ ,_, and_CC even_RB J39 123 the_ATI word_NN God-father_NC would_MD be_BE unfortunate_JJ in_IN J39 123 the_ATI circumstances_NNS *-_*- J39 124 though_RB ,_, if_CS the_ATI voluntary_JJ schools_NNS were_BED J39 124 protected_VBN by_IN angels_NNS ,_, Sidney_NP for_IN J39 125 reasons_NNS which_WDTR do_DO him_PP3O credit_NN was_BEDZ on_IN J39 125 their_PP$ side_NN ._. ^ the_ATI idea_NN of_IN using_VBG the_ATI J39 126 education_NN bill_NN of_IN 1902_CD to_TO aid_VB denominational_JJ J39 126 schools_NNS came_VBD to_IN Sidney_NP J39 127 Webb_NP before_CS it_PP3 came_VBD to_IN Robert_NP Morant_NP ,_, as_CS J39 127 \0Mr_NPT Brennan_NP has_HVZ pointed_VBN J39 128 out_RP ._. ^ much_AP of_IN the_ATI real_JJ agony_NN of_IN creation_NN J39 128 in_IN this_DT tremendous_JJ piece_NN of_IN J39 129 reconstruction_NN was_BEDZ of_RB course_RB" experienced_VBN by_IN J39 129 Morant_NP ._. ^ Professor_NPT Eric_NP J39 130 Eaglesham_NP has_HVZ now_RN brought_VBN this_DT out_RP quite_RB J39 130 clearly_RB ._. ^ what_WDT can_MD be_BE said_VBN is_BEZ J39 131 that_CS ,_, after_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN gestures_NNS ,_, some_DTI J39 131 friendly_JJ ,_, some_DTI ambiguous_JJ ,_, J39 132 towards_IN the_ATI school_NN board_NN in_IN its_PP$ hour_NN of_IN J39 132 crisis_NN ,_, Sidney_NP became_VBD J39 133 confirmed_VBN in_IN the_ATI belief_NN which_WDTR he_PP3A must_MD for_IN J39 133 some_DTI time_NN have_HV privately_RB J39 134 nourished_VBN that_CS a_AT monolithic_JJ education_NN authority_NN J39 134 was_BEDZ appropriate_JJ for_IN J39 135 all_ABN areas_NNS having_HVG county_NN councils_NNS ,_, and_CC that_CS J39 135 London's_NP$ county_NN council_NN ,_, J39 136 which_WDTR had_HVD been_BEN omitted_VBN from_IN Balfour's_NP$ J39 136 measure_NN as_IN far_RB too_QL tricky_JJ a_AT J39 137 proposition_NN to_TO handle_VB with_IN the_ATI rest_NN ,_, ought_MD J39 137 to_TO go_VB into_IN the_ATI bill_NN ,_, as_IN the_ATI J39 138 sole_JJB governor_NN of_IN the_ATI schools_NNS within_IN its_PP$ J39 138 area_NN ._. J39 139 ^ in_IN maintaining_VBG the_ATI latter_AP view_NN Sidney_NP was_BEDZ J39 139 part_NN of_IN an_AT unsuccessful_JJ J39 140 minority_NN ,_, hard_RB as_CS he_PP3A seems_VBZ to_TO have_HV tried_VBN J39 140 to_TO make_VB it_PP3 a_AT successful_JJ J39 141 majority_NN ;_; and_CC it_PP3 was_BEDZ thus_RB necessary_JJ for_IN J39 141 the_ATI whole_JJ process_NN of_IN J39 142 wire-pulling_NN and_CC lobbying_NN to_TO be_BE repeated_VBN when_WRB J39 142 the_ATI problem_NN of_IN education_NN J39 143 in_IN London_NP came_VBD before_IN parliament_NN for_IN separate_JJ J39 143 consideration_NN in_IN the_ATI J39 144 following_JJ session_NN ._. ^ but_CC perhaps_RB it_PP3 was_BEDZ from_IN J39 144 that_DT preceding_JJ summer_NN ,_, J39 145 when_WRB the_ATI general_JJ bill_NN was_BEDZ fought_VBN through_IN J39 145 many_AP embittered_JJ weeks_NNS ,_, that_CS J39 146 Sidney_NP began_VBD to_TO lose_VB his_PP$ assured_JJ touch_NN in_IN J39 146 London_NP county_NN politics_NN ._. J39 147 ^ democratic_JJ feeling_NN no_RB longer_RBR supported_VBD him_PP3O ._. ^ J39 147 he_PP3A got_VBD no_ATI help_NN from_IN the_ATI J39 148 labour_NN following_NN of_IN Ramsey_NP MacDonald_NP ,_, always_RB a_RB J39 148 little_RB" suspicious_JJ of_IN J39 149 higher_JJR education_NN and_CC of_IN the_ATI Webbs_NPS as_IN J39 149 promoters_NNS of_IN the_ATI J39 150 self-regarding_JJ motives_NNS of_IN London's_NP$ middle_JJB classes_NNS J39 150 ._. ^ Sidney_NP himself_PPL was_BEDZ J39 151 now_RN distrustful_JJ of_IN his_PP$ old_JJ party_NN the_ATI J39 151 progressives_NNS ,_, and_CC quite_RB out_RP of_IN J39 152 sympathy_NN with_IN the_ATI angry_JJ radical_JJ dissenters_NNS who_WPR J39 152 would_MD gladly_RB have_HV upset_VBN J39 153 the_ATI education_NN apple-cart_NN to_TO cheat_VB the_ATI J39 153 Anglicans_NNPS and_CC of_IN access_NN J39 154 to_IN the_ATI rates_NNS ._. ^ having_HVG lost_VBN the_ATI J39 154 chairmanship_NN of_IN the_ATI technical_JJ education_NN J39 155 board_NN ,_, Sidney_NP failed_VBD to_TO get_VB re-elected_VBN ._. ^ J39 155 it_PP3 is_BEZ reasonable_JJ to_TO suppose_VB J39 156 that_CS at_IN this_DT point_NN Beatrice's_NP$ views_NNS ,_, J39 156 opposing_VBG what_WDT she_PP3A called_VBD *'_*' pure_JJ J39 157 materialism_NN **'_**' as_IN a_AT national_JJ philosophy_NN to_TO be_BE J39 157 inculcated_VBN by_IN school_NN J39 158 masters_NNS ,_, had_HVD begun_VBN vigorously_RB to_TO assert_VB J39 158 themselves_PPLS ._. ^ certainly_RB they_PP3AS J39 159 both_ABX wished_VBN to_TO prevent_VB the_ATI animosities_NNS and_CC J39 159 frictions_NNS hitherto_RB J39 160 encouraged_VBN by_IN the_ATI dual_JJ system_NN from_IN becoming_VBG J39 160 more_QL severe_JJ or_CC from_IN J39 161 wrecking_VBG the_ATI future_NN of_IN secondary_JJ education_NN ;_; J39 161 and_CC so_RB she_PP3A for_IN religious_JJ J39 162 reasons_NNS and_CC he_PP3A because_CS he_PP3A believed_VBD in_IN J39 162 fairness_NN and_CC hated_VBD the_ATI bigotry_NN J39 163 of_IN secularists_NNS ,_, and_CC because_CS he_PP3A thought_VBD J39 163 efficiency_NN would_MD be_BE served_VBN by_IN J39 164 having_HVG Roman_JNP catholic_JJ and_CC Anglican_JNP schools_NNS J39 164 within_IN the_ATI fold_NN of_IN public_JJ J39 165 education_NN rather_RB than_CS outside_IN it_PP3 ,_, favoured_VBD J39 165 the_ATI maintenance_NN of_IN J39 166 voluntary_JJ schools_NNS out_RP of_IN local_JJ taxation_NN ._. J39 167 ^ yet_RB the_ATI Webbs_NPS had_HVD their_PP$ triumph_NN ,_, and_CC J39 167 incidentally_RB Sidney_NP lost_VBD J39 168 even_RB more_AP of_IN his_PP$ radical_JJ support_NN ,_, with_IN the_ATI J39 168 shaping_NN of_IN the_ATI London_NP J39 169 education_NN act_NN of_IN 1903_CD ,_, with_IN which_WDTR the_ATI J39 169 Unionist_JNP House_NPL of_IN Commons_NP J39 170 completed_VBD the_ATI task_NN of_IN reconstruction_NN ._. ^ this_DT J39 170 measure_NN reached_VBD its_PP$ J39 171 revised_JJ and_CC final_JJ form_NN only_RB after_CS the_ATI party_NN J39 171 leaders_NNS had_HVD terrified_VBN J39 172 nearly_RB every_AT vested_JJ interest_NN in_IN London_NP by_IN the_ATI J39 172 threat_NN to_TO create_VB a_AT new_JJ J39 173 authority_NN in_IN the_ATI shape_NN of_IN a_AT large_JJ ad_JJ hoc_JJ" J39 173 body_NN of_IN nominated_JJ J39 174 members_NNS on_IN the_ATI pattern_NN of_IN the_ATI metropolitan_JJ J39 174 water_NN board_NN ,_, at_IN the_ATI same_AP J39 175 time_NN offering_VBG much_AP power_NN and_CC influence_NN in_IN J39 175 school_NN provision_NN to_IN the_ATI J39 176 recently_RB created_VBN metropolitan_JJ boroughs_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J39 176 situation_NN in_IN the_ATI spring_NN J39 177 of_IN 1903_CD has_HVZ such_ABL a_AT startling_JJ topicality_NN in_IN J39 177 relation_NN to_IN the_ATI current_JJ J39 178 proposals_NNS of_IN the_ATI royal_JJ commission_NN on_IN greater_JJR J39 178 London_NP that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ J39 179 difficult_JJ to_TO comment_VB on_IN one_CD1 without_IN expressing_VBG J39 179 views_NNS on_IN the_ATI other_AP ._. J39 180 ^ the_ATI Webbs_NPS in_IN any_DTI case_NN knew_VBD what_WDT they_PP3AS J39 180 wanted_VBD ,_, and_CC ,_, although_CS the_ATI whole_JJ J39 181 thing_NN was_BEDZ perhaps_RB less_AP of_IN a_AT one-man_JJB battle_NN J39 181 than_CS is_BEZ hinted_VBN at_IN in_IN J39 182 Beatrice's_NP$ diaries_NNS ,_, Sidney_NP got_VBD his_PP$ way_NN for_IN J39 182 London_NP ;_; and_CC this_DT was_BEDZ a_AT J39 183 county_NN authority_NN *-_*- an_AT authority_NN formally_RB charged_VBN J39 183 with_IN responsibility_NN J39 184 for_IN all_ABN educational_JJ activity_NN on_IN the_ATI public_JJ J39 184 vote_NN within_IN its_PP$ boundaries_NNS ,_, J39 185 save_IN the_ATI University_NPL of_RB course_RB" ._. J39 186 ^ there_EX was_BEDZ not_XNOT the_ATI least_AP bit_NN of_IN ad_NN J39 186 hoccery_NN" here_RN ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ a_AT J39 187 triumph_NN for_IN the_ATI Webb_NP principle_NN ,_, as_CS currently_RB J39 187 promulgated_VBN at_IN the_ATI J39 188 beginning_NN of_IN the_ATI century_NN ,_, of_IN a_AT consolidated_JJ J39 188 all-purpose_JJB local_JJ J39 189 responsibility_NN vested_VBN in_IN the_ATI county_NN ;_; although_CS J39 189 it_PP3 was_BEDZ decidedly_RB against_IN J39 190 the_ATI general_JJ trend_NN followed_VBN in_IN the_ATI management_NN J39 190 of_IN London's_NP$ water_NN ,_, road_NN J39 191 transport_NN ,_, harbour_NN facilities_NNS and_RB so_RB" on_RB" ,_, J39 191 which_WDTR all_ABN slipped_VBD out_RP of_IN the_ATI J39 192 control_NN of_IN municipal_JJ socialism_NN ._. J40 2 ^ perhaps_RB because_CS they_PP3AS operated_VBD a_AT peripheral_JJ J40 2 weapon_NN ,_, they_PP3AS thought_VBD J40 3 more_RBR in_TO order_TO" to_TO" justify_VB its_PP$ being_NN and_CC J40 3 expansion_NN ._. ^ but_CC they_PP3AS ,_, too_RB ,_, were_BED J40 4 just_RB as_QL guilty_JJ as_IN their_PP$ superiors_NNS of_IN J40 4 over-estimating_VBG their_PP$ weapon's_NN$ J40 5 effectiveness_NN and_CC dreaming_VBG of_IN its_PP$ potential_NN ._. ^ J40 5 on_IN the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, the_ATI J40 6 same_AP people_NNS were_BED apt_JJ to_TO divert_VB power_NN from_IN J40 6 their_PP$ own_AP programme_NN by_IN J40 7 boasting_VBG ._. ^ the_ATI claims_NNS of_IN airshipmen_NNS ,_, it_PP3 J40 7 appears_VBZ ,_, helped_VBD create_VB the_ATI J40 8 vast_JJ anti-Zeppelin_JJB forces_NNS which_WDTR were_BED maintained_VBN J40 8 in_IN England_NP in_IN the_ATI J40 9 first_OD world_NN war_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 did_DOD not_XNOT take_VB a_AT J40 9 very_QL astute_JJ man_NN to_TO realize_VB that_CS J40 10 what_WDT could_MD be_BE done_VBN to_IN the_ATI enemy_NN if_CS we_PP1AS J40 10 had_HVD the_ATI equipment_NN might_MD well_RB be_BE J40 11 done_VBN to_IN us_PP1OS when_WRB he_PP3A had_HVD it_PP3 ,_, J40 11 particularly_RB if_CS invulnerability_NN ,_, which_WDTR the_ATI J40 12 German_JNP airships_NNS possessed_VBD at_RB first_RB" ,_, was_BEDZ J40 12 claimed_VBN for_IN the_ATI delivery_NN J40 13 system_NN ._. ^ between_IN them_PP3OS the_ATI enthusiasts_NNS and_CC J40 13 the_ATI reactionaries_NNS created_VBD a_AT J40 14 vast_JJ feeling_NN of_IN insecurity_NN ,_, and_CC faced_VBN with_IN J40 14 this_DT the_ATI responsible_JJ J40 15 authorities_NNS generally_RB erred_VBD towards_IN the_ATI safe_JJ J40 15 side_NN ._. J40 16 ^ any_DTI new_JJ weapon_NN will_MD have_HV its_PP$ small_JJ band_NN J40 16 of_IN disciples_NNS ._. ^ but_CC if_CS it_PP3 J40 17 is_BEZ to_TO be_BE used_VBN effectively_RB ,_, more_AP personnel_NNS J40 17 must_MD be_BE recruited_VBN ._. J40 18 ^ volunteers_NNS may_MD be_BE hard_JJ to_TO come_VB by_RP owing_IN J40 18 to_IN" the_ATI lure_NN of_IN actual_JJ combat_NN J40 19 and_CC the_ATI uncertainty_NN of_IN the_ATI future_NN with_IN a_AT J40 19 new-fangled_JJ device_NN ._. ^ thus_RB the_ATI J40 20 expanded_JJ staff_NN is_BEZ apt_JJ to_TO be_BE short_JJ on_IN J40 20 experienced_JJ career_NN men_NNS and_CC long_JJ J40 21 on_IN hostilities_NNS only_RB or_CC draftee_NN recruits_NNS ._. ^ J40 21 this_DT places_VBZ the_ATI weapon_NN at_IN a_AT J40 22 disadvantage_NN in_IN the_ATI battle_NN of_IN Whitehall_NP where_WRB J40 22 it_PP3 may_MD have_HV difficulty_NN J40 23 breaking_VBG the_ATI thin_JJ red_JJ tape_NN ,_, and_CC in_IN J40 23 peacetime_NN it_PP3 will_MD be_BE out_RP of_IN favour_NN ,_, J40 24 but_CC in_IN a_AT commanding_JJ position_NN as_QL far_RB as_CS J40 24 wartime_NN development_NN is_BEZ J40 25 concerned_VBN for_CS it_PP3 may_MD well_RB acquire_VB decidedly_RB J40 25 more_AP brains_NNS than_IN the_ATI J40 26 normal_JJ unit_NN ._. ^ the_ATI undisciplined_JJ will_MD be_BE quite_RB J40 26 prepared_VBN to_TO test_VB J40 27 regulations_NNS and_CC equipment_NN and_CC by_IN empirical_JJ means_NNS J40 27 come_VB to_IN new_JJ J40 28 conclusions_NNS in_IN both_ABX technology_NN and_CC technique_NN ,_, J40 28 as_CS the_ATI naval_JJ air_NN service_NN J40 29 did_DOD with_IN not_XNOT only_RB air_NN equipment_NN ,_, but_CC also_RB J40 29 with_IN armoured_JJ cars_NNS and_CC J40 30 tanks_NNS ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ particularly_RB important_JJ where_WRB J40 30 an_AT entirely_RB new_JJ element_NN J40 31 is_BEZ being_BEG investigated_VBN ._. ^ airships_NNS presented_VBD J40 31 many_AP unknowns_NNS to_TO be_BE solved_VBN J40 32 and_CC these_DTS ranged_VBD from_IN metallurgical_JJ questions_NNS J40 32 to_IN matters_NNS of_IN J40 33 aerodynamics_NN ._. J40 34 ^ the_ATI new_JJ weapon_NN also_RB presents_VBZ all_ABN J40 34 decision-makers_NNS with_IN the_ATI problem_NN J40 35 of_IN the_ATI evaluation_NN of_IN intelligence_NN from_IN both_ABX J40 35 the_ATI enemy's_NN$ and_CC one's_CD1$ own_AP J40 36 work_NN ._. ^ in_IN this_DT respect_NN ,_, too_RB ,_, there_EX J40 36 arises_VBZ the_ATI question_NN as_IN to_IN" what_WDT is_BEZ J40 37 the_ATI acceptable_JJ percentage_NN of_IN failure_NN ?_? ^ in_IN J40 37 the_ATI case_NN of_IN airships_NNS ,_, should_MD J40 38 all_ABN the_ATI money_NN have_HV been_BEN put_VBN into_IN one_CD1 J40 38 Mayfly_NP ?_? ^ while_CS the_ATI answer_NN in_IN J40 39 1908-9_CD-CD was_BEDZ probably_RB yes_NC ,_, in_IN 1924_CD it_PP3 J40 39 should_MD have_HV been_BEN no_NC ._. ^ in_IN J40 40 almost_RB any_DTI programme_NN ,_, the_ATI construction_NN of_IN but_RI J40 40 one_CD1 prototype_NN is_BEZ bound_VBN J40 41 to_TO lead_VB to_IN delay_NN ,_, confusion_NN ,_, and_CC losses_NNS J40 41 if_CS there_EX is_BEZ a_AT disaster_NN ._. ^ and_CC J40 42 the_ATI likelihood_NN of_IN such_ABL is_BEZ by_IN no_ATI means_NNS J40 42 eliminated_VBN by_IN the_ATI present_JJ J40 43 advances_NNS in_IN technology_NN ._. ^ yet_RB the_ATI combination_NN J40 43 of_IN psychological_JJ and_CC J40 44 politico-economic_JJ forces_NNS in_IN Britain_NP still_RB persists_VBZ J40 44 in_IN an_AT approach_NN J40 45 which_WDTR may_MD well_RB be_BE called_VBN into_IN question_NN J40 45 where_WRB real_JJ economics_NNS are_BER J40 46 concerned_VBN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ highly_RB unscientific_JJ to_TO J40 46 place_VB too_QL many_AP innovations_NNS in_IN J40 47 any_DTI one_CD1 test_NN vehicle_NN ,_, if_CS for_IN no_ATI other_AP J40 47 reason_NN than_CS it_PP3 attenuates_VBZ the_ATI J40 48 whole_JJ testing_NN period_NN ._. ^ ideally_RB ,_, merely_RB one_CD1 J40 48 change_NN at_IN a_AT time_NN should_MD be_BE J40 49 tried_VBN until_CS proven_VBN ,_, and_CC this_DT was_BEDZ well_RB J40 49 demonstrated_VBN in_IN R101_ZZ ._. J40 50 ^ moreover_RB ,_, every_AT new_JJ weapon_NN needs_VBZ at_RB least_RB" J40 50 three_CD prototypes_NNS :_: one_CD1 for_IN J40 51 operational_JJ research_NN ,_, one_CD1 for_IN technical_JJ J40 51 modifications_NNS ,_, and_CC one_CD1 for_IN J40 52 experimental_JJ use_NN as_IN a_AT testbed_NN for_IN the_ATI J40 52 next-generation_JJB ideas_NNS ._. ^ thus_RB the_ATI J40 53 building_NN of_IN only_RB one_CD1 prototype_NN provides_VBZ J40 53 policy-makers_NNS with_IN the_ATI rather_RB J40 54 appalling_JJ fact_NN that_CS they_PP3AS may_MD have_HV to_TO accept_VB J40 54 a_AT 100_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" failure_NN J40 55 rate_NN ,_, and_CC yet_RB still_RB have_HV to_TO justify_VB J40 55 continuing_JJ expenditure_NN on_IN such_ABL J40 56 work_NN in_IN order_NN not_XNOT to_TO be_BE placed_VBN in_IN a_AT J40 56 disadvantageous_JJ position_NN in_IN an_AT J40 57 international_JJ race_NN ._. ^ the_ATI loss_NN of_IN R38_ZZ ,_, J40 57 amongst_IN other_AP factors_NNS ,_, J40 58 immediately_RB suspended_VBD work_NN on_IN more_QL advanced_JJ J40 58 types_NNS as_IN well_IN" as_IN" J40 59 discouraging_VBG commercial_JJ incentive_NN ._. J40 60 ^ the_ATI obverse_NN of_IN this_DT coin_NN is_BEZ the_ATI desire_NN J40 60 to_TO standardize_VB too_QL soon_RB ,_, J40 61 for_CS duplication_NN there_EX must_MD be_BE if_CS a_AT weapon_NN J40 61 is_BEZ to_TO be_BE handled_VBN by_IN average_JJ J40 62 troops_NNS and_CC ordinary_JJ commanders_NNS ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ J40 62 the_ATI difficulty_NN of_IN 1916_CD in_IN J40 63 the_ATI British_JNP rigid_JJ airship_NN programme_NN :_: the_ATI J40 63 designers_NNS were_BED allowed_VBN to_TO J40 64 seek_VB after_IN perfection_NN to_IN the_ATI detriment_NN of_IN J40 64 operational_JJ uniformity_NN ,_, J40 65 while_CS the_ATI royal_JJ flying_JJ corps_NN had_HVD allowed_VBN J40 65 similarity_NN to_TO preclude_VB J40 66 competitive_JJ progress_NN ._. J40 67 ^ the_ATI ministerial_JJ head_NN of_IN a_AT service_NN department_NN J40 67 is_BEZ always_RB in_IN a_AT J40 68 difficult_JJ position_NN in_IN peacetime_NN ._. ^ in_IN Britain_NP ,_, J40 68 for_IN instance_NN ,_, the_ATI J40 69 Treasury_NP rules_VBZ ,_, so_CS only_RB a_AT weapon_NN with_IN J40 69 either_DTX the_ATI Prime_NPT Minister's_NPT$ or_CC J40 70 the_ATI Chancellor_NPT of_IN the_ATI exchequer's_NN$ approval_NN or_CC J40 70 diffidence_NN can_MD get_VB J40 71 sufficient_JJ funds_NNS ._. ^ after_IN a_AT major_JJ conflict_NN J40 71 the_ATI Treasury_NP is_BEZ most_QL apt_JJ to_TO J40 72 insist_VB on_IN the_ATI payment_NN of_IN past_JJB debts_NNS and_CC J40 72 the_ATI consumption_NN of_IN available_JJ J40 73 equipment_NN before_IN authorizing_VBG any_DTI new_JJ expenditures_NNS J40 73 ._. ^ this_DT it_PP3 certainly_RB J40 74 did_DOD in_IN the_ATI years_NNS immediately_RB after_IN the_ATI J40 74 treaty_NN of_IN Versailles_NP ._. J40 75 ^ peace_NN is_BEZ a_AT dastardly_JJ affair_NN where_WRB new_JJ J40 75 weapons_NNS are_BER concerned_VBN ._. J40 76 ^ there_EX is_BEZ an_AT immediate_JJ erosion_NN of_IN personnel_NNS ._. J40 76 ^ operations_NNS rapidly_RB taper_VB J40 77 off_RP and_CC even_RB constructional_JJ work_NN will_MD be_BE J40 77 suspended_VBN while_CS politics_NN and_CC J40 78 economics_NN once_RB more_RBR take_VB the_ATI field_NN to_TO bid_VB J40 78 for_IN the_ATI voters'_NNS$ favour_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J40 79 immediate_JJ hope_NN is_BEZ for_IN some_DTI crisis_NN ,_, such_IN J40 79 as_IN" the_ATI suspicion_NN that_CS the_ATI J40 80 Germans_NNPS might_MD not_XNOT accept_VB the_ATI treaty_NN of_IN J40 80 1919_CD ,_, or_CC that_CS the_ATI whole_JJ concern_NN J40 81 can_MD be_BE turned_VBN over_RP to_IN commercial_JJ profit_NN ._. ^ J40 81 but_CC the_ATI latter_AP can_MD be_BE J40 82 successful_JJ only_RB if_CS the_ATI entrepreneurs_NNS are_BER J40 82 allowed_VBN to_TO obtain_VB for_IN a_AT J40 83 reasonable_JJ sum_NN what_WDT would_MD otherwise_RB be_BE scrapped_VBN J40 83 and_CC have_HV facilities_NNS J40 84 and_CC official_JJ support_NN to_TO exploit_VB it_PP3 ._. ^ moreover_RB J40 84 ,_, they_PP3AS must_MD feel_VB J40 85 financially_RB secure_JJ and_CC not_XNOT suspect_VB that_CS the_ATI J40 85 state_NN aims_VBZ to_TO take_VB over_RP J40 86 once_CS a_AT service_NN is_BEZ established_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI J40 86 government_NN may_MD well_RB face_VB the_ATI J40 87 choice_NN as_CS it_PP3 did_DOD in_IN 1919_CD of_IN scrapping_VBG J40 87 the_ATI whole_JJ business_NN or_CC of_IN J40 88 subsidizing_VBG a_AT commercial_JJ operation_NN ._. ^ this_DT J40 88 creates_VBZ a_AT situation_NN in_IN which_WDTR J40 89 the_ATI weapons_NNS advocates_NNS may_MD be_BE able_JJ to_TO divide_VB J40 89 and_CC conquer_VB ._. ^ however_RB ,_, J40 90 there_EX are_BER two_CD difficulties_NNS *-_*- civilian_JJ acumen_NN J40 90 may_MD be_BE lacking_JJ ,_, and_CC the_ATI J40 91 whole_NN may_MD be_BE too_QL peripheral_JJ and_CC too_QL much_AP of_IN J40 91 a_AT gamble_NN for_IN either_DTX of_IN the_ATI J40 92 other_AP parties_NNS ._. ^ as_CS personnel_NNS and_CC material_NN J40 92 deteriorate_VB ,_, immediate_JJ J40 93 action_NN is_BEZ essential_JJ and_CC this_DT must_MD be_BE topped_VBN J40 93 with_IN a_AT prestigial_JJ success_NN J40 94 which_WDTR will_MD create_VB political_JJ pressure_NN ._. ^ this_DT J40 94 makes_VBZ the_ATI odds_NNS high_JJ ,_, and_CC ,_, J40 95 in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN airships_NNS ,_, it_PP3 led_VBD to_IN J40 95 R34's_ZZ trans-Atlantic_JNP flight_NN and_CC J40 96 to_IN R101's_ZZ death_NN ._. J40 97 ^ how_WRB did_DOD all_ABN this_DT affect_VB the_ATI airship_NN J40 97 programme_NN ?_? J40 98 ^ Mayfly_NP was_BEDZ initiated_VBN in_IN a_AT period_NN of_IN J40 98 concern_NN with_IN Germany's_NP$ J40 99 intentions_NNS and_CC collapsed_VBD at_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN a_AT J40 99 severe_JJ political_JJ crisis_NN in_IN J40 100 Britain_NP ._. ^ airship_NN work_NN was_BEDZ revived_VBN when_WRB J40 100 another_DT defence_NN scare_NN came_VBD J40 101 along_RP ;_; then_RN cancelled_VBN when_WRB it_PP3 was_BEDZ thought_VBN J40 101 that_CS the_ATI war_NN would_MD have_HV J40 102 cleared_VBN the_ATI air_NN by_IN late_JJ 1915_CD ._. ^ the_ATI whole_JJ J40 102 programme_NN was_BEDZ revivified_VBN J40 103 during_IN the_ATI wide-open_JJ war_NN economy_NN and_CC collapsed_VBD J40 103 in_IN the_ATI peacetime_NN J40 104 retrenchment_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 then_RN became_VBD caught_VBN up_RP in_IN J40 104 the_ATI conflicting_JJ streams_NNS of_IN J40 105 the_ATI save-the-empire_JJB movement_NN and_CC the_ATI labour_NN J40 105 party's_NN$ desire_NN to_TO run_VB a_AT J40 106 successful_JJ national_JJ transport_NN system_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J40 106 collapse_NN of_IN the_ATI economy_NN and_CC J40 107 the_ATI de*?2nouement_NN of_IN R101_ZZ caused_VBD airships_NNS to_TO J40 107 be_BE abandoned_VBN for_IN J40 108 economic_JJ reasons_NNS ,_, which_WDTR were_BED rapidly_RB J40 108 reinforced_VBN by_IN technological_JJ J40 109 arguments_NNS in_IN favour_NN of_IN the_ATI aeroplane_NN ._. J40 110 ^ who_WP made_VBD airship_NN policy_NN ?_? J40 111 ^ the_ATI original_JJ impetus_NN appears_VBZ to_TO have_HV come_VBN J40 111 from_IN the_ATI Germans_NNPS J40 112 through_IN the_ATI naval_JJ and_CC military_JJ attache*?2s_NNS to_IN J40 112 Fisher_NP and_CC the_ATI Prime_NPT J40 113 Minister_NPT ._. ^ Asquith_NP by_IN his_PP$ decision_NN in_IN July_NR J40 113 ,_, 1908_CD placed_VBD the_ATI first_OD sea_NN J40 114 Lord_NPT in_IN a_AT position_NN to_TO implement_VB plans_NNS already_RB J40 114 sketched_VBN out_RP by_IN Bacon_NP J40 115 and_CC other_AP technically_RB astute_JJ officers_NNS ._. ^ Bacon_NP J40 115 guided_VBD the_ATI early_JJ design_NN J40 116 stages_NNS of_IN Mayfly_NP until_CS relieved_VBN by_IN Sueter_NP ,_, J40 116 and_CC the_ATI first_OD airship_NN J40 117 programme_NN then_RN proceeded_VBD under_IN its_PP$ own_AP steam_NN J40 117 and_CC with_IN the_ATI blessing_NN of_IN J40 118 the_ATI committee_NN of_IN imperial_JJ defence_NN until_IN the_ATI J40 118 disaster_NN of_IN September_NR ,_, J40 119 1911_CD ._. ^ Churchill_NP as_IN the_ATI new_JJ first_OD Lord_NPT J40 119 with_IN \0A_NP \0K_NP Wilson_NP as_IN his_PP$ J40 120 first_OD sea_NN Lord_NPT then_RN decided_VBD against_IN any_DTI J40 120 further_JJB work_NN ._. J40 121 ^ the_ATI second_OD programme_NN came_VBD into_IN being_NN again_RB J40 121 because_IN of_IN" the_ATI Germans_NNPS J40 122 and_CC through_IN the_ATI joint_JJB agency_NN of_IN Sueter_NP and_CC J40 122 Seely_NP ,_, Secretary_NPT for_IN war_NN ,_, J40 123 who_WPR chaired_VBD the_ATI committee_NN of_IN imperial_JJ defence_NN J40 123 sub-committee_NN on_IN J40 124 aeronautics_NN ._. ^ thus_RB in_IN mid-1912_CD a_AT further_JJB J40 124 reappraisal_NN ,_, at_RB least_RB" in_IN J40 125 part_NN ,_, influenced_VBN by_IN a_AT change_NN in_IN heart_NN at_IN J40 125 the_ATI Admiralty_NP ,_, came_VBD into_IN J40 126 being_NN with_IN Asquith_NP ,_, as_IN head_NN of_IN the_ATI J40 126 committee_NN of_IN imperial_JJ defence_NN ,_, J40 127 accepting_VBG in_IN 1913_CD the_ATI need_NN for_IN another_DT rigid_JJ J40 127 airship_NN ._. ^ and_CC once_RB again_RB J40 128 Churchill_NP in_IN early_JJ 1915_CD became_VBD the_ATI one_CD1 who_WPR J40 128 decided_VBD that_CS the_ATI whole_JJ J40 129 thing_NN should_MD be_BE abandoned_VBN and_CC gave_VBD the_ATI order_NN J40 129 to_TO cancel_VB \0no_NN 9_CD ,_, J40 130 and_CC presumably_RB also_RB earlier_RBR ,_, \0no_NN 14_CD and_CC J40 130 \0no_NN 15_CD ._. J40 131 ^ and_CC so_RB it_PP3 went_VBD on_RP ._. J40 132 ^ after_IN the_ATI war_NN ,_, the_ATI transfer_NN of_IN J40 132 lighter-than-air_JJR from_IN the_ATI J40 133 Admiralty_NP to_IN the_ATI air_NN ministry_NN again_RB put_VBD J40 133 Churchill_NP into_IN a_AT policy-making_NN J40 134 role_NN in_IN regard_NN to_IN airships_NNS over_IN which_WDTR he_PP3A J40 134 had_HVD exercised_VBN some_DTI influence_NN J40 135 as_IN Minister_NPT of_IN munitions_NNS from_IN 1917_CD to_IN 1919_CD J40 135 ._. ^ as_IN Secretary_NPT of_IN state_NN for_IN J40 136 air_NN he_PP3A had_HVD to_TO reconcile_VB his_PP$ fondness_NN for_IN J40 136 maintaining_VBG the_ATI empire_NN with_IN J40 137 his_PP$ desire_NN for_IN economy_NN and_CC political_JJ success_NN ._. ^ J40 137 airships_NNS fitted_VBD into_IN J40 138 both_ABX patterns_NNS ._. ^ at_IN the_ATI same_AP time_NN ,_, J40 138 Churchill_NP was_BEDZ also_RB Secretary_NPT of_IN war_NN J40 139 and_CC gave_VBD much_AP of_IN his_PP$ time_NN to_IN the_ATI army_NN ._. J40 139 ^ the_ATI under-Secretary_NPT of_IN state_NN J40 140 for_IN air_NN ,_, Seely_NP ,_, was_BEDZ pro-airships_JJ as_CS he_PP3A J40 140 had_HVD been_BEN as_IN the_ATI pre-war_JJB J40 141 Secretary_NPT for_IN war_NN ,_, while_CS Sir_NPT Frederick_NP Sykes_NP J40 141 as_IN chief_NN of_IN the_ATI air_NN staff_NN J40 142 and_CC then_RN as_IN Controller-General_NPT of_IN civil_JJ aviation_NN J40 142 was_BEDZ also_RB a_AT supporter_NN ._. J40 143 ^ Sir_NPT Hugh_NP Trenchard_NP ,_, who_WPR succeeded_VBD Sykes_NP ,_, J40 143 appears_VBZ to_TO have_HV favoured_VBN J40 144 airships_NNS in_IN their_PP$ place_NN ,_, and_CC if_CS prestige_NN ,_, J40 144 the_ATI estimates_NNS ,_, and_CC the_ATI J40 145 \0R.A.F_NP could_MD allow_VB for_IN them_PP3OS ._. ^ as_CS Seely_NP J40 145 resigned_VBD and_CC the_ATI other_AP J40 146 Under-Secretaries_NPTS were_BED not_XNOT much_RB interested_JJ ,_, J40 146 as_QL long_RB as_CS Churchill_NP J40 147 remained_VBD the_ATI air_NN Minister_NPT ,_, he_PP3A and_CC J40 147 Trenchard_NP made_VBD policy_NN ._. J40 148 ^ but_CC policy_NN was_BEDZ also_RB made_VBN at_IN lower_JJR J40 148 levels_NNS ._. ^ in_IN much_RB the_ATI same_AP class_NN J40 149 as_IN Rickover_NP ,_, Whittle_NP ,_, and_CC Dornberger_NP ,_, Sueter_NP J40 149 guided_VBD constructional_JJ and_CC J40 150 design_NN concepts_NNS until_CS he_PP3A was_BEDZ posted_VBN ._. ^ in_IN J40 150 the_ATI early_JJ years_NNS of_IN the_ATI J40 151 \0R.A.F_NP the_ATI director_NN of_IN research_NN and_CC the_ATI air_NN J40 151 member_NN for_IN supply_NN J40 152 and_CC research_NN had_HVD their_PP$ says_NNS ._. ^ Maitland_NP as_IN J40 152 superintendent_NN of_IN airships_NNS J40 153 appears_VBZ to_TO have_HV been_BEN left_VBN on_IN the_ATI fringes_NNS J40 153 as_CS was_BEDZ Masterman_NP after_CS he_PP3A J40 154 transferred_VBD from_IN the_ATI navy_NN to_IN the_ATI \0R.A.F_NP ._. ^ J40 154 it_PP3 must_MD be_BE recalled_VBN ,_, J40 155 however_RB ,_, that_CS the_ATI director_NN of_IN research_NN on_IN J40 155 one_CD1 occasion_NN made_VBD policy_NN J40 156 when_WRB he_PP3A plumped_VBD for_IN cutting_VBG R38's_ZZ trials_NNS J40 156 to_IN but_RI fifty_CD hours_NNS with_IN J40 157 subsequent_JJ unfortunate_JJ results_NNS ._. J40 158 ^ in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN the_ATI imperial_JJ scheme_NN ,_, J40 158 policy_NN was_BEDZ made_VBN by_IN a_AT wide_JJ J40 159 variety_NN of_IN people_NNS ._. ^ \0A_NP \0H_NP Ashbolt_NP and_CC J40 159 \0Cmdr_NPT Burney_NP provided_VBD the_ATI J40 160 primary_JJ pressure_NN ._. ^ Trenchard_NP was_BEDZ interested_JJ J40 160 because_CS he_PP3A saw_VBD a_AT way_NN of_IN J40 161 acquiring_VBG military_JJ strength_NN for_IN a_AT relatively_RB J40 161 minor_JJ expenditure_NN on_IN the_ATI J40 162 estimates_NNS while_CS at_IN the_ATI same_AP time_NN mollifying_VBG J40 162 the_ATI Admiralty_NP ,_, then_RN in_IN the_ATI J40 163 process_NN of_IN being_BEG denied_VBN a_AT naval_JJ air_NN arm_NN J40 163 and_CC the_ATI destruction_NN of_IN the_ATI J40 164 \0R.A.F_NP ._. ^ Sir_NPT Samuel_NP Hoare_NP was_BEDZ openly_RB in_IN J40 164 favour_NN and_CC this_DT was_BEDZ in_IN J40 165 keeping_NN with_IN his_PP$ character_NN as_IN a_AT J40 165 publicity-conscious_JJ air_NN Minister_NPT ._. ^ but_CC J40 166 in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN the_ATI conservative_JJ Burney_NP scheme_NN J40 166 there_EX was_BEDZ one_CD1 of_IN those_DTS J40 167 rare_JJ instances_NNS of_IN the_ATI monarch_NN helping_VBG make_NN J40 167 policy_NN by_IN taking_VBG a_AT personal_JJ J40 168 interest_NN in_IN a_AT particular_JJ development_NN ._. ^ into_IN J40 168 this_DT picture_NN then_RN was_BEDZ J40 169 catapulted_VBN Lord_NPT Thomson_NP ,_, an_AT obvious_JJ enthusiast_NN J40 169 ,_, who_WPR told_VBD the_ATI air_NN staff_NN J40 170 to_TO *'_*' screw_VB up_RP **'_**' the_ATI conservative_NN scheme_NN J40 170 ._. ^ he_PP3A and_CC his_PP$ Under-Secretary_NPT ,_, J40 171 a_AT Bradford_NP alderman_NN and_CC pacifist_NN named_VBN Leach_NP ,_, J40 171 knew_VBD nothing_PN about_IN J40 172 airships_NNS and_CC little_AP about_IN international_JJ commercial_JJ J40 172 organizations_NNS ._. ^ in_IN J40 173 the_ATI realm_NN of_IN civil_JJ air_NN intelligence_NN their_PP$ J40 173 natural_JJ advisor_NN was_BEDZ the_ATI J40 174 enthusiastic_JJ Sir_NPT Sefton_NP Brancker_NP ,_, the_ATI director_NN J40 174 of_IN the_ATI department_NN of_IN J40 175 civil_JJ aviation_NN at_IN the_ATI air_NN ministry_NN ._. ^ but_CC J40 175 Brancker_NP was_BEDZ not_XNOT J40 176 exceptionally_RB well-qualified_JJ to_TO give_VB advice_NN on_IN J40 176 this_DT subject_NN ._. J40 177 ^ moreover_RB ,_, the_ATI Secretary_NPT and_CC his_PP$ J40 177 Under-Secretary_NPT called_VBD largely_RB upon_IN J40 178 the_ATI serving_JJ members_NNS of_IN the_ATI air_NN council_NN for_IN J40 178 their_PP$ opinions_NNS ,_, then_RN made_VBD a_AT J40 179 scheme_NN and_CC submitted_VBD it_PP3 to_IN the_ATI cabinet_NN J40 179 without_IN allowing_VBG those_DTS very_AP J40 180 advisers_NNS time_NN to_TO consider_VB it_PP3 ._. ^ thus_RB the_ATI J40 180 latter_AP were_BED forced_VBN to_IN the_ATI J40 181 unusual_JJ step_NN of_IN drawing_VBG up_RP a_AT memorandum_NN for_IN J40 181 the_ATI cabinet_NN for_IN their_PP$ own_AP J40 182 protection_NN ._. ^ nor_CC was_BEDZ the_ATI experienced_JJ chief_NN J40 182 of_IN the_ATI air_NN staff_NN adequately_RB J40 183 consulted_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI cabinet_NN then_RN proceeded_VBD to_TO J40 183 accept_VB a_AT programme_NN which_WDTR had_HVD J40 184 not_XNOT been_BEN approved_VBN by_IN the_ATI air_NN council_NN ._. J40 185 ^ yet_RB in_IN this_DT case_NN ,_, while_CS the_ATI aeronautical_JJ J40 185 research_NN committee_NN did_DOD J40 186 not_XNOT have_HV the_ATI access_NN to_IN the_ATI cabinet_NN that_WPR J40 186 it_PP3 had_HVD had_HVN in_IN 1909_CD ,_, it_PP3 did_DOD J40 187 have_HV considerable_JJ influence_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ the_ATI J40 187 findings_NNS of_IN the_ATI special_JJ J40 188 technical_JJ committee_NN on_IN the_ATI loss_NN of_IN R38_ZZ which_WDTR J40 188 heavily_RB influenced_VBD J40 189 the_ATI Thomsonian_JNP decision_NN to_TO make_VB this_DT an_AT J40 189 experimental_JJ programme_NN rather_RB J40 190 than_IN an_AT operational_JJ one_CD1 ._. J41 2 ^ some_DTI of_IN the_ATI criticism_NN of_IN political_JJ J41 2 expenditure_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J41 3 directed_VBN as_QL much_RB against_IN the_ATI goods_NNS and_CC J41 3 services_NNS purchased_VBN as_CS against_IN J41 4 the_ATI amounts_NNS involved_VBN ._. ^ many_AP leading_JJ members_NNS J41 4 of_IN the_ATI labour_NN party_NN J41 5 dislike_VB ,_, distrust_VB ,_, and_CC sometimes_RB fail_VB to_TO J41 5 understand_VB ,_, the_ATI world_NN of_IN J41 6 public_JJ relations_NNS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI words_NNS of_IN \0Mr_NPT J41 6 Gaitskell_NP ,_, there_EX are_BER many_AP in_IN J41 7 the_ATI party_NN who_WPR *'_*' feel_VB insulted_VBN and_CC J41 7 humiliated_VBN that_CS their_PP$ desires_NNS and_CC J41 8 wants_NNS are_BER being_BEG dictated_VBN to_IN them_PP3OS regardless_RB J41 8 of_IN how_WRB real_JJ they_PP3AS are_BER ,_, or_CC J41 9 how_WRB genuine_JJ are_BER the_ATI advertisers'_NNS$ claims_NNS ._. ^ J41 9 they_PP3AS feel_VB the_ATI whole_JJ thing_NN is_BEZ J41 10 somehow_RB false_JJ ._. **'_**' ^ Alice_NP Bacon_NP ,_, chairman_NN J41 10 of_IN the_ATI \0NEC's_NP$ publicity_NN J41 11 and_CC political_JJ education_NN sub-committee_NN ,_, has_HVZ J41 11 denounced_VBN the_ATI conservative_JJ J41 12 party's_NN$ public_JJ relations_NNS efforts_NNS for_IN having_HVG *'_*' J41 12 introduced_VBN something_PN J41 13 which_WDTR is_BEZ alien_JJ to_IN our_PP$ British_JNP democracy_NN J41 13 **'_**' ._. ^ the_ATI conservatives_NNS are_BER J41 14 charged_VBN with_IN selling_VBG political_JJ ideas_NNS as_CS if_CS" J41 14 they_PP3AS were_BED detergents_NNS ._. J41 15 ^ distaste_NN and_CC disgust_NN are_BER strong_JJ emotions_NNS ,_, J41 15 but_CC negative_JJ ones_CD1S ._. ^ the_ATI J41 16 labour_NN party_NN has_HVZ been_BEN singularly_RB lacking_JJ in_IN J41 16 suggestions_NNS about_IN what_WDT J41 17 might_MD be_BE done_VBN to_TO prevent_VB the_ATI conservatives_NNS J41 17 from_IN *'_*' subverting_VBG **'_**' or_CC J41 18 *'_*' Americanizing_VBG **'_**' the_ATI British_JNP electorate_NN by_IN J41 18 public_JJ relations_NNS J41 19 techniques_NNS ._. ^ a_AT small_JJ minority_NN of_IN labour_NN party_NN J41 19 members_NNS would_MD probably_RB J41 20 support_VB a_AT drastic_JJ curtailment_NN of_IN advertising_NN by_IN J41 20 government_NN action_NN ,_, and_CC J41 21 accept_VB the_ATI implications_NNS of_IN this_DT for_IN the_ATI J41 21 press_NN as_CC well_CC" as_CC" for_IN politics_NN ._. J41 22 ^ regulation_NN of_IN advertising_NN which_WDTR did_DOD not_XNOT J41 22 control_VB it_PP3 virtually_RB outright_RB J41 23 would_MD not_XNOT seriously_RB affect_VB political_JJ expenditure_NN J41 23 ._. ^ if_CS a_AT law_NN could_MD be_BE J41 24 drafted_VBN to_TO prevent_VB politically_RB relevant_JJ advertising_NN J41 24 ,_, one_CD1 could_MD also_RB be_BE J41 25 drafted_VBN to_TO prevent_VB the_ATI expenditure_NN in_IN the_ATI J41 25 first_OD place_NN ._. ^ parties_NNS ,_, if_CS J41 26 not_XNOT all_ABN their_PP$ associates_NNS ,_, could_MD be_BE J41 26 prohibited_VBN from_IN purchasing_VBG J41 27 advertising_NN space_NN in_IN newspapers_NNS and_CC on_IN the_ATI J41 27 hoardings_NNS ._. ^ if_CS instead_RB the_ATI J41 28 conservatives_NNS put_VB more_AP money_NN into_IN colour_NN comics_NNS J41 28 like_IN *'_*' form_NN **'_**' ,_, the_ATI J41 29 level_NN of_IN debate_NN would_MD hardly_RB have_HV been_BEN raised_VBN J41 29 ._. ^ much_AP spending_NN to_IN which_WDTR J41 30 objections_NNS are_BER made_VBN *-_*- for_IN instance_NN ,_, the_ATI J41 30 Colin_NP Hurry_NP poll_NN ,_, aims_NNS of_IN J41 31 industry_NN press_NN releases_NNS ,_, the_ATI economic_JJ league's_NN$ J41 31 factory_NN gate_NN speakers_NNS *-_*- J41 32 does_DOZ not_XNOT take_VB the_ATI form_NN of_IN purchasing_VBG space_NN J41 32 ;_; only_RB *+445,000_NNU of_IN the_ATI J41 33 *+1,435,000_NNU credited_VBN to_IN business_NN groups_NNS in_IN the_ATI J41 33 Nuffield_NP study_NN was_BEDZ J41 34 spent_VBN on_IN buying_VBG advertising_NN space_NN ._. J41 35 ^ efforts_NNS to_TO control_VB the_ATI content_NN rather_RB than_IN J41 35 the_ATI volume_NN of_IN J41 36 advertising_NN are_BER foredoomed_VBN to_IN failure_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J41 36 would_MD be_BE virtually_RB J41 37 impossible_JJ to_TO discriminate_VB in_IN a_AT statute_NN between_IN J41 37 political_JJ advertising_NN J41 38 which_WDTR does_DOZ or_CC does_DOZ not_XNOT lower_VB the_ATI tone_NN J41 38 of_IN debate_NN ._. ^ a_AT promise_NN to_TO J41 39 increase_VB pensions_NNS appears_VBZ as_IN altruism_NN to_IN some_DTI J41 39 ;_; to_IN others_APS it_PP3 seems_VBZ rank_JJ J41 40 bribery_NN ._. ^ an_AT advertising_NN council_NN might_MD be_BE J41 40 created_VBN along_IN the_ATI lines_NNS of_IN J41 41 the_ATI press_NN council_NN ,_, to_TO scrutinize_VB advertising_NN J41 41 and_CC censure_VB offenders_NNS ;_; J41 42 given_VBN the_ATI model_NN suggested_VBN ,_, little_AP could_MD be_BE J41 42 expected_VBN from_IN such_ABL a_AT body_NN ._. J41 43 ^ it_PP3 would_MD be_BE as_QL difficult_JJ for_IN a_AT J41 43 quasi-judicial_JJ tribunal_NN to_TO pass_VB upon_IN J41 44 the_ATI content_NN of_IN political_JJ advertisements_NNS ,_, J41 44 rejecting_VBG those_DTS that_WPR were_BED J41 45 *'_*' unsuitable_JJ **'_**' ,_, as_CS for_IN the_ATI Speaker_NPT of_IN J41 45 the_ATI House_NPL of_IN Commons_NP to_TO do_DO J41 46 similarly_RB in_IN parliamentary_JJ debates_NNS ._. J41 47 ^ it_PP3 might_MD not_XNOT be_BE particularly_RB difficult_JJ to_TO J41 47 attack_VB the_ATI advertiser's_NN$ J41 48 practice_NN of_IN using_VBG market_NN research_NN methods_NNS to_TO J41 48 study_VB the_ATI wants_NNS of_IN the_ATI J41 49 electorate_NN ._. ^ a_AT law_NN could_MD prohibit_VB pollsters_NNS J41 49 from_IN asking_VBG questions_NNS on_IN J41 50 political_JJ topics_NNS ._. ^ but_CC this_DT would_MD not_XNOT J41 50 affect_VB the_ATI substantive_JJ problem_NN ,_, J41 51 which_WDTR arises_VBZ from_IN the_ATI fear_NN that_CS some_DTI J41 51 politicians_NNS frame_VB or_CC revise_VB J41 52 policies_NNS simply_RB to_TO win_VB more_AP votes_NNS ,_, without_IN J41 52 regard_NN to_IN the_ATI national_JJ J41 53 welfare_NN ._. J41 54 ^ 3_CD ._. J41 55 ^ all_ABN the_ATI proposed_JJ alterations_NNS discussed_VBN so_QL J41 55 far_RB have_HV been_BEN J41 56 restrictive_JJ ones_CD1S ,_, intended_VBN to_TO remedy_VB J41 56 deficiencies_NNS in_IN the_ATI J41 57 representation_NN of_IN the_ATI people_NNS act_NN by_IN reducing_VBG J41 57 the_ATI amount_NN of_IN money_NN spent_VBN J41 58 on_IN electioneering_NN in_IN the_ATI long_JJ run_NN ._. ^ but_CC J41 58 the_ATI act_NN might_MD also_RB be_BE altered_VBN J41 59 in_IN such_ABL a_AT way_NN as_CS to_TO increase_VB the_ATI scope_NN J41 59 for_IN political_JJ expenditure_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J41 60 foregoing_JJ analysis_NN indicates_VBZ that_CS restrictive_JJ J41 60 amendments_NNS to_IN the_ATI J41 61 present_JJ act_NN are_BER not_XNOT likely_JJ to_TO remedy_VB the_ATI J41 61 alleged_JJ evils_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI American_JNP J41 62 experience_NN of_IN fifty_CD years_NNS of_IN attempted_JJ regulation_NN J41 62 would_MD confirm_VB this_DT J41 63 judgment_NN ._. ^ \0V_NP \0O_NP Key_NP reports_VBZ :_: J41 64 *"_*' J41 65 ^ legislation_NN purports_VBZ to_TO require_VB publicity_NN of_IN J41 65 campaign_NN finance_NN ,_, to_TO J41 66 limit_VB the_ATI amounts_NNS spent_VBN ,_, to_TO prohibit_VB certain_JJ J41 66 types_NNS of_IN contributions_NNS to_IN J41 67 campaigns_NNS ,_, and_CC to_TO limit_VB the_ATI size_NN of_IN J41 67 contributions_NNS ._. ^ in_RB general_RB" ,_, the_ATI J41 68 laws_NNS do_DO not_XNOT in_IN fact_NN limit_VB expenditures_NNS ,_, J41 68 substantially_RB affect_VB the_ATI size_NN J41 69 of_IN contributions_NNS ,_, or_CC assure_VB full_JJ publicity_NN ._. J41 70 **"_**' J41 71 ^ if_CS means_NNS could_MD be_BE found_VBN to_TO level_VB up_RP the_ATI J41 71 resources_NNS of_IN labour_NN and_CC the_ATI J41 72 liberals_NNS ,_, much_AP of_IN the_ATI bitterness_NN might_MD be_BE J41 72 removed_VBN from_IN present_JJ J41 73 discussion_NN of_IN election_NN laws_NNS ,_, and_CC the_ATI J41 73 practical_JJ consequences_NNS of_IN major_JJ J41 74 shortcomings_NNS of_IN those_DTS laws_NNS would_MD be_BE greatly_RB J41 74 reduced_VBN ._. J41 75 ^ one_CD1 remedy_NN lies_VBZ within_IN the_ATI hands_NNS of_IN J41 75 the_ATI labour_NN and_CC liberal_JJ J41 76 parties_NNS *-_*- it_PP3 is_BEZ to_TO collect_VB higher_JJR dues_NNS J41 76 from_IN members_NNS ,_, a_AT far_RB easier_JJR task_NN J41 77 than_CS greatly_RB expanding_VBG present_JJ membership_NN ._. ^ in_IN J41 77 the_ATI words_NNS of_IN Morgan_NP J41 78 Phillips_NP ,_, ~ *'_*' labour_NN party_NN income_NN is_BEZ still_RB J41 78 geared_VBN to_IN a_AT different_JJ and_CC J41 79 far_RB less_QL expensive_JJ political_JJ era_NN ._. **'_**' ^ as_QL J41 79 long_RB as_CS five-sixths_CDS of_IN the_ATI J41 80 party's_NN$ members_NNS contribute_VB three_CD farthings_NNS a_AT J41 80 month_NN (_( 9_CD \0d_NNU a_AT year_NN )_) J41 81 to_IN Transport_NP House_NPL ,_, labour_NN leaders_NNS can_MD hardly_RB J41 81 plead_VB that_CS their_PP$ J41 82 relative_JJ financial_JJ weakness_NN is_BEZ solely_RB the_ATI fault_NN J41 82 of_IN the_ATI conservatives_NNS ._. J41 83 ^ if_CS dues_NNS for_IN trade_NN union_NN affiliated_JJ members_NNS J41 83 were_BED raised_VBN to_IN 1_CD1 \0s_NNU a_AT J41 84 year_NN ,_, Transport_NP House_NPL would_MD have_HV an_AT additional_JJ J41 84 *+70,000_NNU to_TO spend_VB J41 85 annually_RB ._. ^ if_CS trade_NN union_NN members_NNS paid_VBD the_ATI J41 85 party_NN 2_CD \0s_NNU a_AT year_NN ,_, as_CS J41 86 Phillips_NP has_HVZ suggested_VBN ,_, the_ATI income_NN of_IN J41 86 Transport_NP House_NPL would_MD be_BE J41 87 doubled_VBN ._. ^ since_CS the_ATI labour_NN party_NN proclaims_VBZ J41 87 a_AT desire_NN to_TO narrow_VB income_NN J41 88 differentials_NNS ,_, it_PP3 might_MD consider_VB the_ATI membership_NN J41 88 scheme_NN of_IN the_ATI German_JNP J41 89 social_JJ democratic_JJ party_NN ;_; it_PP3 is_BEZ a_AT sliding_JJ J41 89 scale_NN ,_, with_IN contributions_NNS J41 90 graded_VBN according_IN to_IN" income_NN ._. ^ nearly_RB 600,000_CD J41 90 German_JNP socialists_NNS gave_VBD the_ATI J41 91 party_NN more_AP than_IN *+1_NNU apiece_RB on_IN average_NN (_( J41 91 *+720,000_NNU )_) in_IN 1957_CD ;_; dues_NNS for_IN J41 92 those_DTS in_IN the_ATI highest_JJT income_NN bracket_NN were_BED J41 92 set_VBN at_IN *+50_NNU a_AT year_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J41 93 liberal_JJ party_NN is_BEZ appealing_VBG for_IN mass-membership_JJB J41 93 contributions_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J41 94 appeal_NN leaflet_NN ,_, this_DT is_BEZ your_PP$ party_NN ,_, J41 94 estimates_VBZ minimum_JJ annual_JJ needs_NNS J41 95 at_IN *+172,000_NNU ._. J41 96 ^ another_DT method_NN of_IN increasing_VBG party_NN revenue_NN J41 96 would_MD be_BE to_TO have_HV the_ATI J41 97 state_NN make_VB statutory_JJ contributions_NNS to_IN the_ATI J41 97 parties_NNS ._. ^ at_IN present_NN the_ATI law_NN J41 98 penalizes_VBZ the_ATI candidates_NNS who_WPR secure_VB less_AP than_IN J41 98 one-eighth_CD of_IN the_ATI vote_NN J41 99 at_IN parliamentary_JJ elections_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI law_NN could_MD J41 99 equally_RB give_VB cash_NN bonuses_NNS J41 100 to_IN the_ATI candidates_NNS who_WPR save_VB their_PP$ deposits_NNS ._. J41 100 ^ grants_NNS are_BER made_VBN to_IN J41 101 candidates_NNS in_IN some_DTI foreign_JJ countries_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J41 101 actual_JJ amount_NN given_VBN might_MD J41 102 be_BE determined_VBN in_IN one_CD1 of_IN several_AP ways_NNS ._. ^ J41 102 it_PP3 could_MD be_BE equal_JJ to_IN the_ATI sum_NN of_IN J41 103 money_NN spent_VBN in_IN each_DT constituency_NN ,_, or_CC equal_JJ J41 103 to_IN the_ATI legally_RB permitted_VBN J41 104 maxima_NNS ._. ^ alternatively_RB ,_, it_PP3 might_MD be_BE a_AT J41 104 lump_NN sum_NN of_IN *+500_NNU or_CC *+1,000_NNU ._. J41 105 ^ the_ATI grant_NN could_MD be_BE paid_VBN after_IN each_DT election_NN J41 105 or_CC annually_RB ._. ^ (_( a_AT J41 106 guarantee_NN of_IN campaign_NN expenses_NNS would_MD not_XNOT only_RB J41 106 save_VB parties_NNS this_DT sum_NN ,_, J41 107 but_CC would_MD also_RB free_VB them_PP3OS from_IN the_ATI need_NN J41 107 to_TO keep_VB a_AT sizeable_JJ cash_NN reserve_NN J41 108 against_IN the_ATI possibility_NN of_IN having_HVG to_TO fight_VB J41 108 two_CD elections_NNS in_IN quick_JJ J41 109 succession_NN ._. )_) ^ a_AT grant_NN paid_VBN on_IN the_ATI basis_NN J41 109 of_IN sums_NNS spent_VBN by_IN candidates_NNS in_IN J41 110 campaigning_VBG in_IN 1959_CD would_MD have_HV brought_VBN the_ATI J41 110 conservatives_NNS *+475,000_NNU ,_, J41 111 labour_NN *+435,000_NNU ,_, and_CC the_ATI liberals_NNS J41 111 approximately_RB *+90,000_NNU ._. ^ it_PP3 would_MD J41 112 be_BE prudent_JJ to_TO make_VB such_ABL grants_NNS to_IN candidates_NNS J41 112 ,_, in_TO order_TO" to_TO" avoid_VB the_ATI J41 113 difficulty_NN of_IN defining_VBG a_AT party_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI J41 113 possibility_NN of_IN placing_VBG the_ATI J41 114 Treasury_NP in_IN a_AT position_NN of_IN having_HVG to_TO arbitrate_VB J41 114 between_IN two_CD factions_NNS J41 115 both_ABX claiming_VBG one_CD1 grant_NN ._. ^ the_ATI sums_NNS of_IN J41 115 money_NN involved_VBN would_MD be_BE small_JJ by_IN J41 116 exchequer_NN standards_NNS ,_, but_CC considerable_JJ in_IN J41 116 political_JJ terms_NNS ;_; the_ATI poorest_JJT J41 117 party_NN ,_, the_ATI liberals_NNS ,_, would_MD be_BE aided_VBN most_RBT J41 117 in_IN proportion_NN ,_, the_ATI richest_JJT J41 118 one_CD1 ,_, relatively_RB least_RBT ._. ^ the_ATI labour_NN party's_NN$ J41 118 dependence_NN upon_IN trade_NN J41 119 unions_NNS for_IN finance_NN could_MD thereby_RB be_BE appreciably_RB J41 119 reduced_VBN ._. J41 120 ^ another_DT way_NN of_IN remedying_VBG deficiencies_NNS ,_, J41 120 which_WDTR would_MD also_RB lead_VB to_IN J41 121 greater_JJR expenditure_NN ,_, would_MD be_BE to_TO abolish_VB the_ATI J41 121 present_JJ restrictions_NNS on_IN J41 122 spending_NN by_IN candidates_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI economist_NN J41 122 suggested_VBD this_DT in_IN a_AT J41 123 post-election_JJB editorial_NN of_IN 10_CD October_NR 1959_CD ,_, as_IN J41 123 a_AT means_NN of_IN preventing_VBG J41 124 the_ATI law_NN from_IN being_BEG brought_VBN into_IN disrepute_NN ._. ^ J41 124 liberals_NNS ,_, who_WPR depend_VB more_RBR J41 125 upon_IN personal_JJ appeal_NN and_CC constituency_NN efforts_NNS J41 125 than_CS do_DO others_APS ,_, might_MD J41 126 gain_VB most_AP from_IN such_ABL a_AT step_NN ._. J41 127 ^ 4_CD ._. J41 128 ^ most_AP advocates_NNS of_IN stricter_JJR accounting_NN of_IN J41 128 political_JJ expenditure_NN J41 129 assume_VB that_CS money_NN buys_VBZ votes_NNS ;_; some_DTI charge_VB J41 129 that_CS it_PP3 buys_VBZ votes_NNS in_IN J41 130 sufficient_JJ quantities_NNS to_TO win_VB elections_NNS ._. ^ this_DT J41 130 assertion_NN is_BEZ truest_JJT when_WRB J41 131 it_PP3 is_BEZ most_QL platitudinous_JJ :_: a_AT party_NN can_MD J41 131 not_XNOT operate_VB without_IN money_NN ._. ^ to_TO go_VB J41 132 further_RBR ,_, and_CC say_VB that_CS a_AT party_NN such_IN as_IN" J41 132 the_ATI liberals_NNS gains_VBZ few_AP votes_NNS J41 133 because_CS it_PP3 has_HVZ little_AP money_NN is_BEZ to_TO mistake_VB J41 133 cause_NN and_CC effect_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 would_MD J41 134 be_BE more_QL nearly_RB true_JJ to_TO say_VB that_CS a_AT party_NN J41 134 with_IN relatively_RB few_AP voters_NNS ,_, J41 135 such_IN as_IN" the_ATI liberals_NNS ,_, has_HVZ difficulty_NN in_IN J41 135 raising_VBG money_NN ._. ^ as_CS the_ATI rise_NN of_IN J41 136 the_ATI labour_NN party_NN shows_VBZ ,_, the_ATI necessary_JJ J41 136 minimum_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT great_JJ ,_, nor_CC is_BEZ it_PP3 J41 137 impossible_JJ to_TO secure_VB if_CS the_ATI party_NN has_HVZ strong_JJ J41 137 support_NN in_IN the_ATI J41 138 electorate_NN ._. J41 139 ^ many_AP British_JNP discussions_NNS of_IN political_JJ J41 139 expenditure_NN seem_VB to_TO assume_VB J41 140 a_AT simple_JJ input-output_JJB model_NN of_IN electioneering_NN :_: J41 140 x_ZZ thousand_CD pounds_NNS J41 141 will_MD produce_VB x_ZZ or_CC x/2_&FO or_CC x/4_&FO or_CC 2x_&FO or_CC J41 141 4x_&FO votes_NNS ._. J41 142 ^ y_ZZ inches_NNS of_IN advertising_NN space_NN will_MD produce_VB J41 142 y/2_&FO or_CC 2y_&FO J41 143 units_NNS of_IN political_JJ influence_NN ._. ^ (_( how_WRB much_AP J41 143 of_IN a_AT reduction_NN factor_NN is_BEZ J41 144 needed_VBN for_IN the_ATI 100,000,000_CD or_CC so_PN leaflets_NNS J41 144 distributed_VBN by_IN the_ATI economic_JJ J41 145 league_NN between_IN elections_NNS has_HVZ never_RB been_BEN J41 145 specified_VBN ._. )_) ^ people_NNS J41 146 unaccustomed_JJ to_IN dealing_VBG with_IN large_JJ sums_NNS of_IN J41 146 money_NN might_MD think_VB it_PP3 J41 147 incredible_JJ that_CS hundreds_CDS of_IN thousands_CDS of_IN pounds_NNS J41 147 might_MD be_BE spent_VBN to_IN no_ATI J41 148 real_JJ effect_NN ._. ^ socialists_NNS are_BER further_RBR J41 148 handicapped_VBN in_IN viewing_VBG the_ATI J41 149 problem_NN if_CS they_PP3AS believe_VB that_CS capitalists_NNS are_BER J41 149 not_XNOT only_RB wicked_JJ but_CC also_RB J41 150 devilishly_RB clever_JJ ._. J41 151 ^ the_ATI determinants_NNS of_IN voting_NN behaviour_NN and_CC J41 151 election_NN results_NNS are_BER so_QL J41 152 infinitely_RB complex_JJ that_CS we_PP1AS can_MD rarely_RB separate_VB J41 152 out_RP any_DTI single_JJ factor_NN J41 153 and_CC assign_VB to_IN it_PP3 a_AT specific_JJ amount_NN of_IN J41 153 influence_NN ._. ^ since_IN the_ATI J41 154 introduction_NN of_IN the_ATI secret_JJ ballot_NN ,_, it_PP3 has_HVZ J41 154 been_BEN impossible_JJ to_TO establish_VB J41 155 a_AT straightforward_JJ cause_NN and_CC effect_NN relationship_NN J41 155 between_IN expenditure_NN J41 156 and_CC voting_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS can_MD only_RB examine_VB what_WDT J41 156 we_PP1AS know_VB about_IN elections_NNS and_CC J41 157 about_IN how_WRB money_NN is_BEZ spent_VBN ,_, then_RN make_VB J41 157 judgments_NNS based_VBN upon_IN selective_JJ J41 158 empirical_JJ data_NNS and_CC logical_JJ analysis_NN ._. J41 159 ^ elections_NNS are_BER determined_VBN by_IN three_CD J41 159 interrelated_JJ factors_NNS *-_*- the_ATI J41 160 material_JJ and_CC social_JJ environment_NN ,_, individual_JJ J41 160 values_NNS ,_, and_CC party_NN J41 161 activities_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI influence_NN of_IN an_AT individual_JJ J41 161 party_NN upon_IN a_AT given_JJ J41 162 election_NN result_NN is_BEZ a_AT limited_JJ one_CD1 ;_; therefore_RB J41 162 ,_, the_ATI value_NN of_IN party_NN J41 163 spending_NN is_BEZ likewise_RB limited_JJ ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ a_AT J41 163 ceiling_NN (_( and_CC quite_RB possibly_RB J41 164 a_AT diminishing_JJ margin_NN of_IN utility_NN )_) for_IN political_JJ J41 164 expenditure_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J41 165 Gallup_NP poll's_NN$ graph_NN of_IN the_ATI party_NN standings_NNS J41 165 in_IN its_PP$ monthly_JJ polls_NNS since_IN J41 166 1945_CD suggests_VBZ that_CS the_ATI single_JJ most_QL important_JJ J41 166 influence_NN upon_IN voting_NN J41 167 behaviour_NN is_BEZ the_ATI economic_JJ state_NN of_IN the_ATI J41 167 nation_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ little_RB J41 168 affected_VBN by_IN the_ATI few_AP hundred_CD thousand_CD pounds_NNS J41 168 that_CS the_ATI parties_NNS spend_VB ._. J41 169 ^ long-term_JJB environmental_JJ changes_NNS ,_, important_JJ in_IN J41 169 setting_VBG the_ATI limits_NNS J41 170 within_IN which_WDTR parties_NNS may_MD manoeuvre_VB ,_, are_BER J41 170 also_RB outside_IN the_ATI control_NN of_IN J41 171 party_NN treasurers_NNS ._. ^ this_DT explains_VBZ why_WRB the_ATI J41 171 richest_JJT party_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT always_RB J41 172 win_VB elections_NNS in_IN Britain_NP or_CC America_NP ._. ^ the_ATI J41 172 successes_NNS of_IN the_ATI labour_NN J41 173 party_NN at_IN the_ATI polls_NNS ,_, particularly_RB in_IN the_ATI J41 173 1920's_CDS ,_, are_BER good_JJ evidence_NN of_IN J41 174 this_DT ._. ^ money_NN can_MD not_XNOT purchase_VB a_AT large_JJ J41 174 political_JJ following_NN ,_, although_CS it_PP3 J41 175 can_MD purchase_VB attention_NN ._. ^ Lloyd_NP George's_NP$ fund_NN J41 175 could_MD underwrite_VB J41 176 constituency_NN expenses_NNS ,_, but_CC it_PP3 could_MD not_XNOT J41 176 ensure_VB the_ATI delivery_NN of_IN safe_JJ J41 177 seats_NNS ._. ^ in_IN America_NP the_ATI democratic_JJ party_NN J41 177 achieved_VBD five_CD successive_JJ J41 178 victories_NNS from_IN 1932_CD against_IN wealthier_JJR opponents_NNS J41 178 ._. ^ only_RB the_ATI most_QL J41 179 simple-minded_JJ materialist_NN would_MD reject_VB Key's_NP$ J41 179 statement_NN :_: ^ *'_*' money_NN is_BEZ J41 180 not_XNOT the_ATI sole_JJB currency_NN of_IN politics_NN ;_; J41 180 Roosevelt_NP held_VBD counters_NNS in_IN the_ATI game_NN J41 181 that_WPR outweighed_VBD money_NN ._. **'_**' J41 182 ^ there_EX is_BEZ ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, a_AT distinction_NN J41 182 between_IN buying_VBG votes_NNS and_CC J41 183 buying_VBG political_JJ favours_NNS ._. ^ some_DTI labour_NN J41 183 criticism_NN of_IN political_JJ spending_NN J41 184 by_IN business_NN firms_NNS has_HVZ fastened_VBN upon_IN the_ATI J41 184 allegation_NN that_CS these_DTS firms_NNS J41 185 are_BER buying_VBG preferential_JJ treatment_NN from_IN conservative_JJ J41 185 governments_NNS ,_, as_CC J41 186 well_CC" as_CC" seeking_VBG to_TO influence_VB all_ABN voters_NNS to_TO J41 186 oppose_VB nationalization_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J41 187 has_HVZ similarly_RB been_BEN charged_VBN that_CS labour's_NN$ J41 187 failure_NN to_TO press_VB J41 188 nationalization_NN of_IN insurance_NN was_BEDZ due_JJ to_IN its_PP$ J41 188 financial_JJ links_NNS with_IN the_ATI J41 189 co-operatives_NNS ,_, and_CC that_CS its_PP$ industrial_JJ policy_NN J41 189 ,_, or_CC the_ATI absence_NN thereof_RB ,_, J41 190 is_BEZ dictated_VBN by_IN the_ATI unions'_NNS$ power_NN over_IN J41 190 labour's_NN$ purse_NN ._. ^ to_TO note_VB J41 191 financial_JJ links_NNS between_IN interested_JJ groups_NNS and_CC J41 191 parties_NNS is_BEZ not_XNOT to_TO prove_VB J41 192 that_DT government_NN favours_NNS are_BER for_IN sale_NN ;_; it_PP3 J41 192 only_RB shows_VBZ that_CS there_EX are_BER J41 193 some_DTI questions_NNS of_IN public_JJ policy_NN on_IN which_WDTR a_AT J41 193 party_NN government_NN can_MD not_XNOT be_BE J41 194 disinterested_JJ ._. ^ only_RB if_CS the_ATI exchequer_NN were_BED J41 194 made_VBN the_ATI sole_JJB source_NN of_IN J41 195 party_NN funds_NNS ,_, which_WDTR no_PN one_PN" suggests_VBZ ,_, J41 195 could_MD parties_NNS be_BE made_VBN absolutely_RB J41 196 independent_JJ financially_RB of_IN such_ABL pressure_NN groups_NNS ._. J41 196 ^ whether_CS ,_, as_CS in_IN the_ATI J41 197 case_NN of_IN the_ATI labour_NN party_NN ,_, the_ATI economic_JJ J41 197 interest_NN creates_VBZ the_ATI political_JJ J41 198 organization_NN ,_, or_CC whether_CS the_ATI party_NN attracts_VBZ J41 198 the_ATI interests_NNS ,_, is_BEZ beside_IN J41 199 the_ATI point_NN ._. J41 200 ^ much_AP of_IN the_ATI money_NN that_CS the_ATI parties_NNS J41 200 raise_VB is_BEZ spent_VBN on_IN party_NN J41 201 headquarters_NN and_CC constituency_NN organization_NN ;_; the_ATI J41 201 value_NN of_IN both_ABX of_IN these_DTS J41 202 is_BEZ often_RB overrated_VBN by_IN those_DTS who_WPR are_BER J41 202 closest_RBT to_IN them_PP3OS ._. J42 3 ^ apart_IN from_IN" South_NP Africa_NP ,_, which_WDTR does_DOZ at_RB J42 3 least_RB" have_HV the_ATI excuse_NN J42 4 that_CS its_PP$ coal_NN is_BEZ exceptionally_RB cheap_JJ ,_, Britain_NP J42 4 and_CC Soviet_NP Russia_NP now_RN J42 5 have_HV the_ATI dubious_JJ distinction_NN of_IN using_VBG the_ATI J42 5 most_AP fuel_NN per_IN unit_NN of_IN J42 6 national_JJ product_NN of_IN all_ABN countries_NNS in_IN the_ATI J42 6 world_NN ._. ^ if_CS you_PP2 have_HV to_TO run_VB a_AT J42 7 country_NN on_IN the_ATI basis_NN of_IN Marxist_JNP economics_NN and_CC J42 7 the_ATI labour_NN theory_NN of_IN J42 8 value_NN ,_, you_PP2 must_MD expect_VB something_PN like_IN this_DT ._. J42 8 ^ no_ATI doubt_NN ,_, according_IN to_IN" J42 9 official_JJ Marxist_JNP doctrine_NN ,_, the_ATI more_AP coal_NN you_PP2 J42 9 use_VB the_ATI more_QL valuable_JJ the_ATI J42 10 products_NNS you_PP2 turn_VB out_RP ,_, because_CS more_AP labour_NN J42 10 is_BEZ incorporated_VBN in_IN them_PP3OS ;_; J42 11 although_CS even_RB in_IN Soviet_NP Russia_NP common_JJ sense_NN J42 11 sometimes_RB breaks_VBZ in_RP ._. ^ our_PP$ J42 12 policy_NN ,_, since_CS the_ATI industries_NNS connected_VBN with_IN J42 12 fuel_NN were_BED nationalised_VBN ,_, J42 13 has_HVZ not_XNOT been_BEN avowedly_RB Marxist_JNP as_CS in_IN Soviet_NP J42 13 Russia_NP ,_, but_CC has_HVZ been_BEN ,_, J42 14 perhaps_RB unwittingly_RB ,_, based_VBN on_IN many_AP of_IN the_ATI J42 14 same_AP ideas_NNS :_: fuel_NN industries_NNS J42 15 are_BER *'_*' basic_JJ industries_NNS **'_**' ,_, fuel_NN ought_MD J42 15 therefore_RB to_TO be_BE cheap_JJ ,_, and_CC the_ATI J42 16 more_AP that_WPR is_BEZ consumed_VBN the_ATI better_JJR ._. ^ this_DT J42 16 is_BEZ the_ATI sort_NN of_IN muddled_JJ J42 17 thinking_NN which_WDTR has_HVZ already_RB cost_VBN the_ATI country_NN J42 17 enormous_JJ sums_NNS ._. ^ until_IN the_ATI J42 18 advent_NN of_IN cheap_JJ oil_NN in_IN the_ATI last_AP three_CD J42 18 years_NNS ,_, the_ATI produce_NN of_IN the_ATI J42 19 nationalised_JJ coal_NN ,_, electricity_NN and_CC gas_NN industries_NNS J42 19 ought_MD to_TO have_HV been_BEN J42 20 sold_VBN at_IN much_RB higher_JJR prices_NNS ,_, on_IN the_ATI one_CD1 J42 20 hand_NN in_TO order_TO" to_TO" bring_VB some_DTI J42 21 revenue_NN to_IN the_ATI Treasury_NP ,_, and_CC on_IN the_ATI other_AP J42 21 hand_NN to_TO compel_VB J42 22 industrialists_NNS and_CC consumers_NNS to_TO economise_VB as_CS J42 22 they_PP3AS do_DO in_IN other_AP J42 23 countries_NNS ._. J42 24 ^ Bernard_NP Shaw_NP was_BEDZ a_AT great_JJ dramatist_NN ;_; but_CC J42 24 nobody_PN now_RN would_MD suggest_VB J42 25 that_CS his_PP$ views_NNS on_IN economics_NN should_MD be_BE taken_VBN J42 25 seriously_RB ._. ^ many_AP years_NNS ago_RB J42 26 he_PP3A explained_VBD that_CS the_ATI principal_JJB reason_NN for_IN J42 26 nationalising_VBG the_ATI coal_NN J42 27 mines_NNS was_BEDZ that_CS ,_, as_CS things_NNS were_BED then_RN ,_, J42 27 mines_VBZ produced_VBD coal_NN at_IN a_AT great_JJ J42 28 variety_NN of_IN different_JJ costs_NNS ,_, and_CC that_CS the_ATI J42 28 primary_JJ duty_NN of_IN a_AT national_JJ J42 29 administration_NN would_MD be_BE to_TO average_VB them_PP3OS out_RP ._. J42 29 ^ Bernard_NP Shaw's_NP$ ideas_NNS ,_, J42 30 however_RB ,_, had_HVD great_JJ influence_NN in_IN the_ATI labour_NN J42 30 party_NN ,_, and_CC one_CD1 almost_RB J42 31 suspects_VBZ that_CS some_DTI of_IN them_PP3OS still_RB linger_VB on_RP J42 31 in_IN the_ATI administration_NN of_IN J42 32 our_PP$ nationalised_JJ industries_NNS ._. ^ otherwise_RB it_PP3 is_BEZ J42 32 hard_JJ to_TO explain_VB their_PP$ J42 33 refusal_NN to_TO allow_VB regional_JJ differences_NNS in_IN prices_NNS J42 33 ,_, or_CC their_PP$ long_JJ J42 34 hesitation_NN before_IN closing_VBG down_RP uneconomic_JJ pits_NNS ._. J42 35 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ true_JJ that_CS there_EX have_HV been_BEN some_DTI J42 35 economies_NNS in_IN fuel_NN J42 36 consumption_NN in_IN Britain_NP during_IN recent_JJ years_NNS ._. ^ J42 36 but_CC they_PP3AS have_HV been_BEN slow_JJ J42 37 and_CC reluctant_JJ compared_VBN with_IN the_ATI movements_NNS in_IN J42 37 other_AP countries_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J42 38 United_NP States_NP ,_, up_RP to_IN the_ATI 1920s_CDS ,_, used_VBD J42 38 fuel_NN lavishly_RB ,_, mainly_RB because_CS it_PP3 J42 39 was_BEDZ so_QL cheap_JJ ._. ^ but_CC consumption_NN per_IN unit_NN J42 39 of_IN national_JJ product_NN is_BEZ now_RN J42 40 lower_JJR than_IN ours_PP$$ ,_, even_CS though_CS" fuel_NN is_BEZ J42 40 still_RB comparatively_RB cheap_JJ in_IN the_ATI J42 41 United_NP States_NP ._. J42 42 ^ the_ATI detailed_JJ industry-by-industry_JJB comparison_NN of_IN J42 42 trends_NNS in_IN this_DT J42 43 country_NN and_CC Germany_NP ,_, reproduced_VBN in_IN table_NN 4_CD ,_, J42 43 presents_VBZ a_AT really_RB J42 44 alarming_JJ picture_NN ._. J42 46 ^ an_AT industry_NN by_IN industry_NN comparison_NN of_IN fuel_NN J42 46 consumed_VBN per_IN unit_NN of_IN J42 47 product_NN in_IN \0U.K_NP and_CC Canadian_JNP industry_NN ,_, shown_VBN J42 47 in_IN table_NN 5_CD ,_, is_BEZ J42 48 also_RB very_QL revealing_JJ ._. J42 50 ^ in_TO order_TO" to_TO" effect_VB most_AP of_IN these_DTS J42 50 economies_NNS in_IN fuel_NN consumption_NN ,_, J42 51 costly_JJ investments_NNS are_BER not_XNOT required_VBN ._. ^ we_PP1AS J42 51 have_HV some_DTI figures_NNS given_VBN in_IN an_AT J42 52 official_JJ document_NN ,_, and_CC similar_JJ figures_NNS were_BED J42 52 estimated_VBN by_IN the_ATI late_JJ J42 53 Professor_NPT Sir_NPT Francis_NP Simon_NP ._. ^ a_AT ton_NN of_IN J42 53 coal_NN per_IN year_NN for_IN many_AP years_NNS J42 54 into_IN the_ATI future_NN could_MD be_BE saved_VBN by_IN investing_VBG J42 54 no_ATI more_AP than_IN *+7_NNU in_IN J42 55 economisers_NNS and_CC other_AP forms_NNS of_IN heat_NN recovery_NN ,_, J42 55 *+12_NNU or_CC *+13_NNU in_IN new_JJ J42 56 kilns_NNS and_CC furnaces_NNS and_CC in_IN mechanical_JJ stokers_NNS J42 56 ,_, *+17_NNU in_IN replacing_VBG and_CC J42 57 modifying_VBG boilers_NNS ,_, or_CC *+25_NNU in_IN insulating_VBG J42 57 buildings_NNS ._. ^ with_IN coal_NN at_IN J42 58 anything_PN like_IN its_PP$ present_JJ price_NN ,_, every_AT one_CD1 J42 58 of_IN these_DTS investments_NNS is_BEZ J42 59 extremely_RB well_RB worth_IN while_NN ._. ^ our_PP$ fuel_NN J42 59 consumption_NN has_HVZ now_RN begun_VBN to_TO J42 60 fall_VB ,_, but_CC it_PP3 has_HVZ a_AT great_JJ deal_NN further_RBR J42 60 to_TO go_VB ,_, judging_VBG by_IN the_ATI experience_NN J42 61 of_IN other_AP countries_NNS ._. J42 62 ^ the_ATI national_JJ coal_NN board_NN for_IN many_AP years_NNS J42 62 was_BEDZ unable_JJ to_TO meet_VB all_ABN the_ATI J42 63 demands_NNS upon_IN it_PP3 ,_, and_CC had_HVD to_TO import_VB coal_NN J42 63 at_IN high_JJ cost_NN ,_, which_WDTR it_PP3 then_RN J42 64 re-sold_VBD at_IN a_AT much_RB lower_JJR price_NN ._. ^ nevertheless_RB J42 64 ,_, the_ATI board_NN seemed_VBD to_TO like_VB J42 65 this_DT situation_NN ,_, and_CC in_IN the_ATI programme_NN of_IN *'_*' J42 65 investing_VBG in_IN coal_NN **'_**' which_WDTR J42 66 they_PP3AS published_VBD in_IN 1956_CD they_PP3AS envisaged_VBD its_PP$ J42 66 indefinite_JJ continuance_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J42 67 consumption_NN of_IN fuel_NN ,_, expressed_VBN as_IN coal_NN J42 67 equivalents_NNS ,_, had_HVD reached_VBN 254_CD J42 68 million_CD tons_NNS in_IN 1956_CD ._. ^ the_ATI figure_NN J42 68 subsequently_RB fell_VBD ,_, and_CC rose_VBD only_RB to_IN J42 69 264_CD million_CD tons_NNS in_IN 1960_CD ;_; but_CC the_ATI national_JJ J42 69 coal_NN board_NN expected_VBD it_PP3 to_TO J42 70 rise_VB to_IN 281_CD million_CD tons_NNS by_IN 1960_CD and_CC 335_CD J42 70 million_CD by_IN 1970_CD ._. J42 71 ^ to_TO show_VB how_WRB steadfastly_RB a_AT conservative_JJ J42 71 government_NN supports_VBZ the_ATI J42 72 administrators_NNS of_IN nationalised_JJ industries_NNS we_PP1AS may_MD J42 72 quote_VB a_AT statement_NN J42 73 made_VBN by_IN Lord_NPT Mills_NP ,_, the_ATI Minister_NPT of_IN fuel_NN J42 73 and_CC power_NN ,_, as_QL late_RB as_IN 1958_CD ,_, J42 74 in_IN which_WDTR ,_, while_CS admitting_VBG that_CS consumption_NN J42 74 had_HVD fallen_VBN to_IN 250_CD million_CD J42 75 tons_NNS of_IN coal_NN equivalent_NN for_IN the_ATI current_JJ year_NN J42 75 ,_, he_PP3A still_RB estimated_VBD that_CS J42 76 it_PP3 would_MD rise_VB again_RB to_IN 300_CD million_CD by_IN 1965_CD J42 76 ._. ^ as_CS coal_NN became_VBD more_QL J42 77 difficult_JJ to_TO sell_VB ,_, the_ATI government_NN seems_VBZ to_TO J42 77 have_HV become_VBN more_QL determined_JJ J42 78 to_TO defend_VB the_ATI coal_NN industry_NN ,_, quietly_RB blocking_VBG J42 78 imports_NNS of_IN cheap_JJ oil_NN and_CC J42 79 of_IN liquefied_JJ natural_JJ gas_NN (_( for_IN which_WDTR the_ATI J42 79 transport_NN technique_NN has_HVZ J42 80 recently_RB been_BEN discovered_VBN )_) ._. J42 81 ^ it_PP3 seems_VBZ all_RB too_QL clear_JJ that_CS much_AP of_IN J42 81 our_PP$ *'_*' investing_NN in_IN coal_NN J42 82 **'_**' has_HVZ been_BEN wasted_VBN ;_; and_CC we_PP1AS can_MD now_RN J42 82 see_VB some_DTI of_IN the_ATI reasons_NNS why_WRB ._. J42 83 ^ (_( d_ZZ )_) ._. ^ electricity_NN ._. J42 84 ^ regarding_IN electricity_NN generation_NN ,_, which_WDTR has_HVZ J42 84 taken_VBN a_AT substantial_JJ J42 85 share_NN of_IN the_ATI country's_NN$ capital_NN during_IN the_ATI J42 85 last_AP decade_NN ,_, we_PP1AS do_DO not_XNOT see_VB J42 86 obvious_JJ signs_NNS of_IN waste_NN as_CS we_PP1AS do_DO in_IN coal_NN J42 86 ._. ^ at_IN the_ATI same_AP time_NN ,_, there_EX has_HVZ J42 87 not_XNOT been_BEN any_DTI real_JJ reply_NN to_IN the_ATI case_NN J42 87 made_VBN by_IN \0Dr_NPT \0I_NP \0M_NP \0D_NP Little_NP J42 88 in_IN his_PP$ book_NN the_ATI price_NN of_IN fuel_NN that_CS J42 88 electricity_NN has_HVZ been_BEN sold_VBN J42 89 unduly_RB cheaply_RB to_IN household_NN and_CC commercial_JJ J42 89 consumers_NNS ,_, to_TO encourage_VB its_PP$ J42 90 use_NN for_IN space_NN heating_NN ,_, which_WDTR could_MD be_BE more_QL J42 90 economically_RB done_VBN by_IN gas_NN ._. J42 91 ^ the_ATI supposed_JJ purpose_NN of_IN nationalisation_NN was_BEDZ J42 91 to_TO bring_VB about_RP a_AT rational_JJ J42 92 co-ordination_NN between_IN industries_NNS ,_, but_CC this_DT J42 92 certainly_RB does_DOZ not_XNOT seem_VB to_TO J42 93 have_HV been_BEN done_VBN in_IN electricity_NN and_CC gas_NN (_( any_RB J42 93 more_RBR than_CS between_IN road_NN and_CC J42 94 rail_NN transport_NN )_) ._. ^ the_ATI administrators_NNS of_IN the_ATI J42 94 nationalised_JJ electricity_NN J42 95 undertaking_NN seem_VB to_TO have_HV got_VBN their_PP$ ideas_NNS J42 95 from_IN old-fashioned_JJ electrical_JJ J42 96 engineers_NNS whose_WP$R main_JJB purpose_NN in_IN life_NN was_BEDZ J42 96 to_TO drive_VB gas_NN out_RP of_IN business_NN ._. J42 97 ^ the_ATI government_NN has_HVZ even_RB permitted_VBN the_ATI J42 97 nationalised_JJ electricity_NN and_CC J42 98 gas_NN industries_NNS to_TO spend_VB public_JJ funds_NNS ,_, beyond_IN J42 98 the_ATI amounts_NNS reasonably_RB J42 99 required_VBN to_TO make_VB useful_JJ new_JJ equipment_NN and_CC J42 99 processes_NNS known_VBN to_IN the_ATI J42 100 public_NN ,_, in_IN advertising_VBG against_IN each_PPLS other_PPLS" J42 100 ._. J42 101 ^ \0Dr_NPT Little's_NP$ criticisms_NNS particularly_RB applied_VBD J42 101 to_IN the_ATI fact_NN that_CS J42 102 the_ATI scale_NN of_IN charges_NNS for_IN household_NN electricity_NN J42 102 gives_VBZ consumers_NNS no_ATI J42 103 incentive_NN to_TO economise_VB during_IN the_ATI peak_NN hours_NNS ,_, J42 103 when_WRB electricity_NN is_BEZ most_QL J42 104 costly_JJ to_IN the_ATI supplying_JJ authority_NN ,_, because_CS J42 104 expensive_JJ reserve_NN capacity_NN J42 105 has_HVZ to_TO be_BE kept_VBN in_IN being_NN to_TO meet_VB peak_NN J42 105 loads_NNS ._. ^ experience_NN in_IN other_AP J42 106 countries_NNS has_HVZ shown_VBN that_CS there_EX are_BER practicable_JJ J42 106 devices_NNS for_IN adjusting_VBG J42 107 meters_NNS in_TO order_TO" to_TO" charge_VB more_AP for_IN peak_NN J42 107 hour_NN use_NN ._. ^ our_PP$ nationalised_JJ J42 108 electricity_NN industry_NN has_HVZ stubbornly_RB and_CC irrationally_RB J42 108 refused_VBN to_TO adopt_VB J42 109 them_PP3OS ._. J42 110 ^ the_ATI building_NN of_IN nuclear_JJ power_NN stations_NNS has_HVZ J42 110 been_BEN criticized_VBN :_: J42 111 though_CS this_DT form_NN of_IN investment_NN is_BEZ ,_, I_PP1A J42 111 think_VB ,_, defensible_JJ on_IN economic_JJ J42 112 grounds_NNS ,_, up_RP to_IN the_ATI point_NN where_WRB the_ATI base_NN J42 112 or_CC minimum_JJ load_NN on_IN the_ATI J42 113 electricity_NN system_NN (_( probably_RB at_IN 4_CD \0a.m_RB on_IN a_AT J42 113 summer_NN morning_NN )_) ,_, J42 114 constituting_VBG perhaps_RB one-sixth_CD of_IN total_JJ capacity_NN ,_, J42 114 is_BEZ all_ABN supplied_VBN by_IN J42 115 them_PP3OS ._. ^ it_PP3 does_DOZ not_XNOT serve_VB much_AP purpose_NN J42 115 to_TO work_VB out_RP a_AT series_NN of_IN J42 116 comparative_JJ costs_NNS of_IN thermal_JJ and_CC nuclear_JJ J42 116 stations_NNS ,_, under_IN various_JJ J42 117 assumptions_NNS ,_, in_IN pence_NNS per_IN unit_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J42 117 right_JJ approach_NN is_BEZ by_IN an_AT analysis_NN J42 118 of_IN *'_*' opportunity_NN costs_NNS **'_**' ._. ^ a_AT nuclear_JJ J42 118 station_NN of_IN 300,000_CD \0kw_NNU J42 119 capacity_NN ,_, expected_VBN to_TO last_VB for_IN twenty_CD years_NNS J42 119 ,_, costs_VBZ *+42_NNU million_CD ,_, plus_IN J42 120 *+8.8_NNU million_CD for_IN its_PP$ initial_JJ fuel_NN charge_NN ._. ^ J42 120 such_ABL a_AT station_NN obviates_VBZ J42 121 the_ATI need_NN for_IN a_AT thermal_JJ station_NN of_IN similar_JJ J42 121 capacity_NN *-_*- additional_JJ J42 122 capacity_NN is_BEZ going_VBG to_TO be_BE needed_VBN ,_, even_CS if_CS" J42 122 not_XNOT at_IN the_ATI rate_NN at_IN which_WDTR we_PP1AS J42 123 are_BER building_VBG at_IN present_NN ._. ^ the_ATI capital_NN cost_NN J42 123 of_IN the_ATI thermal_JJ station_NN J42 124 would_MD be_BE *+15_NNU million_CD ,_, with_IN a_AT life_NN of_IN J42 124 twenty-seven_CD years_NNS ;_; so_RB we_PP1AS can_MD J42 125 *'_*' credit_VB **'_**' the_ATI nuclear_JJ station_NN with_IN J42 125 saving_VBG 20/27_CD x_IN 15_CD =_&FO *+11.1_NNU million_CD J42 126 capital_NN ,_, and_CC regard_VB its_PP$ net_JJB capital_NN cost_NN J42 126 as_IN *+39.7_NNU million_CD ._. ^ running_NN J42 127 costs_NNS other_AP than_IN fuel_NN ,_, which_WDTR are_BER virtually_RB J42 127 independent_JJ of_IN output_NN ,_, will_MD J42 128 be_BE *+0.5_NNU million_CD per_IN year_NN for_IN a_AT nuclear_JJ and_CC J42 128 *+0.33_NNU million_CD for_IN a_AT J42 129 thermal_JJ station_NN ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI nuclear_JJ station_NN J42 129 works_VBZ at_IN 80_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" load_NN J42 130 factor_NN ,_, which_WDTR seems_VBZ a_AT reasonably_RB cautious_JJ J42 130 estimate_NN ,_, it_PP3 will_MD produce_VB J42 131 2.1_CD billion_CD \0kwh_NNU per_IN year_NN at_IN a_AT fuel_NN cost_NN J42 131 of_IN 0.149_CD \0d_NNU /_IN \0kwh_NNU ,_, as_IN J42 132 against_IN" 0.420_CD \0d_NNU /_IN \0kwh_NNU for_IN a_AT thermal_JJ J42 132 station_NN ._. ^ after_IN allowing_VBG for_IN J42 133 running_NN costs_NNS the_ATI net_JJB saving_NN will_MD be_BE *+2.23_NNU J42 133 million_CD per_IN year_NN ,_, or_CC 5.6_CD J42 134 per_NNU cent_NNU" on_IN the_ATI net_JJB capital_NN cost_NN of_IN J42 134 *+39.7_NNU million_CD ._. J42 135 ^ this_DT ,_, however_RB ,_, still_RB only_RB represents_VBZ J42 135 costs_NNS as_CS seen_VBN by_IN the_ATI J42 136 electrical_JJ engineer_NN ._. ^ when_WRB we_PP1AS take_VB the_ATI J42 136 costs_NNS of_IN the_ATI national_JJ coal_NN J42 137 board_NN into_IN account_NN also_RB ,_, we_PP1AS find_VB a_AT very_QL J42 137 much_RB greater_JJR saving_NN ._. ^ as_QL soon_RB J42 138 as_CS total_JJ output_NN of_IN coal_NN began_VBD to_TO go_VB down_RP J42 138 ,_, during_IN the_ATI last_AP few_AP years_NNS ,_, J42 139 the_ATI output_NN of_IN coal_NN per_IN manshift_NN worked_VBN ,_, J42 139 which_WDTR had_HVD been_BEN stationary_JJ for_IN J42 140 a_AT number_NN of_IN years_NNS ,_, leaped_VBD upwards_RB ._. ^ this_DT J42 140 was_BEDZ brought_VBN about_RP only_RB to_IN a_AT J42 141 limited_JJ extent_NN by_IN closing_VBG pits_NNS :_: mainly_RB ,_, J42 141 it_PP3 appears_VBZ ,_, by_IN the_ATI closing_NN of_IN J42 142 uneconomic_JJ seams_NNS within_IN mines_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI movement_NN J42 142 of_IN the_ATI figures_NNS of_IN output_NN J42 143 per_IN manshift_NN appears_VBZ to_TO indicate_VB that_CS marginal_JJ J42 143 coal_NN may_MD cost_VB as_QL much_AP J42 144 as_IN *+4_NNU per_IN ton_NN more_AP than_IN average_JJ coal_NN ._. ^ J42 144 if_CS we_PP1AS take_VB this_DT saving_NN into_IN J42 145 account_NN ,_, as_CS we_PP1AS are_BER fully_RB entitled_VBN to_TO do_DO J42 145 ,_, we_PP1AS obtain_VB an_AT additional_JJ J42 146 return_NN of_IN 8_CD 1/2_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" (_( or_CC less_AP in_IN J42 146 proportion_NN if_CS the_ATI above_JJB figure_NN J42 147 of_IN *+4_NNU is_BEZ too_QL high_JJ )_) on_IN our_PP$ investment_NN J42 147 in_IN nuclear_JJ power_NN ._. ^ by_IN all_ABN means_NNS J42 148 invest_VB in_IN nuclear_JJ power_NN *-_*- but_CC close_VB down_RP J42 148 more_AP coal_NN mines_NNS ._. J42 149 ^ (_( e_ZZ )_) roads_NNS ._. J42 150 ^ at_IN a_AT special_JJ conference_NN called_VBN by_IN the_ATI J42 150 institute_NN of_IN civil_JJ J42 151 engineers_NNS recently_RB ,_, a_AT case_NN was_BEDZ made_VBN for_IN J42 151 very_QL large_JJ expenditure_NN on_IN both_ABX J42 152 rural_JJ and_CC urban_JJ roads_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI economic_JJ return_NN J42 152 on_IN such_ABL investments_NNS ,_, in_IN J42 153 the_ATI form_NN of_IN faster-moving_JJR and_CC less_QL congested_JJ J42 153 traffic_NN ,_, can_MD be_BE fairly_RB J42 154 precisely_RB calculated_VBN ,_, and_CC fully_RB justifies_VBZ J42 154 them_PP3OS ,_, probably_RB even_RB to_IN the_ATI J42 155 extent_NN of_IN the_ATI *+3,000_NNU million_CD which_WDTR ,_, it_PP3 J42 155 was_BEDZ suggested_VBN ,_, should_MD J42 156 ultimately_RB be_BE spent_VBN on_IN our_PP$ road_NN system_NN ._. ^ J42 156 but_CC here_RN again_RB ,_, this_DT J42 157 expenditure_NN should_MD render_VB redundant_JJ a_AT considerable_JJ J42 157 part_NN of_IN the_ATI railway_NN J42 158 system_NN ,_, which_WDTR should_MD be_BE dismantled_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI J42 158 expensive_JJ *'_*' modernization_NN J42 159 programme_NN **'_**' for_IN the_ATI railways_NNS was_BEDZ prepared_VBN J42 159 on_IN quite_RB unjustified_JJ J42 160 assumptions_NNS about_IN the_ATI amount_NN of_IN traffic_NN which_WDTR J42 160 they_PP3AS could_MD attract_VB ._. J42 161 ^ demand_NN for_IN transport_NN ,_, measured_VBN in_IN ton-miles_NNS J42 161 ,_, has_HVZ been_BEN increasing_VBG more_QL J42 162 slowly_RB than_IN national_JJ product_NN ,_, and_CC its_PP$ future_JJB J42 162 rate_NN of_IN increase_NN is_BEZ J42 163 expected_VBN to_TO be_BE not_XNOT much_RB over_RB 1_CD1 per_NNU J42 163 cent_NNU" per_IN year_NN ._. ^ road_NN transport_NN J42 164 already_RB carries_VBZ over_RB three-quarters_CDS of_IN the_ATI J42 164 ton-mileage_NN of_IN all_ABN traffic_NN J42 165 other_AP than_IN minerals_NNS and_CC at_IN its_PP$ present_JJ rate_NN J42 165 of_IN expansion_NN will_MD easily_RB J42 166 provide_VB for_IN this_DT increase_NN ,_, and_CC go_VB on_RP J42 166 cutting_VBG into_IN what_WDT remains_VBZ of_IN the_ATI J42 167 railway_NN traffic_NN too_RB ._. J42 169 ^ there_EX can_MD now_RN be_BE no_ATI doubt_NN ,_, and_CC no_ATI J42 169 denying_VBG ,_, that_CS hundreds_CDS of_IN J42 170 million_CD of_IN pounds_NNS have_HV ,_, since_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN J42 170 the_ATI war_NN ,_, been_BEN wasted_VBN on_IN J42 171 misdirected_JJ *'_*' investment_NN **'_**' in_IN the_ATI J42 171 nationalised_JJ coal_NN ,_, electricity_NN and_CC J42 172 railway_NN industries_NNS ._. ^ because_IN of_IN" this_DT waste_NN J42 172 we_PP1AS have_HV not_XNOT been_BEN able_JJ to_TO J42 173 modernise_VB the_ATI road_NN system_NN ,_, cut_VB taxes_NNS ,_, or_CC J42 173 do_DO the_ATI other_AP desirable_JJ things_NNS J42 174 that_WPR could_MD have_HV been_BEN done_VBN ._. ^ there_EX has_HVZ J42 174 been_BEN plenty_NN of_IN J42 175 *'_*' investment_NN **'_**' ,_, but_CC how_WRB much_AP effective_JJ J42 175 growth_NN ?_? ^ net_JJB capital_NN J42 176 investment_NN from_IN 1955_CD to_IN 1959_CD inclusive_JJ was_BEDZ J42 176 *+8,949_NNU million_CD ,_, which_WDTR J42 177 means_VBZ an_AT addition_NN to_IN the_ATI capital_NN stock_NN of_IN J42 177 19_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" ._. ^ but_CC the_ATI J42 178 increase_NN in_IN the_ATI real_JJ net_JJB national_JJ product_NN J42 178 from_IN 1955_CD to_IN 1959-60_CD-CD was_BEDZ J42 179 only_RB 9_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" ._. ^ have_HV we_PP1AS been_BEN J42 179 putting_VBG our_PP$ money_NN on_IN the_ATI wrong_JJ horses_NNS ?_? J42 180 ^ 6_CD ._. ^ the_ATI international_JJ investment_NN *'_*' league_NN J42 180 **'_**' ._. J42 181 ^ the_ATI final_JJ section_NN of_IN this_DT booklet_NN might_MD J42 181 be_BE described_VBN ,_, in_IN a_AT J42 182 certain_JJ sense_NN ,_, as_IN an_AT anticlimax_NN ._. ^ after_IN J42 182 \0Dr_NPT Aukrust's_NP$ careful_JJ J42 183 analysis_NN of_IN the_ATI Norwegian_JNP figures_NNS ,_, and_CC the_ATI J42 183 extensive_JJ figures_NNS for_IN other_AP J42 184 countries_NNS quoted_VBN above_RI ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ going_VBG to_TO J42 184 be_BE very_QL difficult_JJ for_IN anyone_PN J42 185 seriously_RB to_TO contend_VB that_CS increased_JJ investment_NN is_BEZ J42 185 a_AT sure_JJ way_NN of_IN J42 186 increasing_VBG the_ATI rate_NN of_IN economic_JJ growth_NN ._. J42 187 ^ however_RB ,_, there_EX are_BER many_AP people_NNS ,_, in_IN J42 187 responsible_JJ positions_NNS ,_, who_WPR do_DO J42 188 not_XNOT reason_VB in_IN this_DT way_NN ._. ^ they_PP3AS reason_VB J42 188 in_IN a_AT simpler_JJR manner_NN altogether_RB ._. J42 189 ^ the_ATI procedure_NN is_BEZ to_TO construct_VB what_WDT is_BEZ J42 189 sometimes_RB called_VBN a_AT *'_*' league_NN J42 190 table_NN **'_**' ,_, ranking_VBG countries_NNS according_IN to_IN" J42 190 the_ATI percentage_NN of_IN their_PP$ gross_JJ J42 191 national_JJ product_NN which_WDTR they_PP3AS devote_VB to_IN J42 191 investment_NN ;_; and_CC then_RN to_TO set_VB out_RP J42 192 to_TO show_VB that_CS their_PP$ position_NN in_IN this_DT table_NN J42 192 is_BEZ related_VBN to_IN their_PP$ rate_NN of_IN J42 193 economic_JJ growth_NN ._. J43 2 ^ between_IN those_DTS quarters_NNS transfer_NN payments_NNS rose_VBD J43 2 by_IN an_AT annual_JJ rate_NN of_IN J43 3 $1.9_NNU billion_CD ,_, against_IN which_WDTR must_MD be_BE set_VBN J43 3 an_AT increase_NN in_IN personal_JJ J43 4 social_JJ insurance_NN contributions_NNS of_IN $0.5_NNU billion_CD ;_; J43 4 federal_JJ personal_JJ tax_NN J43 5 payments_NNS fell_VBD by_IN $3.4_NNU billion_CD ,_, while_CS state_NN J43 5 and_CC local_JJ tax_NN payments_NNS J43 6 rose_VBD by_IN $0.3_NNU billion_CD ._. ^ the_ATI fall_NN in_IN J43 6 federal_JJ personal_JJ tax_NN payments_NNS and_CC J43 7 the_ATI rise_NN in_IN transfer_NN payments_NNS were_BED more_AP than_IN J43 7 enough_DTI to_TO offset_VB the_ATI fall_NN J43 8 in_IN personal_JJ income_NN before_IN tax_NN and_CC transfer_NN ,_, J43 8 disposable_JJ income_NN rising_VBG J43 9 by_IN $1.0_NNU billion_CD ._. ^ although_CS the_ATI level_NN of_IN J43 9 personal_JJ income_NN before_IN tax_NN J43 10 and_CC transfer_NN in_IN the_ATI second_OD quarter_NN of_IN 1954_CD J43 10 was_BEDZ the_ATI lowest_JJT reached_VBN in_IN J43 11 the_ATI recession_NN ,_, disposable_JJ income_NN was_BEDZ higher_JJR J43 11 than_IN the_ATI pre-recession_JJB J43 12 peak_NN ,_, as_CS was_BEDZ consumption_NN ._. ^ although_CS small_JJ J43 12 changes_NNS from_IN quarter_NN to_IN J43 13 quarter_NN as_CS shown_VBN in_IN the_ATI national_JJ income_NN J43 13 accounts_NNS must_MD be_BE treated_VBN with_IN J43 14 caution_NN because_IN of_IN" the_ATI *'_*' statistical_JJ J43 14 discrepancy_NN **'_**' ,_, there_EX is_BEZ every_AT J43 15 reason_NN to_TO regard_VB as_CS correct_JJ the_ATI view_NN held_VBN J43 15 at_IN the_ATI time_NN in_IN official_JJ J43 16 circles_NNS that_CS disposable_JJ income_NN and_CC consumption_NN J43 16 expenditure_NN for_IN goods_NNS J43 17 as_CC well_CC" as_CC" services_NNS was_BEDZ being_BEG well_RB J43 17 maintained_VBN despite_IN the_ATI J43 18 recession_NN ._. ^ as_QL long_RB as_CS this_DT was_BEDZ so_PN the_ATI J43 18 attempt_NN to_TO reduce_VB inventories_NNS J43 19 would_MD succeed_VB and_CC before_IN long_RB inventory_NN J43 19 liquidation_NN would_MD have_HV to_TO come_VB J43 20 to_IN a_AT halt_NN ,_, with_IN a_AT consequent_JJ increase_NN in_IN J43 20 total_JJ demand_NN and_CC production_NN ._. J43 21 ^ the_ATI danger_NN was_BEDZ that_CS the_ATI fall_NN in_IN incomes_NNS J43 21 caused_VBN by_IN the_ATI reductions_NNS in_IN J43 22 output_NN made_VBN in_TO order_TO" to_TO" reduce_VB inventories_NNS J43 22 might_MD lead_VB to_IN such_ABL a_AT drop_NN J43 23 in_IN consumers'_NNS$ demand_NN that_CS the_ATI attempt_NN to_TO J43 23 liquidate_VB inventories_NNS would_MD J43 24 fail_VB ,_, leading_VBG to_IN another_DT round_NN of_IN cuts_NNS in_IN J43 24 output_NN ._. ^ the_ATI cut_NN in_IN incomes_NNS J43 25 resulting_VBG from_IN the_ATI fall_NN in_IN defence_NN expenditure_NN J43 25 could_MD intensify_VB such_ABL a_AT J43 26 spiral_NN ._. J43 27 ^ but_CC in_IN the_ATI early_JJ months_NNS of_IN 1954_CD there_EX J43 27 was_BEDZ no_ATI sign_NN of_IN such_ABL a_AT J43 28 development_NN ._. ^ retail_NN sales_NNS of_IN non-durable_JJ goods_NNS J43 28 rose_VBD steadily_RB ,_, the_ATI J43 29 total_NN in_IN each_DT month_NN except_IN March_NR being_BEG above_IN J43 29 that_DT for_IN the_ATI J43 30 corresponding_JJ month_NN in_IN 1953_CD ,_, and_CC in_IN April_NR J43 30 equalled_VBD the_ATI previous_JJ high_JJ J43 31 point_NN (_( July_NR 1953_CD )_) ._. ^ sales_NNS of_IN consumers'_NNS$ J43 31 durable_JJ goods_NNS were_BED below_IN the_ATI J43 32 1953_CD levels_NNS throughout_IN 1954_CD ,_, but_CC in_IN February_NR J43 32 and_CC succeeding_JJ months_NNS J43 33 were_BED well_RB above_IN the_ATI low_JJ point_NN of_IN December_NR J43 33 1953_CD and_CC January_NR 1954_CD ._. ^ the_ATI J43 34 movements_NNS of_IN disposable_JJ income_NN and_CC retail_NN sales_NNS J43 34 indicated_VBD that_CS the_ATI J43 35 fall_NN in_IN production_NN and_CC in_IN incomes_NNS derived_VBN J43 35 from_IN it_PP3 was_BEDZ not_XNOT causing_VBG a_AT J43 36 deflationary_JJ spiral_NN ,_, so_CS that_CS" it_PP3 was_BEDZ likely_JJ J43 36 that_CS the_ATI combination_NN of_IN J43 37 reduced_JJ output_NN and_CC stable_JJ sales_NNS would_MD run_VB down_RP J43 37 inventories_NNS fairly_RB J43 38 quickly_RB ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ reasonable_JJ to_TO reach_VB this_DT J43 38 conclusion_NN in_IN March_NR or_CC April_NR J43 39 1954_CD ._. J43 40 ^ the_ATI above_JJB conclusion_NN indicated_VBD that_CS the_ATI J43 40 consumption_NN sector_NN of_IN the_ATI J43 41 economy_NN would_MD be_BE able_JJ to_TO get_VB by_RP with_IN the_ATI J43 41 tax_NN reduction_NN already_RB J43 42 enacted_VBN ,_, with_IN the_ATI reduction_NN in_IN excise_NN tax_NN J43 42 rates_NNS just_RB to_TO be_BE on_IN the_ATI safe_JJ J43 43 side_NN ._. ^ the_ATI administration's_NN$ approach_NN was_BEDZ J43 43 cautious_JJ ;_; in_IN March_NR and_CC April_NR J43 44 1954_CD definite_JJ evidence_NN that_CS the_ATI trough_NN of_IN the_ATI J43 44 recession_NN had_HVD been_BEN J43 45 reached_VBN was_BEDZ not_XNOT yet_RB available_JJ and_CC there_EX J43 45 were_BED no_ATI grounds_NNS for_IN believing_VBG J43 46 that_CS recovery_NN had_HVD begun_VBN ;_; the_ATI risk_NN of_IN a_AT J43 46 deflationary_JJ spiral_NN still_RB J43 47 existed_VBD ._. ^ the_ATI administration_NN decided_VBD to_TO take_VB J43 47 the_ATI risk_NN ,_, which_WDTR indeed_RB J43 48 did_DOD not_XNOT appear_VB a_AT large_JJ one_CD1 ,_, in_TO order_TO" J43 48 to_TO" avoid_VB risking_VBG the_ATI inflation_NN J43 49 that_WPR might_MD develop_VB once_CS recovery_NN was_BEDZ well_RB J43 49 under_IN way_NN if_CS the_ATI tax_NN J43 50 reduction_NN could_MD not_XNOT be_BE reversed_VBN quickly_RB ._. ^ J43 50 while_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ quite_RB J43 51 legitimate_JJ to_TO argue_VB that_CS the_ATI risk_NN of_IN inflation_NN J43 51 should_MD have_HV been_BEN J43 52 accepted_VBN and_CC tax_NN rates_NNS reduced_VBN ,_, it_PP3 can_MD J43 52 not_XNOT be_BE justifiably_RB asserted_VBN that_CS J43 53 the_ATI issue_NN was_BEDZ whether_CS any_DTI attention_NN at_IN all_ABN J43 53 should_MD be_BE paid_VBN to_IN J43 54 consumption_NN ;_; talk_NN about_IN *'_*' a_AT massive_JJ J43 54 transfusion_NN of_IN purchasing_NN power_NN J43 55 **'_**' implied_VBD that_CS the_ATI consumption_NN sector_NN of_IN J43 55 the_ATI economy_NN was_BEDZ in_IN a_AT much_RB worse_JJR J43 56 state_NN of_IN ill-health_NN than_CS it_PP3 really_RB was_BEDZ ._. J43 57 ^ the_ATI main_JJB tax_NN bill_NN of_IN 1954_CD ,_, that_DT to_TO J43 57 enact_VB a_AT new_JJ internal_JJ revenue_NN J43 58 code_NN ,_, was_BEDZ a_AT measure_NN of_IN revision_NN and_CC reform_NN J43 58 ._. ^ indeed_RB ,_, the_ATI slow_JJ ,_, J43 59 deliberate_JJ progress_NN that_WPR it_PP3 had_HVD made_VBN since_IN J43 59 its_PP$ inception_NN in_IN 1952_CD J43 60 suggests_VBZ that_CS its_PP$ coinciding_VBG with_IN a_AT recession_NN J43 60 was_BEDZ fortuitous_JJ ,_, though_CS J43 61 had_HVN there_EX been_BEN inflation_NN serious_JJ enough_QLP to_TO J43 61 make_VB any_DTI tax_NN reduction_NN J43 62 undesirable_JJ it_PP3 could_MD presumably_RB have_HV been_BEN held_VBN J43 62 over_RP for_IN a_AT year_NN or_CC so_PN ._. J43 63 ^ the_ATI majority_NN of_IN the_ATI ways_NNS and_CC means_NNS J43 63 committee_NN stated_VBD in_IN their_PP$ report_NN J43 64 on_IN the_ATI bill_NN :_: J43 65 ^ *'_*' this_DT bill_NN is_BEZ a_AT long_RB overdue_JJ reform_NN J43 65 measure_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ vitally_RB J43 66 necessary_JJ regardless_RB of_IN momentary_JJ economic_JJ J43 66 conditions_NNS and_CC should_MD not_XNOT J43 67 be_BE confused_VBN with_IN other_AP measures_NNS which_WDTR may_MD J43 67 be_BE ,_, or_CC might_MD become_VB ,_, J43 68 appropriate_JJ in_IN the_ATI light_NN of_IN a_AT particular_JJ short_JJ J43 68 run_NN situation_NN ..._... ._. **'_**' J43 69 ^ there_EX was_BEDZ no_ATI reason_NN why_WRB a_AT tax_NN J43 69 reduction_NN should_MD not_XNOT have_HV been_BEN J43 70 added_VBN to_IN the_ATI reforms_NNS if_CS the_ATI economic_JJ J43 70 situation_NN rendered_VBD this_DT J43 71 desirable_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI most_QL contentious_JJ provisions_NNS J43 71 were_BED the_ATI dividend_NN credit_NN J43 72 and_CC the_ATI more_QL liberal_JJ depreciation_NN allowances_NNS ._. ^ J43 72 the_ATI latter_AP provided_VBD J43 73 that_CS the_ATI taxpayer_NN might_MD use_VB the_ATI *'_*' sum_NN of_IN J43 73 years_NNS digits_NNS **'_**' method_NN of_IN J43 74 computing_VBG depreciation_NN ,_, or_CC declining_JJ balance_NN at_IN J43 74 double_JJ rate_NN (_( \0i.e_RB J43 75 if_CS the_ATI asset_NN had_HVD a_AT life_NN for_IN tax_NN purposes_NNS J43 75 of_IN 10_CD years_NNS the_ATI annual_JJ J43 76 allowance_NN would_MD be_BE 20_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI J43 76 value_NN not_XNOT yet_RB written_VBN off_RP )_) ._. ^ the_ATI J43 77 new_JJ formulae_NNS for_IN computing_VBG depreciation_NN allowances_NNS J43 77 were_BED to_TO apply_VB only_RB J43 78 to_IN depreciable_JJ assets_NNS acquired_VBN after_CS the_ATI act_NN J43 78 had_HVD come_VBN into_IN force_NN ,_, and_CC J43 79 thus_RB were_BED evidently_RB intended_VBN as_IN a_AT device_NN for_IN J43 79 encouraging_VBG investment_NN J43 80 rather_RB than_CS as_IN an_AT improvement_NN in_IN the_ATI equity_NN J43 80 of_IN the_ATI tax_NN system_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J43 81 administration_NN proposed_VBD that_CS the_ATI first_OD $50_NNU of_IN J43 81 personal_JJ income_NN from_IN J43 82 dividends_NNS should_MD be_BE exempt_JJ from_IN tax_NN in_IN 1954_CD J43 82 and_CC the_ATI first_OD $100_NNU in_IN J43 83 subsequent_JJ years_NNS ,_, and_CC that_CS the_ATI taxpayer_NN J43 83 should_MD be_BE allowed_VBN to_TO deduct_VB J43 84 from_IN his_PP$ tax_NN liability_NN 5_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN J43 84 his_PP$ income_NN from_IN dividends_NNS in_IN the_ATI J43 85 first_OD year_NN after_CS the_ATI act_NN had_HVD come_VBN into_IN J43 85 force_NN ,_, 10_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" in_IN the_ATI J43 86 second_OD year_NN ,_, and_CC 15_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" in_IN the_ATI J43 86 third_OD and_CC subsequent_JJ years_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J43 87 bill_NN reported_VBN by_IN the_ATI ways_NNS and_CC means_NNS J43 87 committee_NN (_( \0H.R.8300_NP )_) followed_VBD J43 88 the_ATI administration's_NN$ recommendations_NNS except_CS that_CS" J43 88 the_ATI credit_NN of_IN J43 89 dividends_NNS against_IN tax_NN liability_NN was_BEDZ limited_VBN to_IN J43 89 10_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" ._. ^ the_ATI J43 90 dividend_NN credit_NN had_HVD no_ATI relevance_NN to_IN the_ATI J43 90 immediate_JJ economic_JJ situation_NN ;_; J43 91 it_PP3 was_BEDZ supported_VBN on_IN grounds_NNS of_IN equity_NN ,_, J43 91 as_IN a_AT means_NN of_IN providing_VBG relief_NN J43 92 from_IN the_ATI *'_*' double_JJ taxation_NN **'_**' of_IN dividends_NNS J43 92 ._. J43 93 ^ the_ATI minority_NN report_NN of_IN the_ATI ways_NNS and_CC J43 93 means_NNS committee_NN denounced_VBD the_ATI J43 94 dividend_NN credit_NN as_IN an_AT indefensible_JJ discrimination_NN J43 94 in_IN favour_NN of_IN J43 95 unearned_JJ income_NN and_CC as_CS embodying_VBG the_ATI *'_*' J43 95 trickle_NN down_RP **'_**' approach_NN to_IN tax_NN J43 96 reduction_NN ._. ^ the_ATI changes_NNS in_IN the_ATI depreciation_NN J43 96 allowances_NNS were_BED criticized_VBN J43 97 on_IN the_ATI ground_NN that_CS the_ATI fuller_JJR use_NN of_IN J43 97 capacity_NN that_WPR would_MD result_VB from_IN J43 98 an_AT increase_NN in_IN consumption_NN demand_NN would_MD be_BE a_AT J43 98 more_QL reliable_JJ inducement_NN J43 99 to_IN investment_NN ,_, for_CS since_CS much_AP existing_JJ capacity_NN J43 99 was_BEDZ not_XNOT being_BEG fully_RB J43 100 used_VBN tax_NN relief_NN directed_VBN specifically_RB to_IN J43 100 investment_NN would_MD not_XNOT have_HV J43 101 much_AP effect_NN ._. J43 102 ^ the_ATI proposal_NN for_IN an_AT increase_NN in_IN the_ATI J43 102 individual_JJ exemption_NN from_IN J43 103 income_NN tax_NN had_HVD almost_RB unanimous_JJ support_NN from_IN J43 103 the_ATI democrats_NNS ,_, including_IN J43 104 Representative_NPT Rayburn_NP ,_, House_NPL minority_NN leader_NN ,_, J43 104 and_CC Senator_NPT George_NP ,_, the_ATI J43 105 senior_JJ democratic_JJ member_NN of_IN the_ATI finance_NN committee_NN J43 105 ,_, which_WDTR made_VBD it_PP3 J43 106 *'_*' official_JJ **'_**' democratic_JJ policy_NN if_CS anything_PN J43 106 could_MD ._. ^ there_EX were_BED also_RB J43 107 signs_NNS of_IN republican_JJ support_NN ._. J43 108 ^ the_ATI administration_NN was_BEDZ sufficiently_RB concerned_JJ J43 108 for_IN the_ATI President_NPT J43 109 to_TO make_VB a_AT special_JJ broadcast_NN on_IN the_ATI subject_NN J43 109 on_IN 15_CD March_NR ,_, two_CD days_NNS J43 110 before_CS the_ATI bill_NN was_BEDZ due_JJ to_TO be_BE debated_VBN in_IN J43 110 the_ATI House_NPL of_IN Representatives_NPTS ._. J43 111 ^ after_IN stressing_VBG the_ATI need_NN to_TO encourage_VB J43 111 investors_NNS to_TO buy_VB *'_*' lathes_NNS ,_, J43 112 looms_NNS ,_, and_CC great_JJ generators_NNS **'_**' the_ATI J43 112 President_NPT expressed_VBD hostility_NN to_IN J43 113 the_ATI proposed_JJ increase_NN in_IN the_ATI individual_JJ J43 113 exemption_NN on_IN the_ATI ground_NN that_CS J43 114 it_PP3 would_MD exempt_VB a_AT large_JJ number_NN of_IN taxpayers_NNS J43 114 from_IN tax_NN liability_NN J43 115 altogether_RB :_: J43 116 ^ *'_*' when_WRB the_ATI time_NN comes_VBZ to_TO cut_VB income_NN J43 116 taxes_NNS still_RB more_RBR ,_, let_VB 's_PP1OS cut_VB J43 117 them_PP3OS ._. ^ but_CC I_PP1A do_DO not_XNOT believe_VB that_CS J43 117 the_ATI way_NN to_TO do_DO it_PP3 is_BEZ to_TO excuse_VB J43 118 millions_CDS of_IN taxpayers_NNS from_IN paying_VBG any_DTI income_NN J43 118 tax_NN at_IN all_ABN ..._... every_AT real_JJ J43 119 American_NNP is_BEZ proud_JJ to_TO carry_VB his_PP$ share_NN of_IN J43 119 any_DTI burden_NN ..._... ._. ^ I_PP1A simply_RB do_DO J43 120 not_XNOT believe_VB for_IN one_CD1 second_NN that_CS anyone_PN J43 120 privileged_JJ to_TO live_VB in_IN this_DT J43 121 country_NN wants_VBZ someone_PN else_RB to_TO pay_VB his_PP$ fair_JJ J43 121 and_CC just_JJ share_NN of_IN the_ATI cost_NN J43 122 of_IN his_PP$ government_NN **'_**' ._. J43 123 ^ the_ATI debate_NN on_IN the_ATI bill_NN in_IN the_ATI House_NPL J43 123 on_IN 17_CD and_CC 18_CD March_NR 1954_CD took_VBD J43 124 the_ATI form_NN outlined_VBN above_RI ,_, with_IN sundry_JJ J43 124 democratic_JJ assertions_NNS that_CS since_CS J43 125 their_PP$ opponents_NNS had_HVD decided_VBN to_IN something_PN as_QL J43 125 reckless_JJ as_CS to_TO J43 126 reduce_VB taxation_NN in_IN face_NN of_IN a_AT deficit_NN ,_, it_PP3 J43 126 might_MD as_QL well_RB be_BE a_AT more_QL J43 127 equitable_JJ tax_NN reduction_NN ._. ^ the_ATI motion_NN to_TO J43 127 recommit_VB provided_CS that_CS" the_ATI J43 128 dividend_NN credit_NN and_CC the_ATI depreciation_NN provisions_NNS J43 128 should_MD be_BE deleted_VBN and_CC J43 129 an_AT increase_NN in_IN the_ATI individual_JJ exemption_NN to_IN J43 129 $700_NNU inserted_VBN ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ J43 130 rejected_VBN by_IN 210_CD to_IN 204_CD ,_, eight_CD republicans_NNS J43 130 voting_VBG in_IN favour_NN and_CC seven_CD J43 131 democrats_NNS against_RI ._. ^ not_XNOT all_ABN of_IN those_DTS J43 131 voting_VBG in_IN favour_NN of_IN the_ATI motion_NN J43 132 were_BED voting_VBG in_IN favour_NN of_IN a_AT reduction_NN of_IN J43 132 the_ATI income_NN tax_NN ;_; if_CS the_ATI motion_NN J43 133 to_TO recommit_VB had_HVD been_BEN carried_VBN it_PP3 would_MD J43 133 probably_RB have_HV been_BEN the_ATI end_NN of_IN J43 134 the_ATI bill_NN for_IN the_ATI session_NN unless_CS the_ATI economic_JJ J43 134 situation_NN were_BED to_TO J43 135 deteriorate_VB ._. ^ among_IN those_DTS whose_WP$R votes_NNS J43 135 appeared_VBD to_TO be_BE influenced_VBN by_IN J43 136 this_DT consideration_NN were_BED the_ATI democrats_NNS from_IN J43 136 Virginia_NP and_CC Representative_NPT J43 137 Cannon_NP ._. ^ there_EX are_BER signs_NNS that_CS the_ATI J43 137 President's_NPT$ efforts_NNS were_BED effective_JJ J43 138 in_IN whipping-in_VBG some_DTI of_IN the_ATI republican_JJ J43 138 stragglers_NNS ;_; one_CD1 of_IN these_DTS ,_, J43 139 Representative_NPT Ayres_NP ,_, said_VBD that_CS he_PP3A had_HVD J43 139 thus_RB changed_VBN his_PP$ mind_NN ._. J43 140 ^ when_WRB the_ATI Senate_NP finance_NN committee_NN opened_VBD J43 140 hearings_NNS on_IN the_ATI bill_NN on_IN J43 141 7_CD April_NR 1954_CD Secretary_NPT Humphrey_NP held_VBD firmly_RB J43 141 to_IN the_ATI position_NN that_CS the_ATI J43 142 measures_NNS already_RB taken_VBN ,_, plus_IN the_ATI stimulation_NN J43 142 that_CS the_ATI depreciation_NN J43 143 provisions_NNS of_IN the_ATI bill_NN would_MD give_VB ,_, were_BED J43 143 adequate_JJ to_TO deal_VB with_IN the_ATI J43 144 recession_NN ,_, and_CC that_CS a_AT further_JJB tax_NN reduction_NN J43 144 would_MD be_BE inflationary_JJ ._. J43 145 ^ the_ATI representatives_NNS of_IN \0NAM_NP and_CC the_ATI \0U.S_NP J43 145 chamber_NN of_IN J43 146 commerce_NN supported_VBD the_ATI administration's_NN$ position_NN ,_, J43 146 but_CC the_ATI chamber's_NN$ J43 147 representative_NN recommended_VBD that_CS personal_JJ income_NN tax_NN J43 147 should_MD be_BE reduced_VBN J43 148 by_IN 5_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN liability_NN and_CC that_CS J43 148 expenditures_NNS should_MD be_BE cut_VBN J43 149 sufficiently_RB to_TO make_VB the_ATI tax_NN reduction_NN possible_JJ J43 149 without_IN further_RBR J43 150 unbalancing_VBG the_ATI budget_NN ._. ^ the_ATI trade_NN unions_NNS J43 150 gave_VBD vigorous_JJ support_NN to_IN the_ATI J43 151 increase_NN in_IN the_ATI individual_JJ exemption_NN from_IN income_NN J43 151 tax_NN ._. ^ \0Mr_NPT Reuther_NP J43 152 said_VBD that_WPR there_EX was_BEDZ *'_*' nothing_PN wrong_JJ in_IN J43 152 the_ATI American_JNP economy_NN that_CS an_AT J43 153 increase_NN in_IN the_ATI purchasing_NN power_NN in_IN the_ATI J43 153 hands_NNS of_IN the_ATI American_JNP people_NN J43 154 will_MD not_XNOT cure_VB **'_**' ._. ^ there_EX was_BEDZ also_RB J43 154 the_ATI usual_JJ pleading_NN for_IN special_JJ J43 155 relief_NN and_CC grinding_NN of_IN axes_NNS ;_; the_ATI general_JJ J43 155 counsel_NN to_IN the_ATI national_JJ J43 156 institute_NN of_IN diaper_NN services_NNS ,_, \0Inc_JNP ,_, asked_VBD J43 156 that_CS the_ATI cost_NN of_IN J43 157 *'_*' antiseptic_JJ diaper_NN service_NN **'_**' be_BE made_VBN a_AT J43 157 tax_NN deductible_JJ expense_NN ._. J43 158 ^ after_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN the_ATI hearings_NNS the_ATI J43 158 finance_NN committee_NN devoted_VBD five_CD J43 159 weeks_NNS to_IN its_PP$ consideration_NN of_IN the_ATI bill_NN ,_, J43 159 and_CC proposed_VBD numerous_JJ J43 160 amendments_NNS ,_, none_PN of_IN economic_JJ significance_NN in_IN J43 160 their_PP$ effect_NN on_IN the_ATI J43 161 revenue_NN ._. ^ introducing_VBG the_ATI bill_NN in_IN the_ATI J43 161 Senate_NP of_IN 28_CD June_NR 1954_CD Senator_NPT J43 162 Millikin_NP declared_VBD that_CS the_ATI bill_NN would_MD go_VB part_NN J43 162 of_IN the_ATI way_NN towards_IN J43 163 restoring_VBG *'_*' normal_JJ economic_JJ incentives_NNS **'_**' ,_, J43 163 which_WDTR was_BEDZ essential_JJ since_CS J43 164 the_ATI stimulus_NN given_VBN to_IN the_ATI economy_NN by_IN J43 164 abnormal_JJ military_JJ expenditure_NN was_BEDZ J43 165 fast_RB disappearing_VBG ._. ^ he_PP3A emphasized_VBD the_ATI by_IN J43 165 then_RN apparent_JJ fact_NN that_CS the_ATI J43 166 decline_NN had_HVD come_VBN to_IN an_AT end_NN ,_, arguing_VBG that_CS J43 166 as_IN a_AT result_NN further_JJB tax_NN J43 167 reduction_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT necessary_JJ to_TO bring_VB about_RP J43 167 recovery_NN ._. J43 168 ^ Senator_NPT George_NP agreed_VBD that_CS the_ATI recession_NN J43 168 had_HVD not_XNOT got_VBN as_QL bad_JJ as_CS J43 169 had_HVN at_IN one_CD1 time_NN seemed_VBN likely_JJ ;_; he_PP3A J43 169 therefore_RB proposed_VBD an_AT amendment_NN to_TO J43 170 increase_VB the_ATI individual_JJ exemption_NN from_IN $600_NNU to_IN J43 170 $700_NNU ,_, instead_RB of_IN to_IN J43 171 $800_NNU as_CS he_PP3A had_HVD suggested_VBN earlier_RBR ._. ^ J43 171 although_CS his_PP$ proposal_NN would_MD J43 172 increase_VB the_ATI deficit_NN in_IN the_ATI immediate_JJ future_NN ,_, J43 172 he_PP3A maintained_VBD that_CS J43 173 ~ *'_*' there_EX will_MD be_BE a_AT greater_JJR deficit_NN if_CS J43 173 we_PP1AS do_DO not_XNOT sustain_VB the_ATI principles_NNS J43 174 of_IN a_AT sound_JJ and_CC expanding_JJ economy_NN **'_**' and_CC J43 174 that_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ more_QL important_JJ to_TO J43 175 balance_VB the_ATI *'_*' home_NR budget_NN **'_**' than_CS to_TO J43 175 balance_VB the_ATI budget_NN of_IN the_ATI federal_JJ J43 176 government_NN ._. ^ Douglas_NP argued_VBD powerfully_RB that_CS the_ATI J43 176 main_JJB economic_JJ problem_NN J43 177 at_IN the_ATI moment_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT lack_NN of_IN productive_JJ J43 177 capacity_NN but_CC lack_NN of_IN J43 178 effective_JJ consumer_NN demand_NN ,_, and_CC that_CS no_ATI tax_NN J43 178 concessions_NNS to_IN investment_NN J43 179 would_MD achieve_VB results_NNS if_CS there_EX was_BEDZ no_ATI J43 179 market_NN for_IN the_ATI output_NN from_IN the_ATI J43 180 increased_JJ capacity_NN ._. ^ the_ATI reasoning_NN which_WDTR J43 180 underlay_VBD the_ATI bill_NN was_BEDZ J43 181 therefore_RB fallacious_JJ ;_; it_PP3 would_MD add_VB to_IN private_JJ J43 181 savings_NNS ,_, but_CC would_MD do_DO J43 182 nothing_PN to_TO add_VB to_IN investment_NN ,_, which_WDTR was_BEDZ J43 182 being_BEG held_VBN back_RP by_IN lack_NN of_IN J43 183 markets_NNS ._. J43 184 ^ Millikin_NP moved_VBD an_AT amendment_NN to_TO provide_VB for_IN J43 184 a_AT reduction_NN of_IN tax_NN of_IN J43 185 $20_NNU in_IN tax_NN liability_NN for_IN each_DT taxpayer_NN ,_, a_AT J43 185 slightly_RB less_QL costly_JJ J43 186 substitute_NN for_IN George's_NP$ proposal_NN ;_; it_PP3 was_BEDZ J43 186 ill_RB received_VBN by_IN George_NP and_CC J43 187 his_PP$ supporters_NNS and_CC was_BEDZ rejected_VBN by_IN 49_CD J43 187 votes_NNS to_IN 46_CD ,_, the_ATI vote_NN being_BEG on_IN J43 188 party_NN lines_NNS except_CS that_CS" Langer_NP voted_VBD with_IN J43 188 the_ATI democrats_NNS ._. ^ George's_NP$ J43 189 amendment_NN to_TO increase_VB the_ATI individual_JJ exemption_NN J43 189 was_BEDZ rejected_VBN by_IN 49_CD to_IN J43 190 46_CD ,_, the_ATI margin_NN of_IN defeat_NN being_BEG supplied_VBN J43 190 by_IN the_ATI four_CD democrats_NNS voting_VBG J43 191 against_IN it_PP3 ,_, Byrd_NP ,_, Robertson_NP ,_, Johnson_NP of_IN J43 191 Colorado_NP ,_, and_CC Holland_NP ._. J44 2 ^ as_CS they_PP3AS introduced_VBD longer_JJR lags_NNS in_IN the_ATI J44 2 price_NN variable_NN ,_, the_ATI J44 3 contribution_NN of_IN their_PP$ demand_NN coefficient_NN steadily_RB J44 3 increased_VBD ._. ^ from_IN a_AT J44 4 technical_JJ point_NN of_IN view_NN ,_, using_VBG the_ATI method_NN J44 4 of_IN least_AP squares_NNS estimation_NN ,_, J44 5 we_PP1AS find_VB the_ATI principal_JJB factor_NN at_IN work_NN to_TO J44 5 be_BE that_CS the_ATI introduction_NN of_IN a_AT J44 6 lag_NN in_IN the_ATI price_NN variable_NN systematically_RB reduces_VBZ J44 6 its_PP$ coefficient_NN ,_, J44 7 while_CS the_ATI other_AP factors_NNS remain_VB relatively_RB stable_JJ J44 7 ._. ^ this_DT effect_NN is_BEZ J44 8 increased_VBN in_IN the_ATI formulation_NN of_IN (_( 4.1_CD )_) J44 8 where_WRB a_AT moving_JJ average_NN of_IN price_NN J44 9 changes_NNS is_BEZ taken_VBN ._. ^ in_IN all_ABN cases_NNS ,_, the_ATI J44 9 overall_JJB correlation_NN remains_VBZ J44 10 virtually_RB unchanged_JJ ._. ^ empirically_RB ,_, we_PP1AS have_HV J44 10 been_BEN unable_JJ to_TO determine_VB a_AT J44 11 unique_JJ lag_NN between_IN wage_NN and_CC price_NN changes_NNS ,_, J44 11 and_CC we_PP1AS have_HV therefore_RB had_HVN J44 12 to_TO rest_VB content_JJ with_IN the_ATI lag_NN of_IN six_CD months_NNS J44 12 built_VBN into_IN the_ATI model_NN from_IN J44 13 a_JJ priori_JJ" reasoning_NN ._. J44 14 ^ we_PP1AS are_BER disposed_JJ to_TO conclude_VB from_IN our_PP$ J44 14 estimates_NNS that_CS demand_NN has_HVZ J44 15 been_BEN an_AT important_JJ factor_NN at_IN the_ATI bargaining_NN J44 15 table_NN ._. ^ at_IN the_ATI level_NN of_IN J44 16 aggregation_NN at_IN which_WDTR we_PP1AS are_BER working_VBG ,_, it_PP3 J44 16 is_BEZ the_ATI general_JJ state_NN of_IN J44 17 the_ATI demand_NN for_IN labour_NN that_WPR is_BEZ relevant_JJ ._. ^ J44 17 it_PP3 has_HVZ been_BEN pointed_VBN out_RP by_IN J44 18 \0H_NP \0A_NP Turner_NP that_CS in_IN 1952-53_CD-CD recorded_JJ J44 18 unemployment_NN in_IN the_ATI cotton_NN J44 19 industry_NN was_BEDZ as_QL high_JJ as_IN 30_CD per_NNU \0cent_NNU" J44 19 of_IN the_ATI industry's_NN$ manpower_NN ,_, J44 20 whilst_CS the_ATI *'_*' unions_NNS not_XNOT only_RB presented_VBD to_IN J44 20 the_ATI employers_NNS a_AT demand_NN for_IN a_AT J44 21 general_JJ wage_NN increase_NN but_CC persisted_VBD to_IN the_ATI J44 21 point_NN of_IN partial_JJ J44 22 success_NN **'_**' ._. ^ the_ATI point_NN here_RN is_BEZ that_CS J44 22 the_ATI unions'_NNS$ hand_NN was_BEDZ strengthened_VBN J44 23 by_IN the_ATI existence_NN of_IN alternative_JJ employment_NN ._. ^ J44 23 the_ATI kind_NN of_IN effect_NN that_WPR J44 24 we_PP1AS are_BER considering_VBG is_BEZ that_DT of_IN the_ATI J44 24 influence_NN of_IN general_JJ unemployment_NN ._. J44 25 ^ a_AT 200,000_CD increase_NN in_IN the_ATI level_NN of_IN J44 25 unemployment_NN will_MD doubtless_RB have_HV a_AT J44 26 greater_JJR effect_NN on_IN the_ATI change_NN in_IN wage_NN rates_NNS J44 26 if_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ spread_VBN over_IN all_ABN J44 27 industries_NNS equally_RB ,_, rather_RB than_CS concentrated_VBN in_IN J44 27 one_CD1 industry_NN alone_RB ._. J44 28 ^ the_ATI situation_NN in_IN the_ATI cotton_NN industry_NN can_MD J44 28 then_RN hardly_RB be_BE cited_VBN as_IN J44 29 evidence_NN against_IN the_ATI influence_NN of_IN demand_NN ._. J44 30 ^ the_ATI political_JJ variable_NN ,_, F*;t**;_&FO ,_, J44 30 represents_VBZ the_ATI influence_NN of_IN J44 31 cost-inflation_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ sometimes_RB argued_VBN that_CS J44 31 the_ATI trade_NN union_NN leader's_NN$ J44 32 job_NN is_BEZ to_TO obtain_VB higher_JJR wages_NNS for_IN his_PP$ J44 32 members_NNS ,_, and_CC it_PP3 matters_VBZ little_RB J44 33 how_WRB he_PP3A does_DOZ this_DT ._. ^ he_PP3A may_MD rationalize_VB J44 33 his_PP$ demand_NN for_IN higher_JJR money_NN J44 34 wages_NNS in_IN terms_NNS of_IN the_ATI cost_NN of_IN living_NN ,_, J44 34 the_ATI level_NN of_IN profits_NNS or_CC J44 35 increases_NNS in_IN productivity_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI absence_NN J44 35 of_IN such_ABL factors_NNS he_PP3A may_MD push_VB J44 36 for_IN increases_NNS in_IN money_NN wages_NNS on_IN principle_NN ,_, J44 36 the_ATI strength_NN of_IN the_ATI push_NN J44 37 depending_VBG in_IN part_NN on_IN the_ATI extent_NN to_IN which_WDTR J44 37 the_ATI government_NN of_IN the_ATI day_NN can_MD J44 38 create_VB an_AT atmosphere_NN of_IN restraint_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J44 38 model_NN ,_, the_ATI coefficient_NN of_IN J44 39 F*;t**;_&FO indicates_VBZ that_CS in_IN periods_NNS when_WRB the_ATI J44 39 conservative_JJ government_NN J44 40 has_HVZ been_BEN in_IN power_NN ,_, unions_NNS have_HV been_BEN J44 40 pushing_VBG harder_RBR to_IN the_ATI extent_NN of_IN J44 41 some_DTI three_CD index_NN points_NNS per_IN year_NN ._. ^ this_DT J44 41 is_BEZ a_AT statistically_RB firm_JJ J44 42 coefficient_NN which_WDTR may_MD be_BE taken_VBN as_IN evidence_NN J44 42 of_IN the_ATI increased_JJ importance_NN J44 43 of_IN autonomous_JJ trade_NN union_NN pressure_NN over_IN the_ATI J44 43 second_OD half_NN of_IN our_PP$ sample_NN J44 44 period_NN ._. J44 45 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ extremely_RB difficult_JJ on_IN the_ATI basis_NN J44 45 of_IN the_ATI evidence_NN ,_, in_IN the_ATI J44 46 form_NN of_IN our_PP$ estimates_NNS ,_, to_TO maintain_VB that_CS J44 46 over_IN the_ATI whole_JJ sample_NN period_NN J44 47 changes_NNS in_IN the_ATI wage_NN rate_NN index_NN have_HV been_BEN J44 47 *'_*' cost_NN **'_**' rather_RB than_IN J44 48 *'_*' demand_NN **'_**' induced_VBN ._. ^ this_DT result_NN can_MD J44 48 be_BE rationalized_VBN by_IN arguing_VBG that_CS J44 49 to_IN some_DTI extent_NN the_ATI strength_NN of_IN the_ATI *'_*' J44 49 cost-push_NN **'_**' at_IN the_ATI bargaining_NN J44 50 table_NN is_BEZ governed_VBN by_IN the_ATI demand_NN for_IN labour_NN J44 50 ._. ^ the_ATI two_CD complement_VB each_PPLS J44 51 other_PPLS" ._. ^ without_IN the_ATI existence_NN of_IN *'_*' excess_JJ J44 51 demand_NN **'_**' for_IN labour_NN ,_, the_ATI J44 52 *'_*' cost-push_NN **'_**' might_MD not_XNOT go_VB very_QL far_RB ;_; J44 52 without_IN the_ATI *'_*' cost-push_NN **'_**' in_IN a_AT J44 53 situation_NN of_IN *'_*' excess_JJ demand_NN **'_**' ,_, workers_NNS J44 53 might_MD be_BE unable_JJ to_TO exploit_VB J44 54 their_PP$ favourable_JJ position_NN ._. ^ to_IN this_DT extent_NN ,_, J44 54 changes_NNS in_IN wage_NN rates_NNS are_BER J44 55 dependent_JJ on_IN both_ABX *'_*' cost-push_NN **'_**' and_CC the_ATI J44 55 level_NN of_IN *'_*' excess_JJ demand_NN **'_**' ._. J44 56 ^ several_AP writers_NNS have_HV drawn_VBN attention_NN to_IN J44 56 changes_NNS in_IN the_ATI spread_NN J44 57 between_IN wage_NN earnings_NNS and_CC wage_NN rates_NNS ,_, as_IN a_AT J44 57 criterion_NN to_TO distinguish_VB J44 58 demand_NN from_IN cost_NN inflation_NN ._. ^ the_ATI limited_JJ J44 58 information_NN estimate_NN of_IN J44 59 equation_NN (_( 4.2_CD )_) attributes_VBZ greater_JJR significance_NN J44 59 to_IN hours_NNS worked_VBN than_CS to_IN J44 60 productivity_NN ,_, though_CS both_ABX can_MD be_BE considered_VBN J44 60 significant_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI residual_JJ J44 61 terms_NNS in_IN this_DT computation_NN were_BED ,_, however_RB ,_, J44 61 highly_RB autocorrelated_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI J44 62 estimate_NN from_IN transformed_JJ data_NNS has_HVZ no_ATI J44 62 significant_JJ serial_JJ correlation_NN J44 63 in_IN the_ATI residuals_NNS but_CC gives_VBZ a_AT different_JJ J44 63 estimate_NN for_IN the_ATI relative_JJ J44 64 importance_NN of_IN productivity_NN and_CC hours_NNS worked_VBN in_IN J44 64 accounting_VBG for_IN the_ATI J44 65 spread_NN ._. ^ the_ATI hours_NNS worked_VBN variable_NN dominates_VBZ J44 65 the_ATI relation_NN and_CC ,_, if_CS J44 66 anything_PN ,_, our_PP$ estimates_NNS in_IN (_( 4.2_CD )_) are_BER J44 66 over-generous_JJ in_IN attributing_VBG J44 67 fluctuations_NNS in_IN the_ATI spread_NN to_IN fluctuations_NNS in_IN J44 67 productivity_NN ._. J44 68 ^ our_PP$ results_NNS are_BER not_XNOT inconsistent_JJ with_IN J44 68 the_ATI hypothesis_NN that_CS the_ATI J44 69 spread_NN is_BEZ largely_RB influenced_VBN by_IN the_ATI level_NN of_IN J44 69 demand_NN ._. ^ if_CS this_DT is_BEZ J44 70 correct_JJ ,_, fluctuations_NNS in_IN the_ATI spread_NN could_MD be_BE J44 70 regarded_VBN as_IN an_AT indicator_NN J44 71 of_IN changes_NNS in_IN the_ATI level_NN of_IN demand_NN ._. ^ J44 71 hours_NNS worked_VBN constitute_VB a_AT very_QL J44 72 sensitive_JJ indicator_NN of_IN the_ATI level_NN of_IN demand_NN ,_, J44 72 although_CS absolute_JJ changes_NNS J44 73 in_IN the_ATI hours_NNS worked_VBN index_NN are_BER small_JJ ._. ^ J44 73 in_IN one_CD1 sense_NN hours_NNS worked_VBN J44 74 contribute_VB to_IN the_ATI spread_NN in_IN a_AT purely_RB J44 74 accounting_JJ manner_NN as_CS do_DO ,_, other_AP J44 75 things_NNS being_BEG equal_JJ ,_, increases_NNS in_IN output_NN per_IN J44 75 man-hour_NN for_IN J44 76 piece-workers_NNS ._. ^ we_PP1AS are_BER unable_JJ ,_, however_RB ,_, J44 76 to_TO separate_VB out_RP the_ATI relative_JJ J44 77 importance_NN of_IN these_DTS two_CD influences_NNS ._. ^ no_ATI J44 77 doubt_NN ,_, overtime_NN ,_, bonus_NN J44 78 payments_NNS ,_, premium_NN rates_NNS ,_, and_CC changes_NNS in_IN J44 78 the_ATI length_NN of_IN the_ATI J44 79 *'_*' official_JJ **'_**' working_NN week_NN ,_, have_HV all_ABN J44 79 been_BEN important_JJ ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI demand_NN J44 80 side_NN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ often_RB argued_VBN that_CS a_AT high_JJ J44 80 level_NN of_IN demand_NN has_HVZ led_VBN to_IN J44 81 payments_NNS above_IN the_ATI *'_*' official_JJ **'_**' rates_NNS to_TO J44 81 bid_VB labour_NN away_RP from_IN some_DTI J44 82 firms_NNS into_IN others_APS ._. ^ our_PP$ results_NNS are_BER J44 82 consistent_JJ with_IN either_DTX hypothesis_NN J44 83 alone_JJ or_CC a_AT combination_NN of_IN both_ABX ._. J44 84 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ interesting_JJ to_TO compare_VB our_PP$ results_NNS J44 84 with_IN those_DTS obtained_VBN by_IN J44 85 the_ATI Swedish_JNP economists_NNS ,_, Bent_NP Hansen_NP and_CC J44 85 Go"sta_NP Rehn_NP ,_, in_IN their_PP$ study_NN of_IN J44 86 the_ATI Swedish_JNP labour_NN market_NN ._. ^ they_PP3AS start_VB J44 86 from_IN the_ATI assumption_NN that_CS wage_NN J44 87 rates_NNS are_BER fixed_VBN institutionally_RB and_CC that_CS the_ATI J44 87 influence_NN of_IN economic_JJ J44 88 forces_NNS is_BEZ reflected_VBN in_IN the_ATI spread_NN between_IN J44 88 earnings_NNS and_CC wage_NN rates_NNS ,_, J44 89 which_WDTR they_PP3AS describe_VB as_IN the_ATI *'_*' wage_NN drift_NN J44 89 **'_**' ._. ^ in_IN our_PP$ model_NN we_PP1AS have_HV put_VBN J44 90 forward_RB the_ATI hypothesis_NN that_CS changes_NNS in_IN wage_NN J44 90 rates_NNS are_BER influenced_VBN by_IN J44 91 changes_NNS in_IN the_ATI cost_NN of_IN living_NN ,_, by_IN the_ATI J44 91 demand_NN for_IN labour_NN ,_, and_CC by_IN the_ATI J44 92 political_JJ climate_NN ._. J44 93 ^ the_ATI procedure_NN followed_VBN by_IN Hansen_NP and_CC Rehn_NP J44 93 was_BEDZ to_TO take_VB a_AT sample_NN of_IN J44 94 annual_JJ data_NNS ,_, 1947-54_CD-CD ,_, for_IN eight_CD main_JJB J44 94 groupings_NNS within_IN Swedish_JNP J44 95 manufacturing_NN industry_NN ._. ^ briefly_RB ,_, their_PP$ J44 95 findings_NNS suggested_VBD that_CS the_ATI J44 96 main_JJB influence_NN determining_VBG the_ATI *'_*' wage_NN drift_NN J44 96 **'_**' in_IN Sweden_NP over_IN these_DTS J44 97 years_NNS has_HVZ been_BEN *'_*' excess_JJ demand_NN **'_**' ._. ^ J44 97 they_PP3AS tested_VBD the_ATI further_JJB influence_NN J44 98 of_IN *'_*' excess_JJ profits_NNS **'_**' and_CC the_ATI hypothesis_NN J44 98 that_CS increases_NNS in_IN J44 99 productivity_NN have_HV contributed_VBN substantially_RB to_IN the_ATI J44 99 *'_*' wage_NN drift_NN **'_**' ._. J44 100 ^ neither_DTX was_BEDZ found_VBN to_TO be_BE significant_JJ ._. J44 101 ^ the_ATI relations_NNS estimated_VBN were_BED between_IN the_ATI J44 101 rates_NNS of_IN change_NN of_IN the_ATI J44 102 *'_*' wage_NN drift_NN **'_**' ,_, the_ATI level_NN of_IN *'_*' J44 102 excess_JJ profit_NN **'_**' ,_, the_ATI level_NN of_IN J44 103 *'_*' excess_JJ demand_NN **'_**' and_CC the_ATI rate_NN of_IN J44 103 change_NN in_IN productivity_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 may_MD be_BE J44 104 pointed_VBN out_RP that_CS in_IN our_PP$ model_NN productivity_NN J44 104 makes_VBZ a_AT significant_JJ J44 105 contribution_NN to_IN the_ATI explanation_NN of_IN the_ATI spread_NN J44 105 between_IN earnings_NNS and_CC J44 106 wage_NN rates_NNS ,_, when_WRB all_ABN variables_NNS are_BER J44 106 expressed_VBN as_IN levels_NNS ,_, but_CC ceases_VBZ to_TO J44 107 be_BE a_AT significant_JJ factor_NN in_IN our_PP$ least_AP squares_NNS J44 107 computation_NN in_IN which_WDTR J44 108 variables_NNS are_BER subjected_VBN to_IN a_AT first-difference_JJB J44 108 transformation_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J44 109 would_MD appear_VB ,_, therefore_RB ,_, that_CS our_PP$ findings_NNS J44 109 are_BER not_XNOT inconsistent_JJ with_IN J44 110 those_DTS of_IN Hansen_NP and_CC Rehn_NP ._. ^ however_RB ,_, it_PP3 J44 110 must_MD be_BE re-emphasized_VBN that_CS we_PP1AS J44 111 have_HV included_VBN hours_NNS worked_VBN in_IN our_PP$ computation_NN J44 111 ,_, which_WDTR are_BER an_AT indicator_NN J44 112 of_IN the_ATI direct_JJ influence_NN of_IN demand_NN on_IN the_ATI J44 112 spread_NN ,_, but_CC also_RB of_IN other_AP J44 113 influences_NNS ,_, and_CC that_CS our_PP$ earnings_NNS variable_NN J44 113 is_BEZ of_IN average_JJ weekly_JJ J44 114 earnings_NNS and_CC not_XNOT of_IN hourly_JJ earnings_NNS ._. ^ J44 114 Hansen_NP and_CC Rehn_NP ,_, on_IN the_ATI other_AP J44 115 hand_NN ,_, construct_VB an_AT index_NN of_IN *'_*' excess_JJ demand_NN J44 115 **'_**' for_IN labour_NN ,_, in_IN some_DTI J44 116 cases_NNS by_IN taking_VBG the_ATI difference_NN between_IN unfilled_JJ J44 116 vacancies_NNS and_CC numbers_NNS J44 117 unemployed_JJ ._. ^ where_WRB numbers_NNS unemployed_JJ were_BED J44 117 not_XNOT available_JJ for_IN a_AT J44 118 particular_JJ industry_NN ,_, vacancies_NNS alone_RB were_BED used_VBN J44 118 ._. J44 119 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT clear_JJ that_CS the_ATI growth_NN of_IN J44 119 the_ATI spread_NN between_IN earnings_NNS J44 120 and_CC wage_NN rates_NNS in_IN the_ATI \0UK_NP over_IN the_ATI J44 120 period_NN of_IN our_PP$ sample_NN can_MD be_BE J44 121 plausibly_RB explained_VBN in_IN *'_*' cost_NN **'_**' terms_NNS ._. ^ J44 121 if_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ argued_VBN that_CS such_ABL a_AT J44 122 gap_NN is_BEZ automatically_RB opened_VBN by_IN the_ATI rise_NN in_IN J44 122 piece-workers'_NNS$ earnings_NNS J44 123 as_CS productivity_NN increases_VBZ ,_, or_CC by_IN changes_NNS in_IN J44 123 the_ATI amount_NN of_IN overtime_NN J44 124 worked_VBN ,_, such_ABL changes_NNS may_MD themselves_PPLS be_BE J44 124 traced_VBN back_RP to_IN the_ATI existence_NN of_IN J44 125 a_AT high_JJ level_NN of_IN demand_NN ._. ^ equation_NN (_( 4.3_CD )_) J44 125 illustrates_VBZ the_ATI close_JJ relation_NN J44 126 between_IN hours_NNS worked_VBN and_CC the_ATI level_NN of_IN J44 126 industrial_JJ production_NN ,_, which_WDTR J44 127 itself_PPL reflects_VBZ the_ATI level_NN of_IN demand_NN ._. ^ J44 127 passing_VBG through_IN this_DT chain_NN of_IN J44 128 causation_NN ,_, it_PP3 would_MD be_BE plausible_JJ to_TO expect_VB J44 128 a_AT high_JJ empirical_JJ J44 129 correlation_NN between_IN changes_NNS in_IN the_ATI *'_*' wage_NN J44 129 drift_NN **'_**' and_CC the_ATI level_NN of_IN J44 130 *'_*' excess_JJ demand_NN **'_**' for_IN goods_NNS and_CC services_NNS J44 130 ._. ^ under_IN the_ATI assumptions_NNS J44 131 implicit_JJ in_IN the_ATI model_NN ,_, this_DT relationship_NN J44 131 merely_RB constitutes_VBZ a_AT derived_JJ J44 132 relation_NN rather_RB than_IN a_AT basic_JJ structural_JJ equation_NN J44 132 ._. ^ to_TO estimate_VB the_ATI J44 133 determination_NN of_IN the_ATI *'_*' wage_NN drift_NN **'_**' in_IN J44 133 this_DT form_NN would_MD involve_VB J44 134 obscuring_VBG the_ATI underlying_JJ chain_NN of_IN relationship_NN ._. ^ J44 134 it_PP3 is_BEZ sometimes_RB held_VBN J44 135 that_CS the_ATI changes_NNS in_IN the_ATI *'_*' wage_NN drift_NN J44 135 **'_**' are_BER not_XNOT governed_VBN by_IN the_ATI level_NN J44 136 of_IN *'_*' excess_JJ demand_NN **'_**' ,_, since_CS this_DT would_MD J44 136 imply_VB some_DTI bidding_NN up_RP of_IN J44 137 payments_NNS to_IN workers_NNS over_IN the_ATI *'_*' official_JJ J44 137 rates_NNS **'_**' ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ then_RN J44 138 contended_VBN that_CS just_RB as_CS manufacturers_NNS have_HV not_XNOT J44 138 bid_VBN up_RP prices_NNS directly_RB J44 139 in_IN response_NN to_IN *'_*' excess_JJ demand_NN **'_**' ,_, so_CS J44 139 they_PP3AS have_HV not_XNOT bid_VBN up_RP wage_NN J44 140 payments_NNS ._. J44 141 ^ the_ATI *'_*' mark-up_NN **'_**' equation_NN (_( 4.4_CD )_) J44 141 suggests_VBZ that_CS earnings_NNS have_HV been_BEN J44 142 roughly_RB twice_RB as_QL important_JJ at_IN the_ATI margin_NN as_IN J44 142 import_NN prices_NNS in_IN J44 143 determining_VBG the_ATI general_JJ level_NN of_IN consumer_NN J44 143 prices_NNS over_IN the_ATI sample_NN J44 144 period_NN ._. ^ the_ATI coefficient_NN of_IN the_ATI import_NN price_NN J44 144 index_NN represents_VBZ the_ATI J44 145 influence_NN of_IN *'_*' cost-push_NN **'_**' to_IN the_ATI \0UK_NP J44 145 economy_NN ._. ^ the_ATI level_NN of_IN J44 146 earnings_NNS ,_, on_IN the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, may_MD represent_VB J44 146 both_ABX the_ATI influence_NN of_IN J44 147 *'_*' cost-push_NN **'_**' and_CC that_DT of_IN demand_NN ,_, for_CS J44 147 it_PP3 is_BEZ through_IN earnings_NNS that_CS J44 148 demand_NN affects_VBZ the_ATI general_JJ consumer_NN price_NN level_NN J44 148 in_IN our_PP$ system_NN ._. J44 149 ^ the_ATI implications_NNS of_IN the_ATI model_NN ._. J44 150 ^ our_PP$ particular_JJ model_NN of_IN the_ATI inflationary_JJ J44 150 process_NN brings_VBZ out_RP J44 151 points_NNS that_WPR have_HV been_BEN raised_VBN by_IN different_JJ J44 151 writers_NNS and_CC attempts_VBZ to_TO J44 152 follow_VB through_RP some_DTI interrelated_JJ patterns_NNS of_IN J44 152 behaviour_NN in_IN the_ATI sphere_NN J44 153 of_IN wage_NN and_CC price_NN determination_NN ._. ^ the_ATI model_NN J44 153 illustrates_VBZ the_ATI influence_NN J44 154 of_IN both_ABX cost_NN and_CC demand_NN elements_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 J44 154 is_BEZ not_XNOT unique_JJ ,_, as_CS judged_VBN by_IN its_PP$ J44 155 agreement_NN with_IN observed_JJ data_NNS ,_, and_CC it_PP3 J44 155 contains_VBZ flaws_NNS ;_; nevertheless_RB it_PP3 J44 156 appears_VBZ to_TO be_BE reasonable_JJ ,_, and_CC the_ATI J44 156 difficulties_NNS that_CS it_PP3 encounters_VBZ are_BER J44 157 inherent_JJ in_IN the_ATI nature_NN of_IN our_PP$ basic_JJ economic_JJ J44 157 information_NN ._. J44 158 ^ our_PP$ statistical_JJ analysis_NN covers_VBZ the_ATI post-war_JJB J44 158 period_NN as_IN a_AT whole_NN ._. J44 159 ^ as_IN such_ABL ,_, it_PP3 gives_VBZ a_AT set_NN of_IN average_JJ J44 159 relationships_NNS which_WDTR do_DO not_XNOT rule_VB J44 160 out_RP dispersion_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI Korean_JNP war_NN period_NN J44 160 ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, the_ATI rise_NN in_IN J44 161 import_NN prices_NNS would_MD appear_VB to_TO have_HV made_VBN a_AT J44 161 much_RB greater_JJR contribution_NN to_IN J44 162 the_ATI rise_NN in_IN the_ATI general_JJ consumer_NN price_NN level_NN J44 162 than_IN earnings_NNS ,_, although_CS ,_, J44 163 on_IN average_NN over_IN the_ATI period_NN as_IN a_AT whole_NN ,_, J44 163 earnings_NNS appear_VB to_TO have_HV been_BEN J44 164 the_ATI more_QL important_JJ factor_NN ._. J44 165 ^ this_DT fact_NN limits_VBZ the_ATI usefulness_NN of_IN the_ATI J44 165 model_NN in_IN enabling_VBG us_PP1OS to_TO J44 166 comment_VB on_IN the_ATI debate_NN on_IN the_ATI character_NN of_IN J44 166 inflation_NN over_IN such_ABL a_AT short_JJ J44 167 period_NN as_IN say_VB 1956-57_CD-CD ._. ^ our_PP$ results_NNS seem_VB J44 167 to_TO show_VB that_DT for_IN the_ATI period_NN J44 168 of_IN the_ATI sample_NN as_IN a_AT whole_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT J44 168 possible_JJ to_TO assert_VB categorically_RB J44 169 that_CS we_PP1AS have_HV had_HVN either_DTX demand_NN or_CC cost_NN J44 169 inflation_NN ._. ^ the_ATI model_NN J44 170 attributes_VBZ significance_NN to_IN both_ABX cost_NN and_CC demand_NN J44 170 elements_NNS ._. ^ even_RB J44 171 Professor_NPT Robbins_NP ,_, a_AT firm_JJ protagonist_NN of_IN the_ATI J44 171 importance_NN of_IN the_ATI J44 172 influence_NN of_IN demand_NN over_IN the_ATI period_NN ,_, is_BEZ J44 172 prepared_VBN to_TO concede_VB that_DT for_IN J44 173 the_ATI latter_AP half_NN of_IN 1957_CD and_CC the_ATI first_OD half_NN J44 173 of_IN 1958_CD ,_, the_ATI rise_NN in_IN final_JJ J44 174 prices_NNS may_MD have_HV been_BEN largely_RB *'_*' cost-induced_JJ J44 174 **'_**' ,_, as_IN an_AT overshoot_NN from_IN J44 175 the_ATI period_NN of_IN *'_*' excess_JJ demand_NN **'_**' ._. J44 176 ^ consider_VB ,_, however_RB ,_, the_ATI period_NN 1956-57_CD-CD J44 176 when_WRB price_NN and_CC wage_NN changes_NNS J44 177 were_BED substantial_JJ and_CC over_IN which_WDTR much_AP J44 177 controversy_NN has_HVZ raged_VBN ._. ^ in_IN 1955_CD J44 178 and_CC 1956_CD unemployment_NN had_HVD fallen_VBN considerably_RB J44 178 from_IN the_ATI relatively_RB high_JJ J44 179 level_NN of_IN 1952_CD ._. ^ if_CS we_PP1AS accept_VB our_PP$ J44 179 equation_NN (_( 4.1_CD )_) as_IN a_AT basic_JJ structural_JJ J44 180 relation_NN ,_, then_RN we_PP1AS are_BER virtually_RB committed_VBN J44 180 to_IN accepting_VBG the_ATI view_NN that_CS J44 181 the_ATI level_NN of_IN *'_*' excess_JJ demand_NN **'_**' for_IN J44 181 labour_NN had_HVD a_AT significant_JJ effect_NN on_IN J44 182 wage_NN rate_NN changes_NNS in_IN that_DT period_NN ._. J44 183 ^ it_PP3 may_MD however_RB be_BE argued_VBN that_CS (_( 4.1_CD )_) J44 183 places_VBZ overmuch_AP weight_NN on_IN the_ATI J44 184 influence_NN of_IN average_JJ unemployment_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J44 184 base_NN year_NN our_PP$ average_NN of_IN J44 185 registered_JJ unemployment_NN ,_, in_IN numbers_NNS ,_, was_BEDZ J44 185 around_RB 350,000_CD ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI price_NN J44 186 level_NN were_BED stationary_JJ for_IN sufficiently_RB long_RB so_CS J44 186 that_CS" the_ATI influence_NN of_IN J44 187 that_DT variable_NN in_IN (_( 4.1_CD )_) were_BED to_TO become_VB J44 187 zero_CD ,_, then_RN average_JJ unemployment_NN J44 188 in_IN terms_NNS of_IN numbers_NNS registered_VBN unemployed_JJ would_MD J44 188 have_HV to_TO reach_VB only_RB J44 189 500,000_CD before_IN the_ATI four-quarter_JJB change_NN in_IN the_ATI J44 189 wage_NN rate_NN index_NN would_MD J44 190 become_VB negative_JJ (_( assuming_VBG J44 191 **[formula**]_&FO )_) ._. ^ many_AP would_MD ,_, however_RB ,_, find_VB J44 191 this_DT conclusion_NN J44 192 implausible_JJ ._. ^ they_PP3AS would_MD no_ATI doubt_NN argue_VB J44 192 that_CS (_( 4.1_CD )_) can_MD hardly_RB be_BE J44 193 considered_VBN reversible_JJ ._. ^ wage_NN rates_NNS go_VB up_RP but_CC J44 193 they_PP3AS do_DO not_XNOT come_VB down_RP ._. J45 2 ^ more_QL moderate_JJ exponents_NNS may_MD grant_VB the_ATI J45 2 sincerity_NN of_IN those_DTS who_WPR make_VB J45 3 the_ATI claim_NN ,_, but_CC suggest_VB that_CS notions_NNS of_IN J45 3 justice_NN differ_VB so_QL widely_RB that_CS a_AT J45 4 situation_NN which_WDTR seems_VBZ to_TO justify_VB parity_NN in_IN J45 4 the_ATI eyes_NNS of_IN one_CD1 man_NN will_MD J45 5 justify_VB a_AT differential_NN in_IN the_ATI eyes_NNS of_IN another_DT J45 5 ._. J45 6 ^ the_ATI public_JJ services_NNS ,_, however_RB ,_, are_BER J45 6 committed_VBN to_IN a_AT different_JJ view_NN ._. J45 7 ^ since_IN the_ATI Priestley_NP commission_NN ,_, the_ATI government_NN J45 7 and_CC the_ATI civil_JJ service_NN J45 8 trade_NN unions_NNS have_HV been_BEN in_IN agreement_NN that_CS the_ATI J45 8 wages_NNS and_CC salaries_NNS of_IN J45 9 civil_JJ servants_NNS should_MD be_BE settled_VBN by_IN *'_*' fair_JJ J45 9 comparison_NN with_IN current_JJ J45 10 remuneration_NN of_IN outside_JJB staffs_NNS employed_VBN J45 10 on_IN broadly_RB comparable_JJ work_NN ,_, J45 11 taking_VBG account_NN of_IN differences_NNS in_IN other_AP J45 11 conditions_NNS of_IN service_NN **'_**' ,_, and_CC J45 12 the_ATI civil_JJ service_NN pay_NN research_NN unit_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J45 12 established_VBN to_TO provide_VB J45 13 the_ATI information_NN on_IN which_WDTR these_DTS comparisons_NNS J45 13 should_MD be_BE made_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI J45 14 Pilkington_NP commission_NN ,_, the_ATI Guillebaud_NP committee_NN J45 14 and_CC the_ATI Willink_NP J45 15 commission_NN have_HV since_RI extended_VBN *'_*' fair_JJ J45 15 comparisons_NNS **'_**' of_IN one_CD1 sort_NN or_CC J45 16 another_DT to_IN the_ATI medical_JJ and_CC dental_JJ professions_NNS J45 16 ,_, to_IN the_ATI railwaymen_NNS ,_, and_CC J45 17 to_IN the_ATI police_NNS ._. J45 18 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, possible_JJ to_TO argue_VB J45 18 that_CS this_DT use_NN of_IN *'_*' fair_JJ J45 19 comparisons_NNS **'_**' in_IN the_ATI public_JJ service_NN is_BEZ J45 19 only_RB market_NN forces_NNS at_IN one_CD1 J45 20 remove_NN ._. ^ in_IN a_AT service_NN financed_VBN out_RP of_IN J45 20 taxation_NN the_ATI normal_JJ processes_NNS of_IN J45 21 the_ATI market_NN are_BER not_XNOT available_JJ to_TO determine_VB J45 21 wages_NNS ._. ^ consequently_RB wages_NNS J45 22 in_IN the_ATI public_JJ service_NN should_MD be_BE settled_VBN by_IN J45 22 comparison_NN with_IN rates_NNS in_IN J45 23 outside_JJB occupations_NNS where_WRB market_NN forces_NNS J45 23 apply_VB ._. ^ on_IN this_DT view_NN the_ATI fair_JJ J45 24 wage_NN means_VBZ the_ATI market_NN rate_NN ._. J45 25 ^ this_DT view_NN probably_RB lay_VBD behind_IN the_ATI original_JJ J45 25 formulation_NN of_IN the_ATI J45 26 fair_JJ wages_NNS resolution_NN of_IN the_ATI House_NPL of_IN J45 26 Commons_NP in_IN 1891_CD ._. ^ fair_JJ wages_NNS J45 27 were_BED those_DTS *'_*' generally_RB accepted_VBN as_CS current_JJ J45 27 **'_**' ._. ^ trade_NN unionists_NNS ,_, J45 28 however_RB ,_, agitated_VBD for_IN many_AP years_NNS for_IN a_AT J45 28 change_NN which_WDTR was_BEDZ finally_RB J45 29 accepted_VBN in_IN the_ATI revision_NN of_IN 1909_CD ._. ^ fair_JJ J45 29 wages_NNS were_BED then_RN defined_VBN as_IN J45 30 *'_*' those_DTS commonly_RB recognized_VBN by_IN employers_NNS and_CC J45 30 trade_NN societies_NNS **'_**' ._. ^ this_DT J45 31 suggests_VBZ that_CS the_ATI fair_JJ wage_NN is_BEZ the_ATI wage_NN J45 31 settled_VBN by_IN collective_JJ J45 32 agreement_NN *-_*- the_ATI *'_*' acceptable_JJ wage_NN **'_**' ._. J45 33 ^ I_PP1A do_DO not_XNOT think_VB either_DTX of_IN these_DTS J45 33 definitions_NNS can_MD be_BE accepted_VBN as_CS J45 34 satisfactory_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI first_OD difficulty_NN is_BEZ that_CS J45 34 every_AT detailed_JJ study_NN of_IN J45 35 wages_NNS in_IN Britain_NP reveals_VBZ startling_JJ variations_NNS J45 35 and_CC inconsistencies_NNS for_IN J45 36 the_ATI payment_NN for_IN what_WDT is_BEZ apparently_RB the_ATI same_AP J45 36 job_NN even_RB within_IN a_AT single_JJ J45 37 town_NN or_CC district_NN ._. ^ thus_RB the_ATI market_NN ,_, or_CC J45 37 collective_JJ bargaining_NN ,_, or_CC both_ABX ,_, J45 38 lead_VB to_IN a_AT whole_JJ range_NN of_IN rates_NNS ,_, any_DTI J45 38 one_CD1 of_IN which_WDTR could_MD be_BE fair_JJ ._. ^ if_CS J45 39 there_EX are_BER grounds_NNS for_IN arguing_VBG that_CS the_ATI J45 39 public_JJ servant_NN should_MD ,_, on_IN J45 40 grounds_NNS of_IN justice_NN ,_, be_BE paid_VBN the_ATI average_NN J45 40 of_IN this_DT range_NN of_IN rates_NNS ,_, then_RN J45 41 this_DT average_NN must_MD be_BE the_ATI fair_JJ wage_NN not_XNOT J45 41 only_RB for_IN the_ATI civil_JJ servant_NN ,_, but_CC J45 42 also_RB for_IN the_ATI workers_NNS in_IN comparable_JJ J45 42 outside_JJB occupations_NNS ._. ^ those_DTS of_IN them_PP3OS J45 43 who_WPR are_BER getting_VBG less_AP than_IN the_ATI average_NN have_HV J45 43 ,_, on_IN grounds_NNS of_IN equity_NN ,_, a_AT J45 44 case_NN for_IN an_AT increase_NN to_TO bring_VB them_PP3OS up_RP to_IN J45 44 that_DT figure_NN ._. J45 45 ^ a_AT second_OD difficulty_NN is_BEZ that_CS we_PP1AS sometimes_RB J45 45 wish_VB to_TO say_VB that_CS a_AT J45 46 market_NN rate_NN ,_, or_CC even_RB a_AT rate_NN settled_VBN by_IN J45 46 collective_JJ bargaining_NN ,_, is_BEZ J45 47 unfair_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI wages_NNS paid_VBN to_IN coal-miners_NNS and_CC J45 47 agricultural_JJ workers_NNS in_IN J45 48 the_ATI 'thirties_CDS ,_, for_IN instance_NN ,_, would_MD perhaps_RB J45 48 have_HV been_BEN generally_RB J45 49 regarded_VBN as_CS unfair_JJ ,_, but_CC necessary_JJ because_IN of_IN" J45 49 the_ATI depressed_JJ markets_NNS for_IN J45 50 coal_NN exports_NNS and_CC for_IN agricultural_JJ products_NNS ._. ^ J45 50 the_ATI fact_NN that_CS the_ATI wages_NNS J45 51 of_IN coal-miners_NNS were_BED settled_VBN by_IN collective_JJ J45 51 agreement_NN did_DOD not_XNOT ,_, I_PP1A J45 52 suggest_VB ,_, make_VB them_PP3OS appear_VB fair_JJ in_IN the_ATI J45 52 eyes_NNS of_IN the_ATI public_NN ._. ^ I_PP1A would_MD J45 53 also_RB suggest_VB that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ a_AT common_JJ view_NN in_IN J45 53 modern_JJ Britain_NP that_CS wages_NNS J45 54 paid_VBN in_IN the_ATI manufacture_NN of_IN motor_NN vehicles_NNS J45 54 are_BER unfairly_RB high_JJ compared_VBN J45 55 with_IN the_ATI wages_NNS of_IN other_AP workers_NNS ,_, although_CS J45 55 they_PP3AS are_BER settled_VBN by_IN J45 56 collective_JJ bargaining_NN ._. ^ many_AP of_IN those_DTS who_WPR J45 56 hold_VB this_DT view_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, J45 57 might_MD be_BE reluctant_JJ to_TO voice_VB it_PP3 in_RB public_RB" ._. J45 58 ^ there_EX are_BER therefore_RB grounds_NNS for_IN supposing_VBG J45 58 that_CS there_EX is_BEZ some_DTI J45 59 other_AP way_NN of_IN determining_VBG fairness_NN in_IN addition_NN J45 59 to_IN the_ATI *'_*' higgling_NN of_IN the_ATI J45 60 market_NN **'_**' ,_, or_CC the_ATI process_NN of_IN collective_JJ J45 60 bargaining_NN ._. ^ the_ATI four_CD J45 61 inquiries_NNS which_WDTR I_PP1A have_HV mentioned_VBN seem_VB to_TO J45 61 accept_VB this_DT supposition_NN and_CC J45 62 to_TO suggest_VB that_CS the_ATI British_JNP public_NN holds_VBZ to_IN J45 62 certain_JJ common_JJ standards_NNS J45 63 whereby_WRB it_PP3 can_MD compare_VB one_CD1 job_NN with_IN another_DT J45 63 and_CC decide_VB whether_CS the_ATI J45 64 remuneration_NN is_BEZ fair_JJ or_CC not_XNOT ._. ^ the_ATI interim_JJB J45 64 report_NN of_IN the_ATI Willink_NP J45 65 commission_NN ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, argues_VBZ that_CS the_ATI J45 65 pay_NN of_IN the_ATI police_NNS should_MD be_BE J45 66 *'_*' based_VBN on_IN conditions_NNS recognized_VBN by_IN the_ATI J45 66 police_NNS themselves_PPLS and_CC by_IN the_ATI J45 67 public_NN as_CS fair_JJ and_CC reasonable_JJ **'_**' ._. ^ Treasury_NP J45 67 evidence_NN to_IN the_ATI Priestley_NP J45 68 commission_NN argued_VBD that_CS :_: *'_*' ..._... if_CS a_AT civil_JJ J45 68 servant_NN can_MD be_BE seen_VBN to_TO be_BE J45 69 getting_VBG ,_, as_QL near_RI as_CS may_MD be_BE ,_, what_WDT J45 69 citizens_NNS of_IN similar_JJ attainments_NNS are_BER J45 70 getting_VBG for_IN doing_VBG similar_JJ work_NN in_IN the_ATI J45 70 country_NN at_RB large_RB" ,_, that_DT is_BEZ a_AT J45 71 situation_NN which_WDTR will_MD surely_RB be_BE commended_VBN as_CS J45 71 fair_JJ by_IN the_ATI civil_JJ servant_NN J45 72 himself_PPL ,_, by_IN his_PP$ outside_JJB analogue_NN ,_, J45 72 and_CC by_IN the_ATI taxpayer_NN who_WPR foots_VBZ the_ATI J45 73 bill_NN ..._... ._. **'_**' ^ the_ATI main_JJB difference_NN between_IN J45 73 the_ATI two_CD reports_NNS is_BEZ that_CS the_ATI J45 74 Priestley_NP commission_NN thought_VBD that_CS fairness_NN demanded_VBD J45 74 the_ATI same_AP rate_NN of_IN J45 75 pay_NN as_CS for_IN the_ATI *'_*' outside_JJB outside_JJB analogue_NN J45 75 **'_**' ,_, whereas_CS the_ATI Willink_NP commission_NN J45 76 recommended_VBD considerably_RB higher_JJR rates_NNS for_IN the_ATI J45 76 police_NNS than_CS for_IN the_ATI J45 77 outside_JJB occupations_NNS with_IN which_WDTR they_PP3AS J45 77 compared_VBD them_PP3OS ._. J45 78 ^ thus_RB both_ABX these_DTS reports_NNS hold_VB not_XNOT only_RB J45 78 that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ possible_JJ to_TO say_VB J45 79 that_CS workers_NNS *-_*- or_CC at_RB least_RB" some_DTI grades_NNS J45 79 of_IN workers_NNS *-_*- are_BER fairly_RB paid_VBN ,_, J45 80 but_CC also_RB that_CS there_EX would_MD be_BE general_JJ agreement_NN J45 80 from_IN all_ABN sections_NNS of_IN J45 81 society_NN on_IN what_WDT would_MD constitute_VB fair_JJ payment_NN ._. J45 81 ^ no_ATI evidence_NN is_BEZ given_VBN J45 82 in_IN support_NN ,_, although_CS it_PP3 would_MD clearly_RB be_BE J45 82 possible_JJ to_TO devise_VB empirical_JJ J45 83 tests_NNS to_TO discover_VB whether_CS there_EX are_BER generally_RB J45 83 accepted_JJ standards_NNS of_IN J45 84 fairness_NN ._. ^ the_ATI view_NN is_BEZ presented_VBN as_CS J45 84 self-evident_JJ ,_, or_CC at_RB least_RB" as_CS not_XNOT J45 85 worth_IN arguing_VBG ._. J45 86 ^ the_ATI questions_NNS I_PP1A wish_VB to_TO pursue_VB ,_, J45 86 therefore_RB ,_, are_BER :_: can_MD we_PP1AS accept_VB the_ATI J45 87 methods_NNS of_IN these_DTS four_CD inquiries_NNS as_IN satisfactory_JJ J45 87 and_CC dependable_JJ J45 88 procedures_NNS for_IN establishing_VBG the_ATI *'_*' just_JJ **'_**' J45 88 wage_NN ;_; and_CC ,_, if_CS we_PP1AS can_MD ,_, how_WRB J45 89 wide_JJ is_BEZ the_ATI scope_NN of_IN their_PP$ application_NN ?_? J45 90 ^ first_RB ,_, however_RB ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ necessary_JJ to_TO J45 90 set_VB out_RP some_DTI information_NN about_IN J45 91 each_DT of_IN them_PP3OS ._. J45 92 ^ the_ATI job_NN of_IN the_ATI civil_JJ service_NN pay_NN J45 92 research_NN unit_NN is_BEZ fact-finding_NN ._. J45 93 ^ it_PP3 assists_VBZ in_IN establishing_JJ job_NN comparability_NN J45 93 by_IN describing_VBG *'_*' the_ATI J45 94 similarity_NN or_CC difference_NN in_IN the_ATI duties_NNS of_IN J45 94 the_ATI grades_NNS with_IN which_WDTR J45 95 comparison_NN is_BEZ being_BEG made_VBN **'_**' ;_; and_CC it_PP3 J45 95 discovers_VBZ *'_*' the_ATI pay_NN and_CC conditions_NNS J45 96 of_IN service_NN that_WPR attach_VB to_IN jobs_NNS regarded_VBN as_CS J45 96 comparable_JJ **'_**' ._. ^ armed_VBN with_IN J45 97 this_DT information_NN the_ATI two_CD sides_NNS of_IN the_ATI J45 97 appropriate_JJ Whitley_NP council_NN can_MD J45 98 negotiate_VB what_WDT wage_NN or_CC salary_NN is_BEZ required_VBN by_IN J45 98 *'_*' fair_JJ comparison_NN **'_**' ,_, or_CC ,_, J45 99 if_CS they_PP3AS fail_VB to_TO agree_VB ,_, refer_VB the_ATI J45 99 decision_NN to_IN arbitration_NN ._. J45 100 ^ the_ATI Guillebaud_NP committee's_NN$ terms_NNS of_IN reference_NN J45 100 were_BED wider_JJR than_IN J45 101 this_DT ._. ^ the_ATI committee_NN was_BEDZ instructed_VBN *'_*' to_TO J45 101 conduct_VB an_AT investigation_NN into_IN J45 102 the_ATI relativity_NN of_IN pay_NN **'_**' of_IN railway_NN workers_NNS J45 102 with_IN other_AP workers_NNS ,_, and_CC to_TO J45 103 *'_*' establish_VB the_ATI degree_NN of_IN job_NN comparability_NN J45 103 **'_**' as_CC well_CC" as_CC" to_TO discover_VB J45 104 the_ATI rates_NNS of_IN pay_NN and_CC other_AP emoluments_NNS of_IN J45 104 the_ATI other_AP workers_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J45 105 committee_NN was_BEDZ also_RB empowered_VBN to_TO offer_VB *'_*' J45 105 general_JJ observations_NNS and_CC J45 106 conclusions_NNS **'_**' along_IN with_IN" *'_*' the_ATI ascertained_JJ J45 106 facts_NNS **'_**' ._. J45 107 ^ the_ATI terms_NNS of_IN reference_NN of_IN the_ATI Pilkington_NP J45 107 commission_NN were_BED wider_JJR J45 108 still_RB ._. ^ they_PP3AS were_BED asked_VBN to_TO consider_VB how_WRB J45 108 the_ATI remuneration_NN of_IN doctors_NNS J45 109 and_CC dentists_NNS compared_VBD with_IN that_DT of_IN other_AP J45 109 professions_NNS ,_, and_CC what_WDT ,_, in_IN the_ATI J45 110 light_NN of_IN this_DT comparison_NN ,_, their_PP$ remuneration_NN J45 110 should_MD be_BE ._. J45 111 ^ finally_RB the_ATI Willink_NP commission_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J45 111 given_VBN no_ATI instructions_NNS to_TO J45 112 make_VB comparisons_NNS ._. ^ they_PP3AS have_HV been_BEN asked_VBN J45 112 to_TO consider_VB :_: *'_*' the_ATI broad_JJ J45 113 principles_NNS which_WDTR should_MD govern_VB the_ATI remuneration_NN J45 113 of_IN the_ATI constable_NN ,_, J45 114 having_HVG regard_NN to_IN the_ATI nature_NN and_CC extent_NN of_IN J45 114 police_NNS duties_NNS and_CC J45 115 responsibilities_NNS and_CC the_ATI need_NN to_TO attract_VB and_CC J45 115 retain_VB an_AT adequate_JJ number_NN J45 116 of_IN recruits_NNS with_IN the_ATI proper_JJ qualifications_NNS **'_**' J45 116 ,_, and_CC their_PP$ interim_JJB J45 117 report_NN rejects_VBZ the_ATI principle_NN of_IN *'_*' fair_JJ J45 117 comparison_NN **'_**' as_CS inapplicable_JJ J45 118 to_IN the_ATI police_NNS service_NN ._. ^ but_CC it_PP3 goes_VBZ on_RP J45 118 to_TO argue_VB that_CS the_ATI pay_NN of_IN the_ATI J45 119 constable_NN should_MD be_BE settled_VBN by_IN means_NNS of_IN a_AT J45 119 formula_NN which_WDTR yields_VBZ almost_RB J45 120 70_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" more_AP than_IN the_ATI wage_NN rates_NNS in_IN J45 120 certain_JJ selected_JJ skilled_JJ J45 121 occupations_NNS ._. ^ this_DT process_NN must_MD be_BE based_VBN on_IN J45 121 a_AT comparison_NN of_IN some_DTI kind_NN ._. J45 122 ^ the_ATI criteria_NNS which_WDTR justify_VB the_ATI same_AP J45 122 remuneration_NN are_BER ,_, however_RB ,_, J45 123 simpler_JJR than_IN those_DTS which_WDTR justify_VB differences_NNS J45 123 in_IN remuneration_NN ,_, and_CC also_RB J45 124 logically_RB prior_JJ to_IN them_PP3OS ;_; for_CS how_WRB could_MD J45 124 comparisons_NNS which_WDTR reveal_VB J45 125 differences_NNS between_IN jobs_NNS be_BE used_VBN to_TO justify_VB J45 125 differences_NNS in_IN pay_NN unless_CS J45 126 comparisons_NNS which_WDTR did_DOD not_XNOT reveal_VB those_DTS J45 126 differences_NNS justified_VBD the_ATI same_AP J45 127 pay_NN ?_? ^ we_PP1AS start_VB therefore_RB with_IN the_ATI J45 127 principle_NN of_IN the_ATI rate_NN for_IN the_ATI job_NN ,_, J45 128 the_ATI principle_NN that_CS the_ATI same_AP job_NN should_MD carry_VB J45 128 the_ATI same_AP rate_NN of_IN pay_NN ._. J45 129 ^ the_ATI Willink_NP commission_NN have_HV ,_, in_IN fact_NN ,_, J45 129 annexed_VBD this_DT phrase_NN to_TO cover_VB J45 130 another_DT principle_NN ,_, which_WDTR they_PP3AS call_VB their_PP$ J45 130 *'_*' third_OD principle_NN **'_**' ._. ^ they_PP3AS J45 131 do_DO not_XNOT state_VB what_WDT the_ATI principle_NN is_BEZ ,_, but_CC J45 131 they_PP3AS say_VB that_CS *'_*' it_PP3 relies_VBZ for_IN J45 132 its_PP$ operation_NN very_QL largely_RB on_IN a_AT judgement_NN of_IN J45 132 the_ATI constable's_NN$ value_NN to_IN J45 133 the_ATI community_NN **'_**' ._. ^ but_CC as_CS I_PP1A understand_VB J45 133 it_PP3 ,_, the_ATI phrase_NN has_HVZ always_RB J45 134 described_VBN the_ATI old_JJ trade_NN union_NN principle_NN that_CS J45 134 a_AT fitter_NN must_MD not_XNOT take_VB J45 135 less_AP than_IN the_ATI fitter's_NN$ rate_NN ,_, nor_CC a_AT J45 135 compositor_NN than_IN the_ATI compositor's_NN$ J45 136 rate_NN ,_, as_CS it_PP3 stands_VBZ in_IN the_ATI district_NN in_IN J45 136 which_WDTR he_PP3A happens_VBZ to_TO be_BE working_VBG ._. J45 137 ^ I_PP1A can_MD see_VB no_ATI reason_NN for_IN using_VBG it_PP3 in_IN J45 137 this_DT novel_JJ and_CC imprecise_JJ sense_NN ._. J45 138 ^ the_ATI difficulty_NN is_BEZ to_TO know_VB when_WRB two_CD J45 138 jobs_NNS are_BER the_ATI same_AP ,_, or_CC rather_RB ,_, J45 139 since_CS two_CD jobs_NNS are_BER never_RB exactly_RB the_ATI same_AP J45 139 ,_, to_TO know_VB which_WDT differences_NNS J45 140 can_MD be_BE regarded_VBN as_CS negligible_JJ for_IN the_ATI purpose_NN J45 140 of_IN settling_VBG payment_NN ._. J45 141 ^ the_ATI ingenuity_NN of_IN man_NN can_MD create_VB reasons_NNS for_IN J45 141 additional_JJ payments_NNS out_RP J45 142 of_IN everything_PN and_CC out_RP of_IN almost_RB nothing_PN *-_*- J45 142 out_RP of_IN slight_JJ differences_NNS in_IN J45 143 materials_NNS ,_, in_IN tools_NNS and_CC machinery_NN ,_, or_CC in_IN J45 143 the_ATI product_NN ;_; out_RP of_IN J45 144 differences_NNS in_IN the_ATI heat_NN ,_, dirt_NN or_CC noise_NN of_IN J45 144 working_NN conditions_NNS ;_; out_RP of_IN J45 145 responsibility_NN for_IN men_NNS ,_, materials_NNS ,_, machinery_NN ,_, J45 145 or_CC money_NN ;_; and_RB so_RB" on_RB" ._. J45 146 ^ some_DTI reason_NN can_MD always_RB be_BE found_VBN for_IN paying_VBG J45 146 X_ZZ more_AP than_IN Y_ZZ ,_, and_CC J45 147 probably_RB also_RB for_IN paying_VBG Y_ZZ more_AP than_IN X_ZZ ._. J45 148 ^ before_CS we_PP1AS write_VB the_ATI problem_NN off_RP as_CS J45 148 insoluble_JJ ,_, however_RB ,_, we_PP1AS must_MD J45 149 remember_VB that_CS men_NNS have_HV repeatedly_RB cut_VBN their_PP$ J45 149 way_NN through_IN it_PP3 over_IN the_ATI J45 150 centuries_NNS ,_, and_CC do_DO so_PN constantly_RB today_NR ._. ^ J45 150 the_ATI fitter's_NN$ rate_NN ,_, or_CC the_ATI J45 151 compositor's_NN$ rate_NN ,_, is_BEZ only_RB meaningful_JJ because_CS J45 151 there_EX is_BEZ agreement_NN about_IN J45 152 what_WDT is_BEZ the_ATI proper_JJ work_NN of_IN a_AT fitter_NN and_CC J45 152 of_IN a_AT compositor_NN ,_, either_DTX by_IN J45 153 rule_NN or_CC by_IN custom_NN ._. ^ every_AT grading_NN structure_NN J45 153 ,_, in_IN public_JJ and_CC in_IN private_JJ J45 154 employment_NN ,_, decides_VBZ that_CS certain_JJ differences_NNS in_IN J45 154 work_NN warrant_VB J45 155 differences_NNS in_IN pay_NN ,_, and_CC also_RB that_CS the_ATI J45 155 great_JJ majority_NN do_DO not_XNOT ._. ^ the_ATI J45 156 process_NN whereby_WRB the_ATI national_JJ coal_NN board_NN reduced_VBD J45 156 something_PN like_IN six_CD J45 157 thousand_CD daywage_NN job_NN titles_NNS to_IN 367_CD titles_NNS ,_, J45 157 and_CC then_RN grouped_VBD these_DTS J45 158 titles_NNS into_IN thirteen_CD different_JJ wage_NN grades_NNS ,_, J45 158 is_BEZ but_RI one_CD1 outstanding_JJ J45 159 example_NN of_IN a_AT common_JJ process_NN ._. J45 160 ^ such_ABL examples_NNS show_VB that_DT ,_, in_IN the_ATI J45 160 settlement_NN of_IN salaries_NNS and_CC wages_NNS ,_, J45 161 men_NNS are_BER willing_JJ to_TO neglect_VB many_AP differences_NNS J45 161 between_IN jobs_NNS ,_, and_CC also_RB to_TO J45 162 recognize_VB others_APS as_CS important_JJ ._. ^ they_PP3AS do_DO J45 162 not_XNOT ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, prove_VB that_CS J45 163 there_EX would_MD be_BE general_JJ agreement_NN on_IN what_WDT J45 163 should_MD count_VB and_CC what_WDT should_MD J45 164 not_XNOT ._. ^ we_PP1AS can_MD ,_, however_RB ,_, find_VB some_DTI J45 164 evidence_NN on_IN this_DT point_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS know_VB ,_, for_IN J45 165 instance_NN ,_, that_CS many_AP thousands_CDS of_IN problems_NNS J45 165 about_IN jobs_NNS and_CC about_IN J45 166 gradings_NNS are_BER amicably_RB settled_VBN each_DT year_NN ._. ^ J45 166 strikes_NNS over_IN demarcation_NN J45 167 disputes_NNS or_CC arbitration_NN awards_NNS on_IN grading_NN J45 167 questions_NNS only_RB serve_VB to_TO J45 168 emphasize_VB the_ATI wide_JJ area_NN of_IN undisputed_JJ territory_NN J45 168 behind_IN them_PP3OS ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ J45 169 hardly_RB possible_JJ that_CS this_DT could_MD be_BE so_PN without_IN J45 169 widespread_JJ agreement_NN on_IN J45 170 which_WDT differences_NNS count_VB and_CC which_WDT do_DO not_XNOT ._. ^ J45 170 the_ATI experience_NN of_IN the_ATI J45 171 Guillebaud_NP committee_NN was_BEDZ that_CS *'_*' our_PP$ team_NN of_IN J45 171 investigators_NNS ,_, coming_VBG from_IN J45 172 widely-varied_JJB backgrounds_NNS and_CC with_IN different_JJ J45 172 industrial_JJ experience_NN ,_, J45 173 agreed_VBD closely_RB among_IN themselves_PPLS ,_, and_CC their_PP$ J45 173 opinions_NNS corresponded_VBD ,_, in_IN J45 174 most_AP instances_NNS ,_, with_IN those_DTS of_IN our_PP$ J45 174 Secretaries_NPTS and_CC ourselves_PPLS ._. ^ there_EX J45 175 were_BED no_ATI disagreements_NNS which_WDTR could_MD not_XNOT be_BE J45 175 settled_VBN by_IN discussion_NN **'_**' ._. J45 176 ^ whether_CS differences_NNS count_VB or_CC not_XNOT is_BEZ at_RB J45 176 least_RB" largely_RB a_AT matter_NN of_IN J45 177 social_JJ convention_NN ._. ^ only_RB empirical_JJ tests_NNS could_MD J45 177 discover_VB whether_CS there_EX J45 178 are_BER generally_RB accepted_JJ conventions_NNS ,_, but_CC ,_, J45 178 until_CS such_ABL tests_NNS are_BER carried_VBN J45 179 out_RP ,_, I_PP1A submit_VB that_CS these_DTS are_BER grounds_NNS J45 179 for_IN supposing_VBG that_CS there_EX are_BER some_DTI J45 180 conventions_NNS which_WDTR are_BER fairly_RB widely_RB accepted_VBN ._. J45 181 ^ the_ATI Priestley_NP commission_NN included_VBD amongst_IN J45 181 their_PP$ criteria_NNS of_IN J45 182 fairness_NN *'_*' the_ATI educational_JJ or_CC other_AP J45 182 qualifications_NNS required_VBN **'_**' ._. ^ in_IN J45 183 fact_NN ,_, the_ATI civil_JJ service_NN pay_NN research_NN unit_NN J45 183 seems_VBZ to_TO have_HV concentrated_VBN J45 184 more_RBR on_IN work_NN than_CS on_IN qualifications_NNS ._. ^ for_IN J45 184 the_ATI Pilkington_NP and_CC Willink_NP J45 185 commissions_NNS ,_, on_IN the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, J45 185 qualifications_NNS seem_VB to_TO take_VB first_OD J45 186 place_NN ._. ^ the_ATI Pilkington_NP commission_NN was_BEDZ J45 186 instructed_VBN to_TO consider_VB *'_*' the_ATI J45 187 proper_JJ current_JJ levels_NNS of_IN remuneration_NN **'_**' of_IN J45 187 doctors_NNS and_CC dentists_NNS in_IN J45 188 the_ATI light_NN of_IN a_AT comparison_NN with_IN the_ATI J45 188 remuneration_NN of_IN other_AP professions_NNS ._. J45 189 ^ the_ATI professions_NNS on_IN which_WDTR they_PP3AS based_VBD J45 189 their_PP$ inquiry_NN were_BED :_: accountants_NNS ,_, J45 190 actuaries_NNS ,_, barristers_NNS ,_, solicitors_NNS ,_, architects_NNS J45 190 ,_, surveyors_NNS ,_, engineers_NNS J45 191 and_CC university_NN teachers_NNS ,_, together_RB with_IN a_AT J45 191 category_NN entitled_VBN *'_*' graduates_NNS J45 192 in_IN industry_NN **'_**' ._. J46 2 ^ most_AP of_IN these_DTS studies_NNS are_BER partial_JJ ,_, J46 2 dealing_VBG with_IN particular_JJ J46 3 aspects_NNS of_IN world_NN trade_NN ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ only_RB J46 3 one_CD1 that_WPR I_PP1A know_VB of_IN which_WDTR tries_VBZ J46 4 to_TO use_VB the_ATI statistical_JJ information_NN to_TO formulate_VB J46 4 a_AT model_NN of_IN world_NN J46 5 economic_JJ development_NN and_CC trade_NN ._. ^ this_DT Professor_NPT J46 5 Lewis_NP did_DOD in_IN 1952_CD ,_, J46 6 based_VBN on_IN statistics_NNS for_IN 1870-1950_CD-CD ,_, in_IN J46 6 terms_NNS of_IN six_CD world_NN variables_NNS :_: J46 7 world_NN industrial_JJ production_NN ,_, world_NN food_NN production_NN J46 7 ,_, world_NN trade_NN in_IN J46 8 manufactures_NNS ,_, world_NN trade_NN in_IN primary_JJ products_NNS J46 8 ,_, the_ATI price_NN of_IN primary_JJ J46 9 products_NNS and_CC the_ATI price_NN of_IN manufactures_NNS ._. ^ J46 9 the_ATI model_NN ,_, although_CS J46 10 attractively_RB simple_JJ ,_, fails_VBZ to_TO fit_VB developments_NNS J46 10 since_IN 1950_CD partly_RB J46 11 because_CS it_PP3 makes_VBZ one_CD1 important_JJ assumption_NN not_XNOT J46 11 borne_VBN out_RP by_IN events_NNS *-_*- J46 12 the_ATI assumption_NN that_CS the_ATI ratio_NN between_IN world_NN J46 12 trade_NN in_IN primary_JJ products_NNS J46 13 (_( food_NN and_CC raw_JJ materials_NNS )_) and_CC manufactures_NNS J46 13 would_MD remain_VB unchanged_JJ ._. ^ in_IN J46 14 fact_NN ,_, one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI new_JJ features_NNS of_IN the_ATI J46 14 development_NN of_IN world_NN trade_NN since_IN J46 15 1950_CD has_HVZ been_BEN the_ATI rapid_JJ relative_JJ growth_NN of_IN J46 15 world_NN trade_NN in_IN manufactures_NNS J46 16 and_CC a_AT corresponding_JJ relative_JJ fall_NN in_IN world_NN J46 16 trade_NN in_IN primary_JJ products_NNS ._. J46 17 ^ this_DT relative_JJ fall_NN is_BEZ particularly_RB marked_JJ if_CS J46 17 oil_NN is_BEZ excluded_VBN ._. J46 18 ^ the_ATI causes_NNS of_IN this_DT change_NN have_HV aroused_VBN J46 18 great_JJ controversy_NN ,_, J46 19 controversy_NN which_WDTR illustrates_VBZ how_WRB difficult_JJ it_PP3 J46 19 is_BEZ to_TO interpret_VB J46 20 significantly_RB this_DT mass_NN of_IN statistical_JJ information_NN J46 20 ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ on_IN the_ATI J46 21 one_CD1 side_NN the_ATI argument_NN ,_, put_VBN forward_RB strongly_RB J46 21 by_IN the_ATI late_JJ Professor_NPT J46 22 Nurkse_NP ,_, that_CS the_ATI relative_JJ decline_NN in_IN world_NN J46 22 trade_NN in_IN primary_JJ products_NNS J46 23 is_BEZ mainly_RB due_JJ to_IN a_AT fall_NN in_IN demand_NN by_IN J46 23 industrial_JJ countries_NNS :_: a_AT fall_NN due_JJ J46 24 to_IN agricultural_JJ protection_NN ,_, a_AT change_NN in_IN the_ATI J46 24 structure_NN of_IN industrial_JJ J46 25 production_NN towards_IN products_NNS using_VBG less_AP raw_JJ J46 25 materials_NNS and_CC the_ATI J46 26 substitution_NN of_IN synthetics_NNS for_IN natural_JJ products_NNS ._. J46 26 ^ others_APS ,_, including_IN J46 27 Professor_NPT Cairncross_NP ,_, who_WPR spoke_VBD on_IN this_DT J46 27 theme_NN here_RN a_AP few_AP" months_NNS ago_RB ,_, J46 28 have_HV argued_VBN that_CS one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI main_JJB factors_NNS J46 28 inducing_VBG industrial_JJ countries_NNS J46 29 to_TO use_VB less_AP primary_JJ products_NNS was_BEDZ a_AT shortage_NN J46 29 of_IN supply_NN ,_, and_CC that_CS this_DT J46 30 shortage_NN of_IN supply_NN was_BEDZ ,_, to_IN a_AT substantial_JJ J46 30 degree_NN ,_, the_ATI result_NN of_IN the_ATI J46 31 economic_JJ policy_NN followed_VBN by_IN many_AP primary_JJ J46 31 producing_JJ countries_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J46 32 analysis_NN by_IN \0GATT_NP in_IN successive_JJ reports_NNS on_IN *'_*' J46 32 international_JJ J46 33 trade_NN **'_**' since_IN 1956_CD has_HVZ tended_VBN to_TO confirm_VB J46 33 this_DT conclusion_NN ._. ^ \0GATT_NP J46 34 classified_VBD the_ATI non-industrial_JJ primary_JJ producing_JJ J46 34 countries_NNS into_IN two_CD J46 35 groups_NNS :_: (_( 1_CD1 )_) the_ATI semi-industrialised_JJ J46 35 countries_NNS where_WRB industrialisation_NN J46 36 has_HVZ already_RB made_VBN substantial_JJ progress_NN (_( J46 36 countries_NNS such_IN as_IN" Argentina_NP ,_, J46 37 India_NP and_CC Australia_NP )_) ,_, and_CC (_( 2_CD )_) the_ATI J46 37 remaining_JJ non-industrial_JJ countries_NNS ;_; J46 38 and_CC then_RN showed_VBD that_CS the_ATI bulk_NN of_IN the_ATI J46 38 relative_JJ fall_NN in_IN trade_NN came_VBD in_IN J46 39 the_ATI first_OD and_CC not_XNOT in_IN the_ATI second_OD group_NN of_IN J46 39 countries_NNS ._. ^ this_DT seemed_VBD to_TO J46 40 lead_VB conclusively_RB to_IN the_ATI view_NN that_CS reduced_JJ J46 40 supply_NN had_HVD at_RB least_RB" been_BEN a_AT J46 41 very_QL important_JJ contributory_JJ element_NN in_IN the_ATI J46 41 relative_JJ reduction_NN in_IN world_NN J46 42 trade_NN in_IN primary_JJ products_NNS ._. J46 43 ^ but_CC since_IN then_RN \0Mr_NPT \0A_NP Maizels_NP of_IN the_ATI J46 43 national_JJ institute_NN has_HVZ J46 44 attempted_VBN to_TO show_VB that_CS the_ATI results_NNS obtained_VBN J46 44 by_IN the_ATI \0GATT_NP analysis_NN J46 45 are_BER largely_RB fortuitous_JJ and_CC do_DO not_XNOT point_VB to_IN J46 45 the_ATI conclusion_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ J46 46 drawn_VBN from_IN them_PP3OS by_IN the_ATI authors_NNS of_IN the_ATI J46 46 \0GATT_NP reports_NNS ._. ^ \0Mr_NPT J46 47 Maizels_NP shows_VBZ that_CS if_CS exports_NNS of_IN primary_JJ J46 47 products_NNS from_IN J46 48 semi-industrialised_JJ countries_NNS are_BER compared_VBN with_IN J46 48 world_NN demand_NN for_IN the_ATI J46 49 same_AP commodities_NNS (_( which_WDTR he_PP3A measures_VBZ by_IN J46 49 world_NN trade_NN )_) over_IN the_ATI period_NN J46 50 1937-38_CD-CD to_IN 1955_CD ,_, then_RN in_IN most_AP cases_NNS the_ATI J46 50 semi-industrialised_JJ countries_NNS J46 51 have_HV maintained_VBN their_PP$ share_NN of_IN the_ATI world_NN J46 51 total_NN ._. ^ from_IN this_DT he_PP3A J46 52 concludes_VBZ that_CS the_ATI relative_JJ fall_NN in_IN the_ATI J46 52 trade_NN of_IN the_ATI J46 53 semi-industrialised_JJ countries_NNS is_BEZ due_JJ mainly_RB to_IN J46 53 its_PP$ commodity_NN J46 54 composition_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI fall_NN in_IN world_NN demand_NN J46 54 for_IN these_DTS commodities_NNS ;_; thus_RB J46 55 confirming_VBG the_ATI demand_NN deficiency_NN ,_, rather_RB than_IN J46 55 the_ATI supply_NN deficiency_NN ,_, J46 56 view_NN ._. J46 57 ^ there_EX is_BEZ ,_, however_RB ,_, one_CD1 weakness_NN in_IN J46 57 \0Mr_NPT Maizel's_NP$ main_JJB J46 58 calculations_NNS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN some_DTI J46 58 commodities_NNS a_AT substantial_JJ part_NN of_IN J46 59 the_ATI total_NN of_IN world_NN trade_NN is_BEZ accounted_VBN for_IN J46 59 by_IN the_ATI trade_NN of_IN the_ATI J46 60 semi-industrialised_JJ countries_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ hardly_RB J46 60 surprising_JJ that_CS in_IN these_DTS J46 61 cases_NNS exports_NNS from_IN the_ATI semi-industrialised_JJ J46 61 countries_NNS on_IN average_NN show_VB J46 62 much_RB the_ATI same_AP movement_NN in_IN volume_NN as_IN world_NN J46 62 trade_NN as_IN a_AT whole_NN ._. ^ take_VB wool_NN J46 63 as_IN an_AT example_NN ._. ^ this_DT appears_VBZ as_IN an_AT J46 63 important_JJ export_NN for_IN four_CD J46 64 semi-industrialised_JJ countries_NNS *-_*- Argentina_NP ,_, J46 64 Australia_NP ,_, New_NP Zealand_NP and_CC J46 65 the_ATI Union_NP of_IN South_NP Africa_NP ._. ^ but_CC the_ATI J46 65 exports_NNS of_IN these_DTS four_CD countries_NNS J46 66 between_IN them_PP3OS account_VB for_IN the_ATI bulk_NN of_IN world_NN J46 66 export_NN trade_NN in_IN wool_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J46 67 is_BEZ hardly_RB surprising_JJ therefore_RB that_CS the_ATI export_NN J46 67 volume_NN of_IN wool_NN from_IN J46 68 these_DTS countries_NNS ,_, on_IN average_NN ,_, approximates_VBZ to_IN J46 68 the_ATI world_NN total_NN ,_, some_DTI J46 69 above_RI and_CC some_DTI below_RI ._. ^ the_ATI nearness_NN of_IN J46 69 the_ATI world_NN total_NN and_CC the_ATI figures_NNS J46 70 for_IN the_ATI four_CD semi-industrialised_JJ countries_NNS can_MD J46 70 not_XNOT be_BE taken_VBN in_IN this_DT J46 71 particular_JJ case_NN to_TO demonstrate_VB the_ATI validity_NN of_IN J46 71 the_ATI demand_NN deficiency_NN J46 72 view_NN ._. ^ the_ATI same_AP point_NN applies_VBZ to_IN coffee_NN ,_, J46 72 which_WDTR appears_VBZ as_IN an_AT important_JJ J46 73 export_NN of_IN three_CD semi-industrialised_JJ countries_NNS ,_, J46 73 Brazil_NP ,_, Colombia_NP and_CC J46 74 Mexico_NP ,_, which_WDTR between_IN them_PP3OS account_VB for_IN a_AT J46 74 substantial_JJ part_NN of_IN world_NN J46 75 trade_NN in_IN coffee_NN ._. J46 76 ^ indeed_RB ,_, one_CD1 inevitably_RB gets_VBZ into_IN difficulty_NN J46 76 if_CS one_CD1 has_HVZ to_TO use_VB ,_, as_CS J46 77 so_QL often_RB happens_VBZ in_IN analyses_NNS of_IN world_NN trade_NN J46 77 ,_, the_ATI same_AP figures_NNS as_CS J46 78 representing_VBG both_ABX world_NN supply_NN and_CC world_NN demand_NN J46 78 ;_; and_CC when_WRB one_CD1 begins_VBZ J46 79 to_TO look_VB at_IN the_ATI position_NN of_IN individual_JJ J46 79 semi-industrialised_JJ countries_NNS ,_, J46 80 Argentina_NP for_IN example_NN ,_, there_EX seems_VBZ strong_JJ J46 80 evidence_NN that_CS there_EX has_HVZ been_BEN J46 81 a_AT reduction_NN in_IN the_ATI supply_NN of_IN primary_JJ products_NNS J46 81 for_IN export_NN ,_, and_CC a_AT J46 82 substantial_JJ case_NN for_IN arguing_VBG that_DT Argentinian_JNP J46 82 economic_JJ and_CC commercial_JJ J46 83 policy_NN has_HVZ been_BEN an_AT important_JJ element_NN in_IN this_DT J46 83 reduction_NN ._. ^ I_PP1A would_MD J46 84 expect_VB to_TO find_VB differences_NNS in_IN the_ATI relative_JJ J46 84 importance_NN of_IN changes_NNS in_IN J46 85 demand_NN and_CC supply_NN from_IN country_NN to_IN country_NN ,_, J46 85 and_CC suspect_VB that_CS any_DTI J46 86 generalisation_NN which_WDTR attempts_VBZ to_TO settle_VB this_DT J46 86 controversy_NN in_IN terms_NNS of_IN J46 87 general_JJ figures_NNS for_IN world_NN trade_NN is_BEZ likely_JJ to_TO J46 87 be_BE too_QL sweeping_JJ in_IN J46 88 ignoring_VBG the_ATI peculiar_JJ and_CC divergent_JJ experience_NN J46 88 of_IN individual_JJ J46 89 countries_NNS ._. J46 90 ^ the_ATI other_AP major_JJ feature_NN of_IN the_ATI statistics_NNS J46 90 of_IN world_NN trade_NN that_WPR has_HVZ J46 91 commanded_VBN great_JJ attention_NN in_IN recent_JJ years_NNS ,_, J46 91 is_BEZ the_ATI rapid_JJ growth_NN and_CC J46 92 changing_JJ character_NN of_IN world_NN trade_NN in_IN manufactures_NNS J46 92 ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI 1930's_CDS and_CC J46 93 during_IN the_ATI war_NN most_AP of_IN those_DTS who_WPR attempted_VBD J46 93 to_TO look_VB ahead_RB to_IN future_JJB J46 94 developments_NNS in_IN world_NN trade_NN in_IN manufactures_NNS J46 94 were_BED inclined_VBN to_TO take_VB J46 95 rather_ABL a_AT gloomy_JJ view_NN ._. ^ the_ATI traditional_JJ trade_NN J46 95 ,_, especially_RB in_IN cotton_NN J46 96 textiles_NNS ,_, was_BEDZ disappearing_VBG rapidly_RB as_CS domestic_JJ J46 96 industries_NNS were_BED being_BEG J46 97 built_VBN up_RP in_IN the_ATI newly-developing_JJB industrial_JJ J46 97 countries_NNS ._. ^ and_CC the_ATI J46 98 opportunities_NNS for_IN increased_JJ trade_NN between_IN the_ATI J46 98 advanced_JJ industrial_JJ J46 99 countries_NNS seemed_VBD likely_JJ to_TO become_VB restricted_JJ J46 99 rather_RB than_CS wider_JJR as_CS the_ATI J46 100 character_NN of_IN their_PP$ industrial_JJ development_NN became_VBD J46 100 more_QL and_CC more_QL J46 101 similar_JJ ._. ^ in_IN fact_NN ,_, world_NN trade_NN in_IN J46 101 manufactures_NNS has_HVZ increased_VBN more_QL J46 102 rapidly_RB than_IN world_NN industrial_JJ production_NN compared_VBN J46 102 with_IN 1938_CD ,_, the_ATI rise_NN J46 103 in_IN European_JNP trade_NN in_IN manufactures_NNS being_BEG most_QL J46 103 remarkable_JJ and_CC J46 104 unexpected_JJ ._. ^ now_CS that_CS" we_PP1AS have_HV a_AT mass_NN of_IN J46 104 regular_JJ statistical_JJ J46 105 information_NN ,_, on_IN a_AT standard_JJ international_JJ J46 105 classification_NN ,_, about_IN this_DT J46 106 trade_NN ,_, we_PP1AS can_MD examine_VB its_PP$ pattern_NN and_CC J46 106 structure_NN in_IN great_JJ detail_NN ._. J46 107 ^ familiarity_NN with_IN this_DT statistical_JJ detail_NN can_MD no_ATI J46 107 doubt_NN give_VB us_PP1OS a_AT J46 108 comfortable_JJ feeling_NN that_CS we_PP1AS know_VB what_WDT is_BEZ J46 108 going_VBG on_RP in_IN international_JJ J46 109 trade_NN ,_, which_WDTR lines_NNS and_CC markets_NNS are_BER J46 109 expanding_VBG or_CC contracting_VBG ._. ^ and_CC we_PP1AS J46 110 can_MD pay_VB particular_JJ care_NN ,_, as_CS the_ATI board_NN of_IN J46 110 trade_NN does_DOZ each_DT quarter_NN in_IN J46 111 the_ATI tables_NNS in_IN the_ATI board_NN of_IN trade_NN journal_NN ,_, J46 111 to_TO look_VB at_IN the_ATI fortunes_NNS J46 112 of_IN United_NP Kingdom_NPL trade_NN in_IN this_DT international_JJ J46 112 competition_NN ._. ^ but_CC I_PP1A J46 113 doubt_VB very_QL much_RB myself_PPL whether_CS the_ATI accumulation_NN J46 113 of_IN statistics_NNS of_IN this_DT J46 114 kind_NN and_CC the_ATI grubbing_NN about_RP among_IN them_PP3OS for_IN J46 114 significant_JJ statistical_JJ J46 115 trends_NNS by_IN itself_PPL gives_VBZ us_PP1OS much_AP understanding_NN J46 115 of_IN what_WDT is_BEZ going_VBG on_RP and_CC J46 116 the_ATI forces_NNS which_WDTR are_BER making_VBG for_IN change_NN ._. ^ J46 116 we_PP1AS need_MD much_AP more_AP J46 117 understanding_NN and_CC analysis_NN of_IN the_ATI forces_NNS that_WPR J46 117 are_BER behind_IN the_ATI J46 118 statistics_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 may_MD be_BE ,_, however_RB ,_, that_CS J46 118 the_ATI changes_NNS are_BER the_ATI result_NN of_IN J46 119 such_ABL a_AT complex_JJ interaction_NN of_IN forces_NNS and_CC that_CS J46 119 our_PP$ analytical_JJ tools_NNS are_BER J46 120 so_QL primitive_JJ that_CS we_PP1AS can_MD not_XNOT yet_RB hope_VB J46 120 to_TO acquire_VB this_DT deeper_JJR J46 121 understanding_NN and_CC will_MD have_HV to_TO confine_VB ourselves_PPLS J46 121 ,_, for_IN the_ATI time_NN being_NN J46 122 at_RB least_RB" ,_, to_IN the_ATI search_NN for_IN statistical_JJ J46 122 trends_NNS which_WDTR we_PP1AS hope_VB will_MD J46 123 endure_VB for_IN some_DTI time_NN ._. J46 124 ^ one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI main_JJB problems_NNS in_IN J46 124 understanding_VBG the_ATI significance_NN of_IN the_ATI J46 125 shifting_JJ pattern_NN of_IN the_ATI world_NN trade_NN in_IN J46 125 manufactures_NNS is_BEZ to_TO be_BE able_JJ to_TO J46 126 distinguish_VB between_IN changes_NNS in_IN the_ATI fundamental_JJ J46 126 forces_NNS in_IN operation_NN ,_, J46 127 and_CC the_ATI time_NN period_NN which_WDTR it_PP3 takes_VBZ for_IN J46 127 trade_NN to_TO adjust_VB itself_PPL to_IN those_DTS J46 128 forces_NNS ._. ^ take_VB ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, one_CD1 of_IN J46 128 the_ATI major_JJ changes_NNS in_IN British_JNP J46 129 foreign_JJ trade_NN over_IN the_ATI last_AP 50_CD years_NNS *-_*- J46 129 the_ATI almost_RB complete_JJ J46 130 disappearance_NN of_IN the_ATI United_NP Kingdom_NPL as_IN a_AT net_JJB J46 130 exporter_NN of_IN cotton_NN J46 131 textiles_NNS ._. ^ looking_VBG back_RP now_RN it_PP3 could_MD be_BE J46 131 argued_VBN that_CS the_ATI fundamental_JJ J46 132 forces_NNS which_WDTR led_VBD to_IN this_DT change_NN were_BED J46 132 already_RB in_IN operation_NN in_IN the_ATI years_NNS J46 133 immediately_RB after_IN the_ATI first_OD world_NN war_NN *-_*- the_ATI J46 133 acquisition_NN by_IN Japan_NP ,_, J46 134 India_NP and_CC other_AP countries_NNS of_IN the_ATI necessary_JJ J46 134 technical_JJ and_CC economic_JJ J46 135 experience_NN to_TO enable_VB them_PP3OS to_TO develop_VB efficient_JJ J46 135 cotton_NN textile_NN J46 136 industries_NNS of_IN their_PP$ own_AP ,_, and_CC the_ATI J46 136 consequential_JJ loss_NN by_IN Lancashire_NP of_IN J46 137 the_ATI special_JJ comparative_JJ advantage_NN that_WPR she_PP3A J46 137 had_HVD had_HVN in_IN this_DT field_NN of_IN J46 138 manufacture_NN for_IN over_RB a_AT century_NN ._. ^ but_CC although_CS J46 138 the_ATI fundamental_JJ forces_NNS J46 139 had_HVD already_RB changed_VBN by_IN 1920_CD ,_, it_PP3 took_VBD J46 139 many_AP years_NNS for_IN the_ATI full_JJ J46 140 consequences_NNS to_TO work_VB themselves_PPLS out_RP ._. ^ and_CC J46 140 because_CS the_ATI process_NN of_IN J46 141 adjustment_NN took_VBD so_QL long_RB and_CC was_BEDZ so_QL slow_JJ ,_, J46 141 it_PP3 was_BEDZ a_AT long_JJ time_NN before_CS the_ATI J46 142 change_NN in_IN the_ATI underlying_JJ situation_NN was_BEDZ J46 142 recognised_VBN ._. ^ throughout_IN the_ATI J46 143 1920's_CDS and_CC 1930's_CDS it_PP3 was_BEDZ still_RB a_AT widely_RB J46 143 held_JJ view_NN that_CS ,_, given_VBN the_ATI J46 144 appropriate_JJ re-organisation_NN of_IN the_ATI industry_NN ,_, J46 144 Lancashire_NP could_MD regain_VB J46 145 her_PP$ pre-1914_JJB world_NN trading_NN position_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J46 145 is_BEZ obviously_RB not_XNOT easy_JJ to_TO J46 146 recognise_VB powerful_JJ new_JJ economic_JJ forces_NNS affecting_VBG J46 146 world_NN trade_NN when_WRB they_PP3AS J46 147 first_RB emerge_VB ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ easier_JJR to_TO treat_VB J46 147 the_ATI structure_NN and_CC pattern_NN of_IN J46 148 world_NN trade_NN as_CS relatively_RB stable_JJ and_CC unchanging_JJ J46 148 until_CS change_NN makes_VBZ J46 149 itself_PPL clearly_RB evident_JJ in_IN the_ATI statistics_NNS ._. J46 150 ^ I_PP1A have_HV discussed_VBN very_QL briefly_RB only_RB one_CD1 J46 150 or_CC two_CD examples_NNS of_IN the_ATI way_NN J46 151 in_IN which_WDTR statistical_JJ information_NN about_IN world_NN J46 151 trade_NN is_BEZ used_VBN in_IN an_AT J46 152 attempt_NN to_TO understand_VB the_ATI main_JJB forces_NNS making_VBG J46 152 for_IN change_NN ._. ^ but_CC these_DTS I_PP1A J46 153 think_VB are_BER quite_RB typical_JJ and_CC ,_, unfortunately_RB ,_, J46 153 do_DO not_XNOT lead_VB to_IN the_ATI clear_JJ J46 154 conclusion_NN that_CS this_DT new_JJ approach_NN is_BEZ leading_VBG J46 154 to_IN great_JJ enlightenment_NN ._. J46 155 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ ,_, I_PP1A take_VB it_PP3 ,_, hardly_RB necessary_JJ J46 155 for_IN me_PP1O to_TO sum_VB up_RP my_PP$ view_NN that_CS J46 156 we_PP1AS are_BER still_RB far_RB from_IN having_HVG ,_, either_DTX J46 156 in_IN theory_NN or_CC in_IN statistical_JJ J46 157 analysis_NN ,_, techniques_NNS which_WDTR enable_VB us_PP1OS to_TO J46 157 explain_VB satisfactorily_RB the_ATI J46 158 main_JJB features_NNS of_IN international_JJ trade_NN ._. ^ many_AP J46 158 of_IN you_PP2 will_MD no_ATI doubt_NN think_VB J46 159 that_CS I_PP1A take_VB too_QL gloomy_JJ and_CC sceptical_JJ a_AT J46 159 view_NN ._. ^ but_CC in_IN this_DT field_NN of_IN J46 160 economics_NN ,_, as_CS in_IN many_AP others_APS ,_, however_WRB J46 160 complex_JJ our_PP$ theoretical_JJ and_CC J46 161 statistical_JJ models_NNS may_MD be_BE ,_, I_PP1A am_BEM impressed_VBN J46 161 ,_, perhaps_RB over-impressed_VBN ,_, by_IN J46 162 their_PP$ relative_JJ crudity_NN and_CC simplicity_NN compared_VBN J46 162 with_IN the_ATI intricacy_NN and_CC J46 163 complexity_NN of_IN the_ATI real_JJ world_NN ._. J46 164 ^ a_AT simple_JJ model_NN of_IN employment_NN ,_, money_NN and_CC J46 164 prices_NNS in_IN a_AT growing_JJ J46 165 economy_NN ._. J46 166 ^ by_IN \0A_NP \0W_NP Phillips_NP ._. J46 167 ^ 1_CD1 ._. introduction_NN ._. J46 168 ^ the_ATI purpose_NN of_IN this_DT article_NN is_BEZ to_TO J46 168 develop_VB a_AT simple_JJ aggregative_JJ J46 169 model_NN which_WDTR may_MD be_BE used_VBN to_TO study_VB both_ABX J46 169 the_ATI problem_NN of_IN reducing_VBG J46 170 short-period_JJB fluctuations_NNS of_IN an_AT economy_NN and_CC the_ATI J46 170 problem_NN of_IN attaining_VBG J46 171 longer-term_JJR objectives_NNS relating_VBG to_IN employment_NN ,_, J46 171 the_ATI price_NN level_NN and_CC J46 172 growth_NN ._. ^ to_TO do_DO this_DT the_ATI Keynesian_JNP model_NN J46 172 of_IN employment_NN ,_, interest_NN and_CC J46 173 money_NN is_BEZ extended_VBN in_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN ways_NNS ._. ^ J46 173 the_ATI concept_NN of_IN *'_*' normal_JJ J46 174 capacity_NN output_NN **'_**' is_BEZ introduced_VBN ,_, with_IN the_ATI J46 174 hypothesis_NN that_CS normal_JJ J46 175 capacity_NN output_NN increases_VBZ continuously_RB as_IN a_AT J46 175 result_NN of_IN investment_NN in_IN J46 176 improving_VBG productive_JJ resources_NNS ._. ^ actual_JJ output_NN J46 176 is_BEZ then_RN expressed_VBN as_IN a_AT J46 177 proportion_NN of_IN normal_JJ capacity_NN output_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J46 177 rate_NN of_IN change_NN of_IN the_ATI price_NN J46 178 level_NN is_BEZ assumed_VBN to_TO depend_VB on_IN the_ATI ratio_NN J46 178 of_IN actual_JJ output_NN to_IN normal_JJ J46 179 capacity_NN output_NN and_CC on_IN the_ATI rate_NN of_IN change_NN J46 179 of_IN productivity_NN ._. ^ the_ATI rate_NN J46 180 of_IN interest_NN is_BEZ assumed_VBN to_TO depend_VB on_IN the_ATI J46 180 quantity_NN of_IN money_NN ,_, actual_JJ J46 181 output_NN and_CC the_ATI price_NN level_NN ._. ^ investment_NN J46 181 demand_NN is_BEZ made_VBN a_AT function_NN of_IN J46 182 the_ATI ratio_NN of_IN actual_JJ output_NN to_IN normal_JJ capacity_NN J46 182 output_NN ,_, the_ATI expected_JJ J46 183 rate_NN of_IN growth_NN and_CC the_ATI rate_NN of_IN interest_NN ._. J46 184 ^ by_IN defining_VBG some_DTI variables_NNS in_IN the_ATI model_NN J46 184 to_TO be_BE either_DTX logarithms_NNS J46 185 or_CC ratios_NNS of_IN the_ATI usual_JJ economic_JJ variables_NNS ,_, J46 185 assuming_VBG continuously_RB J46 186 distributed_JJ time_NN lags_NNS in_IN the_ATI behaviour_NN J46 186 relations_NNS and_CC making_VBG certain_JJ J46 187 linear_JJ approximations_NNS ,_, which_WDTR should_MD be_BE J46 187 satisfactory_JJ for_IN moderate_JJ J46 188 fluctuations_NNS in_IN output_NN and_CC employment_NN ,_, the_ATI J46 188 model_NN can_MD be_BE written_VBN as_IN a_AT J46 189 system_NN of_IN linear_JJ differential_JJ equations_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J46 189 steady_JJ state_NN solutions_NNS J46 190 give_VB the_ATI paths_NNS of_IN the_ATI variables_NNS in_IN J46 190 conditions_NNS of_IN steady_JJ or_CC J46 191 *'_*' equilibrium_NN **'_**' growth_NN and_CC in_RB particular_RB" J46 191 show_VB the_ATI long-run_JJB relations_NNS J46 192 between_IN the_ATI rate_NN of_IN change_NN of_IN the_ATI quantity_NN J46 192 of_IN money_NN ,_, the_ATI ratio_NN of_IN J46 193 actual_JJ to_IN normal_JJ capacity_NN output_NN ,_, the_ATI rate_NN J46 193 of_IN change_NN of_IN the_ATI price_NN J46 194 level_NN and_CC the_ATI rate_NN of_IN growth_NN of_IN normal_JJ J46 194 capacity_NN output_NN ._. ^ the_ATI transient_JJ J46 195 solutions_NNS ,_, which_WDTR show_VB deviations_NNS from_IN ,_, or_CC J46 195 short-period_JJB fluctuations_NNS J46 196 about_IN ,_, the_ATI *'_*' growth_NN equilibrium_NN **'_**' paths_NNS J46 196 ,_, are_BER used_VBN to_TO investigate_VB the_ATI J46 197 stability_NN of_IN the_ATI system_NN and_CC the_ATI effect_NN of_IN J46 197 a_AT stabilisation_NN policy_NN ._. J47 2 ^ 1880_CD may_MD be_BE quite_ABL a_AT good_JJ watershed_NN for_IN J47 2 other_AP reasons_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI public_JJ J47 3 health_NN act_NN of_IN 1875_CD had_HVD enabled_VBN local_JJ J47 3 authorities_NNS to_TO pass_VB bye-laws_NNS J47 4 regulating_VBG the_ATI structure_NN of_IN walls_NNS and_CC J47 4 foundations_NNS of_IN new_JJ buildings_NNS on_IN J47 5 health_NN grounds_NNS and_CC not_XNOT merely_RB on_IN grounds_NNS of_IN J47 5 stability_NN and_CC fire_NN J47 6 prevention_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI late_JJ 1870s_CDS the_ATI local_JJ J47 6 government_NN board_NN published_VBD a_AT J47 7 series_NN of_IN model_JJB bye-laws_NNS for_IN the_ATI guidance_NN of_IN J47 7 local_JJ authorities_NNS in_IN J47 8 these_DTS matters_NNS ._. ^ a_AT recent_JJ estimate_NN suggests_VBZ J47 8 that_CS almost_RB a_AT quarter_NN of_IN J47 9 the_ATI dwellings_NNS occupied_VBN today_NR ,_, some_DTI 3_CD 2/3_CD J47 9 million_CD ,_, were_BED built_VBN before_IN J47 10 1880_CD ._. ^ to_TO demolish_VB them_PP3OS by_IN 1980_CD would_MD J47 10 require_VB a_AT rate_NN of_IN demolition_NN of_IN J47 11 nearly_RB 200_CD thousand_CD a_AT year_NN ._. ^ thereafter_RB ,_, J47 11 assuming_VBG no_ATI shortening_NN in_IN the_ATI J47 12 average_JJ life_NN ,_, the_ATI need_NN for_IN demolition_NN would_MD J47 12 fall_VB to_IN about_RB 100_CD thousand_CD J47 13 a_AT year_NN ,_, since_CS houses_NNS were_BED being_BEG built_VBN at_IN J47 13 roughly_RB this_DT rate_NN in_IN the_ATI J47 14 twenty-five_CD years_NNS before_IN the_ATI first_OD world_NN war_NN ._. J47 15 ^ there_EX is_BEZ ,_, admittedly_RB ,_, no_ATI overriding_JJ J47 15 reason_NN for_IN picking_VBG 100_CD years_NNS J47 16 as_IN the_ATI natural_JJ term_NN of_IN life_NN for_IN a_AT house_NN ,_, J47 16 rather_RB than_IN ,_, say_VB ,_, eighty_CD J47 17 years_NNS ;_; nor_CC is_BEZ there_EX any_DTI special_JJ reason_NN J47 17 why_WRB the_ATI backlog_NN should_MD be_BE J47 18 cleared_VBN in_IN twenty_CD years_NNS ,_, rather_RB than_CS in_IN J47 18 ten_CD or_CC thirty_CD ._. ^ but_CC ,_, given_IN the_ATI J47 19 likely_JJ increase_NN in_IN stock_NN required_VBN in_IN this_DT J47 19 period_NN ,_, it_PP3 should_MD be_BE well_RB J47 20 within_IN the_ATI capacity_NN of_IN the_ATI house_NN building_NN J47 20 industry_NN to_TO deal_VB with_IN a_AT J47 21 replacement_NN programme_NN of_IN this_DT kind_NN by_IN 1980_CD ._. ^ J47 21 this_DT aim_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT ,_, perhaps_RB ,_, J47 22 an_AT ambitious_JJ one_CD1 ;_; even_CS if_CS" it_PP3 were_BED J47 22 achieved_VBN ,_, the_ATI housing_NN stock_NN in_IN J47 23 England_NP and_CC Wales_NP might_MD still_RB be_BE one_CD1 of_IN J47 23 the_ATI oldest_JJT in_IN western_JJ J47 24 countries_NNS ,_, apart_IN from_IN" France_NP ._. ^ to_TO carry_VB J47 24 out_RP the_ATI programme_NN in_IN ,_, say_VB ,_, ten_CD J47 25 years_NNS would_MD mean_VB forcing_VBG up_RP the_ATI annual_JJ rate_NN J47 25 of_IN house_NN building_NN to_IN J47 26 something_PN near_IN 500_CD thousand_CD a_AT year_NN ,_, with_IN a_AT J47 26 subsequent_JJ severe_JJ drop_NN ._. J47 27 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ policy_NN ._. J47 28 ^ the_ATI main_JJB housing_NN need_NN ,_, therefore_RB ,_, J47 28 between_IN now_RN and_CC 1980_CD is_BEZ J47 29 likely_JJ to_TO be_BE for_IN the_ATI replacement_NN of_IN old_JJ J47 29 houses_NNS ,_, not_XNOT for_IN additions_NNS to_IN J47 30 stock_NN ._. ^ at_IN the_ATI moment_NN ,_, the_ATI pattern_NN of_IN J47 30 house_NN building_NN is_BEZ the_ATI reverse_NN ._. J47 31 ^ only_RB about_RB 60-70_CD-CD thousand_CD houses_NNS are_BER being_BEG J47 31 demolished_VBN each_DT year_NN ;_; so_RB ,_, J47 32 of_IN the_ATI 260-270_CD-CD thousand_CD houses_NNS being_BEG built_VBN J47 32 in_IN England_NP and_CC Wales_NP ,_, just_RB J47 33 on_IN 200_CD thousand_CD are_BER adding_VBG to_IN the_ATI stock_NN ._. J47 34 ^ this_DT pattern_NN can_MD hardly_RB continue_VB for_IN long_RB ;_; J47 34 it_PP3 certainly_RB can_MD not_XNOT go_VB J47 35 on_RP up_RP to_IN 1980_CD ._. ^ the_ATI stock_NN of_IN houses_NNS J47 35 is_BEZ rising_VBG by_IN some_DTI 200_CD thousand_CD a_AT J47 36 year_NN ;_; the_ATI number_NN of_IN households_NNS needing_VBG J47 36 separate_JJ dwellings_NNS over_IN the_ATI J47 37 next_AP twenty_CD years_NNS is_BEZ likely_JJ to_TO increase_VB by_IN J47 37 an_AT average_NN of_IN around_RB 100_CD J47 38 thousand_CD a_AT year_NN ._. ^ vacancies_NNS are_BER therefore_RB J47 38 likely_JJ to_TO increase_VB by_IN some_DTI J47 39 100_CD thousand_CD a_AT year_NN *-_*- this_DT is_BEZ only_RB a_AP J47 39 little_AP" less_AP than_IN the_ATI total_JJ number_NN J47 40 of_IN unfurnished_JJ vacancies_NNS in_IN 1951_CD (_( 140_CD thousand_CD J47 40 )_) ._. J47 41 ^ clearly_RB there_EX is_BEZ a_AT limit_NN to_IN the_ATI J47 41 proportion_NN of_IN houses_NNS which_WDTR will_MD J47 42 be_BE allowed_VBN to_TO remain_VB vacant_JJ ._. ^ owners_NNS of_IN J47 42 vacant_JJ houses_NNS will_MD reduce_VB J47 43 prices_NNS or_CC rents_NNS in_TO order_TO" to_TO" sell_VB or_CC get_VB J47 43 tenants_NNS ,_, and_CC the_ATI falling_JJ price_NN J47 44 of_IN older_JJR houses_NNS must_MD eventually_RB depress_VB the_ATI J47 44 prices_NNS that_WPR are_BER offered_VBN J47 45 for_IN new_JJ houses_NNS ._. ^ this_DT will_MD cut_VB into_IN J47 45 building_NN profits_NNS ,_, and_CC so_RB slow_VB down_RP J47 46 new_JJ house_NN building_NN by_IN private_JJ developers_NNS ._. J47 47 ^ how_WRB big_JJ the_ATI vacancy_NN proportion_NN has_HVZ to_TO J47 47 be_BE before_CS this_DT begins_VBZ to_TO J47 48 happen_VB is_BEZ difficult_JJ to_TO say_VB :_: American_JNP J47 48 experience_NN suggests_VBZ that_CS the_ATI J47 49 critical_JJ vacancy_NN level_NN might_MD be_BE about_RB 5_CD per_NNU J47 49 cent_NNU" or_CC a_AP little_AP" more_AP ._. J47 50 ^ with_IN the_ATI present_JJ pattern_NN of_IN house_NN building_NN J47 50 this_DT vacancy_NN level_NN could_MD J47 51 be_BE reached_VBN in_IN about_RB five_CD years'_NNS$ time_NN ._. ^ J47 51 imperfections_NNS in_IN the_ATI housing_NN J47 52 market_NN *-_*- the_ATI fact_NN that_CS the_ATI proportions_NNS of_IN J47 52 old_JJ houses_NNS and_CC vacancies_NNS may_MD J47 53 be_BE high_JJ in_IN the_ATI north_NR while_CS demand_NN for_IN J47 53 additional_JJ new_JJ houses_NNS is_BEZ heavier_JJR J47 54 in_IN the_ATI south_NR *-_*- might_MD insulate_VB new_JJ buildings_NNS J47 54 for_IN a_AT while_NN from_IN the_ATI J47 55 depressing_JJ effects_NNS of_IN high_JJ vacancies_NNS ._. ^ but_CC J47 55 if_CS the_ATI present_JJ pattern_NN of_IN J47 56 building_NN continues_VBZ ,_, some_DTI time_NN between_IN now_RN and_CC J47 56 1970_CD the_ATI critical_JJ level_NN J47 57 of_IN vacancies_NNS will_MD certainly_RB be_BE reached_VBN ._. ^ J47 57 taking_VBG the_ATI *'_*' maximum_JJ J47 58 **'_**' estimate_NN of_IN household_NN formation_NN instead_RB of_IN J47 58 the_ATI *'_*' medium_JJB **'_**' one_CD1 (_( page_NN J47 59 22_CD )_) and_CC consequently_RB assuming_VBG an_AT increase_NN of_IN J47 59 125_CD thousand_CD households_NNS a_AT J47 60 year_NN instead_RB of_IN 100_CD thousand_CD ,_, the_ATI present_JJ J47 60 rate_NN of_IN additions_NNS to_IN stock_NN J47 61 would_MD still_RB bring_VB about_RP a_AT 5_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" J47 61 vacancy_NN rate_NN within_IN less_AP than_IN a_AT J47 62 decade_NN ._. J47 63 ^ the_ATI question_NN therefore_RB is_BEZ whether_CS resources_NNS J47 63 will_MD be_BE channelled_VBN J47 64 from_IN additions_NNS to_IN replacement_NN ._. ^ but_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ J47 64 not_XNOT easy_JJ for_IN the_ATI private_JJ J47 65 developer_NN to_TO undertake_VB the_ATI demolition_NN and_CC J47 65 replacement_NN of_IN old_JJ houses_NNS ._. J47 66 ^ he_PP3A has_HVZ to_TO acquire_VB groups_NNS of_IN old_JJ J47 66 dwellings_NNS ,_, because_IN of_IN" the_ATI high_JJ cost_NN J47 67 of_IN individual_JJ demolition_NN and_CC because_CS old_JJ houses_NNS J47 67 are_BER often_RB so_QL densely_RB J47 68 packed_VBN that_CS perhaps_RB three_CD or_CC four_CD have_HV to_TO J47 68 be_BE demolished_VBN for_IN every_AT new_JJ J47 69 one_CD1 built_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI developer_NN may_MD therefore_RB J47 69 have_HV to_TO negotiate_VB with_IN a_AT large_JJ J47 70 number_NN of_IN owners_NNS :_: ownership_NN of_IN old_JJ property_NN J47 70 is_BEZ becoming_VBG even_RB more_RBR J47 71 fragmented_VBN as_CS landlords_NNS sell_VB houses_NNS on_IN which_WDTR J47 71 rent_NN control_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J47 72 lifted_VBN ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ also_RB the_ATI problem_NN of_IN J47 72 rehousing_VBG the_ATI old_JJ tenants_NNS ._. J47 73 ^ finally_RB ,_, when_WRB the_ATI developer_NN does_DOZ build_VB ,_, J47 73 the_ATI houses_NNS will_MD be_BE much_RB more_QL J47 74 expensive_JJ than_IN houses_NNS built_VBN on_IN virgin_JJB land_NN J47 74 because_IN of_IN" the_ATI cost_NN of_IN J47 75 demolition_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A may_MD doubt_VB whether_CS clients_NNS J47 75 wealthy_JJ enough_QLP to_TO buy_VB J47 76 relatively_RB expensive_JJ houses_NNS will_MD in_IN fact_NN be_BE J47 76 tempted_VBN back_RP from_IN the_ATI J47 77 suburbs_NNS to_IN predominantly_RB working_JJ class_NN J47 77 neighbourhoods_NNS ._. J47 78 ^ if_CS ,_, notwithstanding_IN these_DTS difficulties_NNS ,_, J47 78 when_WRB old_JJ houses_NNS are_BER J47 79 demolished_VBN ,_, the_ATI new_JJ houses_NNS (_( whether_CS built_VBN J47 79 on_IN the_ATI same_AP site_NN or_CC J47 80 elsewhere_RB )_) are_BER built_VBN for_IN those_DTS who_WPR can_MD J47 80 afford_VB to_TO buy_VB them_PP3OS ,_, the_ATI housing_NN J47 81 subsidy_NN bill_NN would_MD certainly_RB be_BE kept_VBN down_RP ._. ^ J47 81 this_DT policy_NN would_MD imply_VB J47 82 that_CS the_ATI blocks_NNS of_IN old_JJ houses_NNS in_IN the_ATI J47 82 inner_JJB rings_NNS of_IN cities_NNS ,_, now_RN J47 83 occupied_VBN by_IN the_ATI relatively_RB poor_JJ ,_, should_MD be_BE J47 83 rebuilt_VBN with_IN houses_NNS for_IN the_ATI J47 84 relatively_RB wealthy_JJ ._. ^ for_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ at_IN most_AP J47 84 the_ATI top_JJB third_NN of_IN households_NNS in_IN J47 85 the_ATI income_NN scale_NN who_WPR are_BER likely_JJ to_TO be_BE J47 85 able_JJ to_TO afford_VB to_TO buy_VB a_AT new_JJ J47 86 house_NN out_RP of_IN income_NN in_IN the_ATI next_AP twenty_CD J47 86 years_NNS *-_*- though_CS rather_RB more_AP than_IN J47 87 this_DT would_MD be_BE able_JJ to_TO pay_VB the_ATI economic_JJ rent_NN J47 87 ,_, if_CS the_ATI cost_NN of_IN building_NN J47 88 was_BEDZ amortised_VBN over_RB 60_CD years_NNS (_( page_NN 27_CD and_CC J47 88 table_NN 4_CD )_) ._. ^ those_DTS who_WPR J47 89 previously_RB lived_VBD in_IN the_ATI centre_NN would_MD move_VB to_IN J47 89 better_JJR but_CC still_RB old_JJ J47 90 houses_NNS in_IN outer_JJB districts_NNS ._. ^ there_EX would_MD be_BE J47 90 an_AT ordered_JJ improvement_NN in_IN J47 91 standards_NNS for_IN households_NNS in_IN all_ABN income_NN groups_NNS J47 91 ,_, each_DT household_NN moving_VBG J47 92 to_IN a_AT house_NN a_RB little_RB" better_JJR than_IN the_ATI one_CD1 J47 92 it_PP3 previously_RB lived_VBD in_IN ._. J47 93 ^ housing_NN standards_NNS in_RB general_RB" would_MD be_BE J47 93 improved_VBN by_IN a_AT process_NN of_IN J47 94 percolation_NN ._. ^ but_CC this_DT policy_NN would_MD require_VB a_AT J47 94 great_JJ deal_NN of_IN mobility_NN ,_, J47 95 and_CC this_DT is_BEZ a_AT further_JJB difficulty_NN ._. J47 96 ^ obstacles_NNS to_IN mobility_NN ._. J47 97 ^ mobility_NN is_BEZ high_JJ when_WRB the_ATI household_NN is_BEZ J47 97 growing_JJ but_CC this_DT rapidly_RB J47 98 tails_VBZ off_RP as_CS the_ATI parents_NNS reach_VB middle_JJB age_NN J47 98 ._. ^ by_IN the_ATI time_NN the_ATI children_NNS J47 99 are_BER leaving_VBG home_NR ,_, the_ATI parents_NNS are_BER J47 99 attached_VBN to_IN the_ATI district_NN by_IN jobs_NNS and_CC J47 100 friends_NNS and_CC often_RB by_IN the_ATI improvements_NNS made_VBN J47 100 to_IN the_ATI house_NN and_CC garden_NN ._. J47 101 ^ when_WRB *-_*- as_CS usually_RB happens_VBZ *-_*- the_ATI husband_NN J47 101 dies_VBZ first_RB ,_, the_ATI widow_NN often_RB J47 102 stays_VBZ on_IN her_PP$ own_AP ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ why_WRB a_AT J47 102 four-roomed_JJ dwelling_NN *-_*- was_BEDZ ,_, in_IN 1951_CD ,_, J47 103 the_ATI most_QL common_JJ size_NN of_IN dwelling_NN for_IN a_AT J47 103 one-person_JJB household_NN ._. J47 104 ^ there_EX are_BER other_AP obstacles_NNS to_IN mobility_NN ._. ^ J47 104 for_IN the_ATI owner-occupier_NN ,_, J47 105 the_ATI fees_NNS for_IN selling_VBG a_AT *+3,000_NNU house_NN and_CC J47 105 buying_VBG and_CC surveying_VBG another_DT J47 106 at_IN the_ATI same_AP price_NN can_MD easily_RB amount_VB to_IN J47 106 *+160_NNU ,_, excluding_VBG removal_NN J47 107 expenses_NNS ._. ^ even_RB on_IN a_AT *+1,000_NNU house_NN fees_NNS J47 107 may_MD well_RB come_VB to_IN *+80_NNU or_CC so_PN ._. J47 108 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ cheaper_JJR for_IN those_DTS renting_VBG houses_NNS J47 108 to_TO move_VB :_: here_RN the_ATI main_JJB J47 109 obstacle_NN in_IN the_ATI next_AP few_AP years_NNS will_MD be_BE J47 109 that_DT tenants_NNS of_IN rent-controlled_JJ J47 110 dwellings_NNS will_MD be_BE reluctant_JJ to_TO leave_VB them_PP3OS ._. ^ J47 110 finally_RB ,_, the_ATI number_NN of_IN J47 111 people_NNS who_WPR can_MD become_VB owner-occupiers_NNS is_BEZ J47 111 limited_JJ :_: it_PP3 is_BEZ difficult_JJ to_TO J47 112 get_VB a_AT mortgage_NN on_IN an_AT old_JJ house_NN ,_, and_CC only_RB J47 112 a_AT small_JJ proportion_NN of_IN the_ATI J47 113 population_NN can_MD afford_VB ,_, out_RP of_IN income_NN ,_, to_TO J47 113 repay_VB the_ATI mortgage_NN on_IN a_AT new_JJ J47 114 one_CD1 (_( page_NN 27_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI problem_NN will_MD grow_VB J47 114 as_CS the_ATI supply_NN of_IN J47 115 privately-rented_JJB houses_NNS dwindles_VBZ ._. ^ old_JJ houses_NNS J47 115 are_BER lived_VBN in_IN mainly_RB by_IN J47 116 people_NNS who_WPR can_MD not_XNOT afford_VB to_TO buy_VB and_CC who_WPR J47 116 need_VB to_TO be_BE able_JJ to_TO rent_VB ;_; J47 117 unless_CS ,_, therefore_RB ,_, the_ATI replacements_NNS of_IN the_ATI J47 117 old_JJ houses_NNS are_BER also_RB built_VBN J47 118 to_TO let_VB ,_, there_EX is_BEZ likely_JJ to_TO be_BE a_AT serious_JJ J47 118 shortage_NN of_IN rented_JJ J47 119 accommodation_NN which_WDTR will_MD further_RB hinder_VB mobility_NN J47 119 ._. J47 120 ^ economic_JJ rent_NN and_CC home_NR ownership_NN ._. J47 121 ^ on_IN the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, if_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ the_ATI J47 121 tenants_NNS of_IN the_ATI pre-1880_JJB houses_NNS J47 122 who_WPR are_BER to_TO be_BE rehoused_VBN in_IN the_ATI new_JJ J47 122 houses_NNS ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ only_RB the_ATI local_JJ J47 123 authorities_NNS who_WPR can_MD undertake_VB this_DT operation_NN ;_; J47 123 for_CS this_DT housing_NN would_MD J47 124 have_HV to_TO be_BE subsidised_VBN substantially_RB ._. ^ the_ATI J47 124 people_NNS who_WPR live_VB in_IN these_DTS old_JJ J47 125 houses_NNS can_MD not_XNOT *-_*- either_DTX now_RN or_CC in_IN 1980_CD J47 125 *-_*- afford_VB the_ATI economic_JJ rent_NN of_IN a_AT J47 126 new_JJ house_NN ,_, particularly_RB since_CS the_ATI cost_NN of_IN J47 126 demolition_NN will_MD make_VB the_ATI new_JJ J47 127 houses_NNS more_QL expensive_JJ than_IN most_AP ._. J47 128 ^ new_JJ houses_NNS are_BER expensive_JJ to_TO buy_VB out_RP of_IN J47 128 income_NN ,_, partly_RB because_CS ,_, J47 129 although_CS the_ATI life_NN of_IN a_AT house_NN is_BEZ at_RB least_RB" J47 129 sixty_CD years_NNS ,_, the_ATI cost_NN usually_RB J47 130 has_HVZ to_TO be_BE repaid_VBN to_IN a_AT building_NN society_NN J47 130 over_IN about_RB twenty_CD years_NNS ._. ^ for_IN a_AT J47 131 *+2,500_NNU three-bedroomed_JJ house_NN ,_, this_DT makes_VBZ the_ATI J47 131 total_JJ annual_JJ cost_NN (_( at_IN an_AT J47 132 interest_NN rate_NN of_IN 6_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" )_) *+284_NNU (_( J47 132 table_NN 4_CD )_) ._. ^ spreading_VBG the_ATI cost_NN over_IN J47 133 sixty_CD years_NNS brings_VBZ down_RP the_ATI annual_JJ sum_NN J47 133 required_VBN to_IN *+214_NNU ;_; this_DT figure_NN J47 134 can_MD be_BE considered_VBN as_IN the_ATI economic_JJ rent_NN (_( J47 134 including_IN rates_NNS and_CC J47 135 maintenance_NN )_) of_IN a_AT typical_JJ local_JJ authority_NN new_JJ J47 135 house_NN ,_, since_CS most_AP local_JJ J47 136 authorities_NNS assume_VB a_AT sixty-year_JJB life_NN ._. ^ J47 136 virtually_RB no_ATI private_JJ developers_NNS J47 137 are_BER building_VBG ordinary_JJ houses_NNS for_IN renting_NN ._. J47 139 ^ any_DTI who_WPR did_DOD ,_, after_IN forty_CD years_NNS of_IN rent_NN J47 139 control_NN ,_, would_MD probably_RB wish_VB J47 140 to_TO get_VB their_PP$ capital_NN back_RP in_IN ,_, say_VB ,_, ten_CD J47 140 to_IN twenty_CD years_NNS ;_; and_CC the_ATI J47 141 economic_JJ rent_NN on_IN this_DT basis_NN would_MD be_BE higher_JJR J47 141 than_IN the_ATI local_JJ authority_NN J47 142 figures_NNS and_CC indeed_RB than_IN the_ATI cost_NN of_IN buying_NN J47 142 ._. J47 143 ^ the_ATI most_AP that_CS a_AT household_NN can_MD normally_RB be_BE J47 143 expected_VBN to_TO pay_VB for_IN J47 144 housing_NN is_BEZ probably_RB about_RB a_AT quarter_NN of_IN its_PP$ J47 144 income_NN ,_, and_CC most_AP people_NNS pay_VB J47 145 far_RB less_AP ._. ^ the_ATI building_NN societies_NNS seem_VB to_TO J47 145 take_VB 25_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" as_IN the_ATI J47 146 maximum_NN ._. ^ *'_*' a_AT very_QL common_JJ rule_NN is_BEZ that_CS J47 146 all_ABN regular_JJ outgoings_NNS on_IN J47 147 account_NN of_IN house_NN ownership_NN shall_MD not_XNOT exceed_VB J47 147 25_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN an_AT J47 148 applicant's_NN$ basic_JJ income_NN (_( excluding_VBG overtime_NN ,_, J47 148 bonuses_NNS and_CC spare-time_JJB J47 149 earnings_NNS )_) ._. ^ both_ABX sums_NNS are_BER normally_RB J47 149 considered_VBN without_IN taking_VBG account_NN J47 150 of_IN tax_NN ._. **'_**' J47 151 ^ even_RB taking_VBG this_DT maximum_JJ figure_NN of_IN 25_CD J47 151 per_NNU cent_NNU" ,_, two-thirds_CDS of_IN J47 152 households_NNS still_RB can_MD not_XNOT afford_VB to_TO pay_VB the_ATI J47 152 economic_JJ rent_NN of_IN a_AT new_JJ J47 153 house_NN ,_, and_CC something_PN like_IN 90_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" can_MD J47 153 not_XNOT afford_VB to_TO buy_VB one_CD1 out_RP of_IN J47 154 income_NN (_( table_NN 4_CD and_CC chart_NN 2_CD )_) ._. ^ this_DT J47 154 is_BEZ purchase_NN out_RP of_IN income_NN only_RB :_: J47 155 rather_RB more_AP than_IN 10_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN households_NNS J47 155 have_HV a_AT significant_JJ amount_NN J47 156 of_IN capital_NN *-_*- for_IN instance_NN ,_, over_RB a_AT third_NN J47 156 of_IN households_NNS now_RN own_VB ,_, or_CC are_BER J47 157 in_IN the_ATI process_NN of_IN paying_VBG for_IN ,_, a_AT house_NN J47 157 of_IN some_DTI kind_NN ._. ^ consequently_RB J47 158 rather_RB more_AP than_IN 10_CD per_NNU cent_NNU" can_MD afford_VB J47 158 to_TO buy_VB a_AT new_JJ house_NN if_CS they_PP3AS use_VB J47 159 part_NN of_IN their_PP$ capital_NN ._. J47 160 ^ it_PP3 would_MD ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, help_VB to_TO extend_VB J47 160 the_ATI range_NN of_IN possible_JJ J47 161 owner-occupation_NN if_CS mortgages_NNS could_MD be_BE given_VBN for_IN J47 161 a_AT period_NN nearer_RBR to_IN J47 162 that_DT of_IN the_ATI life_NN of_IN a_AT house_NN ._. ^ this_DT J47 162 would_MD bring_VB the_ATI proportion_NN of_IN J47 163 households_NNS who_WPR could_MD buy_VB nearer_RBR to_IN the_ATI J47 163 proportion_NN who_WPR can_MD afford_VB to_TO J47 164 rent_VB ._. ^ but_CC ,_, even_RB so_RB ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ clear_JJ J47 164 that_CS most_AP of_IN the_ATI people_NNS who_WPR are_BER now_RN J47 165 living_VBG in_IN pre-1880_JJB houses_NNS would_MD be_BE unable_JJ to_TO J47 165 buy_VB or_CC pay_VB the_ATI economic_JJ J47 166 rent_NN for_IN a_AT new_JJ house_NN ;_; for_CS they_PP3AS are_BER ,_, J47 166 by_RB and_RB" large_RB" ,_, in_IN the_ATI bottom_JJB half_NN J47 167 of_IN income-receivers_NNS and_CC are_BER unlikely_JJ to_TO have_HV J47 167 any_DTI substantial_JJ assets_NNS ._. J47 168 ^ how_WRB is_BEZ the_ATI position_NN likely_JJ to_TO change_VB J47 168 within_IN the_ATI next_AP twenty_CD J47 169 years_NNS ?_? ^ real_JJ incomes_NNS might_MD nearly_RB double_VB in_IN J47 169 that_DT time_NN ._. ^ but_CC new_JJ house_NN J47 170 prices_NNS are_BER likely_JJ to_TO continue_VB to_TO rise_VB faster_RBR J47 170 than_IN other_AP prices_NNS ,_, since_CS J47 171 productivity_NN in_IN house_NN building_NN increases_VBZ more_QL J47 171 slowly_RB than_CS in_IN most_AP J47 172 other_AP industries_NNS ._. ^ for_IN instance_NN ,_, comparing_VBG J47 172 1960_CD with_IN 1938_CD ,_, the_ATI cost_NN of_IN J47 173 a_AT local_JJ authority_NN house_NN (_( excluding_VBG land_NN )_) J47 173 rose_VBD appreciably_RB faster_RBR than_IN J47 174 the_ATI average_JJ household_NN income_NN ._. ^ longer_JJR term_NN J47 174 comparisons_NNS are_BER possible_JJ J47 175 for_IN some_DTI other_AP European_JNP countries_NNS :_: in_IN those_DTS J47 175 for_IN which_WDTR information_NN is_BEZ J47 176 available_JJ *-_*- the_ATI Netherlands_NP ,_, France_NP and_CC J47 176 Ireland_NP *-_*- house_NN building_NN costs_NNS J47 177 rose_VBD faster_RBR than_IN wages_NNS from_IN 1914_CD to_IN 1956_CD ._. J47 178 ^ on_IN the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, there_EX is_BEZ considerable_JJ J47 178 scope_NN for_IN productivity_NN J47 179 rises_NNS ._. ^ in_IN a_AT study_NN of_IN traditional_JJ houses_NNS J47 179 completed_VBN in_IN 1949-1951_CD-CD the_ATI J47 180 labour_NN costs_NNS of_IN the_ATI least_QL efficient_JJ firms_NNS J47 180 were_BED almost_RB three_CD times_NNS as_QL J47 181 great_JJ as_IN those_DTS of_IN the_ATI most_QL efficient_JJ ones_CD1S J47 181 ._. ^ some_DTI improvement_NN may_MD come_VB J47 182 from_IN the_ATI better-managed_JJR firms_NNS ousting_VBG some_DTI of_IN J47 182 the_ATI less_QL efficient_JJ but_CC J47 183 the_ATI fact_NN that_CS so_QL old_JJ an_AT industry_NN is_BEZ still_RB J47 183 composed_VBN of_IN so_QL many_AP small_JJ J47 184 firms_NNS ,_, varying_VBG so_QL widely_RB in_IN efficiency_NN ,_, J47 184 argues_VBZ that_CS the_ATI forces_NNS of_IN J47 185 competition_NN are_BER not_XNOT strong_JJ ._. J48 2 ^ a_AT notice_NN to_TO quit_VB may_MD name_VB the_ATI exact_JJ J48 2 day_NN for_IN the_ATI termination_NN of_IN J48 3 the_ATI tenancy_NN ,_, or_CC it_PP3 may_MD be_BE expressed_VBN J48 3 generally_RB ;_; for_IN example_NN ,_, by_IN such_ABL J48 4 words_NNS as_IN *'_*' at_IN the_ATI expiration_NN of_IN the_ATI year_NN J48 4 of_IN your_PP$ tenancy_NN ,_, which_WDTR will_MD J48 5 expire_VB next_RB after_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN one_CD1 half_ABN J48 5 year_NN from_IN the_ATI service_NN of_IN this_DT J48 6 notice_NN **'_**' (_( Addis_NP \0v_IN Burrows_NP ,_, (_( 1948_CD )_) J48 6 1_CD1 \0K.B_NP 444_CD )_) ._. ^ but_CC if_CS J48 7 the_ATI notice_NN is_BEZ such_ABL as_CS to_TO leave_VB doubt_NN in_IN J48 7 the_ATI mind_NN of_IN the_ATI tenant_NN as_IN to_IN" J48 8 when_WRB the_ATI tenancy_NN will_MD come_VB to_IN an_AT end_NN ,_, J48 8 the_ATI notice_NN is_BEZ bad_JJ ._. J48 9 ^ similar_JJ rules_NNS to_IN those_DTS stated_VBN above_RI apply_VB J48 9 in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN weekly_JJ ,_, J48 10 monthly_JJ and_CC other_AP periodic_JJ tenancies_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J48 10 period_NN of_IN notice_NN necessary_JJ J48 11 to_TO determine_VB such_ABL a_AT tenancy_NN is_BEZ a_AT period_NN J48 11 not_XNOT less_AP than_IN the_ATI length_NN of_IN J48 12 the_ATI tenancy_NN ;_; thus_RB in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN a_AT J48 12 weekly_JJ tenancy_NN at_RB least_RB" one_CD1 week's_NN$ J48 13 notice_NN is_BEZ necessary_JJ ,_, to_TO expire_VB at_IN the_ATI end_NN J48 13 of_IN a_AT period_NN of_IN the_ATI tenancy_NN ._. J48 14 ^ a_AT statutory_JJ exception_NN to_IN this_DT rule_NN exists_VBZ in_IN J48 14 the_ATI case_NN of_IN premises_NNS let_VBN J48 15 as_IN a_AT dwelling_NN ;_; section_NN 16_CD of_IN the_ATI rent_NN J48 15 act_NN ,_, 1957_CD ,_, provides_VBZ that_CS no_ATI J48 16 notice_NN to_TO quit_VB in_IN respect_NN of_IN such_ABL premises_NNS J48 16 shall_MD be_BE valid_JJ unless_CS given_VBN J48 17 not_XNOT less_AP than_IN four_CD weeks_NNS before_IN the_ATI date_NN J48 17 on_IN which_WDTR it_PP3 is_BEZ to_TO take_VB J48 18 effect_NN ._. J48 19 ^ chapter_NN eight_CD ._. J48 20 ^ stamping_NN and_CC registration_NN of_IN leases_NNS ._. J48 21 ^ 1_CD1 ._. *-_*- stamping_NN ._. J48 22 ^ the_ATI stamp_NN act_NN ,_, 1891_CD ,_, which_WDTR regulates_VBZ J48 22 the_ATI payment_NN of_IN stamp_NN J48 23 duties_NNS on_IN instruments_NNS ,_, imposes_VBZ duties_NNS upon_IN J48 23 leases_NNS and_CC agreements_NNS for_IN J48 24 leases_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI relevant_JJ sections_NNS of_IN the_ATI act_NN J48 24 will_MD be_BE found_VBN in_IN appendix_NN J48 25 2_CD (_( post_RB at_IN \0p_NN 85_CD )_) ._. J48 26 ^ an_AT agreement_NN for_IN a_AT lease_NN is_BEZ chargeable_JJ J48 26 with_IN the_ATI same_AP duty_NN as_IN the_ATI J48 27 actual_JJ lease_NN and_CC must_MD be_BE stamped_VBN accordingly_RB (_( J48 27 section_NN 75_CD (_( 1_CD1 )_) of_IN the_ATI J48 28 act_NN )_) ._. ^ if_CS a_AT lease_NN is_BEZ subsequently_RB J48 28 executed_VBN which_WDTR conforms_VBZ with_IN an_AT J48 29 agreement_NN for_IN a_AT lease_NN which_WDTR has_HVZ been_BEN J48 29 stamped_VBN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ chargeable_JJ with_IN J48 30 duty_NN of_IN sixpence_NNS only_RB (_( section_NN 75_CD (_( 2_CD )_) J48 30 )_) ,_, but_CC the_ATI agreement_NN must_MD be_BE J48 31 produced_VBN at_IN the_ATI time_NN of_IN the_ATI stamping_NN of_IN J48 31 the_ATI lease_NN and_CC the_ATI lease_NN will_MD J48 32 then_RN be_BE stamped_VBN with_IN a_AT duty_NN paid_JJ denoting_JJ J48 32 stamp_NN under_IN section_NN 11_CD ._. J48 33 ^ the_ATI amount_NN of_IN duty_NN payable_JJ is_BEZ set_VBN out_RP J48 33 in_IN the_ATI first_OD schedule_NN to_IN J48 34 the_ATI stamp_NN act_NN ,_, 1891_CD (_( the_ATI relevant_JJ parts_NNS J48 34 of_IN which_WDTR will_MD be_BE found_VBN in_IN J48 35 appendix_NN 2_CD ,_, post_RB at_IN \0p_NN 89_CD )_) ,_, taken_VBN J48 35 together_RB with_IN section_NN J48 36 34_CD (_( 1_CD1 )_) of_IN the_ATI finance_NN act_NN ,_, 1958_CD (_( J48 36 see_VB appendix_NN 2_CD ,_, post_RB at_IN J48 37 \0p_NN 169_CD )_) ._. J48 38 ^ although_CS an_AT agreement_NN for_IN a_AT lease_NN must_MD be_BE J48 38 stamped_VBN ,_, a_AT distinction_NN J48 39 is_BEZ drawn_VBN between_IN an_AT agreement_NN for_IN a_AT lease_NN J48 39 and_CC a_AT mere_JJB proposal_NN for_IN a_AT J48 40 lease_NN ;_; the_ATI latter_AP does_DOZ not_XNOT require_VB a_AT J48 40 stamp_NN ._. J48 41 ^ as_IN a_AT general_JJ rule_NN all_ABN stamps_NNS are_BER J48 41 required_VBN to_TO be_BE impressed_VBN J48 42 (_( section_NN 2_CD of_IN the_ATI stamp_NN act_NN ,_, 1891_CD )_) ,_, J48 42 but_CC section_NN 78_CD provides_VBZ that_CS J48 43 in_IN certain_JJ cases_NNS the_ATI stamp_NN may_MD be_BE an_AT J48 43 adhesive_JJ stamp_NN ;_; but_CC where_WRB an_AT J48 44 adhesive_JJ stamp_NN is_BEZ used_VBN it_PP3 must_MD be_BE cancelled_VBN J48 44 by_IN the_ATI person_NN who_WPR first_RB J48 45 executes_VBZ the_ATI instrument_NN ._. ^ an_AT adhesive_JJ stamp_NN J48 45 may_MD be_BE used_VBN in_IN the_ATI J48 46 following_JJ instances_NNS :_: *-_*- J48 48 (_( a_ZZ )_) in_IN the_ATI lease_NN of_IN a_AT dwelling-house_NN ,_, J48 48 or_CC part_NN of_IN a_AT J48 49 dwelling-house_NN ,_, for_IN a_AT term_NN not_XNOT exceeding_VBG a_AT J48 49 year_NN at_IN a_AT rent_NN not_XNOT J48 50 exceeding_VBG forty_CD pounds_NNS per_IN annum_NN ;_; J48 51 (_( b_ZZ )_) in_IN the_ATI lease_NN of_IN any_DTI furnished_JJ J48 51 dwelling-house_NN or_CC apartments_NNS J48 52 for_IN any_DTI indefinite_JJ term_NN less_AP than_IN a_AT year_NN ._. J48 54 ^ the_ATI duplicate_NN or_CC counterpart_NN of_IN any_DTI such_ABL J48 54 instrument_NN may_MD also_RB be_BE J48 55 stamped_VBN with_IN an_AT adhesive_JJ stamp_NN ._. J48 56 ^ the_ATI first_OD schedule_NN to_IN the_ATI act_NN also_RB J48 56 provides_VBZ for_IN the_ATI payment_NN of_IN J48 57 stamp_NN duty_NN on_IN duplicates_NNS and_CC counterparts_NNS of_IN J48 57 leases_NNS ._. ^ they_PP3AS are_BER liable_JJ J48 58 to_IN the_ATI same_AP duty_NN as_IN the_ATI original_JJ lease_NN if_CS J48 58 the_ATI duty_NN on_IN the_ATI original_JJ J48 59 lease_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT exceed_VB five_CD shillings_NNS ;_; in_IN J48 59 all_ABN other_AP cases_NNS they_PP3AS must_MD be_BE J48 60 stamped_VBN with_IN a_AT five-shilling_JJB stamp_NN ._. J48 61 ^ section_NN 15_CD (_( 2_CD )_) of_IN the_ATI act_NN requires_VBZ J48 61 leases_NNS to_TO be_BE stamped_VBN within_IN J48 62 thirty_CD days_NNS of_IN execution_NN ,_, and_CC if_CS this_DT is_BEZ J48 62 not_XNOT done_VBN the_ATI lessee_NN is_BEZ liable_JJ J48 63 to_IN a_AT fine_NN of_IN ten_CD pounds_NNS and_CC a_AT further_JJB J48 63 penalty_NN equivalent_JJ to_IN the_ATI stamp_NN J48 64 duty_NN unless_CS there_EX is_BEZ a_AT reasonable_JJ excuse_NN for_IN J48 64 the_ATI delay_NN in_IN stamping_VBG the_ATI J48 65 lease_NN and_CC the_ATI Commissioners_NPTS of_IN inland_JJB revenue_NN J48 65 mitigate_VB or_CC remit_VB the_ATI J48 66 penalty_NN ._. ^ this_DT penalty_NN only_RB applies_VBZ in_IN the_ATI J48 66 case_NN of_IN leases_NNS executed_VBN J48 67 after_IN the_ATI 16th_OD May_NR ,_, 1888_CD ._. J48 68 ^ the_ATI effect_NN of_IN failure_NN to_TO stamp_VB a_AT lease_NN J48 68 or_CC other_AP document_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT J48 69 to_TO invalidate_VB the_ATI document_NN ;_; but_CC the_ATI document_NN J48 69 is_BEZ not_XNOT admissible_JJ as_IN J48 70 evidence_NN unless_CS and_CC until_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ properly_RB J48 70 stamped_VBN and_CC any_DTI penalty_NN is_BEZ J48 71 paid_VBN ._. J48 72 ^ 2_CD ._. *-_*- registration_NN ._. J48 73 ^ in_IN any_DTI area_NN in_IN which_WDTR compulsory_JJ J48 73 registration_NN of_IN title_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J48 74 introduced_VBN the_ATI provisions_NNS of_IN section_NN 123_CD of_IN J48 74 the_ATI land_NN registration_NN J48 75 act_NN ,_, 1925_CD ,_, apply_VB ._. ^ by_IN this_DT section_NN the_ATI J48 75 title_NN of_IN a_AT tenant_NN on_IN the_ATI J48 76 grant_NN of_IN a_AT lease_NN for_IN a_AT term_NN of_IN not_XNOT less_AP J48 76 than_IN forty_CD years_NNS ,_, or_CC on_IN the_ATI J48 77 assignment_NN of_IN a_AT lease_NN having_HVG not_XNOT less_AP than_IN J48 77 forty_CD years_NNS to_TO run_VB ,_, must_MD be_BE J48 78 registered_VBN at_IN the_ATI land_NN registry_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J48 78 lessee_NN or_CC assignee_NN must_MD apply_VB J48 79 for_IN registration_NN ;_; and_CC if_CS he_PP3A fails_VBZ to_TO do_DO J48 79 so_PN ,_, he_PP3A will_MD be_BE deprived_VBN of_IN a_AT J48 80 legal_JJ estate_NN ._. ^ at_IN the_ATI present_JJ time_NN compulsory_JJ J48 80 registration_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J48 81 introduced_VBN in_IN the_ATI following_JJ areas_NNS :_: *-_*- London_NP J48 81 ,_, Eastbourne_NP ,_, Hastings_NP ,_, J48 82 Middlesex_NP ,_, Croydon_NP ,_, Surrey_NP ,_, the_ATI City_NPL of_IN J48 82 Oxford_NP ,_, Oldham_NP ,_, Kent_NP ,_, the_ATI City_NPL J48 83 of_IN Leicester_NP ,_, and_CC the_ATI City_NPL of_IN Canterbury_NP ._. J48 84 ^ a_AT tenant_NN of_IN land_NN not_XNOT situated_VBN in_IN a_AT J48 84 compulsory_JJ registration_NN area_NN J48 85 may_MD register_VB his_PP$ title_NN at_IN his_PP$ own_AP option_NN J48 85 at_IN any_DTI time_NN if_CS he_PP3A holds_VBZ a_AT J48 86 term_NN of_IN which_WDTR more_AP than_IN twenty-one_CD years_NNS J48 86 remain_VB unexpired_JJ ;_; section_NN 8_CD J48 87 of_IN the_ATI land_NN registration_NN act_NN ,_, 1925_CD ._. ^ J48 87 registration_NN of_IN titles_NNS in_IN J48 88 such_ABL areas_NNS is_BEZ not_XNOT ,_, however_RB ,_, compulsory_JJ ._. J48 89 ^ registration_NN of_IN titles_NNS in_IN the_ATI three_CD J48 89 ridings_NNS of_IN Yorkshire_NP is_BEZ J48 90 governed_VBN by_IN the_ATI Yorkshire_NP registries_NNS act_NN ,_, J48 90 1884_CD ._. ^ registration_NN J48 91 under_IN this_DT act_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT compulsory_JJ ,_, and_CC J48 91 section_NN 28_CD of_IN the_ATI act_NN provides_VBZ J48 92 that_CS leases_NNS of_IN property_NN in_IN Yorkshire_NP may_MD be_BE J48 92 registered_VBN unless_CS the_ATI J48 93 lease_NN is_BEZ for_IN a_AT term_NN not_XNOT exceeding_VBG J48 93 twenty-one_CD years_NNS and_CC is_BEZ accompanied_VBN J48 94 by_IN actual_JJ possession_NN from_IN the_ATI making_NN of_IN the_ATI J48 94 lease_NN ._. ^ failure_NN to_TO J48 95 register_VB a_AT registrable_JJ lease_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT J48 95 invalidate_VB the_ATI lease_NN ;_; but_CC J48 96 registration_NN constitutes_VBZ notice_NN of_IN it_PP3 to_IN all_ABN J48 96 persons_NNS ._. ^ section_NN 31_CD of_IN J48 97 the_ATI act_NN establishes_VBZ three_CD deeds_NNS registries_NNS ,_, J48 97 which_WDTR are_BER situated_VBN at_IN J48 98 Northallerton_NP for_IN the_ATI North_NP Riding_NP ,_, at_IN J48 98 Beverley_NP for_IN the_ATI East_NP Riding_NP ,_, J48 99 and_CC at_IN Wakefield_NP for_IN the_ATI West_NP Riding_NP ._. ^ J48 99 section_NN 125_CD of_IN the_ATI land_NN J48 100 registration_NN act_NN ,_, 1925_CD ,_, provides_VBZ for_IN the_ATI J48 100 transfer_NN to_IN the_ATI land_NN J48 101 registry_NN of_IN any_DTI of_IN the_ATI business_NN of_IN the_ATI J48 101 Yorkshire_NP deeds_NNS registries_NNS in_IN J48 102 the_ATI event_NN of_IN an_AT order_NN for_IN compulsory_JJ J48 102 registration_NN under_IN the_ATI land_NN J48 103 registration_NN act_NN ,_, 1925_CD ,_, being_BEG made_VBN in_IN J48 103 respect_NN of_IN any_DTI part_NN of_IN J48 104 Yorkshire_NP ._. ^ at_IN the_ATI present_JJ time_NN no_ATI such_ABL J48 104 order_NN has_HVZ been_BEN made_VBN ._. J48 105 ^ appendix_NN one_CD1 ._. J48 106 ^ precedent_NN of_IN a_AT lease_NN ._. J48 107 ^ this_DT lease_NN made_VBN the_ATI ..._... day_NN of_IN ..._... J48 107 between_IN (_( lessor_NN )_) of_IN J48 108 \0etc_RB (_( hereinafter_RB called_VBN the_ATI landlord_NN which_WDTR J48 108 expression_NN where_WRB the_ATI J48 109 context_NN so_PN admits_VBZ shall_MD include_VB the_ATI reversioner_NN J48 109 for_IN the_ATI time_NN being_NN J48 110 immediately_RB expectant_JJ on_IN the_ATI term_NN hereby_RB created_VBN J48 110 )_) of_IN the_ATI one_CD1 part_NN and_CC J48 111 (_( lessee_NN )_) of_IN \0etc_RB (_( hereinafter_RB called_VBN the_ATI J48 111 tenant_NN which_WDTR expression_NN J48 112 where_WRB the_ATI context_NN so_PN admits_VBZ shall_MD include_VB J48 112 his_PP$ successors_NNS in_IN title_NN )_) of_IN J48 113 the_ATI other_AP part_NN J48 114 witnesseth_VBZ as_CS follows_VBZ :_: J48 115 ^ 1_CD1 ._. ^ the_ATI landlord_NN demises_VBZ unto_IN the_ATI J48 115 tenant_NN the_ATI premises_NNS described_VBN in_IN J48 116 the_ATI first_OD part_NN of_IN the_ATI schedule_NN hereto_RB (_( J48 116 hereinafter_RB called_VBN the_ATI demised_JJ J48 117 premises_NNS )_) with_IN the_ATI exceptions_NNS and_CC reservations_NNS J48 117 specified_VBN in_IN the_ATI second_OD J48 118 part_NN of_IN the_ATI said_JJ schedule_NN to_TO hold_VB unto_IN the_ATI J48 118 tenant_NN from_IN the_ATI ..._... day_NN J48 119 of_IN ..._... for_IN the_ATI term_NN of_IN ..._... years_NNS J48 120 yielding_VBG and_CC paying_VBG therefor_RB the_ATI net_JJB yearly_JJ J48 120 rent_NN of_IN *+_NNU ..._... J48 121 clear_JJ of_IN all_ABN deductions_NNS except_IN landlord's_NN$ J48 121 property_NN tax_NN and_CC (_( other_AP J48 122 agreed_JJ deductions_NNS )_) by_IN equal_JJ quarterly_JJ J48 122 instalments_NNS commencing_VBG on_IN J48 123 the_ATI ..._... day_NN of_IN ..._... and_CC thenceforward_RB on_IN J48 123 the_ATI usual_JJ quarter_NN days_NNS ._. J48 124 ^ 2_CD ._. ^ the_ATI tenant_NN covenants_VBZ with_IN the_ATI J48 124 landlord_NN as_CS follows_VBZ :_: J48 126 (_( 1_CD1 )_) to_TO pay_VB the_ATI reserved_JJ rents_NNS on_IN J48 126 the_ATI days_NNS and_CC in_IN the_ATI manner_NN J48 127 aforesaid_VBN ._. J48 128 (_( 2_CD )_) to_TO pay_VB all_ABN existing_JJ and_CC future_JJB J48 128 rates_NNS taxes_NNS duties_NNS assessments_NNS J48 129 and_CC outgoings_NNS payable_JJ by_IN law_NN in_IN respect_NN of_IN J48 129 the_ATI demised_JJ premises_NNS either_DTX J48 130 by_IN the_ATI owner_NN or_CC the_ATI occupier_NN thereof_RB ._. J48 131 (_( 3_CD )_) to_TO keep_VB the_ATI demised_JJ premises_NNS J48 131 including_IN the_ATI drains_NNS and_CC sanitary_JJ J48 132 and_CC water_NN apparatus_NN and_CC all_ABN fixtures_NNS and_CC J48 132 additions_NNS thereto_RB in_IN J48 133 tenantable_JJ repair_NN and_CC condition_NN throughout_IN the_ATI J48 133 term_NN and_CC to_TO yield_VB up_RP J48 134 the_ATI same_AP in_IN such_ABL repair_NN and_CC condition_NN at_IN J48 134 the_ATI determination_NN of_IN the_ATI J48 135 tenancy_NN ._. J48 136 (_( 4_CD )_) to_TO keep_VB the_ATI demised_JJ premises_NNS J48 136 insured_VBN at_IN all_ABN times_NNS against_IN loss_NN J48 137 or_CC damage_NN by_IN fire_NN in_IN the_ATI joint_JJB names_NNS of_IN J48 137 the_ATI landlord_NN and_CC tenant_NN in_IN J48 138 some_DTI insurance_NN office_NN or_CC with_IN underwriters_NNS to_TO J48 138 be_BE named_VBN by_IN the_ATI landlord_NN J48 139 in_IN the_ATI sum_NN of_IN *+_NNU ..._... at_RB least_RB" and_CC to_TO J48 139 make_VB all_ABN payments_NNS necessary_JJ for_IN J48 140 the_ATI above_JJB purposes_NNS within_IN seven_CD days_NNS after_CS J48 140 the_ATI same_AP shall_MD respectively_RB J48 141 become_VB due_JJ and_CC to_TO produce_VB to_IN the_ATI landlord_NN J48 141 or_CC his_PP$ agent_NN on_IN demand_NN the_ATI J48 142 several_AP policies_NNS of_IN such_ABL insurances_NNS and_CC the_ATI J48 142 receipt_NN for_IN each_DT such_ABL J48 143 payment_NN and_CC to_TO cause_VB all_ABN moneys_NNS received_VBN by_IN J48 143 virtue_NN of_IN any_DTI such_ABL J48 144 insurance_NN to_TO be_BE forthwith_RB laid_VBN out_RP in_IN J48 144 rebuilding_VBG and_CC reinstating_VBG the_ATI J48 145 demised_JJ premises_NNS and_CC to_TO make_VB up_RP any_DTI J48 145 deficiency_NN out_RP of_IN his_PP$ own_AP moneys_NNS J48 146 provided_CS always_RB that_CS if_CS the_ATI tenant_NN shall_MD at_IN J48 146 any_DTI time_NN fail_VB to_TO keep_VB J48 147 the_ATI demised_JJ premises_NNS insured_VBN as_CS aforesaid_VBN the_ATI J48 147 landlord_NN may_MD do_DO all_ABN J48 148 things_NNS necessary_JJ to_TO effect_VB or_CC maintain_VB such_ABL J48 148 insurance_NN and_CC any_DTI moneys_NNS J48 149 expended_VBN by_IN him_PP3O for_IN that_DT purpose_NN shall_MD be_BE J48 149 repayable_JJ by_IN the_ATI tenant_NN on_IN J48 150 demand_NN and_CC may_MD be_BE recovered_VBN by_IN action_NN J48 150 forthwith_RB ._. J48 151 (_( 5_CD )_) not_XNOT to_TO use_VB the_ATI demised_JJ premises_NNS J48 151 otherwise_RB than_CS as_IN a_AT private_JJ J48 152 dwelling-house_NN ._. J48 153 (_( 6_CD )_) not_XNOT to_TO assign_VB or_CC underlet_VB or_CC J48 153 part_VB with_IN the_ATI possession_NN of_IN the_ATI J48 154 demised_JJ premises_NNS or_CC any_DTI part_NN thereof_RB without_IN J48 154 the_ATI written_JJ consent_NN of_IN J48 155 the_ATI landlord_NN ._. J48 156 (_( 7_CD )_) to_TO permit_VB the_ATI landlord_NN and_CC his_PP$ J48 156 agent_NN with_IN or_CC without_IN workmen_NNS J48 157 to_TO enter_VB upon_IN and_CC view_VB the_ATI condition_NN of_IN J48 157 the_ATI demised_JJ premises_NNS at_IN all_ABN J48 158 reasonable_JJ times_NNS during_IN the_ATI said_JJ term_NN and_CC J48 158 forthwith_RB to_TO execute_VB all_ABN J48 159 repairs_NNS and_CC works_NNS required_VBN to_TO be_BE done_VBN by_IN J48 159 written_JJ notice_NN given_VBN by_IN the_ATI J48 160 landlord_NN ._. J48 162 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ the_ATI landlord_NN hereby_RB covenants_VBZ with_IN J48 162 the_ATI tenant_NN as_CS follows_VBZ :_: J48 164 (_( 1_CD1 )_) that_CS the_ATI tenant_NN paying_VBG the_ATI rent_NN J48 164 hereby_RB reserved_VBN and_CC performing_VBG J48 165 the_ATI several_AP covenants_NNS herein_RB on_IN his_PP$ part_NN J48 165 contained_VBN shall_MD peaceably_RB J48 166 hold_VB and_CC enjoy_VB the_ATI demised_JJ premises_NNS during_IN J48 166 the_ATI said_JJ term_NN without_IN any_DTI J48 167 interruption_NN by_IN the_ATI landlord_NN or_CC any_DTI person_NN J48 167 rightfully_RB claiming_VBG under_IN J48 168 or_CC in_IN trust_NN for_IN him_PP3O ._. J48 169 (_( 2_CD )_) that_CS the_ATI landlord_NN will_MD on_IN the_ATI J48 169 written_JJ request_NN of_IN the_ATI tenant_NN J48 170 made_VBN ..._... months_NNS before_IN the_ATI expiration_NN of_IN J48 170 the_ATI term_NN hereby_RB created_VBN and_CC if_CS J48 171 there_EX shall_MD not_XNOT at_IN the_ATI time_NN of_IN such_ABL J48 171 request_NN be_BE any_DTI existing_JJ breach_NN or_CC J48 172 non-observance_NN of_IN any_DTI of_IN the_ATI covenants_NNS on_IN J48 172 the_ATI part_NN of_IN the_ATI tenant_NN J48 173 hereinbefore_RB contained_VBN at_IN the_ATI expense_NN of_IN the_ATI J48 173 tenant_NN grant_VB to_IN him_PP3O a_AT J48 174 lease_NN of_IN the_ATI demised_JJ premises_NNS for_IN a_AT further_JJB J48 174 term_NN of_IN ..._... years_NNS from_IN the_ATI J48 175 expiration_NN of_IN the_ATI said_JJ term_NN at_IN the_ATI same_AP J48 175 rent_NN and_CC containing_VBG the_ATI like_JJB J48 176 covenants_NNS and_CC provisos_NNS as_CS are_BER herein_RB contained_VBN J48 176 with_IN the_ATI exception_NN of_IN J48 177 the_ATI present_JJ covenant_NN for_IN renewal_NN the_ATI tenant_NN J48 177 on_IN the_ATI execution_NN of_IN such_ABL J48 178 renewed_JJ lease_NN to_TO execute_VB a_AT counterpart_NN thereof_RB ._. J48 179 (_( 3_CD )_) that_CS if_CS the_ATI tenant_NN within_IN ..._... J48 179 years_NNS from_IN the_ATI commencement_NN of_IN J48 180 the_ATI term_NN hereby_RB created_VBN shall_MD give_VB to_IN the_ATI J48 180 landlord_NN ..._... months'_NNS$ notice_NN J48 181 in_IN writing_NN that_CS he_PP3A desires_VBZ to_TO purchase_VB the_ATI J48 181 reversion_NN in_IN fee_NN simple_JJ in_IN J48 182 the_ATI demised_JJ premises_NNS the_ATI landlord_NN upon_IN the_ATI J48 182 expiration_NN of_IN such_ABL notice_NN J48 183 and_CC on_IN payment_NN of_IN the_ATI sum_NN of_IN *+_NNU ..._... J48 183 and_CC of_IN all_ABN arrears_NNS of_IN rent_NN up_RP to_IN J48 184 the_ATI expiration_NN of_IN the_ATI notice_NN and_CC of_IN interest_NN J48 184 on_IN the_ATI said_JJ sum_NN of_IN *+_NNU ..._... J48 185 at_IN the_ATI rate_NN of_IN *+_NNU ..._... per_NNU \0cent_NNU" per_IN J48 185 annum_NN from_IN the_ATI expiration_NN of_IN J48 186 the_ATI notice_NN until_CS payment_NN thereof_RB shall_MD convey_VB J48 186 the_ATI demised_JJ premises_NNS to_IN J48 187 the_ATI tenant_NN in_IN fee_NN simple_JJ from_IN incumbrances_NNS ._. J48 189 ^ 4_CD ._. provided_CS always_RB and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ hereby_RB J48 189 agreed_VBN as_CS follows_VBZ :_: J48 191 ^ (_( 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI rents_NNS hereby_RB reserved_VBN J48 191 or_CC any_DTI part_NN thereof_RB shall_MD be_BE J48 192 unpaid_JJ for_IN twenty-one_CD days_NNS after_IN becoming_VBG J48 192 payable_JJ (_( whether_CS formally_RB J48 193 demanded_VBN or_CC not_XNOT )_) or_CC if_CS any_DTI covenant_NN on_IN J48 193 the_ATI tenant's_NN$ part_NN herein_RB J48 194 contained_VBN shall_MD not_XNOT be_BE performed_VBN it_PP3 shall_MD J48 194 be_BE lawful_JJ for_IN the_ATI landlord_NN J48 195 at_IN any_DTI time_NN thereafter_RB to_TO re-enter_VB upon_IN the_ATI J48 195 demised_JJ premises_NNS or_CC any_DTI J48 196 part_NN thereof_RB in_IN the_ATI name_NN of_IN the_ATI whole_NN and_CC J48 196 thereupon_RB this_DT demise_NN shall_MD J48 197 absolutely_RB determine_VB but_CC without_IN prejudice_NN to_IN the_ATI J48 197 right_NN of_IN action_NN of_IN J48 198 the_ATI landlord_NN in_IN respect_NN of_IN any_DTI breach_NN of_IN J48 198 the_ATI tenant's_NN$ covenants_NNS herein_RB J48 199 contained_VBN ._. J48 200 ^ (_( 2_CD )_) ._. ^ if_CS either_DTX party_NN shall_MD desire_VB J48 200 to_TO determine_VB the_ATI present_JJ demise_NN J48 201 at_IN the_ATI expiration_NN of_IN the_ATI first_OD ..._... years_NNS J48 201 of_IN the_ATI said_JJ term_NN and_CC shall_MD J48 202 give_VB to_IN the_ATI other_AP party_NN ..._... months'_NNS$ J48 202 previous_JJ notice_NN in_IN writing_NN of_IN such_ABL J48 203 his_PP$ desire_NN then_RN immediately_RB on_IN the_ATI expiration_NN J48 203 of_IN such_ABL ..._... years_NNS the_ATI J48 204 present_JJ demise_NN and_CC everything_PN herein_RB contained_VBN J48 204 shall_MD cease_VB and_CC be_BE void_JJ J48 205 but_CC without_IN prejudice_NN to_IN the_ATI remedies_NNS of_IN J48 205 either_DTX party_NN against_IN the_ATI J48 206 other_AP in_IN respect_NN of_IN any_DTI antecedent_JJ claim_NN or_CC J48 206 breach_NN of_IN covenant_NN ._. J49 2 ^ in_IN cases_NNS where_WRB there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI relevant_JJ J49 2 statutory_JJ rule_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI rule_NN J49 3 has_HVZ to_TO be_BE drawn_VBN from_IN cases_NNS ,_, and_CC not_XNOT J49 3 from_IN a_AT statute_NN ,_, the_ATI absence_NN of_IN an_AT J49 4 unalterable_JJ verbal_JJ formulation_NN of_IN the_ATI rule_NN J49 4 reduces_VBZ the_ATI importance_NN of_IN J49 5 the_ATI conventions_NNS of_IN language_NN ,_, and_CC makes_VBZ it_PP3 J49 5 less_QL natural_JJ to_TO talk_VB of_IN J49 6 *'_*' interpretation_NN **'_**' ,_, though_CS sometimes_RB the_ATI J49 6 courts_NNS do_DO behave_VB just_RB as_CS J49 7 they_PP3AS do_DO with_IN a_AT statute_NN ,_, when_WRB ,_, for_IN J49 7 some_DTI reason_NN or_CC another_DT ,_, a_AT common_JJ law_NN J49 8 rule_NN has_HVZ achieved_VBN a_AT settled_JJ formulation_NN ._. ^ J49 8 but_CC this_DT is_BEZ rather_RB J49 9 exceptional_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI consequence_NN is_BEZ that_CS problems_NNS J49 9 of_IN applicability_NN which_WDTR J49 10 arise_VB in_IN the_ATI courts_NNS about_IN common_JJ law_NN rules_NNS J49 10 can_MD not_XNOT be_BE solved_VBN by_IN J49 11 interpretation_NN *-_*- that_DT is_BEZ by_IN a_AT process_NN of_IN J49 11 reasoning_VBG which_WDTR attaches_VBZ J49 12 particular_JJ importance_NN to_IN linguistic_JJ considerations_NNS J49 12 *-_*- for_CS there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI J49 13 text_NN to_TO interpret_VB ._. ^ solved_VBN they_PP3AS have_HV to_TO J49 13 be_BE ,_, however_RB ,_, but_CC by_IN other_AP J49 14 types_NNS of_IN reasoning_NN ._. ^ so_RB it_PP3 is_BEZ that_CS J49 14 usually_RB arguments_NNS as_IN to_IN" whether_CS an_AT J49 15 earlier_JJR case_NN should_MD be_BE followed_VBN or_CC J49 15 distinguished_VBN do_DO not_XNOT rest_VB primarily_RB J49 16 upon_IN linguistic_JJ grounds_NNS ;_; they_PP3AS rest_VB rather_RB J49 16 upon_IN the_ATI use_NN of_IN analogy_NN ,_, and_CC J49 17 upon_IN the_ATI discovery_NN of_IN factual_JJ similarity_NN and_CC J49 17 difference_NN between_IN cases_NNS ._. J49 18 ^ but_CC just_RB as_CS difficulties_NNS of_IN interpretation_NN ,_, J49 18 which_WDTR seem_VB to_TO be_BE J49 19 difficulties_NNS about_IN words_NNS ,_, are_BER really_RB J49 19 difficulties_NNS about_IN the_ATI J49 20 applicability_NN of_IN rules_NNS to_IN facts_NNS ,_, so_RB also_RB J49 20 are_BER many_AP difficulties_NNS J49 21 involved_VBN in_IN the_ATI use_NN of_IN precedent_NN ._. ^ thus_RB J49 21 even_CS if_CS" there_EX is_BEZ a_AT measure_NN of_IN J49 22 agreement_NN about_IN the_ATI ratio_&FW of_IN an_AT earlier_JJR case_NN J49 22 ,_, an_AT agreement_NN ,_, that_DT J49 23 is_BEZ ,_, as_IN to_IN" what_WDT rule_NN can_MD be_BE extracted_VBN J49 23 from_IN it_PP3 ,_, there_EX may_MD still_RB be_BE J49 24 difficulty_NN in_IN the_ATI second_OD task_NN which_WDTR confronts_VBZ J49 24 a_AT court_NN in_IN using_VBG J49 25 precedents_NNS *-_*- the_ATI task_NN of_IN deciding_VBG whether_CS J49 25 the_ATI rule_NN does_DOZ or_CC does_DOZ not_XNOT J49 26 fit_VB the_ATI case_NN before_IN the_ATI court_NN ._. ^ neither_DTX J49 26 being_BEG bound_VBN by_IN statute_NN ,_, nor_CC J49 27 being_BEG bound_VBN by_IN cases_NNS ,_, absolves_VBZ a_AT court_NN J49 27 from_IN this_DT second_OD task_NN ;_; indeed_RB J49 28 it_PP3 is_BEZ only_RB when_WRB a_AT person_NN or_CC a_AT court_NN J49 28 is_BEZ to_IN some_DTI degree_NN or_CC other_AP bound_VBN J49 29 by_IN a_AT rule_NN that_CS the_ATI second_OD task_NN becomes_VBZ J49 29 necessary_JJ at_IN all_ABN ._. J49 30 ^ distinguishing_VBG cases_NNS ,_, which_WDTR consists_VBZ in_IN J49 30 giving_VBG reasons_NNS why_WRB a_AT rule_NN J49 31 in_IN a_AT case_NN ought_MD not_XNOT to_TO be_BE followed_VBN or_CC J49 31 applied_VBN in_IN a_AT later_JJR case_NN ,_, is_BEZ J49 32 often_RB conceived_VBN to_TO be_BE an_AT indication_NN that_CS J49 32 courts_NNS are_BER not_XNOT *'_*' really_RB J49 33 **'_**' bound_VBN ;_; in_IN truth_NN ,_, earlier_JJR cases_NNS are_BER J49 33 distinguished_VBN ,_, and_CC have_HV to_TO be_BE J49 34 distinguished_VBN ,_, just_RB because_CS they_PP3AS are_BER binding_JJ J49 34 ,_, so_CS that_CS" they_PP3AS ought_MD to_TO be_BE J49 35 followed_VBN unless_CS a_AT reason_NN can_MD be_BE given_VBN for_IN J49 35 not_XNOT following_VBG them_PP3OS ;_; in_IN much_RB J49 36 the_ATI same_AP way_NN courts_NNS have_HV to_TO interpret_VB J49 36 statutes_NNS just_RB because_CS statutes_NNS J49 37 are_BER binding_JJ ._. J49 38 ^ the_ATI comparison_NN between_IN parliamentary_JJ and_CC J49 38 judicial_JJ legislation_NN J49 39 leads_VBZ on_RP to_IN a_AT second_OD point_NN ._. ^ when_WRB we_PP1AS J49 39 ask_VB in_IN what_WDT way_NN parliament_NN J49 40 exercised_VBD its_PP$ power_NN to_TO formulate_VB a_AT rule_NN of_IN J49 40 the_ATI legal_JJ system_NN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ the_ATI J49 41 existence_NN of_IN a_AT text_NN which_WDTR enables_VBZ an_AT answer_NN J49 41 to_TO be_BE given_VBN without_IN J49 42 initial_JJ difficulty_NN ,_, except_CS in_IN rare_JJ and_CC J49 42 anomalous_JJ circumstances_NNS ,_, and_CC J49 43 the_ATI lack_NN of_IN such_ABL a_AT text_NN which_WDTR lies_VBZ at_IN J49 43 the_ATI root_NN of_IN many_AP of_IN the_ATI J49 44 difficulties_NNS when_WRB the_ATI same_AP question_NN is_BEZ asked_VBN J49 44 in_IN relation_NN to_IN the_ATI J49 45 judicial_JJ power_NN of_IN legislation_NN ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ a_AT J49 45 natural_JJ temptation_NN to_TO seek_VB J49 46 for_IN some_DTI technique_NN for_IN determining_VBG the_ATI ratio_&FW J49 46 decidendi_&FW of_IN a_AT J49 47 case_NN which_WDTR will_MD repair_VB the_ATI initial_JJ absence_NN J49 47 of_IN a_AT formal_JJ text_NN :_: some_DTI J49 48 formula_NN such_IN as_IN" *'_*' read_VB a_AT Queen's_NPT$ printer's_NN$ J49 48 copy_NN **'_**' ,_, which_WDTR works_VBZ well_RB J49 49 enough_QLP for_IN parliament_NN ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ a_AT J49 49 temptation_NN to_TO feel_VB that_CS there_EX ought_MD J49 50 to_TO be_BE some_DTI formula_NN ,_, if_CS only_RB we_PP1AS could_MD J49 50 find_VB it_PP3 ;_; after_IN all_ABN the_ATI whole_JJ J49 51 doctrine_NN of_IN precedent_NN depends_VBZ upon_IN the_ATI J49 51 conception_NN of_IN the_ATI ratio_&FW J49 52 decidendi_&FW ,_, and_CC it_PP3 seems_VBZ somehow_RB absurd_JJ to_TO J49 52 accept_VB the_ATI doctrine_NN of_IN J49 53 precedent_NN if_CS we_PP1AS have_HV to_TO admit_VB that_CS we_PP1AS J49 53 are_BER not_XNOT able_JJ to_TO say_VB what_WDT is_BEZ the_ATI J49 54 ratio_&FW decidendi_&FW of_IN a_AT particular_JJ case_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J49 54 difficulty_NN may_MD J49 55 perhaps_RB be_BE solved_VBN if_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ realized_VBN that_CS J49 55 there_EX are_BER really_RB two_CD problems_NNS J49 56 involved_VBN in_IN the_ATI use_NN of_IN cases_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J49 56 first_OD is_BEZ the_ATI problem_NN of_IN defining_VBG J49 57 the_ATI ratio_&FW decidendi_&FW ,_, that_DT is_BEZ to_TO say_VB J49 57 defining_VBG what_WDT is_BEZ meant_VBN J49 58 by_IN *'_*' the_ATI ratio_&FW of_IN a_AT case_NN **'_**' ._. ^ a_AT J49 58 satisfactory_JJ definition_NN will_MD J49 59 indicate_VB what_WDT a_AT lawyer_NN is_BEZ to_TO look_VB for_IN in_IN J49 59 his_PP$ case_NN ._. ^ the_ATI second_OD is_BEZ the_ATI J49 60 problem_NN of_IN determining_VBG the_ATI ratio_&FW decidendi_&FW ._. ^ J49 60 this_DT is_BEZ the_ATI J49 61 problem_NN of_IN how_WRB to_TO look_VB ,_, and_CC not_XNOT the_ATI J49 61 problem_NN of_IN what_WDT to_TO look_VB for_IN ._. ^ it_PP3 J49 62 would_MD indeed_RB be_BE odd_JJ if_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ not_XNOT J49 62 possible_JJ to_TO formulate_VB a_AT satisfactory_JJ J49 63 definition_NN of_IN the_ATI expression_NN *'_*' ratio_&FW decidendi_&FW J49 63 of_IN a_AT J49 64 case_NN **'_**' ;_; indeed_RB ,_, failure_NN here_RN would_MD J49 64 indicate_VB that_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ high_JJ time_NN to_TO J49 65 abandon_VB the_ATI conception_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ quite_ABL J49 65 another_DT matter_NN to_TO suppose_VB that_CS J49 66 there_EX ought_MD to_TO be_BE one_CD1 technique_NN or_CC one_CD1 set_NN J49 66 of_IN rules_NNS ,_, or_CC one_CD1 formula_NN ,_, J49 67 which_WDTR will_MD serve_VB as_IN a_AT general_JJ solution_NN for_IN J49 67 the_ATI problem_NN of_IN determining_VBG J49 68 what_WDT precisely_RB is_BEZ the_ATI ratio_&FW of_IN a_AT particular_JJ J49 68 case_NN ._. ^ there_EX may_MD J49 69 indeed_RB be_BE as_QL many_AP ways_NNS of_IN finding_VBG the_ATI J49 69 ratio_&FW of_IN a_AT case_NN as_CS there_EX J49 70 are_BER ways_NNS of_IN finding_VBG a_AT lost_JJ cat_NN ;_; certainly_RB J49 70 the_ATI ratio_&FW of_IN some_DTI cases_NNS J49 71 seems_VBZ as_QL elusive_JJ ._. J49 72 ^ defining_VBG the_ATI ratio_&FW decidendi_&FW of_IN a_AT case_NN ._. J49 73 ^ in_IN defining_VBG the_ATI ratio_&FW decidendi_&FW of_IN a_AT J49 73 case_NN ,_, then_RN ,_, we_PP1AS J49 74 must_MD seek_VB for_IN a_AT definition_NN which_WDTR will_MD serve_VB J49 74 as_IN an_AT answer_NN to_IN the_ATI J49 75 question_NN ._. ^ *'_*' what_WDT am_BEM I_PP1A to_TO look_VB for_IN ?_? J49 75 **'_**' ^ for_IN purely_RB legal_JJ purposes_NNS we_PP1AS J49 76 may_MD take_VB it_PP3 for_CS granted_VBN that_CS we_PP1AS should_MD J49 76 look_VB in_IN cases_NNS for_IN a_AT rule_NN or_CC J49 77 rules_NNS of_IN some_DTI kind_NN or_CC other_AP ._. ^ furthermore_RB J49 77 the_ATI term_NN ratio_&FW J49 78 decidendi_&FW is_BEZ normally_RB used_VBN to_TO refer_VB to_IN some_DTI J49 78 binding_JJ rule_NN (_( or_CC J49 79 rules_NNS )_) which_WDTR is_BEZ to_TO be_BE found_VBN in_IN decided_JJ J49 79 cases_NNS *-_*- some_DTI rule_NN which_WDTR a_AT later_JJR J49 80 court_NN (_( appropriately_RB placed_VBN in_IN the_ATI hierarchy_NN )_) J49 80 can_MD not_XNOT generally_RB J49 81 question_VB ._. ^ bearing_VBG all_ABN this_DT in_IN mind_NN ,_, a_AT J49 81 possible_JJ defining_JJ technique_NN is_BEZ J49 82 to_TO elucidate_VB the_ATI judicial_JJ power_NN to_TO make_VB J49 82 binding_JJ rules_NNS ,_, and_CC to_TO tell_VB our_PP$ J49 83 questioner_NN to_TO seek_VB for_IN a_AT rule_NN (_( or_CC rules_NNS )_) J49 83 made_VBN within_IN the_ATI ambit_NN of_IN this_DT J49 84 power_NN *-_*- such_ABL a_AT rule_NN (_( or_CC rules_NNS )_) will_MD J49 84 constitute_VB the_ATI ratio_&FW of_IN the_ATI J49 85 case_NN ._. ^ this_DT method_NN of_IN definition_NN will_MD have_HV J49 85 an_AT obvious_JJ advantage_NN ,_, for_CS J49 86 it_PP3 will_MD be_BE closely_RB related_VBN to_IN the_ATI purpose_NN J49 86 for_IN which_WDTR the_ATI conception_NN of_IN J49 87 the_ATI ratio_&FW decidendi_&FW has_HVZ been_BEN developed_VBN ._. ^ J49 87 for_IN the_ATI conception_NN J49 88 only_RB serves_VBZ to_TO point_VB the_ATI distinction_NN between_IN J49 88 the_ATI rule-making_NN of_IN judges_NNS J49 89 which_WDTR is_BEZ intra_RB vires_RB" a_AT power_NN to_TO make_VB J49 89 binding_JJ rules_NNS ,_, and_CC the_ATI J49 90 rule-making_NN of_IN judges_NNS which_WDTR is_BEZ ultra_RB vires_RB" J49 90 this_DT power_NN ._. J49 91 ^ furthermore_RB the_ATI method_NN suggested_VBN closely_RB J49 91 resembles_VBZ the_ATI normal_JJ J49 92 defining_JJ technique_NN adopted_VBN to_TO isolate_VB the_ATI J49 92 product_NN of_IN other_AP law-making_JJ J49 93 activities_NNS *-_*- for_IN example_NN ,_, acts_NNS of_IN parliament_NN J49 93 ._. ^ and_CC finally_RB it_PP3 leads_VBZ to_IN J49 94 a_AT very_QL orthodox_JJ and_CC unstartling_JJ result_NN ,_, for_CS J49 94 it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT in_IN the_ATI least_AP a_AT J49 95 novel_JJ technique_NN ._. J49 96 ^ what_WDT then_RN are_BER the_ATI bounds_NNS upon_IN the_ATI J49 96 power_NN of_IN rule-making_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ J49 97 vested_VBN in_IN judges_NNS ?_? ^ the_ATI most_QL important_JJ J49 97 limitation_NN is_BEZ to_TO be_BE found_VBN in_IN the_ATI J49 98 principle_NN which_WDTR denies_VBZ them_PP3OS the_ATI power_NN to_TO J49 98 make_VB binding_JJ rules_NNS except_CS J49 99 when_WRB those_DTS rules_NNS are_BER relevant_JJ to_IN the_ATI J49 99 determination_NN of_IN actual_JJ J49 100 litigation_NN before_IN the_ATI court_NN in_IN which_WDTR they_PP3AS J49 100 are_BER empowered_VBN to_TO sit_VB ._. J49 101 ^ historically_RB this_DT limitation_NN dates_VBZ from_IN the_ATI J49 101 seventeenth_OD century_NN ,_, when_WRB J49 102 it_PP3 became_VBD recognized_VBN that_CS a_AT court_NN ought_MD J49 102 not_XNOT to_TO give_VB official_JJ opinions_NNS J49 103 upon_IN hypothetical_JJ problems_NNS *-_*- a_AT convention_NN which_WDTR J49 103 has_HVZ become_VBN refined_VBN and_CC J49 104 elaborated_VBN since_IN then_RN ._. ^ as_CS this_DT convention_NN J49 104 came_VBD to_TO be_BE accepted_VBN an_AT J49 105 obvious_JJ corollary_NN develops_VBZ ;_; there_EX must_MD be_BE J49 105 some_DTI principle_NN which_WDTR has_HVZ the_ATI J49 106 effect_NN of_IN reducing_VBG the_ATI importance_NN of_IN J49 106 enunciations_NNS of_IN the_ATI law_NN which_WDTR J49 107 have_HV in_IN fact_NN been_BEN delivered_VBN by_IN judges_NNS *-_*- J49 107 either_DTX accidentally_RB or_CC J49 108 deliberately_RB *-_*- upon_IN hypothetical_JJ issues_NNS ._. ^ thus_RB J49 108 the_ATI conception_NN of_IN J49 109 obiter_&FW dicta_&FW grows_VBZ up_RP ;_; obiter_&FW dicta_&FW are_BER J49 109 in_IN some_DTI J49 110 sense_NN ultra_JJ vires_JJ" enunciations_NNS of_IN law_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J49 110 distinction_NN J49 111 between_IN such_ABL dicta_NNS and_CC the_ATI elusive_JJ ratio_&FW J49 111 decidendi_&FW is_BEZ in_IN J49 112 essence_NN a_AT distinction_NN between_IN relevance_NN and_CC J49 112 irrelevance_NN ,_, and_CC much_AP of_IN J49 113 the_ATI difficulty_NN in_IN elucidating_VBG the_ATI conception_NN of_IN J49 113 the_ATI ratio_&FW J49 114 decidendi_&FW arises_VBZ from_IN attempts_NNS to_TO give_VB a_AT J49 114 precise_JJ meaning_NN to_IN J49 115 relevance_NN in_IN this_DT context_NN ._. ^ without_IN some_DTI J49 115 criterion_NN of_IN relevance_NN the_ATI J49 116 judicial_JJ power_NN of_IN rule-making_NN seems_VBZ to_TO have_HV J49 116 no_ATI limit_NN ,_, and_CC in_IN a_AT country_NN J49 117 wedded_VBN to_IN the_ATI conception_NN of_IN the_ATI rule_NN of_IN J49 117 law_NN there_EX is_BEZ naturally_RB a_AT J49 118 desire_NN to_TO state_VB with_IN precision_NN where_WRB the_ATI J49 118 limit_NN lies_VBZ ._. J49 119 ^ limitations_NNS upon_IN a_AT rule-making_NN power_NN may_MD be_BE J49 119 formal_JJ or_CC J49 120 substantial_JJ ;_; they_PP3AS may_MD restrict_VB the_ATI way_NN in_IN J49 120 which_WDTR rules_NNS are_BER made_VBN ,_, and_CC J49 121 they_PP3AS may_MD restrict_VB what_WDT rules_NNS are_BER made_VBN ._. ^ J49 121 the_ATI power_NN vested_VBN in_IN the_ATI judges_NNS J49 122 is_BEZ subject_JJ to_IN both_ABX kinds_NNS of_IN limitation_NN ,_, J49 122 but_CC the_ATI concept_NN of_IN the_ATI J49 123 ratio_&FW decidendi_&FW seems_VBZ to_TO embody_VB only_RB a_AT J49 123 formal_JJ limitation_NN ._. J49 124 ^ this_DT is_BEZ that_CS only_RB a_AT rule_NN (_( or_CC rules_NNS )_) J49 124 acted_VBN upon_IN in_IN court_NN can_MD rank_VB J49 125 as_IN a_AT binding_JJ rule_NN ._. ^ once_CS this_DT primary_JJ J49 125 condition_NN is_BEZ satisfied_VBN the_ATI rule_NN J49 126 will_MD so_RB rank_VB ,_, unless_CS one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI various_JJ J49 126 exceptions_NNS to_IN the_ATI doctrine_NN J49 127 of_IN precedent_NN apply_VB *-_*- for_IN example_NN the_ATI per_&FW J49 127 incuriam_&FW rule_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J49 128 rule_NN becomes_VBZ binding_JJ ,_, subject_JJ to_IN exceptions_NNS ._. ^ J49 128 the_ATI fact_NN that_CS the_ATI rule_NN J49 129 has_HVZ been_BEN acted_VBN upon_IN is_BEZ the_ATI hallmark_NN of_IN J49 129 relevance_NN ,_, and_CC this_DT may_MD no_ATI J49 130 doubt_NN be_BE expressed_VBN in_IN a_AT variety_NN of_IN different_JJ J49 130 ways_NNS ;_; thus_RB we_PP1AS talk_VB of_IN J49 131 *'_*' the_ATI rule_NN applied_VBN **'_**' ,_, *'_*' the_ATI reason_NN J49 131 for_IN the_ATI decision_NN **'_**' ,_, *'_*' the_ATI grounds_NNS J49 132 upon_IN which_WDTR the_ATI decision_NN rested_VBD **'_**' ,_, *'_*' J49 132 the_ATI basis_NN of_IN the_ATI decision_NN **'_**' ,_, and_CC J49 133 there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI particular_JJ advantage_NN in_IN adopting_VBG J49 133 one_CD1 of_IN these_DTS formulations_NNS J49 134 rather_RB than_IN another_DT ,_, for_CS they_PP3AS are_BER but_RI J49 134 variations_NNS upon_IN a_AT single_JJ theme_NN ._. J49 135 ^ all_ABN state_VB the_ATI primary_JJ formal_JJ limitation_NN upon_IN J49 135 the_ATI judicial_JJ power_NN ,_, or_CC ,_, J49 136 to_TO put_VB it_PP3 another_DT way_NN ,_, all_ABN state_VB the_ATI J49 136 manner_NN and_CC form_NN in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI J49 137 judicial_JJ power_NN is_BEZ exercised_VBN ._. ^ they_PP3AS thus_RB J49 137 serve_VB as_IN definitions_NNS of_IN the_ATI J49 138 source_NN of_IN law_NN under_IN discussion_NN *-_*- the_ATI J49 138 rationes_&FW decidendi_&FW of_IN J49 139 cases_NNS *-_*- in_IN much_RB the_ATI same_AP way_NN as_CS similar_JJ J49 139 *'_*' manner_NN and_CC form_NN J49 140 **'_**' statements_NNS of_IN the_ATI parliamentary_JJ power_NN serve_VB J49 140 to_TO define_VB what_WDT a_AT statute_NN J49 141 is_BEZ ._. J49 142 ^ but_CC ,_, however_WRB we_PP1AS define_VB the_ATI ratio_&FW J49 142 decidendi_&FW of_IN a_AT case_NN ,_, J49 143 we_PP1AS encounter_VB difficulties_NNS in_IN applying_VBG our_PP$ J49 143 definition_NN which_WDTR are_BER much_RB J49 144 greater_JJR than_IN those_DTS which_WDTR accompany_VB parliamentary_JJ J49 144 law-making_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J49 145 rule-making_NN procedure_NN of_IN parliament_NN operates_VBZ on_IN a_AT J49 145 text_NN *-_*- a_AT definite_JJ J49 146 and_CC settled_JJ verbal_JJ formulation_NN of_IN a_AT rule_NN or_CC J49 146 body_NN of_IN rules_NNS *-_*- and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ J49 147 to_IN the_ATI rules_NNS so_RB drafted_VBN that_CS legal_JJ validity_NN J49 147 is_BEZ attached_VBN ._. ^ with_IN case_NN J49 148 law_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ different_JJ ;_; we_PP1AS do_DO not_XNOT J49 148 require_VB the_ATI courts_NNS to_TO draft_VB the_ATI rules_NNS J49 149 upon_IN which_WDTR they_PP3AS act_VB ._. ^ even_RB where_WRB a_AT J49 149 judge_NN does_DOZ take_VB some_DTI peculiar_JJ care_NN J49 150 to_TO formulate_VB a_AT rule_NN accurately_RB and_CC precisely_RB ,_, J49 150 we_PP1AS do_DO not_XNOT usually_RB treat_VB J49 151 such_ABL a_AT formulation_NN in_IN the_ATI same_AP way_NN as_IN a_AT J49 151 section_NN in_IN a_AT statute_NN ,_, for_CS the_ATI J49 152 prerogative_NN of_IN judges_NNS is_BEZ not_XNOT to_TO confer_VB J49 152 binding_JJ force_NN upon_IN a_AT rule_NN by_IN J49 153 formulating_VBG it_PP3 and_CC submitting_VBG the_ATI formulated_JJ J49 153 rule_NN to_IN some_DTI procedure_NN ,_, J49 154 but_CC rather_RB to_TO decide_VB cases_NNS by_IN acting_VBG upon_IN J49 154 rules_NNS ,_, without_IN settling_VBG for_IN J49 155 the_ATI future_NN the_ATI verbal_JJ form_NN of_IN the_ATI rule_NN on_IN J49 155 the_ATI basis_NN of_IN a_AT single_JJ J49 156 application_NN of_IN it_PP3 ._. ^ the_ATI minimum_NN required_VBN J49 156 before_CS a_AT judge_NN may_MD be_BE said_VBN to_TO J49 157 act_VB upon_IN a_AT legal_JJ rule_NN is_BEZ that_CS J49 159 ~ (_( a_ZZ )_) ^ he_PP3A should_MD have_HV a_AT rule_NN in_IN J49 159 mind_NN when_WRB he_PP3A decides_VBZ to_TO act_VB ._. J49 160 ~ this_DT does_DOZ not_XNOT mean_VB that_CS he_PP3A should_MD have_HV J49 160 in_IN mind_NN a_AT precise_JJ formulation_NN J49 161 of_IN a_AT rule_NN ;_; a_AT person_NN may_MD act_VB upon_IN a_AT J49 161 rule_NN without_IN thinking_VBG out_RP a_AT draft_NN J49 162 of_IN the_ATI rule_NN ._. J49 163 ~ (_( b_ZZ )_) ^ he_PP3A should_MD decide_VB that_CS the_ATI rule_NN J49 163 is_BEZ applicable_JJ *-_*- that_DT is_BEZ to_TO J49 164 say_VB he_PP3A should_MD decide_VB that_CS some_DTI fact_NN or_CC J49 164 set_NN of_IN facts_NNS should_MD be_BE subsumed_VBN J49 165 under_IN the_ATI rule_NN ,_, and_CC this_DT will_MD involve_VB a_AT J49 165 task_NN of_IN classification_NN ._. J49 166 ~ (_( c_ZZ )_) ^ he_PP3A should_MD deliberately_RB so_RB conduct_VB J49 166 himself_PPL that_CS his_PP$ J49 167 conduct_NN conforms_VBZ to_IN the_ATI conduct_NN prescribed_VBN by_IN J49 167 the_ATI rule_NN ._. J49 169 ^ in_IN everyday_JJB life_NN this_DT acting_NN upon_IN a_AT rule_NN J49 169 may_MD be_BE quite_ABL a_AT casual_JJ J49 170 process_NN ;_; in_IN the_ATI judicial_JJ process_NN the_ATI J49 170 convention_NN is_BEZ that_CS the_ATI judge_NN J49 171 should_MD *'_*' show_VB his_PP$ working_NN **'_**' ,_, and_CC this_DT J49 171 produces_VBZ a_AT reflective_JJ *'_*' acting_NN J49 172 upon_IN a_AT rule_NN **'_**' not_XNOT so_QL often_RB met_VBN with_IN J49 172 outside_IN the_ATI law_NN and_CC other_AP special_JJ J49 173 fields_NNS ._. ^ and_CC with_IN this_DT reflective_JJ *'_*' acting_NN J49 173 upon_IN rules_NNS **'_**' which_WDTR is_BEZ J49 174 characteristic_JJ of_IN the_ATI judicial_JJ process_NN goes_VBZ the_ATI J49 174 custom_NN which_WDTR the_ATI J49 175 courts_NNS have_HV adopted_VBN of_IN justifying_VBG the_ATI action_NN J49 175 taken_VBN by_IN an_AT opinion_NN J49 176 delivered_VBN openly_RB in_IN court_NN ,_, which_WDTR opinion_NN J49 176 provides_VBZ the_ATI best_JJT possible_JJ J49 177 evidence_NN of_IN the_ATI rule_NN upon_IN which_WDTR the_ATI court_NN J49 177 did_DOD act_VB ._. ^ it_PP3 will_MD be_BE noted_VBN J49 178 that_CS to_TO say_VB that_CS a_AT person_NN acted_VBD upon_IN a_AT J49 178 rule_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT to_TO assert_VB anything_PN J49 179 about_IN the_ATI psychological_JJ motivation_NN of_IN his_PP$ action_NN J49 179 ._. ^ recognition_NN of_IN this_DT J49 180 has_HVZ wide_JJ implications_NNS in_IN legal_JJ theory_NN ._. ^ J49 180 furthermore_RB ,_, in_RB general_RB" ,_, a_AT J49 181 person_NN may_MD act_VB upon_IN a_AT rule_NN notwithstanding_IN the_ATI J49 181 fact_NN that_CS he_PP3A may_MD J49 182 himself_PPL be_BE the_ATI originator_NN of_IN the_ATI rule_NN ,_, as_CS J49 182 will_MD sometimes_RB be_BE the_ATI case_NN J49 183 in_IN judicial_JJ decisions_NNS ._. J50 2 ^ trustee_NN investments_NNS act_NN ,_, 1961_CD ._. J50 3 ^ this_DT act_NN received_VBD the_ATI royal_JJ assent_NN on_IN J50 3 August_NR 3_CD ,_, 1961_CD ,_, and_CC came_VBD J50 4 into_IN force_NN on_IN the_ATI same_AP day_NN ._. J50 5 ^ trustees_NNS can_MD invest_VB their_PP$ trust_NN funds_NNS only_RB J50 5 in_IN investments_NNS J50 6 authorised_VBN either_DTX by_IN the_ATI express_JJB terms_NNS of_IN J50 6 their_PP$ trust_NN instrument_NN or_CC by_IN J50 7 statute_NN ._. ^ before_IN this_DT new_JJ act_NN the_ATI J50 7 investments_NNS authorised_VBN by_IN statute_NN J50 8 did_DOD not_XNOT include_VB any_DTI *'_*' equities_NNS **'_**' and_CC J50 8 were_BED a_AT limited_JJ range_NN prescribed_VBN ,_, J50 9 in_IN England_NP by_IN the_ATI trustee_NN act_NN ,_, 1925_CD ,_, and_CC J50 9 in_IN Scotland_NP by_IN the_ATI trusts_NNS J50 10 (_( Scotland_NP )_) act_NN ,_, 1921_CD ,_, with_IN subsequent_JJ J50 10 statutory_JJ extensions_NNS ._. ^ generally_RB J50 11 speaking_VBG ,_, the_ATI statutory_JJ trustee_NN list_NN was_BEDZ J50 11 restricted_VBN to_IN stocks_NNS issued_VBN J50 12 by_IN the_ATI British_JNP government_NN and_CC by_IN the_ATI J50 12 governments_NNS of_IN commonwealth_NN J50 13 countries_NNS and_CC the_ATI colonies_NNS ,_, stocks_NNS guaranteed_VBN J50 13 by_IN the_ATI British_JNP J50 14 government_NN ,_, stocks_NNS and_CC mortgages_NNS issued_VBN by_IN J50 14 British_JNP local_JJ authorities_NNS ,_, J50 15 and_CC mortgages_NNS of_IN land_NN in_IN Great_NP Britain_NP ._. ^ J50 15 most_AP of_IN the_ATI investments_NNS in_IN J50 16 the_ATI list_NN earn_VB interest_NN at_IN a_AT fixed_JJ rate_NN and_CC J50 16 ,_, with_IN certain_JJ notable_JJ J50 17 exceptions_NNS ,_, are_BER eventually_RB repayable_JJ at_IN par_NN ._. J50 18 ^ in_IN recent_JJ years_NNS there_EX have_HV been_BEN serious_JJ J50 18 disadvantages_NNS in_IN the_ATI old_JJ J50 19 list_NN ._. ^ the_ATI immediately_RB realisable_JJ market_NN values_NNS J50 19 of_IN investments_NNS J50 20 eventually_RB repayable_JJ at_IN par_NN have_HV fluctuated_VBN J50 20 widely_RB ,_, with_IN the_ATI J50 21 variations_NNS in_IN the_ATI prevailing_JJ rates_NNS of_IN interest_NN J50 21 ;_; and_CC ,_, in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN J50 22 the_ATI *'_*' undated_JJ **'_**' stocks_NNS in_IN the_ATI list_NN ,_, J50 22 market_NN values_NNS have_HV declined_VBN very_QL J50 23 seriously_RB ._. ^ eventual_JJ repayment_NN of_IN invested_JJ J50 23 capital_NN at_IN its_PP$ nominal_JJ par_NN J50 24 value_NN takes_VBZ no_ATI account_NN of_IN inflation_NN and_CC the_ATI J50 24 decline_NN in_IN the_ATI value_NN of_IN J50 25 money_NN ,_, and_CC represents_VBZ ,_, in_IN real_JJ values_NNS ,_, J50 25 a_AT capital_NN loss_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN J50 26 a_AT trust_NN fund_NN established_VBN twenty_CD or_CC more_AP years_NNS J50 26 ago_RB ,_, with_IN investments_NNS J50 27 limited_VBN to_IN the_ATI statutory_JJ list_NN ,_, the_ATI annual_JJ J50 27 trust_NN income_NN may_MD be_BE J50 28 nominally_RB the_ATI same_AP today_NR as_CS when_WRB the_ATI trust_NN J50 28 began_VBD ,_, although_CS of_RB course_RB" J50 29 the_ATI income_NN will_MD buy_VB far_RB less_AP than_CS when_WRB J50 29 the_ATI trust_NN began_VBD ._. ^ a_AT life_NN tenant_NN J50 30 depending_VBG for_IN his_PP$ income_NN and_CC standard_NN of_IN J50 30 living_NN on_IN such_ABL a_AT trust_NN would_MD J50 31 be_BE much_RB worse_RBR off_RP today_NR than_IN twenty_CD years_NNS J50 31 ago_RB ;_; and_CC the_ATI real_JJ value_NN of_IN J50 32 the_ATI trust_NN capital_NN may_MD be_BE disastrously_RB less_AP J50 32 than_CS when_WRB the_ATI trust_NN began_VBD ._. J50 33 ^ this_DT sort_NN of_IN case_NN history_NN is_BEZ ,_, unhappily_RB ,_, J50 33 not_XNOT unusual_JJ ._. J50 34 ^ the_ATI statutory_JJ trustee_NN list_NN has_HVZ always_RB had_HVN J50 34 two_CD objects_NNS :_: first_RB ,_, the_ATI J50 35 protection_NN of_IN trustees_NNS ;_; secondly_RB ,_, the_ATI J50 35 protection_NN of_IN the_ATI beneficiaries_NNS ,_, J50 36 by_IN ensuring_VBG both_ABX the_ATI preservation_NN of_IN trust_NN J50 36 capital_NN and_CC a_AT steady_JJ yield_NN J50 37 of_IN income_NN ._. ^ the_ATI first_OD object_NN has_HVZ always_RB J50 37 been_BEN successfully_RB achieved_VBN ._. J50 38 ^ trustees_NNS who_WPR invested_VBD within_IN the_ATI range_NN J50 38 permitted_VBN by_IN the_ATI statutory_JJ J50 39 list_NN were_BED reasonably_RB safe_JJ from_IN legal_JJ attack_NN by_IN J50 39 disgruntled_JJ J50 40 beneficiaries_NNS ._. ^ but_CC ,_, for_IN more_AP than_IN twenty_CD J50 40 years_NNS before_IN the_ATI passing_NN of_IN J50 41 the_ATI new_JJ act_NN ,_, the_ATI second_OD object_NN had_HVD not_XNOT J50 41 been_BEN achieved_VBN at_IN all_ABN ._. ^ the_ATI J50 42 statutory_JJ list_NN (_( which_WDTR was_BEDZ always_RB somewhat_RB J50 42 out_RP of_IN date_NN )_) provided_CS no_ATI J50 43 *'_*' hedge_NN **'_**' against_IN inflation_NN and_CC no_ATI J50 43 protection_NN against_IN the_ATI continuous_JJ J50 44 fall_NN in_IN the_ATI value_NN of_IN the_ATI *+_NNU ._. ^ experience_NN J50 44 of_IN investment_NN within_IN the_ATI J50 45 range_NN provided_VBN by_IN the_ATI statutory_JJ list_NN offered_VBD J50 45 a_AT sad_JJ contrast_NN with_IN the_ATI J50 46 profitable_JJ experience_NN of_IN other_AP people_NNS able_JJ to_TO J50 46 invest_VB in_IN equities_NNS ._. J50 47 ^ for_IN years_NNS most_AP lawyers_NNS have_HV advised_VBN J50 47 settlors_NNS and_CC testators_NNS to_TO J50 48 confer_VB on_IN their_PP$ trustees_NNS much_RB wider_JJR investment_NN J50 48 powers_NNS than_IN those_DTS J50 49 permitted_VBN by_IN the_ATI statutory_JJ list_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J50 49 House_NPL of_IN Lords_NPTS debate_NN on_IN the_ATI J50 50 second_OD reading_NN of_IN the_ATI trustee_NN investments_NNS bill_NN J50 50 a_AT peer_NN who_WPR is_BEZ a_AT J50 51 solicitor_NN of_IN great_JJ experience_NN said_VBD :_: ^ *'_*' in_IN J50 51 the_ATI course_NN of_IN some_DTI forty_CD J50 52 years_NNS of_IN practice_NN I_PP1A have_HV made_VBN it_PP3 a_AT J50 52 point_NN always_RB to_TO advise_VB that_CS J50 53 settlors_NNS and_CC testators_NNS should_MD leave_VB the_ATI widest_JJT J50 53 possible_JJ discretion_NN to_IN J50 54 their_PP$ trustees_NNS ;_; that_CS the_ATI powers_NNS contained_VBN J50 54 in_IN the_ATI trustee_NN act_NN were_BED far_RB J50 55 too_QL limited_JJ ._. **'_**' ^ naturally_RB enough_QLP ,_, the_ATI J50 55 demand_NN for_IN reform_NN of_IN the_ATI list_NN J50 56 has_HVZ grown_VBN and_CC has_HVZ commanded_VBN some_DTI powerful_JJ J50 56 supporters_NNS ._. ^ in_IN 1952_CD the_ATI J50 57 report_NN of_IN the_ATI (_( Nathan_NP )_) committee_NN on_IN the_ATI J50 57 law_NN and_CC practice_NN relating_NN to_IN J50 58 charitable_JJ trusts_NNS advocated_VBD reform_NN ._. ^ in_IN 1955_CD J50 58 a_AT white_JJ paper_NN on_IN J50 59 government_NN policy_NN on_IN charitable_JJ trusts_NNS in_IN England_NP J50 59 and_CC Wales_NP referred_VBD J50 60 to_IN the_ATI government's_NN$ intention_NN to_TO propose_VB a_AT J50 60 general_JJ reform_NN of_IN the_ATI J50 61 statutory_JJ list_NN ._. ^ charities_NNS were_BED already_RB able_JJ J50 61 to_TO obtain_VB from_IN the_ATI court_NN J50 62 a_AT general_JJ extension_NN of_IN investment_NN powers_NNS ;_; and_CC J50 62 ,_, particularly_RB after_CS a_AT J50 63 decision_NN in_IN 1955_CD drew_VBD professional_JJ attention_NN to_IN J50 63 this_DT ,_, a_AT number_NN of_IN the_ATI J50 64 larger_JJR charities_NNS obtained_VBD wide_JJ powers_NNS of_IN J50 64 investment_NN in_IN the_ATI ordinary_JJ J50 65 and_CC other_AP shares_NNS of_IN the_ATI larger_JJR companies_NNS ._. ^ J50 65 in_IN 1958_CD the_ATI variation_NN of_IN J50 66 trusts_NNS act_NN permitted_VBD applications_NNS to_IN the_ATI court_NN J50 66 for_IN (_( inter_RB J50 67 alia_RB" )_) extended_JJ powers_NNS of_IN investment_NN ;_; and_CC J50 67 applications_NNS under_IN that_DT J50 68 act_NN were_BED soon_RB very_QL widely_RB used_VBN for_IN the_ATI J50 68 purpose_NN of_IN obtaining_VBG power_NN to_TO J50 69 invest_VB in_IN equities_NNS ._. ^ but_CC applications_NNS to_IN J50 69 the_ATI court_NN cost_VBD money_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI J50 70 power_NN conferred_VBN by_IN the_ATI 1958_CD act_NN was_BEDZ no_ATI J50 70 substitute_NN for_IN general_JJ reform_NN J50 71 of_IN the_ATI statutory_JJ list_NN ._. ^ on_IN May_NR 13_CD ,_, 1959_CD J50 71 ,_, a_AT statement_NN in_IN the_ATI House_NPL of_IN J50 72 Lords_NPTS promised_VBD early_JJ legislation_NN ;_; and_CC in_IN J50 72 December_NR 1959_CD a_AT white_JJ paper_NN J50 73 was_BEDZ published_VBN setting_VBG out_RP the_ATI government's_NN$ J50 73 proposals_NNS ._. ^ these_DTS J50 74 proposals_NNS ,_, with_IN some_DTI minor_JJ changes_NNS ,_, were_BED J50 74 embodied_VBN in_IN the_ATI bill_NN J50 75 introduced_VBN into_IN the_ATI House_NPL of_IN Lords_NPTS in_IN J50 75 November_NR 1960_CD ._. J50 76 ^ the_ATI period_NN of_IN almost_RB a_AT year_NN between_IN the_ATI J50 76 publication_NN of_IN the_ATI white_JJ J50 77 paper_NN and_CC the_ATI introduction_NN of_IN the_ATI bill_NN was_BEDZ J50 77 intended_VBN to_TO provide_VB time_NN J50 78 for_IN interested_JJ persons_NNS and_CC bodies_NNS to_TO consider_VB J50 78 ,_, and_CC make_VB J50 79 representations_NNS about_IN ,_, the_ATI government's_NN$ proposals_NNS J50 79 ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ a_AT good_JJ J50 80 idea_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI time_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT wasted_VBN ;_; J50 80 but_CC the_ATI period_NN might_MD have_HV been_BEN more_QL J50 81 useful_JJ if_CS the_ATI white_JJ paper_NN had_HVD included_VBN a_AT J50 81 draft_NN of_IN the_ATI intended_JJ bill_NN ._. J50 82 ^ this_DT bill_NN ,_, when_WRB published_VBN ,_, turned_VBD out_RP J50 82 to_TO be_BE quite_RB complicated_JJ ;_; and_CC it_PP3 J50 83 soon_RB received_VBD anxious_JJ scrutiny_NN from_IN professional_JJ J50 83 bodies_NNS ,_, including_IN the_ATI J50 84 law_NN society_NN ,_, whose_WP$R simplifying_JJ amendments_NNS were_BED J50 84 debated_VBN at_RB length_RB" when_WRB J50 85 the_ATI House_NPL of_IN Commons_NP was_BEDZ considering_VBG the_ATI J50 85 bill_NN in_IN committee_NN ._. J50 86 ^ the_ATI act_NN replaces_VBZ the_ATI former_AP statutory_JJ J50 86 trustee_NN list_NN ._. ^ the_ATI new_JJ J50 87 list_NN ,_, set_VBN out_RP in_IN the_ATI first_OD schedule_NN to_IN J50 87 the_ATI act_NN ,_, is_BEZ divided_VBN into_IN three_CD J50 88 parts_NNS ._. ^ parts_NNS 1_CD1 and_CC 2_CD list_VB the_ATI *'_*' J50 88 narrower-range_JJR **'_**' investments_NNS ._. J50 89 ^ part_NN 3_CD lists_VBZ the_ATI *'_*' wider-range_JJR **'_**' J50 89 investments_NNS ._. J50 90 ^ the_ATI narrower-range_NN comprises_VBZ mainly_RB J50 90 fixed-interest_JJB investments_NNS ,_, J50 91 and_CC includes_VBZ the_ATI whole_NN of_IN the_ATI former_AP J50 91 statutory_JJ list_NN with_IN some_DTI changes_NNS J50 92 and_CC additions_NNS ._. ^ these_DTS additions_NNS include_VB J50 92 fixed-interest_JJB securities_NNS J50 93 issued_VBN in_IN the_ATI \0U.K_NP by_IN the_ATI international_JJ J50 93 bank_NN for_IN reconstruction_NN J50 94 and_CC development_NN ;_; the_ATI debentures_NNS (_( not_XNOT being_BEG J50 94 convertible_JJ debentures_NNS )_) of_IN J50 95 United_NP Kingdom_NPL companies_NNS that_WPR comply_VB with_IN J50 95 certain_JJ conditions_NNS ;_; and_CC J50 96 deposits_NNS in_IN the_ATI ordinary_JJ and_CC special_JJ investment_NN J50 96 departments_NNS of_IN trustee_NN J50 97 savings_NNS banks_NNS ._. ^ commonwealth_NN government_NN stocks_NNS J50 97 are_BER included_VBN in_IN the_ATI J50 98 narrower-range_NN without_IN the_ATI governments_NNS concerned_VBN J50 98 having_HVG to_TO comply_VB with_IN J50 99 the_ATI conditions_NNS laid_VBN down_RP in_IN the_ATI colonial_JJ J50 99 stock_NN acts_NNS ._. J50 100 ^ the_ATI difference_NN between_IN part_NN 1_CD1 and_CC part_NN 2_CD J50 100 of_IN the_ATI J50 101 narrower-range_NN is_BEZ that_CS trustees_NNS may_MD invest_VB in_IN J50 101 part_NN 1_CD1 without_IN first_RB J50 102 obtaining_VBG advice_NN ,_, whereas_CS they_PP3AS may_MD not_XNOT J50 102 make_VB an_AT investment_NN in_IN part_NN 2_CD J50 103 of_IN the_ATI narrower-range_NN without_IN obtaining_VBG and_CC J50 103 considering_VBG proper_JJ advice_NN J50 104 as_IN to_IN" the_ATI suitability_NN of_IN the_ATI investment_NN ._. ^ J50 104 part_NN 1_CD1 is_BEZ very_QL simple_JJ ._. ^ it_PP3 J50 105 includes_VBZ defence_NN bonds_NNS ,_, national_JJ savings_NNS J50 105 certificates_NNS and_CC Ulster_NP J50 106 savings_NNS certificates_NNS ;_; and_CC deposits_NNS in_IN the_ATI J50 106 post_NN office_NN savings_NNS bank_NN ,_, in_IN J50 107 the_ATI ordinary_JJ departments_NNS of_IN a_AT trustee_NN savings_NNS J50 107 bank_NN and_CC in_IN savings_NNS J50 108 banks_NNS certified_VBN under_IN section_NN 9_CD (_( 3_CD )_) of_IN J50 108 the_ATI finance_NN act_NN ,_, 1956_CD ._. J50 109 ^ deposits_NNS with_IN designated_JJ building_NN societies_NNS are_BER J50 109 in_IN part_NN 2_CD of_IN the_ATI J50 110 narrower-range_NN ;_; and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ puzzling_JJ that_CS J50 110 trustees_NNS should_MD not_XNOT be_BE allowed_VBN J50 111 to_TO make_VB such_ABL deposits_NNS without_IN obtaining_VBG expert_JJ J50 111 ,_, written_JJ advice_NN ._. J50 112 ^ the_ATI greatest_JJT interest_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, attaches_VBZ J50 112 to_IN the_ATI new_JJ wider-range_NN ._. J50 113 ^ this_DT includes_VBZ the_ATI shares_NNS ,_, stock_NN and_CC J50 113 convertible_JJ debentures_NNS of_IN United_NP J50 114 Kingdom_NPL companies_NNS that_WPR comply_VB with_IN certain_JJ J50 114 conditions_NNS ;_; the_ATI shares_NNS of_IN J50 115 designated_JJ building_NN societies_NNS ;_; and_CC units_NNS of_IN J50 115 authorised_JJ unit_NN trusts_NNS J50 116 (_( \0i.e_RB ,_, authorised_VBN by_IN order_NN of_IN the_ATI board_NN J50 116 of_IN trade_NN under_IN the_ATI J50 117 prevention_NN of_IN fraud_NN (_( investments_NNS )_) act_NN ,_, 1958_CD J50 117 ,_, or_CC by_IN the_ATI ministry_NN of_IN J50 118 commerce_NN under_IN the_ATI prevention_NN of_IN fraud_NN (_( J50 118 investments_NNS )_) act_NN (_( Northern_NP J50 119 Ireland_NP )_) ,_, 1940_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI *'_*' equities_NNS **'_**' J50 119 (_( \0i.e_RB ,_, ordinary_JJ shares_NNS J50 120 and_CC stock_NN )_) and_CC other_AP securities_NNS of_IN \0U.K_NP J50 120 companies_NNS are_BER included_VBN in_IN J50 121 the_ATI wider-range_NN only_RB if_CS the_ATI particular_JJ company_NN J50 121 has_HVZ a_AT total_NN issued_JJ and_CC J50 122 paid-up_JJ share_NN capital_NN of_IN at_RB least_RB" *+1_NNU million_CD J50 122 and_CC has_HVZ paid_VBN dividends_NNS J50 123 on_IN all_ABN its_PP$ issued_JJ shares_NNS in_IN each_DT of_IN the_ATI J50 123 five_CD years_NNS preceding_VBG the_ATI year_NN J50 124 in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI investment_NN is_BEZ made_VBN ._. ^ as_CS J50 124 with_IN part_NN 2_CD of_IN the_ATI J50 125 narrower-range_NN ,_, investments_NNS must_MD not_XNOT be_BE made_VBN J50 125 in_IN the_ATI wider-range_NN unless_CS J50 126 the_ATI trustees_NNS obtain_VB and_CC consider_VB written_JJ expert_JJ J50 126 advice_NN about_IN the_ATI J50 127 particular_JJ investments_NNS ._. ^ further_RB ,_, trustees_NNS are_BER J50 127 not_XNOT to_TO make_VB or_CC retain_VB J50 128 investments_NNS in_IN the_ATI wider-range_NN unless_CS their_PP$ J50 128 trust_NN fund_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J50 129 divided_VBN into_IN two_CD parts_NNS ._. J50 130 ^ this_DT once-for-all_JJB division_NN of_IN the_ATI trust_NN J50 130 fund_NN is_BEZ the_ATI most_QL J50 131 important_JJ (_( and_CC controversial_JJ )_) feature_NN of_IN the_ATI J50 131 new_JJ statutory_JJ scheme_NN for_IN J50 132 permitting_VBG wider-range_JJR investments_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J50 132 division_NN must_MD be_BE into_IN two_CD J50 133 equal_JJ parts_NNS ;_; but_CC there_EX is_BEZ power_NN for_IN the_ATI J50 133 Treasury_NP ,_, by_IN statutory_JJ J50 134 instrument_NN ,_, to_TO order_VB that_CS division_NN shall_MD be_BE J50 134 into_IN unequal_JJ parts_NNS J50 135 (_( provided_CS that_CS" such_ABL an_AT order_NN shall_MD not_XNOT J50 135 authorise_VB a_AT division_NN in_IN which_WDTR J50 136 the_ATI narrower-range_JJR part_NN is_BEZ less_AP than_IN J50 136 one-quarter_CD of_IN the_ATI fund_NN at_IN the_ATI J50 137 time_NN of_IN division_NN )_) ._. ^ the_ATI division_NN ,_, once_CS J50 137 made_VBN ,_, is_BEZ permanent_JJ ._. J50 138 ^ thereafter_RB ,_, funds_NNS belonging_VBG to_IN the_ATI J50 138 narrower-range_JJR part_NN must_MD be_BE J50 139 invested_VBN in_IN narrower-range_JJR investments_NNS ,_, while_CS J50 139 funds_NNS belonging_VBG to_IN the_ATI J50 140 wider-range_JJR part_NN may_MD be_BE invested_VBN in_IN wider-range_JJR J50 140 or_CC narrower-range_JJR J50 141 investments_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT essential_JJ for_IN J50 141 the_ATI whole_NN of_IN the_ATI wider-range_JJR J50 142 part_NN to_TO be_BE invested_VBN immediately_RB in_IN wider-range_JJR J50 142 investments_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J50 143 discretion_NN to_TO invest_VB in_IN the_ATI wider-range_NN is_BEZ J50 143 available_JJ only_RB in_IN J50 144 respect_NN of_IN the_ATI wider-range_JJR part_NN ._. ^ if_CS J50 144 property_NN is_BEZ transferred_VBN from_IN one_CD1 J50 145 part_NN of_IN the_ATI divided_JJ fund_NN to_IN the_ATI other_AP ,_, J50 145 there_EX must_MD be_BE a_AT *'_*' compensating_JJ J50 146 transfer_NN **'_**' in_IN the_ATI opposite_JJ direction_NN ._. ^ J50 146 where_WRB any_DTI property_NN accrues_VBZ to_IN J50 147 a_AT trust_NN fund_NN that_WPR has_HVZ been_BEN divided_VBN ,_, and_CC J50 147 the_ATI accruing_JJ property_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT J50 148 otherwise_RB obviously_RB attributable_JJ to_IN some_DTI particular_JJ J50 148 part_NN of_IN the_ATI fund_NN ,_, J50 149 the_ATI accruing_JJ property_NN must_MD be_BE divided_VBN so_CS J50 149 that_CS" each_DT part_NN of_IN the_ATI fund_NN is_BEZ J50 150 increased_VBN in_IN value_NN by_IN the_ATI same_AP amount_NN ._. ^ J50 150 where_WRB capital_NN is_BEZ taken_VBN out_RP of_IN J50 151 the_ATI trust_NN fund_NN (_( as_CS ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, in_IN J50 151 the_ATI exercise_NN of_IN the_ATI statutory_JJ J50 152 power_NN of_IN advancement_NN )_) ,_, the_ATI trustees_NNS are_BER J50 152 not_XNOT required_VBN to_TO take_VB it_PP3 J50 153 equally_RB from_IN the_ATI two_CD parts_NNS of_IN the_ATI divided_JJ J50 153 fund_NN :_: the_ATI act_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT J50 154 fetter_VB their_PP$ discretion_NN as_IN to_IN" the_ATI choice_NN of_IN J50 154 property_NN to_TO be_BE taken_VBN out_RP ._. J50 155 ^ the_ATI new_JJ statutory_JJ powers_NNS of_IN investment_NN are_BER J50 155 additional_JJ to_IN any_DTI J50 156 special_JJ powers_NNS ,_, \0e.g_RB ,_, those_DTS conferred_VBN J50 156 expressly_RB by_IN the_ATI will_NN J50 157 or_CC settlement_NN ._. ^ any_DTI property_NN (_( not_XNOT including_IN J50 157 statutory_JJ narrower-range_JJR J50 158 investments_NNS ,_, but_CC including_IN statutory_JJ wider-range_JJR J50 158 investments_NNS )_) which_WDTR J50 159 trustees_NNS are_BER authorised_VBN to_TO hold_VB pursuant_JJ to_IN J50 159 such_ABL special_JJ powers_NNS ,_, must_MD J50 160 be_BE carried_VBN to_IN a_AT separate_JJ *'_*' special-range_JJB J50 160 **'_**' part_NN of_IN the_ATI fund_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J50 161 effect_NN may_MD be_BE that_CS a_AT single_JJ fund_NN will_MD be_BE J50 161 divided_VBN into_IN three_CD parts_NNS :_: the_ATI J50 162 special-range_JJB part_NN ,_, the_ATI wider-range_JJR part_NN and_CC J50 162 the_ATI narrower-range_JJR part_NN ._. J50 163 ^ division_NN of_IN the_ATI fund_NN into_IN two_CD parts_NNS and_CC J50 163 the_ATI subsequent_JJ J50 164 maintenance_NN of_IN that_DT division_NN will_MD require_VB very_QL J50 164 careful_JJ administration_NN J50 165 and_CC records_NNS ;_; and_CC even_RB greater_JJR care_NN will_MD be_BE J50 165 needed_VBN where_WRB the_ATI division_NN J50 166 is_BEZ into_IN three_CD parts_NNS ._. ^ will_MD ordinary_JJ private_JJ J50 166 trustees_NNS be_BE able_JJ to_TO do_DO the_ATI J50 167 necessary_JJ administration_NN and_CC keep_VB satisfactory_JJ J50 167 records_NNS ?_? ^ in_IN the_ATI case_NN J50 168 of_IN the_ATI larger_JJR trust_NN funds_NNS ,_, where_WRB the_ATI J50 168 expense_NN of_IN obtaining_VBG constant_JJ J50 169 professional_JJ assistance_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT regarded_VBN as_CS J50 169 extravagant_JJ ,_, the_ATI additional_JJ J50 170 work_NN will_MD present_VB no_ATI problem_NN ._. ^ but_CC ,_, with_IN J50 170 a_AT relatively_RB small_JJ trust_NN J50 171 fund_NN ,_, the_ATI trouble_NN and_CC expense_NN may_MD perhaps_RB J50 171 be_BE too_QL great_JJ ,_, and_CC the_ATI J50 172 trustees_NNS may_MD therefore_RB decide_VB that_CS they_PP3AS can_MD J50 172 not_XNOT operate_VB the_ATI statutory_JJ J50 173 scheme_NN for_IN investment_NN in_IN the_ATI wider-range_NN ._. ^ J50 173 the_ATI fear_NN of_IN undue_JJ J50 174 complexity_NN in_IN the_ATI administration_NN of_IN relatively_RB J50 174 small_JJ trust_NN funds_NNS led_VBD J50 175 the_ATI law_NN society_NN to_TO advocate_VB a_AT scheme_NN J50 175 permitting_VBG investment_NN in_IN the_ATI J50 176 wider-range_NN without_IN a_AT once-for-all_JJB division_NN of_IN J50 176 the_ATI fund_NN ;_; but_CC the_ATI J50 177 advocacy_NN was_BEDZ unsuccessful_JJ ;_; the_ATI complexity_NN J50 177 remains_VBZ ;_; and_CC time_NN will_MD show_VB J50 178 to_IN what_WDT extent_NN ,_, in_IN practice_NN ,_, trustees_NNS of_IN J50 178 small_JJ trust_NN funds_NNS take_VB J50 179 advantage_NN of_IN the_ATI new_JJ power_NN to_TO invest_VB in_IN J50 179 the_ATI wider-range_NN ._. J50 180 ^ the_ATI other_AP provisions_NNS of_IN the_ATI act_NN do_DO J50 180 not_XNOT call_VB for_IN extended_JJ comment_NN ._. J50 181 ^ section_NN 6_CD (_( 1_CD1 )_) is_BEZ of_IN interest_NN in_CS that_CS" J50 181 it_PP3 attempts_VBZ a_AT statutory_JJ J50 182 definition_NN of_IN a_AT trustee's_NN$ duty_NN in_IN choosing_VBG J50 182 investments_NNS ._. ^ he_PP3A must_MD have_HV J50 183 regard_NN *-_*- J50 185 *'_*' (_( a_ZZ )_) to_IN the_ATI need_NN for_IN diversification_NN J50 185 of_IN investments_NNS of_IN the_ATI J50 186 trust_NN in_CS so_CS" far_CS" as_CS" is_BEZ appropriate_JJ to_IN J50 186 the_ATI circumstances_NNS of_IN the_ATI trust_NN ;_; J50 187 (_( b_ZZ )_) to_IN the_ATI suitability_NN to_IN the_ATI trust_NN J50 187 of_IN investments_NNS of_IN the_ATI J50 188 description_NN of_IN investment_NN proposed_VBN and_CC of_IN the_ATI J50 188 investment_NN proposed_VBN as_IN J50 189 an_AT investment_NN of_IN that_DT description_NN ._. **'_**' J50 191 ^ the_ATI new_JJ powers_NNS apply_VB to_IN persons_NNS and_CC J50 191 bodies_NNS ,_, not_XNOT being_BEG trustees_NNS ,_, J50 192 who_WPR have_HV trustee_NN investment_NN powers_NNS ._. ^ section_NN J50 192 9_CD (_( 1_CD1 )_) amends_VBZ section_NN 10_CD J50 193 (_( 3_CD )_) of_IN the_ATI trustee_NN act_NN ,_, 1925_CD to_TO J50 193 remove_VB a_AT defect_NN (_( disclosed_VBN in_IN re_IN J50 194 Walker's_NP$ settlement_NN )_) which_WDTR has_HVZ occasionally_RB J50 194 caused_VBN trouble_NN where_WRB J50 195 trustees_NNS hold_VB shares_NNS in_IN a_AT company_NN that_WPR is_BEZ J50 195 the_ATI subject_NN of_IN a_AT J50 196 *'_*' take-over_NN **'_**' bid_NN ._. J51 2 ^ granted_VBN ,_, however_RB ,_, that_CS events_NNS at_IN A_ZZ J51 2 after_IN E*;1**;_&FO and_CC J51 3 before_IN E*;2**;_&FO are_BER in_IN an_AT empirically_RB J51 3 undetermined_JJ order_NN with_IN J51 4 respect_NN to_IN event_NN e*;b**;_&FO at_IN B_ZZ ,_, must_MD we_PP1AS J51 4 accept_VB Robb's_NP$ J51 5 contention_NN that_CS Einstein_NP was_BEDZ mistaken_VBN in_IN J51 5 allowing_VBG A_ZZ to_TO assign_VB a_AT J51 6 theoretical_JJ epoch_NN to_IN e*;b**;_&FO ?_? ^ in_IN other_AP J51 6 words_NNS ,_, if_CS we_PP1AS reject_VB J51 7 the_ATI classical_JJ doctrine_NN of_IN time_NN which_WDTR J51 7 stipulates_VBZ that_CS there_EX must_MD be_BE J51 8 a_AT unique_JJ event_NN at_IN A_ZZ which_WDTR is_BEZ absolutely_RB J51 8 simultaneous_JJ with_IN J51 9 e*;b**;_&FO ,_, does_DOZ it_PP3 follow_VB that_CS Einstein_NP ought_MD J51 9 not_XNOT to_TO have_HV ascribed_VBN a_AT J51 10 definite_JJ conventional_JJ system_NN of_IN time-relations_NNS (_( J51 10 earlier_RBR than_IN ,_, J51 11 simultaneous_JJ with_IN ,_, and_CC later_RBR than_IN )_) between_IN J51 11 e*;b**;_&FO and_CC all_ABN events_NNS J51 12 at_IN A_ZZ ?_? ^ the_ATI function_NN of_IN convention_NN in_IN the_ATI J51 12 construction_NN of_IN theories_NNS J51 13 is_BEZ descriptive_JJ simplicity_NN ,_, and_CC it_PP3 must_MD be_BE J51 13 admitted_VBN that_CS Einstein's_NP$ J51 14 special_JJ theory_NN of_IN relativity_NN is_BEZ simpler_JJR than_IN J51 14 Robb's_NP$ alternative_NN ._. ^ but_CC J51 15 that_DT is_BEZ not_XNOT all_ABN ._. ^ as_CS we_PP1AS have_HV seen_VBN J51 15 ,_, Einstein's_NP$ conventional_JJ rule_NN by_IN J51 16 which_WDTR A_ZZ assigns_VBZ a_AT theoretical_JJ epoch_NN to_IN J51 16 e*;b**;_&FO is_BEZ not_XNOT a_AT J51 17 *'_*' mere_JJB **'_**' convention_NN in_IN the_ATI sense_NN of_IN J51 17 being_BEG wholly_RB arbitrary_JJ ._. ^ for_CS ,_, J51 18 although_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ a_AT convention_NN in_CS so_CS" far_CS" J51 18 as_CS" it_PP3 is_BEZ freely_RB chosen_VBN and_CC not_XNOT J51 19 imposed_VBN upon_IN us_PP1OS ,_, it_PP3 can_MD be_BE isolated_VBN J51 19 uniquely_RB from_IN other_AP admissible_JJ J51 20 rules_NNS by_IN means_IN" of_IN" the_ATI axioms_NNS stated_VBN above_RI J51 20 ._. ^ with_IN all_ABN due_JJ respect_NN to_IN J51 21 Robb_NP ,_, the_ATI essential_JJ question_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT the_ATI J51 21 conceptual_JJ legitimacy_NN of_IN J51 22 Einstein's_NP$ convention_NN but_CC its_PP$ practical_JJ scope_NN ,_, J51 22 that_DT is_BEZ ,_, the_ATI range_NN of_IN J51 23 physical_JJ contexts_NNS to_IN which_WDTR it_PP3 can_MD be_BE most_QL J51 23 usefully_RB applied_VBN ._. J51 24 ^ 4_CD ._. ^ the_ATI correlation_NN of_IN time-perspectives_NNS ._. J51 25 ^ so_QL far_RB we_PP1AS have_HV considered_VBN only_RB a_AT J51 25 single_JJ observer_NN A_ZZ ._. ^ unlike_IN J51 26 Frank_NP and_CC Rothe_NP ,_, Whitehead_NP and_CC others_APS who_WPR J51 26 sought_VBD to_TO deduce_VB the_ATI J51 27 existence_NN of_IN a_AT finite_JJ universal_JJ velocity_NN from_IN J51 27 more_QL primitive_JJ J51 28 postulates_NNS ,_, J51 30 we_PP1AS have_HV not_XNOT found_VBN it_PP3 necessary_JJ to_TO J51 30 consider_VB the_ATI correlation_NN of_IN the_ATI J51 31 space_NN and_CC time_NN coordinates_NNS assigned_VBN to_IN a_AT J51 31 distant_JJ event_NN by_IN different_JJ J51 32 observers_NNS ._. ^ although_CS this_DT presented_VBD no_ATI special_JJ J51 32 difficulty_NN for_IN the_ATI J51 33 classical_JJ Newtonian_JNP physicist_NN who_WPR believed_VBD in_IN J51 33 an_AT absolute_JJ world-wide_JJ J51 34 simultaneity_NN and_CC an_AT absolute_JJ physical_JJ space_NN J51 34 governed_VBN by_IN the_ATI laws_NNS of_IN J51 35 Euclidean_JNP geometry_NN ,_, as_QL soon_RB as_CS these_DTS J51 35 assumptions_NNS were_BED abandoned_VBN the_ATI J51 36 problem_NN had_HVD to_TO be_BE re-examined_VBN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ J51 36 now_RN generally_RB recognized_VBN that_CS J51 37 the_ATI most_QL satisfactory_JJ method_NN of_IN solution_NN is_BEZ J51 37 to_TO consider_VB first_RB the_ATI J51 38 correlation_NN of_IN two_CD observers'_NNS$ clocks_NNS by_IN means_IN" J51 38 of_IN" the_ATI same_AP experiment_NN J51 39 in_IN light-signalling_NN as_CS we_PP1AS introduced_VBD above_RI (_( J51 39 \0pp_NNUS 186-7_CD-CD )_) ._. J51 40 ^ there_RN we_PP1AS considered_VBD the_ATI assignment_NN by_IN A_ZZ J51 40 of_IN times_NNS to_IN events_NNS J51 41 occurring_VBG at_IN B_ZZ ._. ^ as_CS we_PP1AS have_HV seen_VBN ,_, J51 41 Einstein's_NP$ solution_NN was_BEDZ based_VBN on_IN J51 42 his_PP$ postulate_NN that_CS the_ATI velocity_NN of_IN light_NN J51 42 according_IN to_IN" A_ZZ is_BEZ a_AT J51 43 universal_JJ constant_NN ,_, independent_JJ of_IN position_NN and_CC J51 43 direction_NN of_IN J51 44 propagation_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS must_MD now_RN consider_VB the_ATI J51 44 correlation_NN of_IN this_DT theoretical_JJ J51 45 time_NN assigned_VBN by_IN A_ZZ to_IN an_AT event_NN at_IN B_ZZ with_IN J51 45 the_ATI empirical_JJ epoch_NN J51 46 t*?7_ZZ which_WDTR would_MD actually_RB be_BE recorded_VBN on_IN a_AT J51 46 clock_NN placed_VBN at_IN B_ZZ ._. J51 47 ^ to_TO make_VB the_ATI problem_NN precise_JJ we_PP1AS postulate_VB J51 47 that_CS B_ZZ is_BEZ now_RN an_AT J51 48 observer_NN *'_*' similar_JJ **'_**' to_IN A_ZZ ._. ^ in_RB J51 48 particular_RB" ,_, this_DT implies_VBZ that_CS B_ZZ J51 49 carries_VBZ a_AT clock_NN *'_*' similar_JJ **'_**' to_IN the_ATI J51 49 one_CD1 carried_VBN by_IN A_ZZ ._. ^ for_IN J51 50 example_NN ,_, if_CS A_ZZ carries_VBZ a_AT particular_JJ type_NN of_IN J51 50 atomic_JJ or_CC molecular_JJ J51 51 clock_NN ,_, we_PP1AS assume_VB that_CS B_ZZ carries_VBZ another_DT J51 51 clock_NN of_IN identical_JJ J51 52 construction_NN ._. ^ with_IN the_ATI aid_NN of_IN this_DT clock_NN ,_, J51 52 B_ZZ can_MD partake_VB in_IN J51 53 A's_NN$ light-signalling_NN experiment_NN ,_, the_ATI signals_NNS J51 53 being_BEG instantaneously_RB J51 54 reflected_VBN back_RP to_IN either_DTX observer_NN on_IN arrival_NN J51 54 at_IN the_ATI other_AP ,_, as_CS J51 55 indicated_VBN in_IN figure_NN 7_CD ._. J51 56 ^ in_IN the_ATI special_JJ theory_NN of_IN relativity_NN it_PP3 J51 56 is_BEZ assumed_VBN that_CS A_ZZ and_CC J51 57 B_ZZ are_BER associated_VBN with_IN inertial_JJ frames_NNS of_IN J51 57 reference_NN ._. ^ consequently_RB ,_, J51 58 they_PP3AS are_BER either_DTX at_IN relative_JJ rest_NN or_CC in_IN J51 58 uniform_JJ relative_JJ motion_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J51 59 principle_NN of_IN relativity_NN on_IN which_WDTR the_ATI theory_NN J51 59 is_BEZ based_VBN was_BEDZ formulated_VBN by_IN J51 60 Poincare*?2_NP in_IN a_AT lecture_NN at_IN Saint_NPT Louis_NP ,_, J51 60 \0U.S.A_NP in_IN September_NR J51 61 1904_CD ._. ^ according_IN to_IN" his_PP$ statement_NN ,_, *'_*' J51 61 the_ATI laws_NNS of_IN physical_JJ phenomena_NNS J51 62 must_MD be_BE the_ATI same_AP for_IN a_AT *'_*' fixed_JJ **'_**' J51 62 observer_NN as_CS for_IN an_AT observer_NN who_WPR has_HVZ J51 63 a_AT uniform_JJ motion_NN of_IN translation_NN relative_JJ to_IN J51 63 him_PP3O :_: so_CS that_CS" we_PP1AS have_HV not_XNOT ,_, J51 64 and_CC can_MD not_XNOT possibly_RB have_HV ,_, any_DTI means_NN of_IN J51 64 discerning_VBG whether_CS we_PP1AS are_BER ,_, or_CC J51 65 are_BER not_XNOT ,_, carried_VBD along_RP in_IN such_ABL a_AT motion_NN J51 65 **'_**' ._. ^ shortly_RB afterwards_RB ,_, and_CC J51 66 independently_RB ,_, the_ATI principle_NN was_BEDZ enunciated_VBN in_IN J51 66 a_AT much_RB more_QL explicit_JJ J51 67 form_NN by_IN Einstein_NP :_: *'_*' the_ATI same_AP laws_NNS of_IN J51 67 electrodynamics_NN and_CC optics_NN will_MD J51 68 be_BE valid_JJ for_IN all_ABN frames_NNS of_IN reference_NN for_IN J51 68 which_WDTR the_ATI equations_NNS of_IN J51 69 mechanics_NN hold_VB good_JJ **'_**' ._. ^ this_DT principle_NN J51 69 presupposes_VBZ that_CS the_ATI observers_NNS J51 70 associated_VBN with_IN such_ABL frames_NNS of_IN reference_NN employ_VB J51 70 similar_JJ measuring_NN J51 71 instruments_NNS ,_, for_IN example_NN clocks_NNS ,_, and_CC adopt_VB J51 71 the_ATI same_AP metrical_JJ rules_NNS and_CC J51 72 definitions_NNS ._. ^ therefore_RB ,_, if_CS A_ZZ assigns_VBZ a_AT J51 72 universal_JJ value_NN c_ZZ to_IN J51 73 the_ATI speed_NN of_IN light_NN ,_, then_RN B_ZZ must_MD do_DO the_ATI J51 73 same_AP ._. J51 74 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ customary_JJ when_WRB considering_VBG the_ATI J51 74 correlation_NN of_IN the_ATI clocks_NNS J51 75 and_CC time-perspectives_NNS of_IN A_ZZ and_CC B_ZZ in_IN J51 75 Einstein's_NP$ special_JJ theory_NN J51 76 to_TO concentrate_VB on_IN the_ATI case_NN in_IN which_WDTR they_PP3AS J51 76 are_BER in_IN uniform_JJ relative_JJ J51 77 motion_NN ._. ^ instead_RB ,_, in_IN view_NN of_IN its_PP$ J51 77 importance_NN for_IN establishing_VBG one_CD1 of_IN J51 78 the_ATI main_JJB results_NNS in_IN the_ATI following_JJ chapter_NN ,_, J51 78 I_PP1A shall_MD begin_VB by_IN J51 79 considering_VBG the_ATI case_NN in_IN which_WDTR they_PP3AS are_BER J51 79 at_IN relative_JJ rest_NN ._. ^ if_CS A_ZZ and_CC J51 80 B_ZZ have_HV similarly_RB graduated_VBN clocks_NNS ,_, then_RN ,_, J51 80 apart_IN from_IN" the_ATI possible_JJ J51 81 adjustment_NN of_IN an_AT additive_JJ constant_JJ depending_VBG on_IN J51 81 the_ATI choice_NN of_IN J51 82 zero-time_NN on_IN each_DT clock_NN ,_, the_ATI principle_NN of_IN J51 82 relativity_NN can_MD be_BE reduced_VBN ,_, J51 83 as_QL far_RB as_CS kinematics_NN is_BEZ concerned_VBN ,_, to_IN the_ATI J51 83 following_NN :_: J51 84 ^ axiom_NN 10_CD ._. ^ principle_NN of_IN kinematic_JJ symmetry_NN J51 84 :_: t*;2**;_&FO is_BEZ J51 85 the_ATI same_AP function_NN of_IN t*?7_ZZ as_CS t*?7_ZZ is_BEZ of_IN J51 85 t*;1**;_&FO ._. J51 86 ^ hence_RB ,_, there_EX must_MD be_BE functional_JJ relations_NNS J51 86 of_IN the_ATI form_NN J51 87 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J51 88 ^ consequently_RB ,_, the_ATI function_NN th_ZZ ,_, which_WDTR J51 88 we_PP1AS will_MD call_VB the_ATI signal_NN J51 89 function_NN correlating_VBG A_ZZ and_CC B_ZZ ,_, must_MD be_BE such_ABL J51 89 that_CS J51 90 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J51 91 ^ but_CC ,_, since_CS B_ZZ is_BEZ at_IN a_AT fixed_JJ distance_NN J51 91 from_IN A_ZZ and_CC the_ATI J51 92 light-signals_NNS travel_VB with_IN constant_JJ speed_NN ,_, it_PP3 J51 92 follows_VBZ that_CS J51 93 (_( t*;2**;-t*;1**;_&FO )_) must_MD be_BE a_AT constant_NN ._. ^ J51 93 hence_RB ,_, th_ZZ must_MD be_BE J51 94 such_ABL that_CS J51 95 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J51 96 for_IN all_ABN values_NNS of_IN t*;1**;_&FO and_CC some_DTI J51 96 constant_NN a_ZZ ._. ^ if_CS we_PP1AS drop_VB J51 97 the_ATI suffix_NN ,_, an_AT obvious_JJ solution_NN of_IN this_DT J51 97 functional_JJ equation_NN is_BEZ given_VBN J51 98 by_IN J51 99 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J51 100 ^ more_QL generally_RB ,_, by_IN operating_VBG on_IN each_DT side_NN J51 100 of_IN (_( 23_CD )_) with_IN th_ZZ we_PP1AS J51 101 deduce_VB that_CS J51 102 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J51 103 whence_WRB it_PP3 immediately_RB follows_VBZ that_CS th(t)_&FO J51 103 must_MD be_BE of_IN the_ATI J51 104 form_NN J51 105 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J51 106 where_WRB o(t)_&FO is_BEZ of_IN period_NN 2a_CD ._. ^ to_TO J51 106 reduce_VB this_DT to_IN the_ATI J51 107 particular_JJ form_NN J51 108 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, we_PP1AS must_MD consider_VB other_AP similar_JJ J51 108 stationary_JJ observers_NNS ._. J51 109 ^ thus_RB ,_, if_CS A_ZZ ,_, B_ZZ ,_, and_CC C_ZZ are_BER collinear_JJ J51 109 ,_, with_IN B_ZZ lying_VBG between_IN J51 110 A_ZZ and_CC C_ZZ ,_, and_CC f_ZZ is_BEZ the_ATI signal_NN function_NN J51 110 correlating_VBG B_ZZ and_CC J51 111 C_ZZ ,_, then_RN A_ZZ and_CC C_ZZ will_MD be_BE related_VBN by_IN J51 111 the_ATI signal_NN function_NN J51 112 ps_ZZ given_VBN by_IN J51 113 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ consequently_RB ,_, th_ZZ and_CC f_ZZ must_MD J51 113 be_BE commutative_JJ J51 114 functions_NNS ._. ^ since_CS C_ZZ is_BEZ at_IN a_AT fixed_JJ J51 114 distance_NN from_IN B_ZZ ,_, f_ZZ must_MD J51 115 satisfy_VB a_AT functional_JJ equation_NN of_IN the_ATI form_NN J51 116 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J51 117 where_WRB b_ZZ is_BEZ some_DTI constant_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ J51 117 then_RN easily_RB proved_VBN that_CS J51 118 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J51 119 and_CC so_RB we_PP1AS deduce_VB that_CS A_ZZ and_CC C_ZZ are_BER J51 119 at_IN a_AT fixed_JJ distance_NN J51 120 apart_RP equal_JJ to_IN the_ATI sum_NN of_IN the_ATI respective_JJ J51 120 distances_NNS of_IN A_ZZ and_CC B_ZZ J51 121 and_CC of_IN B_ZZ and_CC C_ZZ ._. ^ by_IN operating_VBG on_IN both_ABX J51 121 sides_NNS of_IN (_( 24_CD )_) with_IN the_ATI J51 122 function_NN th_ZZ and_CC appealing_VBG to_IN the_ATI commutative_JJ J51 122 property_NN of_IN th_ZZ and_CC J51 123 f_ZZ ,_, we_PP1AS deduce_VB that_CS J51 124 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J51 125 whence_WRB it_PP3 follows_VBZ that_CS J51 126 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J51 127 where_WRB o(t)_&FO is_BEZ of_IN period_NN 2b_CD ._. ^ hence_RB ,_, J51 127 o(t)_&FO J51 128 must_MD admit_VB both_ABX 2a_CD and_CC 2b_CD as_IN periods_NNS ._. ^ J51 128 if_CS A_ZZ ,_, B_ZZ ,_, and_CC C_ZZ J51 129 are_BER any_DTI three_CD members_NNS of_IN a_AT continuum_NN of_IN J51 129 relatively_RB stationary_JJ J51 130 observers_NNS ,_, then_RN 2a_CD and_CC 2b_CD will_MD ,_, in_RB J51 130 general_RB" ,_, be_BE J51 131 incommensurable_JJ ._. ^ consequently_RB ,_, by_IN a_AT well-known_JJ J51 131 theorem_NN the_ATI only_AP J51 132 continuous_JJ form_NN for_IN the_ATI function_NN o(t)_&FO is_BEZ a_AT J51 132 constant_NN ,_, and_CC so_RB J51 133 from_IN equation_NN (_( 23_CD )_) it_PP3 follows_VBZ that_CS J51 134 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J51 135 ^ with_IN this_DT solution_NN for_IN th(t)_&FO ,_, equations_NNS (_( J51 135 21_CD )_) give_VB J51 136 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J51 137 ^ by_IN comparison_NN with_IN equation_NN (_( 19_CD )_) ,_, we_PP1AS J51 137 deduce_VB that_CS t*?7_ZZ =_&FO t_ZZ ,_, J51 138 that_DT is_BEZ ,_, the_ATI time_NN recorded_VBN on_IN B's_NN$ clock_NN J51 138 when_WRB any_DTI event_NN occurs_VBZ at_IN J51 139 B_ZZ is_BEZ the_ATI same_AP as_IN the_ATI time_NN theoretically_RB J51 139 assigned_VBN to_IN that_DT event_NN by_IN J51 140 A_ZZ on_IN the_ATI basis_NN of_IN the_ATI uniform_JJ velocity_NN of_IN J51 140 light_NN ._. ^ therefore_RB ,_, all_ABN J51 141 relatively_RB stationary_JJ observers_NNS assign_VB the_ATI same_AP J51 141 time_NN to_IN any_DTI given_JJ J51 142 event_NN ,_, and_CC this_DT time_NN agrees_VBZ with_IN that_DT J51 142 actually_RB recorded_VBN on_IN the_ATI clock_NN J51 143 kept_VBN by_IN the_ATI observer_NN at_IN the_ATI point_NN where_WRB J51 143 the_ATI event_NN occurs_VBZ ._. ^ in_IN this_DT J51 144 conventional_JJ sense_NN ,_, there_EX is_BEZ world-wide_JJ J51 144 simultaneity_NN of_IN events_NNS ,_, and_CC J51 145 therefore_RB universal_JJ time_NN ,_, for_IN all_ABN relatively_RB J51 145 stationary_JJ observers_NNS ._. J51 146 ^ the_ATI above_JJB analysis_NN was_BEDZ based_VBN on_IN the_ATI J51 146 *'_*' kinematic_JJ symmetry_NN **'_**' of_IN J51 147 relatively_RB stationary_JJ observers_NNS with_IN similarly_RB J51 147 graduated_JJ clocks_NNS who_WPR J51 148 assign_VB the_ATI same_AP constant_JJ value_NN to_IN the_ATI speed_NN J51 148 of_IN light-signals_NNS passing_VBG J51 149 between_IN them_PP3OS in_IN free_JJ space_NN ._. ^ in_IN his_PP$ J51 149 special_JJ theory_NN of_IN relativity_NN ,_, J51 150 Einstein_NP showed_VBD how_WRB the_ATI same_AP principle_NN of_IN J51 150 kinematic_JJ symmetry_NN in_IN J51 151 light-signalling_NN experiments_NNS could_MD be_BE extended_VBN to_IN J51 151 observers_NNS in_IN uniform_JJ J51 152 relative_JJ motion_NN ,_, although_CS the_ATI consequences_NNS are_BER J51 152 not_XNOT entirely_RB the_ATI same_AP J51 153 as_CS for_IN relatively_RB stationary_JJ observers_NNS ._. ^ in_RB J51 153 particular_RB" ,_, there_EX is_BEZ no_RB J51 154 longer_RBR world-wide_JJ simultaneity_NN ,_, and_CC hence_RB no_ATI J51 154 universal_JJ common_JJ time_NN ,_, J51 155 for_IN the_ATI aggregate_NN of_IN uniformly_RB moving_JJ observers_NNS J51 155 ._. ^ consequently_RB ,_, J51 156 although_CS the_ATI theory_NN is_BEZ based_VBN on_IN the_ATI J51 156 hypothesis_NN that_CS the_ATI general_JJ laws_NNS J51 157 governing_VBG physical_JJ formulae_NNS are_BER of_IN the_ATI same_AP J51 157 form_NN for_IN an_AT observer_NN J51 158 associated_VBN with_IN any_DTI inertial_JJ frame_NN in_IN uniform_JJ J51 158 relative_JJ motion_NN as_CS for_IN J51 159 an_AT observer_NN associated_VBN with_IN any_DTI inertial_JJ frame_NN J51 159 at_IN relative_JJ rest_NN ,_, there_EX J51 160 are_BER important_JJ differences_NNS regarding_IN the_ATI epochs_NNS J51 160 assigned_VBN to_IN particular_JJ J51 161 events_NNS ._. J51 162 ^ to_TO see_VB this_DT most_QL simply_RB ,_, we_PP1AS again_RB J51 162 consider_VB light-signalling_NN from_IN J51 163 A_ZZ to_IN B_ZZ and_CC from_IN B_ZZ to_IN A_ZZ ,_, as_CS in_IN J51 163 figure_NN 7_CD ,_, but_CC this_DT time_NN J51 164 we_PP1AS stipulate_VB that_CS the_ATI two_CD observers_NNS J51 164 concerned_VBN move_VB away_RP from_IN J51 165 coincidence_NN with_IN each_PPLS other_PPLS" at_IN a_AT particular_JJ J51 165 epoch_NN with_IN uniform_JJ J51 166 velocity_NN in_IN a_AT radial_JJ direction_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS also_RB J51 166 postulate_VB that_CS the_ATI two_CD J51 167 similar_JJ clocks_NNS were_BED synchronized_VBN to_TO read_VB time_NN J51 167 zero_CD at_IN the_ATI original_JJ J51 168 instant_NN of_IN coincidence_NN ._. ^ as_CS before_RI ,_, we_PP1AS J51 168 consider_VB a_AT signal_NN emitted_VBN by_IN J51 169 A_ZZ at_IN time_NN t*;1**;_&FO ,_, recorded_VBN on_IN A's_NN$ clock_NN J51 169 ._. ^ we_PP1AS suppose_VB that_CS J51 170 this_DT signal_NN is_BEZ instantaneously_RB reflected_VBN on_IN J51 170 arrival_NN at_IN B_ZZ at_IN time_NN J51 171 t*?7_ZZ ,_, according_IN to_IN" B's_NN$ clock_NN ,_, returning_VBG J51 171 to_IN A_ZZ at_IN time_NN J51 172 t*;2**;_&FO ,_, according_IN to_IN" A_ZZ ._. ^ from_IN the_ATI J51 172 principle_NN of_IN kinematic_JJ J51 173 symmetry_NN it_PP3 follows_VBZ that_CS ,_, if_CS J51 174 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, then_RN J51 175 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ therefore_RB ,_, J51 176 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J51 177 ^ but_CC J51 178 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J51 179 where_WRB r_ZZ is_BEZ the_ATI distance_NN of_IN B_ZZ from_IN A_ZZ J51 179 ,_, according_IN to_IN" A_ZZ ,_, J51 180 at_IN the_ATI instant_NN of_IN reflection_NN ,_, and_CC t_ZZ is_BEZ J51 180 the_ATI epoch_NN theoretically_RB J51 181 assigned_VBN by_IN A_ZZ to_IN this_DT event_NN ._. ^ since_CS B_ZZ J51 181 is_BEZ moving_VBG away_RP radially_RB J51 182 from_IN coincidence_NN with_IN A_ZZ at_IN time_NN zero_CD ,_, it_PP3 J51 182 follows_VBZ that_CS J51 183 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J51 184 where_WRB V_ZZ is_BEZ the_ATI relative_JJ speed_NN of_IN B_ZZ ._. ^ J51 184 hence_RB ,_, J51 185 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J51 186 where_WRB J51 187 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J51 188 ^ consequently_RB ,_, on_IN comparing_VBG (_( 25_CD )_) and_CC (_( J51 188 26_CD )_) we_PP1AS see_VB that_CS the_ATI function_NN J51 189 ps_ZZ must_MD be_BE such_ABL that_CS for_IN all_ABN values_NNS of_IN J51 189 the_ATI variable_NN t_ZZ J51 190 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J51 191 ^ by_IN operating_VBG on_IN each_DT side_NN of_IN this_DT J51 191 equation_NN with_IN ps_ZZ ,_, we_PP1AS J51 192 deduce_VB that_CS J51 193 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J51 194 whence_WRB J51 195 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J51 196 the_ATI prime_JJB symbol_NN denoting_VBG the_ATI derivative_NN ._. ^ J51 196 the_ATI only_AP solution_NN of_IN J51 197 equation_NN (_( 28_CD )_) which_WDTR is_BEZ continuous_JJ as_IN J51 198 **[formula**]_&FO (_( positively_RB )_) is_BEZ ps*?7(t)=k_&FO ,_, J51 198 where_WRB k_ZZ is_BEZ J51 199 a_AT constant_NN ._. ^ since_CS t*?7=0_&FO when_WRB t*;1**;=0_&FO ,_, J51 199 it_PP3 follows_VBZ that_CS J51 200 ps(0)=0_&FO ,_, and_CC hence_RB we_PP1AS must_MD have_HV ps(t)=kt_&FO J51 200 ._. ^ comparison_NN J51 201 with_IN (_( 27_CD )_) yields_VBZ k*:2**:=a*:2**:_&FO ._. ^ in_TO J51 201 order_TO" to_TO" obtain_VB the_ATI J51 202 unique_JJ solution_NN k=a_&FO ,_, and_CC hence_RB J51 203 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J51 204 where_WRB a_ZZ is_BEZ positive_JJ ,_, we_PP1AS must_MD invoke_VB J51 204 a_AT further_JJB axiom_NN :_: J51 205 ^ axiom_NN 11_CD ._. ^ the_ATI order_NN of_IN reception_NN of_IN J51 205 light-signals_NNS by_IN B_ZZ ,_, J51 206 according_IN to_IN" B_ZZ ,_, corresponds_VBZ to_IN the_ATI order_NN J51 206 of_IN emission_NN of_IN these_DTS signals_NNS J51 207 by_IN A_ZZ ,_, according_IN to_IN" A_ZZ ._. J51 208 ^ we_PP1AS have_HV seen_VBN that_CS ,_, according_IN to_IN" A_ZZ ,_, J51 208 there_EX is_BEZ at_IN any_DTI point_NN at_IN J51 209 a_AT given_JJ (_( theoretically_RB assigned_JJ )_) epoch_NN a_AT J51 209 unique_JJ value_NN for_IN the_ATI J51 210 speed_NN of_IN light_NN in_IN free_JJ space_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 follows_VBZ J51 210 that_CS the_ATI order_NN ,_, according_IN to_IN" J51 211 A_ZZ ,_, of_IN arrival_NN of_IN light-signals_NNS at_IN B_ZZ must_MD J51 211 be_BE the_ATI same_AP as_IN the_ATI J51 212 order_NN of_IN their_PP$ emission_NN from_IN A_ZZ ._. ^ for_CS ,_, J51 212 if_CS a_AT signal_NN emitted_VBN by_IN A_ZZ J51 213 at_IN some_DTI epoch_NN were_BED to_TO arrive_VB at_IN B_ZZ ,_, J51 213 according_IN to_IN" A_ZZ ,_, before_IN an_AT J51 214 earlier_JJR signal_NN emitted_VBN from_IN A_ZZ ,_, then_RN ,_, J51 214 assuming_VBG continuity_NN ,_, there_EX J51 215 would_MD be_BE some_DTI event_NN occurring_VBG in_RP between_IN A_ZZ J51 215 and_CC B_ZZ at_IN which_WDTR the_ATI J51 216 second_OD signal_NN would_MD overtake_VB the_ATI first_OD and_CC J51 216 pass_VB it_PP3 ._. ^ at_IN such_ABL an_AT event_NN J51 217 there_EX would_MD be_BE ,_, according_IN to_IN" A_ZZ ,_, two_CD J51 217 values_NNS for_IN the_ATI speed_NN of_IN light_NN J51 218 in_IN free_JJ space_NN ._. ^ axiom_NN 11_CD can_MD therefore_RB be_BE J51 218 regarded_VBN as_CS asserting_VBG that_CS J51 219 the_ATI theoretically_RB assigned_VBN time-order_NN of_IN events_NNS J51 219 at_IN B_ZZ ,_, according_IN to_IN" J51 220 A_ZZ ,_, agrees_VBZ with_IN the_ATI time-order_NN of_IN these_DTS J51 220 events_NNS as_CS actually_RB J51 221 experienced_VBN by_IN B_ZZ ._. ^ in_IN this_DT sense_NN ,_, we_PP1AS J51 221 can_MD speak_VB of_IN the_ATI time-order_NN J51 222 of_IN these_DTS events_NNS according_IN to_IN" A_ZZ being_BEG in_IN J51 222 the_ATI same_AP sense_NN as_IN the_ATI J51 223 time-order_NN of_IN the_ATI same_AP events_NNS according_IN to_IN" B_ZZ J51 223 ._. ^ by_IN the_ATI principle_NN of_IN J51 224 relativity_NN ,_, A_ZZ and_CC B_ZZ are_BER interchangeable_JJ in_IN J51 224 axiom_NN 11_CD ._. J51 225 ^ since_CS t*;2**;=at*?7_&FO ,_, t*?7=at*;1**;_&FO ,_, and_CC J51 226 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, where_WRB t_ZZ is_BEZ the_ATI time_NN J51 226 theoretically_RB assigned_VBN by_IN A_ZZ J51 227 to_IN the_ATI arrival_NN (_( and_CC reflection_NN )_) of_IN the_ATI J51 227 signal_NN at_IN B_ZZ ,_, it_PP3 follows_VBZ J51 228 that_CS J51 229 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ hence_RB ,_, we_PP1AS deduce_VB that_CS ,_, J51 229 although_CS A_ZZ and_CC B_ZZ agree_VB J51 230 on_IN the_ATI time-order_NN of_IN events_NNS at_IN B_ZZ ,_, they_PP3AS J51 230 will_MD assign_VB different_JJ J51 231 measures_NNS to_IN the_ATI time-interval_NN between_IN any_DTI two_CD J51 231 instants_NNS at_IN B_ZZ ._. J52 2 ^ then_RN only_RB at_IN the_ATI stage_NN of_IN the_ATI build-up_NN J52 2 on_IN a_AT screen_NN does_DOZ the_ATI object_NN J52 3 enter_VB into_IN the_ATI mind_NN of_IN a_AT perceiver_NN as_IN J52 3 perception_NN ._. ^ if_CS we_PP1AS accept_VB the_ATI J52 4 analogy_NN of_IN the_ATI television_NN apparatus_NN then_RN here_RN J52 4 is_BEZ mediation_NN of_IN the_ATI most_QL J52 5 absolute_JJ sort_NN ._. ^ is_BEZ it_PP3 possible_JJ to_TO reconcile_VB J52 5 this_DT mediation_NN with_IN the_ATI J52 6 sense_NN of_IN utter_JJB transparency_NN which_WDTR accompanies_VBZ J52 6 the_ATI act_NN of_IN *'_*' seeing_VBG ,_, **'_**' J52 7 upon_IN which_WDTR Professors_NPTS \0A_NP \0J_NP Ayer_NP and_CC J52 7 Gilbert_NP Ryle_NP ,_, and_CC \0Mr_NPT J52 8 \0R_NP \0J_NP Hirst_NP and_CC \0Mr_NPT \0M_NP Lean_NP have_HV J52 8 placed_VBN such_ABL necessary_JJ J52 9 emphasis_NN ?_? ^ or_CC in_IN more_QL general_JJ terms_NNS can_MD J52 9 we_PP1AS reconcile_VB the_ATI body_NN as_IN J52 10 instrumentality_NN with_IN the_ATI world_NN as_IN immediacy_NN ?_? J52 11 ^ the_ATI problems_NNS which_WDTR have_HV so_QL far_RB proved_VBN J52 11 so_QL insoluble_JJ for_IN J52 12 perception_NN are_BER even_RB more_QL central_JJ to_IN the_ATI J52 12 discussion_NN of_IN the_ATI ro*?5le_NN of_IN J52 13 feeling_NN in_IN man's_NN$ experience_NN of_IN himself_PPL and_CC J52 13 the_ATI world_NN ._. ^ for_CS here_RN J52 14 again_RB in_IN a_AT theory_NN of_IN prehension_NN there_EX would_MD J52 14 seem_VB to_TO be_BE yet_RB another_DT J52 15 scientific_JJ schema_NN interposed_VBN between_IN man_NN and_CC the_ATI J52 15 world_NN he_PP3A directly_RB J52 16 experiences_VBZ through_IN perception_NN ,_, and_CC ,_, it_PP3 could_MD J52 16 be_BE argued_VBN ,_, with_IN less_AP J52 17 justification_NN or_CC profit_NN ._. ^ the_ATI questions_NNS come_VB J52 17 thick_RB and_CC fast_RB ._. ^ if_CS there_EX J52 18 is_BEZ a_AT universal_JJ but_CC unconscious_JJ *'_*' feeling_NN **'_**' J52 18 in_IN what_WDT sense_NN is_BEZ it_PP3 J52 19 *'_*' knowledge_NN ?_? **'_**' ^ if_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT *'_*' J52 19 knowledge_NN **'_**' to_IN the_ATI organism_NN ,_, what_WDT is_BEZ J52 20 its_PP$ ro*?5le_NN ?_? ^ does_DOZ unconscious_JJ feeling_NN rise_VB J52 20 in_IN some_DTI symbolic_JJ form_NN into_IN J52 21 consciousness_NN or_CC as_IN an_AT emotional_JJ pressure_NN like_IN J52 21 instinct_NN ?_? ^ how_WRB is_BEZ an_AT J52 22 unconscious_JJ feeling_NN to_TO be_BE reconciled_VBN with_IN a_AT J52 22 conscious_JJ sensory_JJ J52 23 experience_NN of_IN the_ATI sort_NN we_PP1AS describe_VB as_IN a_AT J52 23 *'_*' feeling_NN ?_? **'_**' ^ as_IN for_IN J52 24 example_NN ,_, ~ *'_*' I_PP1A feel_VB good_JJ **'_**' or_CC ~ *'_*' J52 24 I_PP1A have_HV a_AT stomach-ache_NN ?_? **'_**' J52 25 ^ though_CS I_PP1A can_MD only_RB do_DO so_PN as_IN a_AT layman_NN J52 25 ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ going_VBG to_TO be_BE necessary_JJ J52 26 to_TO look_VB at_IN some_DTI of_IN the_ATI scientific_JJ findings_NNS J52 26 ._. ^ but_CC we_PP1AS can_MD easily_RB be_BE J52 27 dazzled_VBN by_IN science_NN into_IN imagining_VBG that_CS we_PP1AS J52 27 know_VB more_AP about_IN our_PP$ bodies_NNS J52 28 than_CS we_PP1AS do_DO know_VB in_IN direct_JJ experience_NN ._. ^ J52 28 the_ATI body-schema_NN science_NN has_HVZ J52 29 built_VBN up_RP for_IN us_PP1OS is_BEZ apt_JJ to_TO obscure_VB the_ATI J52 29 enigmatic_JJ experiential_JJ relation_NN J52 30 a_AT man_NN has_HVZ to_IN his_PP$ own_AP body_NN ._. ^ common_JJ J52 30 sense_NN suggests_VBZ that_CS we_PP1AS should_MD look_VB J52 31 at_IN the_ATI body_NN as_CS given_VBN in_IN private_JJ experience_NN J52 31 before_CS we_PP1AS decide_VB what_WDT it_PP3 is_BEZ J52 32 like_IN in_IN terms_NNS of_IN public_JJ science_NN ._. J52 33 ^ 3_CD :_: the_ATI self's_NN$ knowledge_NN of_IN the_ATI body_NN ._. J52 34 ^ on_IN the_ATI threshold_NN of_IN every_AT man's_NN$ awareness_NN J52 34 is_BEZ his_PP$ intimate_JJ sense_NN J52 35 of_IN being_BEG ,_, or_CC being_BEG identified_VBN with_IN ,_, a_AT J52 35 body_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A is_BEZ this_DT body_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A J52 36 exists_VBZ this_DT body_NN ,_, as_CS \0M_NPT Jean-Paul_NP Sartre_NP J52 36 would_MD say_VB ._. ^ he_PP3A can_MD not_XNOT J52 37 conceive_VB existence_NN without_IN it_PP3 ._. ^ if_CS he_PP3A J52 37 stops_VBZ to_TO reflect_VB on_IN it_PP3 ,_, he_PP3A is_BEZ J52 38 conscious_JJ on_IN the_ATI threshold_NN of_IN perception_NN of_IN J52 38 its_PP$ enjoyable_JJ warmth_NN and_CC J52 39 beyond_IN its_PP$ warmth_NN ,_, obscurely_RB felt_VBN ,_, its_PP$ J52 39 energy_NN ,_, its_PP$ nature_NN of_IN seeming_VBG J52 40 to_TO be_BE coiled_VBN like_IN a_AT spring_NN ready_JJ to_TO do_DO J52 40 his_PP$ bidding_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ difficult_JJ J52 41 to_TO analyse_VB this_DT situation_NN except_CS in_IN Cartesian_JNP J52 41 terms_NNS ,_, much_RB as_CS one_CD1 would_MD J52 42 like_VB to_TO avoid_VB them_PP3OS ,_, for_CS man_NN both_ABX is_BEZ J52 42 his_PP$ body_NN and_CC conceives_VBZ his_PP$ body_NN as_IN J52 43 his_PP$ instrument_NN in_IN the_ATI world_NN ._. ^ in_IN a_AT J52 43 discussion_NN of_IN animal_NN behaviour_NN J52 44 Professor_NPT Michael_NP Polanyi_NP remarks_VBZ that_CS ~ *'_*' J52 44 there_EX is_BEZ a_AT purposive_JJ tension_NN J52 45 from_IN which_WDTR no_ATI fully_RB awake_JJ animal_NN is_BEZ free_JJ J52 45 ._. ^ it_PP3 consists_VBZ in_IN a_AT readiness_NN J52 46 to_TO perceive_VB and_CC to_TO act_VB ,_, or_CC more_QL generally_RB J52 46 speaking_VBG ,_, to_TO make_VB sense_NN of_IN J52 47 its_PP$ situation_NN ,_, both_ABX intellectually_RB and_CC J52 47 practically_RB ._. **'_**' ^ man's_NN$ J52 48 existential_JJ encounter_NN with_IN himself_PPL could_MD be_BE J52 48 described_VBN in_IN these_DTS terms_NNS ._. J52 49 ^ he_PP3A knows_VBZ himself_PPL as_IN a_AT *'_*' purposive_JJ J52 49 tension_NN **'_**' seeking_VBG *'_*' control_NN of_IN J52 50 itself_PPL and_CC of_IN its_PP$ surroundings_NNS ._. **'_**' ^ \0Dr_NPT J52 50 Erich_NP Kahler_NP speaks_VBZ of_IN man's_NN$ J52 51 bodily_JJ consciousness_NN in_IN a_AT more_QL general_JJ but_CC J52 51 still_RB illuminating_JJ way_NN :_: J52 52 ^ *'_*' when_WRB I_PP1A try_VB to_TO delve_VB into_IN my_PP$ J52 52 innermost_JJ feelings_NNS ,_, my_PP$ initial_JJ J52 53 feeling_NN of_IN self_NN ,_, I_PP1A find_VB that_CS at_IN the_ATI J52 53 bottom_NN there_EX is_BEZ not_XNOT just_RB a_AT feeling_NN J52 54 of_IN sheer_JJB existence_NN ,_, or_CC of_IN sheer_JJB thinking_NN ,_, J52 54 the_ATI Cartesian_JNP cogito_&FW ._. J52 55 ^ there_EX is_BEZ ,_, immediately_RB and_CC simultaneously_RB ,_, J52 55 something_PN more_AP ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ J52 56 implicit_JJ in_IN my_PP$ feeling_NN of_IN existence_NN a_AT feeling_NN J52 56 of_IN organic_JJ J52 57 existence_NN ,_, or_CC organicity_NN ,_, of_IN wholeness_NN ._. ^ J52 57 distorted_VBN ,_, stunted_VBN as_CS J52 58 it_PP3 may_MD be_BE by_IN the_ATI wear_NN and_CC tear_NN of_IN J52 58 modern_JJ life_NN the_ATI original_JJ form_NN is_BEZ J52 59 still_RB traceable_JJ as_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ present_JJ in_IN the_ATI J52 59 bud_NN of_IN youth_NN :_: a_AT ball_NN of_IN J52 60 radiating_JJ strength_NN and_CC capacity_NN ;_; all-sidedness_NN ,_, J52 60 all-potentiality_NN ;_; J52 61 coherence_NN ,_, correspondence_NN ,_, co-operation_NN of_IN all_ABN J52 61 my_PP$ organs_NNS and_CC J52 62 faculties_NNS ._. ^ a_AT young_JJ healthy_JJ human_JJ being_NN J52 62 feels_VBZ the_ATI unity_NN of_IN body_NN and_CC J52 63 mind_NN **'_**' (_( or_CC rather_RB ,_, one_CD1 might_MD say_VB ,_, J52 63 since_CS this_DT is_BEZ already_RB metaphysical_JJ ,_, J52 64 he_PP3A can_MD not_XNOT conceive_VB their_PP$ disunity_NN )_) *'_*' J52 64 the_ATI one_CD1 present_JJ in_IN the_ATI other_AP ,_, J52 65 and_CC the_ATI mind_NN governing_VBG the_ATI body_NN in_IN a_AT J52 65 still_RB nai"ve_JJ ,_, unconscious_JJ ,_, J52 66 spontaneous_JJ manner_NN ;_; neither_DTX intellect_NN nor_CC brute_JJB J52 66 force_NN is_BEZ autonomously_RB J52 67 prevalent_JJ ._. ^ such_ABL elemental_JJ feeling_NN of_IN organic_JJ J52 67 existence_NN shines_VBZ forth_RP J52 68 in_IN the_ATI beautiful_JJ ,_, masterly_JJ ,_, fully_RB animated_JJ J52 68 bodies_NNS of_IN *'_*' primitive_JJ J52 69 **'_**' people_NNS ..._... in_IN whom_WPOR the_ATI whole_JJ body_NN J52 69 is_BEZ face_NN and_CC has_HVZ the_ATI playful_JJ ,_, J52 70 controlled_JJ expression_NN of_IN a_AT face_NN ._. **'_**' J52 71 ^ man's_NN$ consciousness_NN of_IN his_PP$ almost_RB hidden_JJ J52 71 organic_JJ energy_NN is_BEZ more_QL J52 72 difficult_JJ to_TO reach_VB than_IN the_ATI sense_NN of_IN warm_JJ J52 72 bodily_JJ being_NN ,_, for_CS when_WRB we_PP1AS J52 73 reflect_VB on_IN the_ATI body_NN it_PP3 becomes_VBZ passive_JJ and_CC J52 73 relaxes_VBZ ,_, but_CC for_IN the_ATI most_QL J52 74 important_JJ part_NN of_IN our_PP$ waking_NN lives_NNS we_PP1AS are_BER J52 74 *'_*' keyed_VBN up_RP **'_**' to_IN activity_NN ,_, J52 75 without_IN taking_VBG thought_NN about_IN it_PP3 ._. ^ when_WRB J52 75 we_PP1AS are_BER stretched_VBN in_IN attention_NN ,_, J52 76 ready_JJ to_TO act_VB ,_, as_IN a_AT runner_NN waiting_VBG for_IN J52 76 the_ATI starter's_NN$ pistol_NN ,_, we_PP1AS are_BER in_IN J52 77 the_ATI worst_JJT possible_JJ position_NN for_IN reflection_NN ._. ^ J52 77 but_CC the_ATI state_NN of_IN action_NN ,_, J52 78 or_CC of_IN being_BEG coiled_VBN for_IN action_NN ,_, probably_RB J52 78 fills_VBZ more_AP of_IN our_PP$ waking_NN lives_NNS J52 79 than_IN the_ATI relaxed_JJ and_CC reflective_JJ situation_NN ,_, J52 79 even_RB with_IN such_ABL notably_RB J52 80 recumbent_JJ figures_NNS as_IN philosophers_NNS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J52 80 active_JJ state_NN ,_, the_ATI J52 81 separation_NN of_IN the_ATI will_NN from_IN the_ATI bodily_JJ J52 81 activity_NN is_BEZ so_QL impossible_JJ to_TO J52 82 conceive_VB that_CS we_PP1AS are_BER barely_RB conscious_JJ of_IN J52 82 using_VBG the_ATI will_NN to_TO perform_VB J52 83 actions_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI whole_JJ body_NN becomes_VBZ pervaded_VBN J52 83 with_IN will_NN ,_, is_BEZ will_NN ._. J52 84 ^ this_DT identity_NN of_IN body_NN ,_, self_NN and_CC will_NN has_HVZ J52 84 important_JJ consequences_NNS for_IN J52 85 the_ATI theory_NN I_PP1A am_BEM developing_VBG ._. J52 86 ^ what_WDT other_AP modes_NNS of_IN the_ATI body-self's_NN$ J52 86 generalized_JJ awareness_NN are_BER J52 87 there_RN ?_? ^ I_PP1A think_VB we_PP1AS must_MD add_VB the_ATI sense_NN J52 87 of_IN a_AT locus_NN of_IN our_PP$ J52 88 perceptions_NNS and_CC ideas_NNS ._. ^ we_PP1AS have_HV a_AT spatial_JJ J52 88 presence_NN ,_, and_CC we_PP1AS have_HV an_AT J52 89 inner_JJB space_NN which_WDTR this_DT presence_NN guards_VBZ ._. ^ J52 89 we_PP1AS have_HV the_ATI sensation_NN of_IN J52 90 thought_NN going_VBG on_RP inside_IN us_PP1OS ,_, as_CS it_PP3 were_BED J52 90 in_IN the_ATI head_NN ,_, though_CS grief_NN and_CC J52 91 heartache_NN are_BER genuinely_RB elsewhere_RB ._. ^ the_ATI sense_NN J52 91 of_IN location_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT a_AT J52 92 sharp_JJ one_CD1 ._. ^ *'_*' in_IN **'_**' us_PP1OS ,_, we_PP1AS say_VB J52 92 ,_, and_CC less_QL vaguely_RB ,_, *'_*' in_IN our_PP$ heads_NNS ,_, J52 92 **'_**' J52 93 but_CC never_RB as_CS *'_*' in_IN **'_**' an_AT organ_NN open_JJ to_IN J52 93 any_DTI perceptual_JJ inspection_NN like_IN a_AT J52 94 hand_NN or_CC a_AT finger-nail_NN ._. ^ Erich_NP Kahler_NP speaks_VBZ J52 94 of_IN man_NN not_XNOT as_IN a_AT spot_NN of_IN J52 95 sheer_JJB being_NN thrown_VBN into_IN existence_NN in_IN the_ATI J52 95 existentialist_NN sense_NN ,_, nor_CC as_IN J52 96 a_AT function_NN of_IN thinking_NN ,_, but_CC as_IN *'_*' an_AT J52 96 inner_JJB space_NN ,_, a_AT latent_JJ arena_NN ,_, an_AT J52 97 area_NN of_IN self_NN ._. **'_**' ^ for_IN him_PP3O this_DT J52 97 self-identity_NN also_RB involves_VBZ *'_*' the_ATI J52 98 silent_JJ presence_NN of_IN a_AT person's_NN$ whole_JJ background_NN J52 98 and_CC surroundings_NNS ..._... J52 99 the_ATI total_JJ potentiality_NN of_IN his_PP$ experiences_NNS ever_RB J52 99 ready_JJ to_TO be_BE called_VBN into_IN J52 100 function_NN ,_, in_RB short_RB" the_ATI immeasurable_JJ avenues_NNS J52 100 of_IN his_PP$ memory_NN and_CC of_IN his_PP$ J52 101 interiorized_JJ world_NN ._. **'_**' J52 102 ^ the_ATI perceiving_NN ,_, thinking_NN ,_, worrying_NN ,_, J52 102 planning_NN processes_NNS of_IN the_ATI J52 103 self_NN are_BER *'_*' us_PP1OS **'_**' as_QL much_RB as_CS the_ATI J52 103 body_NN is_BEZ *'_*' us_PP1OS ._. **'_**' ^ and_CC though_CS they_PP3AS J52 104 can_MD not_XNOT be_BE apprehended_VBN like_IN the_ATI body_NN ,_, J52 104 they_PP3AS belong_VB to_IN it_PP3 ._. ^ as_CS David_NP Hume_NP J52 105 pointed_VBD out_RP ,_, we_PP1AS can_MD not_XNOT turn_VB round_RP and_CC J52 105 catch_VB our_PP$ minds_NNS or_CC selves_NNS :_: the_ATI J52 106 mere_JJB act_NN of_IN trying_VBG to_TO seize_VB upon_IN personal_JJ J52 106 identity_NN as_CS if_CS" it_PP3 were_BED J52 107 another_DT *'_*' thing_NN **'_**' we_PP1AS could_MD handle_VB ,_, J52 107 defeats_VBZ us_PP1OS ,_, for_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ in_IN the_ATI J52 108 nature_NN of_IN personal_JJ identity_NN always_RB to_TO be_BE doing_VBG J52 108 and_CC seizing_VBG and_CC never_RB J52 109 to_TO be_BE seized_VBN ._. ^ here_RN lies_VBZ the_ATI guarantee_NN J52 109 of_IN its_PP$ inalienability_NN ._. ^ though_CS J52 110 it_PP3 was_BEDZ not_XNOT part_NN of_IN David_NP Hume's_NP$ argument_NN J52 110 the_ATI fact_NN that_CS there_EX is_BEZ an_AT J52 111 inviolable_JJ element_NN in_IN man_NN and_CC other_AP organisms_NNS J52 111 may_MD be_BE important_JJ for_IN J52 112 more_AP than_IN knowledge_NN ._. ^ Whitehead_NP emphasized_VBD that_CS J52 112 we_PP1AS see_VB with_IN the_ATI J52 113 eye_NN ._. ^ no_ATI purpose_NN would_MD have_HV been_BEN served_VBN J52 113 by_IN creating_VBG the_ATI eye_NN to_TO see_VB the_ATI J52 114 eye_NN ._. J52 115 ^ the_ATI organs_NNS of_IN sense_NN function_VB in_IN the_ATI J52 115 world_NN ,_, and_CC in_IN relation_NN to_IN the_ATI J52 116 self_NN ,_, in_IN a_AT transparent_JJ way_NN ._. ^ as_QL far_RB as_CS J52 116 the_ATI eye_NN is_BEZ concerned_VBN I_PP1A mean_VB J52 117 this_DT literally_RB ._. ^ if_CS one_CD1 turns_VBZ one's_CD1$ J52 117 attention_NN from_IN what_WDT one_CD1 sees_VBZ J52 118 to_IN that_DT by_IN which_WDTR one_CD1 sees_VBZ ,_, one_CD1 is_BEZ J52 118 conscious_JJ of_IN a_AT pool_NN or_CC area_NN of_IN pure_JJ J52 119 transparency_NN in_IN the_ATI region_NN of_IN the_ATI eye-sockets_NNS J52 119 ,_, an_AT emptiness_NN into_IN which_WDTR J52 120 the_ATI world_NN pours_VBZ without_IN hindrance_NN ._. ^ the_ATI eye_NN J52 120 itself_PPL is_BEZ withdrawn_VBN from_IN J52 121 the_ATI dimensions_NNS of_IN sight_NN into_IN pure_JJ nothingness_NN J52 121 ._. ^ of_IN the_ATI senses_NNS ,_, only_RB J52 122 touch_NN brings_VBZ presence_NN to_IN the_ATI body_NN ._. ^ this_DT J52 122 bodily_JJ absence_NN ,_, or_CC to_TO put_VB J52 123 it_PP3 in_IN the_ATI teasing_JJ way_NN the_ATI existentialists_NNS J52 123 might_MD adopt_VB ,_, J52 124 presence-in-absence_NN ,_, points_VBZ to_IN the_ATI need_NN for_IN a_AT J52 124 new_JJ metaphysic_NN of_IN the_ATI J52 125 body_NN ._. ^ that_DT which_WDTR is_BEZ most_QL near_RI to_IN us_PP1OS J52 125 and_CC necessary_JJ to_IN us_PP1OS in_IN existence_NN J52 126 is_BEZ almost_RB without_IN a_AT philosophy_NN except_CS where_WRB J52 126 its_PP$ perceptual_JJ machinery_NN J52 127 is_BEZ concerned_VBN ._. J52 128 ^ the_ATI first_OD bodily_JJ circumstance_NN to_TO be_BE J52 128 understood_VBN is_BEZ how_WRB little_AP J52 129 knowledge_NN of_IN the_ATI body_NN is_BEZ given_VBN to_IN us_PP1OS J52 129 in_IN nature_NN ._. ^ to_TO understand_VB this_DT J52 130 we_PP1AS have_HV to_TO escape_VB from_IN the_ATI all_RB too_QL J52 130 common_JJ assumption_NN that_CS the_ATI J52 131 body-schema_NN we_PP1AS learn_VB from_IN text-books_NNS is_BEZ J52 131 given_VBN to_IN us_PP1OS as_IN part_NN of_IN J52 132 natural_JJ equipment_NN ._. ^ even_RB a_AT mirror_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT J52 132 given_VBN to_IN man_NN in_IN nature_NN ,_, J52 133 except_CS perhaps_RB in_IN a_AT sheet_NN of_IN water_NN ,_, and_CC J52 133 we_PP1AS can_MD conceive_VB of_IN a_AT J52 134 prehistoric_JJ man_NN going_VBG through_IN the_ATI whole_NN of_IN J52 134 his_PP$ life_NN without_IN ever_RB J52 135 seeing_VBG his_PP$ body_NN brightly_RB mirrored_VBN before_IN him_PP3O J52 135 ._. ^ and_CC how_WRB little_AP even_RB the_ATI J52 136 mirror_NN would_MD tell_VB him_PP3O !_! ^ what_WDT we_PP1AS see_VB ,_, J52 136 or_CC see_VB in_IN a_AT mirror_NN ,_, or_CC infer_VB from_IN J52 137 the_ATI bodies_NNS of_IN others_APS ,_, is_BEZ the_ATI external_JJ J52 137 sack_NN ,_, or_CC skin_NN ,_, containing_VBG the_ATI J52 138 external_JJ organs_NNS and_CC covering_VBG the_ATI muscles_NNS J52 138 which_WDTR shape_VB the_ATI torso_NN and_CC the_ATI J52 139 limbs_NNS ,_, but_CC masking_VBG the_ATI internal_JJ organs_NNS J52 139 completely_RB ,_, and_CC helping_VBG to_TO hold_VB J52 140 them_PP3OS in_IN position_NN against_IN a_AT rigid_JJ skeleton_NN ,_, J52 140 that_DT grotesque_JJ caricature_NN J52 141 of_IN a_AT living_JJ man_NN which_WDTR comes_VBZ to_IN light_NN for_IN J52 141 the_ATI primitive_NN only_RB when_WRB a_AT man_NN J52 142 is_BEZ some_DTI time_NN dead_JJ ._. ^ detailed_JJ knowledge_NN ,_, J52 142 especially_RB about_IN the_ATI interior_NN ,_, J52 143 we_PP1AS secure_VB only_RB from_IN surgical_JJ and_CC physiological_JJ J52 143 research_NN ,_, just_RB in_IN the_ATI J52 144 same_AP way_NN as_CS our_PP$ knowledge_NN of_IN the_ATI functioning_NN J52 144 of_IN our_PP$ senses_NNS is_BEZ the_ATI J52 145 product_NN of_IN research_NN ._. J52 146 ^ in_IN a_AT pleasing_JJ and_CC thoughtful_JJ essay_NN on_IN the_ATI J52 146 aesthetics_NN of_IN the_ATI body_NN ,_, J52 147 \0Mr_NPT John_NP Brophy_NP speaks_VBZ of_IN the_ATI skin_NN as_IN J52 147 mental_JJ frontier_NN seldom_RB crossed_VBN J52 148 except_CS by_IN those_DTS whose_WP$R studies_NNS compel_VB it_PP3 ._. ^ J52 148 even_RB they_PP3AS in_IN their_PP$ initial_JJ J52 149 training_NN have_HV to_TO overcome_VB a_AT profound_JJ repugnance_NN J52 149 when_WRB called_VBN upon_IN to_TO J52 150 cross_VB that_DT human_JJ boundary_NN ._. ^ *'_*' it_PP3 seems_VBZ J52 150 to_TO be_BE the_ATI natural_JJ order_NN that_CS J52 151 the_ATI skin_NN should_MD conceal_VB all_ABN the_ATI internal_JJ J52 151 workings_NNS of_IN the_ATI body_NN ,_, and_CC ,_, J52 152 when_WRB this_DT convention_NN is_BEZ overthrown_VBN ,_, whoever_WP J52 152 views_VBZ the_ATI exposure_NN feels_VBZ a_AT J52 153 violent_JJ protest_NN in_IN both_ABX mind_NN and_CC body_NN ._. ^ J52 153 this_DT protest_NN is_BEZ doubtless_RB J52 154 closely_RB associated_VBN with_IN the_ATI realization_NN of_IN pain_NN J52 154 ,_, which_WDTR no_ATI merely_RB J52 155 intellectual_JJ observation_NN of_IN anaesthetic_JJ affects_NNS can_MD J52 156 compensate_VB ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ also_RB heightened_VBN by_IN sense_NN J52 156 impressions_NNS from_IN the_ATI J52 157 opened-up_JJ body_NN which_WDTR differ_VB noticeably_RB from_IN J52 157 those_DTS given_VBN out_RP by_IN a_AT body_NN J52 158 enclosed_VBN in_IN an_AT intact_JJ skin_NN :_: the_ATI internal_JJ J52 158 organs_NNS are_BER often_RB exceedingly_RB J52 159 brilliant_JJ in_IN colour_NN ,_, and_CC some_DTI of_IN them_PP3OS J52 159 emit_VB odours_NNS and_CC heat_NN ._. ^ moreover_RB ,_, J52 160 even_CS if_CS" the_ATI revelation_NN is_BEZ made_VBN by_IN skilful_JJ J52 160 surgery_NN ,_, the_ATI tissues_NNS are_BER J52 161 likely_JJ to_TO be_BE continuously_RB bathed_VBN in_IN blood_NN ._. ^ J52 161 when_WRB wounds_NNS or_CC injuries_NNS J52 162 are_BER inflicted_VBN the_ATI exposure_NN will_MD also_RB be_BE J52 162 untidy_JJ ,_, and_CC the_ATI suffering_NN of_IN J52 163 the_ATI torn_JJ body_NN ,_, unmitigated_JJ by_IN anaesthetics_NNS ,_, J52 163 will_MD be_BE expressed_VBN in_IN J52 164 writhings_NNS ,_, shouts_NNS or_CC moans_NNS ,_, unless_CS shock_NN J52 164 brings_VBZ about_RP unconsciousness_NN J52 165 or_CC death_NN ._. ^ by_IN all_ABN this_DT the_ATI observer's_NN$ J52 165 senses_NNS are_BER outraged_VBN ._. **'_**' J52 166 ^ \0Mr_NPT John_NP Brophy's_NP$ comments_NNS are_BER much_RB to_IN J52 166 the_ATI point_NN ,_, yet_CC not_XNOT all_ABN J52 167 the_ATI story_NN ._. ^ the_ATI intense_JJ psychological_JJ shock_NN J52 167 which_WDTR is_BEZ the_ATI immediate_JJ J52 168 consequence_NN of_IN another's_DT$ injured_JJ body_NN has_HVZ really_RB J52 168 to_TO be_BE explained_VBN on_IN J52 169 more_RB than_RB" aesthetic_JJ grounds_NNS ._. ^ there_EX are_BER J52 169 aesthetic_JJ grounds_NNS for_IN J52 170 shock_NN ,_, but_CC no_PN one_PN" is_BEZ shocked_VBN by_IN animal_NN J52 170 carcases_NNS dripping_VBG blood_NN in_IN the_ATI J52 171 butcher's_NN$ shop_NN or_CC by_IN the_ATI mighty_JJ blows_NNS of_IN J52 171 his_PP$ cleaver_NN through_IN the_ATI J52 172 quivering_JJ flesh_NN of_IN the_ATI joints_NNS exposed_VBN for_IN J52 172 sale_NN ._. ^ indeed_RB the_ATI young_JJ wife_NN J52 173 who_WPR might_MD faint_VB at_IN the_ATI sight_NN of_IN blood_NN from_IN J52 173 a_AT cut_JJ finger_NN will_MD become_VB J52 174 expert_JJ in_IN handling_VBG and_CC judging_VBG (_( to_TO say_VB J52 174 nothing_PN of_IN cooking_VBG )_) the_ATI flesh_NN J52 175 of_IN dead_JJ animals_NNS ._. ^ clearly_RB the_ATI aesthetic_JJ J52 175 protest_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT the_ATI whole_JJ one_CD1 J52 176 if_CS such_ABL experiences_NNS can_MD be_BE even_RB pleasurably_RB J52 176 borne_VBN ._. J52 177 ^ we_PP1AS have_HV to_TO relate_VB shock_NN over_IN bodily_JJ J52 177 injury_NN to_IN what_WDT has_HVZ been_BEN said_VBN J52 178 of_IN the_ATI transparency_NN of_IN the_ATI sense_NN organs_NNS ._. ^ J52 178 consciousness_NN of_IN them_PP3OS J52 179 would_MD block_VB consciousness_NN through_IN them_PP3OS ._. ^ J52 179 intense_JJ consciousness_NN of_IN J52 180 the_ATI body_NN interferes_VBZ with_IN the_ATI instrumentality_NN of_IN J52 180 the_ATI body_NN in_IN the_ATI world_NN ._. J52 181 ^ only_RB when_WRB the_ATI young_JJ tennis_NN player_NN forgets_VBZ J52 181 his_PP$ racket_NN and_CC forgets_VBZ to_TO J52 182 be_BE proud_JJ of_IN it_PP3 can_MD he_PP3A really_RB hit_VBD with_IN J52 182 it_PP3 ._. J53 2 ^ this_DT principle_NN ,_, which_WDTR ,_, it_PP3 should_MD be_BE J53 2 noted_VBN ,_, requires_VBZ no_ATI J53 3 *'_*' objective_JJ **'_**' demonstration_NN ,_, marks_VBZ J53 3 Schiller's_NP$ advance_NN to_IN an_AT J53 4 independent_JJ position_NN in_IN aesthetic_JJ theory_NN ._. ^ as_CS J53 4 he_PP3A argues_VBZ ,_, whereas_CS J53 5 important_JJ elements_NNS of_IN the_ATI experience_NN of_IN beauty_NN J53 5 had_HVD been_BEN severally_RB J53 6 declared_VBN and_CC championed_VBN in_IN recent_JJ time_NN ,_, the_ATI J53 6 specific_JJ quality_NN of_IN beauty_NN J53 7 had_HVD been_BEN fragmented_VBN and_CC lost_VBN in_IN the_ATI J53 7 process_NN ._. ^ in_IN its_PP$ most_QL obvious_JJ J53 8 aspect_NN Schiller's_NP$ problem_NN is_BEZ again_RB one_CD1 of_IN J53 8 mediation_NN ,_, now_RN on_IN the_ATI grand_JJ J53 9 scale_NN ,_, between_IN the_ATI advocates_NNS of_IN sensualist_JJ J53 9 and_CC intellectualist_JJ J53 10 aesthetics_NN ,_, between_IN the_ATI type_NN of_IN Burke_NP and_CC J53 10 the_ATI type_NN of_IN Baumgarten_NP ._. J53 11 ^ Schiller_NP applauds_VBZ in_IN the_ATI former_AP the_ATI rejection_NN J53 11 of_IN conceptual_JJ form_NN from_IN J53 12 the_ATI fabric_NN of_IN beauty_NN ,_, and_CC in_IN the_ATI latter_AP J53 12 the_ATI reference_NN of_IN beauty_NN ,_, in_IN J53 13 some_DTI sense_NN ,_, to_IN the_ATI organization_NN of_IN the_ATI J53 13 higher_JJR faculties_NNS ._. ^ Schiller_NP has_HVZ J53 14 somehow_RB to_TO vindicate_VB in_IN exact_JJ theory_NN his_PP$ J53 14 conviction_NN that_CS the_ATI beautiful_JJ J53 15 is_BEZ objective_JJ ,_, self-contained_JJ ,_, *'_*' selig_&FW in_&FW J53 15 ihm_&FW selbst_&FW **'_**' *-_*- and_CC that_CS J53 16 it_PP3 is_BEZ also_RB ,_, paradoxically_RB ,_, a_AT reflex_NN of_IN J53 16 freedom_NN in_IN the_ATI percipient_NN ._. J53 17 ^ of_IN these_DTS two_CD essential_JJ attributes_NNS ,_, it_PP3 J53 17 is_BEZ the_ATI sense_NN of_IN J53 18 independence_NN ,_, of_IN self-containedness_NN ,_, of_IN *'_*' J53 18 objectivity_NN **'_**' in_IN the_ATI J53 19 beautiful_JJ which_WDTR is_BEZ of_IN greater_JJR moment_NN in_IN J53 19 Schiller's_NP$ feeling_NN ,_, about_IN J53 20 which_WDTR he_PP3A is_BEZ evidently_RB more_QL excited_JJ ._. ^ it_PP3 J53 20 is_BEZ the_ATI aspect_NN in_IN which_WDTR J53 21 Schiller_NP brings_VBZ to_TO bear_VB an_AT aesthetic_JJ sensitivity_NN J53 21 in_IN contrast_NN with_IN J53 22 Kant's_NP$ ingenious_JJ aesthetics_NN ,_, and_CC in_IN which_WDTR ,_, J53 22 therefore_RB ,_, his_PP$ more_QL J53 23 positive_JJ individual_JJ contribution_NN lies_VBZ ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ J53 23 the_ATI empirical_JJ part_NN of_IN J53 24 the_ATI argument_NN which_WDTR Schiller_NP is_BEZ impatient_JJ to_TO J53 24 reach_VB from_IN the_ATI very_AP J53 25 beginning_NN of_IN this_DT correspondence_NN ._. ^ yet_RB ,_, before_CS J53 25 he_PP3A will_MD allow_VB himself_PPL J53 26 to_TO communicate_VB the_ATI essence_NN of_IN his_PP$ own_AP J53 26 experience_NN of_IN beauty_NN he_PP3A insists_VBZ J53 27 on_IN examining_VBG the_ATI conditions_NNS which_WDTR make_VB that_DT J53 27 experience_NN theoretically_RB J53 28 possible_JJ ._. ^ and_CC ,_, in_IN this_DT area_NN ,_, he_PP3A vies_VBZ J53 28 with_IN Kant_NP in_IN stressing_VBG the_ATI J53 29 subjective_JJ limits_NNS of_IN experience_NN ._. J53 30 ^ in_IN the_ATI letter_NN of_IN the_ATI 18th_OD of_IN February_NR J53 30 Schiller_NP endorses_VBZ the_ATI major_JJ J53 31 principle_NN of_IN the_ATI theoretical_JJ philosophy_NN :_: ^ *'_*' J53 31 die_&FW Natur_&FW steht_&FW unter_&FW J53 32 dem_&FW Verstandesgesetz_&FW ._. **'_**' ^ in_IN the_ATI later_JJR J53 32 part_NN of_IN the_ATI correspondence_NN J53 33 his_PP$ main_JJB argument_NN rests_VBZ on_IN assumptions_NNS which_WDTR J53 33 conflict_VB with_IN this_DT J53 34 principle_NN ._. ^ to_IN the_ATI degree_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, that_CS J53 34 Schiller_NP emancipates_VBZ nature_NN J53 35 from_IN reason_NN ,_, to_IN the_ATI degree_NN that_CS he_PP3A *'_*' J53 35 breaks_VBZ through_IN the_ATI Kantian_JNP J53 36 dogma_NN **'_**' ,_, as_CS Baumecker_NP asserts_VBZ with_IN approval_NN J53 36 ,_, he_PP3A does_DOZ so_PN without_IN J53 37 adequate_JJ systematic_JJ justification_NN ._. ^ the_ATI special_JJ J53 37 kind_NN of_IN J53 38 *'_*' objectivity_NN **'_**' upon_IN which_WDTR Schiller_NP hopes_VBZ J53 38 to_TO rest_VB his_PP$ theory_NN is_BEZ quite_RB J53 39 capricious_JJ by_IN the_ATI standards_NNS of_IN exact_JJ thought_NN J53 39 from_IN which_WDTR the_ATI argument_NN J53 40 sets_VBZ out_RP ._. ^ the_ATI position_NN is_BEZ that_CS ,_, whereas_CS J53 40 this_DT claim_NN of_IN J53 41 *'_*' objectivity_NN **'_**' is_BEZ of_IN extreme_JJ interest_NN as_IN J53 41 evidence_NN of_IN Schiller's_NP$ J53 42 aesthetic_JJ consciousness_NN and_CC of_IN his_PP$ efforts_NNS to_TO J53 42 bring_VB it_PP3 to_IN terms_NNS with_IN J53 43 his_PP$ theoretical_JJ reflections_NNS ,_, he_PP3A does_DOZ not_XNOT J53 43 in_IN fact_NN substantiate_VB the_ATI J53 44 claim_NN in_IN its_PP$ more_QL far-reaching_JJ implications_NNS ._. ^ J53 44 besides_RI ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT in_IN J53 45 this_DT area_NN that_CS the_ATI main_JJB advance_NN is_BEZ made_VBN ._. J53 45 ^ so_CS that_CS" ,_, although_CS this_DT whole_JJ J53 46 series_NN of_IN letters_NNS is_BEZ formally_RB directed_VBN towards_IN J53 46 the_ATI establishment_NN of_IN an_AT J53 47 *'_*' objective_JJ **'_**' principle_NN of_IN beauty_NN ,_, it_PP3 J53 47 is_BEZ not_XNOT any_DTI direct_JJ and_CC brilliant_JJ J53 48 challenge_NN to_IN Kant_NP on_IN this_DT issue_NN which_WDTR we_PP1AS J53 48 have_HV to_TO applaud_VB ._. ^ the_ATI J53 49 valuable_JJ and_CC the_ATI major_JJ part_NN of_IN the_ATI theory_NN J53 49 is_BEZ subjective_JJ in_IN essentials_NNS ._. J53 50 ^ it_PP3 has_HVZ to_TO do_DO firstly_RB ,_, and_CC more_QL J53 50 particularly_RB ,_, with_IN the_ATI conditions_NNS in_IN J53 51 the_ATI mind_NN of_IN the_ATI percipient_NN which_WDTR permit_VB J53 51 the_ATI transference_NN of_IN the_ATI idea_NN J53 52 of_IN freedom_NN to_IN the_ATI object_NN *'_*' in_IN appearance_NN J53 52 **'_**' ,_, and_CC secondly_RB ,_, and_CC more_QL J53 53 generally_RB ,_, with_IN the_ATI whole_JJ concept_NN of_IN aesthetic_JJ J53 53 form_NN as_IN an_AT abstract_NN J53 54 based_VBN upon_IN forms_NNS of_IN other_AP orders_NNS ,_, preparing_VBG J53 54 a_AT far_RB more_QL sensitive_JJ J53 55 redisposition_NN of_IN the_ATI theoretical_JJ ,_, moral_JJ and_CC J53 55 aesthetic_JJ faculties_NNS ._. J53 56 ^ these_DTS trends_NNS ,_, and_CC not_XNOT the_ATI special_JJ claim_NN J53 56 of_IN *'_*' objectivity_NN **'_**' ,_, belong_VB J53 57 to_IN the_ATI general_JJ evolution_NN of_IN Schiller's_NP$ aesthetic_JJ J53 57 philosophy_NN ,_, regarded_VBN J53 58 as_IN a_AT body_NN of_IN doctrine_NN having_HVG final_JJ coherence_NN J53 58 and_CC universal_JJ validity_NN ._. J53 59 ^ if_CS ,_, on_IN the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, the_ATI *'_*' J53 59 Kallias_NP **'_**' letters_NNS are_BER examined_VBN as_IN J53 60 evidence_NN of_IN the_ATI interplay_NN of_IN rational_JJ and_CC J53 60 irrational_JJ motives_NNS ,_, and_CC of_IN J53 61 contrasting_JJ forms_NNS of_IN vision_NN and_CC language_NN ,_, in_IN J53 61 Schiller_NP ,_, then_RN a_AT quite_RB J53 62 different_JJ valuation_NN of_IN the_ATI *'_*' objective_JJ **'_**' J53 62 principle_NN becomes_VBZ J53 63 appropriate_JJ ._. ^ for_CS this_DT principle_NN ,_, to_IN which_WDTR J53 63 Schiller_NP subordinates_VBZ the_ATI J53 64 whole_JJ argument_NN in_IN a_AT formal_JJ way_NN ,_, may_MD then_RN J53 64 be_BE seen_VBN as_IN the_ATI extreme_NN of_IN the_ATI J53 65 tendency_NN to_TO rationalize_VB elements_NNS which_WDTR belong_VB J53 65 properly_RB to_IN the_ATI J53 66 aesthetic_JJ mode_NN of_IN vision_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 covers_VBZ and_CC J53 66 attempts_VBZ to_TO legitimate_VB the_ATI J53 67 extrusion_NN of_IN the_ATI idea_NN of_IN the_ATI anima_NN ,_, of_IN J53 67 the_ATI *'_*' Person_&FW **'_**' ,_, *'_*' die_&FW J53 68 Natur_&FW *-_*- das_&FW Wesen_&FW des_&FW Dinges_&FW **'_**' ,_, J53 68 from_IN its_PP$ proper_JJ location_NN in_IN J53 69 unreflective_JJ poetic_JJ conviction_NN into_IN the_ATI alien_JJ J53 69 province_NN of_IN systematic_JJ J53 70 aesthetic_JJ philosophy_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 appears_VBZ as_IN an_AT J53 70 irrational_JJ impulse_NN to_TO J53 71 authorize_VB and_CC to_TO dignify_VB the_ATI products_NNS of_IN J53 71 artistic_JJ intuition_NN ._. ^ further_RB ,_, J53 72 it_PP3 is_BEZ precisely_RB this_DT ,_, presumably_RB unconscious_JJ ,_, J53 72 attempt_NN at_IN maximum_JJ J53 73 assimilation_NN to_IN each_PPLS other_PPLS" of_IN the_ATI disparate_JJ J53 73 functions_NNS of_IN aesthetic_JJ J53 74 imagination_NN and_CC aesthetic_JJ philosophy_NN that_WPR perplexes_VBZ J53 74 criticism_NN of_IN the_ATI J53 75 *'_*' Kallias_NP **'_**' letters_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI nai"ve_JJ J53 75 perception_NN of_IN beautiful_JJ forms_NNS as_CS J53 76 animated_VBN by_IN a_AT personal_JJ will_NN ,_, whose_WP$R J53 76 expression_NN they_PP3AS are_BER ,_, is_BEZ explained_VBN J53 77 by_IN Schiller_NP with_IN subtlety_NN and_CC detachment_NN in_IN J53 77 the_ATI earlier_JJR letters_NNS ._. ^ yet_RB J53 78 in_IN the_ATI later_JJR ,_, *'_*' empirical_JJ **'_**' part_NN of_IN J53 78 the_ATI argument_NN the_ATI perspective_NN J53 79 changes_NNS ,_, analogies_NNS become_VB facts_NNS ,_, aesthetic_JJ J53 79 configurations_NNS become_VB J53 80 *'_*' things_NNS **'_**' ,_, having_HVG their_PP$ private_JJ J53 80 essences_NNS ._. ^ and_CC this_DT wholly_RB J53 81 contrasting_JJ ,_, aesthetically_RB valid_JJ and_CC systematically_RB J53 81 untenable_JJ vision_NN J53 82 is_BEZ adapted_VBN and_CC assimilated_VBN to_IN the_ATI abstract_JJ J53 82 terminology_NN of_IN the_ATI strictly_RB J53 83 logical_JJ framework_NN ._. ^ conceptual_JJ myths_NNS are_BER J53 83 generated_VBN in_IN the_ATI vacuum_NN J53 84 between_IN philosophical_JJ and_CC poetic_JJ language_NN ._. J53 86 ^ there_EX is_BEZ a_AT grade_NN of_IN *'_*' objectivity_NN **'_**' J53 86 in_IN Kantian_JNP usage_NN which_WDTR may_MD J53 87 be_BE more_QL closely_RB defined_VBN as_IN (_( the_ATI assumption_NN J53 87 of_IN )_) a_AT universal_JJ J53 88 subjective_JJ necessity_NN in_IN regard_NN to_IN any_DTI mental_JJ J53 88 disposition_NN or_CC J53 89 content_NN ._. ^ Kant_NP develops_VBZ this_DT sense_NN of_IN the_ATI J53 89 term_NN ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, in_IN the_ATI J53 90 final_JJ section_NN of_IN the_ATI *'_*' Analytik_&FW des_&FW J53 90 Scho"nen_&FW **'_**' :_: ^ *'_*' die_&FW J53 91 Notwendigkeit_&FW der_&FW allgemeinen_&FW Beistimmung_&FW ,_, die_&FW J53 91 in_&FW einem_&FW J53 92 Geschmacksurteile_&FW gedacht_&FW wird_&FW ,_, ist_&FW eine_&FW J53 92 subjektive_&FW Notwendigkeit_&FW ,_, die_&FW J53 93 unter_&FW der_&FW Voraussetzung_&FW eines_&FW Gemeinsinnes_&FW als_&FW J53 93 objektiv_&FW vorgestellt_&FW J53 94 wird_&FW ._. **'_**' ^ but_CC Schiller_NP is_BEZ from_IN the_ATI J53 94 outset_NN dissatisfied_JJ with_IN this_DT J53 95 attenuated_JJ *'_*' objectivity_NN **'_**' ,_, which_WDTR is_BEZ J53 95 the_ATI maximum_NN that_WPR Kant_NP will_MD allow_VB J53 96 to_IN aesthetic_JJ experience_NN ._. ^ Schiller's_NP$ ambition_NN J53 96 is_BEZ to_TO show_VB that_WPR a_AT J53 97 concept_NN of_IN beauty_NN is_BEZ deducible_JJ from_IN a_JJ priori_JJ" J53 97 principles_NNS J53 98 directly_RB ,_, yet_CC he_PP3A must_MD admit_VB at_IN an_AT early_JJ J53 98 stage_NN that_CS he_PP3A is_BEZ compelled_VBN to_TO J53 99 turn_VB partly_RB to_IN *'_*' the_ATI testimony_NN of_IN experience_NN J53 99 **'_**' :_: J53 100 **[FOREIGN-QUOTATION**]_&FW J53 101 ^ in_IN this_DT initial_JJ usage_NN *'_*' objective_NC **'_**' has_HVZ J53 101 more_RBR the_ATI sense_NN of_IN J53 102 *'_*' theoretically_RB cogent_JJ **'_**' ;_; it_PP3 points_VBZ J53 102 beyond_IN Kant's_NP$ pronouncement_NN :_: J53 103 ~ *'_*' die_&FW Allgemeinheit_&FW des_&FW Wohlgefallens_&FW wird_&FW J53 103 in_&FW einem_&FW J53 104 Geschmacksurteile_&FW nur_&FW als_&FW subjektive_&FW vorgestellt_&FW J53 104 **'_**' ,_, and_CC challenges_VBZ J53 105 Kant_NP in_IN the_ATI assertion_NN :_: ~ *'_*' unter_&FW einem_&FW J53 105 Prinzip_&FW des_&FW Geschmacks_&FW wu"rde_&FW J53 106 man_&FW einen_&FW Grundsatz_&FW verstehen_&FW ,_, unter_&FW dessen_&FW J53 106 Bedingung_&FW man_&FW den_&FW Begriff_&FW J53 107 eines_&FW Gegenstandes_&FW subsumieren_&FW ,_, und_&FW alsdann_&FW J53 107 durch_&FW einen_&FW Schluss_&FW J53 108 herausbringen_&FW ko"nnte_&FW ,_, dass_&FW er_&FW scho"n_&FW sei_&FW J53 108 ._. ^ das_&FW ist_&FW aber_&FW J53 109 schlechterdings_&FW unmo"glich_&FW ._. **'_**' ^ Schiller_NP does_DOZ J53 109 not_XNOT meet_VB directly_RB J53 110 Kant's_NP$ main_JJB argument_NN for_IN this_DT view_NN ,_, which_WDTR J53 110 is_BEZ ,_, in_IN essence_NN ,_, that_CS the_ATI J53 111 aesthetic_JJ judgement_NN rests_VBZ on_IN a_AT subjective_JJ J53 111 pleasure_NN ,_, which_WDTR can_MD not_XNOT J53 112 itself_PPL be_BE the_ATI product_NN of_IN a_AT deduction_NN ._. ^ J53 112 indeed_RB ,_, there_EX is_BEZ already_RB J53 113 evidence_NN that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT in_IN this_DT teasing_JJ J53 113 issue_NN of_IN the_ATI *'_*' objective_JJ J53 114 **'_**' principle_NN ,_, in_IN the_ATI sense_NN developed_VBN above_RI J53 114 ,_, that_CS Schiller's_NP$ vital_JJ concern_NN J53 115 lies_VBZ ,_, but_CC rather_RB in_IN the_ATI vindication_NN of_IN J53 115 beauty_NN as_IN a_AT function_NN of_IN the_ATI J53 116 human_JJ totality_NN ._. ^ Schiller_NP is_BEZ dissatisfied_JJ with_IN J53 116 Kant's_NP$ manner_NN of_IN J53 117 excluding_VBG rational_JJ form_NN entirely_RB from_IN the_ATI J53 117 province_NN of_IN beauty_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A J53 118 concedes_VBZ the_ATI necessity_NN of_IN a_AT sharp_JJ distinction_NN J53 118 between_IN perfection_NN ,_, J53 119 logically_RB apprehended_VBN ,_, and_CC the_ATI beautiful_JJ ,_, but_CC J53 119 considers_VBZ that_CS Kant's_NP$ J53 120 solution_NN is_BEZ misguided_JJ and_CC impoverishes_VBZ the_ATI idea_NN J53 120 of_IN beauty_NN :_: J53 121 **[FOREIGN-QUOTATION**]_&FW J53 122 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ here_RN that_CS Schiller's_NP$ more_QL valid_JJ J53 122 challenge_NN lies_VBZ ,_, from_IN the_ATI J53 123 beginning_NN of_IN his_PP$ *'_*' Auseinandersetzung_&FW mit_&FW J53 123 Kant_&FW **'_**' ._. ^ here_RN ,_, that_DT is_BEZ ,_, J53 124 in_IN aesthetic_JJ theory_NN proper_JJ ._. ^ in_IN ethical_JJ theory_NN J53 124 Schiller's_NP$ defence_NN of_IN J53 125 natural_JJ feeling_NN against_IN Kantian_JNP rigorism_NN is_BEZ a_AT J53 125 closely_RB related_VBN impulse_NN ._. J53 126 ^ significantly_RB ,_, as_CS Schiller_NP now_RN approaches_VBZ J53 126 the_ATI vital_JJ core_NN of_IN his_PP$ J53 127 idea_NN ,_, his_PP$ mode_NN of_IN expression_NN changes_VBZ ._. ^ J53 127 he_PP3A speaks_VBZ ,_, for_IN the_ATI first_OD time_NN ,_, J53 128 of_IN that_DT critical_JJ insight_NN into_IN the_ATI structural_JJ J53 128 relations_NNS of_IN the_ATI J53 129 theoretical_JJ and_CC aesthetic_JJ faculties_NNS which_WDTR is_BEZ J53 129 to_TO affect_VB his_PP$ doctrine_NN so_QL J53 130 profoundly_RB ._. ^ although_CS distinct_JJ from_IN it_PP3 in_IN J53 130 kind_NN ,_, beauty_NN is_BEZ dependent_JJ on_IN J53 131 a_AT technical_JJ structure_NN for_IN its_PP$ realization_NN :_: ^ J53 131 *'_*' denn_&FW eben_&FW darin_&FW zeigt_&FW J53 132 sich_&FW die_&FW Scho"nheit_&FW in_&FW ihrem_&FW ho"chsten_&FW J53 132 Glanze_&FW ,_, wenn_&FW sie_&FW die_&FW logische_&FW J53 133 Natur_&FW ihres_&FW Objektes_&FW u"berwindet_&FW ;_; und_&FW wie_&FW J53 133 kann_&FW sie_&FW u"berwinden_&FW ,_, wo_&FW J53 134 kein_&FW Widerstand_&FW ist_&FW ?_? **'_**' ^ at_IN a_AT critical_JJ J53 134 point_NN Schiller_NP passes_VBZ into_IN J53 135 metaphor_NN and_CC personification_NN ,_, although_CS at_IN this_DT J53 135 stage_NN he_PP3A provides_VBZ also_RB J53 136 an_AT equivalent_JJ statement_NN in_IN abstract_JJ terms_NNS :_: ^ J53 136 *'_*' *-_*- Die_&FW Vollkommenheit_&FW J53 137 ist_&FW die_&FW Form_&FW eines_&FW Stoffes_&FW ,_, die_&FW J53 137 Scho"nheit_&FW ,_, hingegen_&FW ,_, ist_&FW die_&FW Form_&FW J53 138 dieser_&FW Vollkommenheit_&FW :_: die_&FW sich_&FW also_&FW gegen_&FW J53 138 die_&FW Scho"nheit_&FW wie_&FW der_&FW J53 139 Stoff_&FW zu_&FW der_&FW Form_&FW verha"lt_&FW ._. **'_**' ^ the_ATI J53 139 appearance_NN of_IN the_ATI personal_JJ J53 140 analogy_NN may_MD thus_RB be_BE thought_VBN of_IN as_IN a_AT sort_NN J53 140 of_IN rhetorical_JJ stress_NN ,_, but_CC J53 141 there_EX is_BEZ already_RB some_DTI resemblance_NN to_IN the_ATI J53 141 later_JJR invasion_NN of_IN the_ATI J53 142 abstract_JJ area_NN by_IN notions_NNS of_IN irrational_JJ origin_NN ._. J53 142 ^ the_ATI idea_NN of_IN the_ATI J53 143 *'_*' conquest_NN **'_**' of_IN a_AT *'_*' resistance_NN **'_**' ,_, J53 143 for_IN example_NN ,_, is_BEZ not_XNOT quite_RB J53 144 commensurate_JJ with_IN the_ATI abstract_JJ statement_NN ._. J53 145 ^ there_EX is_BEZ a_AT certain_JJ irony_NN in_IN the_ATI next_AP J53 145 letter_NN to_IN Ko"rner_NP (_( 8th_OD J53 146 \0Feb_NR )_) ,_, for_IN Schiller_NP reproaches_VBZ him_PP3O for_IN J53 146 tendencies_NNS which_WDTR he_PP3A is_BEZ J53 147 himself_PPL to_TO exhibit_VB ,_, although_CS more_QL subtly_RB :_: J53 148 **[FOREIGN-QUOTATION**]_&FW J53 149 ^ or_CC the_ATI passage_NN may_MD be_BE read_VBN as_IN a_AT J53 149 self-admonition_NN ,_, in_IN the_ATI light_NN of_IN the_ATI J53 150 remark_NN which_WDTR follows_VBZ :_: ^ *'_*' u"brigens_&FW rede_&FW J53 150 ich_&FW hier_&FW mehr_&FW als_&FW Kantianer_&FW ,_, J53 151 denn_&FW es_&FW ist_&FW am_&FW Ende_&FW mo"glich_&FW ,_, dass_&FW J53 151 auch_&FW meine_&FW Theorie_&FW von_&FW diesem_&FW J53 152 Vorwurfe_&FW nicht_&FW ganz_&FW frei_&FW bleibt_&FW ._. **'_**' ^ J53 152 for_CS Schiller_NP must_MD sense_VB that_CS J53 153 there_EX is_BEZ a_AT rather_RB precarious_JJ distinction_NN between_IN J53 153 Ko"rner's_NP$ resort_NN to_IN J53 154 the_ATI concept_NN of_IN unity_NN in_IN the_ATI manifold_JJ and_CC J53 154 his_PP$ own_AP indirect_JJ but_CC J53 155 undeniable_JJ import_NN of_IN concepts_NNS of_IN reason_NN ,_, J53 155 which_WDTR similarly_RB threatens_VBZ J53 156 collision_NN with_IN the_ATI accepted_JJ Kantian_JNP pronouncement_NN J53 156 :_: ^ *'_*' das_&FW Scho"ne_&FW J53 157 gefa"llt_&FW ohne_&FW Begriff_&FW ._. **'_**' J53 158 ^ by_IN insisting_VBG on_IN his_PP$ *'_*' objective_JJ **'_**' J53 158 principle_NN and_CC at_IN the_ATI same_AP time_NN J53 159 allowing_VBG himself_PPL only_RB such_ABL departure_NN from_IN the_ATI J53 159 Kantian_JNP philosophy_NN as_CS he_PP3A J53 160 may_MD hold_VB compatible_JJ with_IN the_ATI main_JJB dicta_NNS of_IN J53 160 that_DT philosophy_NN ,_, Schiller_NP J53 161 prescribes_VBZ for_IN himself_PPL a_AT very_QL difficult_JJ task_NN ,_, J53 161 which_WDTR could_MD only_RB be_BE J53 162 accomplished_VBN ,_, if_CS at_IN all_ABN ,_, by_IN the_ATI intricate_JJ J53 162 verbal_JJ adjustments_NNS which_WDTR in_IN J53 163 fact_NN he_PP3A makes_VBZ in_IN the_ATI course_NN of_IN the_ATI J53 163 exposition_NN ._. ^ for_CS ,_, firstly_RB ,_, as_CS J53 164 emerges_VBZ between_IN the_ATI lines_NNS of_IN his_PP$ letter_NN of_IN J53 164 the_ATI 8th_OD of_IN February_NR ,_, if_CS the_ATI J53 165 attempt_NN is_BEZ made_VBN to_TO *'_*' establish_VB objectively_RB a_AT J53 165 concept_NN of_IN beauty_NN and_CC to_TO J53 166 legitimate_VB it_PP3 completely_RB a_RB priori_RB" from_IN the_ATI J53 166 nature_NN of_IN J53 167 reason_NN **'_**' ,_, then_RN elaborate_JJ precautions_NNS will_MD J53 167 be_BE needed_VBN so_TO as_TO" not_XNOT to_TO J53 168 offend_VB against_IN that_DT precept_NN that_CS *'_*' the_ATI J53 168 beautiful_JJ pleases_VBZ without_IN J53 169 concept_NN **'_**' ._. ^ indeed_RB ,_, for_IN this_DT initial_JJ J53 169 dilemma_NN the_ATI only_AP direct_JJ J53 170 resolution_NN would_MD seem_VB to_TO require_VB psychological_JJ J53 170 schemes_NNS not_XNOT then_RN J53 171 available_JJ ._. ^ if_CS ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, the_ATI second_OD J53 171 limiting_JJ proposition_NN were_BED J53 172 modified_VBN to_TO read_VB :_: *'_*' the_ATI beautiful_JJ pleases_VBZ J53 172 without_IN the_ATI conscious_JJ J53 173 intrusion_NN of_IN concept_NN **'_**' ,_, then_RN Schiller's_NP$ J53 173 whole_JJ argument_NN would_MD be_BE J53 174 facilitated_VBN in_IN the_ATI direction_NN which_WDTR it_PP3 takes_VBZ J53 174 in_IN any_DTI case_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J53 175 besetting_JJ difficulty_NN of_IN the_ATI Kantian_JNP type_NN of_IN J53 175 thinking_NN ,_, which_WDTR Schiller_NP J53 176 inherits_VBZ ,_, is_BEZ the_ATI extensive_JJ use_NN of_IN analytical_JJ J53 176 schemata_NNS which_WDTR transform_VB J53 177 mental_JJ faculties_NNS into_IN virtual_JJ entities_NNS ,_, which_WDTR J53 177 tend_VB to_TO appear_VB as_IN J53 178 segregated_JJ elements_NNS standing_VBG in_IN an_AT external_JJ J53 178 relationship_NN to_IN each_PPLS J53 179 other_PPLS" ,_, and_CC constrained_VBN ,_, in_IN the_ATI extreme_JJ J53 179 case_NN ,_, into_IN a_AT misleading_JJ J53 180 geometrical_JJ symmetry_NN ._. ^ this_DT tendency_NN is_BEZ J53 180 reinforced_VBN by_IN the_ATI personifying_JJ J53 181 drive_NN in_IN Schiller_NP himself_PPL ,_, and_CC runs_VBZ counter_RB J53 181 to_IN that_DT important_JJ J53 182 systematic_JJ idea_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ emerging_VBG ,_, that_CS J53 182 conceptual_JJ activity_NN is_BEZ somehow_RB J53 183 implicit_JJ or_CC submerged_JJ in_IN aesthetic_JJ experience_NN ,_, J53 183 without_IN however_RB J53 184 belonging_VBG to_IN the_ATI fabric_NN of_IN that_DT experience_NN as_CS J53 184 it_PP3 appears_VBZ in_IN J53 185 consciousness_NN ._. J53 186 ^ since_CS Schiller_NP feels_VBZ strongly_RB that_CS (_( J53 186 practical_JJ )_) reason_NN and_CC beauty_NN J53 187 have_HV some_DTI profound_JJ kinship_NN ,_, he_PP3A is_BEZ impelled_VBN J53 187 to_TO assert_VB this_DT by_IN the_ATI most_QL J53 188 authoritative_JJ means_NN known_VBN to_IN him_PP3O ,_, that_DT is_BEZ J53 188 ,_, by_IN the_ATI deduction_NN a_RB J53 189 priori_RB" ,_, by_IN a_AT demonstration_NN that_CS ,_, in_IN given_JJ J53 189 circumstances_NNS ,_, the_ATI J53 190 experience_NN of_IN beauty_NN is_BEZ a_AT logically_RB predictable_JJ J53 190 consequence_NN of_IN our_PP$ J53 191 psychic_JJ constitution_NN ._. ^ but_CC he_PP3A realizes_VBZ by_IN J53 191 both_ABX systematic_JJ thought_NN and_CC J53 192 immediate_JJ experience_NN that_CS concepts_NNS are_BER no_ATI part_NN J53 192 of_IN the_ATI experience_NN of_IN J53 193 beauty_NN :_: J53 194 **[FOREIGN-QUOTATION**]_&FW J53 195 ^ and_CC so_RB ,_, apparently_RB ,_, a_AT hiatus_NN is_BEZ opened_VBN J53 195 ,_, such_CS that_CS" it_PP3 must_MD seem_VB there_EX J53 196 is_BEZ no_ATI way_NN of_IN penetrating_VBG to_IN the_ATI sense_NN of_IN J53 196 beauty_NN by_IN the_ATI alien_JJ apparatus_NN J53 197 of_IN concepts_NNS ._. J53 198 ^ in_IN what_WDT follows_VBZ Schiller_NP feels_VBZ his_PP$ way_NN J53 198 towards_IN an_AT aesthetic_JJ J53 199 psychology_NN ,_, whose_WP$R advantage_NN over_IN Kant's_NP$ J53 199 doctrine_NN is_BEZ that_CS it_PP3 gives_VBZ a_AT J53 200 fuller_JJR account_NN of_IN the_ATI latitude_NN of_IN the_ATI J53 200 aesthetic_JJ vision_NN ,_, which_WDTR may_MD J53 201 abstract_VB from_IN the_ATI forms_NNS of_IN the_ATI practical_JJ and_CC J53 201 theoretical_JJ faculties_NNS ,_, J53 202 and_CC so_RB derive_VB its_PP$ own_AP proper_JJ symbolical_JJ forms_NNS J53 202 ._. ^ Kant's_NP$ aesthetic_JJ J53 203 judgement_NN is_BEZ but_RI one_CD1 limitation_NN of_IN the_ATI J53 203 general_JJ idea_NN of_IN judgement_NN ,_, J53 204 which_WDTR in_IN turn_NN is_BEZ assigned_VBN to_IN an_AT J53 204 intermediate_JJ and_CC subordinate_JJ position_NN J53 205 between_IN the_ATI faculties_NNS of_IN reason_NN ._. ^ in_IN J53 205 Schiller_NP the_ATI aesthetic_JJ judgement_NN J53 206 becomes_VBZ primary_JJ in_IN both_ABX an_AT emotional_JJ and_CC J53 206 formal_JJ sense_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ expanded_VBN J53 207 to_TO include_VB the_ATI *'_*' forms_NNS **'_**' of_IN the_ATI J53 207 rational_JJ world_NN ,_, on_IN its_PP$ own_AP terms_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 J53 208 becomes_VBZ the_ATI focus_NN of_IN totality_NN ,_, concord_NN and_CC J53 208 freedom_NN ._. J54 2 ^ as_CS in_IN the_ATI attempt_NN to_TO construe_VB the_ATI J54 2 difference_NN between_IN mere_JJB bodily_JJ J54 3 movements_NNS and_CC actions_NNS in_IN terms_NNS of_IN acts_NNS of_IN J54 3 volition_NN ,_, so_CS here_RN in_IN the_ATI J54 4 case_NN of_IN wanting_NN when_WRB this_DT is_BEZ identified_VBN with_IN J54 4 some_DTI Humean_JNP cause_NN of_IN J54 5 doing_VBG ,_, we_PP1AS are_BER faced_VBN with_IN a_AT manifest_JJ J54 5 contradiction_NN ._. ^ construed_VBN as_IN an_AT J54 6 internal_JJ impression_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ thought_VBN to_TO J54 6 function_VB as_IN a_AT cause_NN that_WPR J54 7 issues_VBZ in_IN some_DTI item_NN of_IN so-called_JJB overt_JJ J54 7 behaviour_NN (_( whether_CS this_DT be_BE some_DTI J54 8 bodily_JJ movement_NN or_CC an_AT action_NN is_BEZ of_IN no_ATI J54 8 matter_NN for_IN our_PP$ present_JJ J54 9 purposes_NNS )_) ,_, the_ATI impression_NN must_MD be_BE describable_JJ J54 9 without_IN reference_NN to_IN any_DTI J54 10 event_NN or_CC object_NN distinct_JJ from_IN it_PP3 ._. ^ it_PP3 J54 10 must_MD be_BE possible_JJ to_TO characterize_VB J54 11 that_DT internal_JJ impression_NN without_IN invoking_VBG any_DTI J54 11 reference_NN to_IN the_ATI J54 12 so-called_JJB object_NN of_IN the_ATI desire_NN ,_, no_RB less_RBR J54 12 than_IN the_ATI action_NN that_WPR consists_VBZ J54 13 either_DTX in_IN getting_VBG or_CC in_IN trying_VBG to_TO get_VB J54 13 that_DT object_NN ._. ^ but_CC as_IN a_AT desire_NN ,_, J54 14 no_ATI account_NN is_BEZ intelligible_JJ that_WPR does_DOZ not_XNOT J54 14 refer_VB us_PP1OS to_IN the_ATI thing_NN J54 15 desired_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI supposition_NN ,_, then_RN ,_, that_CS J54 15 desiring_NN or_CC wanting_NN is_BEZ a_AT Humean_JNP J54 16 cause_NN ,_, some_DTI sort_NN of_IN internal_JJ tension_NN or_CC J54 16 uneasiness_NN ,_, involves_VBZ the_ATI J54 17 following_JJ contradiction_NN :_: ^ as_IN Humean_JNP cause_NN or_CC J54 17 internal_JJ impression_NN ,_, it_PP3 J54 18 must_MD be_BE describable_JJ without_IN reference_NN to_IN anything_PN J54 18 else_RB *-_*- object_NN J54 19 desired_VBD ,_, the_ATI action_NN of_IN getting_VBG or_CC the_ATI J54 19 action_NN of_IN trying_VBG to_TO get_VB the_ATI J54 20 thing_NN desired_VBN ;_; but_CC as_IN desire_NN this_DT is_BEZ J54 20 impossible_JJ ._. ^ any_DTI description_NN of_IN J54 21 the_ATI desire_NN involves_VBZ a_AT logically_RB necessary_JJ J54 21 connection_NN with_IN the_ATI thing_NN J54 22 desired_VBN ._. ^ no_ATI internal_JJ impression_NN could_MD possibly_RB J54 22 have_HV this_DT logical_JJ J54 23 property_NN ._. ^ hence_RB ,_, a_AT desire_NN can_MD not_XNOT J54 23 possibly_RB be_BE an_AT internal_JJ impression_NN ._. J54 24 ^ this_DT contradiction_NN comes_VBZ close_RB to_IN the_ATI J54 24 surface_NN in_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN J54 25 familiar_JJ accounts_NNS of_IN wanting_NN ._. ^ wanting_NN is_BEZ J54 25 usually_RB identified_VBN with_IN some_DTI J54 26 internal_JJ mental_JJ event_NN *-_*- a_AT felt_JJ tension_NN or_CC J54 26 uneasiness_NN ._. ^ but_CC as_IN internal_JJ J54 27 event_NN ,_, whether_CS mental_JJ or_CC physiological_JJ ,_, there_EX J54 27 is_BEZ no_ATI intrinsic_JJ feature_NN J54 28 of_IN that_DT event_NN that_WPR reveals_VBZ its_PP$ connection_NN J54 28 with_IN anything_PN else_RB ;_; yet_RB as_IN J54 29 desire_NN the_ATI very_AP characterization_NN of_IN the_ATI desire_NN J54 29 involves_VBZ a_AT reference_NN to_IN J54 30 the_ATI thing_NN desired_VBN ._. ^ hence_RB Hobbes'_NP$ interesting_JJ J54 30 remark_NN about_IN the_ATI J54 31 intimate_JJ relation_NN between_IN names_NNS applied_VBN to_IN J54 31 desires_NNS and_CC the_ATI objects_NNS of_IN J54 32 desire_NN ._. ^ shall_MD we_PP1AS then_RN say_VB with_IN \0G_NP \0F_NP J54 32 Stout_NP that_CS *'_*' desire_NN and_CC J54 33 aversion_NN ,_, endeavour_NN to_IN and_CC endeavour_NN from_IN ,_, J54 33 are_BER modes_NNS of_IN attention_NN **'_**' ?_? J54 34 ^ certainly_RB if_CS there_EX is_BEZ endeavour_NN to_IN x_ZZ ,_, J54 34 there_EX must_MD be_BE attention_NN to_IN x_ZZ ._. J54 35 ^ but_CC if_CS we_PP1AS think_VB of_IN a_AT desire_NN as_IN an_AT J54 35 internal_JJ event_NN that_WPR causes_VBZ or_CC J54 36 produces_VBZ an_AT endeavour_NN to_IN the_ATI thing_NN in_IN J54 36 question_NN ,_, then_RN it_PP3 is_BEZ J54 37 self-contradictory_JJ to_TO say_VB that_CS the_ATI desire_NN is_BEZ J54 37 both_ABX cause_NN and_CC the_ATI J54 38 attention_NN involved_VBN in_IN the_ATI endeavour_NN which_WDTR this_DT J54 38 cause_NN produces_VBZ ,_, just_RB as_QL J54 39 much_RB so_PN as_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ for_IN Prichard_NP to_TO say_VB in_IN J54 39 the_ATI case_NN of_IN so-called_JJB acts_NNS of_IN J54 40 volition_NN that_CS such_ABL acts_NNS are_BER causes_NNS and_CC also_RB J54 40 involve_VB the_ATI idea_NN of_IN that_DT J54 41 which_WDTR they_PP3AS produce_VB ._. ^ alternatively_RB ,_, if_CS J54 41 the_ATI desire_NN just_RB is_BEZ the_ATI J54 42 endeavour_NN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ difficult_JJ to_TO see_VB how_WRB J54 42 there_EX could_MD be_BE desire_NN without_IN J54 43 endeavour_NN ,_, \0i.e_RB without_IN trying_VBG to_TO get_VB the_ATI J54 43 thing_NN desired_VBN ._. ^ but_CC J54 44 putting_VBG this_DT aside_RP ,_, we_PP1AS shall_MD have_HV to_TO say_VB J54 44 that_CS this_DT endeavour_NN ,_, mental_JJ J54 45 or_CC physiological_JJ ,_, involves_VBZ the_ATI idea_NN of_IN that_DT J54 45 towards_IN which_WDTR the_ATI J54 46 endeavour_NN is_BEZ directed_VBN *-_*- endeavour_NN being_BEG J54 46 necessarily_RB endeavour_NN to_IN J54 47 something_PN ,_, just_RB as_CS a_AT desire_NN is_BEZ necessarily_RB J54 47 a_AT desire_NN for_IN J54 48 something_PN ._. ^ and_CC this_DT implies_VBZ that_CS the_ATI J54 48 endeavour_NN can_MD not_XNOT possibly_RB be_BE a_AT J54 49 causal_JJ factor_NN in_IN the_ATI proceedings_NNS that_WPR issue_VB J54 49 in_IN the_ATI getting_NN of_IN what_WDT is_BEZ J54 50 desired_VBN ,_, since_CS if_CS it_PP3 were_BED ,_, it_PP3 would_MD J54 50 be_BE possible_JJ to_TO describe_VB it_PP3 without_IN J54 51 referring_VBG in_IN any_DTI way_NN to_IN anything_PN else_RB in_IN J54 51 or_CC out_RP of_IN the_ATI proceedings_NNS ,_, J54 52 including_IN the_ATI thing_NN in_IN question_NN towards_IN which_WDTR J54 52 the_ATI endeavour_NN is_BEZ J54 53 directed_VBN ._. ^ Hobbes_NP and_CC his_PP$ present-day_JJB J54 53 followers_NNS who_WPR speak_VB of_IN the_ATI J54 54 endeavours_NNS of_IN the_ATI body_NN or_CC of_IN physiological_JJ J54 54 drives_NNS are_BER similarly_RB J54 55 involved_VBN in_IN contradiction_NN ._. ^ physiological_JJ J54 55 occurrences_NNS are_BER blind_JJ ;_; as_IN J54 56 such_ABL they_PP3AS can_MD be_BE described_VBN without_IN reference_NN J54 56 to_IN anything_PN else_RB J54 57 including_IN the_ATI thing_NN wanted_VBN ,_, or_CC the_ATI objective_NN J54 57 of_IN the_ATI endeavour_NN ._. ^ as_IN J54 58 drives_NNS ,_, endeavours_NNS or_CC desires_NNS ,_, no_ATI such_ABL J54 58 logical_JJ divorce_NN is_BEZ possible_JJ ._. J54 59 ^ the_ATI whole_JJ modern_JJ picture_NN from_IN Hobbes_NP on_RP J54 59 down_RP ,_, of_IN wanting_NN or_CC J54 60 desiring_NN as_IN interior_JJ events_NNS that_WPR operate_VB in_IN J54 60 some_DTI sort_NN of_IN causal_JJ J54 61 mechanism_NN of_IN the_ATI mind_NN or_CC body_NN ,_, is_BEZ in_IN J54 61 fact_NN a_AT disastrous_JJ muddle_NN ._. ^ so_QL far_RB J54 62 I_PP1A have_HV been_BEN concerned_VBN with_IN this_DT logical_JJ J54 62 feature_NN of_IN a_AT desire_NN ,_, namely_RB ,_, J54 63 that_CS a_AT desire_NN ,_, whatever_WDT else_RB it_PP3 may_MD be_BE ,_, J54 63 is_BEZ a_AT desire_NN for_IN something_PN ._. J54 64 ^ but_CC there_EX are_BER other_AP important_JJ features_NNS of_IN J54 64 the_ATI concept_NN of_IN desiring_NN or_CC J54 65 wanting_NN which_WDTR this_DT modern_JJ picture_NN simply_RB can_MD J54 65 not_XNOT accommodate_VB and_CC which_WDTR J54 66 therefore_RB spell_VB disaster_NN for_IN this_DT view_NN of_IN the_ATI J54 66 matter_NN ._. J54 67 ^ it_PP3 will_MD be_BE remembered_VBN that_CS I_PP1A began_VBD J54 67 this_DT discussion_NN by_IN considering_VBG J54 68 the_ATI truism_NN that_CS because_CS one_CD1 wants_VBZ or_CC J54 68 desires_VBZ one_CD1 does_DOZ ;_; in_IN other_AP words_NNS ,_, J54 69 that_CS we_PP1AS explain_VB conduct_NN by_IN reference_NN to_IN ,_, J54 69 among_IN other_AP things_NNS ,_, what_WDT J54 70 agents_NNS want_VB or_CC desire_VB ._. ^ but_CC if_CS desiring_NN J54 70 is_BEZ some_DTI sort_NN of_IN interior_JJ event_NN J54 71 that_WPR functions_VBZ as_IN a_AT causal_JJ condition_NN ,_, no_ATI J54 71 such_ABL explanation_NN is_BEZ possible_JJ ._. J54 72 ^ desiring_NN ,_, on_IN this_DT modern_JJ view_NN ,_, is_BEZ some_DTI J54 72 sort_NN of_IN causal_JJ factor_NN ,_, an_AT J54 73 itch_NN ,_, twitch_NN ,_, internal_JJ impression_NN ,_, tension_NN J54 73 or_CC physiological_JJ J54 74 occurrence_NN ;_; but_CC as_IN such_ABL ,_, supposing_VBG that_CS J54 74 these_DTS are_BER causal_JJ factors_NNS ,_, it_PP3 J54 75 can_MD give_VB rise_NN only_RB to_IN other_AP occurrences_NNS ._. ^ J54 75 an_AT action_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, is_BEZ no_ATI J54 76 mere_JJB matter_NN of_IN bodily_JJ happening_NN ._. ^ grant_VB then_RN J54 76 that_CS wanting_NN or_CC desiring_NN J54 77 explains_VBZ the_ATI bodily_JJ movements_NNS that_WPR take_VB place_NN J54 77 when_WRB a_AT person_NN does_DOZ J54 78 anything_PN ,_, \0e.g_RB raises_VBZ his_PP$ arm_NN in_TO order_TO" J54 78 to_TO" signal_VB ;_; as_IN internal_JJ J54 79 occurrence_NN what_WDT it_PP3 explains_VBZ ,_, at_RB best_RB" ,_, J54 79 is_BEZ the_ATI bodily_JJ movement_NN that_WPR J54 80 occurs_VBZ when_WRB the_ATI person_NN raises_VBZ his_PP$ arm_NN ,_, J54 80 not_XNOT the_ATI action_NN he_PP3A performs_VBZ J54 81 which_WDTR we_PP1AS describe_VB as_CS *'_*' raising_VBG his_PP$ arm_NN J54 81 **'_**' or_CC ,_, further_RB ,_, as_CS J54 82 *'_*' signalling_VBG **'_**' ._. ^ a_AT gap_NN then_RN appears_VBZ J54 82 in_IN the_ATI alleged_JJ explanation_NN ,_, J54 83 between_IN bodily_JJ occurrence_NN and_CC action_NN performed_VBN ,_, J54 83 and_CC what_WDT is_BEZ purported_VBN J54 84 to_TO be_BE an_AT explanation_NN of_IN conduct_NN turns_VBZ out_RP J54 84 to_TO be_BE nothing_PN of_IN the_ATI kind_NN ._. J54 85 ^ but_CC like_IN many_AP another_DT gap_NN that_WPR appears_VBZ in_IN J54 85 philosophy_NN (_( here_RN readers_NNS J54 86 will_MD be_BE reminded_VBN of_IN the_ATI familiar_JJ gap_NN with_IN J54 86 which_WDTR moral_JJ philosophers_NNS are_BER J54 87 plagued_VBN between_IN the_ATI *'_*' is_NC **'_**' and_CC the_ATI *'_*' J54 87 ought_NC **'_**' ,_, between_IN matters_NNS of_IN J54 88 fact_NN and_CC matters_NNS of_IN morality_NN ,_, between_IN J54 88 description_NN and_CC evaluation_NN )_) ,_, J54 89 this_DT one_CD1 is_BEZ a_AT product_NN of_IN our_PP$ own_AP J54 89 confusion_NN ._. ^ specifically_RB ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ the_ATI J54 90 failure_NN to_TO recognize_VB the_ATI logical_JJ relation_NN between_IN J54 90 the_ATI concept_NN of_IN J54 91 wanting_NN or_CC desiring_NN and_CC that_DT of_IN action_NN ,_, J54 91 including_IN the_ATI logical_JJ J54 92 scaffolding_NN that_WPR gives_VBZ the_ATI latter_AP term_NN its_PP$ J54 92 import_NN or_CC use_NN in_IN our_PP$ J54 93 language_NN ._. J54 94 ^ earlier_RBR I_PP1A contended_VBD that_CS by_IN no_ATI logical_JJ J54 94 alchemy_NN is_BEZ it_PP3 possible_JJ to_TO J54 95 make_VB good_JJ the_ATI claim_NN that_CS an_AT action_NN is_BEZ a_AT J54 95 bodily_JJ movement_NN plus_IN some_DTI J54 96 other_AP concurrent_JJ factor_NN ._. ^ suppose_VB ,_, for_IN J54 96 argument's_NN$ sake_NN ,_, we_PP1AS take_VB as_IN J54 97 concurrent_JJ factor_NN ,_, wanting_NN or_CC desiring_NN ._. ^ then_RN J54 97 the_ATI latter_AP can_MD be_BE J54 98 understood_VBN independently_RB of_IN the_ATI concept_NN of_IN the_ATI J54 98 action_NN ._. ^ if_CS we_PP1AS explain_VB J54 99 A_ZZ in_IN terms_NNS of_IN B_ZZ and_CC C_ZZ ,_, our_PP$ explanation_NN J54 99 ,_, if_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ to_TO avoid_VB circularity_NN ,_, J54 100 presupposes_VBZ that_CS C_ZZ can_MD be_BE understood_VBN without_IN J54 100 invoking_VBG A_ZZ ._. ^ so_RB if_CS the_ATI J54 101 action_NN of_IN raising_VBG the_ATI arm_NN can_MD be_BE understood_VBN J54 101 as_IN the_ATI bodily_JJ movement_NN J54 102 incurred_VBN in_IN raising_VBG the_ATI arm_NN together_RB with_IN a_AT J54 102 desire_NN ,_, one_CD1 can_MD understand_VB J54 103 the_ATI desire_NN without_IN invoking_VBG the_ATI idea_NN of_IN this_DT J54 103 action_NN ._. ^ this_DT implies_VBZ J54 104 that_CS the_ATI desire_NN can_MD not_XNOT possibly_RB be_BE the_ATI J54 104 desire_NN to_TO raise_VB one's_CD1$ arm_NN ,_, J54 105 since_CS it_PP3 would_MD be_BE circular_JJ to_TO define_VB the_ATI J54 105 action_NN of_IN raising_VBG one's_CD1$ arm_NN J54 106 as_IN a_AT bodily_JJ movement_NN together_RB with_IN the_ATI desire_NN J54 106 to_TO raise_VB one's_CD1$ arm_NN ._. ^ but_CC J54 107 is_BEZ it_PP3 possible_JJ ,_, in_RB general_RB" ,_, to_TO define_VB J54 107 action_NN as_IN bodily_JJ movement_NN or_CC J54 108 happening_NN plus_IN desire_NN ?_? ^ only_RB if_CS we_PP1AS can_MD J54 108 understand_VB what_WDT a_AT desire_NN is_BEZ J54 109 without_IN invoking_VBG the_ATI concept_NN of_IN an_AT action_NN ._. ^ J54 109 is_BEZ this_DT possible_JJ ?_? ^ only_RB if_CS J54 110 in_IN our_PP$ account_NN of_IN the_ATI action_NN of_IN raising_VBG J54 110 one's_CD1$ arm_NN ,_, we_PP1AS do_DO not_XNOT invoke_VB J54 111 any_DTI desire_NN to_TO do_DO ,_, \0e.g_RB the_ATI desire_NN to_TO J54 111 notify_VB others_APS that_CS one_CD1 J54 112 is_BEZ about_RP to_TO make_VB a_AT turn_NN ._. ^ or_CC ,_, if_CS J54 112 we_PP1AS do_DO this_DT ,_, only_RB if_CS we_PP1AS go_VB on_RP to_TO J54 113 explain_VB a_AT desire_NN to_TO do_DO in_IN terms_NNS of_IN a_AT J54 113 desire_NN together_RB with_IN some_DTI feature_NN J54 114 of_IN the_ATI desire_NN which_WDTR does_DOZ not_XNOT involve_VB a_AT J54 114 reference_NN to_IN doing_VBG at_IN all_ABN *-_*- in_IN J54 115 which_WDTR case_NN the_ATI desire_NN to_TO do_DO would_MD then_RN be_BE J54 115 *'_*' reduced_VBN **'_**' to_IN some_DTI sort_NN of_IN J54 116 occurrence_NN called_VBN *'_*' a_AT desire_NN **'_**' having_HVG a_AT J54 116 feature_NN that_WPR could_MD be_BE J54 117 described_VBN without_IN reference_NN to_IN any_DTI doing_NN at_IN J54 117 all_ABN ._. ^ now_RN what_WDT sort_NN of_IN J54 118 thing_NN called_VBN a_AT *'_*' desire_NN **'_**' could_MD this_DT J54 118 possibly_RB be_BE ?_? ^ here_RN is_BEZ one_CD1 J54 119 suggestion_NN :_: the_ATI desire_NN is_BEZ a_AT desire_NN for_IN J54 119 something_PN ,_, \0e.g_RB the_ATI J54 120 food_NN that_CS one_CD1 will_MD get_VB if_CS such-and-such_ABL J54 120 things_NNS take_VB place_NN ._. ^ let_VB us_PP1OS J54 121 then_RN see_VB if_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ possible_JJ to_TO *'_*' explain_VB J54 121 **'_**' the_ATI desire_NN to_TO do_DO in_IN J54 122 terms_NNS of_IN a_AT desire_NN for_IN something_PN ._. ^ in_IN our_PP$ J54 122 example_NN ,_, this_DT then_RN is_BEZ the_ATI J54 123 situation_NN :_: ^ one_CD1 is_BEZ hungry_JJ ;_; food_NN is_BEZ J54 123 around_IN the_ATI corner_NN ,_, so_CS one_CD1 notifies_VBZ J54 124 others_APS that_CS one_CD1 is_BEZ about_RP to_TO make_VB a_AT turn_NN J54 124 in_TO order_TO" to_TO" get_VB food_NN ;_; one_CD1 J54 125 desires_VBZ to_TO notify_VB others_APS that_CS one_CD1 is_BEZ about_RP J54 125 to_TO make_VB a_AT turn_NN and_CC one_CD1 J54 126 desires_VBZ to_TO do_DO what_WDT is_BEZ needed_VBN in_TO order_TO" J54 126 to_TO" get_VB the_ATI food_NN ;_; but_CC to_TO say_VB that_CS J54 127 one_CD1 desires_VBZ to_TO do_DO these_DTS things_NNS can_MD be_BE J54 127 explained_VBN or_CC elucidated_VBN J54 128 simply_RB and_CC solely_RB in_IN terms_NNS of_IN the_ATI presence_NN J54 128 of_IN a_AT certain_JJ occurrence_NN J54 129 called_VBN the_ATI desire_NN for_IN food_NN ._. ^ on_IN this_DT J54 129 suggestion_NN ,_, the_ATI notion_NN of_IN J54 130 desiring_VBG to_TO do_DO is_BEZ elucidated_VBN in_IN terms_NNS of_IN J54 130 the_ATI logically_RB prior_JJ notion_NN of_IN J54 131 a_AT desire_NN for_IN something_PN ._. J54 132 ^ here_RN I_PP1A shall_MD not_XNOT dwell_VB further_RBR upon_IN J54 132 the_ATI now_RN obvious_JJ and_CC fatal_JJ J54 133 objection_NN to_IN the_ATI identification_NN of_IN the_ATI desire_NN J54 133 for_IN something_PN with_IN some_DTI J54 134 internal_JJ occurrence_NN ,_, an_AT objection_NN that_WPR is_BEZ J54 134 decisive_JJ in_IN refuting_VBG the_ATI J54 135 contention_NN that_CS an_AT action_NN consists_VBZ of_IN the_ATI J54 135 dual_JJ occurrence_NN of_IN bodily_JJ J54 136 movement_NN and_CC internal_JJ event_NN ._. ^ what_WDT I_PP1A want_VB J54 136 to_TO examine_VB now_RN is_BEZ the_ATI J54 137 contention_NN that_CS desires_NNS for_IN something_PN are_BER J54 137 somehow_RB logically_RB more_QL J54 138 primitive_JJ or_CC basic_JJ than_IN desires_NNS to_TO do_DO ,_, and_CC J54 138 hence_RB that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ possible_JJ J54 139 to_TO understand_VB the_ATI notion_NN of_IN a_AT desire_NN without_IN J54 139 invoking_VBG the_ATI concept_NN of_IN J54 140 an_AT action_NN ._. ^ there_EX are_BER two_CD questions_NNS here_RN :_: J54 140 first_RB ,_, is_BEZ it_PP3 possible_JJ to_TO J54 141 want_VB or_CC to_TO have_HV a_AT desire_NN for_IN something_PN J54 141 without_IN wanting_VBG to_TO do_DO ,_, and_CC J54 142 secondly_RB ,_, is_BEZ it_PP3 possible_JJ that_CS one_CD1 may_MD J54 142 have_HV what_WDT one_CD1 wants_VBZ but_CC not_XNOT want_VB J54 143 to_TO do_DO anything_PN with_IN it_PP3 ?_? J54 144 ^ consider_VB the_ATI first_OD question_NN ._. ^ if_CS I_PP1A J54 144 want_VB food_NN but_CC do_DO nothing_PN to_TO J54 145 get_VB it_PP3 ,_, that_DT surely_RB is_BEZ intelligible_JJ ._. ^ I_PP1A J54 145 may_MD be_BE unable_JJ to_TO get_VB it_PP3 when_WRB ,_, J54 146 for_IN example_NN ,_, I_PP1A am_BEM tied_VBN and_CC gagged_VBN ._. ^ J54 146 or_CC ,_, I_PP1A may_MD do_DO nothing_PN to_TO get_VB it_PP3 J54 147 because_CS I_PP1A am_BEM fasting_VBG *-_*- doctor's_NN$ orders_NNS ,_, J54 147 you_PP2 know_VB ._. ^ or_CC ,_, I_PP1A may_MD want_VB this_DT J54 148 food_NN before_IN me_PP1O but_CC since_CS it_PP3 disagrees_VBZ with_IN J54 148 me_PP1O I_PP1A do_DO nothing_PN to_TO get_VB it_PP3 ._. J54 149 ^ but_CC can_MD I_PP1A want_VB this_DT food_NN ,_, but_CC not_XNOT J54 149 want_VB to_TO do_DO anything_PN to_TO get_VB it_PP3 ?_? J54 150 ^ this_DT much_AP is_BEZ possible_JJ :_: the_ATI food_NN is_BEZ on_IN J54 150 display_NN in_IN a_AT shop_NN ,_, I_PP1A have_HV no_ATI J54 151 money_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI only_AP way_NN I_PP1A can_MD get_VB it_PP3 J54 151 is_BEZ by_IN stealing_NN ._. ^ now_RN I_PP1A do_DO not_XNOT J54 152 want_VB to_TO steal_VB *-_*- least_RBT of_IN all_ABN do_DO I_PP1A J54 152 want_VB to_TO get_VB it_PP3 by_IN stealing_VBG *-_*- let_VB it_PP3 J54 153 be_BE that_CS I_PP1A want_VB to_TO refrain_VB from_IN doing_VBG J54 153 anything_PN that_WPR is_BEZ stealing_VBG ._. ^ does_DOZ J54 154 it_PP3 follow_VB that_CS I_PP1A do_DO not_XNOT want_VB to_TO get_VB J54 154 the_ATI food_NN ?_? ^ certainly_RB not_XNOT ,_, since_CS if_CS J54 155 this_DT did_DOD follow_VB it_PP3 would_MD be_BE logically_RB J54 155 impossible_JJ for_IN anyone_PN to_TO be_BE J54 156 tempted_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI man_NN who_WPR is_BEZ tempted_VBN wants_VBZ J54 156 to_TO get_VB something_PN despite_IN the_ATI J54 157 fact_NN that_CS by_IN getting_VBG it_PP3 he_PP3A will_MD be_BE J54 157 doing_VBG the_ATI wrong_JJ thing_NN ;_; his_PP$ trouble_NN J54 158 is_BEZ that_CS he_PP3A finds_VBZ some_DTI difficulty_NN in_IN J54 158 refraining_VBG from_IN getting_VBG what_WDT he_PP3A J54 159 wants_VBZ to_TO get_VB ,_, not_XNOT that_CS he_PP3A does_DOZ not_XNOT J54 159 want_VB to_TO get_VB what_WDT he_PP3A wants_VBZ ._. ^ if_CS he_PP3A J54 160 did_DOD not_XNOT want_VB to_TO get_VB what_WDT he_PP3A wants_VBZ ,_, J54 160 it_PP3 would_MD be_BE impossible_JJ for_IN him_PP3O to_TO J54 161 be_BE tempted_VBN ._. ^ nor_CC is_BEZ it_PP3 necessary_JJ to_TO hold_VB J54 161 that_CS if_CS a_AT man_NN wants_VBZ to_TO get_VB J54 162 food_NN ,_, where_WRB getting_VBG it_PP3 would_MD be_BE stealing_VBG J54 162 ,_, that_CS he_PP3A must_MD be_BE tempted_VBN to_TO J54 163 steal_VB ._. ^ *'_*' temptation_NC **'_**' is_BEZ a_AT strong_JJ J54 163 term_NN ._. ^ the_ATI man_NN who_WPR is_BEZ tempted_VBN J54 164 feels_VBZ the_ATI urge_NN to_TO do_DO something_PN to_IN which_WDTR J54 164 he_PP3A has_HVZ an_AT aversion_NN and_CC must_MD J54 165 resist_VB it_PP3 ;_; but_CC a_AT man_NN may_MD want_VB to_TO get_VB J54 165 something_PN but_CC remain_VB steadfastly_RB J54 166 in_IN control_NN of_IN his_PP$ desire_NN and_CC feel_VB no_ATI J54 166 temptation_NN ._. ^ now_RN one_CD1 way_NN of_IN J54 167 establishing_VBG complete_JJ self-control_NN is_BEZ by_IN losing_VBG J54 167 the_ATI desire_NN for_IN the_ATI J54 168 thing_NN in_IN question_NN *-_*- this_DT in_IN fact_NN is_BEZ how_WRB J54 168 the_ATI man_NN who_WPR wants_VBZ to_TO lose_VB the_ATI J54 169 urge_NN for_IN smoking_NN succeeds_VBZ ._. ^ but_CC one_CD1 may_MD ,_, J54 169 as_CS in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN our_PP$ example_NN J54 170 of_IN the_ATI man_NN who_WPR wants_VBZ food_NN ,_, continue_VB to_TO J54 170 want_VB it_PP3 and_CC yet_RB remain_VB free_JJ J54 171 from_IN temptation_NN ._. ^ if_CS ,_, indeed_RB ,_, we_PP1AS are_BER J54 171 inclined_VBN to_TO deny_VB that_CS if_CS a_AT man_NN J54 172 wants_VBZ the_ATI food_NN ,_, he_PP3A must_MD want_VB to_TO get_VB J54 172 it_PP3 ,_, this_DT is_BEZ because_IN of_IN" the_ATI failure_NN J54 173 to_TO recognize_VB that_CS ,_, in_IN the_ATI particular_JJ J54 173 circumstances_NNS ,_, the_ATI person_NN would_MD J54 174 be_BE doing_VBG not_XNOT one_CD1 thing_NN *-_*- getting_VBG the_ATI J54 174 food_NN *-_*- but_CC at_RB least_RB" two_CD things_NNS :_: J54 175 not_XNOT only_RB would_MD he_PP3A be_BE getting_VBG the_ATI food_NN ,_, J54 175 but_CC in_IN doing_VBG this_DT he_PP3A would_MD also_RB J54 176 be_BE stealing_VBG ._. J55 2 ^ the_ATI solution_NN to_IN the_ATI dilemma_NN lay_VBD in_IN the_ATI J55 2 successful_JJ application_NN of_IN J55 3 coke_NN to_IN the_ATI smelting_NN of_IN iron_NN ore_NN (_( coal_NN J55 3 had_HVD long_RB been_BEN used_VBN in_IN the_ATI J55 4 further_JJB working_NN of_IN the_ATI pig_NN )_) ._. ^ in_IN Belgium_NP J55 4 this_DT was_BEDZ first_RB done_VBN in_IN 1823_CD J55 5 at_IN Seraing_NP ._. ^ almost_RB simultaneously_RB another_DT J55 5 British_JNP invention_NN of_IN great_JJ J55 6 importance_NN made_VBD its_PP$ first_OD appearance_NN ._. ^ this_DT J55 6 occurred_VBD in_IN 1821_CD when_WRB J55 7 Michael_NP Orban_NP built_VBD the_ATI first_OD Belgian_JNP puddling_JJ J55 7 furnace_NN at_IN J55 8 Grivegne*?2e_NP ._. ^ puddled_JJ iron_NN and_CC steel_NN were_BED J55 8 vital_JJ to_IN the_ATI new_JJ J55 9 engineering_NN industries_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI new_JJ techniques_NNS J55 9 spread_VBD rapidly_RB ._. ^ by_IN the_ATI J55 10 middle_JJB thirties_CDS there_EX were_BED more_AP than_IN twenty_CD J55 10 coke-fired_JJ blast_NN furnaces_NNS J55 11 in_IN operation_NN ._. J55 12 ^ their_PP$ success_NN was_BEDZ made_VBN easier_JJR by_IN the_ATI J55 12 fact_NN that_CS the_ATI Belgian_JNP J55 13 coalfields_NNS ,_, especially_RB those_DTS of_IN Hainaut_NP ,_, J55 13 were_BED already_RB producing_VBG much_AP J55 14 more_AP than_IN other_AP continental_JJ fields_NNS ,_, and_CC had_HVD J55 14 a_AT long_JJ history_NN of_IN economic_JJ J55 15 importance_NN behind_IN them_PP3OS ._. ^ the_ATI outcrop_NN areas_NNS J55 15 had_HVD been_BEN in_IN use_NN for_IN many_AP J55 16 centuries_NNS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI coal_NN industry_NN ,_, like_IN J55 16 the_ATI iron_NN ,_, technological_JJ change_NN J55 17 was_BEDZ rapid_JJ in_IN the_ATI early_JJ years_NNS of_IN the_ATI J55 17 century_NN ._. ^ perhaps_RB the_ATI most_QL J55 18 important_JJ single_JJ advance_NN was_BEDZ the_ATI harnessing_NN of_IN J55 18 the_ATI steam-engine_NN to_TO J55 19 raise_VB coal_NN from_IN the_ATI pit_NN bottom_NN to_IN the_ATI J55 19 surface_NN ._. ^ this_DT took_VBD place_NN first_RB J55 20 at_IN Bois-du-Luc_NP in_IN Hainaut_NP in_IN 1807_CD :_: four_CD J55 20 years_NNS later_RBR Michel_NP Orban_NP J55 21 brought_VBD the_ATI system_NN to_IN Lie*?3ge_NP province_NN when_WRB J55 21 he_PP3A installed_VBD the_ATI new_JJ J55 22 winding_NN gear_NN at_IN his_PP$ Plomterie_NP colliery_NN (_( in_IN J55 22 both_ABX areas_NNS steam_NN drainage_NN J55 23 of_IN water_NN from_IN the_ATI mines_NNS ,_, initially_RB with_IN J55 23 Newcomen_NP engines_NNS ,_, had_HVD long_RB J55 24 been_BEN a_AT commonplace_NN )_) ._. ^ the_ATI ventilation_NN of_IN J55 24 pits_NNS was_BEDZ improved_VBN ._. ^ their_PP$ J55 25 safety_NN was_BEDZ enhanced_VBN by_IN developments_NNS such_IN as_IN" J55 25 the_ATI introduction_NN of_IN the_ATI J55 26 Davy_NP safety-lamp_NN (_( again_RB a_AT result_NN of_IN Orban's_NP$ J55 26 initiative_NN at_IN Plomterie_NP )_) J55 27 in_IN 1817_CD ._. ^ Joseph_NP Chaudron_NP with_IN his_PP$ cuvelage_&FW J55 27 en_&FW fer_&FW found_VBD a_AT J55 28 better_JJR way_NN of_IN strengthening_VBG mining_NN shafts_NNS with_IN J55 28 a_AT revetment_NN of_IN iron_NN ._. J55 29 ^ the_ATI production_NN of_IN coal_NN grew_VBD rapidly_RB ._. ^ by_IN J55 29 the_ATI decade_NN 1831-40_CD-CD it_PP3 was_BEDZ J55 30 averaging_VBG 2,917,000_CD tons_NNS per_IN annum_NN ;_; in_IN the_ATI J55 30 following_JJ decade_NN the_ATI J55 31 annual_JJ output_NN was_BEDZ 4,815,000_CD tons_NNS ._. J55 32 ^ a_AT small_JJ group_NN of_IN able_JJ and_CC determined_JJ men_NNS J55 32 was_BEDZ rapidly_RB transforming_VBG J55 33 the_ATI economy_NN of_IN the_ATI country_NN *-_*- the_ATI Orbans_NPS J55 33 ,_, the_ATI Bauwens_NP ,_, the_ATI Hudsons_NPS ,_, the_ATI J55 34 Lelie*?3vres_NP ;_; but_CC above_IN all_ABN the_ATI Cockerill_NP J55 34 dynasty_NN ,_, whose_WP$R history_NN ,_, as_IN J55 35 an_AT epitome_NN of_IN Belgian_JNP industrial_JJ growth_NN during_IN J55 35 the_ATI first_OD half_NN of_IN the_ATI J55 36 century_NN is_BEZ worth_IN sketching_VBG ._. J55 37 ^ continental_JJ industrial_JJ advance_NN in_IN the_ATI early_JJ J55 37 decades_NNS of_IN the_ATI J55 38 nineteenth_OD century_NN was_BEDZ largely_RB a_AT matter_NN of_IN J55 38 absorbing_VBG the_ATI lessons_NNS J55 39 afforded_VBN by_IN the_ATI British_JNP example_NN ._. ^ frequently_RB J55 39 it_PP3 was_BEDZ an_AT Englishman_NNP who_WPR J55 40 taught_VBD the_ATI lesson_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ ironical_JJ that_CS J55 40 the_ATI Englishman_NNP whose_WP$R family_NN J55 41 was_BEDZ to_TO do_DO more_AP than_IN any_DTI other_AP to_TO give_VB J55 41 Belgium_NP the_ATI lead_NN for_IN many_AP J55 42 decades_NNS should_MD have_HV been_BEN found_VBN out_RP of_IN work_NN J55 42 in_IN the_ATI country_NN which_WDTR was_BEDZ J55 43 ultimately_RB to_TO advance_VB further_RBR and_CC faster_RBR along_IN J55 43 the_ATI road_NN to_IN industrial_JJ J55 44 achievement_NN than_IN any_DTI other_AP continental_JJ state_NN ._. ^ J55 44 William_NP Cockerill_NP ,_, the_ATI J55 45 founder_NN of_IN the_ATI line_NN ,_, was_BEDZ discovered_VBN by_IN a_AT J55 45 member_NN of_IN the_ATI Verviers_NP firm_NN J55 46 of_IN Simonis_NP et_&FW Biolley_NP in_IN Hamburg_NP in_IN 1798_CD ._. ^ J55 46 within_IN two_CD years_NNS he_PP3A was_BEDZ J55 47 producing_VBG textile_NN machinery_NN ._. ^ in_IN 1802_CD his_PP$ J55 47 two_CD sons_NNS ,_, James_NP and_CC John_NP ,_, J55 48 built_VBD their_PP$ own_AP textile_NN machinery_NN factory_NN in_IN J55 48 Lie*?3ge_NP ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ J55 49 immensely_RB successful_JJ ,_, and_CC a_AT decade_NN later_RBR in_IN J55 49 1812_CD was_BEDZ producing_VBG J55 50 spinning_JJ and_CC carding_JJ machines_NNS at_IN a_AT rate_NN of_IN J55 50 several_AP hundreds_CDS a_AT year_NN ._. J55 51 ^ the_ATI Cockerill_NP interests_NNS expanded_VBD rapidly_RB ._. ^ J55 51 an_AT important_JJ stage_NN was_BEDZ J55 52 reached_VBN in_IN 1817_CD when_WRB their_PP$ Seraing_NP iron-works_NNS J55 52 was_BEDZ built_VBN :_: an_AT old_JJ J55 53 episcopal_JJ palace_NN was_BEDZ converted_VBN into_IN a_AT machine_NN J55 53 shop_NN for_IN the_ATI J55 54 construction_NN of_IN steam-engines_NNS ._. ^ in_IN 1823_CD James_NP J55 54 retired_VBD from_IN the_ATI firm_NN ,_, J55 55 making_VBG over_RP his_PP$ share_NN to_IN his_PP$ remarkable_JJ J55 55 brother_NN ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ a_AT J55 56 significant_JJ year_NN for_IN John_NP in_IN another_DT direction_NN J55 56 also_RB since_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ then_RN J55 57 that_CS he_PP3A disproved_VBD the_ATI belief_NN ,_, general_JJ at_IN J55 57 the_ATI time_NN ,_, that_CS Belgian_JNP coal_NN J55 58 would_MD not_XNOT coke_VB satisfactorily_RB ._. ^ he_PP3A J55 58 supervised_VBD the_ATI installation_NN of_IN the_ATI J55 59 first_OD coke-fed_JJ blast_NN furnace_NN in_IN Belgium_NP at_IN J55 59 Seraing_NP ._. ^ this_DT plant_NN was_BEDZ J55 60 capable_JJ of_IN a_AT daily_JJ output_NN as_QL high_JJ as_IN ten_CD J55 60 tons_NNS ,_, or_CC more_AP than_CS most_AP J55 61 charcoal_NN furnaces_NNS could_MD manage_VB in_IN a_AT week_NN ._. ^ J55 61 by_IN 1829_CD the_ATI Lie*?3ge_NP J55 62 district_NN was_BEDZ producing_VBG over_RB 7,000_CD tons_NNS of_IN J55 62 pig-iron_NN a_AT year_NN ,_, chiefly_RB at_IN J55 63 Seraing_NP ._. ^ in_IN 1835_CD the_ATI first_OD continental-built_JJ J55 63 railway_NN locomotive_NN was_BEDZ J55 64 constructed_VBN there_RN ._. ^ two_CD years_NNS later_RBR J55 64 Cockerill's_NP$ enthusiasm_NN for_IN J55 65 technical_JJ excellence_NN led_VBD him_PP3O to_TO introduce_VB the_ATI J55 65 hot-blast_JJB system_NN into_IN J55 66 his_PP$ Seraing_NP plant_NN ,_, at_IN a_AT time_NN when_WRB J55 66 Neilson's_NP$ invention_NN was_BEDZ less_AP than_IN a_AT J55 67 decade_NN old_JJ ,_, and_CC still_RB little_RB used_VBN in_IN J55 67 Britain_NP outside_IN Scotland_NP ._. ^ in_IN J55 68 1840_CD shortly_RB before_IN the_ATI death_NN of_IN John_NP J55 68 Cockerill_NP ,_, his_PP$ Seraing_NP works_NNS J55 69 alone_RB employed_VBD 2,000_CD men_NNS and_CC were_BED reckoned_VBN J55 69 the_ATI largest_JJT in_IN Europe_NP J55 70 (_( eight_CD years_NNS later_RBR Krupp_NP ,_, the_ATI colossus_NN of_IN J55 70 the_ATI future_NN ,_, employed_VBD only_RB 70_CD J55 71 men_NNS )_) ._. ^ this_DT man_NN ,_, described_VBN by_IN Schnabel_NP J55 71 as_IN the_ATI first_OD *'_*' truly_RB princely_JJ J55 72 businessman_NN since_IN the_ATI days_NNS of_IN the_ATI Fugger_NP J55 72 **'_**' ,_, travelled_VBD constantly_RB to_TO J55 73 foster_VB his_PP$ interests_NNS ,_, which_WDTR extended_VBD over_IN J55 73 most_AP of_IN western_JJ Europe_NP north_NR J55 74 of_IN the_ATI Alps_NPS ._. ^ his_PP$ range_NN of_IN interest_NN ,_, J55 74 knowledge_NN and_CC energy_NN were_BED J55 75 invaluable_JJ to_IN the_ATI Belgian_JNP metal_NN ,_, engineering_NN J55 75 and_CC textile_NN industries_NNS ._. J55 76 ^ the_ATI new_JJ developments_NNS of_IN coalfield_NN industry_NN J55 76 had_HVD revolutionized_VBN the_ATI J55 77 scale_NN of_IN production_NN of_IN certain_JJ industries_NNS and_CC J55 77 lowered_VBN unit_NN costs_NNS of_IN J55 78 production_NN ;_; but_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ easily_RB possible_JJ to_TO J55 78 exaggerate_VB the_ATI degree_NN to_IN J55 79 which_WDTR the_ATI country_NN outside_IN the_ATI coalfields_NNS had_HVD J55 79 come_VBN under_IN the_ATI sway_NN of_IN J55 80 the_ATI new_JJ coal_NN age_NN ._. ^ older_JJR methods_NNS of_IN J55 80 production_NN were_BED not_XNOT entirely_RB J55 81 replaced_VBN even_RB in_IN those_DTS industries_NNS which_WDTR were_BED J55 81 most_RBT changed_VBN by_IN the_ATI new_JJ J55 82 conditions_NNS ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ true_JJ ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, J55 82 even_RB of_IN the_ATI iron_NN industry_NN ._. J55 83 ^ in_IN 1838_CD sixty-six_CD out_RP of_IN the_ATI eighty-nine_CD J55 83 blast_NN furnaces_NNS in_IN the_ATI J55 84 country_NN were_BED still_RB charcoal_NN fed_VBN ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ J55 84 not_XNOT until_IN the_ATI middle_JJB fifties_CDS J55 85 that_CS the_ATI Semois_NP iron_NN industry_NN in_IN the_ATI Belgian_JNP J55 85 Ardennes_NPS ,_, which_WDTR was_BEDZ J55 86 entirely_RB dependent_JJ on_IN charcoal_NN ,_, fell_VBD into_IN J55 86 decline_NN ,_, although_CS its_PP$ annual_JJ J55 87 capacity_NN ,_, which_WDTR never_RB much_RB exceeded_VBD 10,000_CD J55 87 tons_NNS ,_, had_HVD for_IN many_AP years_NNS J55 88 been_BEN far_RB outdistanced_VBN by_IN Seraing_NP ._. J55 89 ^ the_ATI implications_NNS of_IN the_ATI new_JJ age_NN were_BED J55 89 to_TO be_BE seen_VBN in_IN Belgium_NP not_XNOT J55 90 only_RB in_IN the_ATI positive_JJ achievements_NNS of_IN the_ATI age_NN J55 90 *-_*- the_ATI great_JJ growth_NN in_IN J55 91 coalfield_NN industry_NN and_CC the_ATI exciting_JJ possibilities_NNS J55 91 of_IN the_ATI new_JJ and_CC J55 92 developing_JJ railways_NNS ;_; but_CC equally_RB strikingly_RB in_IN J55 92 a_AT negative_JJ sense_NN ._. ^ in_IN J55 93 the_ATI 1840s_CDS the_ATI largest_JJT of_IN the_ATI traditional_JJ J55 93 industries_NNS of_IN Belgium_NP ,_, the_ATI J55 94 linen_NN industry_NN of_IN Flanders_NP ,_, was_BEDZ in_IN crisis_NN ,_, J55 94 a_AT fatal_JJ one_CD1 as_CS it_PP3 proved_VBD ,_, J55 95 because_CS the_ATI Flemish_JNP spinsters_NNS could_MD not_XNOT J55 95 compete_VB with_IN the_ATI machine-made_JJ J55 96 thread_NN of_IN the_ATI English_JNP mills_NNS ._. ^ since_CS there_EX J55 96 were_BED estimated_VBN to_TO be_BE 280,000_CD J55 97 spinsters_NNS in_IN the_ATI linen_NN industry_NN in_IN 1840_CD (_( J55 97 often_RB ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, only_RB partly_RB J55 98 dependent_JJ on_IN their_PP$ spinning_NN for_IN a_AT livelihood_NN )_) J55 98 the_ATI negative_JJ side_NN was_BEDZ as_QL J55 99 keenly_RB felt_VBN and_CC widely_RB recognized_VBN as_IN the_ATI J55 99 positive_JJ side_NN represented_VBN by_IN J55 100 the_ATI work_NN of_IN the_ATI Cockerills_NPS and_CC their_PP$ J55 100 rivals_NNS ._. ^ there_EX was_BEDZ a_AT whip_NN to_TO goad_VB J55 101 as_CC well_CC" as_CC" a_AT carrot_NN to_TO entice_VB ._. J55 102 ^ the_ATI new_JJ pattern_NN of_IN industrial_JJ life_NN which_WDTR J55 102 was_BEDZ spreading_VBG to_IN the_ATI J55 103 continent_NN from_IN England_NP affected_VBD Belgium_NP a_RB little_RB" J55 103 earlier_RBR than_IN other_AP J55 104 countries_NNS ._. ^ within_IN the_ATI Austrasian_JNP field_NN it_PP3 J55 104 was_BEDZ two_CD Belgian_JNP areas_NNS ,_, J55 105 Hainaut_NP and_CC Lie*?3ge_NP ,_, which_WDTR were_BED first_OD to_TO J55 105 use_VB the_ATI two_CD key_JJB advances_NNS of_IN J55 106 the_ATI new_JJ age_NN extensively_RB ._. ^ the_ATI coke-fired_JJ J55 106 blast_NN furnace_NN and_CC the_ATI J55 107 steam-engine_NN were_BED commonplaces_NNS there_RN when_WRB they_PP3AS J55 107 were_BED still_RB rare_JJ in_IN Nord_NP J55 108 and_CC almost_RB unknown_JJ in_IN the_ATI Ruhr_NP ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ J55 108 natural_JJ ,_, therefore_RB ,_, that_CS J55 109 Belgian_JNP men_NNS and_CC Belgian_JNP money_NN should_MD have_HV J55 109 taken_VBN the_ATI lead_NN within_IN the_ATI J55 110 field_NN even_RB in_IN French_JNP and_CC German_JNP areas_NNS ._. ^ J55 110 capital_NN ,_, technical_JJ expertise_NN J55 111 and_CC entrepreneurs_NNS proved_VBD quite_RB footloose_JJ within_IN J55 111 the_ATI field_NN in_IN its_PP$ J55 112 formative_JJ years_NNS ,_, seeking_VBG employment_NN always_RB J55 112 where_WRB the_ATI expectation_NN of_IN J55 113 profit_NN was_BEDZ greatest_JJT ._. ^ since_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ J55 113 important_JJ to_IN the_ATI theme_NN of_IN the_ATI other_AP J55 114 chapters_NNS of_IN this_DT first_OD part_NN of_IN the_ATI book_NN to_TO J55 114 show_VB that_CS in_IN such_ABL matters_NNS J55 115 national_JJ boundaries_NNS were_BED seldom_RB of_IN great_JJ J55 115 consequence_NN in_IN the_ATI early_JJ J55 116 years_NNS ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ worthwhile_JJ considering_VBG the_ATI J55 116 extent_NN of_IN Belgian_JNP J55 117 participation_NN in_IN the_ATI development_NN of_IN areas_NNS of_IN J55 117 the_ATI Austrasian_JNP field_NN J55 118 outside_IN Belgium_NP before_IN considering_VBG Nord_NP ,_, Aachen_NP J55 118 and_CC the_ATI Ruhr_NP J55 119 separately_RB ._. J55 120 ^ the_ATI Belgian_JNP influence_NN in_IN the_ATI Nord_NP ._. J55 121 ^ between_IN Nord_NP and_CC Hainaut_NP there_EX had_HVD long_RB J55 121 been_BEN close_JJ ties_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J55 122 Mons_NP portion_NN of_IN the_ATI Hainaut_NP coalfield_NN had_HVD J55 122 been_BEN occupied_VBN by_IN France_NP J55 123 during_IN the_ATI war_NN of_IN the_ATI Spanish_JNP succession_NN J55 123 from_IN 1701_CD to_IN 1709_CD ,_, and_CC during_IN J55 124 this_DT short_JJ time_NN French_JNP capital_NN gained_VBD a_AT J55 124 foothold_NN in_IN the_ATI coal_NN industry_NN J55 125 of_IN the_ATI area_NN which_WDTR proved_VBD long_RB lasting_JJ ._. ^ J55 125 the_ATI industry_NN of_IN Nord_NP became_VBD J55 126 heavily_RB dependent_JJ upon_IN coal_NN drawn_VBN from_IN this_DT J55 126 source_NN during_IN the_ATI J55 127 eighteenth_OD century_NN ,_, and_CC remained_VBD so_PN to_IN a_AT J55 127 lesser_JJR and_CC declining_JJ extent_NN J55 128 into_IN the_ATI nineteenth_OD ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ recognition_NN J55 128 of_IN the_ATI danger_NN of_IN this_DT J55 129 dependence_NN combined_VBN with_IN the_ATI high_JJ duties_NNS on_IN J55 129 Belgian_JNP coal_NN which_WDTR J55 130 prompted_VBD a_AT persistent_JJ search_NN for_IN a_AT French_JNP J55 130 source_NN of_IN coal_NN in_IN Nord_NP J55 131 itself_PPL (_( when_WRB this_DT search_NN culminated_VBD in_IN a_AT J55 131 great_JJ success_NN at_IN Anzin_NP in_IN J55 132 1734_CD ,_, the_ATI vicomte_NN de_&FW Desandrouin_NP ,_, whose_WP$R J55 132 tenacity_NN under_IN disappointment_NN J55 133 led_VBD to_IN the_ATI discovery_NN ,_, imported_VBD 200_CD Belgian_JNP J55 133 miners_NNS and_CC their_PP$ families_NNS J55 134 from_IN Charleroi_NP to_TO help_VB to_TO bring_VB the_ATI new_JJ J55 134 pits_NNS into_IN production_NN )_) ._. ^ in_IN J55 135 spite_IN" of_IN" the_ATI development_NN of_IN local_JJ production_NN J55 135 ,_, Nord's_NP$ dependence_NN on_IN J55 136 Belgian_JNP coal_NN remained_VBD considerable_JJ ,_, and_CC was_BEDZ J55 136 a_AT source_NN of_IN weakness_NN and_CC J55 137 distress_NN in_IN troubled_JJ times_NNS ._. ^ towards_IN the_ATI end_NN J55 137 of_IN the_ATI century_NN in_IN the_ATI J55 138 revolutionary_JJ wars_NNS an_AT Austrian_JNP threat_NN to_TO cut_VB J55 138 off_RP supplies_NNS of_IN coal_NN to_IN J55 139 Nord_NP caused_VBD consternation_NN among_IN the_ATI local_JJ J55 139 manufacturers_NNS ._. ^ they_PP3AS feared_VBD J55 140 to_TO see_VB *'_*' their_PP$ commerce_NN and_CC manufactures_NNS J55 140 completely_RB destroyed_VBN by_IN J55 141 competition_NN and_CC the_ATI interruption_NN in_IN the_ATI supply_NN J55 141 of_IN Austrian_JNP coal_NN **'_**' ._. J55 142 ^ Nord_NP was_BEDZ as_QL dependent_JJ upon_IN Belgium_NP for_IN J55 142 pig-iron_NN for_IN her_PP$ metal_NN J55 143 industries_NNS as_CS she_PP3A was_BEDZ for_IN coal_NN ,_, even_RB J55 143 before_IN the_ATI obsolescence_NN of_IN J55 144 charcoal_NN smelting_NN ._. ^ the_ATI pays_&FW de_&FW Lie*?3ge_&FW J55 144 supplied_VBD the_ATI great_JJ J55 145 bulk_NN of_IN the_ATI needs_NNS of_IN the_ATI Maubeuge_NP and_CC J55 145 Valenciennes_NP areas_NNS ,_, the_ATI two_CD J55 146 chief_JJB groups_NNS of_IN metal-using_JJ communes_&FW in_IN the_ATI J55 146 department_NN ._. ^ there_EX J55 147 were_BED only_RB two_CD blast_NN furnaces_NNS in_IN Nord_NP at_IN J55 147 the_ATI time_NN of_IN the_ATI revolution_NN ,_, at_IN J55 148 Hayon_NP and_CC Fourmies_NP :_: and_CC it_PP3 was_BEDZ said_VBN that_CS J55 148 these_DTS were_BED preserved_VBN from_IN J55 149 unsuccessful_JJ competition_NN only_RB by_IN the_ATI tariff_NN on_IN J55 149 Belgian_JNP iron_NN ._. J55 150 ^ at_IN the_ATI turn_NN of_IN the_ATI century_NN ,_, therefore_RB J55 150 ,_, French_JNP dependence_NN J55 151 physically_RB upon_IN Belgian_JNP materials_NNS was_BEDZ very_QL J55 151 marked_JJ in_IN the_ATI heavy_JJ J55 152 industries_NNS ;_; but_CC Belgian_JNP men_NNS and_CC money_NN were_BED J55 152 of_IN little_AP importance_NN ,_, and_CC J55 153 she_PP3A had_HVD no_ATI clear-cut_JJ technological_JJ lead_NN ._. ^ J55 153 the_ATI new_JJ century_NN brought_VBD no_ATI J55 154 immediate_JJ change_NN ._. ^ indeed_RB the_ATI second_OD period_NN J55 154 of_IN French_JNP occupation_NN of_IN J55 155 Belgian_JNP soil_NN served_VBD only_RB to_TO accentuate_VB the_ATI J55 155 existing_JJ pattern_NN ._. ^ in_IN 1814_CD J55 156 the_ATI completion_NN of_IN the_ATI Mons-Conde*?2_NP canal_NN J55 156 increased_VBD the_ATI ease_NN with_IN J55 157 which_WDTR Mons_NP coal_NN might_MD be_BE sent_VBN to_IN Nord_NP (_( J55 157 ten_CD years_NNS later_RBR the_ATI opening_NN of_IN J55 158 the_ATI Saint-Quentin_NP canal_NN allowed_VBD the_ATI passage_NN of_IN J55 158 Mons_NP coal_NN by_IN a_AT cheap_JJ J55 159 water_NN route_NN all_ABN the_ATI way_NN to_IN the_ATI Paris_NP J55 159 market_NN )_) ._. ^ as_CS the_ATI years_NNS passed_VBD ,_, J55 160 however_RB ,_, Belgium_NP did_DOD more_AP than_CS supply_VB coal_NN J55 160 and_CC raw_JJ pig_NN for_IN the_ATI iron_NN J55 161 industry_NN :_: Belgian_JNP firms_NNS took_VBD a_AT leading_JJ part_NN J55 161 in_IN the_ATI establishment_NN of_IN J55 162 modern_JJ works_NNS in_IN Nord_NP ._. ^ in_IN 1849_CD the_ATI J55 162 largest_JJT metal_NN works_NN in_IN Nord_NP was_BEDZ the_ATI J55 163 Belgian_JNP \0S_NP \0A_NP Hauts-fourneaux_&FW ,_, forges_&FW et_&FW J55 163 laminoirs_&FW de_&FW J55 164 Hautmont_&FW ,_, near_IN Maubeuge_NP ._. ^ it_PP3 had_HVD been_BEN J55 164 built_VBN in_IN 1842_CD ,_, and_CC employed_VBD J55 165 more_AP than_IN 400_CD workers_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ only_RB J55 165 one_CD1 of_IN several_AP Belgian_JNP metal_NN firms_NNS J55 166 which_WDTR became_VBD established_JJ in_IN the_ATI Maubeuge_NP area_NN J55 166 in_IN the_ATI forties_CDS and_CC J55 167 fifties_CDS to_TO gain_VB access_NN to_IN the_ATI French_JNP market_NN J55 167 ,_, or_CC even_RB ,_, as_CS in_IN the_ATI case_NN J55 168 of_IN Victor_NP Dupont_NP at_IN Sous-le-Bois_NP to_TO avoid_VB J55 168 labour_NN difficulties_NNS at_IN home_NR ._. J55 169 ^ Maubeuge_NP lay_VBD less_AP than_IN thirty_CD miles_NNS up_IN the_ATI J55 169 valley_NN of_IN the_ATI Sambre_NP from_IN J55 170 Charleroi_NP ,_, one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI two_CD largest_JJT centres_NNS J55 170 of_IN the_ATI Belgian_JNP iron_NN J55 171 industry_NN ._. ^ its_PP$ metal_NN industries_NNS were_BED an_AT J55 171 extension_NN across_IN the_ATI national_JJ J55 172 frontier_NN of_IN the_ATI industries_NNS of_IN Charleroi_NP :_: its_PP$ J55 172 economic_JJ life_NN was_BEDZ J55 173 orientated_VBN to_IN Charleroi_NP ._. ^ the_ATI penetration_NN of_IN J55 173 Belgian_JNP industry_NN and_CC J55 174 entrepreneurs_NNS is_BEZ therefore_RB very_QL understandable_JJ ._. ^ J55 174 Belgian_JNP influence_NN J55 175 extended_VBD further_RB ,_, however_RB ._. ^ there_EX was_BEDZ at_RB J55 175 least_RB" one_CD1 Belgian_JNP metal_NN J55 176 venture_NN in_IN the_ATI Valenciennes_NP metal_NN region_NN *-_*- J55 176 the_ATI rolling_JJ mills_NNS at_IN J55 177 Blanc-Misseron_NP :_: and_CC Belgian_JNP influence_NN in_IN Nord's_NP$ J55 177 most_QL important_JJ J55 178 industry_NN ,_, textiles_NNS ,_, was_BEDZ important_JJ ._. ^ J55 178 Belgian_JNP capital_NN and_CC personnel_NNS were_BED J55 179 seldom_RB directly_RB concerned_VBN in_IN the_ATI industry_NN ;_; J55 179 but_CC Belgian_JNP textile_NN J55 180 machinery_NN found_VBD a_AT ready_JJ market_NN in_IN Nord_NP ._. ^ J55 180 once_RB again_RB Cockerill_NP was_BEDZ the_ATI J55 181 great_JJ stimulus_NN ._. ^ Mahaim_NP ,_, after_IN describing_VBG J55 181 the_ATI early_JJ days_NNS of_IN the_ATI J55 182 Cockerill_NP plant_NN in_IN Lie*?3ge_NP ,_, added_VBD ,_, ^ *'_*' J55 182 then_RN ,_, with_IN an_AT astonishing_JJ J55 183 rapidity_NN in_IN view_NN of_IN the_ATI slowness_NN of_IN J55 183 communications_NNS ,_, the_ATI clothing_NN J55 184 centres_NNS of_IN northern_JJ France_NP took_VBD part_NN in_IN the_ATI J55 184 re-equipment_NN ._. ^ once_CS J55 185 Cockerill_NP was_BEDZ established_VBN at_IN Lie*?3ge_NP ,_, his_PP$ J55 185 cliente*?3le_NN appeared_VBD in_IN J55 186 France_NP ._. **'_**' J55 187 ^ while_CS Belgian_JNP influence_NN in_IN Nord_NP was_BEDZ J55 187 considerable_JJ ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ less_QL J55 188 marked_JJ here_RN than_CS in_IN the_ATI parts_NNS of_IN the_ATI J55 188 Austrasian_JNP field_NN which_WDTR lay_VBD to_IN the_ATI J55 189 east_NR ._. ^ although_CS Belgian_JNP coal_NN and_CC coke_NN was_BEDZ J55 189 indispensable_JJ to_IN Nord_NP ;_; J55 190 Belgian_JNP firms_NNS in_IN the_ATI van_NN in_IN the_ATI metal_NN J55 190 industry_NN ;_; and_CC Belgian_JNP J55 191 technological_JJ leadership_NN often_RB apparent_JJ ,_, even_RB in_IN J55 191 textiles_NNS ,_, French_JNP J55 192 capital_NN and_CC industry_NN could_MD show_VB reason_NN for_IN a_AT J55 192 claim_NN to_IN near_JJ equality_NN ._. J56 2 ^ in_IN Italy_NP ,_, too_RB ,_, the_ATI part_NN played_VBN by_IN J56 2 some_DTI of_IN the_ATI provocative_JJ J56 3 post-war_JJB striking_NN ,_, openly_RB aimed_VBN at_IN J56 3 factory-expropriation_NN ,_, in_IN bringing_VBG J56 4 adherents_NNS and_CC factory-_JJB and_CC landowner-subscriptions_NNS J56 4 to_IN the_ATI fascists_NNS ,_, is_BEZ J56 5 often_RB ignored_VBN so_CS that_CS" the_ATI story_NN only_RB seems_VBZ J56 5 to_TO begin_VB with_IN the_ATI otherwise_RB J56 6 inexplicable_JJ lorry-forays_NNS against_IN red_JJ centres_NNS ,_, J56 6 already_RB in_IN 1921_CD rising_VBG J56 7 to_IN anarchic_JJ heights_NNS ._. ^ of_RB course_RB" ,_, the_ATI J56 7 Italian_JNP governing_JJ classes_NNS were_BED to_TO J56 8 pay_VB dearly_RB for_IN the_ATI mingled_JJ cynicism_NN and_CC J56 8 cowardice_NN with_IN which_WDTR they_PP3AS J56 9 finally_RB allowed_VBD the_ATI apparatus_NN of_IN state_NN to_TO J56 9 pass_VB into_IN the_ATI hands_NNS of_IN the_ATI J56 10 leaders_NNS and_CC organizers_NNS of_IN the_ATI huge_JJ bands_NNS of_IN J56 10 street-fighters_NNS at_IN whose_WP$R J56 11 illegalities_NNS they_PP3AS had_HVD winked_VBN so_QL long_RB ._. ^ J56 11 the_ATI whole_JJ world_NN was_BEDZ ,_, in_IN fact_NN ,_, J56 12 destined_VBN to_TO pay_VB for_CS ,_, before_IN long_RB ,_, there_EX J56 12 were_BED to_TO be_BE growing_JJ J56 13 apprehensions_NNS among_IN the_ATI *'_*' advanced_JJ **'_**' as_IN J56 13 to_IN" whether_CS Mussolini's_NP$ J56 14 success_NN would_MD not_XNOT attract_VB power-hungry_JJ imitators_NNS J56 14 in_IN every_AT land_NN ._. ^ in_IN J56 15 Germany_NP ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, the_ATI ambitions_NNS of_IN J56 15 Adolf_NP Hitler_NP were_BED certainly_RB J56 16 stimulated_VBN ,_, and_CC in_IN that_DT suffering_JJ country_NN J56 16 there_EX had_HVD already_RB been_BEN such_ABL J56 17 threatening_JJ displays_NNS from_IN the_ATI frustrated_JJ right_NN J56 17 as_IN the_ATI Kapp_NP putsch_NN J56 18 of_IN 1920_CD ,_, the_ATI Erzberger_NP murder_NN of_IN 1921_CD ,_, J56 18 and_CC the_ATI Rathenau_NP murder_NN of_IN J56 19 1922_CD ._. ^ the_ATI attempted_JJ Nazi_JNP seizure_NN of_IN Bavaria_NP J56 19 ,_, when_WRB it_PP3 came_VBD in_IN November_NR J56 20 1923_CD ,_, enlisted_VBD Ludendorff's_NP$ support_NN ._. ^ and_CC J56 20 it_PP3 was_BEDZ not_XNOT insignificant_JJ J56 21 that_CS the_ATI daily_JJ mail_NN should_MD publish_VB ,_, in_IN 1923_CD J56 21 ,_, its_PP$ own_AP version_NN of_IN J56 22 Italian_JNP Fascismo's_NP$ history_NN and_CC that_CS the_ATI labour_NN J56 22 publishing_NN company_NN J56 23 should_MD issue_VB a_AT very_QL different_JJ account_NN ._. ^ as_CS J56 23 September_NR 1923_CD had_HVD seen_VBN a_AT J56 24 Spanish_JNP army_NN coup_NN sweep_VB aside_RP the_ATI politicians_NNS J56 24 and_CC institute_VB ,_, J56 25 without_IN any_DTI obvious_JJ sign_NN of_IN public_JJ displeasure_NN J56 25 ,_, the_ATI authoritarian_JJ J56 26 re*?2gime_NN of_IN Primo_NP de_&FW Rivera_NP ,_, the_ATI \0I.L.P.'s_NP$ J56 26 urge_NN to_TO issue_VB J56 27 Matteotti's_NP$ the_ATI fascisti_&FW exposed_VBN ,_, during_IN 1924_CD J56 27 ,_, becomes_VBZ more_QL J56 28 explicable_JJ ._. ^ yet_RB Matteotti's_NP$ murder_NN in_IN June_NR J56 28 1924_CD ,_, a_AT worse_JJR and_CC more_QL J56 29 widely-resented_JJB scandal_NN than_IN any_DTI he_PP3A exposed_VBD J56 29 when_WRB alive_JJ ,_, failed_VBD J56 30 ultimately_RB to_TO weaken_VB the_ATI fascist_JJ grip_NN on_IN Italy_NP J56 30 and_CC may_MD in_IN the_ATI long_JJ run_NN J56 31 have_HV served_VBN to_TO strengthen_VB it_PP3 ._. ^ certainly_RB ,_, J56 31 a_AT third_OD dictatorship_NN J56 32 appeared_VBD when_WRB General_NPT Pangalos_NP seized_VBD control_NN J56 32 in_IN Greece_NP during_IN the_ATI J56 33 summer_NN of_IN 1925_CD ._. J56 34 ^ all_ABN this_DT ,_, as_CS it_PP3 turned_VBD out_RP ,_, was_BEDZ J56 34 not_XNOT yet_RB the_ATI primary_JJ danger_NN to_IN the_ATI J56 35 *'_*' advanced_JJ **'_**' and_CC to_IN their_PP$ social_JJ democracy_NN J56 35 ._. ^ Pangalos's_NP$ dictatorship_NN ,_, J56 36 after_IN all_ABN ,_, was_BEDZ short_JJ lived_JJ" ,_, and_CC Primo_NP J56 36 ,_, in_IN Spain_NP ,_, never_RB built_VBD up_RP and_CC J56 37 doubtless_RB despised_VBD ,_, the_ATI Mussolini_NP demagogy_NN ,_, J56 37 complete_JJ with_IN fighting_JJ J56 38 street-rowdies_NNS ._. ^ in_IN fact_NN ,_, despite_IN some_DTI J56 38 ominous_JJ undertones_NNS even_RB in_IN J56 39 Britain_NP and_CC France_NP ,_, not_XNOT to_TO mention_VB J56 39 Mussolini's_NP$ increasing_JJ grip_NN of_IN J56 40 Italy_NP ,_, it_PP3 might_MD be_BE assumed_VBN that_CS democratic_JJ J56 40 prospects_NNS were_BED on_IN the_ATI mend_NN J56 41 between_IN 1925_CD and_CC the_ATI great_JJ *'_*' economic_JJ J56 41 blizzard_NN **'_**' which_WDTR began_VBD towards_IN J56 42 the_ATI end_NN of_IN 1929_CD ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ when_WRB German_JNP J56 42 unemployment_NN began_VBD rising_VBG again_RB J56 43 catastrophically_RB in_IN 1930_CD that_CS Hitler_NP ,_, whose_WP$R J56 43 denunciation_NN of_IN Jews_NNPS ,_, J56 44 Versailles_NP ,_, and_CC traitors_NNS ,_, sold_VBN to_IN Moscow_NP J56 44 or_CC the_ATI entente_NN ,_, had_HVD J56 45 become_VBN part_NN of_IN the_ATI German_JNP political_JJ scene_NN ,_, J56 45 scented_VBD his_PP$ first_OD chances_NNS J56 46 of_IN establishing_VBG an_AT altogether_RB more_QL formidable_JJ J56 46 dictatorship_NN than_IN J56 47 Mussolini's_NP$ ._. ^ and_CC the_ATI street-fighter_NN apparatus_NN J56 47 which_WDTR some_DTI German_JNP J56 48 capitalists_NNS ,_, fearful_JJ of_IN communism_NN and_CC Moscow_NP ,_, J56 48 helped_VBD him_PP3O to_TO perfect_VB ,_, J56 49 began_VBD to_TO assume_VB ,_, in_IN the_ATI \0S.A_NP and_CC the_ATI J56 49 \0S.S_NP ,_, forms_NNS destined_VBN to_TO J56 50 leave_VB the_ATI Italian_JNP models_NNS far_RB behind_RP ._. ^ J56 50 already_RB by_IN the_ATI summer_NN of_IN 1932_CD ,_, a_AT J56 51 possible_JJ storm_NN troopers'_NNS$ transfer_NN from_IN the_ATI J56 51 harrying_NN of_IN communists_NNS and_CC J56 52 Jews_NNPS in_IN the_ATI streets_NNS to_IN operations_NNS on_IN the_ATI J56 52 Polish_JNP and_CC Czech_JNP frontiers_NNS J56 53 was_BEDZ being_BEG taken_VBN seriously_RB at_IN the_ATI German_JNP J56 53 war_NN department_NN ._. J56 54 ^ by_IN 1932_CD ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, English_JNP theorists_NNS J56 54 of_IN the_ATI left_NN had_HVD been_BEN J56 55 speculating_VBG for_IN some_DTI time_NN on_IN how_WRB a_AT British_JNP J56 55 dictatorship_NN threat_NN might_MD J56 56 come_VB to_TO be_BE used_VBN against_IN them_PP3OS and_CC ,_, in_IN J56 56 point_NN of_IN fact_NN ,_, several_AP times_NNS J56 57 during_IN the_ATI 1920s_CDS Winston_NP Churchill_NP had_HVD been_BEN J56 57 cast_VBN for_IN the_ATI part_NN of_IN the_ATI J56 58 British_JNP Mussolini_NP ._. ^ but_CC there_EX were_BED mockers_NNS J56 58 among_IN them_PP3OS who_WPR claimed_VBD that_CS J56 59 the_ATI British_JNP ruling_JJ classes_NNS would_MD never_RB have_HV J56 59 to_TO meditate_VB the_ATI risks_NNS of_IN J56 60 calling_VBG in_RP fascism_NN if_CS the_ATI labour_NN movement_NN J56 60 allowed_VBD itself_PPL to_TO be_BE run_VBN out_RP J56 61 of_IN power_NN as_QL tamely_RB as_CS had_HVD been_BEN the_ATI case_NN J56 61 in_IN 1924_CD and_CC 1931_CD ._. ^ these_DTS J56 62 mockers_NNS of_IN *'_*' gradualism_NN **'_**' were_BED in_IN favour_NN J56 62 of_IN assuming_VBG in_IN advance_NN that_CS J56 63 yet_RB another_DT *'_*' conspiracy_NN **'_**' would_MD be_BE J56 63 attempted_VBN against_IN any_DTI third_OD J56 64 labour_NN government_NN ,_, even_CS if_CS" possessed_VBN of_IN a_AT J56 64 majority_NN ,_, and_CC that_CS such_ABL a_AT J56 65 government_NN was_BEDZ therefore_RB entitled_VBN to_TO arm_VB J56 65 itself_PPL with_IN drastic_JJ emergency_NN J56 66 powers_NNS usable_JJ against_IN all_ABN manner_NN of_IN *'_*' J56 66 capitalist_JJ sabotage_NN **'_**' ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ J56 67 a_AT most_QL dangerous_JJ line_NN of_IN advocacy_NN ,_, almost_RB J56 67 certain_JJ to_TO lead_VB not_XNOT merely_RB J56 68 to_IN fascism_NN but_CC to_IN bloodshed_NN and_CC the_ATI complete_JJ J56 68 antagonization_NN of_IN still_RB J56 69 important_JJ radical_JJ forces_NNS ,_, yet_CC for_IN a_AT time_NN J56 69 it_PP3 became_VBD the_ATI policy_NN of_IN the_ATI J56 70 socialist_JJ league_NN led_VBN by_IN Stafford_NP Cripps_NP ._. J56 71 ^ there_EX had_HVD been_BEN radicals_NNS who_WPR had_HVD J56 71 prophesied_VBN that_CS labour_NN would_MD J56 72 itself_PPL breed_VB British_JNP fascism's_NN$ would-be_JJB leader_NN J56 72 ,_, and_CC they_PP3AS had_HVD been_BEN J56 73 able_JJ ,_, as_IN justification_NN ,_, to_TO point_VB to_IN J56 73 Mussolini's_NP$ violent_JJ socialist_JJ past_NN J56 74 and_CC to_IN Hitler's_NP$ description_NN of_IN what_WDT he_PP3A J56 74 stood_VBD for_IN as_IN national_JJ J56 75 socialism_NN ._. ^ and_CC ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, it_PP3 provided_VBD J56 75 an_AT additional_JJ reason_NN for_IN J56 76 radicals_NNS to_TO refuse_VB absorption_NN into_IN the_ATI labour_NN J56 76 movement_NN to_TO find_VB its_PP$ J56 77 most_QL discontented_JJ wing_NN ,_, after_IN 1931_CD ,_, forming_VBG J56 77 Mosley's_NP$ new_JJ party_NN or_CC J56 78 entering_VBG Cripps's_NP$ socialist_JJ league_NN or_CC ,_, finally_RB J56 78 ,_, like_IN John_NP Strachey_NP ,_, J56 79 preaching_VBG a_AT break-away_NN into_IN Leninite_JNP communism_NN ._. ^ J56 79 as_CS Mosley_NP might_MD well_RB J56 80 have_HV become_VBN a_AT *'_*' man_NN of_IN destiny_NN **'_**' if_CS J56 80 Hitler's_NP$ success_NN against_IN Britain_NP J56 81 had_HVD been_BEN greater_JJR than_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ ,_, some_DTI J56 81 remarks_NNS on_IN his_PP$ strange_JJ political_JJ J56 82 career_NN between_IN 1918_CD and_CC 1930_CD are_BER justifiable_JJ ._. ^ J56 82 the_ATI heir_NN to_IN a_AT baronetcy_NN J56 83 and_CC considerable_JJ wealth_NN ,_, he_PP3A had_HVD ,_, after_IN J56 83 some_DTI service_NN in_IN France_NP ,_, entered_VBD J56 84 the_ATI *'_*' coupon_NN parliament_NN **'_**' at_IN the_ATI age_NN J56 84 of_IN twenty-two_CD and_CC married_VBD Lord_NPT J56 85 Curzon's_NP$ daughter_NN in_IN 1920_CD ._. ^ but_CC ,_, before_IN J56 85 long_RB ,_, the_ATI urge_NN to_TO make_VB a_AT mark_NN J56 86 had_HVD led_VBN him_PP3O on_RP to_IN activities_NNS on_IN the_ATI J56 86 Irish_JNP question_NN which_WDTR his_PP$ J56 87 brother-conservatives_NNS found_VBD unpardonable_JJ ,_, and_CC after_IN J56 87 four_CD years_NNS as_IN J56 88 conservative_JJ \0M.P_NPT for_IN Harrow_NP between_IN 1918_CD and_CC J56 88 1922_CD ,_, he_PP3A had_HVD to_TO J56 89 overcome_VB party_NN resistance_NN to_TO retain_VB his_PP$ seat_NN J56 89 in_IN the_ATI Bonar_NP Law_NP J56 90 parliament_NN as_IN an_AT independent_JJ conservative_NN ._. ^ by_IN J56 90 the_ATI time_NN of_IN the_ATI first_OD J56 91 labour_NN ministry_NN in_IN 1924_CD ,_, he_PP3A was_BEDZ lending_VBG J56 91 labour_NN *'_*' independent_JJ J56 92 **'_**' support_NN for_IN some_DTI time_NN before_CS he_PP3A J56 92 announced_VBD his_PP$ conversion_NN ._. ^ thereafter_RB J56 93 he_PP3A fought_VBD his_PP$ way_NN back_RP into_IN the_ATI House_NPL J56 93 for_IN Smethwick_NP as_IN a_AT socialist_NN ,_, J56 94 was_BEDZ admitted_VBN to_IN the_ATI friendship_NN and_CC confidence_NN J56 94 of_IN MacDonald_NP and_CC J56 95 accompanied_VBD him_PP3O on_IN a_AT continental_JJ tour_NN in_IN J56 95 the_ATI autumn_NN of_IN 1928_CD ._. ^ when_WRB he_PP3A J56 96 entered_VBD MacDonald's_NP$ second_OD government_NN as_IN J56 96 Chancellor_NPT of_IN the_ATI Duchy_NPL of_IN J56 97 Lancaster_NP with_IN a_AT place_NN on_IN \0Mr_NPT Thomas's_NP$ J56 97 committee_NN for_IN combating_VBG J56 98 unemployment_NN ,_, there_EX were_BED already_RB those_DTS who_WPR J56 98 predicted_VBD that_CS he_PP3A would_MD J56 99 succeed_VB to_IN the_ATI party_NN leadership_NN ._. ^ possibly_RB J56 99 his_PP$ ultimate_JJ chances_NNS were_BED J56 100 made_VBN no_RB worse_JJR by_IN the_ATI fact_NN that_CS he_PP3A J56 100 resigned_VBD in_IN May_NR 1930_CD when_WRB ,_, despite_IN J56 101 growing_JJ unemployment_NN ,_, he_PP3A found_VBD virtually_RB all_ABN J56 101 his_PP$ suggestions_NNS ,_, J56 102 summarized_VBN in_IN the_ATI once-notorious_JJB *'_*' Mosley_NP J56 102 memorandum_NN **'_**' ,_, treated_VBN as_CS J56 103 inadmissible_JJ ._. J56 104 ^ Mosley's_NP$ long_JJ and_CC pertinacious_JJ struggle_NN during_IN J56 104 many_AP ensuing_JJ J56 105 months_NNS to_TO convert_VB the_ATI leadership_NN or_CC force_VB J56 105 its_PP$ hand_NN ,_, with_IN back-bench_JJB J56 106 aid_NN ,_, had_HVD some_DTI remarkable_JJ features_NNS *-_*- J56 106 particularly_RB during_IN the_ATI Llandudno_NP J56 107 conference_NN of_IN October_NR 1930_CD and_CC at_IN the_ATI J56 107 extraordinary_JJ meeting_NN of_IN the_ATI J56 108 parliamentary_JJ labour_NN party_NN held_VBN on_IN January_NR 27_CD ,_, J56 108 1931_CD ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ ,_, to_IN some_DTI J56 109 extent_NN ,_, because_CS he_PP3A came_VBD so_QL near_RI to_IN J56 109 dividing_VBG the_ATI party_NN dangerously_RB J56 110 between_IN *'_*' Mosleyites_NNPS **'_**' and_CC the_ATI rest_NN that_CS J56 110 the_ATI leadership_NN succeeded_VBD in_IN J56 111 defeating_VBG him_PP3O and_CC never_RB more_QL effectively_RB than_CS J56 111 when_WRB urging_VBG ,_, privately_RB ,_, J56 112 that_CS Mosley_NP was_BEDZ merely_RB a_AT rich_JJ young_JJ man_NN J56 112 whose_WP$R ambition_NN was_BEDZ J56 113 over-reaching_VBG itself_PPL ._. ^ Mosley_NP persisted_VBD ,_, until_IN J56 113 March_NR 1931_CD ,_, with_IN the_ATI J56 114 effort_NN to_TO create_VB an_AT action_NN group_NN within_IN the_ATI J56 114 party_NN but_CC ,_, under_IN the_ATI frown_NN J56 115 of_IN official_JJ disapproval_NN ,_, its_PP$ numbers_NNS sank_VBD J56 115 from_IN forty_CD to_IN twenty_CD ._. ^ when_WRB J56 116 the_ATI final_JJ break_NN came_VBD ,_, only_RB six_CD members_NNS in_IN J56 116 all_ABN were_BED available_JJ as_IN the_ATI J56 117 foundation_NN of_IN a_AT new_JJ party_NN and_CC the_ATI six_CD J56 117 included_VBD Mosley_NP himself_PPL and_CC his_PP$ J56 118 wife_NN ,_, Lady_NPT Cynthia_NP ._. ^ the_ATI election_NN of_IN J56 118 October_NR 1931_CD ,_, moreover_RB ,_, came_VBD in_IN J56 119 circumstances_NNS peculiarly_RB unfavourable_JJ to_IN the_ATI new_JJ J56 119 party_NN which_WDTR polled_VBD J56 120 badly_RB and_CC lost_VBD all_ABN parliamentary_JJ representation_NN ._. J56 121 ^ though_CS a_AT great_JJ deal_NN is_BEZ still_RB fundamentally_RB J56 121 unexplained_JJ in_IN the_ATI J56 122 story_NN of_IN the_ATI new_JJ party's_NN$ evolution_NN towards_IN an_AT J56 122 Anti-Semitic_JNP fascism_NN ,_, it_PP3 J56 123 is_BEZ not_XNOT impossible_JJ to_TO find_VB some_DTI guidance_NN by_IN J56 123 checking_VBG the_ATI twenty-four_CD J56 124 constituencies_NNS before_IN whom_WPOR new_JJ party_NN candidates_NNS J56 124 placed_VBD themselves_PPLS ._. J56 125 ^ Stepney_NP and_CC Whitechapel_NP were_BED two_CD of_IN those_DTS J56 125 constituencies_NNS destined_VBN ,_, J56 126 before_IN long_RB ,_, to_TO supply_VB a_AT steady_JJ stream_NN of_IN J56 126 blackshirt_NN recruits_NNS and_CC to_TO J56 127 become_VB the_ATI nucleus_NN of_IN metropolitan_JJ fascism_NN ,_, J56 127 and_CC both_ABX those_DTS areas_NNS had_HVD ,_, J56 128 for_IN a_AT couple_NN of_IN generations_NNS ,_, heard_VBN much_AP J56 128 complaint_NN of_IN Jewish_JNP J56 129 immigrants_NNS ,_, Jewish_JNP employers_NNS ,_, Jewish_JNP business_NN J56 129 methods_NNS ,_, Jewish_JNP J56 130 landlords_NNS ,_, and_CC much_AP else_RB ._. ^ it_PP3 only_RB J56 130 needed_VBD reports_NNS of_IN what_WDT the_ATI nazis_NNS J56 131 were_BED doing_VBG ,_, especially_RB after_CS Hitler_NP became_VBD J56 131 Chancellor_NPT ,_, for_IN blackshirt_NN J56 132 contingents_NNS to_TO become_VB available_JJ not_XNOT merely_RB in_IN J56 132 the_ATI East_NP End_NP ,_, but_CC in_IN J56 133 Islington_NP ,_, Hackney_NP ,_, Stoke_NP Newington_NP ,_, and_CC J56 133 many_AP other_AP quarters_NNS of_IN London_NP J56 134 where_WRB there_EX were_BED prosperous_JJ Jewish_JNP businesses_NNS J56 134 and_CC yet_RB much_AP native_JJ J56 135 unemployment_NN and_CC distress_NN ._. ^ of_RB course_RB" ,_, the_ATI J56 135 very_AP name_NN blackshirt_NN ,_, and_CC J56 136 the_ATI uniform_NN ,_, is_BEZ an_AT indication_NN that_CS it_PP3 J56 136 was_BEDZ Mussolini_NP ,_, rather_RB than_IN J56 137 Hitler_NP ,_, who_WPR was_BEDZ being_BEG originally_RB imitated_VBN ._. J56 137 ^ and_CC though_CS some_DTI of_IN J56 138 Mosley's_NP$ action_NN associates_NNS like_IN Oliver_NP Baldwin_NP J56 138 and_CC John_NP Strachey_NP were_BED J56 139 shocked_VBN into_IN a_AT complete_JJ break_NN with_IN him_PP3O when_WRB J56 139 they_PP3AS first_RB discovered_VBD him_PP3O J56 140 sanctioning_VBG ,_, in_IN his_PP$ party's_NN$ rooms_NNS and_CC J56 140 meeting-places_NNS ,_, exercises_NNS in_IN J56 141 physical_JJ force_NN ,_, there_EX was_BEDZ a_AT possible_JJ defence_NN J56 141 in_IN the_ATI plea_NN ,_, that_CS after_CS J56 142 he_PP3A had_HVD left_VBN the_ATI labour_NN party_NN ,_, Mosley's_NP$ J56 142 own_AP meetings_NNS were_BED broken_VBN up_RP by_IN J56 143 dangerous_JJ mobs_NNS ,_, and_CC that_CS in_IN Birmingham_NP and_CC J56 143 Glasgow_NP police_NNS protection_NN J56 144 had_HVD to_TO be_BE secured_VBN ._. J56 145 ^ it_PP3 has_HVZ ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, been_BEN the_ATI J56 145 fashion_NN of_IN communists_NNS and_CC fascists_NNS to_TO J56 146 demand_VB complete_JJ freedom_NN of_IN speech_NN and_CC assembly_NN J56 146 for_IN themselves_PPLS until_CS J56 147 they_PP3AS are_BER prepared_VBN to_TO destroy_VB it_PP3 and_CC all_ABN J56 147 the_ATI other_AP democratic_JJ J56 148 *'_*' liberties_NNS **'_**' by_IN force_NN ._. ^ and_CC the_ATI J56 148 radical_JJ tradition_NN of_IN tolerance_NN for_IN J56 149 the_ATI extremest_JJT views_NNS is_BEZ so_QL strong_JJ in_IN Britain_NP J56 149 that_CS matters_NNS have_HV normally_RB J56 150 reached_VBN a_AT dangerous_JJ stage_NN before_CS any_DTI widespread_JJ J56 150 assent_NN can_MD be_BE obtained_VBN J56 151 for_IN *'_*' coercion_NN **'_**' ._. ^ and_CC if_CS *'_*' reds_NNS J56 151 **'_**' were_BED still_RB ,_, in_IN 1934_CD and_CC 1935_CD ,_, J56 152 being_BEG allowed_VBN to_TO experiment_VB unceasingly_RB with_IN J56 152 organizing_VBG *'_*' unemployed_JJ J56 153 marches_NNS and_CC demonstrations_NNS **'_**' that_WPR might_MD J56 153 become_VB something_PN more_AP ,_, the_ATI J56 154 case_NN for_IN exceptional_JJ vigilance_NN and_CC severity_NN J56 154 against_IN the_ATI blackshirts_NNS J56 155 was_BEDZ correspondingly_RB weaker_JJR ._. ^ yet_RB by_IN 1934_CD a_AT J56 155 British_JNP fascist_JJ movement_NN of_IN J56 156 some_DTI potential_JJ strength_NN was_BEDZ certainly_RB being_BEG J56 156 reared_VBN ,_, already_RB capable_JJ of_IN J56 157 attracting_VBG support_NN from_IN those_DTS who_WPR feared_VBD *'_*' J56 157 red_JJ **'_**' plans_NNS and_CC activities_NNS J56 158 and_CC wanted_VBD Britain_NP rescued_VBN ,_, besides_RI ,_, from_IN J56 158 the_ATI depths_NNS ,_, as_CS they_PP3AS J56 159 considered_VBD it_PP3 ,_, of_IN the_ATI ignoble_JJ pacifism_NN to_IN J56 159 which_WDTR radicalism_NN and_CC J56 160 socialism_NN had_HVD brought_VBN the_ATI country_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J56 160 most_QL formidable_JJ patron_NN the_ATI J56 161 blackshirts_NNS acquired_VBD ,_, for_IN a_AT time_NN ,_, was_BEDZ J56 161 the_ATI great_JJ newspaper_NN magnate_NN ,_, J56 162 Lord_NPT Rothermere_NP ,_, though_CS he_PP3A finally_RB shrank_VBD ,_, J56 162 under_IN the_ATI stimulus_NN of_IN an_AT J56 163 enormous_JJ roar_NN of_IN *'_*' progressive_JJ **'_**' indignation_NN J56 163 ,_, from_IN the_ATI odium_NN of_IN J56 164 swallowing_VBG virulent_JJ Anti-Semitism_NNP with_IN his_PP$ J56 164 Anti-Bolshevism_NNP ._. ^ as_CS J56 165 Rothermere_NP put_VBD it_PP3 himself_PPL :_: J56 166 *"_*' J56 167 ^ I_PP1A refused_VBD to_TO give_VB more_AP than_IN ordinary_JJ J56 167 publicity_NN to_IN Sir_NPT Oswald_NP J56 168 Mosley's_NP$ blackshirt_NN movement_NN the_ATI moment_NN I_PP1A J56 168 discovered_VBD it_PP3 had_HVD an_AT J56 169 anti-Jewish_JNP bias_NN ._. ^ I_PP1A supported_VBD it_PP3 at_RB J56 169 first_RB" with_IN the_ATI idea_NN of_IN promoting_VBG J56 170 a_AT right_JJ wing_NN appanage_NN of_IN the_ATI conservative_JJ J56 170 party_NN ,_, which_WDTR should_MD form_VB a_AT J56 171 counterblast_NN to_IN left_JJ wing_NN activities_NNS ._. ^ Mosley's_NP$ J56 171 correct_JJ procedure_NN was_BEDZ J56 172 to_TO develop_VB a_AT youth_NN movement_NN inspired_VBN by_IN J56 172 anti-Bolshevist_JNP ideals_NNS ,_, J56 173 instead_RB of_IN basing_VBG himself_PPL on_IN continental_JJ models_NNS J56 173 which_WDTR ,_, obviously_RB ,_, J56 174 would_MD not_XNOT appeal_VB to_IN our_PP$ British_JNP mentality_NN J56 174 or_CC temperament_NN ._. J56 175 **"_**' J56 176 ^ yet_RB if_CS he_PP3A withdrew_VBD special_JJ patronage_NN from_IN J56 176 Mosley's_NP$ blackshirts_NNS ,_, J56 177 Rothermere_NP had_HVD an_AT obvious_JJ admiration_NN for_IN the_ATI J56 177 services_NNS he_PP3A considered_VBD J56 178 Hitler_NP and_CC Mussolini_NP to_TO have_HV rendered_VBN their_PP$ J56 178 countries_NNS as_CC well_CC" as_CC" a_AT J56 179 readiness_NN to_TO lead_VB a_AT great_JJ air-rearmament_JJB campaign_NN J56 179 which_WDTR constituted_VBD J56 180 him_PP3O one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI hopes_NNS in_IN Britain_NP of_IN J56 180 those_DTS who_WPR wanted_VBD the_ATI J56 181 country_NN to_TO be_BE at_RB once_RB" too_QL strong_JJ and_CC too_QL J56 181 friendly_JJ for_IN the_ATI dictators_NNS to_TO J56 182 dream_VB of_IN attacking_VBG ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ ,_, perhaps_RB ,_, J56 182 as_QL well_JJ therefore_RB for_IN the_ATI J56 183 general_JJ cause_NN of_IN *'_*' progress_NN **'_**' in_IN Britain_NP J56 183 that_CS all_ABN parties_NNS in_IN J56 184 parliament_NN decided_VBD that_CS they_PP3AS had_HVD had_HVN enough_DTI J56 184 of_IN provocative_JJ fascist_JJ J56 185 tactics_NNS in_IN the_ATI East_NP End_NP after_CS some_DTI notorious_JJ J56 185 affrays_NNS in_IN October_NR 1936_CD J56 186 faced_VBD a_AT dismayed_JJ nation_NN with_IN the_ATI prospect_NN of_IN J56 186 a_AT repetition_NN in_IN Britain_NP J56 187 of_IN full_JJ Nazi-style_JJB street_NN hostilities_NNS ._. ^ and_CC J56 187 Sir_NPT John_NP Simon's_NP$ public_JJ J56 188 order_NN bill_NN ,_, to_TO ban_VB the_ATI wearing_NN of_IN uniforms_NNS J56 188 in_IN connection_NN with_IN J56 189 political_JJ objects_NNS and_CC the_ATI maintenance_NN by_IN private_JJ J56 189 persons_NNS of_IN J56 190 associations_NNS of_IN military_JJ or_CC quasi-military_JJ character_NN J56 190 ,_, was_BEDZ ,_, if_CS J56 191 specially_RB welcome_JJ to_IN radicals_NNS and_CC socialists_NNS ,_, J56 191 hardly_RB opposed_VBN during_IN J56 192 its_PP$ rapid_JJ progress_NN through_IN parliament_NN in_IN November_NR J56 192 and_CC December_NR 1936_CD ._. J56 193 ^ fascism_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, if_CS deprived_VBN of_IN one_CD1 of_IN J56 193 its_PP$ most_QL dangerous_JJ and_CC J56 194 provocative_JJ means_NNS of_IN display_NN ,_, remained_VBD a_AT J56 194 possible_JJ peril_NN to_IN J56 195 *'_*' progressives_NNS **'_**' till_CS the_ATI fascist_JJ dictators_NNS J56 195 were_BED defeated_VBN and_CC J56 196 destroyed_VBN ._. J56 197 ^ yet_RB for_IN years_NNS the_ATI destruction_NN that_WPR finally_RB J56 197 overtook_VBD the_ATI fascist_JJ J56 198 dictators_NNS seemed_VBD most_QL unlikely_JJ and_CC the_ATI chances_NNS J56 198 to_TO be_BE the_ATI other_AP way_NN as_CS J56 199 the_ATI notorious_JJ case_NN of_IN the_ATI Spanish_JNP *'_*' J56 199 progressives_NNS **'_**' seemed_VBD to_TO show_VB J56 200 between_IN 1936_CD and_CC 1939_CD ._. J57 2 ^ he_PP3A yielded_VBD ._. ^ on_IN 25th_OD January_NR he_PP3A issued_VBD J57 2 two_CD strongly_RB worded_JJ cabinet_NN J57 3 orders_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI first_OD reiterated_VBD the_ATI command_NN J57 3 that_CS Bismarck_NP was_BEDZ to_TO be_BE kept_VBN J57 4 informed_VBN of_IN the_ATI course_NN of_IN military_JJ operations_NNS J57 4 ,_, and_CC directed_VBD Moltke_NP to_TO J57 5 take_VB such_ABL effective_JJ steps_NNS to_TO do_DO so_PN that_CS J57 5 Bismarck_NP would_MD have_HV no_ATI further_JJB J57 6 cause_NN for_IN complaint_NN ;_; while_CS the_ATI second_OD J57 6 expressly_RB ordered_VBD that_CS in_IN any_DTI J57 7 correspondence_NN with_IN members_NNS of_IN the_ATI French_JNP J57 7 government_NN or_CC delegation_NN J57 8 which_WDTR might_MD have_HV any_DTI political_JJ significance_NN ,_, J57 8 and_CC in_IN the_ATI drafting_NN of_IN J57 9 any_DTI replies_NNS ,_, the_ATI ministry_NN of_IN foreign_JJ J57 9 affairs_NNS was_BEDZ always_RB to_TO be_BE J57 10 consulted_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI royal_JJ decision_NN was_BEDZ J57 10 unequivocal_JJ and_CC settled_VBD the_ATI matter_NN ._. J57 11 ^ the_ATI reply_NN which_WDTR Moltke_NP at_RB first_RB" J57 11 projected_VBD was_BEDZ virtually_RB a_AT letter_NN J57 12 of_IN resignation_NN ._. ^ the_ATI royal_JJ order_NN ,_, he_PP3A J57 12 said_VBD ,_, was_BEDZ *'_*' ungna"dig_&FW **'_**' ,_, J57 13 un-gracious_JJ ._. ^ his_PP$ communications_NNS with_IN Trochu_NP ,_, J57 13 he_PP3A maintained_VBD ,_, had_HVD been_BEN J57 14 strictly_RB military_JJ ._. ^ all_ABN he_PP3A had_HVD withheld_VBN J57 14 from_IN Bismarck_NP was_BEDZ information_NN J57 15 and_CC plans_NNS which_WDTR would_MD be_BE of_IN value_NN to_IN the_ATI J57 15 Chancellor_NPT only_RB if_CS he_PP3A as_CC well_CC" J57 16 as_CC" Moltke_NP were_BED advising_VBG the_ATI King_NPT about_IN J57 16 operations_NNS ;_; and_CC rather_RB than_CS J57 17 have_HV the_ATI war_NN conducted_VBN by_IN such_ABL a_AT dual_JJ J57 17 authority_NN Moltke_NP declared_VBD J57 18 himself_PPL ready_JJ *'_*' to_TO leave_VB the_ATI relevant_JJ J57 18 operations_NNS and_CC the_ATI J57 19 responsibility_NN for_IN them_PP3OS to_IN the_ATI federal_JJ J57 19 Chancellor_NPT alone_RB ._. ^ I_PP1A await_VB **'_**' ,_, J57 20 he_PP3A concluded_VBD grimly_RB ,_, *'_*' your_PP$ imperial_JJ J57 20 majesty's_NN$ most_QL gracious_JJ decision_NN J57 21 on_IN the_ATI matter_NN ._. **'_**' ^ the_ATI letter_NN which_WDTR J57 21 he_PP3A actually_RB sent_VBD ,_, however_RB ,_, was_BEDZ J57 22 considerably_RB milder_JJR ._. ^ in_IN it_PP3 he_PP3A merely_RB J57 22 defended_VBD his_PP$ conduct_NN with_IN J57 23 dignity_NN ,_, complained_VBD at_IN Bismarck's_NP$ repeated_JJ and_CC J57 23 unjustified_JJ J57 24 accusations_NNS ,_, asked_VBD for_IN a_AT clear_JJ ruling_NN about_IN J57 24 his_PP$ relationship_NN with_IN the_ATI J57 25 Chancellor_NPT ,_, and_CC requested_VBD the_ATI Emperor's_NPT$ J57 25 protection_NN against_IN any_DTI further_JJB J57 26 attacks_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI imperial_JJ secretaries_NNS drafted_VBD an_AT J57 26 anodyne_JJ reply_NN ,_, but_CC it_PP3 J57 27 was_BEDZ not_XNOT sent_VBN ._. ^ there_EX was_BEDZ no_ATI need_NN ._. ^ J57 27 on_IN 28th_OD January_NR an_AT armistice_NN was_BEDZ J57 28 signed_VBN with_IN the_ATI government_NN of_IN national_JJ defence_NN J57 28 ._. ^ for_IN the_ATI preservation_NN J57 29 of_IN peaceful_JJ relations_NNS within_IN royal_JJ headquarters_NN J57 29 it_PP3 had_HVD come_VBN not_XNOT a_AT J57 30 moment_NN too_QL soon_RB ._. J57 32 ^ Bismarck's_NP$ de*?2marche_NN of_IN 18th_OD January_NR took_VBD J57 32 effect_NN almost_RB J57 33 immediately_RB ._. ^ two_CD days_NNS later_RBR ,_, on_IN the_ATI J57 33 evening_NN of_IN 20th_OD January_NR ,_, Trochu_NP J57 34 sent_VBD his_PP$ request_NN for_IN an_AT armistice_NN to_TO bury_VB J57 34 the_ATI dead_JJ after_IN Buzenval_NP ._. J57 35 ^ the_ATI Kaiser_NPT at_RB once_RB" referred_VBD the_ATI request_NN ,_, J57 35 not_XNOT to_IN Moltke_NP ,_, but_CC to_IN J57 36 Bismarck_NP ;_; and_CC Bismarck_NP grimly_RB refused_VBD it_PP3 ._. ^ J57 36 the_ATI brusqueness_NN of_IN the_ATI J57 37 refusal_NN ,_, the_ATI failure_NN to_TO take_VB advantage_NN of_IN J57 37 what_WDT was_BEDZ generally_RB sensed_VBN in_IN J57 38 Versailles_NP to_TO be_BE the_ATI beginning_NN of_IN the_ATI end_NN ,_, J57 38 seems_VBZ so_QL out_RP of_IN keeping_NN J57 39 with_IN Bismarck's_NP$ desire_NN to_TO renew_VB peace_NN J57 39 negotiations_NNS that_CS the_ATI J57 40 explanation_NN must_MD surely_RB be_BE sought_VBN in_IN Bismarck's_NP$ J57 40 attitude_NN to_IN the_ATI J57 41 earlier_JJR exchanges_NNS between_IN Moltke_NP and_CC Trochu_NP ._. ^ J57 41 in_IN this_DT new_JJ overture_NN he_PP3A J57 42 may_MD have_HV seen_VBN another_DT move_NN in_IN the_ATI J57 42 negotiations_NNS which_WDTR he_PP3A believed_VBD the_ATI J57 43 soldiers_NNS to_TO be_BE conducting_VBG behind_IN his_PP$ back_NN ,_, J57 43 and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT surprising_JJ J57 44 that_CS he_PP3A should_MD have_HV taken_VBN advantage_NN of_IN his_PP$ J57 44 new_JJ established_JJ dominance_NN J57 45 to_TO end_VB them_PP3OS ._. ^ in_IN any_DTI case_NN he_PP3A was_BEDZ J57 45 convinced_VBN that_CS after_IN the_ATI failure_NN of_IN J57 46 the_ATI Buzenval_NP sortie_NN capitulation_NN could_MD not_XNOT be_BE J57 46 long_RB delayed_VBN ,_, and_CC then_RN J57 47 the_ATI peace-proposals_NNS of_IN the_ATI imperial_JJ party_NN could_MD J57 47 be_BE seriously_RB J57 48 considered_VBN ._. ^ Cle*?2ment_NP Duvernois_NP was_BEDZ expected_VBN J57 48 at_IN any_DTI moment_NN ._. ^ but_CC J57 49 Duvernois_NP did_DOD not_XNOT come_VB :_: the_ATI stubbornness_NN of_IN J57 49 the_ATI emigre*?2_NN group_NN in_IN J57 50 Brussels_NP threw_VBD his_PP$ whole_JJ time-table_NN out_RP of_IN J57 50 joint_NN ,_, and_CC before_CS he_PP3A was_BEDZ J57 51 ready_JJ to_TO talk_VB to_IN Bismarck_NP Jules_NP Favre_NP had_HVD J57 51 reached_VBN Versailles_NP ._. J57 52 ^ Favre_NP arrived_VBD at_IN German_JNP headquarters_NN late_RB J57 52 in_IN the_ATI evening_NN of_IN 23rd_OD J57 53 January_NR ._. ^ his_PP$ journey_NN followed_VBD a_AT day_NN of_IN J57 53 stormy_JJ debate_NN while_CS the_ATI J57 54 government_NN in_IN Paris_NP discussed_VBD whether_CS he_PP3A should_MD J57 54 negotiate_VB for_IN an_AT J57 55 armistice_NN for_IN the_ATI fortress_NN of_IN Paris_NP only_RB or_CC J57 55 for_IN the_ATI whole_NN of_IN France_NP ._. J57 56 ^ the_ATI question_NN was_BEDZ left_VBN open_JJ :_: he_PP3A was_BEDZ J57 56 instructed_VBN only_RB to_TO discover_VB what_WDT J57 57 terms_NNS were_BED available_JJ ,_, without_IN betraying_VBG the_ATI J57 57 desperate_JJ state_NN of_IN the_ATI J57 58 city's_NN$ supplies_NNS ._. ^ Favre_NP himself_PPL hoped_VBD to_TO J57 58 secure_VB ,_, as_IN a_AT minimum_NN ,_, that_CS J57 59 there_EX should_MD be_BE facilities_NNS given_VBN for_IN the_ATI J57 59 free_JJ election_NN of_IN a_AT national_JJ J57 60 assembly_NN to_TO decide_VB the_ATI question_NN of_IN war_NN or_CC J57 60 peace_NN ;_; that_CS there_EX should_MD be_BE J57 61 no_ATI entry_NN of_IN Prussian_JNP troops_NNS into_IN Paris_NP and_CC J57 61 no_ATI imprisonment_NN in_IN Germany_NP J57 62 of_IN the_ATI garrison_NN ,_, and_CC that_CS civil_JJ war_NN should_MD J57 62 not_XNOT be_BE provoked_VBN by_IN an_AT J57 63 attempt_NN to_TO disarm_VB the_ATI Garde_&FW Nationale_&FW ._. ^ J57 63 failing_VBG these_DTS J57 64 conditions_NNS ,_, he_PP3A was_BEDZ prepared_VBN to_TO threaten_VB a_AT J57 64 renewal_NN of_IN the_ATI fighting_NN and_CC J57 65 ultimately_RB a_AT total_JJ surrender_NN which_WDTR would_MD compel_VB J57 65 the_ATI Germans_NNPS to_TO accept_VB J57 66 complete_JJ responsibility_NN for_IN the_ATI civil_JJ administration_NN J57 66 of_IN Paris_NP ._. J57 67 ^ Bismarck_NP was_BEDZ able_JJ to_TO bluff_VB much_RB more_QL J57 67 effectively_RB than_IN Favre_NP ._. ^ as_CS J57 68 at_IN Ferrie*?3res_NP ,_, he_PP3A was_BEDZ able_JJ to_TO state_VB J57 68 truthfully_RB that_CS he_PP3A was_BEDZ in_IN J57 69 negotiation_NN with_IN the_ATI Empress_NPT ,_, who_WPR alone_RB J57 69 represented_VBD lawful_JJ authority_NN ,_, J57 70 for_IN the_ATI summoning_NN of_IN the_ATI only_AP legal_JJ J57 70 representative_JJ body_NN in_IN France_NP ,_, the_ATI J57 71 Corps_&FW Le*?2gislatif_&FW ._. ^ Favre's_NP$ project_NN of_IN a_AT J57 71 freely_RB elected_VBN assembly_NN J57 72 he_PP3A declared_VBD to_TO be_BE no_RB longer_RBR realisable_JJ :_: J57 72 under_IN the_ATI dictatorial_JJ J57 73 republicanism_NN of_IN Gambetta_NP elections_NNS would_MD not_XNOT J57 73 be_BE free_JJ ._. ^ he_PP3A was_BEDZ J57 74 prepared_VBN however_RB to_TO talk_VB in_IN general_JJ terms_NNS J57 74 about_IN conditions_NNS for_IN Paris_NP ._. J57 75 ^ he_PP3A agreed_VBD that_CS the_ATI garrison_NN should_MD not_XNOT J57 75 be_BE sent_VBN as_IN prisoners_NNS to_IN J57 76 Germany_NP ,_, where_WRB their_PP$ presence_NN would_MD only_RB be_BE J57 76 an_AT embarrassment_NN ;_; he_PP3A J57 77 considered_VBD that_CS although_CS opinion_NN in_IN the_ATI army_NN J57 77 and_CC in_IN Germany_NP would_MD J57 78 insist_VB on_IN a_AT triumphal_JJ entry_NN into_IN the_ATI city_NN ,_, J57 78 the_ATI scope_NN of_IN this_DT might_MD be_BE J57 79 strictly_RB limited_VBN ;_; and_CC while_CS refusing_VBG to_TO waive_VB J57 79 the_ATI disarmament_NN of_IN the_ATI J57 80 Garde_&FW Nationale_&FW ,_, he_PP3A suggested_VBD that_CS the_ATI J57 80 most_QL politically_RB J57 81 reliable_JJ battalions_NNS alone_RB should_MD be_BE allowed_VBN to_TO J57 81 keep_VB their_PP$ arms_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J57 82 contrast_NN between_IN these_DTS terms_NNS and_CC the_ATI draconian_JJ J57 82 conditions_NNS demanded_VBN by_IN J57 83 Moltke_NP speaks_VBZ for_IN itself_PPL ._. ^ by_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN J57 83 the_ATI first_OD evening's_NN$ discussion_NN J57 84 it_PP3 was_BEDZ evident_JJ that_CS the_ATI chances_NNS of_IN J57 84 agreement_NN were_BED good_JJ ._. ^ Bismarck_NP said_VBD J57 85 nothing_PN to_IN the_ATI curious_JJ bystanders_NNS as_CS he_PP3A J57 85 left_VBD the_ATI room_NN in_IN which_WDTR he_PP3A had_HVD J57 86 been_BEN closeted_VBN alone_JJ with_IN Favre_NP ,_, but_CC he_PP3A J57 86 whistled_VBD a_AT hunting_NN call_NN of_IN J57 87 unmistakable_JJ meaning_NN :_: the_ATI chase_NN was_BEDZ over_RP ._. J57 88 ^ next_AP day_NN ,_, 24th_OD January_NR ,_, both_ABX negotiators_NNS J57 88 came_VBD into_IN the_ATI open_NN ._. J57 89 ^ Cle*?2ment_NP Duvernois_NP had_HVD still_RB not_XNOT arrived_VBN ,_, J57 89 and_CC Bismarck_NP consented_VBD to_TO J57 90 abandon_VB his_PP$ negotiations_NNS with_IN the_ATI Empress_NPT if_CS J57 90 he_PP3A could_MD reach_VB agreement_NN J57 91 with_IN the_ATI government_NN of_IN national_JJ defence_NN ._. ^ in_IN J57 91 return_NN Favre_NP agreed_VBD to_TO J57 92 sign_VB an_AT armistice_NN covering_VBG the_ATI whole_NN of_IN J57 92 France_NP ,_, and_CC to_TO ensure_VB that_CS no_ATI J57 93 resistance_NN by_IN the_ATI delegation_NN would_MD be_BE allowed_VBN J57 93 to_TO stand_VB in_IN the_ATI way_NN of_IN J57 94 its_PP$ implementation_NN ._. ^ only_RB the_ATI question_NN of_IN J57 94 the_ATI armament_NN of_IN the_ATI J57 95 Garde_&FW Nationale_&FW remained_VBD unsettled_JJ ,_, and_CC on_IN J57 95 this_DT Bismarck_NP ,_, J57 96 faced_VBN by_IN Favre's_NP$ convincing_JJ assurance_NN that_CS it_PP3 J57 96 would_MD be_BE physically_RB J57 97 impossible_JJ to_TO disarm_VB them_PP3OS without_IN a_AT civil_JJ J57 97 war_NN ,_, was_BEDZ eventually_RB to_TO J57 98 yield_VB ._. ^ for_IN the_ATI rest_NN ,_, the_ATI government_NN in_IN J57 98 Paris_NP with_IN some_DTI reason_NN J57 99 accepted_VBD Bismarck's_NP$ terms_NNS as_CS *'_*' inespe*?2re*?2es_&FW J57 99 **'_**' ._. ^ thanks_IN to_IN" J57 100 the_ATI Chancellor's_NPT$ diplomatic_JJ moderation_NN ,_, the_ATI J57 100 honour_NN of_IN the_ATI city_NN and_CC the_ATI J57 101 troops_NNS who_WPR had_HVD defended_VBN it_PP3 would_MD remain_VB J57 101 intact_JJ ._. ^ on_IN 25th_OD January_NR Favre_NP J57 102 was_BEDZ therefore_RB authorised_VBN to_TO sign_VB an_AT armistice_NN J57 102 for_IN three_CD weeks_NNS ,_, to_TO J57 103 enable_VB a_AT national_JJ assembly_NN to_TO meet_VB at_IN Bordeaux_NP J57 103 and_CC finally_RB resolve_VB the_ATI J57 104 question_NN of_IN war_NN or_CC peace_NN ._. J57 105 ^ so_QL far_RB Bismarck_NP had_HVD carried_VBN on_RP the_ATI J57 105 negotiations_NNS single-handed_RB ._. J57 106 ^ now_RN the_ATI military_NN had_HVD unavoidably_RB to_TO be_BE J57 106 called_VBN in_RP to_TO settle_VB the_ATI J57 107 details_NNS of_IN the_ATI armistice_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ J57 107 unfortunate_JJ that_CS this_DT stage_NN in_IN the_ATI J57 108 negotiations_NNS coincided_VBD exactly_RB with_IN the_ATI crisis_NN J57 108 of_IN the_ATI quarrel_NN between_IN J57 109 the_ATI civil_JJ and_CC military_JJ authorities_NNS ;_; and_CC J57 109 Bismarck_NP rubbed_VBD salt_NN into_IN the_ATI J57 110 wounds_NNS of_IN his_PP$ defeated_JJ rivals_NNS by_IN insisting_VBG J57 110 that_CS the_ATI agreement_NN with_IN the_ATI J57 111 French_NNPS should_MD take_VB the_ATI form_NN ,_, not_XNOT of_IN a_AT J57 111 capitulation_NN ,_, which_WDTR would_MD J57 112 signify_VB surrender_NN ,_, but_CC of_IN a_AT convention_NN ,_, J57 112 which_WDTR indicated_VBD only_RB a_AT J57 113 negotiated_JJ settlement_NN between_IN equals_NNS ._. ^ Moltke_NP J57 113 began_VBD attending_VBG J57 114 conferences_NNS on_IN 26th_OD January_NR ,_, the_ATI day_NN after_IN J57 114 his_PP$ rebuff_NN by_IN the_ATI Emperor_NPT ._. J57 115 ^ the_ATI French_JNP negotiators_NNS noted_VBD ,_, without_IN fully_RB J57 115 appreciating_VBG the_ATI cause_NN ,_, J57 116 the_ATI unpleasant_JJ contrast_NN between_IN his_PP$ grim_JJ ,_, J57 116 unsmiling_JJ dourness_NN and_CC the_ATI J57 117 easy_JJ affability_NN of_IN Bismarck_NP ,_, and_CC Bismarck_NP J57 117 openly_RB stigmatised_VBD Moltke's_NP$ J57 118 attitude_NN as_CS mean_JJ ,_, pettifogging_JJ and_CC unrealistic_JJ ._. J57 118 ^ but_CC the_ATI French_NNPS had_HVD J57 119 trouble_NN enough_DTI with_IN their_PP$ own_AP military_JJ J57 119 representatives_NNS ._. ^ Trochu's_NP$ oath_NN J57 120 never_RB to_TO capitulate_VB made_VBD it_PP3 impossible_JJ for_IN J57 120 him_PP3O to_TO undertake_VB the_ATI J57 121 responsibility_NN of_IN negotiating_VBG surrender_NN ,_, and_CC J57 121 Ducrot_NP had_HVD never_RB been_BEN J57 122 forgiven_VBN by_IN the_ATI German_JNP Emperor_NPT for_IN his_PP$ J57 122 apparent_JJ breach_NN of_IN parole_NN after_IN J57 123 Sedan_NP ._. ^ Favre_NP therefore_RB found_VBD to_TO accompany_VB J57 123 him_PP3O a_AT certain_JJ General_NPT J57 124 Beaufort_NP d'Hautpoul_NP ,_, who_WPR proved_VBD quite_RB incapable_JJ J57 124 of_IN carrying_VBG on_RP J57 125 negotiations_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI French_NNPS attributed_VBD his_PP$ J57 125 peculiar_JJ condition_NN to_IN J57 126 honourable_JJ mortification_NN ;_; the_ATI Germans_NNPS ,_, less_QL J57 126 charitably_RB ,_, said_VBD he_PP3A was_BEDZ J57 127 drunk_JJ ._. ^ he_PP3A was_BEDZ succeeded_VBN after_IN one_CD1 J57 127 embarrassing_JJ day_NN by_IN General_NPT de_&FW J57 128 Valdan_NP ,_, Vinoy's_NP$ Chief_NPT of_IN staff_NN ,_, by_IN whom_WPOR J57 128 ,_, on_IN 28th_OD January_NR ,_, the_ATI J57 129 armistice_NN was_BEDZ signed_VBN ._. J57 130 ^ the_ATI armistice_NN was_BEDZ to_TO take_VB effect_NN in_IN J57 130 Paris_NP immediately_RB *-_*- indeed_RB on_IN J57 131 Bismarck's_NP$ suggestion_NN the_ATI bombardment_NN and_CC J57 131 counter-bombardment_NN had_HVD J57 132 ceased_VBN two_CD days_NNS earlier_RBR *-_*- and_CC was_BEDZ to_TO J57 132 come_VB into_IN action_NN elsewhere_RB in_IN J57 133 France_NP in_IN three_CD days'_NNS$ time_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ to_TO J57 133 last_VB until_IN 19th_OD February_NR ,_, J57 134 during_IN which_WDTR time_NN full_JJ facilities_NNS would_MD be_BE J57 134 given_VBN for_IN an_AT assembly_NN to_TO be_BE J57 135 freely_RB elected_VBN and_CC to_TO meet_VB at_IN Bordeaux_NP ,_, J57 135 where_WRB it_PP3 would_MD debate_VB whether_CS J57 136 the_ATI war_NN should_MD continue_VB and_CC on_IN what_WDT terms_NNS J57 136 peace_NN should_MD be_BE made_VBN ._. J57 137 ^ meanwhile_RB Paris_NP was_BEDZ to_TO pay_VB a_AT war-indemnity_NN J57 137 of_IN two_CD hundred_CD million_CD J57 138 francs_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ to_TO yield_VB up_RP its_PP$ J57 138 perimeter_NN forts_NNS and_CC dismount_VB the_ATI guns_NNS J57 139 from_IN its_PP$ walls_NNS ,_, but_CC the_ATI ground_NN between_IN J57 139 the_ATI forts_NNS and_CC the_ATI city_NN would_MD be_BE J57 140 considered_VBN neutral_JJ ,_, and_CC no_ATI German_JNP troops_NNS J57 140 would_MD enter_VB Paris_NP ._. ^ the_ATI J57 141 Germans_NNPS would_MD provide_VB full_JJ facilities_NNS for_IN the_ATI J57 141 rapid_JJ re-provisioning_NN of_IN J57 142 the_ATI city_NN ._. ^ 12,000_CD men_NNS of_IN the_ATI Paris_NP J57 142 garrison_NN would_MD retain_VB their_PP$ arms_NNS ,_, J57 143 an_AT essential_JJ minimum_NN to_TO preserve_VB order_NN ,_, as_CS J57 143 Favre_NP insisted_VBD ._. ^ the_ATI rest_NN J57 144 were_BED to_TO surrender_VB their_PP$ arms_NNS and_CC remain_VB in_IN J57 144 Paris_NP until_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN the_ATI J57 145 armistice_NN ;_; when_WRB ,_, if_CS peace_NN had_HVD not_XNOT yet_RB J57 145 been_BEN made_VBN ,_, they_PP3AS were_BED to_TO be_BE taken_VBN J57 146 over_RP by_IN the_ATI Germans_NNPS as_IN prisoners-of-war_NNS ._. J57 147 ^ the_ATI terms_NNS for_IN the_ATI rest_NN of_IN the_ATI country_NN J57 147 were_BED less_QL satisfactory_JJ to_IN J57 148 the_ATI French_NNPS ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ agreed_VBN that_CS a_AT J57 148 military_JJ demarcation_NN line_NN should_MD be_BE J57 149 drawn_VBN ,_, from_IN which_WDTR both_ABX armies_NNS should_MD J57 149 withdraw_VB ten_CD kilometres_NNS ;_; but_CC J57 150 Favre_NP and_CC his_PP$ military_JJ advisers_NNS depended_VBD J57 150 entirely_RB on_IN the_ATI Germans_NNPS for_IN J57 151 information_NN about_IN the_ATI position_NN of_IN the_ATI existing_JJ J57 151 front_JJB line_NN ,_, and_CC Moltke_NP J57 152 was_BEDZ in_IN no_ATI mood_NN to_TO interpret_VB doubtful_JJ cases_NNS J57 152 to_IN his_PP$ opponents'_NNS$ J57 153 advantage_NN ._. ^ the_ATI agreed_JJ line_NN was_BEDZ to_TO involve_VB J57 153 at_IN several_AP points_NNS the_ATI J57 154 withdrawal_NN of_IN French_JNP troops_NNS from_IN positions_NNS J57 154 which_WDTR they_PP3AS had_HVD quite_RB J57 155 securely_RB held_VBN ._. ^ moreover_RB about_IN the_ATI operations_NNS J57 155 still_RB in_IN progress_NN in_IN the_ATI J57 156 Jura_NP both_ABX Favre_NP and_CC Bismarck_NP were_BED equally_RB J57 156 ill-informed_JJ ._. ^ Favre_NP knew_VBD J57 157 only_RB that_CS the_ATI fortress_NN of_IN Belfort_NP was_BEDZ still_RB J57 157 intact_JJ and_CC that_CS Bourbaki's_NP$ J57 158 relieving_JJ force_NN still_RB held_VBD the_ATI field_NN ._. ^ to_TO J57 158 enforce_VB an_AT armistice_NN in_IN this_DT J57 159 area_NN might_MD be_BE to_TO spoil_VB the_ATI chance_NN of_IN a_AT J57 159 military_JJ victory_NN which_WDTR would_MD J57 160 considerably_RB strengthen_VB the_ATI French_JNP hand_NN when_WRB J57 160 it_PP3 came_VBD to_IN negotiating_VBG J57 161 the_ATI final_JJ peace_NN ._. ^ Moltke_NP ,_, though_CS he_PP3A had_HVD J57 161 received_VBN little_AP news_NN from_IN the_ATI J57 162 swiftly_RB moving_VBG Manteuffel_NP ,_, was_BEDZ sufficiently_RB J57 162 confident_JJ of_IN the_ATI outcome_NN J57 163 to_TO allow_VB Favre_NP to_TO nurse_VB his_PP$ illusions_NNS ;_; so_RB J57 163 by_IN common_JJ agreement_NN military_JJ J57 164 operations_NNS were_BED allowed_VBN to_TO continue_VB in_IN the_ATI J57 164 department_NN of_IN Jura_NP ,_, Co*?5te_NP J57 165 d'Or_NP ,_, and_CC Doubs_NP ._. ^ when_WRB Favre_NP telegraphed_VBD J57 165 the_ATI news_NN of_IN the_ATI armistice_NN to_IN J57 166 Gambetta_NP on_IN the_ATI evening_NN of_IN 28th_OD January_NR he_PP3A J57 166 made_VBD the_ATI astonishing_JJ and_CC J57 167 notorious_JJ mistake_NN of_IN failing_VBG to_TO inform_VB him_PP3O J57 167 of_IN this_DT omission_NN ._. ^ how_WRB this_DT J57 168 error_NN contributed_VBD to_IN the_ATI final_JJ agonies_NNS of_IN J57 168 the_ATI army_NN of_IN the_ATI east_NR we_PP1AS have_HV J57 169 already_RB seen_VBN ._. J57 170 ^ Moltke_NP admitted_VBD the_ATI validity_NN of_IN the_ATI J57 170 political_JJ considerations_NNS J57 171 which_WDTR had_HVD led_VBN Bismarck_NP to_TO conclude_VB the_ATI J57 171 convention_NN with_IN the_ATI government_NN J57 172 of_IN national_JJ defence_NN ,_, but_CC he_PP3A made_VBD no_ATI J57 172 secret_NN of_IN his_PP$ dissatisfaction_NN with_IN J57 173 the_ATI moderation_NN of_IN its_PP$ terms_NNS ._. ^ in_IN this_DT J57 173 he_PP3A spoke_VBD for_IN the_ATI army_NN ,_, but_CC not_XNOT J57 174 for_IN the_ATI army_NN alone_RB ._. ^ his_PP$ views_NNS were_BED J57 174 widely_RB echoed_VBN throughout_IN Germany_NP ._. J57 175 ^ on_IN the_ATI French_JNP side_NN it_PP3 was_BEDZ the_ATI J57 175 civilians_NNS ,_, Gambetta_NP and_CC the_ATI politicians_NNS J57 176 of_IN the_ATI Paris_NP clubs_NNS ,_, who_WPR wished_VBD to_TO J57 176 prolong_VB the_ATI war_NN after_CS all_ABN but_IN a_AT tiny_JJ J57 177 minority_NN of_IN their_PP$ military_JJ advisers_NNS had_HVD urged_VBN J57 177 the_ATI conclusion_NN of_IN peace_NN ._. J57 178 ^ the_ATI relaxing_NN of_IN the_ATI tension_NN which_WDTR was_BEDZ J57 178 brought_VBN about_RP by_IN even_RB a_AT J57 179 temporary_JJ suspension_NN of_IN hostilities_NNS undermined_VBD the_ATI J57 179 strength_NN of_IN the_ATI J57 180 extremists_NNS on_IN both_ABX sides_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI parties_NNS of_IN J57 180 guerre_&FW a*?3_&FW outrance_&FW J57 181 dwindled_VBD to_IN impotent_JJ if_CS vociferous_JJ cliques_NNS at_IN J57 181 Bordeaux_NP and_CC J57 182 Versailles_NP ,_, able_JJ to_TO embarrass_VB the_ATI peace-makers_NNS J57 182 but_CC not_XNOT to_TO thwart_VB them_PP3OS ._. J57 183 ^ that_CS this_DT was_BEDZ so_PN in_IN the_ATI French_JNP ranks_NNS J57 183 was_BEDZ due_JJ to_IN the_ATI openly_RB expressed_JJ J57 184 determination_NN of_IN the_ATI French_JNP people_NNS ,_, through_IN J57 184 their_PP$ elected_JJ J57 185 representatives_NNS ,_, to_TO have_HV peace_NN at_IN any_DTI cost_NN J57 185 ._. ^ but_CC Bismarck_NP ,_, in_IN dealing_VBG J57 186 with_IN his_PP$ own_AP military_JJ party_NN ,_, did_DOD not_XNOT J57 186 enjoy_VB a_AT comparable_JJ advantage_NN ._. J57 187 ^ instead_RB public_JJ opinion_NN in_IN Germany_NP as_QL J57 187 overwhelmingly_RB supported_VBD a_AT peace_NN J57 188 of_IN extermination_NN as_CS did_DOD that_DT in_IN the_ATI allied_JJ J57 188 nations_NNS in_IN 1918_CD ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI J57 189 opposition_NN to_IN Bismarck_NP at_IN Versailles_NP which_WDTR had_HVD J57 189 been_BEN at_IN its_PP$ height_NN on_IN J57 190 the_ATI eve_NN of_IN the_ATI armistice_NN abated_VBD rapidly_RB once_CS J57 190 the_ATI armistice_NN was_BEDZ signed_VBN ,_, J57 191 it_PP3 was_BEDZ not_XNOT because_CS the_ATI military_JJ party_NN J57 191 was_BEDZ accepting_VBG defeat_NN with_IN a_AT good_JJ J57 192 grace_NN ._. J58 2 ^ secondly_RB ,_, even_CS if_CS" the_ATI bitter_JJ struggle_NN for_IN J58 2 the_ATI hegemony_NN of_IN the_ATI J58 3 peninsula_NN was_BEDZ punctuated_VBN by_IN spells_NNS of_IN mutual_JJ J58 3 tolerance_NN ,_, these_DTS respites_NNS J58 4 did_DOD not_XNOT last_VB long_RB ._. ^ the_ATI years_NNS when_WRB J58 4 the_ATI three_CD rival_JJB cults_NNS were_BED J58 5 celebrated_VBN on_IN an_AT equal_JJ footing_NN at_IN Toledo_NP had_HVD J58 5 no_ATI more_QL permanent_JJ result_NN J58 6 than_CS had_HVD the_ATI fleeting_JJ Christian-Muslim_JNP J58 6 rapprochement_NN achieved_VBN in_IN J58 7 Sicily_NP under_IN the_ATI rule_NN of_IN Frederick_NP 2_CD ,_, J58 7 Stupor_&FW Mundi_&FW ,_, in_IN the_ATI J58 8 same_AP period_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI fifteenth_OD century_NN ,_, at_IN J58 8 any_DTI rate_NN ,_, the_ATI average_JJ J58 9 Iberian_JNP Christian_NNP *-_*- like_IN any_DTI other_AP European_NNP J58 9 *-_*- never_RB referred_VBD to_IN the_ATI J58 10 Muslim_JNP and_CC the_ATI Jewish_JNP faiths_NNS without_IN adding_VBG J58 10 some_DTI injurious_JJ epithet_NN ._. J58 11 ^ hatred_NN and_CC intolerance_NN ,_, not_XNOT sympathy_NN and_CC J58 11 understanding_NN ,_, for_IN alien_JJ J58 12 creeds_NNS and_CC races_NNS was_BEDZ the_ATI general_JJ rule_NN ._. ^ J58 12 *'_*' Moors_NNPS **'_**' (_( \0i.e_RB J58 13 Muslims_NNPS )_) ,_, Jews_NNPS ,_, and_CC gentiles_NNS were_BED J58 13 alike_RB regarded_VBN as_CS being_BEG doomed_VBN to_IN J58 14 hell_NN fire_NN in_IN the_ATI next_AP world_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J58 14 inevitably_RB followed_VBN that_CS they_PP3AS were_BED J58 15 not_XNOT likely_JJ to_TO be_BE treated_VBN with_IN much_AP J58 15 consideration_NN by_IN Christians_NNPS in_IN this_DT J58 16 one_CD1 ._. J58 17 ^ the_ATI intolerance_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, J58 17 only_RB on_IN one_CD1 side_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J58 18 Christian_JNP crusade_NN had_HVD its_PP$ counterpart_NN in_IN the_ATI J58 18 Muslim_JNP jihad_&FW ,_, or_CC J58 19 holy_JJ war_NN against_IN the_ATI unbeliever_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J58 19 orthodox_JJ Muslim_JNP regarded_VBD with_IN J58 20 horror_NN all_ABN those_DTS who_WPR would_MD *'_*' give_VB J58 20 associates_NNS to_IN God_NP **'_**' ;_; and_CC this_DT was_BEDZ J58 21 just_RB what_WDT the_ATI Christians_NNPS did_DOD with_IN their_PP$ J58 21 trinity_NN ,_, their_PP$ virgin_NN Mary_NP ,_, J58 22 and_CC (_( to_IN some_DTI extent_NN )_) with_IN their_PP$ saints_NNS J58 22 ._. J58 23 ^ medieval_JJ Europe_NP was_BEDZ a_AT harsh_JJ and_CC rugged_JJ J58 23 school_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI softer_JJR J58 24 graces_NNS of_IN civilization_NN were_BED not_XNOT more_QL widely_RB J58 24 cultivated_VBN in_IN Portugal_NP J58 25 than_CS they_PP3AS were_BED elsewhere_RB ._. ^ a_AT turbulent_JJ and_CC J58 25 treacherous_JJ nobility_NN and_CC J58 26 gentry_NN ;_; an_AT ignorant_JJ and_CC lax_JJ clergy_NN ;_; doltish_JJ J58 26 ,_, if_CS hard-working_JJ ,_, peasants_NNS J58 27 and_CC fishermen_NNS ;_; and_CC a_AT town_NN rabble_NN of_IN J58 27 artisans_NNS and_CC day-labourers_NNS ,_, like_IN J58 28 the_ATI Lisbon_NP mob_NN described_VBN by_IN Ec*?6a_NP de_&FW J58 28 Queiroz_NP five_CD centuries_NNS later_RBR ,_, J58 29 *'_*' fanatical_JJ ,_, filthy_JJ ,_, and_CC ferocious_JJ **'_**' *-_*- J58 29 these_DTS constituted_VBD the_ATI social_JJ J58 30 classes_NNS from_IN which_WDTR the_ATI pioneer_NN discoverers_NNS J58 30 and_CC colonizers_NNS were_BED drawn_VBN ._. J58 31 ^ anyone_PN who_WPR doubts_VBZ this_DT need_MD only_RB read_VB the_ATI J58 31 graphic_JJ pages_NNS of_IN Ferna*?4o_NP J58 32 Lopes_NP ,_, *'_*' the_ATI best_JJT chronicler_NN of_IN any_DTI age_NN J58 32 or_CC nation_NN ,_, **'_**' as_CS Robert_NP J58 33 Southey_NP described_VBD him_PP3O ._. J58 34 ^ the_ATI first_OD stage_NN of_IN the_ATI overseas_JJB expansion_NN J58 34 of_IN Europe_NP can_MD be_BE J58 35 regarded_VBN as_CS beginning_VBG with_IN the_ATI capture_NN of_IN J58 35 Ceuta_NP by_IN the_ATI Portuguese_NNPS in_IN J58 36 1415_CD and_CC culminating_VBG in_IN the_ATI circumnavigation_NN of_IN J58 36 the_ATI globe_NN by_IN the_ATI J58 37 Spanish_JNP ship_NN Victoria_NP in_IN 1519-22_CD-CD ._. ^ the_ATI J58 37 Portuguese_NNPS and_CC Spaniards_NNPS J58 38 had_HVD their_PP$ precursors_NNS in_IN the_ATI conquest_NN of_IN J58 38 the_ATI Atlantic_NP Ocean_NPL ,_, but_CC the_ATI J58 39 efforts_NNS of_IN these_DTS adventurers_NNS had_HVD not_XNOT J58 39 changed_VBN the_ATI course_NN of_IN world_NN J58 40 history_NN ._. ^ Vikings_NNPS had_HVD voyaged_VBN to_IN north_NR J58 40 America_NP in_IN the_ATI early_JJ middle_JJB J58 41 ages_NNS ,_, but_CC the_ATI last_AP of_IN their_PP$ isolated_JJ J58 41 settlements_NNS on_IN Greenland_NP had_HVD J58 42 succumbed_VBN to_IN the_ATI rigours_NNS of_IN the_ATI weather_NN and_CC J58 42 the_ATI attacks_NNS of_IN the_ATI Eskimo_NNP J58 43 before_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN the_ATI fifteenth_OD century_NN ._. ^ J58 43 Italian_JNP and_CC Catalan_JNP galleys_NNS J58 44 from_IN the_ATI Mediterranean_NP J58 46 had_HVD boldly_RB ventured_VBN into_IN the_ATI Atlantic_NP on_IN J58 46 voyages_NNS of_IN discovery_NN in_IN the_ATI J58 47 late_JJ thirteenth_OD and_CC early_JJ fourteenth_OD centuries_NNS ;_; J58 47 but_CC what_WDT they_PP3AS sought_VBD J58 48 is_BEZ uncertain_JJ ,_, and_CC what_WDT they_PP3AS found_VBD is_BEZ J58 48 equally_RB obscure_JJ ,_, though_CS they_PP3AS may_MD J58 49 well_RB have_HV sighted_VBN Madeira_NP and_CC some_DTI of_IN the_ATI J58 49 Azores_NPS ._. ^ why_WRB did_DOD the_ATI J58 50 Iberians_NNPS succeed_VB where_WRB their_PP$ Mediterranean_NP J58 50 predecessors_NNS had_HVD failed_VBN ?_? J58 51 and_CC why_WRB did_DOD Portugal_NP take_VB the_ATI lead_NN when_WRB J58 51 the_ATI Biscayan_JNP seamen_NNS were_BED as_QL J58 52 good_JJ as_IN any_DTI in_IN Europe_NP ?_? J58 53 ^ historians_NNS are_BER still_RB far_RB from_RB" agreed_VBN on_IN J58 53 the_ATI precise_JJ answers_NNS to_IN J58 54 these_DTS questions_NNS ,_, but_CC the_ATI main_JJB impulses_NNS J58 54 behind_IN what_WDT is_BEZ known_VBN as_IN the_ATI J58 55 *'_*' age_NN of_IN discovery_NN **'_**' evidently_RB came_VBD from_IN J58 55 a_AT mixture_NN of_IN religious_JJ ,_, J58 56 economic_JJ ,_, strategic_JJ and_CC political_JJ factors_NNS ._. ^ J58 56 these_DTS were_BED by_IN no_ATI means_NNS J58 57 always_RB mixed_VBN in_IN the_ATI same_AP proportions_NNS ;_; and_CC J58 57 motives_NNS inspired_VBN by_IN Mammon_NP J58 58 were_BED often_RB inextricably_RB blended_VBN with_IN things_NNS J58 58 pertaining_VBG to_IN Caesar_NP and_CC J58 59 to_IN God_NP ._. ^ at_IN the_ATI risk_NN of_IN oversimplification_NN J58 59 ,_, it_PP3 may_MD ,_, perhaps_RB ,_, be_BE said_VBN J58 60 that_CS the_ATI four_CD main_JJB motives_NNS that_WPR inspired_VBD J58 60 the_ATI Portuguese_NNPS were_BED ,_, in_IN J58 61 chronological_JJ but_CC overlapping_JJ order_NN ,_, (_( 1_CD1 )_) J58 61 crusading_NN zeal_NN ,_, (_( 2_CD )_) J58 62 desire_NN for_IN Guinea_NP gold_NN ,_, (_( 3_CD )_) the_ATI quest_NN J58 62 for_IN Prester_NP John_NP ,_, and_CC (_( 4_CD )_) J58 63 the_ATI search_NN for_IN spices_NNS ._. ^ an_AT important_JJ J58 63 contributory_JJ factor_NN was_BEDZ that_CS ,_, J58 64 during_IN the_ATI whole_NN of_IN the_ATI fifteenth_OD century_NN ,_, J58 64 Portugal_NP was_BEDZ a_AT united_JJ J58 65 kingdom_NN which_WDTR experienced_VBD only_RB one_CD1 brief_JJ J58 65 episode_NN of_IN civil_JJ strife_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J58 66 consolidation_NN of_IN the_ATI power_NN of_IN the_ATI Portuguese_JNP J58 66 crown_NN during_IN this_DT period_NN J58 67 forms_VBZ a_AT marked_JJ contrast_NN with_IN the_ATI confused_JJ J58 67 situation_NN obtaining_VBG in_IN the_ATI J58 68 rest_NN of_IN Europe_NP ._. ^ France_NP was_BEDZ distracted_VBN by_IN J58 68 the_ATI closing_JJ stages_NNS of_IN the_ATI J58 69 hundred_CD years_NNS war_NN *-_*- 1415_CD was_BEDZ the_ATI date_NN J58 69 of_IN the_ATI battle_NN of_IN Agincourt_NP as_CC J58 70 well_CC" as_CC" of_IN the_ATI capture_NN of_IN Ceuta_NP *-_*- and_CC J58 70 by_IN rivalry_NN with_IN Burgundy_NP ;_; J58 71 England_NP by_IN the_ATI struggle_NN with_IN France_NP and_CC the_ATI J58 71 wars_NNS of_IN the_ATI roses_NNS ;_; and_CC J58 72 Spain_NP and_CC Italy_NP by_IN dynastic_JJ and_CC other_AP internal_JJ J58 72 problems_NNS ._. J58 73 ^ the_ATI seizure_NN of_IN Ceuta_NP in_IN 1415_CD and_CC ,_, more_QL J58 73 important_JJ ,_, its_PP$ retention_NN ,_, J58 74 were_BED probably_RB inspired_VBN mainly_RB by_IN crusading_NN J58 74 ardour_NN to_TO deal_VB a_AT blow_NN at_IN J58 75 the_ATI infidel_NN ,_, and_CC by_IN the_ATI desire_NN of_IN the_ATI J58 75 half-English_JNP princes_NNS of_IN Portugal_NP J58 76 to_TO be_BE dubbed_VBN knights_NNS on_IN the_ATI field_NN of_IN J58 76 battle_NN in_IN a_AT spectacular_JJ manner_NN ._. J58 77 ^ economic_JJ and_CC strategic_JJ motives_NNS may_MD also_RB have_HV J58 77 played_VBN a_AT part_NN ,_, since_CS J58 78 Ceuta_NP was_BEDZ both_ABX a_AT thriving_JJ commercial_JJ centre_NN J58 78 and_CC a_AT bridgehead_NN for_IN an_AT J58 79 invasion_NN across_IN the_ATI straits_NNS of_IN Gibraltar_NP ._. ^ J58 79 it_PP3 has_HVZ been_BEN suggested_VBN that_CS J58 80 the_ATI fertile_JJ corn-growing_JJ regions_NNS in_IN the_ATI J58 80 hinterland_NN also_RB formed_VBD an_AT J58 81 attraction_NN for_IN the_ATI Portuguese_NNPS ,_, whose_WP$R own_AP J58 81 country_NN was_BEDZ even_RB then_RN J58 82 normally_RB deficient_JJ in_IN cereals_NNS ._. ^ Ceuta_NP was_BEDZ J58 82 one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI terminal_JJ ports_NNS J58 83 for_IN the_ATI trans-Sahara_JJB gold-trade_NN ,_, though_CS how_WRB J58 83 far_RB the_ATI Portuguese_NNPS knew_VBD J58 84 this_DT before_IN their_PP$ capture_NN of_IN the_ATI city_NN is_BEZ J58 84 uncertain_JJ ._. ^ but_CC the_ATI J58 85 occupation_NN of_IN Ceuta_NP undoubtedly_RB enabled_VBD them_PP3OS J58 85 to_TO obtain_VB some_DTI J58 86 information_NN about_IN the_ATI negro_NN lands_NNS of_IN the_ATI J58 86 upper_JJB Niger_NP and_CC Senegal_NP river_NN J58 87 regions_NNS ,_, where_WRB the_ATI gold_NN came_VBD from_IN ._. ^ J58 87 they_PP3AS soon_RB began_VBD to_TO see_VB that_CS they_PP3AS J58 88 might_MD ,_, perhaps_RB ,_, establish_VB contact_NN with_IN those_DTS J58 88 lands_NNS by_IN sea_NN ,_, and_CC so_RB J58 89 divert_VB the_ATI gold-trade_NN from_IN the_ATI *'_*' caravans_NNS J58 89 of_IN the_ATI old_JJ Sahara_NP **'_**' and_CC the_ATI J58 90 Muslim_JNP middlemen_NNS of_IN Barbary_NP ._. ^ they_PP3AS had_HVD J58 90 the_ATI more_AP incentive_NN to_TO do_DO this_DT J58 91 since_CS western_JJ Europe_NP in_RB general_RB" ,_, and_CC Portugal_NP J58 91 in_RB particular_RB" ,_, were_BED J58 92 then_RN suffering_VBG a_AT serious_JJ shortage_NN of_IN precious_JJ J58 92 metals_NNS ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ partly_RB J58 93 due_JJ to_IN the_ATI drain_NN of_IN silver_NN and_CC gold_NN to_IN J58 93 the_ATI east_NR ,_, to_TO pay_VB for_IN spices_NNS and_CC J58 94 other_AP oriental_JJ exports_NNS ,_, and_CC partly_RB to_IN the_ATI J58 94 insufficient_JJ production_NN of_IN J58 95 the_ATI central_JJ European_JNP mines_NNS ._. J58 96 ^ the_ATI crusading_NN impulse_NN and_CC search_NN for_IN gold_NN J58 96 were_BED soon_RB reinforced_VBN by_IN J58 97 the_ATI quest_NN for_IN Prester_NP John_NP ._. ^ this_DT mythical_JJ J58 97 potentate_NN was_BEDZ vaguely_RB J58 98 located_VBN in_IN the_ATI *'_*' Indies_NPS **'_**' *-_*- an_AT J58 98 elastic_JJ and_CC shifting_JJ term_NN that_WPR often_RB J58 99 embraced_VBD Ethiopia_NP and_CC east_NR Africa_NP ,_, as_CC well_CC" J58 99 as_CC" what_WDT little_AP was_BEDZ known_VBN of_IN J58 100 Asia_NP ._. ^ the_ATI passage_NN of_IN time_NN ,_, romantic_JJ J58 100 travellers'_NNS$ tales_NNS *-_*- of_IN which_WDTR J58 101 Marco_NP Polo's_NP$ supply_VB the_ATI classic_JJ example_NN *-_*- J58 101 and_CC wishful_JJ thinking_NN ,_, all_ABN J58 102 combined_VBD to_TO build_VB up_RP the_ATI late_JJ medieval_JJ belief_NN J58 102 that_CS Prester_NP John_NP was_BEDZ a_AT J58 103 mighty_JJ ,_, if_CS probably_RB schismatical_JJ Christian_JNP J58 103 priest-king_NN ._. ^ his_PP$ domains_NNS J58 104 were_BED believed_VBN to_TO lie_VB somewhere_RB in_IN the_ATI rear_NN J58 104 of_IN the_ATI Islamic_JNP powers_NNS that_WPR J58 105 occupied_VBD a_AT wide_JJ belt_NN of_IN territory_NN from_IN Morocco_NP J58 105 to_IN the_ATI Black_NP Sea_NPL ,_, thus_RB J58 106 cutting_VBG off_RP Christendom_NNP from_IN direct_JJ contact_NN with_IN J58 106 the_ATI peoples_NNS of_IN Asia_NP J58 107 and_CC the_ATI isolated_JJ Coptic_JNP Christian_JNP kingdom_NN of_IN J58 107 Abyssinia_NP ._. ^ from_IN 1402_CD J58 108 onwards_RB ,_, occasional_JJ Abyssinian_JNP monks_NNS and_CC envoys_NNS J58 108 reached_VBD Europe_NP ,_, and_CC at_RB J58 109 least_RB" one_CD1 of_IN them_PP3OS got_VBD as_QL far_RB as_IN Lisbon_NP J58 109 in_IN 1452_CD ;_; but_CC the_ATI Portuguese_NNPS ,_, J58 110 like_IN most_AP other_AP people_NNS ,_, still_RB seem_VB to_TO have_HV J58 110 had_HVN only_RB a_AT hazy_JJ idea_NN of_IN J58 111 what_WDT or_CC where_WRB his_PP$ country_NN was_BEDZ ._. J58 112 ^ the_ATI mixed_JJ motivation_NN behind_IN the_ATI Portuguese_JNP J58 112 overseas_JJB expansion_NN was_BEDZ J58 113 explicitly_RB recognized_VBN in_IN the_ATI papal_JJ bull_NN romanus_&FW J58 113 pontifex_&FW J58 114 (_( January_NR 8th_OD ,_, 1455_CD )_) ,_, which_WDTR categorically_RB J58 114 commended_VBD the_ATI crusading_NN J58 115 inspiration_NN of_IN the_ATI Infante_NPT Dom_NPT Henrique_NP and_CC J58 115 his_PP$ desire_NN to_TO reach_VB the_ATI J58 116 mysterious_JJ Christian_JNP potentate_NN (_( s_ZZ )_) of_IN the_ATI J58 116 Indies_NPS by_IN circumnavigating_VBG J58 117 Africa_NP ._. ^ this_DT bull_NN also_RB recognized_VBD the_ATI J58 117 commercial_JJ motive_NN inherent_JJ in_IN J58 118 Portuguese_JNP expansion_NN by_IN granting_VBG the_ATI King_NPT of_IN J58 118 Portugal_NP and_CC his_PP$ J58 119 successors_NNS the_ATI monopoly_NN of_IN the_ATI trade_NN with_IN J58 119 the_ATI inhabitants_NNS of_IN the_ATI newly_RB J58 120 discovered_JJ J58 122 regions_NNS ,_, subject_JJ to_IN the_ATI proviso_NN that_CS the_ATI J58 122 sale_NN of_IN war_NN material_NN to_IN the_ATI J58 123 enemies_NNS of_IN the_ATI faith_NN was_BEDZ forbidden_VBN ._. ^ J58 123 finally_RB ,_, it_PP3 may_MD be_BE mentioned_VBN that_CS J58 124 as_CS the_ATI Portuguese_NNPS pushed_VBD their_PP$ exploratory_JJ J58 124 voyages_NNS down_IN the_ATI west_NR coast_NN J58 125 of_IN Africa_NP ,_, they_PP3AS added_VBD the_ATI acquisition_NN of_IN J58 125 negro_NN slaves_NNS to_IN that_DT of_IN J58 126 Guinea_NP gold_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI search_NN for_IN spices_NNS to_IN J58 126 the_ATI quest_NN for_IN Prester_NP John_NP ._. J58 127 ^ the_ATI spices_NNS ,_, however_RB ,_, only_RB appear_VB as_IN a_AT J58 127 major_JJ motive_NN after_IN the_ATI death_NN of_IN J58 128 Prince_NPT Henry_NP in_IN 1460_CD ,_, by_IN which_WDTR time_NN the_ATI J58 128 west_NR African_JNP slave-trade_NN was_BEDZ J58 129 an_AT established_JJ fact_NN ._. J58 130 ^ the_ATI Portuguese_JNP voyages_NNS of_IN discovery_NN and_CC J58 130 trade_NN down_IN the_ATI west_NR coast_NN J58 131 of_IN Africa_NP did_DOD not_XNOT really_RB get_VB going_VBG until_CS J58 131 Cape_NPL Bojador_NP (_( or_CC ,_, more_QL J58 132 probably_RB ,_, Cape_NPL Juby_NP ,_, which_WDTR was_BEDZ then_RN J58 132 apparently_RB known_VBN by_IN the_ATI former_AP J58 133 name_NN )_) was_BEDZ rounded_VBN in_IN 1434_CD ,_, after_IN many_AP J58 133 futile_JJ efforts_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI voyages_NNS J58 134 then_RN continued_VBD systematically_RB ,_, and_CC a_AT great_JJ J58 134 spurt_NN of_IN progress_NN was_BEDZ made_VBN J58 135 during_IN the_ATI eight-year_JJB regency_NN (_( 1440-48_CD-CD )_) of_IN J58 135 Dom_NPT Pedro_NP ,_, elder_JJR brother_NN of_IN J58 136 the_ATI better_RBR publicized_VBN Dom_NPT Henrique_NP ,_, belatedly_RB J58 136 and_CC somewhat_RB J58 137 inappropriately_RB named_VBN *'_*' the_ATI navigator_NN ._. **'_**' ^ J58 137 prior_RB to_IN his_PP$ assumption_NN of_IN J58 138 the_ATI regency_NN ,_, Dom_NPT Pedro_NP had_HVD been_BEN violently_RB J58 138 critical_JJ of_IN the_ATI policy_NN of_IN J58 139 holding_VBG Ceuta_NP ,_, and_CC had_HVD shown_VBN no_ATI particular_JJ J58 139 interest_NN in_IN the_ATI voyages_NNS of_IN J58 140 discovery_NN patronized_VBN by_IN his_PP$ brother_NN ._. ^ but_CC J58 140 once_CS in_IN power_NN ,_, as_CS so_QL often_RB J58 141 happens_VBZ ,_, Dom_NPT Pedro_NP adopted_VBD wholeheartedly_RB some_DTI J58 141 of_IN the_ATI policies_NNS that_CS he_PP3A J58 142 had_HVD previously_RB criticized_VBN ,_, or_CC to_IN which_WDTR he_PP3A J58 142 had_HVD been_BEN indifferent_JJ ._. ^ all_ABN J58 143 talk_NN of_IN abandoning_VBG Ceuta_NP in_IN exchange_NN for_IN the_ATI J58 143 freedom_NN of_IN his_PP$ youngest_JJT J58 144 brother_NN ,_, Dom_NPT Fernando_NP (_( who_WPR had_HVD been_BEN J58 144 held_VBN as_IN a_AT prisoner_NN by_IN the_ATI Moors_NNPS J58 145 since_IN a_AT disastrous_JJ attack_NN on_IN Tangier_NP in_IN 1437_CD J58 145 )_) ,_, was_BEDZ dropped_VBN ,_, and_CC Dom_NPT J58 146 Pedro_NP actively_RB backed_VBD the_ATI voyages_NNS of_IN discovery_NN J58 146 and_CC the_ATI colonization_NN of_IN J58 147 the_ATI Atlantic_NP islands_NNS ._. ^ nevertheless_RB ,_, Dom_NPT J58 147 Henrique's_NP$ share_NN in_IN these_DTS J58 148 twin_NN enterprises_NNS was_BEDZ the_ATI more_QL important_JJ in_IN J58 148 the_ATI long_JJ run_NN ._. ^ the_ATI voyages_NNS J58 149 themselves_PPLS ,_, and_CC the_ATI colonization_NN J58 151 of_IN Madeira_NP and_CC the_ATI Azores_NPS ,_, which_WDTR began_VBD J58 151 soon_RB after_IN their_PP$ discovery_NN *-_*- or_CC J58 152 re-discovery_NN *-_*- in_IN 1419-27_CD-CD were_BED largely_RB J58 152 financed_VBN from_IN the_ATI revenues_NNS of_IN J58 153 the_ATI military_JJ order_NN of_IN Christ_NP ,_, of_IN which_WDTR J58 153 Dom_NPT Henrique_NP was_BEDZ the_ATI J58 154 administrator_NN and_CC governor_NN (_( but_CC not_XNOT the_ATI J58 154 grand_JJ master_NN as_CS is_BEZ often_RB J58 155 stated_VBN )_) from_IN 1420_CD until_IN his_PP$ death_NN forty_CD J58 155 years_NNS later_RBR ._. ^ some_DTI of_IN the_ATI J58 156 leading_JJ Lisbon_NP merchants_NNS also_RB had_HVD a_AT hand_NN in_IN J58 156 financing_VBG and_CC organizing_VBG J58 157 these_DTS voyages_NNS ._. ^ from_IN 1470_CD to_IN 1475_CD they_PP3AS J58 157 were_BED leased_VBN on_IN the_ATI basis_NN of_IN a_AT J58 158 monopoly_NN contract_NN to_IN a_AT certain_JJ Ferna*?4o_NP Gomes_NP ,_, J58 158 under_IN whose_WP$R J58 159 administration_NN a_AT large_JJ stretch_NN of_IN the_ATI Guinea_NP J58 159 coast_NN was_BEDZ opened_VBN up_RP to_IN J58 160 Portuguese_JNP enterprise_NN and_CC trade_NN ._. J58 161 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ still_RB uncertain_JJ how_WRB much_AP was_BEDZ J58 161 directly_RB due_JJ to_IN government_NN J58 162 initiative_NN and_CC to_IN resources_NNS supplied_VBN by_IN the_ATI J58 162 crown_NN or_CC by_IN the_ATI order_NN of_IN J58 163 Christ_NP ,_, and_CC how_WRB much_AP was_BEDZ due_JJ to_IN private_JJ J58 163 enterprise_NN ,_, or_CC to_IN both_ABX the_ATI J58 164 crown_NN and_CC the_ATI merchant-adventurers_NNS acting_VBG in_IN J58 164 conjunction_NN ._. ^ but_CC it_PP3 can_MD J58 165 be_BE said_VBN without_IN undue_JJ simplification_NN that_CS right_RB J58 165 from_IN the_ATI beginning_NN ,_, J58 166 the_ATI planning_NN ,_, organization_NN ,_, and_CC financing_NN of_IN J58 166 these_DTS voyages_NNS owed_VBD a_AT J58 167 great_JJ deal_NN to_IN intelligent_JJ government_NN initiative_NN J58 167 and_CC support_NN ,_, as_CS J58 168 personified_VBN in_IN the_ATI activities_NNS of_IN Dom_NPT Henrique_NP J58 168 ,_, Dom_NPT Pedro_NP ,_, and_CC ,_, above_IN J58 169 all_ABN ,_, of_IN King_NPT Dom_NPT Joa*?4o_NP 2_CD in_IN the_ATI J58 169 final_JJ stages_NNS (_( 1481-95_CD-CD )_) ._. ^ in_IN other_AP J58 170 words_NNS ,_, as_CS \0C_NP \0R_NP Beazley_NP pointed_VBD out_RP over_RB J58 170 sixty_CD years_NNS ago_RB ,_, Prince_NPT J58 171 Henry's_NP$ achievement_NN was_BEDZ that_CS he_PP3A *'_*' altered_VBD J58 171 the_ATI conditions_NNS of_IN maritime_JJ J58 172 exploration_NN by_IN giving_VBG permanence_NN ,_, organization_NN ,_, J58 172 and_CC governmental_JJ J58 173 support_NN to_IN a_AT movement_NN which_WDTR had_HVD up_RP to_IN J58 173 this_DT time_NN proved_VBD disappointing_JJ J58 174 for_IN lack_NN of_IN those_DTS very_AP means_NNS ._. **'_**' J58 175 ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ this_DT steady_JJ government_NN support_NN that_WPR J58 175 gave_VBD the_ATI Portuguese_NNPS J58 176 the_ATI edge_NN over_IN their_PP$ Spanish_JNP neighbours_NNS and_CC J58 176 rivals_NNS ,_, who_WPR for_IN long_RB J58 177 contested_VBD the_ATI papal_JJ awards_NNS that_WPR granted_VBD a_AT J58 177 monopoly_NN of_IN the_ATI west_NR African_JNP J58 178 coastal_JJ trade_NN to_IN the_ATI former_AP ._. ^ but_CC save_CS J58 178 during_IN the_ATI years_NNS 1475-1480_CD-CD ,_, J58 179 when_WRB the_ATI Spanish_JNP adventurers_NNS made_VBD determined_JJ J58 179 but_CC unsuccessful_JJ attempts_NNS J58 180 to_TO secure_VB the_ATI lion's_NN$ share_NN of_IN J58 182 the_ATI Guinea_NP trade_NN for_IN themselves_PPLS ,_, the_ATI J58 182 Spaniards_NNPS did_DOD not_XNOT receive_VB the_ATI J58 183 same_AP consistent_JJ and_CC energetic_JJ support_NN from_IN their_PP$ J58 183 rulers_NNS as_CS did_DOD the_ATI J58 184 Portuguese_NNPS from_IN theirs_PP$$ ._. ^ moreover_RB ,_, for_IN J58 184 much_AP of_IN the_ATI fifteenth_OD century_NN ,_, J58 185 Spain's_NP$ cereal_NN and_CC financial_JJ problems_NNS were_BED less_QL J58 185 acute_JJ than_CS were_BED those_DTS J58 186 of_IN Portugal_NP ,_, and_CC therefore_RB the_ATI Spaniards_NNPS J58 186 had_HVD not_XNOT the_ATI same_AP economic_JJ J58 187 incentives_NNS to_TO seek_VB new_JJ lands_NNS to_TO conquer_VB or_CC J58 187 to_TO exploit_VB ._. ^ finally_RB ,_, the_ATI J58 188 existence_NN of_IN the_ATI Moorish_JNP kingdom_NN of_IN Granada_NP J58 188 on_IN Andalusian_JNP soil_NN ,_, the_ATI J58 189 prior_JJ commitments_NNS of_IN the_ATI crown_NN of_IN Aragon_NP in_IN J58 189 the_ATI Mediterranean_NP ,_, and_CC the_ATI J58 190 need_NN to_TO strengthen_VB the_ATI crown_NN of_IN Castile_NP J58 190 against_IN unruly_JJ vassals_NNS at_IN J58 191 home_NR ,_, provided_VBD powerful_JJ distractions_NNS that_WPR were_BED J58 191 not_XNOT present_JJ to_IN the_ATI same_AP J58 192 extent_NN in_IN Portugal_NP ._. J58 193 ^ the_ATI actual_JJ voyages_NNS down_IN the_ATI barren_JJ and_CC J58 193 featureless_JJ Saharan_JNP coast_NN J58 194 presented_VBD no_ATI exceptional_JJ difficulties_NNS to_IN J58 194 experienced_JJ seamen_NNS ,_, other_AP J58 195 than_IN the_ATI legendary_JJ but_CC none_RB the_RB" less_RB" real_JJ J58 195 terrors_NNS of_IN the_ATI unknown_JJ ._. J58 196 ^ these_DTS latter_AP included_VBD the_ATI common_JJ ,_, though_CS J58 196 not_XNOT universal_JJ ,_, belief_NN that_CS J58 197 the_ATI torrid_JJ zone_NN was_BEDZ too_QL hot_JJ to_TO support_VB J58 197 life_NN ,_, and_CC that_CS the_ATI Mar_&FW J58 198 Tenebroso_&FW ,_, or_CC *'_*' sea_NN of_IN darkness_NN **'_**' south_NR J58 198 of_IN Cape_NPL Nun_NP ,_, was_BEDZ too_QL J58 199 shallow_JJ and_CC too_QL dangerous_JJ for_IN navigation_NN ._. J59 2 ^ Lytton's_NP$ telegram_NN announcing_VBG his_PP$ intentions_NNS J59 2 reached_VBD the_ATI India_NP J59 3 office_NN on_IN 9_CD September_NR :_: Cranbrook_NP was_BEDZ not_XNOT J59 3 at_IN this_DT time_NN in_IN London_NP :_: he_PP3A J59 4 was_BEDZ at_IN Braemore_NP in_IN the_ATI north_NR of_IN Scotland_NP ._. J59 4 ^ he_PP3A received_VBD his_PP$ copy_NN of_IN the_ATI J59 5 telegram_NN on_IN the_ATI 12th_OD ._. ^ meanwhile_RB Horace_NP J59 5 Walpole_NP ,_, his_PP$ private_JJ J59 6 secretary_NN ,_, a_AT permanent_JJ civil_JJ servant_NN ,_, who_WPR J59 6 was_BEDZ suspicious_JJ of_IN Lytton's_NP$ J59 7 policies_NNS ,_, had_HVD read_VBN Lytton's_NP$ telegram_NN ,_, J59 7 noticed_VBN that_CS it_PP3 proposed_VBD to_TO send_VB J59 8 the_ATI mission_NN off_RP from_IN Peshawar_NP in_IN less_AP than_IN J59 8 a_AT week_NN ,_, and_CC decided_VBN that_CS J59 9 the_ATI telegram_NN ought_MD to_TO be_BE answered_VBN ._. ^ he_PP3A ,_, J59 9 therefore_RB ,_, at_IN the_ATI same_AP time_NN as_CS J59 10 he_PP3A sent_VBD Cranbrook_NP his_PP$ copy_NN of_IN the_ATI telegram_NN J59 10 ,_, sent_VBD also_RB a_AT copy_NN to_IN J59 11 Beaconsfield_NP at_IN Hughenden_NP and_CC one_CD1 to_IN Salisbury_NP J59 11 at_IN the_ATI foreign_JJ office_NN ._. J59 12 ^ the_ATI effect_NN on_IN both_ABX of_IN them_PP3OS ,_, and_CC on_IN J59 12 Cranbrook_NP when_WRB he_PP3A read_VBD it_PP3 ,_, was_BEDZ J59 13 immediate_JJ ._. ^ to_IN all_ABN of_IN them_PP3OS it_PP3 seemed_VBD J59 13 that_CS the_ATI proposal_NN to_TO insist_VB on_IN J59 14 the_ATI expulsion_NN of_IN the_ATI Russian_JNP mission_NN before_IN J59 14 the_ATI beginning_NN of_IN J59 15 Anglo-Afghan_JNP negotiations_NNS would_MD be_BE *'_*' an_AT affront_NN J59 15 which_WDTR a_AT great_JJ power_NN J59 16 could_MD not_XNOT endure_VB **'_**' ._. ^ it_PP3 would_MD intensify_VB J59 16 Russian_JNP activity_NN in_IN J59 17 Afghanistan_NP ;_; it_PP3 would_MD bring_VB the_ATI Russian_JNP J59 17 government_NN into_IN direct_JJ J59 18 conflict_NN with_IN the_ATI government_NN of_IN India_NP ;_; it_PP3 J59 18 would_MD endanger_VB peace_NN in_IN J59 19 Europe_NP and_CC it_PP3 must_MD ,_, therefore_RB ,_, before_CS it_PP3 J59 19 was_BEDZ attempted_VBN ,_, be_BE considered_VBN J59 20 very_QL fully_RB by_IN the_ATI cabinet_NN ._. J59 21 ^ the_ATI cabinet_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, could_MD not_XNOT meet_VB J59 21 ._. ^ its_PP$ members_NNS were_BED scattered_VBN J59 22 over_IN the_ATI country_NN houses_NNS of_IN England_NP and_CC J59 22 Scotland_NP ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ clear_JJ ,_, from_IN J59 23 Lytton's_NP$ telegram_NN ,_, that_CS he_PP3A did_DOD not_XNOT know_VB J59 23 of_IN the_ATI diplomatic_JJ protest_NN to_IN J59 24 \0St_NPT Petersburg_NP and_CC did_DOD not_XNOT intend_VB to_TO wait_VB J59 24 for_IN a_AT Russian_JNP answer_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J59 25 impression_NN made_VBN by_IN the_ATI telegram_NN ,_, as_CS Horace_NP J59 25 Walpole_NP found_VBD when_WRB he_PP3A J59 26 visited_VBD Salisbury_NP on_IN the_ATI morning_NN of_IN the_ATI 11th_OD J59 26 ,_, was_BEDZ the_ATI thought_NN that_CS J59 27 ~ *'_*' Lord_NPT Lytton_NP (_( was_BEDZ )_) going_VBG a_RB little_RB" J59 27 too_QL fast_RB and_CC plunging_VBG us_PP1OS into_IN an_AT J59 28 Afghan_JNP war_NN **'_**' ._. ^ the_ATI effects_NNS of_IN such_ABL a_AT J59 28 war_NN would_MD be_BE felt_VBN not_XNOT only_RB in_IN J59 29 Europe_NP ,_, but_CC also_RB in_IN the_ATI constituencies_NNS ._. ^ J59 29 less_AP than_IN a_AT week_NN later_RBR the_ATI J59 30 prime_JJB minister_NN was_BEDZ noticing_VBG *'_*' symptoms_NNS ..._... J59 30 by_IN no_ATI means_NNS confined_VBN to_IN one_CD1 J59 31 party_NN **'_**' of_IN a_AT *'_*' strong_JJ and_CC rising_JJ feeling_NN J59 31 respecting_IN this_DT Afghan_JNP J59 32 business_NN **'_**' ._. ^ *'_*' so_QL long_RB **'_**' ,_, he_PP3A J59 32 told_VBD Salisbury_NP ,_, *'_*' as_CS the_ATI country_NN J59 33 thought_VBD they_PP3AS had_HVD obtained_VBN *'_*' peace_NN with_IN J59 33 honor_NN **'_**' ,_, the_ATI conduct_NN of_IN J59 34 \0H.M_NP government_NN was_BEDZ popular_JJ ,_, but_CC if_CS the_ATI J59 34 country_NN finds_VBZ there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI J59 35 peace_NN ,_, they_PP3AS will_MD be_BE apt_JJ also_RB to_TO conclude_VB J59 35 there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI honour_NN **'_**' ._. ^ and_CC J59 36 his_PP$ conclusion_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT that_CS Lytton_NP should_MD J59 36 make_VB the_ATI pace_NN but_CC that_CS J59 37 Salisbury_NP himself_PPL ,_, in_IN Cranbrook's_NP$ absence_NN ,_, J59 37 should_MD make_VB sure_JJ that_CS J59 38 Lytton_NP was_BEDZ properly_RB informed_VBN of_IN the_ATI views_NNS J59 38 of_IN a_AT government_NN that_WPR would_MD J59 39 need_VB to_TO act_VB *'_*' with_IN decision_NN and_CC firmness_NN J59 39 **'_**' ._. J59 40 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ ,_, as_CS we_PP1AS have_HV seen_VBN ,_, by_IN no_ATI J59 40 means_NNS clear_JJ that_CS the_ATI decision_NN to_TO J59 41 send_VB the_ATI diplomatic_JJ protest_NN to_IN Russia_NP on_IN 19_CD J59 41 August_NR had_HVD been_BEN J59 42 accompanied_VBN by_IN a_AT decision_NN to_TO delay_VB Chamberlain's_NP$ J59 42 mission_NN until_CS a_AT reply_NN J59 43 had_HVD arrived_VBN from_IN \0St_NPT Petersburg_NP ._. ^ so_QL long_RB J59 43 as_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ imagined_VBN that_CS J59 44 Lytton_NP knew_VBD his_PP$ limitations_NNS ,_, Salisbury_NP seems_VBZ J59 44 to_TO have_HV attached_VBN little_AP J59 45 importance_NN to_IN the_ATI protest_NN ._. ^ but_CC as_QL soon_RB as_CS J59 45 it_PP3 seemed_VBD that_CS Lytton_NP might_MD J59 46 be_BE steering_VBG towards_IN war_NN ,_, it_PP3 comes_VBZ forward_RB J59 46 from_IN the_ATI back_NN of_IN Salisbury's_NP$ J59 47 mind_NN as_IN an_AT occasion_NN ,_, or_CC excuse_NN ,_, for_IN J59 47 delaying_VBG Lytton's_NP$ action_NN in_IN India_NP :_: J59 48 and_CC as_IN a_AT move_NN in_IN the_ATI parliamentary_JJ game_NN J59 48 which_WDTR would_MD ,_, when_WRB the_ATI time_NN J59 49 comes_VBZ ,_, show_VB that_CS the_ATI British_JNP government_NN had_HVD J59 49 done_VBN its_PP$ best_JJT to_TO avoid_VB war_NN J59 50 and_CC accomplish_VB by_IN peaceful_JJ diplomacy_NN what_WDT Afghan_JNP J59 50 or_CC Russian_JNP obstinacy_NN J59 51 had_HVD made_VBN impossible_JJ ._. ^ Beaconsfield_NP ,_, as_QL soon_RB J59 51 as_CS he_PP3A saw_VBD the_ATI telegram_NN of_IN J59 52 8_CD September_NR and_CC had_HVD talked_VBN to_IN Salisbury_NP ,_, J59 52 wrote_VBD tartly_RB to_IN Cranbrook_NP J59 53 regretting_NN that_CS Lytton_NP seemed_VBD not_XNOT to_TO know_VB of_IN J59 53 the_ATI protest_NN ._. ^ Salisbury_NP ,_, J59 54 on_IN the_ATI 11th_OD ,_, after_IN correspondence_NN with_IN J59 54 Beaconsfield_NP ,_, telegraphed_VBD J59 55 Horace_NP Walpole_NP to_TO ask_VB Cranbrook_NP urgently_RB for_IN J59 55 authority_NN to_TO stop_VB Lytton_NP J59 56 sending_VBG the_ATI mission_NN until_CS the_ATI Russian_JNP reply_NN J59 56 had_HVD arrived_VBN ._. ^ Cranbrook_NP ,_, J59 57 meanwhile_RB ,_, feeling_VBG the_ATI same_AP way_NN in_IN Scotland_NP J59 57 ,_, had_HVD sent_VBN a_AT telegram_NN to_IN J59 58 Walpole_NP forbidding_VBG the_ATI departure_NN of_IN the_ATI mission_NN J59 58 until_IN further_JJB orders_NNS ._. J59 59 ^ on_IN the_ATI 14th_OD ,_, two_CD days_NNS before_IN Chamberlain_NP J59 59 was_BEDZ supposed_VBN to_TO start_VB ,_, this_DT J59 60 message_NN was_BEDZ in_IN Lytton's_NP$ hands_NNS ._. J59 61 ^ when_WRB Lytton_NP received_VBD the_ATI telegram_NN ,_, however_RB J59 61 ,_, he_PP3A was_BEDZ in_IN no_ATI mood_NN to_TO J59 62 delay_VB ._. ^ the_ATI events_NNS he_PP3A had_HVD set_VBN on_IN foot_NN J59 62 in_IN August_NR could_MD not_XNOT now_RN be_BE J59 63 controlled_VBN ._. ^ Chamberlain_NP was_BEDZ already_RB in_IN J59 63 Peshawar_NP ;_; Cavagnari_NP had_HVD J59 64 committed_VBN himself_PPL in_IN the_ATI Khyber_NP :_: the_ATI native_JJ J59 64 ambassador_NN had_HVD left_VBN for_IN J59 65 Kabul_NP and_CC the_ATI wide_JJ publicity_NN Lytton_NP had_HVD J59 65 given_VBN to_IN the_ATI mission_NN through_IN J59 66 his_PP$ private_JJ press_NN officer_NN in_IN India_NP ,_, made_VBD J59 66 it_PP3 difficult_JJ to_TO give_VB the_ATI J59 67 slightest_JJT sign_NN of_IN turning_VBG back_RP ._. ^ his_PP$ J59 67 information_NN about_IN the_ATI state_NN of_IN J59 68 opinion_NN in_IN England_NP came_VBD mainly_RB through_IN Burne_NP J59 68 in_IN the_ATI India_NP office_NN ._. J59 69 ^ Burne_NP had_HVD been_BEN Lytton's_NP$ private_JJ secretary_NN in_IN J59 69 India_NP until_CS he_PP3A returned_VBD J59 70 to_IN England_NP with_IN a_AT sick_JJ wife_NN in_IN the_ATI spring_NN J59 70 of_IN 1878_CD ._. ^ when_WRB his_PP$ wife_NN died_VBD J59 71 and_CC he_PP3A returned_VBD to_TO work_VB at_IN the_ATI India_NP J59 71 office_NN ,_, he_PP3A spent_VBD much_AP time_NN and_CC J59 72 money_NN providing_VBG Lytton_NP with_IN telegraphic_JJ reports_NNS J59 72 of_IN the_ATI state_NN of_IN J59 73 feeling_NN in_IN England_NP and_CC of_IN conditions_NNS in_IN the_ATI J59 73 India_NP office_NN ._. ^ by_IN the_ATI J59 74 middle_NN of_IN August_NR he_PP3A had_HVD spent_VBN ,_, out_RP of_IN J59 74 Lytton's_NP$ pocket_NN ,_, *+197_NNU on_IN J59 75 private_JJ telegrams_NNS ._. ^ Burne_NP was_BEDZ not_XNOT altogether_RB J59 75 a_AT reliable_JJ guide_NN ._. ^ from_IN J59 76 his_PP$ telegrams_NNS Lytton_NP gathered_VBD ,_, what_WDT was_BEDZ J59 76 only_RB half_RB true_JJ ,_, that_CS there_EX was_BEDZ J59 77 much_AP support_NN for_IN him_PP3O in_IN Afghan_JNP matters_NNS ._. ^ J59 77 he_PP3A learnt_VBD from_IN Burne's_NP$ J59 78 letters_NNS ,_, also_RB ,_, what_WDT he_PP3A thought_VBD he_PP3A J59 78 knew_VBD himself_PPL ,_, that_CS Cranbrook_NP was_BEDZ too_QL J59 79 much_RB under_IN Salisbury's_NP$ thumb_NN ,_, was_BEDZ lazy_JJ ,_, J59 79 well-meaning_JJ ,_, and_CC *'_*' timid_JJ **'_**' ._. J59 80 ^ nor_CC did_DOD he_PP3A believe_VB ,_, or_CC imagine_VB anyone_PN J59 80 else_RB seriously_RB to_TO believe_VB ,_, that_CS J59 81 the_ATI protest_NN to_IN \0St_NPT Petersburg_NP would_MD achieve_VB J59 81 any_DTI result_NN ._. ^ finally_RB ,_, J59 82 perhaps_RB most_QL important_JJ of_IN all_ABN ,_, he_PP3A knew_VBD J59 82 that_CS Cranbrook_NP was_BEDZ not_XNOT in_IN J59 83 London_NP when_WRB the_ATI restraining_JJ telegrams_NNS were_BED J59 83 sent_VBN and_CC he_PP3A saw_VBD in_IN them_PP3OS the_ATI J59 84 influence_NN ,_, not_XNOT altogether_RB friendly_JJ and_CC certainly_RB J59 84 not_XNOT at_IN all_ABN sensible_JJ ,_, J59 85 of_IN Lord_NPT Salisbury_NP ._. ^ these_DTS things_NNS encouraged_VBD J59 85 him_PP3O to_TO disobey_VB ._. J59 86 ^ on_IN the_ATI 13th_OD ,_, together_RB with_IN the_ATI telegram_NN J59 86 in_IN which_WDTR he_PP3A was_BEDZ first_RB J59 87 told_VBN about_IN the_ATI protest_NN to_IN \0St_NPT Petersburg_NP ,_, J59 87 Lytton_NP also_RB received_VBD one_CD1 J59 88 to_TO say_VB that_CS Cranbrook_NP would_MD not_XNOT send_VB detailed_JJ J59 88 approval_NN and_CC J59 89 modification_NN of_IN Chamberlain's_NP$ instructions_NNS until_CS J59 89 the_ATI Russian_JNP reply_NN J59 90 arrived_VBD in_IN London_NP ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI 17th_OD ,_, Lytton_NP J59 90 heard_VBD that_CS an_AT abstract_NN of_IN this_DT J59 91 reply_NN had_HVD been_BEN received_VBN from_IN Plunkett_NP ,_, the_ATI J59 91 charge*?2_NN d'affaires_NN" J59 92 in_IN \0St_NPT Petersburg_NP :_: he_PP3A heard_VBD also_RB that_CS J59 92 it_PP3 was_BEDZ not_XNOT satisfactory_JJ ._. ^ but_CC J59 93 he_PP3A was_BEDZ given_VBN no_ATI authority_NN to_TO send_VB the_ATI J59 93 mission_NN off_RP and_CC no_ATI authority_NN had_HVD J59 94 arrived_VBN on_IN the_ATI morning_NN of_IN the_ATI 21st_OD ._. ^ on_IN J59 94 the_ATI 16th_OD he_PP3A had_HVD ,_, in_IN accordance_NN J59 95 with_IN Cranbrook's_NP$ telegram_NN of_IN the_ATI 13th_OD ,_, J59 95 postponed_VBN Chamberlain's_NP$ J59 96 departure_NN from_IN Peshawar_NP for_IN five_CD days_NNS ._. ^ on_IN J59 96 the_ATI 20th_OD ,_, he_PP3A ordered_VBD J59 97 Chamberlain_NP to_TO move_VB forward_RB to_IN Jamrud_NP :_: on_IN J59 97 the_ATI 21st_OD ,_, these_DTS five_CD days_NNS J59 98 having_HVG passed_VBN ,_, he_PP3A told_VBD him_PP3O to_TO enter_VB J59 98 Afghanistan_NP ._. J59 99 ^ in_IN sending_VBG Chamberlain_NP forward_RB in_IN this_DT way_NN J59 99 ,_, Lytton_NP did_DOD not_XNOT wish_VB J59 100 to_TO provoke_VB war_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A had_HVD written_VBN a_AT J59 100 friendly_JJ ,_, though_CS overbearing_JJ ,_, letter_NN J59 101 to_IN Sher_NP Ali_NP on_IN the_ATI 14th_OD asking_NN again_RB for_IN J59 101 his_PP$ cooperation_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A did_DOD not_XNOT J59 102 suppose_VB that_CS Sher_NP Ali_NP would_MD refuse_VB to_TO admit_VB J59 102 the_ATI mission_NN ;_; and_CC he_PP3A hoped_VBD J59 103 that_CS Chamberlain_NP would_MD ,_, within_IN a_AT week_NN ,_, be_BE J59 103 established_VBN in_IN Kabul_NP ._. ^ his_PP$ J59 104 purpose_NN in_IN forcing_VBG the_ATI pace_NN was_BEDZ therefore_RB J59 104 not_XNOT so_QL much_RB to_TO commit_VB the_ATI J59 105 cabinet_NN to_IN a_AT policy_NN of_IN which_WDTR it_PP3 did_DOD J59 105 not_XNOT approve_VB ,_, as_CS to_TO achieve_VB ,_, by_IN J59 106 rapid_JJ action_NN on_IN the_ATI spot_NN ,_, a_AT success_NN which_WDTR J59 106 he_PP3A supposed_VBD the_ATI cabinet_NN to_TO J59 107 desire_VB but_CC which_WDTR ,_, because_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ hampered_VBN J59 107 by_IN all_ABN the_ATI stupidities_NNS of_IN J59 108 *'_*' democratic_JJ **'_**' England_NP ,_, and_CC wrestling_VBG in_IN J59 108 the_ATI clutches_NNS of_IN *'_*' that_DT J59 109 deformed_JJ and_CC abortive_JJ offspring_NN of_IN perennial_JJ J59 109 political_JJ fornication_NN ,_, J59 110 the_ATI present_JJ British_JNP constitution_NN **'_**' ,_, it_PP3 J59 110 could_MD not_XNOT easily_RB authorize_VB or_CC J59 111 agree_VB upon_IN ._. ^ at_IN the_ATI same_AP time_NN ,_, the_ATI J59 111 publicity_NN with_IN which_WDTR the_ATI mission_NN J59 112 was_BEDZ sent_VBN to_IN Jamrud_NP ,_, gave_VBD to_IN its_PP$ conduct_NN J59 112 an_AT appearance_NN of_IN deliberate_JJ J59 113 finality_NN which_WDTR was_BEDZ no_ATI accident_NN ._. ^ Chamberlain_NP J59 113 had_HVD not_XNOT wanted_VBN to_TO go_VB J59 114 forward_RB to_IN Jamrud_NP to_TO ask_VB for_IN entry_NN into_IN J59 114 Afghanistan_NP ._. ^ he_PP3A ,_, a_AT great_JJ J59 115 frontier_NN officer_NN with_IN the_ATI great_JJ frontier_NN J59 115 officer's_NN$ personal_JJ prestige_NN ,_, J59 116 did_DOD not_XNOT want_VB to_TO risk_VB a_AT snubbing_NN at_IN the_ATI J59 116 Afghan_JNP frontier_NN which_WDTR would_MD J59 117 affect_VB that_DT prestige_NN whatever_WDT might_MD be_BE done_VBN J59 117 afterwards_RB to_TO avenge_VB it_PP3 ._. J59 118 ^ he_PP3A would_MD have_HV preferred_VBN to_TO find_VB out_RP from_IN J59 118 Peshawar_NP whether_CS his_PP$ mission_NN J59 119 would_MD be_BE admitted_VBN ;_; and_CC ,_, if_CS it_PP3 were_BED J59 119 refused_VBN ,_, to_TO take_VB whatever_WDT action_NN J59 120 might_MD be_BE necessary_JJ from_IN there_RN ._. ^ but_CC for_IN J59 120 Lytton_NP this_DT was_BEDZ not_XNOT enough_DTI ._. J59 121 ^ this_DT was_BEDZ a_AT spectacular_JJ moment_NN ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ J59 121 Sher_NP Ali's_NP$ last_AP chance_NN ._. ^ a_AT J59 122 great_JJ public_JJ affront_NN ,_, one_CD1 of_IN India's_NP$ J59 122 greatest_JJT frontier_NN officers_NNS ,_, J59 123 waiting_VBG on_IN the_ATI Afghan_JNP border_NN and_CC turned_VBN J59 123 away_RP by_IN the_ATI commander_NN of_IN an_AT J59 124 outlying_JJ Afghan_JNP post_NN *-_*- this_DT ,_, if_CS Sher_NP Ali_NP J59 124 were_BED really_RB hostile_JJ ,_, must_MD J59 125 certainly_RB convince_VB the_ATI cabinet_NN ,_, and_CC might_MD even_RB J59 125 impress_VB the_ATI opposition_NN ._. J59 126 ^ Chamberlain_NP was_BEDZ chosen_VBN because_CS he_PP3A was_BEDZ ,_, J59 126 of_IN active_JJ Indian_JNP frontier_NN J59 127 statesmen_NNS ,_, the_ATI greatest_JJT pupil_NN of_IN Lord_NPT J59 127 Lawrence_NP ._. ^ Lawrence_NP ,_, the_ATI J59 128 greatest_JJT name_NN amongst_IN Lytton's_NP$ critics_NNS ,_, had_HVD J59 128 attacked_VBN Lytton's_NP$ frontier_NN J59 129 policy_NN with_IN mounting_JJ hostility_NN ever_RB since_CS he_PP3A J59 129 arrived_VBD in_IN India_NP ._. ^ if_CS a_AT J59 130 Lawrentian_NNP of_IN Chamberlain's_NP$ importance_NN were_BED J59 130 snubbed_VBN by_IN the_ATI Afghans_NNPS ,_, J59 131 Lawrence_NP would_MD have_HV an_AT important_JJ weapon_NN removed_VBN J59 131 from_IN his_PP$ critical_JJ J59 132 armoury_NN ._. ^ so_RB Lytton_NP in_IN India_NP ,_, like_IN J59 132 Beaconsfield_NP and_CC Salisbury_NP in_IN J59 133 London_NP ,_, continued_VBD his_PP$ political_JJ posturings_NNS ._. J59 134 ^ Chamberlain_NP moved_VBD from_IN Peshawar_NP to_IN Jamrud_NP on_IN J59 134 20_CD September_NR ._. ^ on_IN J59 135 the_ATI following_JJ morning_NN he_PP3A sent_VBD Cavagnari_NP and_CC J59 135 Colonel_NPT Jenkins_NP ,_, the_ATI J59 136 commander_NN of_IN the_ATI mission's_NN$ escort_NN ,_, together_RB J59 136 with_IN a_AT small_JJ section_NN of_IN J59 137 the_ATI escort_NN ,_, on_RP to_IN Ali_NP Musjid_NP to_TO ask_VB for_IN J59 137 admission_NN to_IN Afghanistan_NP ._. J59 138 ^ they_PP3AS were_BED halted_VBN by_IN Afghan_JNP troops_NNS a_AT J59 138 mile_NN from_IN the_ATI fort_NN and_CC forbidden_VBN J59 139 to_TO come_VB closer_RBR ._. ^ Faiz_NP Mohamed_NP ,_, the_ATI J59 139 commander_NN of_IN the_ATI garrison_NN (_( whom_WPOR J59 140 Cavagnari_NP knew_VBD well_RB )_) ,_, asked_VBD Cavagnari_NP to_TO J59 140 give_VB him_PP3O time_NN to_TO refer_VB the_ATI J59 141 request_NN to_IN Kabul_NP ._. ^ Cavagnari_NP refused_VBD ._. ^ he_PP3A J59 141 said_VBD that_CS unless_CS Faiz_NP J59 142 Mohamed_NP specifically_RB forbade_VBD the_ATI mission_NN to_TO J59 142 advance_VB ,_, it_PP3 would_MD advance_VB J59 143 on_IN the_ATI following_JJ morning_NN ._. ^ Faiz_NP Mohamed_NP J59 143 replied_VBD that_CS he_PP3A would_MD attack_VB J59 144 the_ATI mission_NN if_CS it_PP3 attempted_VBD to_TO pass_VB Ali_NP J59 144 Musjid_NP ._. ^ Cavagnari_NP and_CC Jenkins_NP J59 145 thereupon_RB returned_VBD to_IN Jamrud_NP and_CC reported_VBD their_PP$ J59 145 failure_NN to_IN J59 146 Chamberlain_NP ._. ^ Chamberlain_NP reported_VBD the_ATI failure_NN J59 146 to_IN Lytton_NP :_: and_CC Lytton_NP ,_, J59 147 from_IN Simla_NP ,_, ordered_VBD Chamberlain_NP to_TO return_VB to_IN J59 147 Peshawar_NP ._. ^ so_RB ended_VBD ,_, he_PP3A J59 148 thought_VBD ,_, the_ATI *'_*' first_OD round_NN of_IN the_ATI rubber_NN J59 148 **'_**' ._. ^ he_PP3A could_MD now_RN prepare_VB to_TO J59 149 coerce_VB Sher_NP Ali_NP ._. J59 150 ^ with_IN the_ATI repulse_NN of_IN the_ATI mission_NN ,_, J59 150 Lytton's_NP$ actions_NNS on_IN the_ATI frontier_NN J59 151 became_VBD clear_JJ and_CC vigorous_JJ :_: Sher_NP Ali_NP had_HVD J59 151 shown_VBN himself_PPL to_TO be_BE hostile_JJ :_: J59 152 of_IN that_DT in_IN Lytton's_NP$ mind_NN there_EX could_MD be_BE no_ATI J59 152 doubt_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A must_MD be_BE upset_JJ :_: J59 153 his_PP$ treachery_NN demanded_VBD his_PP$ downfall_NN ._. ^ to_IN J59 153 that_DT end_NN all_ABN the_ATI forces_NNS of_IN J59 154 the_ATI government_NN of_IN India_NP must_MD be_BE turned_VBN ._. ^ J59 154 the_ATI problem_NN ,_, in_IN this_DT respect_NN ,_, J59 155 was_BEDZ a_AT problem_NN in_IN political_JJ warfare_NN ,_, how_WRB J59 155 may_MD one_CD1 best_RBT upset_VB an_AT J59 156 inconvenient_JJ neighbour_NN ?_? ^ also_RB ,_, how_WRB may_MD one_CD1 J59 156 with_IN the_ATI smallest_JJT J59 157 expenditure_NN of_IN energy_NN establish_VB a_AT new_JJ re*?2gime_NN J59 157 in_IN Kabul_NP ?_? ^ Lytton_NP was_BEDZ J59 158 not_XNOT a_AT soldier_NN ;_; he_PP3A was_BEDZ a_AT diplomat_NN who_WPR J59 158 had_HVD spent_VBN the_ATI better_JJR part_NN of_IN his_PP$ J59 159 professional_JJ life_NN in_IN comparatively_RB junior_JJ positions_NNS J59 159 in_IN civilized_JJ J59 160 capitals_NNS ._. ^ he_PP3A had_HVD an_AT almost_RB vicious_JJ J59 160 contempt_NN for_IN military_JJ J59 161 *'_*' bumpkins_NNS **'_**' when_WRB they_PP3AS could_MD not_XNOT J59 161 understand_VB that_CS large_JJ political_JJ J59 162 objects_NNS may_MD often_RB best_RBT be_BE accomplished_VBN by_IN J59 162 employing_VBG a_AT small_JJ military_JJ J59 163 force_NN ._. ^ if_CS he_PP3A could_MD arrange_VB the_ATI deposition_NN J59 163 of_IN Sher_NP Ali_NP without_IN J59 164 fighting_VBG a_AT battle_NN ,_, could_MD see_VB an_AT Anglophile_NNP J59 164 emir_NN settled_VBN on_IN the_ATI throne_NN J59 165 and_CC could_MD make_VB a_AT treaty_NN with_IN him_PP3O ,_, then_RN J59 165 it_PP3 would_MD be_BE the_ATI merest_JJT J59 166 professional_JJ obstinacy_NN ,_, an_AT aspect_NN of_IN the_ATI *'_*' J59 166 \0K.C.B_NP mania_NN **'_**' ,_, to_TO J59 167 collect_VB a_AT large_JJ force_NN on_IN the_ATI Indian_JNP frontier_NN J59 167 ._. ^ having_HVG manufactured_VBN the_ATI J59 168 situation_NN ,_, Lytton_NP would_MD manage_VB with_IN the_ATI J59 168 smallest_JJT force_NN possible_JJ ._. J59 169 ^ after_IN 23_CD September_NR ,_, therefore_RB ,_, he_PP3A pushed_VBD J59 169 forward_RB his_PP$ preparations_NNS ,_, J59 170 stationed_VBD troops_NNS in_IN the_ATI cantonments_NNS of_IN Thal_NP J59 170 ,_, Sukkur_NP and_CC Peshawar_NP and_CC J59 171 watched_VBD for_IN the_ATI flight_NN and_CC departure_NN of_IN the_ATI J59 171 emir_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A prepared_VBD ,_, in_IN the_ATI J59 172 last_AP week_NN of_IN September_NR ,_, to_TO issue_VB a_AT J59 172 proclamation_NN calling_VBG on_IN the_ATI Afghan_JNP J59 173 people_NN to_TO rise_VB against_IN the_ATI enemy_NN of_IN the_ATI J59 173 Indian_JNP government_NN :_: but_CC was_BEDZ J59 174 restrained_VBN because_CS the_ATI cabinet_NN regarded_VBD this_DT as_CS J59 174 tantamount_JJ to_IN a_AT J59 175 declaration_NN of_IN war_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A felt_VBD that_CS he_PP3A J59 175 should_MD send_VB a_AT force_NN to_IN the_ATI J59 176 assistance_NN of_IN the_ATI Khyber_NP tribesmen_NNS who_WPR helped_VBD J59 176 to_TO escort_VB Chamberlain's_NP$ J59 177 mission_NN ._. ^ the_ATI cabinet_NN made_VBD it_PP3 clear_JJ that_CS J59 177 he_PP3A must_MD not_XNOT advance_VB beyond_IN J59 178 Ali_NP Musjid_NP because_CS that_DT too_RB would_MD seem_VB to_TO J59 178 imply_VB war_NN ._. ^ but_CC he_PP3A did_DOD not_XNOT ,_, J59 179 at_IN any_DTI time_NN during_IN September_NR or_CC October_NR ,_, J59 179 cease_VB to_TO hope_VB that_CS Sher_NP Ali_NP J59 180 might_MD fall_VB spontaneously_RB by_IN the_ATI mere_JJB expression_NN J59 180 of_IN Lytton's_NP$ disfavour_NN ._. J59 181 ^ from_IN Kabul_NP ,_, however_RB ,_, there_EX was_BEDZ no_ATI sign_NN J59 181 of_IN weakness_NN :_: the_ATI emir_NN remained_VBD J59 182 firm_JJ and_CC unpoisoned_JJ ;_; and_CC he_PP3A replied_VBD J59 182 unhelpfully_RB and_CC (_( it_PP3 seemed_VBD to_IN J59 183 Lytton's_NP$ orientalists_NNS )_) insolently_RB to_IN Lytton's_NP$ J59 183 letter_NN of_IN 14_CD September_NR ._. J60 2 ^ the_ATI fact_NN that_CS he_PP3A is_BEZ not_XNOT in_IN J60 2 possession_NN of_IN the_ATI details_NNS probably_RB J60 3 explains_VBZ why_WRB his_PP$ confidence_NN in_IN technique_NN is_BEZ J60 3 so_QL unbounded_JJ ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ J60 4 even_RB more_AP of_IN the_ATI mystic_NN than_CS of_IN the_ATI J60 4 intellectual_NN in_IN the_ATI young_JJ J60 5 Vale*?2ry_NP ._. ^ no_ATI wonder_NN that_CS at_IN this_DT stage_NN J60 5 he_PP3A more_RBR or_CC less_RBR gives_VBZ up_RP the_ATI J60 6 writing_NN of_IN poetry_NN ._. ^ literature_NN is_BEZ *'_*' l'art_&FW J60 6 de_&FW se_&FW jouer_&FW de_&FW l'a*?5me_&FW des_&FW J60 7 autres_&FW **'_**' ;_; by_IN his_PP$ own_AP definition_NN ,_, poetry_NN J60 7 is_BEZ not_XNOT now_RN for_IN him_PP3O the_ATI J60 8 attempt_NN to_TO give_VB expression_NN to_IN something_PN in_IN J60 8 himself_PPL (_( however_WRB J60 9 deliberately_RB or_CC consciously_RB )_) ;_; the_ATI poet_NN gets_VBZ J60 9 to_TO know_VB his_PP$ material_NN J60 10 (_( language_NN ,_, poetry_NN )_) ,_, the_ATI nature_NN of_IN the_ATI J60 10 public_NN (_( human_JJ psychology_NN in_IN J60 11 relation_NN to_IN art_NN )_) ,_, and_CC then_RN ,_, like_IN da_&FW J60 11 Vinci_NP ,_, having_HVG discovered_VBN the_ATI J60 12 *'_*' relations_&FW ..._... entre_&FW des_&FW choses_&FW dont_&FW J60 12 nous_&FW e*?2chappe_&FW la_&FW loi_&FW de_&FW J60 13 continuite*?2_&FW **'_**' ,_, he_PP3A can_MD ,_, at_IN will_NN ,_, J60 13 produce_VB whatever_WDT effects_NNS he_PP3A J60 14 desires_VBZ to_TO produce_VB in_IN the_ATI reader_NN ._. ^ there_EX J60 14 is_BEZ only_RB one_CD1 thing_NN missing_JJ in_IN J60 15 this_DT ideal_JJ scheme_NN :_: a_AT desire_NN on_IN the_ATI part_NN J60 15 of_IN the_ATI poet_NN to_TO produce_VB any_DTI J60 16 effect_NN at_IN all_ABN ._. ^ what_WDT would_MD be_BE the_ATI point_NN J60 16 ?_? ^ *'_*' le_&FW ge*?2nie_&FW est_&FW J60 17 facile_&FW ._. **'_**' ^ *'_*' facil_&FW cosa_&FW e_&FW farsi_&FW J60 17 universale_&FW ._. **'_**' ^ the_ATI young_JJ J60 18 Vale*?2ry_NP has_HVZ more_QL important_JJ things_NNS to_TO do_DO :_: J60 18 he_PP3A wants_VBZ to_TO follow_VB up_RP his_PP$ J60 19 programme_NN of_IN knowledge_NN and_CC self-knowledge_NN (_( among_IN J60 19 other_AP things_NNS ,_, to_TO J60 20 fathom_VB art_NN and_CC psychology_NN ,_, the_ATI complete_JJ J60 20 knowledge_NN of_IN which_WDTR is_BEZ presumed_VBN J60 21 in_IN the_ATI da_&FW Vinci_NP and_CC the_ATI Monsieur_NPT Teste_NP J60 21 created_VBN by_IN him_PP3O )_) ._. ^ the_ATI art_NN of_IN J60 22 poetry_NN as_CS defined_VBN by_IN Vale*?2ry_NP is_BEZ no_RB longer_RBR J60 22 of_IN any_DTI interest_NN from_IN the_ATI J60 23 creative_JJ point_NN of_IN view_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 demands_VBZ a_AT *'_*' J60 23 certain_&FW sacrifice_&FW de_&FW J60 24 l'intellect_&FW **'_**' ,_, chiefly_RB because_CS he_PP3A would_MD ,_, J60 24 if_CS he_PP3A went_VBD on_RP composing_VBG J60 25 poetry_NN ,_, be_BE simply_RB giving_VBG to_IN any_DTI public_NN for_IN J60 25 which_WDTR he_PP3A wrote_VBD what_WDT he_PP3A J60 26 knows_VBZ would_MD affect_VB it_PP3 ,_, playing_VBG a_AT rather_RB J60 26 inferior_JJ game_NN which_WDTR ,_, in_IN J60 27 theory_NN ,_, he_PP3A knows_VBZ he_PP3A could_MD not_XNOT lose_VB ._. ^ J60 27 the_ATI implicit_JJ reasoning_NN is_BEZ J60 28 somewhat_RB circular_JJ ._. ^ if_CS he_PP3A were_BED a_AT da_&FW J60 28 Vinci_NP or_CC a_AT Monsieur_NPT Teste_NP ,_, he_PP3A J60 29 would_MD not_XNOT trouble_VB himself_PPL with_IN poetic_JJ J60 29 composition_NN ._. ^ so_RB he_PP3A abandons_VBZ it_PP3 ._. J60 30 ^ but_CC he_PP3A is_BEZ not_XNOT yet_RB ,_, in_IN fact_NN ,_, a_AT J60 30 da_&FW Vinci_NP or_CC a_AT Monsieur_NPT Teste_NP ,_, so_CS he_PP3A J60 31 will_MD devote_VB all_ABN his_PP$ time_NN and_CC energy_NN to_IN J60 31 becoming_VBG a_AT universal_JJ mind_NN ._. J60 32 ^ such_ABL ,_, in_IN outline_NN ,_, and_CC with_IN only_RB a_AP J60 32 little_AP" simplification_NN ,_, is_BEZ the_ATI J60 33 theory_NN of_IN the_ATI young_JJ Vale*?2ry_NP concerning_IN J60 33 inspiration_NN and_CC technique_NN ._. J60 34 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ clear_JJ that_CS he_PP3A has_HVZ not_XNOT yet_RB J60 34 formulated_VBN clear_JJ distinctions_NNS between_IN J60 35 *'_*' total_JJ inspiration_NN **'_**' and_CC the_ATI forms_NNS we_PP1AS J60 35 have_HV called_VBN *'_*' intermittent_JJ **'_**' ,_, J60 36 *'_*' intuitive_JJ **'_**' ,_, *'_*' exalted_JJ **'_**' and_CC *'_*' J60 36 personal_JJ **'_**' ;_; but_CC he_PP3A rejects_VBZ them_PP3OS by_IN J60 37 implication_NN ._. ^ *'_*' attributed_JJ inspiration_NN **'_**' J60 37 would_MD presumably_RB ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ J60 38 true_JJ ,_, have_HV been_BEN accepted_VBN by_IN him_PP3O ._. ^ but_CC J60 38 the_ATI other_AP five_CD forms_NNS he_PP3A would_MD J60 39 have_HV rejected_VBN :_: his_PP$ theory_NN allows_VBZ them_PP3OS to_TO J60 39 be_BE completely_RB dispensed_VBN with_IN ._. J60 40 ^ but_CC is_BEZ his_PP$ theory_NN convincing_JJ ?_? ^ let_VB J60 40 us_PP1OS consider_VB the_ATI first_OD of_IN the_ATI J60 41 two_CD conceptions_NNS of_IN creation_NN implicit_JJ in_IN the_ATI J60 41 technique_&FW J60 42 litte*?2raire_&FW article_NN ,_, according_IN to_IN" which_WDTR the_ATI J60 42 poet_NN has_HVZ something_PN in_IN J60 43 himself_PPL ,_, impression_NN ,_, dream_NN or_CC thought_NN ,_, J60 43 which_WDTR he_PP3A must_MD communicate_VB by_IN J60 44 controlled_JJ technique_NN ._. ^ whilst_CS surely_RB nearer_IN the_ATI J60 44 truth_NN than_IN the_ATI other_AP ,_, J60 45 the_ATI theory_NN that_WPR works_VBZ backwards_RB ,_, even_RB this_DT J60 45 conception_NN seems_VBZ J60 46 mechanistic_JJ ,_, too_QL simple_JJ and_CC unsatisfactory_JJ ._. ^ J60 46 Vale*?2ry_NP does_DOZ not_XNOT J60 47 examine_VB how_WRB impression_NN ,_, dream_NN or_CC thought_NN J60 47 originate_VB ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI J60 48 mention_NN of_IN any_DTI possible_JJ dynamism_NN behind_IN them_PP3OS J60 48 ,_, no_ATI mention_NN of_IN the_ATI fact_NN J60 49 that_CS the_ATI initial_JJ impetus_NN may_MD be_BE accompanied_VBN J60 49 by_IN emotion_NN or_CC excitement_NN J60 50 which_WDTR are_BER commonly_RB envisaged_VBN as_IN attributes_NNS of_IN J60 50 inspiration_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 may_MD be_BE J60 51 conceded_VBN that_CS poetry_NN is_BEZ certainly_RB the_ATI J60 51 communication_NN of_IN something_PN ,_, and_CC J60 52 that_CS accordingly_RB it_PP3 is_BEZ sound_JJ to_TO claim_VB that_CS J60 52 the_ATI poet_NN is_BEZ concerned_VBN with_IN J60 53 an_AT audience_NN ,_, so_CS that_CS" the_ATI more_AP knowledge_NN J60 53 he_PP3A has_HVZ of_IN this_DT audience_NN and_CC of_IN J60 54 the_ATI nature_NN of_IN his_PP$ art_NN ,_, the_ATI better_JJR ._. ^ J60 54 but_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ surely_RB not_XNOT simply_RB a_AT J60 55 question_NN ,_, in_IN poetic_JJ creation_NN ,_, of_IN the_ATI J60 55 poet's_NN$ having_HVG something_PN clearly_RB J60 56 formed_VBN in_IN his_PP$ mind_NN ,_, even_RB something_PN so_QL J60 56 vague_JJ as_IN a_AT dream_NN ,_, and_CC then_RN J60 57 transferring_VBG it_PP3 to_IN a_AT reader_NN by_IN the_ATI technique_NN J60 57 of_IN language_NN ._. ^ the_ATI truth_NN J60 58 surely_RB is_BEZ (_( and_CC the_ATI mature_JJ Vale*?2ry_NP certainly_RB J60 58 subscribed_VBD to_IN this_DT view_NN )_) J60 59 that_CS the_ATI poet_NN is_BEZ concerned_VBN with_IN clarifying_VBG J60 59 and_CC making_VBG enjoyably_RB J60 60 articulate_JJ for_IN himself_PPL and_CC the_ATI reader_NN something_PN J60 60 within_IN him_PP3O which_WDTR does_DOZ J60 61 not_XNOT exist_VB as_IN poetry_NN until_CS the_ATI poem_NN is_BEZ J60 61 composed_VBN ._. ^ given_IN the_ATI nature_NN of_IN J60 62 language_NN and_CC poetic_JJ creation_NN ,_, the_ATI poet_NN is_BEZ ,_, J60 62 to_IN a_AT certain_JJ extent_NN ,_, J60 63 discovering_VBG what_WDT he_PP3A has_HVZ to_TO say_VB ,_, or_CC J60 63 rather_RB ,_, what_WDT he_PP3A can_MD say_VB ,_, as_CS he_PP3A J60 64 composes_VBZ the_ATI poem_NN ._. ^ the_ATI poem_NN is_BEZ a_AT kind_NN J60 64 of_IN compromise_NN between_IN what_WDT the_ATI J60 65 poet_NN wanted_VBD to_TO say_VB initially_RB (_( and_CC this_DT J60 65 phrase_NN *'_*' what_WDT the_ATI poet_NN wanted_VBD J60 66 to_TO say_VB **'_**' is_BEZ perhaps_RB too_QL rational_JJ and_CC J60 66 explicit_JJ to_TO describe_VB what_WDT for_IN J60 67 many_AP poets_NNS is_BEZ vague_JJ and_CC more_AP anticipation_NN J60 67 than_IN exact_JJ intention_NN at_IN this_DT J60 68 stage_NN )_) ,_, what_WDT he_PP3A finds_VBZ to_TO say_VB ,_, and_CC J60 68 all_ABN the_ATI new_JJ things_NNS to_TO express_VB which_WDTR J60 69 occur_VB to_IN him_PP3O as_CS he_PP3A actually_RB composes_VBZ the_ATI J60 69 poem_NN ._. ^ all_ABN these_DTS aspects_NNS of_IN J60 70 poetic_JJ creation_NN will_MD indeed_RB be_BE admirably_RB brought_VBN J60 70 out_RP by_IN the_ATI mature_JJ J60 71 Vale*?2ry_NP ._. ^ Louis_NP MacNeice_NP writes_VBZ of_IN that_DT *'_*' J60 71 dialect_NN of_IN purification_NN J60 72 **'_**' whereby_WRB a_AT poem_NN is_BEZ produced_VBN ,_, J60 74 *"_*' J60 75 a_AT poem_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ neither_DTX the_ATI experience_NN J60 75 nor_CC the_ATI memory_NN ,_, nor_CC an_AT J60 76 abstract_JJ dance_NN of_IN words_NNS ,_, but_CC a_AT new_JJ life_NN J60 76 composite_JJ of_IN all_ABN three_CD ._. J60 77 **"_**' J60 79 ^ in_IN this_DT respect_NN ,_, then_RN ,_, poetry_NN can_MD be_BE J60 79 considered_VBN as_IN a_AT kind_NN of_IN J60 80 knowledge_NN ,_, of_IN self-knowledge_NN particularly_RB ,_, only_RB J60 80 to_TO be_BE found_VBN during_IN the_ATI J60 81 struggle_NN to_TO compose_VB ._. ^ Vale*?2ry_NP in_IN his_PP$ youth_NN J60 81 does_DOZ not_XNOT show_VB much_AP J60 82 awareness_NN of_IN these_DTS aspects_NNS of_IN poetic_JJ creation_NN J60 82 and_CC of_IN this_DT kind_NN of_IN J60 83 self-knowledge_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A is_BEZ obsessed_VBN with_IN the_ATI J60 83 notion_NN of_IN art_NN as_IN J60 84 communication_NN ,_, and_CC therefore_RB with_IN the_ATI fact_NN J60 84 that_CS ,_, though_CS the_ATI poet_NN may_MD J60 85 be_BE able_JJ to_TO make_VB the_ATI reader_NN react_VB as_CS he_PP3A J60 85 wishes_VBZ by_IN his_PP$ all-conquering_JJ J60 86 technique_NN ,_, he_PP3A is_BEZ nevertheless_RB ,_, because_CS he_PP3A J60 86 indulges_VBZ in_IN poetic_JJ J60 87 composition_NN ,_, a_AT slave_NN to_IN the_ATI reader_NN and_CC to_IN J60 87 language_NN :_: J60 88 **[FOREIGN-QUOTATION**]_&FW J60 89 ^ we_PP1AS are_BER thus_RB led_VBN on_RP to_IN the_ATI second_OD J60 89 theory_NN of_IN poetry_NN revealed_VBN with_IN J60 90 some_DTI uncertainty_NN in_IN the_ATI technique_&FW litte*?2raire_&FW J60 90 article_NN and_CC J60 91 unequivocally_RB expounded_VBN towards_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN the_ATI J60 91 introduction_&FW a*?3_&FW la_&FW J60 92 me*?2thode_&FW de_&FW Le*?2onard_&FW de_&FW Vinci_&FW ,_, the_ATI J60 92 theory_NN according_IN to_IN" which_WDTR J60 93 the_ATI poet_NN works_VBZ backwards_RB from_IN the_ATI reader_NN ._. ^ J60 93 this_DT stands_VBZ condemned_VBN on_IN J60 94 two_CD counts_NNS ._. ^ firstly_RB ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ a_AT partial_JJ J60 94 view_NN of_IN poetic_JJ creation_NN ,_, J60 95 neglecting_VBG the_ATI personal_JJ contribution_NN which_WDTR the_ATI J60 95 poet_NN can_MD ,_, must_MD ,_, make_VB J60 96 (_( \0i.e_RB *'_*' personal_JJ inspiration_NN **'_**' ;_; and_CC J60 96 this_DT is_BEZ not_XNOT to_TO mention_VB the_ATI J60 97 importance_NN of_IN *'_*' intermittent_JJ **'_**' ,_, *'_*' J60 97 intuitive_JJ **'_**' and_CC *'_*' exalted_JJ J60 98 inspiration_NN **'_**' )_) ._. ^ Vale*?2ry_NP is_BEZ at_RB least_RB" J60 98 consistent_JJ :_: having_HVG defined_VBN the_ATI J60 99 work_NN of_IN art_NN as_IN *'_*' une_&FW machine_&FW destine*?2e_&FW J60 99 a*?3_&FW exciter_&FW et_&FW a*?3_&FW J60 100 combiner_&FW les_&FW formations_&FW individuelles_&FW de_&FW ces_&FW J60 100 esprits_&FW **'_**' (_( the_ATI public_NN )_) ,_, J60 101 he_PP3A rejects_VBZ such_ABL an_AT activity_NN as_CS beneath_IN J60 101 him_PP3O ,_, as_CS time-wasting_JJ when_WRB he_PP3A J60 102 has_HVZ more_QL important_JJ things_NNS to_TO do_DO ._. ^ his_PP$ J60 102 initial_JJ definition_NN of_IN art_NN is_BEZ J60 103 faulty_JJ ,_, incomplete_JJ ._. ^ secondly_RB ,_, it_PP3 stands_VBZ J60 103 condemned_VBN by_IN the_ATI very_AP J60 104 inadequacy_NN of_IN its_PP$ presentation_NN ._. ^ not_XNOT only_RB J60 104 is_BEZ art_NN ill_RB defined_VBN ,_, but_CC no_ATI J60 105 details_NNS are_BER given_VBN of_IN the_ATI nature_NN of_IN human_JJ J60 105 psychology_NN on_IN which_WDTR the_ATI J60 106 success_NN of_IN the_ATI triumphant_JJ technique_NN is_BEZ supposed_VBN J60 106 to_TO depend_VB ._. ^ the_ATI fact_NN J60 107 is_BEZ that_CS ,_, at_IN this_DT stage_NN of_IN his_PP$ career_NN ,_, J60 107 he_PP3A has_HVZ no_ATI adequate_JJ theory_NN of_IN J60 108 language_NN and_CC no_ATI adequate_JJ conception_NN of_IN poetic_JJ J60 108 creation_NN such_CS as_CS" he_PP3A will_MD J60 109 have_HV in_IN later_JJR years_NNS ._. ^ few_AP would_MD question_VB J60 109 the_ATI value_NN of_IN technique_NN ,_, but_CC J60 110 how_WRB many_AP would_MD subscribe_VB to_IN the_ATI exaggerated_JJ J60 110 thesis_NN put_VBN forward_RB by_IN J60 111 Vale*?2ry_NP in_IN his_PP$ youth_NN ?_? J60 113 ^ nothing_PN is_BEZ more_QL significant_JJ than_IN the_ATI J60 113 detached_JJ humour_NN with_IN which_WDTR J60 114 Vale*?2ry_NP ,_, in_IN 1919_CD ,_, in_IN the_ATI note_&FW et_&FW J60 114 digression_&FW which_WDTR he_PP3A wrote_VBD for_IN J60 115 his_PP$ introduction_&FW a*?3_&FW la_&FW me*?2thode_&FW de_&FW J60 115 Le*?2onard_&FW de_&FW Vinci_&FW ,_, J60 116 looks_VBZ back_RP ,_, not_XNOT without_IN sympathy_NN despite_IN J60 116 the_ATI detachment_NN ,_, at_IN the_ATI J60 117 ideas_NNS and_CC difficulties_NNS which_WDTR he_PP3A had_HVD had_HVN J60 117 in_IN 1894_CD ,_, about_RB the_ATI time_NN of_IN J60 118 composition_NN of_IN the_ATI introduction_&FW ._. ^ he_PP3A excuses_VBZ J60 118 himself_PPL ,_, so_RB to_TO J60 119 speak_VB ,_, but_CC does_DOZ not_XNOT really_RB explain_VB enough_DTI J60 119 for_IN our_PP$ purposes_NNS ._. ^ we_PP1AS are_BER J60 120 still_RB left_VBN wondering_VBG why_WRB he_PP3A should_MD have_HV J60 120 had_HVN this_DT absolute_JJ faith_NN in_IN the_ATI J60 121 powers_NNS of_IN technique_NN and_CC why_WRB therefore_RB he_PP3A J60 121 believed_VBD ,_, if_CS only_RB for_IN a_AT short_JJ J60 122 time_NN ,_, that_CS poetry_NN can_MD be_BE composed_VBN without_IN J60 122 any_DTI trace_NN of_IN inspiration_NN ._. J60 123 ^ the_ATI influence_NN of_IN Poe_NP and_CC Mallarme*?2_NP ,_, and_CC J60 123 the_ATI part_NN it_PP3 played_VBD in_IN J60 124 Vale*?2ry's_NP$ abandonment_NN of_IN poetry_NN and_CC the_ATI J60 124 development_NN of_IN his_PP$ programme_NN J60 125 of_IN knowledge_NN and_CC self-knowledge_NN ,_, has_HVZ been_BEN J60 125 clearly_RB indicated_VBN by_IN J60 126 Vale*?2ry_NP himself_PPL and_CC often_RB discussed_VBN by_IN his_PP$ J60 126 critics_NNS ._. ^ less_AP attention_NN J60 127 has_HVZ been_BEN paid_VBN to_IN an_AT influence_NN probably_RB no_RB J60 127 less_QL potent_JJ :_: that_DT of_IN J60 128 contemporary_JJ scientific_JJ thought_NN ._. J60 129 ^ the_ATI last_AP three_CD decades_NNS of_IN the_ATI nineteenth_OD J60 129 century_NN were_BED an_AT age_NN in_IN J60 130 which_WDTR ,_, as_CS the_ATI rift_NN between_IN philosophy_NN and_CC J60 130 science_NN widened_VBD ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ J60 131 becoming_VBG evident_JJ that_CS there_EX was_BEDZ more_AP than_IN J60 131 one_CD1 reality_NN ,_, depending_VBG on_IN J60 132 the_ATI viewpoint_NN of_IN the_ATI observer_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J60 132 scientist_NN was_BEDZ cautious_JJ of_IN claiming_VBG J60 133 to_TO interpret_VB or_CC explain_VB phenomena_NNS :_: on_IN the_ATI J60 133 one_CD1 hand_NN ,_, there_EX was_BEDZ reality_NN J60 134 with_IN its_PP$ multiple_JJ facets_NNS ,_, on_IN the_ATI other_AP ,_, J60 134 the_ATI man_NN who_WPR sought_VBD to_TO J60 135 understand_VB this_DT reality_NN ._. ^ his_PP$ understanding_NN J60 135 was_BEDZ necessarily_RB J60 136 subjective_JJ ,_, but_CC hope_NN lay_VBD in_IN his_PP$ attempt_NN to_TO J60 136 capture_VB the_ATI manifold_JJ J60 137 aspects_NNS of_IN this_DT reality_NN ._. ^ in_IN fact_NN ,_, reality_NN J60 137 as_IN such_ABL had_HVD no_ATI meaning_NN :_: it_PP3 J60 138 is_BEZ we_PP1AS who_WPR supply_VB the_ATI meaning_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J60 138 upshot_NN of_IN these_DTS tendencies_NNS of_IN J60 139 enlightened_JJ positivism_NN was_BEDZ that_CS the_ATI scientist_NN J60 139 avoided_VBD any_DTI metaphysical_JJ J60 140 claims_NNS for_IN his_PP$ discoveries_NNS (_( similarly_RB ,_, J60 140 Vale*?2ry_NP had_HVD rejected_VBN J60 141 philosophy_NN ,_, metaphysics_NN ,_, any_DTI form_NN of_IN *'_*' J60 141 absolute_NN **'_**' in_IN the_ATI normal_JJ J60 142 sense_NN )_) :_: he_PP3A sought_VBD a_AT limited_JJ goal_NN ,_, J60 142 continuity_NN ,_, by_IN establishing_VBG J60 143 relationships_NNS between_IN phenomena_NNS ._. J60 144 ^ Henri_NP Poincare*?2_NP probably_RB played_VBD a_AT decisive_JJ J60 144 ro*?5le_NN in_IN causing_VBG J60 145 Vale*?2ry_NP to_TO shift_VB his_PP$ attention_NN *'_*' from_IN *'_*' J60 145 objects_NNS in_IN themselves_PPLS **'_**' to_IN J60 146 the_ATI *'_*' relationships_NNS existing_VBG between_IN objects_NNS J60 146 **'_**' ,_, in_IN which_WDTR alone_RB is_BEZ any_DTI J60 147 meaning_NN to_TO be_BE found_VBN ._. **'_**' ^ thanks_IN to_IN" his_PP$ J60 147 purely_RB personal_JJ preoccupations_NNS J60 148 (_( his_PP$ cult_NN of_IN consciousness_NN ,_, together_RB with_IN J60 148 his_PP$ reaction_NN against_IN love_NN J60 149 and_CC poetry_NN ,_, *'_*' les_&FW choses_&FW vagues_&FW **'_**' J60 149 generally_RB )_) ,_, thanks_IN to_IN" the_ATI J60 150 influence_NN of_IN Mallarme*?2's_NP$ formalism_NN ,_, Vale*?2ry_NP J60 150 was_BEDZ already_RB by_IN the_ATI J60 151 early_JJ 1890s_CDS well_RB along_IN the_ATI road_NN of_IN *'_*' J60 151 relations_NNS **'_**' as_IN opposed_IN" to_IN" J60 152 *'_*' objects_NNS in_IN themselves_PPLS **'_**' ._. ^ marked_JJ J60 152 similarities_NNS of_IN attitude_NN can_MD be_BE J60 153 discovered_VBN between_IN the_ATI views_NNS of_IN Poincare*?2_NP and_CC J60 153 Vale*?2ry_NP on_IN J60 154 intellectual_JJ creation_NN ,_, both_ABX poetic_JJ and_CC scientific_JJ J60 154 ._. ^ Vale*?2ry_NP writes_VBZ J60 155 in_IN 1919_CD :_: J60 157 *"_*' J60 158 ~ toutes_&FW choses_&FW se_&FW substituent_&FW ,_, *-_*- ne_&FW J60 158 serait-ce_&FW pas_&FW la_&FW J60 159 de*?2finition_&FW des_&FW choses_&FW ?_? J60 160 **"_**' J60 162 and_CC ,_, in_IN 1944_CD ,_, looking_VBG back_RP to_IN his_PP$ J60 162 youth_NN :_: J60 163 **[FOREIGN-QUOTATION**]_&FW J60 164 ^ the_ATI young_JJ Vale*?2ry_NP is_BEZ interested_JJ in_IN the_ATI J60 164 *'_*' esprit_&FW universel_&FW **'_**' ,_, J60 165 da_&FW Vinci_NP or_CC Napoleon_NP ,_, whose_WP$R supreme_JJ secret_NN J60 167 *"_*' J60 168 est_&FW et_&FW ne_&FW peut_&FW e*?5tre_&FW que_&FW dans_&FW les_&FW J60 168 relations_&FW qu'ils_&FW J60 169 trouve*?3rent_&FW ,_, *-_*- qu'ils_&FW furent_&FW force*?2s_&FW de_&FW J60 169 trouver_&FW ,_, *-_*- entre_&FW des_&FW J60 170 choses_&FW dont_&FW nous_&FW e*?2chappe_&FW la_&FW loi_&FW de_&FW J60 170 continuite*?2_&FW ._. J60 171 **"_**' J60 173 ^ Vale*?2ry_NP is_BEZ drawn_VBN by_IN the_ATI rigour_NN and_CC J60 173 the_ATI universality_NN of_IN J60 174 mathematics_NN and_CC of_IN positivistic_JJ science_NN generally_RB J60 174 towards_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN J60 175 the_ATI nineteenth_OD century_NN ._. ^ his_PP$ da_&FW Vinci_NP of_IN J60 175 the_ATI introduction_&FW ,_, his_PP$ J60 176 Monsieur_NPT Teste_NP ,_, are_BER animated_VBN by_IN a_AT central_JJ J60 176 belief_NN in_IN the_ATI continu_&FW ;_; J60 177 his_PP$ attitude_NN before_IN 1900_CD ,_, and_CC even_RB long_RB J60 177 after_IN that_DT date_NN ,_, like_IN that_DT J60 178 of_IN Poincare*?2_NP ,_, rests_VBZ on_IN the_ATI postulate_NN that_CS J60 178 we_PP1AS can_MD not_XNOT yet_RB explain_VB all_ABN J60 179 the_ATI relations_NNS between_IN all_ABN phenomena_NNS ,_, but_CC J60 179 that_CS we_PP1AS shall_MD be_BE able_JJ to_TO do_DO J60 180 so_PN eventually_RB ._. ^ the_ATI da_&FW Vinci_NP of_IN the_ATI J60 180 introduction_&FW believes_VBZ that_CS J60 181 our_PP$ inability_NN to_TO see_VB everything_PN minutely_RB and_CC J60 181 clearly_RB is_BEZ due_JJ merely_RB to_IN J60 182 the_ATI infirmity_NN of_IN our_PP$ senses_NNS ;_; such_ABL was_BEDZ J60 182 Clerk_NP Maxwell's_NP$ point_NN of_IN view_NN ,_, J60 183 as_CS exemplified_VBN by_IN his_PP$ imaginary_JJ demon_NN who_WPR J60 183 could_MD perform_VB various_JJ J60 184 fantastic_JJ tasks_NNS beyond_IN the_ATI powers_NNS of_IN ordinary_JJ J60 184 men_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI function_NN of_IN J60 185 the_ATI universal_JJ mind_NN is_BEZ to_TO transform_VB discontinu_&FW J60 185 into_IN continu_&FW ,_, J60 186 and_CC there_EX is_BEZ a_AT tacit_JJ assumption_NN that_CS if_CS J60 186 this_DT process_NN can_MD be_BE J60 187 continued_VBN ,_, all_ABN the_ATI elements_NNS which_WDTR do_DO J60 187 not_XNOT fit_VB in_RP with_IN what_WDT we_PP1AS already_RB J60 188 know_VB ,_, all_ABN the_ATI discontinu_&FW ,_, past_NN ,_, present_NN J60 188 or_CC future_NN ,_, will_MD be_BE J60 189 transformed_VBN into_IN continu_&FW ._. ^ Maxwell's_NP$ demon_NN is_BEZ J60 189 essentially_RB the_ATI J60 190 same_AP monster_NN as_IN Vale*?2ry's_NP$ da_&FW Vinci_NP *-_*- a_AT J60 190 projection_NN to_IN the_ATI infinite_JJ J60 191 of_IN their_PP$ positivistic_JJ belief_NN in_IN rapports_&FW and_CC J60 191 the_ATI possibility_NN of_IN J60 192 explaining_VBG the_ATI relationships_NNS between_IN everything_PN ._. ^ J60 192 Maxwell's_NP$ demon_NN and_CC J60 193 Vale*?2ry's_NP$ da_&FW Vinci_NP (_( or_CC Teste_NP )_) are_BER what_WDT J60 193 Poincare*?2_NP ,_, Maxwell_NP and_CC J60 194 Vale*?2ry_NP wanted_VBD to_TO be_BE ,_, hoped_VBD to_TO be_BE *-_*- J60 194 the_ATI universal_JJ mind_NN ._. ^ this_DT J60 195 Maxwell-_JJB Poincare*?2-_JJB" Vale*?2ry_JJB" relationship_NN J60 195 becomes_VBZ all_RB the_ATI more_QL J60 196 understandable_JJ if_CS we_PP1AS remember_VB that_CS Poincare*?2_NP ,_, J60 196 naturally_RB ,_, was_BEDZ well_RB J60 197 acquainted_VBN with_IN the_ATI work_NN of_IN Maxwell_NP ,_, and_CC J60 197 Vale*?2ry_NP acquainted_VBN with_IN the_ATI J60 198 work_NN of_IN both_ABX Poincare*?2_NP and_CC Maxwell_NP ._. J60 199 ^ so_RB we_PP1AS see_VB how_WRB Vale*?2ry_NP came_VBD to_TO J60 199 transfer_VB his_PP$ interests_NNS and_CC hopes_NNS J60 200 from_IN poetic_JJ creation_NN to_IN this_DT positivistic_JJ ideal_NN J60 200 of_IN universal_JJ J60 201 knowledge_NN ._. ^ with_IN a_AT youthful_JJ enthusiasm_NN and_CC J60 201 impatience_NN which_WDTR he_PP3A later_RBR J60 202 acknowledged_VBD in_IN the_ATI note_&FW et_&FW digression_&FW of_IN J60 202 1919_CD ,_, he_PP3A fathoms_VBZ ,_, as_CS J60 203 he_PP3A thinks_VBZ ,_, *'_*' le_&FW proble*?3me_&FW litte*?2raire_&FW J60 203 **'_**' in_IN the_ATI way_NN we_PP1AS have_HV J60 204 seen_VBN ,_, and_CC more_RBR or_CC less_RBR abandons_VBZ poetic_JJ J60 204 composition_NN :_: J60 205 **[FOREIGN-QUOTATION**]_&FW J60 206 ^ Poe_NP and_CC Mallarme*?2_NP had_HVD ,_, in_IN a_AT sense_NN ,_, J60 206 led_VBD him_PP3O in_IN the_ATI same_AP direction_NN as_IN J60 207 Poincare*?2_NP ._. ^ he_PP3A is_BEZ strong_JJ in_IN his_PP$ belief_NN J60 207 that_CS there_EX is_BEZ J60 209 une_&FW sorte_&FW de_&FW contraste_&FW entre_&FW l'exercice_&FW de_&FW J60 209 la_&FW litte*?2rature_&FW et_&FW la_&FW J60 210 poursuite_&FW d'une_&FW certaine_&FW rigueur_&FW et_&FW d'une_&FW J60 210 entie*?3re_&FW since*?2rite*?2_&FW J60 211 de_&FW la_&FW pense*?2e_&FW ._. J60 212 **"_**' J61 2 ^ this_DT is_BEZ also_RB where_WRB we_PP1AS get_VB the_ATI J61 2 stage-villain's_NN$ hiss_NN of_IN ~ *'_*' die_VB he_PP3A J61 3 or_CC justice_NN must_MD **'_**' ._. ^ God_NP is_BEZ much_RB at_IN J61 3 his_PP$ worst_JJT here_RN ,_, in_IN his_PP$ first_OD J61 4 appearance_NN ;_; but_CC he_PP3A needs_VBZ to_TO be_BE ,_, to_TO J61 4 make_VB the_ATI offer_NN of_IN the_ATI son_NN produce_VB a_AT J61 5 dramatic_JJ change_NN ._. ^ I_PP1A do_DO not_XNOT know_VB what_WDT J61 5 to_TO make_VB of_IN his_PP$ expressing_VBG the_ATI J61 6 Calvinist_JNP doctrine_NN that_CS the_ATI elect_JJ are_BER chosen_VBN J61 6 by_IN his_PP$ will_NN alone_RB ,_, which_WDTR J61 7 Milton_NP had_HVD appeared_VBN to_TO reject_VB (_( 185_CD )_) ;_; J61 7 it_PP3 has_HVZ a_AT peculiar_JJ impact_NN here_RN ,_, J61 8 when_WRB God_NP has_HVZ not_XNOT yet_RB even_RB secured_VBN the_ATI J61 8 fall_NN of_IN Adam_NP and_CC Eve_NP ._. ^ one_CD1 might_MD J61 9 argue_VB that_CS he_PP3A was_BEDZ in_IN no_ATI mood_NN to_TO make_VB J61 9 jokes_NNS ;_; and_CC besides_RI ,_, the_ATI effect_NN J61 10 here_RN is_BEZ not_XNOT a_AT sardonic_JJ mockery_NN of_IN Satan_NP ,_, J61 10 which_WDTR can_MD be_BE felt_VBN in_IN the_ATI J61 11 military_JJ joke_NN readily_RB enough_QLP ,_, but_CC a_AT mysterious_JJ J61 11 and_CC deeply_RB rooted_JJ sense_NN J61 12 of_IN glory_NN ._. ^ a_AT simple_JJ explanation_NN may_MD be_BE put_VBN J61 12 forward_RB ;_; Milton_NP felt_VBD that_CS J61 13 this_DT was_BEDZ such_ABL a_AT tricky_JJ bit_NN to_TO put_VB over_IN J61 13 his_PP$ audience_NN ,_, because_CS the_ATI J61 14 inherent_JJ contradictions_NNS were_BED coming_VBG so_QL very_QL J61 14 near_IN the_ATI surface_NN ,_, that_CS he_PP3A J61 15 needed_VBD with_IN a_AT secret_JJ delight_NN to_TO call_VB on_IN J61 15 the_ATI whole_NN of_IN his_PP$ power_NN ._. ^ this_DT J61 16 is_BEZ almost_RB what_WDT Shelley_NP took_VBD to_TO be_BE his_PP$ J61 16 frame_NN of_IN mind_NN ;_; and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ hard_JJ to_TO J61 17 accept_VB ,_, with_IN the_ATI de_&FW doctrina_&FW before_IN us_PP1OS J61 17 ,_, without_IN talking_VBG about_IN J61 18 Milton's_NP$ unconsciousness_NN ._. ^ but_CC we_PP1AS may_MD be_BE J61 18 sure_JJ that_CS there_EX is_BEZ a_AT J61 19 mediating_JJ factor_NN ;_; if_CS he_PP3A had_HVD been_BEN J61 19 challenged_VBN about_IN the_ATI passage_NN ,_, he_PP3A J61 20 would_MD have_HV said_VBN that_CS he_PP3A was_BEDZ following_VBG J61 20 the_ATI Old_NP testament_NN scrupulously_RB ,_, J61 21 and_CC allowing_VBG God_NP to_TO mock_VB his_PP$ foes_NNS ._. J61 22 ^ this_DT has_HVZ often_RB been_BEN said_VBN about_IN the_ATI J61 22 jokes_NNS of_IN Milton's_NP$ God_NP ,_, or_CC at_RB J61 23 least_RB" about_IN the_ATI one_CD1 which_WDTR can_MD n't_XNOT be_BE J61 23 ignored_VBN because_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ explained_VBN as_IN J61 24 a_AT joke_NN (_( 5.720_CD )_) ;_; and_CC one_CD1 can_MD make_VB a_AT J61 24 rough_JJ check_NN from_IN the_ATI concordance_NN J61 25 at_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN a_AT Bible_NP ._. ^ the_ATI only_AP J61 25 important_JJ case_NN is_BEZ from_IN psalm_NN 2_CD ;_; J61 26 here_RN again_RB we_PP1AS meet_VB the_ATI ancient_JJ document_NN in_IN J61 26 which_WDTR the_ATI King_NPT of_IN Zion_NP is_BEZ J61 27 adopted_VBN as_IN the_ATI son_NN of_IN God_NP :_: J61 29 *"_*' J61 30 ^ why_WRB do_DO the_ATI heathen_JJ rage_VB ..._... ?_? ^ the_ATI J61 30 kings_NNS of_IN the_ATI earth_NN set_VB J61 31 themselves_PPLS ,_, and_CC the_ATI rulers_NNS take_VB counsel_NN J61 31 together_RB ,_, against_IN the_ATI Lord_NPT ,_, J61 32 and_CC against_IN his_PP$ anointed_JJ ..._... ._. ^ he_PP3A that_WPR J61 32 sitteth_VBZ in_IN the_ATI heavens_NNS shall_MD J61 33 laugh_VB ;_; the_ATI Lord_NPT shall_MD have_HV them_PP3OS in_IN J61 33 derision_NN ._. J61 34 **"_**' J61 36 ^ this_DT is_BEZ echoed_VBN in_IN psalms_NNS 37.13_CD and_CC 59.8_CD J61 36 ,_, and_CC perhaps_RB in_IN J61 37 proverbs_NNS 1.26_CD ,_, where_WRB Wisdom_NP and_CC not_XNOT God_NP J61 37 mocks_VBZ the_ATI worldly_JJ rather_RB J61 38 than_IN a_AT powerful_JJ aggressor_NN ;_; but_CC after_IN trying_VBG J61 38 to_TO look_VB under_IN all_ABN the_ATI J61 39 relevant_JJ words_NNS I_PP1A do_DO not_XNOT find_VB that_CS the_ATI J61 39 concordance_NN ever_RB ascribes_VBZ the_ATI J61 40 sentiment_NN to_IN the_ATI prophets_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ thus_RB J61 40 an_AT ancient_JJ tradition_NN but_CC one_CD1 J61 41 treated_VBN with_IN reserve_NN ,_, as_CS Milton_NP would_MD J61 41 understand_VB ._. ^ naturally_RB his_PP$ J61 42 intention_NN in_IN putting_VBG so_QL much_AP weight_NN on_IN it_PP3 J61 42 has_HVZ been_BEN found_VBN especially_RB J61 43 hard_JJ to_TO grasp_VB ._. J61 44 ^ the_ATI views_NNS of_IN \0M_NPT Morand_NP about_IN the_ATI J61 44 divine_JJ characters_NNS have_HV been_BEN J61 45 neglected_VBN and_CC seem_VB to_IN me_PP1O illuminating_JJ ._. ^ in_IN J61 45 the_ATI same_AP year_NN as_IN de_&FW J61 46 Comus_&FW a_&FW Satan_&FW he_PP3A published_VBD a_AT pamphlet_NN in_IN J61 46 English_NNP ,_, the_ATI effects_NNS of_IN J61 47 his_PP$ political_JJ life_NN on_IN John_NP Milton_NP ,_, concerned_JJ J61 47 to_TO show_VB that_CS a_AT certain_JJ J61 48 worldly-mindedness_NN entered_VBD Milton's_NP$ later_JJR poetry_NN J61 48 as_IN a_AT result_NN of_IN his_PP$ J61 49 rather_RB sordid_JJ experience_NN of_IN government_NN ,_, politics_NN J61 49 ,_, and_CC propaganda_NN ._. J61 50 ^ what_WDT chiefly_RB stands_VBZ out_RP in_IN this_DT lively_JJ work_NN J61 50 ,_, I_PP1A think_VB ,_, is_BEZ an_AT J61 51 accusation_NN that_CS Milton_NP himself_PPL had_HVD smuggled_VBN J61 51 into_IN a_AT later_JJR edition_NN of_IN J61 52 Eikon_&FW Basilike_&FW the_ATI prayer_NN ,_, derived_VBN from_IN J61 52 Sidney's_NP$ Arcadia_NP ,_, J61 53 for_IN which_WDTR he_PP3A then_RN so_QL resoundingly_RB denounced_VBN J61 53 King_NPT Charles_NP in_IN J61 54 Eikonoclastes_&FW ;_; we_PP1AS are_BER given_VBN a_AT shocking_JJ J61 54 picture_NN of_IN an_AT English_JNP J61 55 expert_NN getting_VBG the_ATI evidence_NN of_IN a_AT Dutch_JNP J61 55 researcher_NN ignored_VBN by_IN J61 56 gentlemanly_JJ bluff_NN ._. ^ \0Mr_NPT Robert_NP Graves_NP used_VBD J61 56 the_ATI main_JJB story_NN in_IN wife_NN J61 57 to_IN \0Mr_NPT Milton_NP ,_, but_CC I_PP1A had_HVD not_XNOT J61 57 realized_VBN that_CS the_ATI evidence_NN for_IN it_PP3 was_BEDZ J61 58 so_QL strong_JJ ;_; indeed_RB ,_, \0Mr_NPT Graves_NP often_RB seems_VBZ J61 58 too_QL disgusted_VBN by_IN Milton_NP to_TO J61 59 be_BE convincing_JJ *-_*- disagreeable_JJ in_IN many_AP ways_NNS J61 59 he_PP3A may_MD have_HV been_BEN ,_, but_CC surely_RB J61 60 not_XNOT a_AT physical_JJ coward_NN ._. ^ I_PP1A do_DO n't_XNOT feel_VB J61 60 that_CS the_ATI action_NN is_BEZ too_QL bad_JJ for_IN J61 61 Milton_NP ;_; he_PP3A would_MD think_VB the_ATI divine_JJ purpose_NN J61 61 behind_IN the_ATI civil_JJ war_NN J61 62 justified_VBD propaganda_NN tricks_NNS ,_, and_CC need_MD not_XNOT J61 62 have_HV thought_VBN this_DT a_AT J61 63 particularly_RB bad_JJ one_CD1 ._. ^ the_ATI King_NPT was_BEDZ dead_JJ J61 63 ,_, and_CC the_ATI purpose_NN of_IN the_ATI cheat_NN J61 64 was_BEDZ merely_RB to_TO prevent_VB the_ATI people_NNS from_IN J61 64 thinking_VBG him_PP3O a_AT martyr_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A J61 65 had_HVD n't_XNOT written_VBN any_DTI of_IN the_ATI book_NN really_RB J61 65 ,_, and_CC Milton_NP suspected_VBD that_DT at_IN J61 66 the_ATI time_NN ,_, so_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ only_RB a_AT matter_NN of_IN J61 66 answering_VBG one_CD1 cheat_NN with_IN another_DT ._. J61 67 ^ Milton_NP must_MD in_IN any_DTI case_NN have_HV been_BEN insincere_JJ J61 67 in_IN pretending_VBG to_TO be_BE J61 68 shocked_JJ at_IN the_ATI use_NN of_IN a_AT prayer_NN by_IN Sidney_NP J61 68 ,_, given_VBN in_IN the_ATI story_NN as_IN that_DT J61 69 of_IN a_AT pagan_NN ,_, but_CC so_QL Christian_JNP in_IN feeling_NN J61 69 as_CS to_TO be_BE out_RP of_IN period_NN (_( it_PP3 J61 70 assumes_VBZ that_CS God_NP may_MD be_BE sending_VBG us_PP1OS evil_NN J61 70 as_IN a_AT test_NN or_CC tonic_NN for_IN our_PP$ J61 71 characters_NNS ,_, which_WDTR even_CS if_CS" to_TO be_BE found_VBN J61 71 in_IN Aeschylus_NP or_CC Marcus_NP Aurelius_NP J61 72 is_BEZ not_XNOT standard_JJ for_IN Arcadia_NP )_) ._. ^ Milton_NP J61 72 might_MD comfort_VB himself_PPL with_IN the_ATI J61 73 reflection_NN that_CS he_PP3A was_BEDZ n't_XNOT even_RB damaging_VBG J61 73 the_ATI man's_NN$ character_NN in_IN the_ATI J61 74 eyes_NNS of_IN fit_JJ judges_NNS ,_, only_RB making_VBG use_NN of_IN J61 74 a_AT popular_JJ superstition_NN *-_*- as_CS J61 75 Shelley_NP expected_VBD on_IN another_DT occasion_NN ._. ^ however_RB J61 75 ,_, \0M_NPT Morand_NP finds_VBZ that_CS J61 76 this_DT kind_NN of_IN activity_NN brought_VBD about_RP a_AT fallen_JJ J61 76 condition_NN ,_, as_CS one_CD1 might_MD J61 77 say_VB ,_, in_IN the_ATI mind_NN of_IN the_ATI poet_NN ,_, and_CC J61 77 such_ABL is_BEZ what_WDT de_&FW Comus_&FW a_&FW Satan_&FW J61 78 examines_VBZ throughout_IN the_ATI later_JJR poetry_NN ._. J61 79 ^ there_EX is_BEZ an_AT assumption_NN here_RN that_CS to_TO do_DO J61 79 government_NN propaganda_NN can_MD J61 80 only_RB have_HV a_AT bad_JJ effect_NN upon_IN a_AT poet's_NN$ mind_NN J61 80 ,_, and_CC I_PP1A feel_VB able_JJ to_TO speak_VB on_IN J61 81 the_ATI point_NN as_CS I_PP1A was_BEDZ employed_VBN at_IN such_ABL J61 81 work_NN myself_PPL in_IN the_ATI second_OD world_NN J61 82 war_NN ,_, indeed_RB once_RB had_HVD the_ATI honour_NN of_IN being_BEG J61 82 named_VBN in_IN rebuttal_NN by_IN J61 83 Fritzsche_NP himself_PPL and_CC called_VBN a_AT curly-headed_JJ Jew_NNP J61 83 ._. ^ I_PP1A was_BEDZ n't_XNOT in_RP on_IN any_DTI J61 84 of_IN the_ATI splendid_JJ tricks_NNS ,_, such_CS as_CS" Milton_NP J61 84 is_BEZ accused_VBN of_IN ,_, but_CC the_ATI J61 85 cooked-up_JJB argufying_NN I_PP1A have_HV experienced_VBN ._. ^ to_TO J61 85 work_VB at_IN it_PP3 forces_VBZ you_PP2 to_TO J61 86 imagine_VB all_ABN the_ATI time_NN what_WDT the_ATI enemy_NN will_MD J61 86 reply_VB ;_; you_PP2 are_BER trying_VBG to_TO get_VB J61 87 him_PP3O into_IN a_AT corner_NN ._. ^ such_ABL a_AT training_NN can_MD J61 87 not_XNOT narrow_VB a_AT man's_NN$ J61 88 understanding_NN of_IN other_AP people's_NNS$ opinions_NNS ,_, J61 88 though_CS it_PP3 may_MD well_RB narrow_VB J61 89 his_PP$ own_AP opinions_NNS ._. ^ I_PP1A should_MD say_VB that_CS J61 89 Milton's_NP$ experience_NN of_IN propaganda_NN J61 90 is_BEZ what_WDT makes_VBZ his_PP$ later_JJR poetry_NN so_QL very_QL J61 90 dramatic_JJ ;_; that_DT is_BEZ ,_, though_CS he_PP3A is_BEZ J61 91 a_AT furious_JJ partisan_NN ,_, he_PP3A can_MD always_RB imagine_VB J61 91 with_IN all_ABN its_PP$ force_NN exactly_RB J61 92 what_WDT the_ATI reply_NN of_IN the_ATI opponent_NN would_MD be_BE ._. ^ J61 92 as_IN to_IN" his_PP$ integrity_NN ,_, he_PP3A was_BEDZ J61 93 such_ABL an_AT inconvenient_JJ propagandist_NN that_CS the_ATI J61 93 government_NN deserve_VB credit_NN J61 94 for_IN having_HVG the_ATI nerve_NN to_TO appoint_VB and_CC retain_VB J61 94 him_PP3O ._. ^ he_PP3A had_HVD already_RB J61 95 published_VBN the_ATI divorce_NN pamphlets_NNS before_CS he_PP3A J61 95 got_VBD the_ATI job_NN ;_; well_UH now_RN ,_, if_CS J61 96 you_PP2 are_BER setting_VBG out_RP to_TO be_BE severe_JJ and_CC J61 96 revolutionary_JJ on_IN the_ATI basis_NN of_IN J61 97 literal_JJ acceptance_NN of_IN the_ATI Old_NP testament_NN ,_, the_ATI J61 97 most_QL embarrassing_JJ thing_NN J61 98 you_PP2 can_MD be_BE confronted_VBN with_IN is_BEZ detailed_JJ J61 98 evidence_NN about_IN the_ATI sexual_JJ J61 99 habits_NNS of_IN the_ATI patriarchs_NNS ;_; it_PP3 is_BEZ the_ATI J61 99 one_CD1 point_NN where_WRB the_ATI plain_JJ man_NN J61 100 feels_VBZ he_PP3A can_MD laugh_VB ._. ^ Milton_NP always_RB J61 100 remained_VBD liable_JJ to_TO defend_VB his_PP$ side_NN J61 101 by_IN an_AT argument_NN which_WDTR would_MD strike_VB his_PP$ J61 101 employers_NNS as_CS damaging_JJ ;_; his_PP$ style_NN J61 102 of_IN attack_NN is_BEZ savagely_RB whole-hearted_JJ ,_, but_CC his_PP$ J61 102 depth_NN of_IN historical_JJ J61 103 knowledge_NN and_CC imaginative_JJ sympathy_NN keep_VB having_HVG J61 103 unexpected_JJ effects_NNS ._. ^ he_PP3A J61 104 was_BEDZ not_XNOT at_IN all_ABN likely_JJ to_TO feel_VB that_CS he_PP3A J61 104 had_HVD forfeited_VBN his_PP$ independence_NN J61 105 of_IN mind_NN by_IN such_ABL work_NN ._. ^ \0M_NPT Morand_NP J61 105 therefore_RB strikes_VBZ me_PP1O as_CS rather_RB J61 106 innocent_JJ in_IN assuming_VBG that_CS he_PP3A was_BEDZ corrupted_VBN J61 106 by_IN it_PP3 ,_, but_CC I_PP1A warmly_RB agree_VB J61 107 that_CS it_PP3 made_VBD his_PP$ mind_NN very_QL political_JJ ._. ^ J61 107 Professor_NPT Wilson_NP Knight_NP has_HVZ J61 108 also_RB remarked_VBN that_CS Milton_NP wrote_VBD a_AT political_JJ J61 108 allegory_NN under_IN the_ATI J61 109 appearance_NN of_IN a_AT religious_JJ poem_NN ,_, though_CS he_PP3A J61 109 did_DOD not_XNOT draw_VB such_ABL drastic_JJ J61 110 consequences_NNS from_IN the_ATI epigram_NN ._. J61 111 ^ on_IN the_ATI Morand_NP view_NN ,_, God_NP is_BEZ simply_RB a_AT J61 111 dynastic_JJ ruler_NN like_IN those_DTS J61 112 Milton_NP had_HVD had_HVN to_TO deal_VB with_IN ;_; Cromwell_NP had_HVD J61 112 wanted_VBN his_PP$ son_NN to_TO inherit_VB ,_, J61 113 no_RB less_RBR than_IN Charles_NP ._. ^ \0M_NPT Morand_NP does_DOZ J61 113 not_XNOT seem_VB to_TO realize_VB it_PP3 ,_, but_CC J61 114 the_ATI effect_NN is_BEZ to_TO make_VB Milton's_NP$ God_NP much_RB J61 114 better_JJR ._. ^ his_PP$ intrigues_NNS and_CC J61 115 lies_NNS to_TO bolster_VB his_PP$ power_NN are_BER now_RN J61 115 comparatively_RB unselfish_JJ ,_, being_BEG only_RB J61 116 meant_VBN to_TO transfer_VB it_PP3 unimpaired_JJ to_IN his_PP$ son_NN J61 116 ,_, and_CC above_IN all_ABN he_PP3A feels_VBZ no_ATI J61 117 malignity_NN towards_IN his_PP$ victims_NNS ._. ^ his_PP$ method_NN J61 117 of_IN impressing_VBG the_ATI loyalist_JJ J61 118 angels_NNS will_MD doom_VB almost_RB all_ABN mankind_NN to_IN misery_NN J61 118 ,_, but_CC he_PP3A takes_VBZ no_ATI J61 119 pleasure_NN in_IN that_DT ;_; it_PP3 simply_RB does_DOZ not_XNOT J61 119 bother_VB him_PP3O ._. ^ the_ATI hypocrisy_NN which_WDTR J61 120 the_ATI jovial_JJ old_JJ ruffian_NN feels_VBZ to_TO be_BE required_VBN J61 120 of_IN him_PP3O in_RB public_RB" has_HVZ not_XNOT J61 121 poisoned_VBN his_PP$ own_AP mind_NN ,_, as_CS we_PP1AS realize_VB J61 121 when_WRB he_PP3A permits_VBZ himself_PPL his_PP$ J61 122 leering_JJ jokes_NNS ._. ^ this_DT does_DOZ ,_, I_PP1A should_MD say_VB J61 122 ,_, correspond_VB to_IN the_ATI impression_NN J61 123 usually_RB made_VBN by_IN the_ATI poem_NN on_IN a_AT person_NN not_XNOT J61 123 brought_VBN up_RP as_IN a_AT Christian_NNP ,_, J61 124 such_IN as_IN" my_PP$ Chinese_JNP and_CC Japanese_JNP students_NNS ._. ^ J61 124 the_ATI next_AP step_NN is_BEZ to_TO regard_VB J61 125 the_ATI debate_NN in_IN heaven_NN ,_, where_WRB the_ATI son_NN ,_, J61 125 but_CC no_ATI angel_NN ,_, offers_VBZ to_TO die_VB for_IN J61 126 man_NN ,_, as_IN a_AT political_JJ trick_NN rigged_VBN up_RP to_TO J61 126 impress_VB the_ATI surviving_JJ angels_NNS ;_; J61 127 the_ATI son_NN is_BEZ free_JJ to_TO remark_VB (_( 3.245_CD )_) that_CS J61 127 he_PP3A knows_VBZ the_ATI Father_NPT will_MD n't_XNOT J61 128 let_VB him_PP3O stay_VB dead_JJ ,_, so_CS that_CS" the_ATI J61 128 incantationary_JJ repetition_NN of_IN the_ATI word_NN J61 129 death_NC comes_VBZ to_TO seem_VB blatantly_RB artificial_JJ ._. ^ (_( J61 129 we_PP1AS find_VB in_IN the_ATI de_&FW J61 130 doctrina_&FW chapter_NN 12_CD that_CS Milton_NP includes_VBZ *'_*' J61 130 under_IN the_ATI head_NN of_IN J61 131 death_NN ,_, in_IN scripture_NN ,_, all_ABN evils_NNS whatsoever_WDT J61 131 **'_**' ..._... )_) ._. ^ nobody_PN is_BEZ surprised_JJ J61 132 at_IN the_ATI absence_NN of_IN volunteers_NNS among_IN the_ATI good_JJ J61 132 angels_NNS ,_, whereas_CS Satan_NP ,_, J61 133 during_IN the_ATI parallel_JJ scene_NN in_IN hell_NN (_( 2.470_CD )_) J61 133 ,_, has_HVZ to_TO close_VB the_ATI debate_NN J61 134 hurriedly_RB for_IN fear_NN a_AT less_QL competent_JJ rebel_NN put_VB J61 134 himself_PPL forward_RB ._. J61 135 ^ otherwise_RB the_ATI two_CD scenes_NNS are_BER deliberately_RB J61 135 made_VBN alike_JJ ,_, and_CC the_ATI reason_NN J61 136 is_BEZ simply_RB that_CS both_ABX are_BER political_JJ :_: J61 138 *"_*' J61 139 ^ ce_&FW qui_&FW frappe_&FW ,_, c'est_&FW le_&FW parallelisme_&FW J61 139 des_&FW moyens_&FW employe*?2es_&FW ,_, J61 140 conseils_&FW ,_, discours_&FW ._. ^ me*?5me_&FW souci_&FW de_&FW J61 140 garder_&FW pour_&FW soi_&FW tout_&FW gloire_&FW ._. J61 141 **"_**' J61 142 (_( \0p_NN 145_CD )_) J61 144 ._. ^ on_IN reaching_VBG paradise_NN regained_VBN ,_, \0M_NPT J61 144 Morand_NP is_BEZ interested_JJ to_TO J61 145 learn_VB how_WRB the_ATI son_NN grew_VBD up_RP ._. ^ in_IN paradise_NN J61 145 lost_VBN he_PP3A often_RB seems_VBZ half_RB J61 146 ashamed_JJ of_IN the_ATI autocratic_JJ behaviour_NN of_IN his_PP$ J61 146 Father_NPT ,_, because_CS his_PP$ role_NN is_BEZ J61 147 to_TO induce_VB the_ATI subject_JJ angels_NNS to_TO endure_VB it_PP3 J61 147 ;_; but_CC when_WRB he_PP3A is_BEZ alone_JJ on_IN the_ATI J61 148 earth-visit_NN which_WDTR has_HVZ been_BEN arranged_VBN for_IN him_PP3O J61 148 we_PP1AS find_VB he_PP3A has_HVZ merely_RB the_ATI J61 149 cold_JJ calculating_JJ pride_NN which_WDTR we_PP1AS would_MD expect_VB J61 149 from_IN his_PP$ training_NN ._. J61 150 ^ however_RB ,_, we_PP1AS already_RB find_VB this_DT trait_NN ,_, J61 150 decides_VBZ \0M_NPT Morand_NP ,_, at_IN the_ATI J61 151 early_JJ public_JJ moment_NN when_WRB he_PP3A offers_VBZ his_PP$ J61 151 sacrifice_NN ;_; he_PP3A is_BEZ unable_JJ to_TO J61 152 avoid_VB presenting_VBG himself_PPL as_CS solely_RB interested_JJ in_IN J61 152 his_PP$ own_AP career_NN (_( \0p_NN J61 153 169_CD )_) ._. ^ as_CS the_ATI creation_NN for_IN which_WDTR he_PP3A J61 153 was_BEDZ the_ATI instrument_NN has_HVZ already_RB J61 154 happened_VBN ,_, he_PP3A might_MD at_RB least_RB" speak_VB as_CS if_CS" J61 154 he_PP3A could_MD tell_VB a_AT man_NN apart_IN from_IN" J61 155 a_AT cow_NN ,_, but_CC he_PP3A says_VBZ that_CS his_PP$ Father's_NPT$ J61 155 grace_NN visits_VBZ *'_*' all_ABN his_PP$ J61 156 creatures_NNS **'_**' (_( 3.230_CD )_) ._. ^ Satan_NP ,_, on_IN the_ATI J61 156 parallel_JJ occasion_NN ,_, was_BEDZ at_RB J61 157 least_RB" genuinely_RB concerned_JJ to_TO get_VB the_ATI job_NN J61 157 done_VBN ,_, whoever_WP did_DOD it_PP3 ;_; and_CC J61 158 \0M_NPT Morand_NP decides_VBZ that_CS the_ATI ringing_JJ repetition_NN J61 158 of_IN me_NC in_IN the_ATI speech_NN J61 159 of_IN sacrifice_NN of_IN the_ATI son_NN is_BEZ a_RB little_RB" too_QL J61 159 grotesque_JJ ,_, however_WRB perfectly_RB J61 160 in_IN character_NN ._. ^ Milton_NP J61 162 *"_*' J61 163 n'eu*?5t_&FW pas_&FW pense*?2_&FW a*?3_&FW ce_&FW que_&FW peut_&FW J61 163 contenir_&FW de_&FW ridicule_&FW ce_&FW J61 164 martellement_&FW du_&FW moi_&FW ._. J61 165 ^ de_&FW personnages_&FW extra-terrestres_&FW ,_, le_&FW moins_&FW J61 165 e*?2loigne*?2_&FW de_&FW la_&FW J61 166 modestie_&FW est_&FW encore_&FW Satan_&FW ._. J61 167 **"_**' J61 168 (_( \0p_NN 171_CD )_) J61 170 ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ at_RB least_RB" a_AT splendid_JJ reply_NN to_IN J61 170 the_ATI argument_NN that_CS pride_NN is_BEZ J61 171 the_ATI basic_JJ fault_NN of_IN all_ABN the_ATI characters_NNS who_WPR J61 171 fall_VB ._. J61 172 ^ the_ATI Morand_NP line_NN of_IN argument_NN can_MD be_BE taken_VBN J61 172 an_AT extra_JJ step_NN ,_, to_TO argue_VB J61 173 that_CS the_ATI son_NN too_RB is_BEZ being_BEG cheated_VBN by_IN J61 173 the_ATI Father_NPT ;_; and_CC this_DT excites_VBZ a_AT J61 174 suspicion_NN that_CS there_EX is_BEZ something_PN inadequate_JJ J61 174 about_IN it_PP3 ._. ^ he_PP3A says_VBZ J61 175 nothing_PN of_IN the_ATI means_NN of_IN his_PP$ death_NN ,_, and_CC J61 175 speaks_VBZ as_CS if_CS" he_PP3A is_BEZ going_VBG to_TO J61 176 remain_VB on_IN earth_NN till_IN the_ATI last_AP day_NN :_: J61 177 **[POEM**]_&FO J61 178 ^ our_PP$ chief_JJB impression_NN here_RN ,_, surely_RB ,_, is_BEZ J61 178 not_XNOT that_CS he_PP3A is_BEZ too_QL little_RB J61 179 interested_JJ in_IN mankind_NN but_CC that_CS he_PP3A does_DOZ not_XNOT J61 179 know_VB what_WDT is_BEZ going_VBG to_TO J61 180 happen_VB ,_, except_IN for_IN" a_AT triumph_NN at_IN which_WDTR J61 180 he_PP3A can_MD rejoice_VB ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI Jews_NNPS had_HVD J61 181 not_XNOT chosen_VBN to_TO kill_VB him_PP3O ,_, he_PP3A would_MD J61 181 presumably_RB have_HV remained_VBN on_IN earth_NN J61 182 till_IN the_ATI last_AP day_NN ,_, making_VBG history_NN less_QL bad_JJ J61 182 than_CS the_ATI poem_NN describes_VBZ it_PP3 J61 183 as_CS being_BEG ;_; and_CC what_WDT they_PP3AS will_MD choose_VB can_MD J61 183 be_BE foreknown_VBN by_IN the_ATI Father_NPT J61 184 only_RB ._. ^ the_ATI son_NN expects_VBZ to_TO find_VB no_ATI frown_NN J61 184 upon_IN the_ATI face_NN of_IN God_NP on_IN J61 185 judgement_NN day_NN ,_, the_ATI dies_&FW irae_&FW itself_PPL ,_, so_CS J61 185 we_PP1AS can_MD hardly_RB doubt_VB J61 186 that_CS he_PP3A expects_VBZ things_NNS to_TO turn_VB out_RP better_JJR J61 186 than_CS they_PP3AS do_DO ._. ^ his_PP$ prophecy_NN J61 187 appears_VBZ to_TO be_BE a_AT continuous_JJ narrative_NN :_: *'_*' J61 187 not_XNOT long_RB lie_VB ..._... rise_VB J61 188 victorious_JJ ..._... then_RN ..._... then_RN **'_**' ,_, as_CS if_CS" J61 188 he_PP3A will_MD lead_VB the_ATI blessed_JJ to_IN J61 189 heaven_NN very_QL soon_RB after_IN the_ATI resurrection_NN ._. ^ J61 189 among_IN human_JJ speakers_NNS J61 190 *'_*' lastly_NC die_NC **'_**' is_BEZ a_AT natural_JJ way_NN to_TO J61 190 express_VB pathos_NN ,_, though_CS a_AT J61 191 tautology_NN ;_; but_CC a_AT meaning_NN which_WDTR would_MD make_VB J61 191 it_PP3 a_AT correct_JJ description_NN of_IN J61 192 the_ATI career_NN of_IN the_ATI son_NN is_BEZ hard_JJ to_TO invent_VB J61 192 ._. J62 2 ^ the_ATI wife_NN ,_, in_IN this_DT story_NN ,_, was_BEDZ dead_JJ J62 2 and_CC buried_VBN and_CC yet_RB her_PP$ husband_NN J62 3 found_VBD her_PP3O *'_*' in_&FW magno_&FW feminarum_&FW cetu_&FW de_&FW J62 3 nocte_&FW **'_**' and_CC snatched_VBD her_PP3O J62 4 away_RP and_CC brought_VBD her_PP3O back_RP home_NR to_IN human_JJ J62 4 life_NN once_RB more_RBR ._. ^ whether_CS this_DT J62 5 old_JJ Breton_JNP tale_NN had_HVD already_RB been_BEN contaminated_VBN J62 5 with_IN the_ATI classical_JJ J62 6 legend_NN of_IN Orpheus_NP and_CC Eurydice_NP we_PP1AS can_MD not_XNOT J62 6 say_VB ,_, but_CC the_ATI strange_JJ J62 7 oscillation_NN between_IN contrary_JJ concepts_NNS is_BEZ J62 7 characteristic_JJ of_IN Orfeo_NP J62 8 as_RB well_RB" ._. J62 9 ^ the_ATI motive_NN for_IN abduction_NN in_IN fairy_NN tales_NNS J62 9 is_BEZ usually_RB love_NN ,_, as_CS ,_, for_IN J62 10 example_NN ,_, in_IN Guingamor_NP ,_, Lanval_NP and_CC Graelent_NP ;_; J62 10 but_CC Heurodis_NP was_BEDZ J62 11 not_XNOT snatched_VBN away_RP for_IN love_NN ;_; the_ATI fairy_NN J62 11 king_NN had_HVD his_PP$ own_AP queen_NN ;_; besides_RI ,_, J62 12 to_TO have_HV introduced_VBN the_ATI love_NN motive_NN in_IN this_DT J62 12 fashion_NN would_MD have_HV cut_VBN J62 13 across_IN the_ATI theme_NN of_IN marital_JJ love_NN and_CC loyalty_NN J62 13 upon_IN which_WDTR the_ATI tale_NN of_IN J62 14 Orpheus_NP and_CC Eurydice_NP hinges_VBZ ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI king_NN J62 14 of_IN fairy_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT to_TO be_BE J62 15 entirely_RB identified_VBN with_IN the_ATI king_NN of_IN the_ATI J62 15 dead_JJ ,_, what_WDT reason_NN can_MD be_BE J62 16 offered_VBN for_IN his_PP$ behaviour_NN ?_? J62 17 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ at_IN this_DT point_NN ,_, when_WRB Orfeo_NP saw_VBD J62 17 his_PP$ wife_NN lying_VBG under_IN the_ATI J62 18 ympe_NN tre_NN in_IN the_ATI castle_NN courtyard_NN ,_, that_CS the_ATI J62 18 interlacing_NN of_IN the_ATI J62 19 classical_JJ and_CC Celtic_JNP stories_NNS appears_VBZ at_IN its_PP$ J62 19 most_QL intricate_JJ ._. J62 20 ^ Heurodis_NP was_BEDZ abducted_VBN in_IN the_ATI *'_*' *?24e_&FO J62 20 comessing_NN of_IN May_NR **'_**' ._. J62 21 ^ in_IN a_AT vague_JJ ,_, imperceptible_JJ way_NN ,_, the_ATI fairy_NN J62 21 king_NN ,_, who_WPR was_BEDZ also_RB the_ATI god_NN J62 22 of_IN an_AT underworld_NN ,_, since_CS Orfeo_NP had_HVD to_TO go_VB J62 22 *'_*' in_IN at_IN a_AT roche_NN **'_**' to_TO J62 23 reach_VB him_PP3O ,_, seems_VBZ here_RN to_TO have_HV taken_VBN on_RP J62 23 some_DTI of_IN the_ATI attributes_NNS of_IN Dis_NP ,_, J62 24 who_WPR stole_VBD Proserpina_NP away_RP as_CS she_PP3A was_BEDZ J62 24 gathering_VBG spring_NN flowers_NNS in_IN the_ATI J62 25 meadow_NN ;_; and_CC Heurodis_NP also_RB seems_VBZ to_TO take_VB J62 25 the_ATI place_NN of_IN Proserpina_NP ,_, for_CS J62 26 Eurydice_NP was_BEDZ not_XNOT abducted_VBN ,_, but_CC killed_VBN by_IN J62 26 the_ATI poisonous_JJ fangs_NNS of_IN a_AT J62 27 snake_NN ._. ^ in_IN classical_JJ legend_NN ,_, Dis_NP or_CC Pluto_NP J62 27 was_BEDZ the_ATI king_NN of_IN the_ATI J62 28 underworld_NN and_CC the_ATI dead_JJ ;_; but_CC ,_, according_IN to_IN" J62 28 Caesar_NP ,_, the_ATI Celts_NNPS also_RB had_HVN J62 29 a_AT god_NN of_IN the_ATI underworld_NN similar_JJ to_IN Dis_NP ,_, J62 29 from_IN whom_WPOR all_ABN the_ATI Gauls_NNPS J62 30 claimed_VBD to_TO be_BE descended_VBN :_: ~ *'_*' galli_&FW se_&FW J62 30 omnes_&FW ab_&FW Dite_&FW patre_&FW prognatos_&FW J62 31 praedicant_&FW **'_**' ,_, and_CC in_IN later_JJR fairy_NN lore_NN J62 31 he_PP3A or_CC the_ATI classical_JJ Dis_NP or_CC J62 32 both_ABX became_VBD identified_VBN with_IN the_ATI king_NN of_IN J62 32 fairy_NN ,_, if_CS Chaucer_NP is_BEZ to_TO be_BE J62 33 believed_VBN :_: *'_*' Pluto_NP that_WPR is_BEZ the_ATI kyng_NN of_IN J62 33 fairye_NN **'_**' (_( merchant's_NN$ J62 34 tale_NN ,_, 983_CD )_) ._. ^ again_RB ,_, in_IN the_ATI classical_JJ J62 34 legend_NN ,_, the_ATI two_CD attributes_NNS of_IN J62 35 Dis_NP fell_VBD together_RB ;_; he_PP3A was_BEDZ not_XNOT only_RB J62 35 the_ATI power_NN of_IN winter_NN in_IN seasonal_JJ J62 36 myth_NN ,_, he_PP3A was_BEDZ also_RB the_ATI god_NN of_IN Hades_NP ,_, J62 36 the_ATI ruler_NN in_IN the_ATI kingdom_NN of_IN the_ATI J62 37 dead_JJ ._. ^ in_IN Celtic_JNP legend_NN also_RB ,_, there_EX J62 37 existed_VBD a_AT seasonal_JJ myth_NN similar_JJ to_IN J62 38 that_DT of_IN Dis_NP and_CC Proserpina_NP ;_; it_PP3 took_VBD the_ATI J62 38 form_NN of_IN an_AT abduction_NN story_NN ,_, J62 39 closely_RB resembling_VBG the_ATI abduction_NN of_IN Heurodis_NP in_IN J62 39 some_DTI of_IN the_ATI details_NNS to_IN J62 40 which_WDTR the_ATI classical_JJ versions_NNS offer_VB no_ATI J62 40 similarity_NN ._. ^ traces_NNS of_IN this_DT myth_NN J62 41 are_BER to_TO be_BE found_VBN in_IN Culhwch_NP and_CC Olwen_NP and_CC J62 41 the_ATI vita_&FW Gildae_&FW ,_, J62 42 said_VBN to_TO have_HV been_BEN written_VBN by_IN Caradoc_NP of_IN J62 42 Llancarvon_NP :_: J62 43 *"_*' J62 44 ^ (_( a_ZZ )_) ._. ^ Creiddylad_NP daughter_NN of_IN Lludd_NP J62 44 Silver-hand_NP (_( the_ATI maiden_NN of_IN J62 45 most_AP majesty_NN that_WPR was_BEDZ ever_RB in_IN the_ATI island_NN J62 45 of_IN Britain_NP and_CC its_PP$ three_CD J62 46 adjacent_JJ islands_NNS )_) ._. ^ and_CC for_IN her_PP3O Gwythyr_NP J62 46 son_NN of_IN Greidawl_NP and_CC Gwyn_NP son_NN J62 47 of_IN Nudd_NP fight_VB for_RB ever_RB" each_DT May-calends_NR till_IN J62 47 the_ATI day_NN of_IN doom_NN ..._... J62 48 ._. ^ Creiddylad_NP daughter_NN of_IN Lludd_NP Silver-hand_NP J62 48 went_VBD with_IN Gwythyr_NP son_NN of_IN J62 49 Greidawl_NP ;_; and_CC before_CS he_PP3A had_HVD slept_VBN with_IN J62 49 her_PP3O there_EX came_VBD Gwyn_NP son_NN of_IN Nudd_NP J62 50 and_CC carried_VBD her_PP3O off_RP by_IN force_NN ._. ^ Gwythyr_NP J62 50 son_NN of_IN Greidawl_NP gathered_VBD a_AT host_NN J62 51 and_CC he_PP3A came_VBD to_TO fight_VB with_IN Gwyn_NP son_NN of_IN J62 51 Nudd_NP ._. ^ and_CC Gwyn_NP prevailed_VBD ..._... J62 52 ._. ^ Arthur_NP heard_VBD tell_VB of_IN this_DT and_CC he_PP3A came_VBD J62 52 into_IN the_ATI north_NR and_CC summoned_VBD to_IN J62 53 him_PP3O Gwyn_NP son_NN of_IN Nudd_NP and_CC set_VBD free_JJ his_PP$ J62 53 noblemen_NNS from_IN his_PP$ prison_NN and_CC J62 54 peace_NN was_BEDZ made_VBN between_IN Gwyn_NP son_NN of_IN Nudd_NP J62 54 and_CC Gwythyr_NP son_NN of_IN Greidawl_NP ._. J62 55 ^ this_DT is_BEZ the_ATI peace_NN that_WPR was_BEDZ made_VBN :_: J62 55 the_ATI maiden_NN should_MD remain_VB in_IN her_PP$ J62 56 father's_NN$ house_NN unmolested_JJ by_IN either_DTX side_NN ,_, and_CC J62 56 there_EX should_MD be_BE battle_NN J62 57 between_IN Gwyn_NP and_CC Gwythyr_NP each_DT May-calends_NR for_RB J62 57 ever_RB" and_CC ever_RB ,_, from_IN that_DT J62 58 day_NN till_IN doomsday_NN ;_; and_CC the_ATI one_CD1 of_IN them_PP3OS J62 58 that_WPR should_MD be_BE victor_NN on_IN J62 59 doomsday_NN ,_, let_VB him_PP3O have_HV the_ATI maiden_NN ._. J62 60 **"_**' J62 62 ^ the_ATI details_NNS worth_IN noting_VBG in_IN relation_NN to_IN J62 62 Orfeo_NP are_BER :_: the_ATI J62 63 abduction_NN had_HVD reference_NN to_IN the_ATI May-calends_NR or_CC J62 63 *'_*' *?24e_&FO comessing_NN of_IN J62 64 May_NR **'_**' in_IN (_( a_ZZ )_) and_CC there_EX is_BEZ an_AT J62 64 implication_NN of_IN seasonal_JJ cycle_NN in_IN J62 65 *'_*' per_&FW unius_&FW anni_&FW circulum_&FW **'_**' in_IN (_( b_ZZ J62 65 )_) ;_; the_ATI husband_NN was_BEDZ a_AT king_NN J62 66 and_CC the_ATI stolen_JJ wife_NN a_AT queen_NN in_IN (_( b_ZZ )_) ;_; J62 66 the_ATI ravisher_NN was_BEDZ also_RB a_AT king_NN J62 67 in_IN both_ABX (_( a_ZZ )_) and_CC (_( b_ZZ )_) ,_, but_CC whereas_CS J62 67 in_IN Culhwch_NP and_CC Olwen_NP he_PP3A J62 68 was_BEDZ undoubtedly_RB the_ATI king_NN of_IN the_ATI underworld_NN ,_, J62 68 Gwyn_NP ap_&FW Nudd_NP ,_, king_NN of_IN J62 69 Annwn_NP ,_, Melvas_NP was_BEDZ made_VBN king_NN of_IN the_ATI *'_*' J62 69 summer_NN region_NN **'_**' or_CC Somerset_NP ,_, J62 70 since_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ to_IN his_PP$ castle_NN in_IN Glastonbury_NP J62 70 that_CS he_PP3A carried_VBD the_ATI queen_NN ._. J62 71 ^ possibly_RB the_ATI roles_NNS of_IN Arthur_NP and_CC Melvas_NP J62 71 have_HV been_BEN exchanged_VBN ,_, for_CS J62 72 Gwythyr_NP ap_&FW Greidawl_NP seems_VBZ to_TO be_BE equated_VBN with_IN J62 72 the_ATI sun_NN or_CC summer_NN ,_, if_CS J62 73 the_ATI elements_NNS in_IN his_PP$ name_NN are_BER any_DTI guide_NN ,_, J62 73 Gwythyr_NC ,_, victor_NN and_CC J62 74 Greid-_NC ,_, old_JJ Irish_JNP ?*?22greid_&FW ,_, to_TO scorch_VB ._. ^ J62 74 Melvas_NP ought_MD to_TO be_BE J62 75 the_ATI equivalent_NN of_IN Gwyn_NP ap_&FW Nudd_NP ._. ^ however_RB ,_, J62 75 as_CS the_ATI version_NN in_IN the_ATI J62 76 vita_&FW Gildae_&FW was_BEDZ obviously_RB altered_VBN to_TO boost_VB J62 76 Glastonbury_NP abbey_NN J62 77 and_CC Gildas_NP ,_, these_DTS differences_NNS may_MD be_BE bits_NNS J62 77 of_IN local_JJ colour_NN ._. ^ finally_RB ,_, J62 78 in_IN both_ABX (_( a_ZZ )_) and_CC (_( b_ZZ )_) ,_, an_AT attempt_NN J62 78 was_BEDZ made_VBN to_TO recapture_VB the_ATI J62 79 woman_NN with_IN the_ATI help_NN of_IN armed_JJ knights_NNS ,_, and_CC J62 79 in_IN (_( b_ZZ )_) Guinevere_NP was_BEDZ J62 80 restored_VBN to_IN her_PP$ husband_NN just_RB as_CS Heurodis_NP J62 80 was_BEDZ given_VBN back_RP to_IN Orfeo_NP ._. J62 81 ^ why_WRB Orfeo_NP was_BEDZ a_AT *'_*' king_NN **'_**' might_MD J62 81 now_RN appear_VB to_TO be_BE more_QL reasonable_JJ ;_; J62 82 and_CC the_ATI fact_NN that_CS he_PP3A was_BEDZ successful_JJ in_IN J62 82 bringing_VBG his_PP$ wife_NN safely_RB out_RP of_IN J62 83 fairyland_NN becomes_VBZ something_PN more_AP than_IN a_AT mere_JJB J62 83 romantic_JJ and_CC neo-fairy_JJB J62 84 ending_NN to_IN an_AT old_JJ ,_, tragic_JJ story_NN ._. ^ yet_RB ,_, J62 84 to_TO understand_VB Orfeo_NP J62 85 completely_RB ,_, we_PP1AS must_MD turn_VB again_RB to_IN the_ATI J62 85 classical_JJ tale_NN of_IN Orpheus_NP and_CC J62 86 Eurydice_NP ,_, for_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ this_DT alone_RB which_WDTR can_MD J62 86 explain_VB why_WRB Heurodis_NP was_BEDZ J62 87 abducted_VBN for_IN no_ATI apparent_JJ reason_NN ._. ^ Eurydice_NP ,_, J62 87 like_IN the_ATI dead_JJ mother_NN in_IN J62 88 the_ATI Breton_JNP tale_NN ,_, filii_&FW mortue_&FW ,_, was_BEDZ J62 88 the_ATI beloved_JJ wife_NN who_WPR died_VBD ;_; J62 89 Heurodis_NP ,_, her_PP$ nominal_JJ counterpart_NN ,_, was_BEDZ at_IN J62 89 the_ATI same_AP time_NN J62 90 semi-Proserpina_NP ,_, semi-Creiddylad-Guinevere_NP ,_, and_CC was_BEDZ J62 90 abducted_VBN ;_; the_ATI J62 91 reason_NN for_IN her_PP$ abduction_NN is_BEZ omitted_VBN because_CS ,_, J62 91 as_IN Eurydice_NP ,_, she_PP3A should_MD J62 92 have_HV died_VBN ,_, and_CC ,_, as_IN J62 92 Proserpina-Creiddylad-Guinevere_NP ,_, she_PP3A should_MD have_HV J62 93 been_BEN stolen_VBN for_IN love_NN ;_; either_DTX reason_NN is_BEZ J62 93 incompatible_JJ with_IN the_ATI theme_NN of_IN J62 94 Orfeo_NP ._. J62 95 ^ when_WRB Orfeo_NP arrived_VBD in_IN the_ATI fairy_NN underworld_NN J62 95 ,_, he_PP3A saw_VBD his_PP$ queen_NN ,_, J62 96 not_XNOT in_IN the_ATI palace_NN among_IN the_ATI ladies_NNS with_IN J62 96 whom_WPOR he_PP3A had_HVD met_VBN her_PP3O in_IN the_ATI J62 97 forest_NN ,_, but_CC in_IN the_ATI outer_JJB courtyard_NN ,_, among_IN J62 97 a_AT collection_NN of_IN sick_JJ ,_, mad_JJ ,_, J62 98 crippled_JJ and_CC headless_JJ people_NNS ,_, who_WPR were_BED J62 98 lying_VBG there_RN exactly_RB as_CS they_PP3AS had_HVD J62 99 been_BEN on_IN earth_NN when_WRB they_PP3AS had_HVD been_BEN J62 99 snatched_VBN away_RP in_IN their_PP$ noontide_NN J62 100 sleep_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI forest_NN she_PP3A had_HVD been_BEN *'_*' J62 100 alive_JJ **'_**' ;_; she_PP3A had_HVD recognized_VBN him_PP3O J62 101 and_CC had_HVD wept_VBN ;_; yet_RB ,_, when_WRB he_PP3A followed_VBD J62 101 the_ATI fairy_NN company_NN and_CC came_VBD to_TO find_VB J62 102 her_PP3O in_IN fairyland_NN ,_, she_PP3A is_BEZ pictured_VBN as_CS J62 102 being_BEG in_IN her_PP$ first_OD condition_NN ,_, not_XNOT J62 103 as_CS she_PP3A was_BEDZ the_ATI day_NN she_PP3A was_BEDZ abducted_VBN J62 103 ,_, for_CS then_RN she_PP3A was_BEDZ not_XNOT asleep_JJ ,_, but_CC J62 104 as_CS she_PP3A was_BEDZ when_WRB the_ATI fairy_NN king_NN first_RB J62 104 appeared_VBD to_IN her_PP3O *-_*- asleep_JJ under_IN J62 105 the_ATI ympe_NN tre_NN ._. J62 106 ^ the_ATI poet_NN says_VBZ that_CS all_ABN the_ATI people_NNS who_WPR J62 106 were_BED lying_VBG there_RN ,_, and_CC J62 107 that_DT includes_VBZ Heurodis_NP ,_, *'_*' *?24ou*?26t_VBD dede_JJ J62 107 and_CC nare_RB nou*?26t_PN **'_**' ._. J62 108 ^ even_RB when_WRB full_JJ allowance_NN has_HVZ been_BEN made_VBN J62 108 for_IN the_ATI marvellous_JJ things_NNS J62 109 which_WDTR could_MD happen_VB in_IN fairyland_NN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ J62 109 difficult_JJ to_TO believe_VB that_CS a_AT J62 110 person_NN without_IN a_AT head_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT *'_*' dead_JJ J62 110 **'_**' in_IN the_ATI first_OD instance_NN ._. ^ and_CC J62 111 are_BER we_PP1AS to_TO understand_VB that_CS these_DTS headless_JJ ,_, J62 111 armless_JJ ,_, burnt_JJ and_CC choked_JJ J62 112 people_NNS ,_, to_TO say_VB nothing_PN of_IN the_ATI mothers_NNS in_IN J62 112 childbed_NN ,_, also_RB *'_*' arose_VBD **'_**' as_CS J62 113 Heurodis_NP evidently_RB did_DOD ,_, and_CC took_VBD part_NN in_IN J62 113 the_ATI dancing_NN and_CC hunting_NN in_IN J62 114 the_ATI forest_NN ?_? ^ analysis_NN of_IN this_DT kind_NN J62 114 emphasizes_VBZ the_ATI slight_JJ J62 115 inconsistencies_NNS in_IN the_ATI narrative_NN and_CC serves_VBZ to_TO J62 115 show_VB up_RP the_ATI seams_NNS in_IN J62 116 the_ATI joining_NN of_IN the_ATI Celtic_JNP and_CC classical_JJ J62 116 tales_NNS ._. ^ at_IN the_ATI same_AP time_NN ,_, we_PP1AS J62 117 can_MD scour_VB Georgics_NP ,_, 4_CD and_CC Metamorphoses_NP ,_, 10_CD J62 117 in_RB vain_RB" for_IN J62 118 any_DTI hint_NN or_CC detail_NN which_WDTR might_MD help_VB to_TO J62 118 throw_VB light_NN on_IN this_DT odd_JJ J62 119 picture_NN ._. ^ the_ATI bodiless_JJ phantoms_NNS that_WPR came_VBD J62 119 in_IN their_PP$ thousands_CDS from_IN the_ATI J62 120 depths_NNS of_IN Erebus_NP at_IN the_ATI sound_NN of_IN Orpheus's_NP$ J62 120 lyre_NN (_( Georgics_NP ,_, 4_CD ,_, J62 121 475-7_CD-CD )_) and_CC the_ATI bloodless_JJ spirits_NNS who_WPR J62 121 wept_VBD at_IN the_ATI strain_NN J62 122 (_( Metamorphoses_NP ,_, 10_CD ,_, 41_CD )_) can_MD not_XNOT J62 122 honestly_RB be_BE considered_VBN as_CS in_IN any_DTI J62 123 way_NN comparable_JJ to_IN the_ATI folk_NNS *'_*' liggeand_JJ J62 123 wi*?24in_IN *?24e_ATI wal_NN **'_**' ,_, for_IN J62 124 Orfeo_NP had_HVD not_XNOT yet_RB entered_VBN the_ATI king's_NN$ J62 124 palace_NN nor_CC had_HVD he_PP3A touched_VBN the_ATI J62 125 strings_NNS of_IN his_PP$ harp_NN nor_CC did_DOD these_DTS people_NNS J62 125 outside_RP come_VB in_RP later_RBR on_RP to_TO J62 126 listen_VB to_IN him_PP3O ._. J62 127 ^ if_CS it_PP3 be_BE remembered_VBN that_CS not_XNOT only_RB the_ATI J62 127 legend_NN of_IN Orpheus_NP ,_, but_CC the_ATI J62 128 whole_NN of_IN Virgil's_NP$ work_NN was_BEDZ widely_RB known_VBN in_IN J62 128 the_ATI middle_JJB ages_NNS ,_, a_AT clue_NN may_MD J62 129 be_BE found_VBN in_IN another_DT Virgilian_JNP description_NN of_IN J62 129 the_ATI classical_JJ underworld_NN ,_, J62 130 the_ATI one_CD1 in_IN Aeneid_NP ,_, \0Bk_NN 6_CD ._. J62 131 ^ Aeneas_NP ,_, when_WRB he_PP3A prayed_VBD to_TO be_BE allowed_VBN J62 131 to_TO visit_VB his_PP$ father's_NN$ shade_NN J62 132 in_IN Hades_NP ,_, made_VBD use_NN of_IN the_ATI story_NN of_IN J62 132 Orpheus_NP and_CC Eurydice_NP to_TO strengthen_VB J62 133 his_PP$ petition_NN ;_; if_CS Orpheus_NP could_MD call_VB up_RP his_PP$ J62 133 wife's_NN$ shade_NN in_IN Erebus_NP ,_, J62 134 could_MD not_XNOT he_PP3A ,_, Aeneas_NP ,_, also_RB a_AT descendant_NN J62 134 of_IN the_ATI gods_NNS ,_, make_VB the_ATI same_AP J62 135 journey_NN ?_? ^ he_PP3A was_BEDZ allowed_VBN to_TO do_DO so_PN and_CC J62 135 when_WRB he_PP3A reached_VBD the_ATI entrance_NN to_IN J62 136 Hades_NP he_PP3A is_BEZ pictured_VBN as_CS approaching_VBG it_PP3 J62 136 across_IN the_ATI vestibulum_&FW or_CC J62 137 forecourt_NN ,_, with_IN the_ATI limen_&FW and_CC fores_&FW ,_, the_ATI J62 137 main_JJB door_NN ,_, at_IN the_ATI J62 138 far_JJ side_NN ;_; that_DT is_BEZ ,_, Virgil_NP has_HVZ imagined_VBN J62 138 the_ATI entrance_NN to_IN Hades_NP in_IN J62 139 contemporary_JJ terms_NNS ,_, those_DTS of_IN the_ATI Roman_JNP J62 139 house_NN ,_, just_RB as_CS the_ATI poet_NN of_IN J62 140 Orfeo_NP has_HVZ visualized_VBN the_ATI entrance_NN to_IN the_ATI J62 140 fairy_NN underworld_NN in_IN terms_NNS J62 141 of_IN a_AT medieval_JJ castle_NN :_: J62 142 **[FOREIGN-QUOTATION**]_&FW J62 143 ^ what_WDT Aeneas_NP saw_VBD in_IN the_ATI forecourt_NN of_IN J62 143 Orcus_NP was_BEDZ very_QL similar_JJ to_IN J62 144 that_DT which_WDTR Orfeo_NP saw_VBD in_IN the_ATI courtyard_NN of_IN J62 144 the_ATI fairy_NN king's_NN$ castle_NN ;_; all_ABN J62 145 kinds_NNS of_IN horrors_NNS had_HVD *'_*' made_VBN their_PP$ beds_NNS J62 145 **'_**' there_RN ,_, but_CC where_WRB Virgil_NP has_HVZ J62 146 enumerated_VBN abstractions_NNS and_CC the_ATI customary_JJ grisly_JJ J62 146 inhabitants_NNS of_IN J62 147 Tartarus_NP ,_, the_ATI author_NN of_IN Orfeo_NP has_HVZ presented_VBN J62 147 a_AT picture_NN of_IN examples_NNS ,_, J62 148 an_AT oddly_RB assorted_JJ gathering_NN of_IN people_NNS ,_, most_AP J62 148 of_IN whom_WPOR would_MD have_HV been_BEN J62 149 found_VBN ,_, in_IN the_ATI middle_JJB ages_NNS ,_, in_IN purgatory_NN J62 149 ,_, because_CS they_PP3AS had_HVD died_VBN J62 150 suddenly_RB and_CC unshriven_JJ *-_*- the_ATI burnt_JJ ,_, the_ATI J62 150 drowned_JJ ,_, women_NNS who_WPR had_HVD died_VBN J62 151 mad_JJ in_IN labour_NN ,_, soldiers_NNS killed_VBN in_IN battle_NN J62 151 and_CC those_DTS who_WPR ,_, like_IN Hamlet's_NP$ J62 152 father_NN ,_, had_HVD been_BEN taken_VBN ,_, *'_*' grossly_RB ,_, J62 152 full_JJ of_IN bread_NN **'_**' and_CC had_HVD died_VBN J62 153 choking_VBG ._. ^ none_PN of_IN them_PP3OS has_HVZ a_AT right_NN to_IN J62 153 a_AT home_NR in_IN fairyland_NN ,_, at_RB least_RB" ,_, J62 154 not_XNOT according_IN to_IN" the_ATI ancient_JJ tradition_NN J62 154 concerning_IN that_DT place_NN ;_; all_ABN who_WPR J62 155 go_VB there_RN are_BER either_DTX stolen_VBN or_CC lured_VBN from_IN J62 155 earth_NN on_IN account_NN of_IN their_PP$ J62 156 beauty_NN or_CC desirability_NN ._. ^ that_CS Heurodis_NP should_MD J62 156 be_BE there_RN is_BEZ J62 157 intelligible_JJ ,_, but_CC the_ATI rest_NN seem_VB to_TO belong_VB J62 157 to_IN the_ATI Christian_JNP otherworld_NN J62 158 of_IN punishment_NN ,_, which_WDTR ,_, in_IN the_ATI middle_JJB J62 158 ages_NNS ,_, owed_VBD many_AP of_IN its_PP$ features_NNS to_IN J62 159 the_ATI pagan_JJ conception_NN of_IN Tartarus_NP ;_; both_ABX were_BED J62 159 places_NNS in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI wicked_JJ J62 160 or_CC the_ATI unassoiled_JJ found_VBD themselves_PPLS after_IN death_NN J62 160 and_CC every_AT traveller_NN who_WPR J62 161 had_HVD the_ATI temerity_NN to_TO visit_VB them_PP3OS ,_, were_BED J62 161 he_PP3A an_AT Orpheus_NP ,_, an_AT Aeneas_NP or_CC a_AT J62 162 Knight_NPT Owen_NP had_HVD his_PP$ sight_NN seared_VBN with_IN J62 162 visions_NNS of_IN human_JJ agony_NN ._. ^ Orpheus_NP J62 163 descended_VBD into_IN Hades_NP ,_, Orfeo_NP tunnelled_VBD into_IN J62 163 fairyland_NN ;_; the_ATI two_CD stories_NNS J62 164 which_WDTR are_BER so_QL successfully_RB merged_VBN in_IN other_AP J62 164 parts_NNS of_IN Orfeo_NP are_BER just_RB J62 165 here_RN a_RB little_RB" divergent_JJ ,_, or_CC perhaps_RB it_PP3 is_BEZ J62 165 that_CS the_ATI classical_JJ element_NN J62 166 is_BEZ for_IN the_ATI moment_NN uppermost_JJ and_CC has_HVZ ,_, in_IN J62 166 its_PP$ detail_NN ,_, been_BEN partly_RB J62 167 overlaid_VBN with_IN contemporary_JJ notions_NNS ._. ^ in_IN any_DTI J62 167 case_NN ,_, the_ATI similarity_NN J62 168 between_IN the_ATI settings_NNS is_BEZ very_QL close_JJ ._. J62 169 ^ another_DT interesting_JJ point_NN of_IN comparison_NN lies_VBZ J62 169 in_IN the_ATI linking_NN of_IN J62 170 sleep_NN with_IN the_ATI idea_NN of_IN Death's_NP$ kingdom_NN ._. ^ J62 170 Virgil_NP has_HVZ used_VBN the_ATI word_NN J62 171 sopor_&FW ,_, which_WDTR has_HVZ an_AT intensive_JJ force_NN ,_, J62 171 implying_VBG a_AT torpor_NN akin_JJ to_IN J62 172 the_ATI sleep_NN of_IN death_NN ,_, *'_*' consanguineus_&FW Leti_&FW J62 172 sopor_&FW **'_**' ._. ^ sleep_NN ,_, in_IN J62 173 classical_JJ legend_NN ,_, was_BEDZ associated_VBN with_IN Hades_NP ._. J62 173 ^ according_IN to_IN" Hesiod_NP J62 174 (_( theogony_NN ,_, 1_CD1 ,_, 211_CD \0ff_RB )_) ,_, Erebus_NP and_CC J62 174 Night_NP were_BED the_ATI children_NNS J62 175 of_IN Chaos_NP ;_; and_CC Night_NP ,_, the_ATI mother_NN of_IN Doom_NP J62 175 ,_, Fate_NP and_CC Death_NP ,_, also_RB gave_VBD J62 176 birth_NN to_IN Sleep_NP and_CC the_ATI tribe_NN of_IN Dreams_NPS and_CC J62 176 *'_*' painful_JJ Woe_NP **'_**' ._. ^ Cicero_NP J62 177 echoes_VBZ this_DT in_IN his_PP$ de_&FW natura_&FW deorum_&FW ,_, 3_&FW J62 177 ,_, 17_&FW :_: *'_*' Amor_&FW Dolus_&FW J62 178 Metus_&FW ..._... Mors_&FW Tenebrae_&FW Miseria_&FW ..._... Somnia_&FW J62 178 quos_&FW omnes_&FW Erebo_&FW et_&FW Nocte_&FW J62 179 natos_&FW ferunt_&FW **'_**' ._. ^ in_IN Orfeo_NP the_ATI same_AP J62 179 idea_NN is_BEZ present_JJ ,_, for_CS ,_, in_IN the_ATI J62 180 fairy_NN otherworld_NN ,_, which_WDTR is_BEZ also_RB an_AT J62 180 underworld_NN ,_, the_ATI miseries_NNS ,_, J62 181 exemplified_VBN by_IN the_ATI folk_NNS *'_*' liggeand_JJ wi*?24in_IN J62 181 *?24e_ATI wal_NN **'_**' ,_, are_BER J62 182 definitely_RB related_VBN to_IN sleep_NN :_: *'_*' ri*?24t_RB as_CS J62 182 *?24ai_PP3A slepe_VB her_RN J62 183 vndertides_RB **'_**' ._. J62 184 ^ next_RB ,_, there_EX is_BEZ the_ATI tree_NN ,_, the_ATI great_JJ J62 184 elm_NN of_IN dreams_NNS ._. ^ no_ATI true_JJ J62 185 parallel_NN to_IN it_PP3 has_HVZ yet_RB been_BEN found_VBN in_IN J62 185 classical_JJ legend_NN ._. J63 2 ^ for_IN Hardy_NP ,_, then_RN ,_, Correggio_NP is_BEZ the_ATI artist_NN J63 2 of_IN yearning_NN ,_, as_CS ,_, indeed_RB ,_, J63 3 he_PP3A himself_PPL tells_VBZ us_PP1OS in_IN a_AT pair_NN of_IN blue_JJ J63 3 eyes_NNS in_IN the_ATI passage_NN J63 4 describing_VBG the_ATI appearance_NN of_IN Elfride_NP Swancourt_NP ,_, J63 4 where_WRB he_PP3A extends_VBZ his_PP$ J63 5 method_NN and_CC sees_VBZ his_PP$ heroine_NN through_IN the_ATI J63 5 eyes_NNS of_IN three_CD painters_NNS ,_, J63 6 Raphael_NP ,_, Rubens_NP ,_, and_CC Correggio_NP ,_, in_IN turn_NN :_: J63 7 *"_*' J63 8 ^ Elfride_NP had_HVD as_IN her_PP$ own_AP the_ATI thoughtfulness_NN J63 8 which_WDTR appears_VBZ in_IN the_ATI J63 9 Madonna_NP della_&FW Sedia_NP ,_, without_IN its_PP$ rapture_NN :_: J63 9 the_ATI warmth_NN and_CC spirit_NN of_IN J63 10 the_ATI type_NN of_IN woman's_NN$ feature_NN most_QL common_JJ to_IN J63 10 the_ATI beauties_NNS *-_*- mortal_JJ and_CC J63 11 immortal_JJ *-_*- of_IN Rubens_NP ,_, without_IN their_PP$ insistent_JJ J63 11 fleshiness_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J63 12 characteristic_JJ expression_NN of_IN the_ATI female_JJ faces_NNS of_IN J63 12 Correggio_NP *-_*- that_DT of_IN J63 13 the_ATI yearning_JJ human_JJ thoughts_NNS that_WPR lie_VB too_QL J63 13 deep_RB for_IN tears_NNS *-_*- was_BEDZ hers_PP$$ J63 14 sometimes_RB ,_, but_CC seldom_RB under_IN ordinary_JJ conditions_NNS J63 14 ._. J63 15 **"_**' J63 16 ^ this_DT is_BEZ the_ATI most_QL elaborate_JJ of_IN all_ABN J63 16 Hardy's_NP$ experiments_NNS in_IN what_WDT J63 17 might_MD be_BE called_VBN pictorial_JJ definition_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J63 17 will_MD be_BE observed_VBN that_CS in_IN all_ABN J63 18 the_ATI examples_NNS that_CS I_PP1A have_HV given_VBN he_PP3A J63 18 seizes_VBZ upon_IN some_DTI quality_NN that_WPR is_BEZ J63 19 peculiarly_RB characteristic_JJ of_IN the_ATI artist_NN in_IN J63 19 question_NN ,_, so_CS that_CS" the_ATI J63 20 reader_NN at_RB once_RB" receives_VBZ an_AT impression_NN of_IN a_AT J63 20 general_JJ facial_JJ type_NN before_IN J63 21 being_BEG invited_VBN to_TO consider_VB its_PP$ particular_JJ J63 21 manifestation_NN ._. ^ with_IN quite_RB J63 22 subsidiary_JJ characters_NNS ,_, however_RB ,_, a_AT mere_JJB J63 22 impression_NN is_BEZ sufficient_JJ ,_, and_CC J63 23 no_ATI qualifications_NNS are_BER added_VBN :_: thus_RB the_ATI J63 23 woman_NN who_WPR opens_VBZ the_ATI lodge_NN gate_NN J63 24 at_IN Endelstow_NP ,_, in_IN a_AT pair_NN of_IN blue_JJ eyes_NNS ,_, J63 24 is_BEZ simply_RB described_VBN as_CS J63 25 having_HVG *'_*' a_AT double_JJ chin_NN and_CC thick_JJ neck_NN ,_, J63 25 like_IN the_ATI Queen_NPT Anne_NP portrait_NN by_IN J63 26 Dahl_NP **'_**' *-_*- and_CC although_CS the_ATI incident_NN has_HVZ J63 26 no_ATI importance_NN in_IN the_ATI story_NN J63 27 there_EX is_BEZ point_NN in_IN the_ATI choice_NN of_IN a_AT painter_NN J63 27 who_WPR seems_VBZ to_TO have_HV had_HVN no_ATI J63 28 qualms_NNS about_IN stressing_VBG the_ATI plainness_NN and_CC J63 28 stodginess_NN of_IN his_PP$ sitters_NNS ._. J63 29 ^ even_RB the_ATI nationality_NN of_IN the_ATI artist_NN alluded_VBN J63 29 to_IN contributes_VBZ to_IN our_PP$ J63 30 impression_NN of_IN the_ATI character_NN whom_WPOR Hardy_NP is_BEZ J63 30 presenting_VBG ._. ^ if_CS Cytherea_NP J63 31 Graye_NP could_MD have_HV been_BEN painted_VBN by_IN Greuze_NP ,_, J63 31 or_CC Lucetta_NP Templeman_NP by_IN J63 32 Titian_NP ,_, Liddy_NP Smallbury_NP ,_, Bathsheba's_NP$ servant_NN J63 32 in_IN far_RB from_IN the_ATI madding_JJ J63 33 crowd_NN ,_, suggests_VBZ rather_RB the_ATI healthy_JJ ,_, J63 33 well-scrubbed_JJ girls_NNS of_IN Dutch_JNP J63 34 art_NN :_: J63 35 *"_*' J63 36 ~ the_ATI beauty_NN her_PP$ features_NNS might_MD have_HV lacked_VBN J63 36 in_IN form_NN was_BEDZ amply_RB made_VBN J63 37 up_RP for_IN by_IN perfection_NN of_IN hue_NN ,_, which_WDTR at_IN J63 37 this_DT winter-time_NN was_BEDZ the_ATI J63 38 softened_JJ ruddiness_NN on_IN a_AT surface_NN of_IN high_JJ J63 38 rotundity_NN that_CS we_PP1AS meet_VB with_IN in_IN J63 39 a_AT Terburg_NP or_CC a_AT Gerard_NP Douw_NP ;_; J63 40 **"_**' J63 41 while_CS Sue_NP Bridehead_NP ,_, with_IN her_PP$ dark_JJ beauty_NN J63 41 ,_, conjures_VBZ up_RP in_IN Jude's_NP$ J63 42 mind_NN a_AT recollection_NN of_IN *'_*' the_ATI girls_NNS he_PP3A J63 42 had_HVD seen_VBN in_IN engravings_NNS from_IN J63 43 paintings_NNS of_IN the_ATI Spanish_JNP school_NN **'_**' ._. J63 44 ^ an_AT effective_JJ use_NN of_IN this_DT device_NN of_IN J63 44 pictorial_JJ allusion_NN to_TO suggest_VB J63 45 the_ATI attitude_NN of_IN a_AT character_NN at_IN a_AT particular_JJ J63 45 moment_NN is_BEZ to_TO be_BE found_VBN in_IN J63 46 the_ATI glimpse_NN of_IN \0Mr_NPT Penny_NP at_IN work_NN at_IN his_PP$ J63 46 trade_NN ,_, in_IN under_IN the_ATI J63 47 greenwood_NN tree_NN ._. ^ \0Mr_NPT Penny_NP is_BEZ a_AT shoemaker_NN J63 47 ,_, and_CC his_PP$ house_NN looks_VBZ out_RP J63 48 on_RP to_IN the_ATI main_JJB road_NN ,_, *'_*' \0Mr_NPT Penny_NP J63 48 himself_PPL being_BEG invariably_RB seen_VBN J63 49 working_VBG inside_RP like_IN a_AT framed_JJ portrait_NN of_IN a_AT J63 49 shoemaker_NN by_IN some_DTI modern_JJ J63 50 Moroni_NP **'_**' ._. ^ although_CS this_DT is_BEZ not_XNOT a_AT J63 50 reference_NN to_IN an_AT actual_JJ picture_NN by_IN J63 51 Moroni_NP (_( and_CC no_ATI painting_NN of_IN a_AT shoemaker_NN by_IN J63 51 Moroni_NP exists_VBZ )_) ,_, the_ATI effect_NN J63 52 is_BEZ still_RB precise_JJ ,_, for_CS we_PP1AS know_VB what_WDT J63 52 such_ABL a_AT picture_NN by_IN a_AT J63 53 nineteenth-century_JJB Moroni_NP would_MD look_VB like_IN ._. ^ J63 53 Moroni_NP ,_, we_PP1AS know_VB ,_, J63 54 specialized_VBD in_IN single_JJ portraits_NNS in_IN which_WDTR he_PP3A J63 54 emphasized_VBD his_PP$ sitter's_NN$ J63 55 trade_NN or_CC calling_NN ,_, as_CS in_IN the_ATI *'_*' portrait_NN J63 55 of_IN a_AT tailor_NN **'_**' in_IN the_ATI National_NP J63 56 Gallery_NPL ,_, which_WDTR was_BEDZ probably_RB the_ATI picture_NN J63 56 by_IN which_WDTR Hardy_NP knew_VBD him_PP3O best_RBT ;_; J63 57 and_CC it_PP3 was_BEDZ clearly_RB Moroni's_NP$ practice_NN of_IN J63 57 putting_VBG a_AT frame_NN ,_, as_CS it_PP3 were_BED ,_, J63 58 around_IN a_AT single_JJ figure_NN ,_, and_CC of_IN isolating_VBG J63 58 him_PP3O in_IN the_ATI context_NN of_IN his_PP$ J63 59 daily_JJ work_NN ,_, that_WPR Hardy_NP found_VBD interesting_JJ ._. J63 60 ^ many_AP of_IN the_ATI artists_NNS who_WPR fascinated_VBD Hardy_NP J63 60 were_BED not_XNOT particularly_RB J63 61 fashionable_JJ in_IN his_PP$ own_AP day_NN ;_; and_CC names_NNS of_IN J63 61 some_DTI of_IN them_PP3OS would_MD have_HV been_BEN J63 62 known_VBN to_IN a_AT mere_JJB handful_NN of_IN his_PP$ readers_NNS ._. ^ J63 62 a_AT curious_JJ example_NN of_IN his_PP$ J63 63 tastes_NNS is_BEZ provided_VBN by_IN his_PP$ two_CD allusions_NNS ,_, J63 63 first_RB in_IN the_ATI return_NN of_IN the_ATI J63 64 native_NN ,_, and_CC then_RN in_IN Tess_NP of_IN the_ATI J63 64 D'Urbervilles_NPS ,_, to_IN Sallaert_NP and_CC J63 65 Van_NP Alsloot_NP ,_, artists_NNS in_IN whom_WPOR only_RB recently_RB J63 65 much_AP interest_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J63 66 taken_VBN ,_, and_CC then_RN mainly_RB by_IN specialists_NNS ._. ^ J63 66 both_ABX worked_VBD in_IN Brussels_NP in_IN the_ATI J63 67 early_JJ years_NNS of_IN the_ATI seventeenth_OD century_NN ,_, J63 67 devoting_VBG themselves_PPLS chiefly_RB to_IN J63 68 a_AT class_NN of_IN processional_JJ scene_NN crowded_JJ with_IN tiny_JJ J63 68 figures_NNS ._. ^ among_IN the_ATI J63 69 best_RBT known_JJ of_IN these_DTS are_BER the_ATI two_CD pictures_NNS J63 69 by_IN Van_NP Alsloot_NP in_IN the_ATI J63 70 Victoria_NP and_CC Albert_NP Museum_NPL representing_VBG the_ATI J63 70 annual_JJ procession_NN in_IN J63 71 Brussels_NP known_VBN as_IN the_ATI Ommeganck_NP ,_, which_WDTR J63 71 was_BEDZ held_VBN under_IN the_ATI patronage_NN of_IN J63 72 the_ATI church_NN of_IN Notre_NP Dame_NP de_&FW Sablon_NP ,_, a_AT J63 72 church_NN founded_VBN by_IN the_ATI guild_NN of_IN J63 73 crossbowmen_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI object_NN of_IN the_ATI procession_NN J63 73 was_BEDZ to_TO commemorate_VB the_ATI J63 74 translation_NN to_IN this_DT church_NN ,_, from_IN Antwerp_NP ,_, of_IN J63 74 a_AT miraculous_JJ image_NN of_IN the_ATI J63 75 virgin_NN ,_, and_CC it_PP3 was_BEDZ preceded_VBN by_IN the_ATI J63 75 ceremony_NN of_IN the_ATI shooting_NN of_IN the_ATI J63 76 popinjay_NN (_( a_AT wooden_JJ representation_NN of_IN a_AT parrot_NN J63 76 fixed_VBN to_IN the_ATI top_NN of_IN a_AT J63 77 steeple_NN )_) ._. ^ Van_NP Alsloot's_NP$ pictures_NNS record_VB J63 77 the_ATI Ommeganck_NP of_IN 1615_CD ,_, when_WRB J63 78 the_ATI Infanta_NPT Isabella_NP ,_, the_ATI consort_NN of_IN the_ATI J63 78 Archduke_NPT Albert_NP ,_, had_HVD J63 79 succeeded_VBN in_IN shooting_VBG the_ATI popinjay_NN at_IN the_ATI J63 79 first_OD attempt_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J63 80 Ommeganck_NP was_BEDZ an_AT extremely_RB colourful_JJ affair_NN ,_, J63 80 dominated_VBN as_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ by_IN J63 81 the_ATI triumphal_JJ cars_NNS carrying_VBG elaborate_JJ enactments_NNS J63 81 of_IN tableaux_NNS of_IN J63 82 such_ABL scenes_NNS as_IN the_ATI nativity_NN and_CC \0St_NPT J63 82 George's_NP$ fight_NN with_IN the_ATI dragon_NN ._. J63 83 ^ and_CC dotted_VBN all_RB over_IN Van_NP Alsloot's_NP$ J63 83 representations_NNS of_IN it_PP3 are_BER the_ATI J63 84 quaint_JJ little_JJ figures_NNS that_WPR seem_VB above_IN all_ABN J63 84 else_RB to_TO have_HV caught_VBN Hardy's_NP$ J63 85 fancy_NN ._. ^ Hardy_NP first_RB alludes_VBZ to_IN them_PP3OS in_IN J63 85 the_ATI return_NN of_IN the_ATI native_NN :_: J63 86 *"_*' J63 87 ^ what_WDT was_BEDZ the_ATI great_JJ world_NN to_IN \0Mrs_NPT J63 87 Yeobright_NP ?_? ^ a_AT multitude_NN whose_WP$R J63 88 tendencies_NNS could_MD be_BE perceived_VBN ,_, though_CS not_XNOT J63 88 its_PP$ essences_NNS ._. ^ communities_NNS J63 89 were_BED seen_VBN by_IN her_PP3O as_CS from_IN a_AT distance_NN ;_; J63 89 she_PP3A saw_VBD them_PP3OS as_CS we_PP1AS see_VB the_ATI J63 90 throngs_NNS which_WDTR cover_VB the_ATI canvases_NNS of_IN Sallaert_NP J63 90 ,_, Van_NP Alsloot_NP ,_, and_CC others_APS J63 91 of_IN that_DT school_NN *-_*- vast_JJ masses_NNS of_IN beings_NNS ,_, J63 91 jostling_VBG ,_, zigzagging_VBG ,_, and_CC J63 92 processioning_VBG in_IN definite_JJ directions_NNS ,_, but_CC whose_WP$R J63 92 features_NNS are_BER J63 93 indistinguishable_JJ by_IN the_ATI very_AP comprehensiveness_NN of_IN J63 93 the_ATI view_NN ._. J63 94 **"_**' J63 95 ^ in_IN Tess_NP of_IN the_ATI D'Urbervilles_NPS ,_, published_VBN J63 95 thirteen_CD years_NNS later_RBR ,_, J63 96 it_PP3 is_BEZ a_AT large_JJ herd_NN of_IN cows_NNS that_WPR brings_VBZ J63 96 these_DTS processional_JJ pictures_NNS J63 97 before_IN Hardy's_NP$ eyes_NNS :_: J63 98 *"_*' J63 99 ^ the_ATI green_JJ lea_NN was_BEDZ speckled_VBN as_QL thickly_RB J63 99 with_IN them_PP3OS as_IN a_AT canvas_NN by_IN J63 100 Van_NP Alsloot_NP or_CC Sallaert_NP with_IN burghers_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J63 100 ripe_JJ hue_NN of_IN the_ATI red_JJ and_CC J63 101 dun_JJ kine_NNS absorbed_VBD the_ATI evening_NN sunlight_NN ,_, J63 101 which_WDTR the_ATI white-coated_JJ J63 102 animals_NNS returned_VBD to_IN the_ATI eye_NN in_IN rays_NNS almost_RB J63 102 as_QL dazzling_JJ ._. J63 103 **"_**' J63 104 ^ it_PP3 may_MD be_BE added_VBN that_CS this_DT passage_NN has_HVZ J63 104 a_AT further_JJB interest_NN ,_, for_CS it_PP3 J63 105 suggests_VBZ that_CS Hardy_NP was_BEDZ aware_JJ of_IN the_ATI J63 105 colour-theories_NNS of_IN men_NNS like_IN Rood_NP J63 106 and_CC Chevreul_NP ,_, which_WDTR were_BED to_TO have_HV some_DTI J63 106 influence_NN on_IN impressionism_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS J63 107 may_MD compare_VB a_AT similar_JJ but_CC much_RB earlier_JJR J63 107 observation_NN upon_IN the_ATI nature_NN of_IN J63 108 colour_NN in_IN far_RB from_IN the_ATI madding_JJ crowd_NN (_( J63 108 published_VBN in_IN 1873_CD )_) :_: ^ *'_*' we_PP1AS J63 109 learn_VB that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT the_ATI rays_NNS which_WDTR J63 109 bodies_NNS absorb_VB ,_, but_CC those_DTS which_WDTR J63 110 they_PP3AS reject_VB ,_, that_WPR give_VB them_PP3OS the_ATI J63 110 colours_NNS they_PP3AS are_BER known_VBN by_IN ._. **'_**' J63 111 ^ if_CS Hardy_NP could_MD scarcely_RB have_HV assumed_VBN in_IN J63 111 the_ATI generality_NN of_IN his_PP$ J63 112 readers_NNS any_DTI knowledge_NN of_IN Sallaert_NP or_CC Van_NP J63 112 Alsloot_NP ,_, he_PP3A could_MD presumably_RB J63 113 have_HV counted_VBN upon_IN a_AT much_RB wider_JJR familiarity_NN J63 113 with_IN the_ATI white_JJ horses_NNS which_WDTR J63 114 almost_RB invariably_RB appear_VB in_IN the_ATI landscapes_NNS of_IN J63 114 Wouwermans_NP ,_, always_RB a_AT J63 115 popular_JJ artist_NN in_IN England_NP ,_, and_CC which_WDTR are_BER J63 115 alluded_VBN to_IN in_IN the_ATI scene_NN in_IN J63 116 the_ATI woodlanders_NNS where_WRB Grace_NP Melbury_NP watches_VBZ J63 116 her_PP$ husband_NN ,_, J63 117 Fitzpiers_NP ,_, who_WPR is_BEZ being_BEG unfaithful_JJ to_IN her_PP3O J63 117 ,_, riding_VBG away_RP on_IN a_AT white_JJ J63 118 horse_NN named_VBN Darling_NP to_IN his_PP$ assignation_NN with_IN J63 118 \0Mrs_NPT Charmond_NP :_: J63 119 *"_*' J63 120 ^ he_PP3A kept_VBD along_IN the_ATI edge_NN of_IN this_DT high_JJ J63 120 ,_, uninclosed_JJ country_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI J63 121 sky_NN behind_IN him_PP3O being_BEG deep_JJ violet_JJ he_PP3A could_MD J63 121 still_RB see_VB white_JJ Darling_NP in_IN J63 122 relief_NN upon_IN it_PP3 *-_*- a_AT mere_JJB speck_NN now_RN *-_*- a_AT J63 122 Wouwermans_NP eccentricity_NN reduced_VBN J63 123 to_IN microscopic_JJ dimensions_NNS ._. ^ upon_IN this_DT high_JJ J63 123 ground_NN he_PP3A gradually_RB J63 124 disappeared_VBD ._. J63 125 **"_**' J63 126 ^ equally_RB effective_JJ is_BEZ the_ATI description_NN ,_, in_IN J63 126 the_ATI same_AP novel_NN ,_, of_IN a_AT J63 127 freshly_RB pressed_VBN tablecloth_NN *-_*- *'_*' reticulated_VBN J63 127 with_IN folds_NNS as_CS in_IN Flemish_NNP J63 128 last_AP suppers_NNS **'_**' *-_*- or_CC of_IN the_ATI clear_JJ J63 128 outlines_NNS of_IN figures_NNS thrown_VBN into_IN J63 129 relief_NN by_IN the_ATI light_NN of_IN a_AT bonfire_NN ,_, in_IN J63 129 the_ATI return_NN of_IN the_ATI native_NN :_: J63 130 *"_*' J63 131 ^ the_ATI brilliant_JJ lights_NNS and_CC sooty_JJ shades_NNS J63 131 which_WDTR struggled_VBD upon_IN the_ATI J63 132 skin_NN and_CC clothes_NNS of_IN the_ATI persons_NNS standing_VBG J63 132 round_RP caused_VBD their_PP$ lineaments_NNS J63 133 and_CC general_JJ contours_NNS to_TO be_BE drawn_VBN with_IN J63 133 Dureresque_JNP vigour_NN and_CC dash_NN ._. J63 134 **"_**' J63 135 ^ and_CC ,_, if_CS poets_NNS and_CC novelists_NNS have_HV J63 135 strained_VBN themselves_PPLS to_TO say_VB J63 136 something_PN original_JJ about_IN the_ATI moon_NN ,_, only_RB Hardy_NP J63 136 could_MD have_HV likened_VBN it_PP3 ,_, J63 137 as_CS he_PP3A does_DOZ in_IN Tess_NP ,_, to_IN *'_*' the_ATI outworn_JJ J63 137 gold-leaf_JJB halo_NN of_IN some_DTI J63 138 worm-eaten_JJ Tuscan_JNP saint_NN **'_**' ._. J63 139 ^ as_CS Hardy_NP develops_VBZ as_IN a_AT writer_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ J63 139 interesting_JJ to_TO observe_VB the_ATI J63 140 growing_JJ maturation_NN of_IN this_DT device_NN of_IN pictorial_JJ J63 140 allusion_NN ,_, which_WDTR in_IN his_PP$ J63 141 hands_NNS becomes_VBZ a_AT unique_JJ skill_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J63 141 later_JJR novels_NNS he_PP3A is_BEZ able_JJ to_TO J63 142 employ_VB it_PP3 in_IN ways_NNS that_WPR go_VB far_RB beyond_IN a_AT J63 142 purely_RB descriptive_JJ intention_NN ._. J63 143 ^ towards_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN Tess_NP ,_, he_PP3A wishes_VBZ to_TO J63 143 suggest_VB the_ATI psychological_JJ J63 144 change_NN which_WDTR has_HVZ been_BEN brought_VBN about_RP in_IN J63 144 Angel_NP Clare_NP by_IN his_PP$ wife's_NN$ J63 145 confession_NN ,_, and_CC he_PP3A puts_VBZ it_PP3 thus_RB :_: J63 146 *"_*' J63 147 ^ the_ATI picture_NN of_IN life_NN had_HVD changed_VBN for_IN J63 147 him_PP3O ._. ^ before_IN this_DT time_NN he_PP3A had_HVD J63 148 known_VBN it_PP3 but_RI speculatively_RB ;_; now_RN he_PP3A thought_VBD J63 148 he_PP3A knew_VBD it_PP3 as_IN a_AT practical_JJ J63 149 man_NN ;_; though_CS perhaps_RB he_PP3A did_DOD not_XNOT ,_, even_RB J63 149 yet_RB ._. ^ nevertheless_RB humanity_NN stood_VBD J63 150 before_IN him_PP3O no_RB longer_RBR in_IN the_ATI pensive_JJ J63 150 sweetness_NN of_IN Italian_JNP art_NN ,_, but_CC in_IN J63 151 the_ATI staring_JJ and_CC ghastly_JJ attitudes_NNS of_IN a_AT Wiertz_NP J63 151 Museum_NPL ,_, and_CC with_IN the_ATI J63 152 leer_NN of_IN a_AT study_NN by_IN Van_NP Beers_NP ._. J63 153 **"_**' J63 154 ^ although_CS the_ATI Poe-like_JNP horrifics_NNS of_IN Wiertz_NP J63 154 are_BER still_RB remembered_VBN J63 155 and_CC have_HV won_VBN a_AT small_JJ place_NN in_IN the_ATI history_NN J63 155 of_IN romanticism_NN ,_, Van_NP Beers_NP ,_, J63 156 who_WPR seems_VBZ to_TO have_HV deliberately_RB invited_VBN J63 156 comparison_NN with_IN him_PP3O ,_, has_HVZ now_RN J63 157 been_BEN completely_RB forgotten_VBN ._. ^ in_IN Hardy's_NP$ day_NN ,_, J63 157 however_RB ,_, he_PP3A enjoyed_VBD J63 158 something_PN of_IN a_AT succe*?3s_&FW de_&FW scandale_&FW with_IN J63 158 periodic_JJ J63 159 exhibitions_NNS in_IN Bond_NP Street_NPL ._. ^ one_CD1 of_IN these_DTS J63 159 ,_, held_VBN in_IN November_NR 1886_CD ,_, was_BEDZ J63 160 condemned_VBN by_IN a_AT critic_NN writing_VBG in_IN the_ATI J63 160 magazine_NN of_IN art_NN as_CS appealing_VBG J63 161 *'_*' to_IN a_AT class_NN of_IN sensations_NNS which_WDTR have_HV J63 161 but_RI little_AP to_TO do_DO with_IN those_DTS J63 162 which_WDTR art_NN ..._... should_MD aim_VB at_IN evoking_VBG **'_**' J63 162 ._. ^ even_RB *'_*' as_IN a_AT purveyor_NN of_IN J63 163 horrors_NNS **'_**' the_ATI artist_NN was_BEDZ unsuccessful_JJ ,_, J63 163 for_CS he_PP3A entirely_RB lacked_VBD *'_*' the_ATI J63 164 vastness_NN of_IN conception_NN ,_, the_ATI measure_NN of_IN J63 164 sincerity_NN which_WDTR gave_VBD to_IN the_ATI J63 165 art_NN *-_*- if_CS we_PP1AS must_MD so_RB designate_VB it_PP3 *-_*- J63 165 of_IN a_AT Wiertz_NP ,_, resulting_VBG ,_, as_CS it_PP3 did_DOD ,_, J63 166 from_IN the_ATI real_JJ hallucinations_NNS of_IN a_AT diseased_JJ J63 166 brain_NN ,_, a_AT certain_JJ interest_NN J63 167 and_CC a_AT raison_NN d'e*?5tre_NN" **'_**' ._. J63 168 ^ towards_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN Tess_NP ,_, Clare_NP returns_VBZ J63 168 at_RB length_RB" from_IN his_PP$ J63 169 wanderings_NNS ,_, and_CC we_PP1AS are_BER given_VBN a_AT striking_JJ J63 169 picture_NN of_IN the_ATI outward_JJB change_NN J63 170 in_IN him_PP3O which_WDTR has_HVZ accompanied_VBN the_ATI inner_JJB :_: J63 171 *"_*' J63 172 ^ you_PP2 could_MD see_VB the_ATI skeleton_NN behind_IN the_ATI J63 172 man_NN ,_, and_CC almost_RB the_ATI ghost_NN J63 173 behind_IN the_ATI skeleton_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A matched_VBD Crivelli's_NP$ J63 173 dead_JJ Christus_NP ._. ^ his_PP$ J63 174 sunken_JJ eye-pits_NNS were_BED of_IN morbid_JJ hue_NN ,_, and_CC J63 174 the_ATI light_NN in_IN his_PP$ eyes_NNS had_HVD J63 175 waned_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI angular_JJ hollows_NNS and_CC lines_NNS of_IN J63 175 his_PP$ aged_JJ ancestors_NNS had_HVD J63 176 succeeded_VBN to_IN their_PP$ reign_NN in_IN his_PP$ face_NN twenty_CD J63 176 years_NNS before_IN their_PP$ time_NN ._. J63 177 **"_**' J63 178 ^ the_ATI painting_NN to_IN which_WDTR Hardy_NP refers_VBZ is_BEZ J63 178 in_IN the_ATI National_NP Gallery_NPL ._. J63 179 ^ here_RN Hardy's_NP$ imagination_NN is_BEZ stimulated_VBN to_TO J63 179 enlarge_VB upon_IN the_ATI allusion_NN J63 180 and_CC to_TO paint_VB a_AT word-picture_NN of_IN great_JJ power_NN ._. ^ J63 180 Crivelli_NP was_BEDZ one_CD1 of_IN his_PP$ J63 181 favourite_JJB painters_NNS ,_, and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ easy_JJ to_TO J63 181 see_VB why_WRB the_ATI severity_NN of_IN J63 182 Crivelli's_NP$ types_NNS *-_*- the_ATI farthest_JJT remove_NN ,_, as_CS J63 182 they_PP3AS are_BER ,_, from_IN the_ATI pretty_JJ *-_*- J63 183 particularly_RB appealed_VBD to_IN him_PP3O ._. J63 184 ^ as_CS Hardy_NP masters_VBZ this_DT technique_NN he_PP3A J63 184 employs_VBZ it_PP3 more_RBR and_CC more_RBR for_IN J63 185 dramatic_JJ effect_NN ._. ^ Tess_NP again_RB provides_VBZ a_AT fine_JJ J63 185 example_NN ,_, in_IN that_DT J63 186 melancholy_JJ scene_NN at_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN the_ATI book_NN J63 186 when_WRB Angel_NP Clare_NP and_CC 'Liza-Lu_NP J63 187 walk_VB slowly_RB up_RP to_IN the_ATI summit_NN of_IN the_ATI west_NR J63 187 hill_NN above_IN Wintoncester_NP to_TO J63 188 watch_VB for_IN the_ATI prison_NN flag_NN that_WPR will_MD tell_VB J63 188 them_PP3OS that_CS Tess's_NP$ execution_NN J63 189 has_HVZ been_BEN carried_VBN out_RP :_: ^ *'_*' they_PP3AS moved_VBD J63 189 on_RP hand_NN in_IN hand_NN ,_, and_CC never_RB spoke_VBD a_AT J63 190 word_NN ,_, the_ATI drooping_NN of_IN their_PP$ heads_NNS being_BEG J63 190 that_DT of_IN Giotto's_NP$ *'_*' two_CD J63 191 apostles_NNS **'_**' ._. **'_**' ^ the_ATI picture_NN to_IN which_WDTR J63 191 Hardy_NP here_RN refers_VBZ is_BEZ a_AT fragment_NN J63 192 of_IN a_AT fresco_NN purchased_VBN for_IN the_ATI National_NP J63 192 Gallery_NPL in_IN 1856_CD ._. ^ it_PP3 comes_VBZ from_IN J63 193 a_AT large_JJ decoration_NN in_IN the_ATI Carmine_NP in_IN Florence_NP J63 193 which_WDTR was_BEDZ at_IN that_DT time_NN J63 194 believed_VBN to_TO be_BE by_IN Giotto_NP but_CC which_WDTR has_HVZ J63 194 since_RI been_BEN reattributed_VBN to_IN J63 195 Spinello_NP Aretino_NP ._. ^ the_ATI two_CD heads_NNS originally_RB J63 195 formed_VBD part_NN of_IN a_AT *'_*' burial_NN J63 196 of_IN \0St_NPT John_NP the_ATI baptist_NN **'_**' ._. ^ even_RB more_QL J63 196 touching_JJ ,_, perhaps_RB ,_, is_BEZ the_ATI J63 197 long_JJ ,_, beautiful_JJ description_NN ,_, earlier_JJR in_IN the_ATI J63 197 same_AP novel_NN ,_, of_IN the_ATI labours_NNS J63 198 of_IN Tess_NP and_CC Marion_NP in_IN the_ATI fields_NNS ,_, where_WRB J63 198 again_RB the_ATI image_NN of_IN two_CD bowed_JJ J63 199 heads_NNS is_BEZ evoked_VBN by_IN a_AT simple_JJ and_CC telling_JJ J63 199 pictorial_JJ allusion_NN :_: ^ *'_*' the_ATI J63 200 pensive_JJ character_NN which_WDTR the_ATI curtained_JJ hood_NN J63 200 lent_VBD to_IN their_PP$ bent_JJ heads_NNS J63 201 would_MD have_HV reminded_VBN the_ATI observer_NN of_IN some_DTI J63 201 early_JJ Italian_JNP conception_NN of_IN J63 202 the_ATI two_CD Marys_NPS ._. **'_**' J64 2 ^ while_CS the_ATI technical_JJ quality_NN of_IN the_ATI tapestry_NN J64 2 is_BEZ high_JJ ,_, the_ATI style_NN is_BEZ J64 3 rather_RB coarse_JJ and_CC there_EX is_BEZ an_AT element_NN of_IN J64 3 doubt_NN as_IN to_IN" its_PP$ origin_NN in_IN the_ATI J64 4 imperial_JJ workshops_NNS ._. J64 5 ^ the_ATI second_OD object_NN which_WDTR may_MD refer_VB to_IN an_AT J64 5 imperial_JJ triumph_NN is_BEZ the_ATI J64 6 ivory_NN casket_NN now_RN in_IN the_ATI Cathedral_NPL Treasury_NP at_IN J64 6 Troyes_NP ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI sides_NNS J64 7 the_ATI casket_NN is_BEZ remarkable_JJ for_IN hunting_NN scenes_NNS J64 7 of_IN considerable_JJ power_NN and_CC J64 8 for_IN phoenixes_NNS in_IN the_ATI Chinese_JNP style_NN (_( \0fig_NN J64 8 125_CD )_) ;_; on_IN the_ATI lid_NN two_CD J64 9 mounted_JJ emperors_NNS placed_VBN symmetrically_RB on_IN either_DTX J64 9 side_NN of_IN a_AT town_NN are_BER J64 10 offered_VBN a_AT city-crown_NN by_IN a_AT woman_NN emerging_VBG from_IN J64 10 the_ATI gate_NN followed_VBN by_IN J64 11 townsfolk_NNS (_( \0fig_NN 126_CD )_) ._. ^ it_PP3 has_HVZ been_BEN J64 11 suggested_VBN that_CS this_DT last_AP scene_NN is_BEZ J64 12 related_VBN to_IN the_ATI triumph_NN of_IN Basil_NP 2_CD but_CC ,_, J64 12 although_CS undoubtedly_RB J64 13 portraying_VBG a_AT victorious_JJ emperor_NN ,_, judging_VBG from_IN J64 13 the_ATI other_AP scenes_NNS on_IN the_ATI J64 14 casket_NN ,_, it_PP3 seems_VBZ not_XNOT to_TO be_BE connected_VBN J64 14 with_IN any_DTI particular_JJ event_NN ._. ^ a_AT J64 15 date_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, in_IN the_ATI eleventh_OD century_NN is_BEZ J64 15 possible_JJ ._. J64 16 ^ more_AP textiles_NNS may_MD be_BE assigned_VBN to_IN the_ATI J64 16 reign_NN of_IN Basil_NP 2_CD ._. ^ several_AP J64 17 fragments_NNS of_IN silk_NN woven_VBN in_IN compound_JJ twill_NN J64 17 with_IN representations_NNS of_IN J64 18 large_JJ stylized_JJ lions_NNS at_IN Berlin_NP ,_, Du"sseldorf_NP ,_, J64 18 Krefeld_NP and_CC Cologne_NP J64 19 (_( \0fig_NN 127_CD )_) bear_VB inscriptions_NNS referring_VBG to_IN J64 19 the_ATI Emperors_NPTS Constantine_NP J64 20 8_CD and_CC Basil_NP 2_CD ,_, the_ATI sovereigns_NNS who_WPR love_VB J64 20 Christ_NP ._. ^ Constantine_NP 8_CD ,_, J64 21 younger_JJR brother_NN of_IN Basil_NP 2_CD ,_, idle_JJ and_CC J64 21 pleasure-loving_JJ like_IN his_PP$ father_NN J64 22 Romanus_NP 2_CD ,_, ruled_VBD jointly_RB with_IN the_ATI J64 22 Bulgaroctonos_NP between_IN 976_CD and_CC J64 23 1025_CD ._. ^ earlier_JJR versions_NNS of_IN this_DT type_NN of_IN J64 23 silk_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, were_BED known_VBN at_IN J64 24 one_CD1 time_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI Cathedral_NPL at_IN Auxerre_NP J64 24 under_IN Bishop_NPT \0St_NPT Gaudry_NP J64 25 (_( 918-933_CD-CD )_) were_BED two_CD fragments_NNS of_IN a_AT lion_NN J64 25 silk_NN bearing_VBG the_ATI inscription_NN J64 26 *'_*' in_IN the_ATI reign_NN of_IN Leo_NP ,_, the_ATI sovereign_NN J64 26 who_WPR loves_VBZ Christ_NP **'_**' ,_, which_WDTR must_MD J64 27 refer_VB to_IN the_ATI Emperor_NPT Leo_NP 6_CD (_( 886-912_CD-CD )_) J64 27 ._. ^ at_IN Siegburg_NP another_DT great_JJ J64 28 lion_NN silk_NN ,_, now_RN destroyed_VBN ,_, bore_VBD an_AT J64 28 inscription_NN referring_VBG to_IN Romanus_NP 1_CD1 J64 29 Lecapenus_NP and_CC his_PP$ son_NN Christopher_NP ,_, whose_WP$R J64 29 joint_JJB reign_NN lasted_VBD from_IN 921_CD J64 30 to_IN 923_CD ._. ^ a_AT number_NN of_IN reduced_JJ ,_, coarser_JJR J64 30 versions_NNS of_IN these_DTS lion_NN silks_NNS J64 31 have_HV survived_VBN but_CC without_IN inscriptions_NNS and_CC in_IN J64 31 this_DT case_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ tempting_JJ J64 32 to_TO make_VB a_AT distinction_NN between_IN work_NN done_VBN in_IN J64 32 the_ATI imperial_JJ factory_NN and_CC J64 33 work_NN done_VBN in_IN the_ATI city_NN ._. ^ the_ATI magnificent_JJ J64 33 elephant_NN silk_NN (_( \0fig_NN 128_CD )_) ,_, J64 34 introduced_VBN into_IN the_ATI tomb_NN of_IN Charlemagne_NP at_IN J64 34 Aachen_NP by_IN the_ATI Emperor_NPT Otto_NP J64 35 3_CD during_IN the_ATI *'_*' recognition_NN **'_**' of_IN the_ATI J64 35 year_NN 1000_CD ,_, must_MD also_RB date_VB from_IN J64 36 the_ATI early_JJ part_NN of_IN the_ATI reign_NN of_IN Basil_NP 2_CD J64 36 and_CC Constantine_NP 8_CD ,_, although_CS J64 37 the_ATI Greek_JNP inscription_NN refers_VBZ only_RB to_IN the_ATI J64 37 fact_NN that_CS it_PP3 was_BEDZ made_VBN *'_*' under_IN J64 38 Michael_NP ,_, kitonite_&FW and_CC eidikos_&FW ,_, and_CC Peter_NP ,_, J64 38 archon_&FW of_IN the_ATI J64 39 Zeuxippos_NP **'_**' ._. ^ in_IN addition_NN ,_, two_CD eagle_NN J64 39 silks_NNS may_MD claim_VB to_TO have_HV come_VBN J64 40 from_IN the_ATI imperial_JJ workshops_NNS under_IN these_DTS J64 40 emperors_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI chasuble_NN of_IN J64 41 \0St_NPT Albuin_NP (_( 975-1006_CD-CD )_) in_IN the_ATI Cathedral_NPL J64 41 Treasury_NP at_IN Brixen_NP is_BEZ made_VBN up_RP J64 42 from_IN a_AT silk_NN compound_JJ twill_NN woven_VBN with_IN a_AT J64 42 pattern_NN of_IN large_JJ stylized_JJ J64 43 eagles_NNS in_IN dark_JJ green_NN on_IN a_AT rose-purple_JJ ground_NN J64 43 with_IN large_JJ dark_JJ green_JJ J64 44 rosettes_NNS in_IN the_ATI intervening_JJ spaces_NNS *-_*- eyes_NNS ,_, J64 44 beaks_NNS ,_, claws_NNS ,_, and_CC the_ATI ring_NN J64 45 in_IN the_ATI beak_NN are_BER yellow_JJ (_( \0fig_NN 129_CD )_) ._. ^ J64 45 the_ATI shroud_NN of_IN \0St_NPT Germain_NP in_IN J64 46 the_ATI Church_NPL of_IN Saint-Euse*?3be_NP at_IN Auxerre_NP bears_VBZ J64 46 an_AT identical_JJ pattern_NN J64 47 but_CC in_IN colours_NNS of_IN dark_JJ blue_NN ,_, dark_JJ J64 47 blue-green_NN ,_, and_CC yellow_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI J64 48 quality_NN is_BEZ finer_JJR than_IN the_ATI Brixen_NP silk_NN ._. ^ J64 48 unfortunately_RB neither_DTX of_IN these_DTS J64 49 superb_JJ silks_NNS bears_VBZ an_AT inscription_NN ._. J64 50 ^ with_IN the_ATI possible_JJ exception_NN of_IN the_ATI last_AP J64 50 two_CD silks_NNS ,_, which_WDTR differ_VB J64 51 considerably_RB from_IN Islamic_JNP eagle_NN silks_NNS that_WPR have_HV J64 51 survived_VBN ,_, it_PP3 may_MD be_BE J64 52 said_VBN that_CS Byzantine_JNP silk_NN production_NN of_IN this_DT J64 52 time_NN was_BEDZ heavily_RB indebted_JJ J64 53 to_IN Persian_JNP and_CC Abbasid_NP models_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J64 53 elephant_NN silk_NN is_BEZ clearly_RB based_VBN on_IN J64 54 a_AT Buwaiyid_NP model_NN for_IN its_PP$ subject_NN matter_NN and_CC J64 54 particularly_RB for_IN the_ATI J64 55 stylized_JJ tree_NN and_CC its_PP$ foliage_NN behind_IN the_ATI J64 55 elephant_NN ,_, though_CS the_ATI border_NN J64 56 of_IN the_ATI medallion_NN contains_VBZ more_QL specifically_RB J64 56 Byzantine_JNP ornament_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J64 57 may_MD be_BE that_CS the_ATI introduction_NN of_IN the_ATI J64 57 inscriptions_NNS referring_VBG to_IN the_ATI J64 58 emperors_NNS and_CC used_VBN as_IN part_NN of_IN the_ATI design_NN J64 58 is_BEZ an_AT adoption_NN of_IN Islamic_JNP J64 59 tiraz_&FW protocol_NN ._. ^ later_RBR in_IN the_ATI century_NN ,_, J64 59 when_WRB a_AT series_NN of_IN J64 60 particularly_RB subtle_JJ silks_NNS ,_, known_VBN for_IN convenience_NN J64 60 as_IN *'_*' incised_JJ J64 61 twills_NNS **'_**' because_CS the_ATI pattern_NN in_IN a_AT silk_NN J64 61 of_IN one_CD1 colour_NN appears_VBZ to_TO be_BE J64 62 engraved_VBN ,_, are_BER known_VBN in_IN several_AP sequences_NNS ,_, J64 62 the_ATI problem_NN of_IN deciding_VBG J64 63 which_WDT were_BED made_VBN in_IN the_ATI Byzantine_JNP world_NN and_CC J64 63 which_WDT were_BED made_VBN under_IN J64 64 Islam_NNP ,_, or_CC by_IN Islamic_JNP craftsmen_NNS in_IN the_ATI J64 64 Byzantine_JNP empire_NN ,_, becomes_VBZ acute_JJ ._. J64 65 ^ some_DTI bear_VB fine_JJ Kufic_JNP inscriptions_NNS with_IN the_ATI J64 65 name_NN of_IN an_AT Amir_NP of_IN J64 66 Diyarbakr_NP in_IN northern_JJ Syria_NP dating_VBG about_IN 1025_CD ,_, J64 66 others_APS bear_VB polite_JJ J64 67 wishes_NNS in_IN Kufic_NNP ,_, some_DTI have_HV no_ATI inscriptions_NNS J64 67 at_IN all_ABN ,_, and_CC there_EX is_BEZ one_CD1 J64 68 remarkable_JJ silk_NN ,_, with_IN the_ATI portrait_NN of_IN a_AT J64 68 Byzantine_JNP emperor_NN ,_, found_VBN in_IN J64 69 the_ATI tomb_NN of_IN \0St_NPT Ulrich_NP of_IN Augsburg_NP (_( \0d_VBD J64 69 955_CD )_) ,_, which_WDTR seems_VBZ to_TO be_BE J64 70 without_IN question_NN of_IN Greek_JNP manufacture_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J64 70 textiles_NNS found_VBN in_IN the_ATI tomb_NN J64 71 of_IN Pope_NPT Clement_NP 2_CD (_( \0d_VBD 1047_CD )_) at_IN Bamberg_NP J64 71 ,_, of_IN which_WDTR one_CD1 is_BEZ closely_RB J64 72 related_VBN to_IN a_AT silk_NN from_IN the_ATI tomb_NN of_IN King_NPT J64 72 Edward_NP the_ATI confessor_NN (_( \0d_NNU J64 73 1066_CD )_) ,_, present_VB similar_JJ problems_NNS ._. ^ there_EX J64 73 can_MD be_BE no_ATI doubt_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, that_CS J64 74 the_ATI imperial_JJ Byzantine_JNP silks_NNS have_HV a_AT power_NN J64 74 and_CC a_AT dignity_NN ,_, a_AT feeling_NN for_IN J64 75 design_NN and_CC texture_NN ,_, seldom_RB rivalled_VBN in_IN the_ATI J64 75 history_NN of_IN textiles_NNS ._. ^ there_EX J64 76 is_BEZ little_AP wonder_NN that_CS Bishop_NPT Liutprand_NP of_IN J64 76 Cremona_NP was_BEDZ tempted_VBN on_IN his_PP$ J64 77 return_NN from_IN his_PP$ unsatisfactory_JJ mission_NN to_IN the_ATI J64 77 Emperor_NPT Nicephorus_NP J64 78 Phocas_NP to_TO smuggle_VB imperial_JJ silks_NNS through_IN the_ATI J64 78 Byzantine_JNP customs_NNS ._. J64 79 ^ the_ATI mosaic_JJ panel_NN in_IN the_ATI south_NR gallery_NN of_IN J64 79 Agia_NP Sophia_NP at_IN J64 80 Constantinople_NP with_IN the_ATI portraits_NNS of_IN the_ATI J64 80 Emperor_NPT Constantine_NP 9_CD J64 81 Monomachos_NP and_CC the_ATI Empress_NPT Zoe_NP standing_VBG on_IN J64 81 either_DTX side_NN of_IN the_ATI seated_JJ J64 82 Christ_NP presents_VBZ certain_JJ problems_NNS (_( \0fig_NN 130_CD )_) J64 82 ._. ^ it_PP3 continues_VBZ the_ATI J64 83 tradition_NN of_IN ex-voto_JJB mosaic_JJ panels_NNS representing_VBG J64 83 the_ATI Augusti_NPS J64 84 bearing_NN gifts_NNS familiar_JJ in_IN San_NP Vitale_NP at_IN J64 84 Ravenna_NP in_IN the_ATI sixth_OD century_NN J64 85 and_CC panels_NNS of_IN a_AT less_QL exalted_JJ nature_NN in_IN the_ATI J64 85 Church_NPL of_IN \0St_NPT Demetrius_NP J64 86 at_IN Salonika_NP in_IN the_ATI seventh_OD century_NN ._. ^ but_CC J64 86 in_IN this_DT panel_NN all_ABN three_CD heads_NNS J64 87 and_CC the_ATI inscriptions_NNS are_BER substitutions_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 J64 87 is_BEZ probable_JJ that_CS the_ATI J64 88 original_JJ mosaic_NN was_BEDZ executed_VBN between_IN 1028_CD and_CC J64 88 1034_CD and_CC it_PP3 represented_VBD J64 89 the_ATI Empress_NPT Zoe_NP (_( 1028-1050_CD-CD )_) ,_, daughter_NN J64 89 of_IN Constantine_NP 8_CD ,_, and_CC her_PP$ J64 90 first_OD husband_NN Romanus_NP 3_CD Argyrus_NP (_( 1028-1034_CD-CD )_) J64 90 ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI J64 91 documentary_JJ evidence_NN ,_, incidentally_RB ,_, that_CS the_ATI J64 91 Empress_NPT Zoe_NP was_BEDZ J64 92 interested_JJ in_IN patronizing_VBG large-scale_JJB works_NNS of_IN J64 92 art_NN though_CS she_PP3A had_HVD a_AT J64 93 fancy_NN for_IN expensive_JJ trinkets_NNS and_CC chemical_JJ J64 93 experiments_NNS ,_, but_CC Romanus_NP 3_CD J64 94 instigated_VBD repairs_NNS to_IN Agia_NP Sophia_NP and_CC to_IN the_ATI J64 94 Church_NPL of_IN \0St_NPT Mary_NP at_IN J64 95 Blachernae_NP ._. ^ his_PP$ name_NN would_MD seem_VB to_TO fit_VB J64 95 the_ATI space_NN allowed_VBN for_IN the_ATI J64 96 inscription_NN better_RBR than_IN that_DT of_IN Michael_NP his_PP$ J64 96 successor_NN and_CC ,_, since_CS he_PP3A J64 97 was_BEDZ unpopular_JJ ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ more_QL likely_JJ to_TO be_BE J64 97 excised_VBN than_IN that_DT of_IN Michael_NP J64 98 4_CD the_ATI Paphlagonian_NNP (_( 1034-1041_CD-CD )_) ,_, who_WPR J64 98 was_BEDZ well_RB liked_VBN and_CC the_ATI uncle_NN of_IN J64 99 Michael_NP 5_CD Kalaphates_NP (_( 1041-1042_CD-CD )_) ._. ^ Zoe_NP ,_, J64 99 who_WPR was_BEDZ not_XNOT fitted_VBN by_IN J64 100 temperament_NN to_TO govern_VB ,_, according_IN to_IN" Michael_NP J64 100 Psellus_NP ,_, retained_VBD the_ATI J64 101 affection_NN of_IN the_ATI people_NNS in_IN spite_IN" of_IN" her_PP$ J64 101 eccentricities_NNS ._. ^ she_PP3A had_HVD lived_VBN J64 102 in_IN retirement_NN during_IN the_ATI later_JJR years_NNS of_IN J64 102 Michael_NP 4's_CD$ rule_NN and_CC had_HVD J64 103 been_BEN persuaded_VBN to_TO adopt_VB his_PP$ nephew_NN as_IN J64 103 Emperor_NPT ._. ^ Michael_NP 5_CD ,_, however_RB ,_, J64 104 induced_VBD the_ATI Senate_NP to_TO banish_VB Zoe_NP as_IN a_AT nun_NN J64 104 to_IN the_ATI island_NN of_IN Prinkipo_NP ._. J64 105 ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ presumably_RB at_IN this_DT time_NN that_CS the_ATI J64 105 mosaic_JJ panel_NN was_BEDZ defaced_VBN ._. J64 106 ^ Michael_NP 5's_CD$ triumph_NN was_BEDZ brief_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI J64 106 people_NNS were_BED not_XNOT prepared_VBN to_TO see_VB J64 107 a_AT daughter_NN born_VBN to_IN the_ATI purple_NN of_IN the_ATI J64 107 Macedonian_JNP house_NN treated_VBN with_IN J64 108 such_ABL contumely_NN and_CC they_PP3AS rioted_VBD ._. ^ the_ATI J64 108 Empress_NPT was_BEDZ brought_VBN back_RP from_IN J64 109 exile_NN ._. ^ she_PP3A and_CC her_PP$ sister_NN Theodora_NP ,_, who_WPR J64 109 had_HVD long_RB been_BEN a_AT nun_NN in_IN the_ATI J64 110 convent_NN of_IN the_ATI Petrion_NP by_IN the_ATI Phanar_NP ,_, J64 110 were_BED reinstated_VBN in_IN the_ATI purple_NN ._. J64 111 ^ Michael_NP 5_CD was_BEDZ persuaded_VBN to_TO leave_VB the_ATI J64 111 altar_NN in_IN the_ATI Church_NPL of_IN \0St_NPT J64 112 John_NP of_IN Studius_NP where_WRB he_PP3A had_HVD taken_VBN refuge_NN J64 112 ,_, and_CC was_BEDZ blinded_VBN in_IN a_AT street_NN J64 113 of_IN the_ATI city_NN ._. ^ the_ATI two_CD sisters_NNS ,_, who_WPR J64 113 had_HVD little_AP love_NN for_IN one_PPLS another_PPLS" ,_, J64 114 ruled_VBD for_IN a_AP few_AP" months_NNS as_IN co-Empresses_NPTS and_CC J64 114 coins_NNS were_BED struck_VBN with_IN J64 115 their_PP$ images_NNS (_( \0fig_NN 131_CD )_) but_CC later_RBR in_IN J64 115 the_ATI year_NN of_IN 1042_CD Zoe_NP at_IN an_AT J64 116 advanced_JJ age_NN took_VBD another_DT husband_NN ,_, Constantine_NP J64 116 Monomachos_NP (_( 1042-1055_CD-CD )_) ,_, J64 117 and_CC Theodora_NP was_BEDZ kept_VBN in_IN the_ATI background_NN of_IN J64 117 affairs_NNS ._. ^ about_IN this_DT time_NN J64 118 the_ATI imperial_JJ portraits_NNS were_BED restored_VBN ._. ^ it_PP3 J64 118 is_BEZ still_RB far_RB from_RB" clear_JJ ,_, J64 119 however_RB ,_, why_WRB it_PP3 was_BEDZ necessary_JJ to_TO restore_VB J64 119 the_ATI head_NN of_IN Christ_NP ._. J64 120 ^ as_IN opposed_IN" to_IN" the_ATI figures_NNS of_IN Constantine_NP J64 120 and_CC Justinian_NP on_IN the_ATI J64 121 tympanum_NN of_IN Basil_NP 2_CD (_( \0fig_NN 123_CD )_) ,_, which_WDTR J64 121 are_BER seen_VBN in_IN depth_NN and_CC J64 122 modelled_VBN with_IN some_DTI solidity_NN ,_, the_ATI bodies_NNS of_IN J64 122 the_ATI Augusti_NPS are_BER little_AP more_AP J64 123 than_IN lay_JJB figures_NNS of_IN imperial_JJ power_NN ._. ^ in_IN J64 123 contrast_NN with_IN the_ATI virgin_NN in_IN J64 124 the_ATI south_NR vestibule_NN the_ATI drapery_NN of_IN Christ_NP J64 124 has_HVZ become_VBN considerably_RB more_QL J64 125 mannered_JJ with_IN its_PP$ cross-currents_NNS of_IN folds_NNS and_CC J64 125 the_ATI face_NN shows_VBZ a_AT marked_JJ J64 126 difference_NN of_IN approach_NN ,_, more_QL sketchy_JJ and_CC J64 126 schematic_JJ ._. ^ but_CC in_IN view_NN of_IN J64 127 the_ATI different_JJ styles_NNS current_JJ in_IN Constantinople_NP J64 127 it_PP3 would_MD be_BE rash_JJ to_TO J64 128 press_VB these_DTS contrasts_NNS too_QL far_RB ._. ^ the_ATI J64 128 figures_NNS of_IN Constantine_NP and_CC J64 129 Justinian_NP were_BED probably_RB copied_VBN from_IN earlier_JJR J64 129 imperial_JJ portraits_NNS ,_, which_WDTR J64 130 would_MD give_VB them_PP3OS the_ATI definition_NN that_CS the_ATI J64 130 Macedonian_JNP Augusti_NPS lack_VB ._. ^ the_ATI J64 131 portrayal_NN of_IN the_ATI reigning_JJ Augusti_NPS behind_IN a_AT J64 131 flat_JJ curtain_NN of_IN patterned_JJ J64 132 dress_NN and_CC regalia_NNS establishes_VBZ a_AT convention_NN of_IN J64 132 official_JJ portraiture_NN J64 133 which_WDTR continued_VBD to_IN the_ATI end_NN ._. ^ the_ATI heads_NNS J64 133 in_IN official_JJ portraiture_NN ,_, on_IN the_ATI J64 134 other_AP hand_NN ,_, are_BER presented_VBN in_IN terms_NNS which_WDTR J64 134 presuppose_VB recognition_NN ._. J64 135 ^ while_CS the_ATI restored_JJ heads_NNS in_IN the_ATI Zoe_NP panel_NN J64 135 have_HV become_VBN considerably_RB J64 136 more_RBR conceptualized_VBN than_IN all_ABN three_CD heads_NNS in_IN J64 136 the_ATI tympanum_NN of_IN Basil_NP J64 137 2_CD *-_*- the_ATI accentuation_NN of_IN the_ATI cheek-bones_NNS by_IN J64 137 circular_JJ devices_NNS ,_, the_ATI J64 138 broadening_NN of_IN the_ATI planes_NNS of_IN the_ATI face_NN *-_*- J64 138 the_ATI Empress_NPT and_CC her_PP$ consort_NN are_BER J64 139 rendered_VBN as_IN plausible_JJ historic_JJ statements_NNS ._. J64 140 ^ Constantine_NP 9_CD ,_, brought_VBN back_RP from_IN exile_NN in_IN J64 140 Mytilene_NP to_TO marry_VB an_AT J64 141 aged_JJ Empress_NPT preoccupied_JJ with_IN religion_NN and_CC J64 141 making_VBG scents_NNS ,_, flaunted_VBD a_AT J64 142 beautiful_JJ Caucasian_JNP mistress_NN at_IN public_JJ ceremonies_NNS J64 142 ,_, but_CC for_IN all_ABN his_PP$ J64 143 love_NN of_IN entertainment_NN ,_, he_PP3A was_BEDZ by_IN no_ATI J64 143 means_NNS unaware_JJ of_IN the_ATI J64 144 responsibilities_NNS of_IN his_PP$ position_NN ._. ^ he_PP3A built_VBD J64 144 the_ATI church_NN and_CC convent_NN of_IN J64 145 \0St_NPT George_NP of_IN the_ATI Manganes_NP and_CC founded_VBD the_ATI J64 145 Nea_NP Moni_NP on_IN Chios_NP after_IN J64 146 the_ATI miraculous_JJ discovery_NN of_IN an_AT icon_NN by_IN J64 146 shepherds_NNS on_IN Mount_NPL Privation_NP ._. J64 147 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ probable_JJ that_CS mosaicists_NNS were_BED sent_VBN J64 147 from_IN the_ATI capital_NN to_TO decorate_VB J64 148 the_ATI church_NN on_IN Chios_NP ._. ^ fragments_NNS of_IN their_PP$ J64 148 work_NN have_HV survived_VBN including_IN J64 149 a_AT virgin_NN orans_JJ in_IN the_ATI apse_NN ,_, a_AP few_AP" J64 149 angels_NNS and_CC saints_NNS ,_, and_CC fourteen_CD J64 150 scenes_NNS ranging_VBG from_IN the_ATI annunciation_NN to_IN the_ATI J64 150 pentecost_NN ._. ^ but_CC the_ATI J64 151 sombre_JJ ,_, forceful_JJ style_NN of_IN these_DTS mosaics_NNS has_HVZ J64 151 unfortunately_RB no_ATI J64 152 counterpart_NN in_IN the_ATI capital_NN and_CC contrasts_VBZ J64 152 strangely_RB with_IN the_ATI slightly_RB J64 153 inconclusive_JJ images_NNS of_IN imperial_JJ power_NN in_IN Agia_NP J64 153 Sophia_NP ._. ^ the_ATI style_NN at_IN J64 154 the_ATI Nea_NP Moni_NP does_DOZ not_XNOT resemble_VB the_ATI work_NN J64 154 done_VBN at_IN Osios_NP Loukas_NP in_IN Phocis_NP J64 155 about_IN the_ATI middle_NN of_IN the_ATI eleventh_OD century_NN ,_, J64 155 which_WDTR seems_VBZ to_TO be_BE the_ATI work_NN J64 156 of_IN a_AT provincial_JJ school_NN ,_, nor_CC the_ATI uneven_JJ J64 156 quality_NN of_IN the_ATI work_NN done_VBN in_IN J64 157 Agia_NP Sophia_NP at_IN Kiev_NP about_IN 1045_CD with_IN the_ATI J64 157 help_NN of_IN mosaicists_NNS sent_VBN from_IN J64 158 Constantinople_NP ._. ^ the_ATI style_NN ,_, moreover_RB ,_, J64 158 contrasts_VBZ with_IN that_DT of_IN the_ATI J64 159 mosaics_NNS executed_VBN in_IN the_ATI narthex_NN of_IN the_ATI J64 159 Church_NPL of_IN the_ATI Dormition_NP at_IN J64 160 Nicaea_NP ,_, now_RN destroyed_VBN ,_, under_IN the_ATI patronage_NN J64 160 of_IN the_ATI patrician_NN Nicephorus_NP J64 161 after_IN the_ATI earthquake_NN of_IN 1065_CD ._. ^ this_DT J64 161 decoration_NN consisted_VBD of_IN a_AT double_JJ J64 162 cross_NN against_IN a_AT ground_NN of_IN stars_NNS within_IN a_AT J64 162 roundel_NN in_IN the_ATI centre_NN of_IN the_ATI J64 163 vault_NN surrounded_VBN by_IN medallions_NNS containing_VBG the_ATI J64 163 busts_NNS of_IN Christ_NP J64 164 Pantocrator_NP ,_, \0St_NPT John_NP the_ATI baptist_NN ,_, \0St_NPT J64 164 Joachim_NP and_CC \0St_NPT Anne_NP ;_; in_IN J64 165 the_ATI lunette_NN over_IN the_ATI door_NN there_EX was_BEDZ a_AT J64 165 bust_NN of_IN the_ATI virgin_NN orans_JJ ;_; in_IN the_ATI J64 166 four_CD corners_NNS of_IN the_ATI vault_NN there_EX were_BED the_ATI J64 166 four_CD evangelists_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J64 167 meaning_NN of_IN this_DT iconographical_JJ programme_NN is_BEZ far_RB J64 167 from_RB" clear_JJ and_CC the_ATI J64 168 absence_NN of_IN comparable_JJ programmes_NNS in_IN the_ATI capital_NN J64 168 handicaps_VBZ speculation_NN ._. J64 169 ^ stylistically_RB the_ATI forms_NNS are_BER rather_RB broad_JJ and_CC J64 169 heavy_JJ ;_; the_ATI face_NN of_IN the_ATI J64 170 virgin_NN orans_JJ in_IN the_ATI lunette_NN over_IN the_ATI door_NN J64 170 seems_VBZ to_TO be_BE a_AT development_NN of_IN J64 171 the_ATI virgin_NN and_CC child_NN over_IN the_ATI door_NN in_IN the_ATI J64 171 south_NR vestibule_NN of_IN Agia_NP J64 172 Sophia_NP but_CC the_ATI work_NN ,_, as_QL far_RB as_CS one_CD1 may_MD J64 172 judge_VB from_IN the_ATI photographs_NNS ,_, J64 173 seems_VBZ coarser_JJR ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI portrayal_NN of_IN the_ATI J64 173 evangelists_NNS the_ATI bodies_NNS tend_VB to_TO J64 174 disintegrate_VB under_IN the_ATI pattern_NN of_IN folds_NNS ;_; in_IN J64 174 \0St_NPT Matthew_NP ,_, for_IN J64 175 example_NN ,_, the_ATI relationship_NN of_IN the_ATI upper_JJB part_NN J64 175 of_IN the_ATI body_NN to_IN the_ATI lower_JJR J64 176 is_BEZ uneasy_JJ and_CC the_ATI right_JJ thigh_NN seems_VBZ J64 176 unwarrantably_RB stressed_VBN *-_*- this_DT J64 177 figure_NN executed_VBN during_IN the_ATI reign_NN of_IN Constantine_NP J64 177 10_CD Dukas_NP (_( 1059-1067_CD-CD )_) J64 178 looks_VBZ forward_RB to_IN late_JJ Comnene_JNP art_NN ;_; \0St_NPT J64 178 Luke_NP ,_, on_IN the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, J64 179 depends_VBZ almost_RB directly_RB from_IN the_ATI works_NNS J64 179 executed_VBN in_IN the_ATI palace_NN J64 180 scriptoria_NNS ;_; in_IN all_ABN four_CD figures_NNS ,_, the_ATI J64 180 tendency_NN of_IN the_ATI drapery_NN to_TO create_VB J64 181 its_PP$ own_AP pattern_NN counter_RB to_IN the_ATI form_NN it_PP3 J64 181 covers_VBZ echoes_VBZ one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI main_JJB J64 182 features_NNS of_IN middle_JJB Byzantine_JNP style_NN ._. J65 2 ^ ritual_JJB art_NN ._. J65 3 ^ by_IN Cecil_NP Roth_NP ._. J65 4 ^ a_AT characteristic_JJ recommendation_NN of_IN the_ATI Talmud_NP J65 4 justifies_VBZ and_CC J65 5 proves_VBZ the_ATI antiquity_NN of_IN the_ATI ritual_JJB art_NN of_IN J65 5 the_ATI Jewish_JNP synagogue_NN and_CC J65 6 home_NR ._. ^ rabbis_NNS make_VB this_DT comment_NN about_IN the_ATI J65 6 Biblical_JNP verse_NN ._. ^ *'_*' this_DT is_BEZ my_PP$ J65 7 God_NP ,_, and_CC I_PP1A will_MD glorify_VB (_( \0lit_RB *'_*' adorn_VB J65 7 **'_**' )_) him_PP3O **'_**' (_( Exodus_NP ,_, 15_CD ,_, 2_CD )_) :_: J65 8 ^ *'_*' adorn_VB thyself_PPL before_IN him_PP3O in_IN the_ATI J65 8 performance_NN of_IN the_ATI commandments_NNS ._. J65 9 ^ make_VB before_IN him_PP3O a_AT goodly_JJ succah_&FW ,_, and_CC J65 9 goodly_JJ lulab_&FW ,_, and_CC a_AT J65 10 goodly_JJ shophar_&FW ,_, and_CC goodly_JJ fringes_NNS for_IN your_PP$ J65 10 garments_NNS ,_, and_CC a_AT J65 11 goodly_JJ Sepher_&FW Torah_&FW ..._... and_CC bind_VB it_PP3 up_RP J65 11 with_IN goodly_JJ J65 12 wrappings_NNS ._. **'_**' ^ elsewhere_RB ,_, we_PP1AS learn_VB of_IN J65 12 the_ATI adornments_NNS hung_VBN in_IN the_ATI J65 13 succah_&FW ,_, and_CC of_IN the_ATI gold_NN fillets_NNS used_VBN to_TO J65 13 bind_VB up_RP the_ATI lulab_&FW ,_, J65 14 and_CC more_RB than_RB" once_RB of_IN the_ATI wrappings_NNS for_IN J65 14 the_ATI sacred_JJ books_NNS ._. ^ but_CC there_EX J65 15 is_BEZ no_ATI evidence_NN that_CS at_IN this_DT time_NN any_DTI of_IN J65 15 these_DTS appurtenances_NNS had_HVD any_DTI J65 16 uniformity_NN or_CC were_BED expressly_RB made_VBN for_IN a_AT J65 16 specific_JJ purpose_NN ._. ^ with_IN the_ATI J65 17 exception_NN of_IN a_AP few_AP" eight-burnered_JJ clay_NN lamps_NNS J65 17 presumably_RB intended_VBN for_IN J65 18 use_NN on_IN the_ATI feast_NN of_IN Hanukkah_NP ,_, there_EX is_BEZ J65 18 barely_RB any_DTI evidence_NN of_IN J65 19 specifically-made_JJB Jewish_JNP ritual_JJB adornments_NNS ,_, other_AP J65 19 than_IN those_DTS of_IN the_ATI J65 20 temple_NN ,_, until_IN the_ATI close_NN of_IN the_ATI first_OD J65 20 millenium_NN ._. J65 21 ^ it_PP3 must_MD have_HV been_BEN about_IN this_DT period_NN that_CS J65 21 their_PP$ manufacture_NN began_VBD ,_, J65 22 for_CS not_XNOT long_RB after_RI we_PP1AS read_VB of_IN such_ABL J65 22 objects_NNS as_CS commonplace_JJ ._. ^ thus_RB in_IN an_AT J65 23 inventory_NN of_IN the_ATI property_NN of_IN the_ATI Palestinian_JNP J65 23 synagogue_NN in_IN Fostat_NP J65 24 (_( Cairo_NP )_) ,_, drawn_VBN up_RP in_IN 1186-87_CD-CD ,_, we_PP1AS J65 24 find_VB scheduled_VBN *'_*' two_CD Torah-crowns_NNS J65 25 made_VBN out_RP of_IN silver_NN ,_, and_CC three_CD pairs_NNS of_IN J65 25 finials_NNS (_( rimmonim_&FW )_) made_VBN of_IN J65 26 silver_NN ,_, and_CC twenty-two_CD Torah-covers_NNS made_VBN of_IN J65 26 silk_NN ,_, some_DTI of_IN them_PP3OS J65 27 brocaded_VBN with_IN gold_NN ,_, **'_**' and_RB so_RB" on_RB" ._. ^ J65 27 presumably_RB ,_, domestic_JJ ritual_JJB objects_NNS J65 28 began_VBD to_TO be_BE made_VBN at_IN much_RB the_ATI same_AP time_NN J65 28 ._. ^ the_ATI name_NN of_IN Rabbi_NPT Meir_NP of_IN J65 29 Rothenburg_NP ,_, the_ATI great_JJ German_JNP Jewish_JNP ritual_JJB J65 29 art_NN as_CS we_PP1AS know_VB it_PP3 now_RN had_HVD J65 30 begun_VBN to_TO frequently_RB in_IN connection_NN with_IN our_PP$ J65 30 literary_JJ J65 31 evidences_NNS ,_, and_CC it_PP3 may_MD be_BE assumed_VBN that_CS by_IN J65 31 his_PP$ day_NN Jewish_JNP ritual_JJB art_NN as_CS J65 32 we_PP1AS know_VB it_PP3 now_RN had_HVD begun_VBN to_TO assume_VB J65 32 its_PP$ form_NN ._. J65 33 ^ little_AP or_CC nothing_PN of_IN this_DT date_NN ,_, however_RB J65 33 ,_, has_HVZ been_BEN preserved_VBN to_IN J65 34 the_ATI present_JJ time_NN ,_, our_PP$ evidence_NN being_BEG J65 34 indirect_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI primary_JJ reason_NN for_IN J65 35 this_DT was_BEDZ presumably_RB the_ATI vicissitudes_NNS of_IN J65 35 Jewish_JNP life_NN ._. ^ synagogues_NNS J65 36 everywhere_RB were_BED sacked_VBN ,_, burned_VBN ,_, and_CC J65 36 pillaged_VBN ;_; communities_NNS were_BED driven_VBN J65 37 into_IN exile_NN ,_, expressly_RB forbidden_VBN to_TO take_VB with_IN J65 37 them_PP3OS anything_PN made_VBN of_IN J65 38 precious_JJ material_NN :_: synagogues_NNS could_MD sell_VB their_PP$ J65 38 sacred_JJ treasures_NNS in_TO J65 39 order_TO" to_TO" ransom_VB prisoners_NNS or_CC succor_VB refugees_NNS J65 39 ._. ^ as_IN a_AT result_NN of_IN all_ABN J65 40 these_DTS and_CC similar_JJ recurrent_JJ crises_NNS ,_, as_CC well_CC" J65 40 as_CC" normal_JJ wear_NN and_CC the_ATI J65 41 natural_JJ tendency_NN (_( from_IN the_ATI antiquary's_NN$ point_NN J65 41 of_IN view_NN disastrous_JJ )_) to_TO J65 42 replace_VB the_ATI old_JJ by_IN the_ATI new_JJ ,_, Jewish_JNP J65 42 ritual_JJB art_NN of_IN the_ATI medieval_JJ period_NN J65 43 has_HVZ disappeared_VBN almost_RB entirely_RB ._. ^ hardly_RB more_AP J65 43 than_IN a_AT handful_NN of_IN J65 44 specimens_NNS anterior_JJ to_IN the_ATI sixteenth_OD century_NN are_BER J65 44 now_RN traceable_JJ ._. ^ this_DT J65 45 generalization_NN ,_, to_TO be_BE sure_JJ ,_, may_MD perhaps_RB need_VB J65 45 qualification_NN in_IN due_JJ J65 46 course_NN ._. ^ if_CS careful_JJ and_CC expert_JJ inspection_NN J65 46 could_MD be_BE made_VBN of_IN the_ATI J65 47 property_NN of_IN ancient_JJ and_CC even_RB modern_JJ synagogues_NNS J65 47 ,_, especially_RB in_IN the_ATI J65 48 east_NR ,_, with_IN the_ATI same_AP care_NN as_CS has_HVZ been_BEN J65 48 devoted_VBN to_IN the_ATI study_NN of_IN ancient_JJ J65 49 manuscripts_NNS ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT improbable_JJ that_CS J65 49 some_DTI memorable_JJ ritual_JJB objects_NNS J65 50 of_IN great_JJ antiquity_NN might_MD even_RB now_RN be_BE J65 50 discovered_VBN ._. J65 51 ^ however_WRB that_DT may_MD be_BE ,_, the_ATI fact_NN remains_VBZ J65 51 that_CS the_ATI objects_NNS of_IN Jewish_JNP J65 52 ritual_JJB art_NN which_WDTR are_BER now_RN extant_JJ are_BER J65 52 virtually_RB all_ABN of_IN the_ATI post-medieval_JJB J65 53 period_NN ._. ^ after_IN a_AT trickle_NN of_IN the_ATI sixteenth_OD J65 53 century_NN ,_, there_EX is_BEZ a_AT great_JJ J65 54 mass_NN of_IN material_NN of_IN the_ATI seventeenth_OD and_CC J65 54 eighteenth_OD ,_, some_DTI of_IN it_PP3 very_QL J65 55 fine_JJ ._. ^ perhaps_RB an_AT unduly_RB large_JJ proportion_NN is_BEZ J65 55 German_JNP in_IN origin_NN ,_, J65 56 reflecting_VBG the_ATI religious_JJ enthusiasm_NN ,_, economic_JJ J65 56 well-being_NN and_CC good_JJ J65 57 taste_NN of_IN the_ATI new_JJ groupings_NNS in_IN those_DTS J65 57 countries_NNS ,_, especially_RB the_ATI J65 58 newly-arisen_JJB class_NN of_IN court_NN Jews_NNPS ._. ^ it_PP3 may_MD J65 58 be_BE remarked_VBN that_CS here_RN J65 59 domestic_JJ religious_JJ adornments_NNS figure_VB in_IN great_JJ J65 59 abundance_NN side_NN by_IN side_NN J65 60 with_IN those_DTS intended_VBN for_IN the_ATI synagogue_NN ._. ^ J65 60 the_ATI taste_NN and_CC charm_NN of_IN some_DTI of_IN J65 61 the_ATI objects_NNS then_RN manufactured_VBN in_IN Poland_NP and_CC J65 61 eastern_JJ Europe_NP belies_VBZ the_ATI J65 62 general_JJ impression_NN of_IN the_ATI economic_JJ misery_NN and_CC J65 62 unaesthetic_JJ outlook_NN of_IN J65 63 the_ATI Jewish_JNP communities_NNS in_IN this_DT area_NN ._. J65 64 ^ on_IN the_ATI whole_NN ,_, these_DTS objects_NNS reflect_VB J65 64 the_ATI tastes_NNS and_CC fashions_NNS of_IN J65 65 the_ATI countries_NNS and_CC periods_NNS in_IN which_WDTR they_PP3AS J65 65 were_BED manufactured_VBN ._. ^ to_TO be_BE J65 66 sure_JJ ,_, in_IN some_DTI cases_NNS the_ATI craftsmen_NNS were_BED J65 66 Jews_NNPS ._. ^ gold_NN and_CC silver-smithery_NN J65 67 was_BEDZ one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI characteristic_JJ Jewish_JNP J65 67 occupations_NNS in_IN most_AP countries_NNS ._. J65 68 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ believed_VBN that_CS from_IN early_JJ times_NNS J65 68 until_IN the_ATI modern_JJ era_NN ,_, Jews_NNPS in_IN J65 69 the_ATI eastern_JJ countries_NNS were_BED responsible_JJ for_IN the_ATI J65 69 manufacture_NN of_IN most_AP of_IN J65 70 these_DTS objects_NNS ._. ^ but_CC in_IN western_JJ Europe_NP ,_, J65 70 with_IN the_ATI growing_JJ tendency_NN to_TO J65 71 exclude_VB the_ATI Jews_NNPS from_IN handicrafts_NNS after_IN the_ATI J65 71 period_NN of_IN the_ATI crusades_NNS ,_, J65 72 this_DT was_BEDZ different_JJ ._. ^ moreover_RB ,_, in_IN remote_JJ J65 72 communities_NNS where_WRB a_AT Jewish_JNP J65 73 craftsman_NN might_MD not_XNOT be_BE available_JJ ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ J65 73 necessary_JJ to_TO have_HV recourse_NN to_IN J65 74 the_ATI local_JJ silversmiths_NNS ._. ^ however_WRB that_DT may_MD J65 74 be_BE ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ certain_JJ that_CS much_AP J65 75 Jewish_JNP ritual_JJB metal-work_NN is_BEZ of_IN non-Jewish_JNP J65 75 manufacture_NN ;_; in_IN England_NP ,_, J65 76 Germany_NP and_CC Holland_NP it_PP3 often_RB bears_VBZ the_ATI mark_NN J65 76 of_IN the_ATI gentile_JJ J65 77 manufacturers_NNS ,_, sometimes_RB well-known_JJ masters_NNS of_IN J65 77 their_PP$ craft_NN *-_*- \0e.g_RB J65 78 the_ATI prolific_JJ Matthews_NP Wolff_NP (_( Augusburg_NP ,_, \0c_RB J65 78 1700_CD )_) ,_, Jeremiah_NP Zobel_NP J65 79 (_( Frankfurt_NP am_&FW Main_NP ,_, \0c_RB 1700_CD )_) ,_, and_CC J65 79 John_NP Ruslen_NP ,_, Frederick_NP Kandler_NP ,_, J65 80 Hester_NP Bateman_NP and_CC William_NP Grundy_NP (_( London_NP ,_, J65 80 18th_OD century_NN )_) ._. ^ we_PP1AS know_VB of_IN J65 81 at_RB least_RB" two_CD medieval_JJ contracts_NNS for_IN the_ATI J65 81 manufacture_NN of_IN silver_NN J65 82 ornaments_NNS for_IN the_ATI Torah_NP ,_, made_VBN between_IN J65 82 gentile_JJ craftsmen_NNS and_CC the_ATI J65 83 leaders_NNS of_IN the_ATI local_JJ Jewish_JNP communities_NNS *-_*- J65 83 one_CD1 from_IN Arles_NP (_( 1439_CD )_) ,_, the_ATI J65 84 other_AP from_IN Avignon_NP (_( 1477_CD )_) ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J65 84 former_AP instance_NN ,_, silversmith_NN Robin_NP J65 85 Tissard_NP undertook_VBD that_CS the_ATI commission_NN was_BEDZ to_TO J65 85 be_BE executed_VBN in_IN a_AT room_NN J65 86 placed_VBN at_IN his_PP$ disposal_NN in_IN the_ATI house_NN of_IN J65 86 one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI local_JJ Jews_NNPS ,_, and_CC that_CS J65 87 no_ATI work_NN should_MD be_BE done_VBN on_IN sabbaths_NNS or_CC J65 87 Jewish_JNP holy_JJ days_NNS ._. J65 88 ^ on_IN the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, besides_IN the_ATI vast_JJ J65 88 amount_NN of_IN anonymous_JJ work_NN of_IN J65 89 this_DT type_NN which_WDTR falls_VBZ into_IN this_DT category_NN ,_, J65 89 a_AT good_JJ deal_NN was_BEDZ carried_VBN out_RP J65 90 by_IN ascertainable_JJ Jewish_JNP craftsmen_NNS of_IN some_DTI J65 90 reputation_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS know_VB ,_, for_IN J65 91 example_NN ,_, of_IN the_ATI London_NP silversmith_NN Abraham_NP J65 91 d'Oliviera_NP (_( \0d_VBD 1750_CD )_) ,_, J65 92 who_WPR has_HVZ been_BEN mentioned_VBN elsewhere_RB in_IN this_DT J65 92 work_NN in_IN connection_NN with_IN his_PP$ J65 93 work_NN as_IN an_AT artist-engraver_NN ,_, who_WPR designed_VBD and_CC J65 93 executed_VBD a_AT good_JJ deal_NN of_IN J65 94 ritual_JJB silver_NN in_IN London_NP in_IN the_ATI first_OD half_NN J65 94 of_IN the_ATI eighteenth_OD century_NN ;_; J65 95 and_CC his_PP$ younger_JJR contemporary_NN Myer_NP Myers_NP (_( J65 95 1723-94_CD-CD )_) ,_, first_OD president_NN of_IN J65 96 the_ATI silversmith's_NN$ guild_NN of_IN New_NP York_NP ,_, who_WPR J65 96 carried_VBD out_RP some_DTI J65 97 distinguished_JJ work_NN for_IN synagogues_NNS (_( as_CC well_CC" J65 97 as_CC" churches_NNS )_) in_IN America_NP ._. J65 98 ^ certain_JJ decorative_JJ features_NNS became_VBD very_QL common_JJ J65 98 in_IN ,_, and_CC almost_RB J65 99 characteristic_JJ of_IN ,_, the_ATI Jewish_JNP ritual_JJB art_NN of_IN J65 99 the_ATI post-medieval_JJB period_NN ._. J65 100 ^ in_IN \0St_NPT Peter's_NP$ in_IN Rome_NP there_EX is_BEZ a_AT J65 100 spirally_RB fluted_JJ bronze_NN column_NN ,_, J65 101 the_ATI colonna_&FW santa_&FW ,_, late_JJ classical_JJ in_IN origin_NN J65 101 ;_; it_PP3 is_BEZ legendary_JJ J65 102 said_VBN to_TO have_HV been_BEN brought_VBN from_IN the_ATI temple_NN J65 102 in_IN Jerusalem_NP ,_, where_WRB Jesus_NP J65 103 leaned_VBD against_IN it_PP3 while_CS disputing_VBG with_IN the_ATI J65 103 rabbis_NNS ._. ^ from_IN the_ATI J65 104 renaissance_NN period_NN ,_, two_CD twisted_JJ columns_NNS ,_, J65 104 apparently_RB copied_VBN from_IN the_ATI J65 105 colonna_&FW santa_&FW ,_, and_CC inevitably_RB identified_VBN with_IN J65 105 Jakhin_NP and_CC Boaz_NP J65 106 of_IN Kings_NP 7_CD ,_, 21_CD ,_, began_VBD to_TO figure_VB as_IN a_AT J65 106 typical_JJ feature_NN on_IN the_ATI engraved_JJ J65 107 title-pages_NNS of_IN Hebrew_JNP books_NNS (_( see_VB \0fig_NN 175_CD J65 107 )_) ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ from_IN there_RN that_CS J65 108 this_DT feature_NN was_BEDZ copied_VBN on_IN various_JJ objects_NNS J65 108 of_IN European_JNP Jewish_JNP ritual_JJB J65 109 art_NN until_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN the_ATI eighteenth_OD century_NN J65 109 ._. J65 110 ^ other_AP symbols_NNS which_WDTR are_BER commonly_RB found_VBN J65 110 include_VB the_ATI lion_NN ,_, J65 111 representing_VBG the_ATI lion_NN of_IN the_ATI tribe_NN of_IN Judah_NP J65 111 (_( Genesis_NP 49_CD ,_, 9_CD )_) which_WDTR ,_, J65 112 as_CS we_PP1AS have_HV seen_VBN ,_, was_BEDZ one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI J65 112 most_QL common_JJ symbols_NNS found_VBN in_IN Jewish_JNP J65 113 art_NN from_IN classical_JJ antiquity_NN ._. ^ this_DT illustrated_VBD J65 113 also_RB the_ATI Rabbinic_JNP J65 114 dictum_NN (_( ethics_NN of_IN the_ATI Fathers_NPTS ,_, 5_CD ,_, 23_CD J65 114 )_) that_CS a_AT man_NN should_MD be_BE bold_JJ as_IN a_AT J65 115 lion_NN ,_, light_JJ as_IN an_AT eagle_NN and_CC fleet_JJ as_IN a_AT J65 115 deer_NN to_TO fulfill_VB the_ATI will_NN of_IN his_PP$ J65 116 Father_NPT in_IN heaven_NN ._. ^ the_ATI eagle_NN and_CC deer_NN J65 116 also_RB figure_VB ,_, though_CS less_QL J65 117 commonly_RB (_( \0fig_NN 138_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI two_CD tablets_NNS J65 117 of_IN stone_NN bearing_VBG the_ATI ten_CD J65 118 commandments_NNS ,_, in_IN the_ATI shape_NN which_WDTR had_HVD J65 118 become_VBN conventional_JJ in_IN the_ATI middle_JJB J65 119 ages_NNS (_( among_IN the_ATI Christians_NNPS perhaps_RB earlier_RBR J65 119 than_CS among_IN the_ATI Jews_NNPS )_) is_BEZ J65 120 found_VBN very_QL frequently_RB (_( \0fig_NN 139_CD )_) ._. ^ J65 120 sometimes_RB ,_, too_RB ,_, we_PP1AS see_VB other_AP J65 121 ancient_JJ temple_NN furniture_NN ,_, such_IN as_IN" the_ATI altar_NN J65 121 and_CC table_NN of_IN shew-bread_NN ,_, J65 122 perpetuating_VBG the_ATI tradition_NN already_RB found_VBN in_IN J65 122 medieval_JJ manuscripts_NNS ._. J65 123 ^ a_AT gift_NN presented_VBN by_IN a_AT Cohen_NP would_MD often_RB J65 123 bear_VB a_AT representation_NN J65 124 of_IN the_ATI hands_NNS joined_VBN in_IN the_ATI priestly_JJ J65 124 benediction_NN ,_, of_IN a_AT Levite_NNP that_DT J65 125 of_IN the_ATI ewer_NN and_CC basin_NN used_VBN by_IN members_NNS of_IN J65 125 that_DT tribe_NN in_IN laving_VBG the_ATI J65 126 priest's_NN$ hands_NNS ._. ^ in_IN Italy_NP (_( and_CC later_RBR in_IN J65 126 the_ATI ex-Marrano_JJB communities_NNS )_) J65 127 other_AP family_NN badges_NNS and_CC armorial_JJ bearings_NNS were_BED J65 127 not_XNOT unusual_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI whole_NN J65 128 would_MD be_BE commonly_RB surmounted_VBN by_IN a_AT crown_NN ,_, J65 128 symbolizing_VBG the_ATI traditional_JJ J65 129 crown_NN of_IN the_ATI law_NN :_: sometimes_RB by_IN a_AT triple_JJ J65 129 crown_NN ,_, in_IN reference_NN to_IN the_ATI J65 130 Rabbinic_JNP dictum_NN (_( ethics_NN of_IN the_ATI Fathers_NPTS ,_, J65 130 4_CD ,_, 17_CD )_) that_CS there_EX are_BER three_CD J65 131 crowns_NNS *-_*- that_DT of_IN the_ATI Torah_NP ,_, of_IN monarchy_NN J65 131 ,_, and_CC of_IN priesthood_NN *'_*' and_CC that_DT J65 132 of_IN a_AT good_JJ name_NN surpasses_VBZ them_PP3OS all_ABN ._. **'_**' J65 133 ^ 2_CD ._. J65 134 ^ the_ATI ritual_JJB art_NN of_IN the_ATI synagogue_NN naturally_RB J65 134 centered_VBD on_IN the_ATI J65 135 scroll_NN of_IN the_ATI Pentateuch_NP or_CC Sepher_&FW Torah_&FW ,_, J65 135 used_VBN in_IN the_ATI Biblical_JNP J65 136 readings_NNS ,_, and_CC wound_VBN upon_IN two_CD staves_NNS ._. ^ J65 136 it_PP3 is_BEZ impossible_JJ to_TO determine_VB J65 137 when_WRB the_ATI practice_NN arose_VBD of_IN covering_VBG this_DT by_IN J65 137 an_AT ornament_NN of_IN precious_JJ J65 138 metal_NN ._. ^ probably_RB ,_, however_RB ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ J65 138 relatively_RB late_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI Talmud_NP (_( Baba_NP J65 139 Bathra_NP 14a_CD )_) speaks_VBZ of_IN the_ATI Pentateuch_NP J65 139 deposited_VBN by_IN Moses_NP in_IN the_ATI J65 140 tabernacle_NN as_CS being_BEG on_IN silver_NN rollers_NNS ,_, but_CC J65 140 this_DT legendary_JJ model_NN does_DOZ J65 141 not_XNOT seem_VB to_TO have_HV been_BEN imitated_VBN ,_, and_CC in_IN J65 141 representations_NNS in_IN synagogue_NN J65 142 interiors_NNS and_CC on_IN holy_JJ scrolls_NNS in_IN various_JJ J65 142 media_NNS (_( gold_NN glasses_NNS ,_, \0etc_RB )_) J65 143 in_IN the_ATI classical_JJ period_NN there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI trace_NN J65 143 of_IN anything_PN in_IN the_ATI way_NN of_IN J65 144 ornament_NN ._. ^ the_ATI account_NN of_IN the_ATI sack_NN of_IN J65 144 the_ATI synagogue_NN of_IN Minorca_NP in_IN 438_CD J65 145 speaks_VBZ of_IN the_ATI synagogical_JJ ornaments_NNS and_CC silver_NN J65 145 ,_, without_IN giving_VBG any_DTI J65 146 further_JJB details_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI same_AP is_BEZ true_JJ of_IN J65 146 the_ATI sacred_JJ appurtenances_NNS which_WDTR J65 147 Pope_NPT Gregory_NP the_ATI great_JJ ordered_VBD to_TO be_BE J65 147 restored_VBN to_IN the_ATI synagogue_NN of_IN J65 148 Palermo_NP in_IN 599_CD ._. J65 149 ^ in_IN oriental_JJ communities_NNS ,_, the_ATI scroll_NN of_IN J65 149 the_ATI law_NN was_BEDZ enclosed_VBN J65 150 entirely_RB in_IN a_AT case_NN (_( tik_&FW )_) ,_, which_WDTR was_BEDZ J65 150 placed_VBN upright_JJ on_IN the_ATI reading_NN J65 151 desk_NN and_CC opened_VBN out_RP for_IN reading_VBG the_ATI J65 151 prescribed_JJ portion_NN ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ the_ATI J65 152 general_JJ practice_NN in_IN Iraq_NP and_CC the_ATI neighboring_JJ J65 152 countries_NNS as_QL early_RB as_IN the_ATI J65 153 10th_OD century_NN ,_, and_CC has_HVZ remained_VBN to_IN our_PP$ own_AP J65 153 day_NN ._. ^ these_DTS cases_NNS were_BED J65 154 usually_RB of_IN wood_NN ,_, frequently_RB with_IN inscriptions_NNS J65 154 applied_VBN in_IN metal_NN ,_, but_CC J65 155 were_BED occasionally_RB of_IN silver_NN ,_, finely_RB worked_VBN J65 155 and_CC engraved_VBN ,_, and_CC sometimes_RB J65 156 of_IN gold_NN ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI former_AP metal_NN ,_, a_AP few_AP" J65 156 fine_JJ examples_NNS are_BER extant_JJ ;_; none_PN ,_, J65 157 however_RB ,_, which_WDTR are_BER anterior_JJ to_IN the_ATI J65 157 seventeenth_OD century_NN (_( \0fig_NN 140_CD )_) ._. J65 158 ^ though_CS the_ATI tik_&FW was_BEDZ commonly_RB used_VBN only_RB in_IN J65 158 eastern_JJ communities_NNS ,_, J65 159 cases_NNS were_BED made_VBN for_IN the_ATI scrolls_NNS sometimes_RB J65 159 also_RB in_IN western_JJ countries_NNS ,_, J65 160 especially_RB for_IN well-to-do_JJ householders_NNS ,_, who_WPR J65 160 wished_VBD to_TO have_HV portable_JJ J65 161 Torah-scrolls_NNS on_IN their_PP$ travels_NNS ._. ^ an_AT exquisite_JJ J65 161 pair_NN of_IN such_ABL cases_NNS in_IN J65 162 silver_NN ,_, with_IN polygonal_JJ sections_NNS opening_VBG on_IN J65 162 hinges_NNS and_CC spirally_RB fluted_JJ J65 163 handles_NNS and_CC finials_NNS ,_, was_BEDZ executed_VBN in_IN J65 163 1766-7_CD-CD by_IN a_AT gentile_JJ master_NN J65 164 craftsman_NN for_IN *'_*' \0Dr_NPT **'_**' Samuel_NP de_&FW Falk_NP ,_, J65 164 the_ATI so-called_JJB Baal_&FW J65 165 Shem_&FW of_IN London_NP ._. J65 166 ^ the_ATI practice_NN of_IN placing_VBG crowns_NNS of_IN precious_JJ J65 166 metal_NN on_IN the_ATI J65 167 Sepher_&FW Torah_&FW *-_*- at_RB least_RB" on_IN such_ABL special_JJ J65 167 occasions_NNS as_IN the_ATI feast_NN J65 168 of_IN the_ATI rejoicing_NN of_IN the_ATI law_NN *-_*- seems_VBZ also_RB J65 168 to_TO have_HV been_BEN established_VBN in_IN J65 169 Iraq_NP as_QL early_RB as_IN the_ATI tenth_OD century_NN (_( Shaare_&FW J65 169 Semahot_&FW ,_, \0p_NN 117_CD )_) ._. J65 170 ^ the_ATI Fostat_NP contract_NN of_IN 1186-7_CD-CD lists_NNS among_IN J65 170 other_AP objects_NNS *'_*' two_CD J65 171 Sepher-crowns_NNS made_VBN out_RP of_IN silver_NN ._. **'_**' ^ this_DT J65 171 form_NN of_IN ornament_NN J65 172 was_BEDZ naturally_RB suggested_VBN by_IN the_ATI Rabbinic_JNP J65 172 dictum_NN cited_VBN above_RI which_WDTR J65 173 refers_VBZ to_IN the_ATI dignity_NN of_IN learning_NN as_IN *'_*' J65 173 the_ATI crown_NN of_IN the_ATI law_NN **'_**' *-_*- a_AT J65 174 phrase_NN inscribed_VBN innumerable_JJ times_NNS on_IN such_ABL J65 174 objects_NNS and_CC others_APS J65 175 connected_VBN with_IN the_ATI synagogue_NN ritual_NN ._. ^ these_DTS J65 175 objects_NNS ,_, which_WDTR became_VBD J65 176 known_VBN generally_RB as_IN atarah_&FW ,_, were_BED at_IN the_ATI J65 176 outset_NN especially_RB J65 177 associated_VBN with_IN southern_JJ Europe_NP ._. ^ Aaron_NP of_IN J65 177 Lunel_NP tells_VBZ in_IN his_PP$$ J65 178 Sepher_&FW haManhig_&FW how_WRB in_IN 1203_CD he_PP3A persuaded_VBD J65 178 some_DTI community_NN which_WDTR J65 179 he_PP3A visited_VBD ,_, in_IN southern_JJ France_NP or_CC Spain_NP ,_, J65 179 to_TO make_VB a_AT silver_NN crown_NN J65 180 (_( atarah_&FW )_) for_IN the_ATI Sepher_&FW Torah_&FW instead_RB of_IN J65 180 decorating_VBG it_PP3 J65 181 with_IN miscellaneous_JJ female_JJ adornments_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J65 181 contract_NN already_RB referred_VBN J65 182 to_IN of_IN March_NR 12_CD ,_, 1439_CD between_IN the_ATI J65 182 Avignonese_JNP silversmith_NN Robin_NP Tissard_NP J65 183 and_CC the_ATI baylons_&FW of_IN the_ATI Jewish_JNP community_NN of_IN J65 183 Arles_NP was_BEDZ for_IN J65 184 manufacture_NN ,_, for_IN a_AT total_JJ sum_NN of_IN fifty_CD J65 184 florins_NNS ,_, of_IN an_AT atarah_&FW for_IN J65 185 the_ATI *'_*' scroll_NN of_IN the_ATI Jews_NNPS ,_, **'_**' J65 185 hexagonal_JJ in_IN shape_NN ,_, superimposed_VBN on_IN a_AT J65 186 copper_NN drum_NN with_IN which_WDTR Tissard_NP was_BEDZ to_TO be_BE J65 186 provided_VBN ._. ^ there_EX were_BED to_TO be_BE J65 187 six_CD towers_NNS *-_*- one_CD1 at_IN each_DT corner_NN *-_*- the_ATI J65 187 top_NN crenellated_VBN like_IN a_AT fortress_NN ,_, J65 188 and_CC the_ATI surface_NN to_TO be_BE engraved_VBN in_IN imitation_NN J65 188 of_IN masonry_NN ._. ^ chains_NNS and_CC J65 189 columns_NNS decorated_VBN with_IN lions'_NNS$ heads_NNS were_BED J65 189 also_RB to_TO be_BE part_NN of_IN the_ATI J65 190 design_NN ._. J66 2 ^ referring_VBG to_IN this_DT very_QL impressive_JJ example_NN of_IN J66 2 expressionist_JJ J66 3 painting_NN ,_, Ensor_NP himself_PPL stated_VBD that_CS ~ *'_*' je_&FW J66 3 me_&FW suis_&FW joyeusement_&FW J66 4 confine*?2_&FW dans_&FW le_&FW milieu_&FW solitaire_&FW ou*?3_&FW J66 4 tro*?5ne_&FW le_&FW masque_&FW ,_, tout_&FW de_&FW J66 5 violence_&FW ,_, de_&FW lumie*?3re_&FW et_&FW d'e*?2clat_&FW ._. ^ J66 5 le_&FW masque_&FW me_&FW dit_&FW :_: fraicheur_&FW de_&FW J66 6 ton_&FW ,_, expression_&FW suraigue"_&FW ,_, de*?2cor_&FW somptueux_&FW J66 6 ,_, grands_&FW gestes_&FW J66 7 inattendus_&FW ,_, mouvements_&FW de*?2sordonne*?2s_&FW ._. **'_**' J66 8 ^ following_IN the_ATI Belgian_JNP school_NN ,_, we_PP1AS come_VB J66 8 to_IN the_ATI French_JNP Nabis_NPS with_IN J66 9 fine_JJ examples_NNS of_IN the_ATI intimiste_NN work_NN of_IN J66 9 Vuillard_NP and_CC ,_, in_RB J66 10 particular_RB" ,_, of_IN Bonnard_NP whose_WP$R nu_&FW a*?3_&FW ,_, J66 10 painted_VBN in_IN J66 11 1908_CD ,_, and_CC lent_VBN by_IN the_ATI Muse*?2es_&FW Royaux_&FW J66 11 des_&FW Beaux-Arts_&FW de_&FW Belgique_&FW ,_, J66 12 Bruxelles_NP ,_, is_BEZ possessed_VBN of_IN every_AT single_JJ J66 12 quality_NN of_IN drawing_NN ,_, painting_NN J66 13 and_CC composition_NN that_WPR any_DTI ,_, and_CC every_AT ,_, J66 13 artist_NN seeks_VBZ to_TO achieve_VB ._. J66 14 ^ this_DT exhibition_NN of_IN *'_*' Les_&FW sources_&FW du_&FW J66 14 20e*?3me_&FW Sie*?3cle_&FW J66 15 **'_**' has_HVZ been_BEN so_QL well_RB planned_VBN and_CC displayed_VBN J66 15 that_CS one_CD1 is_BEZ continually_RB J66 16 startled_VBN and_CC excited_VBN by_IN the_ATI contrasting_JJ J66 16 schools_NNS and_CC groups_NNS of_IN artists_NNS J66 17 that_WPR confront_VB one_CD1 as_CS one_CD1 moves_VBZ on_RP from_IN J66 17 room_NN to_IN room_NN ._. ^ after_IN the_ATI J66 18 reposed_JJ and_CC subdued_JJ work_NN of_IN the_ATI Nabis_NPS we_PP1AS J66 18 suddenly_RB come_VB face_NN to_IN face_NN J66 19 with_IN the_ATI agitated_JJ ,_, violent_JJ chromatic_JJ paintings_NNS J66 19 of_IN the_ATI Fauves_NPS and_CC the_ATI J66 20 cynical_JJ ,_, cruel_JJ expressionism_NN of_IN Rouault_NP whose_WP$R J66 20 large_JJ strident_JJ J66 21 water-colour_NN on_IN paper_NN of_IN \0M_NPT et_&FW \0Mme_NPT Poulot_NP J66 21 (_( collection_NN of_IN J66 22 \0M_NPT Philippe_NP Leclercq_NP ,_, Hem_NP )_) reproduced_VBN here_RN J66 22 ,_, is_BEZ one_CD1 of_IN his_PP$ greatest_JJT J66 23 works_NNS ._. J66 24 ^ next_RB come_VB the_ATI German_JNP expressionists_NNS and_CC J66 24 the_ATI paintings_NNS of_IN Nolde_NP J66 25 and_CC of_IN Munch_NP ,_, in_RB particular_RB" ,_, have_HV been_BEN J66 25 carefully_RB selected_VBN to_TO indicate_VB J66 26 the_ATI important_JJ role_NN that_WPR this_DT school_NN played_VBD J66 26 in_IN the_ATI formation_NN of_IN J66 27 20th-century_JJB art_NN ._. ^ l'angoisse_&FW ,_, by_IN Munch_NP (_( J66 27 which_WDTR is_BEZ reproduced_VBN J66 28 here_RN ,_, and_CC lent_VBN by_IN the_ATI Collections_&FW J66 28 Municipales_&FW des_&FW Beaux-Arts_&FW ,_, J66 29 Oslo_NP )_) is_BEZ ,_, to_TO say_VB the_ATI least_AP ,_, agonizing_JJ J66 29 in_IN its_PP$ able_JJ form_NN of_IN expression_NN ._. J66 30 ^ and_CC then_RN we_PP1AS come_VB to_IN the_ATI British_JNP J66 30 section_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ very_QL revealing_JJ J66 31 (_( for_IN the_ATI French_JNP public_NN ,_, anyway_RB )_) in_CS J66 31 that_CS" the_ATI accent_NN is_BEZ much_RB more_RBR on_IN J66 32 arts_NNS and_CC crafts_NNS than_CS on_IN painting_NN and_CC J66 32 sculpture_NN ._. ^ the_ATI artist-architect_NN J66 33 who_WPR stands_VBZ out_RP most_QL prominently_RB is_BEZ Charles_NP J66 33 \0F_NP Annesley_NP Voysey_NP ,_, J66 34 member_NN of_IN the_ATI art_NN workers_NNS guild_NN and_CC J66 34 nominated_VBD ,_, in_IN 1936_CD ,_, royal_JJ designer_NN J66 35 for_IN industry_NN ._. ^ principal_JJB among_IN the_ATI number_NN of_IN J66 35 exhibits_NNS lent_VBN to_IN the_ATI J66 36 Museum_NPL of_IN modern_JJ art_NN by_IN the_ATI Victoria_NP and_CC J66 36 Albert_NP Museum_NPL ,_, is_BEZ an_AT J66 37 enchanting_JJ tapestry_NN ,_, designed_VBN by_IN Voysey_NP and_CC J66 37 which_WDTR was_BEDZ executed_VBN ,_, in_IN J66 38 1899_CD ,_, by_IN Alexander_NP Morton_NP and_CC \0Co_NNP ;_; and_CC J66 38 a_AT series_NN of_IN delightful_JJ J66 39 wall-paper_NN designs_NNS by_IN Arthur_NP Heygate_NP Macmurdo_NP ,_, J66 39 who_WPR was_BEDZ a_AT close_JJ friend_NN J66 40 of_IN William_NP Morris_NP and_CC of_IN Ruskin_NP ._. J66 41 ^ from_IN the_ATI elegant_JJ designs_NNS of_IN these_DTS British_JNP J66 41 artists_NNS we_PP1AS are_BER shown_VBN J66 42 the_ATI fantastic_JJ French_JNP *'_*' style_&FW metro_&FW **'_**' J66 42 furniture_NN of_IN the_ATI turn_NN of_IN the_ATI J66 43 century_NN ._. ^ a_AT complete_JJ dining-room_NN suite_NN has_HVZ J66 43 been_BEN transported_VBN from_IN the_ATI J66 44 Muse*?2e_&FW de_&FW l'E*?2cole_&FW de_&FW Nancy_NP and_CC installed_VBN J66 44 in_IN a_AT separate_JJ room_NN J66 45 in_IN the_ATI exhibition_NN at_IN the_ATI Museum_NPL of_IN modern_JJ J66 45 art_NN ._. ^ this_DT ensemble_NN ,_, J66 46 executed_VBN in_IN 1903_CD ,_, has_HVZ to_TO be_BE seen_VBN to_TO be_BE J66 46 believed_VBN ._. ^ this_DT likewise_RB J66 47 applies_VBZ to_IN the_ATI ghastly_JJ style_NN of_IN the_ATI *'_*' J66 47 Lit_&FW Papillon_&FW **'_**' ,_, also_RB lent_VBN J66 48 from_IN the_ATI Museum_NPL in_IN Nancy_NP ._. ^ but_CC it_PP3 was_BEDZ J66 48 not_XNOT only_RB in_IN France_NP that_CS the_ATI J66 49 craftsmen_NNS produced_VBD furniture_NN and_CC fittings_NNS of_IN J66 49 extraordinary_JJ and_CC J66 50 extravagant_JJ design_NN ._. ^ during_IN the_ATI reign_NN of_IN J66 50 Queen_NPT Victoria_NP ,_, sensational_JJ J66 51 *'_*' works_NNS of_IN art_NN **'_**' were_BED fabricated_VBN such_IN J66 51 as_IN" the_ATI startling_JJ dining-room_NN J66 52 table_NN centre-piece_NN ,_, executed_VBN by_IN Alfred_NP Gilbert_NP J66 52 and_CC his_PP$ assistants_NNS ,_, to_TO J66 53 commemorate_VB the_ATI jubilee_NN of_IN Queen_NPT Victoria_NP ,_, in_IN J66 53 1887_CD ,_, and_CC which_WDTR her_PP$ J66 54 majesty_NN the_ATI Queen_NPT has_HVZ graciously_RB lent_VBN to_IN J66 54 the_ATI present_JJ exhibition_NN in_IN J66 55 Paris_NP ._. J66 56 ^ again_RB ,_, by_IN way_NN of_IN contrast_NN ,_, the_ATI J66 56 exhibition_NN continues_VBZ with_IN the_ATI work_NN J66 57 of_IN the_ATI Cubists_NNPS and_CC important_JJ painting-collages_NNS J66 57 by_IN Braque_NP and_CC Picasso_NP ._. J66 58 ^ Le*?2ger_NP ,_, too_RB ,_, is_BEZ exhibited_VBN to_IN marked_JJ J66 58 advantage_NN with_IN his_PP$ cubist_JJ J66 59 composition_NN ,_, la_&FW noce_&FW ,_, painted_VBN in_IN 1910_CD ,_, J66 59 and_CC owned_VBN by_IN the_ATI Museum_NPL J66 60 of_IN modern_JJ art_NN in_IN Paris_NP ._. ^ Guillaume_NP Apollinaire_NP J66 60 ,_, speaking_VBG of_IN this_DT J66 61 canvas_NN ,_, said_VBD ._. ^ *'_*' les_&FW gens_&FW de_&FW la_&FW J66 61 Noce_&FW se_&FW dissimulent_&FW l'un_&FW derrie*?3re_&FW J66 62 l'autre_&FW ._. ^ encore_&FW un_&FW petit_&FW effort_&FW pour_&FW J66 62 se_&FW de*?2barrasser_&FW de_&FW la_&FW J66 63 perspective_&FW ,_, du_&FW truc_&FW mise*?2rable_&FW ,_, de_&FW la_&FW J66 63 perspective_&FW ,_, de_&FW cette_&FW J66 64 quatrie*?3me_&FW dimension_&FW a*?3_&FW rebours_&FW ,_, la_&FW J66 64 perspective_&FW ,_, de_&FW ce_&FW moyen_&FW de_&FW J66 65 tout_&FW rapetisser_&FW ine*?2vitablement_&FW ._. **'_**' J66 66 ^ and_CC then_RN we_PP1AS come_VB to_IN the_ATI grandfather_NN of_IN J66 66 the_ATI Peintres_&FW de_&FW J66 67 Dimanche_&FW ,_, Le_&FW Douanier_&FW Rousseau_NP ._. ^ his_PP$ J66 67 charmeuse_&FW de_&FW serpents_&FW J66 68 (_( from_IN the_ATI Louvre_NP )_) is_BEZ surely_RB one_CD1 of_IN J66 68 the_ATI greatest_JJT ,_, and_CC most_QL natural_JJ ,_, J66 69 of_IN primitive_JJ paintings_NNS ._. J66 70 ^ der_&FW Blaue_&FW Reiter_&FW group_NN of_IN avant-garde_JJ J66 70 artists_NNS is_BEZ J66 71 admirably_RB represented_VBN with_IN important_JJ paintings_NNS by_IN J66 71 Kandinsky_NP ,_, among_IN J66 72 which_WDTR the_ATI dramatic_JJ and_CC powerful_JJ composition_NN J66 72 entitled_VBN avec_&FW l'arc_&FW J66 73 noir_&FW ,_, painted_VBN in_IN 1912_CD ,_, and_CC lent_VBN by_IN J66 73 the_ATI widow_NN of_IN the_ATI artist_NN ;_; by_IN J66 74 Jawlensky_NP ,_, whose_WP$R portait_&FW de_&FW jeune_&FW fille_&FW (_( J66 74 from_IN the_ATI Kunstmuseum_NP ,_, J66 75 Dusseldorf_NP )_) is_BEZ a_AT superb_JJ example_NN of_IN his_PP$ J66 75 work_NN ;_; and_CC by_IN Franz_NP Marc_NP whose_WP$R J66 76 well-known_JJ composition_NN of_IN les_&FW trois_&FW chevaux_&FW J66 76 rouges_&FW (_( lent_VBN by_IN J66 77 \0M_NPT Paul_NP Geier_NP ,_, Rome_NP )_) typifies_VBZ his_PP$ search_NN J66 77 after_IN the_ATI J66 78 *'_*' spiritualization_NN of_IN nature_NN **'_**' ._. J66 79 ^ nearby_RB are_BER hung_VBN a_AP few_AP" small_JJ water-colours_NNS J66 79 and_CC drawings_NNS by_IN Klee_NP ._. J66 80 ^ this_DT is_BEZ the_ATI only_AP artist_NN in_IN this_DT very_QL J66 80 important_JJ and_CC instructive_JJ J66 81 exhibition_NN whose_WP$R work_NN I_PP1A find_VB poorly_RB J66 81 represented_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI originality_NN ,_, the_ATI J66 82 fascination_NN of_IN his_PP$ very_QL individual_JJ art_NN certainly_RB J66 82 merited_VBD more_AP than_IN J66 83 this_DT ._. J66 84 ^ futurism_NN ,_, the_ATI short-lived_JJ beginning_NN of_IN the_ATI J66 84 century_NN revolutionary_JJ J66 85 movement_NN ,_, founded_VBN by_IN Marinetti_NP who_WPR spoke_VBD of_IN J66 85 *'_*' a_AT roaring_JJ motor-car_NN ,_, J66 86 which_WDTR runs_VBZ like_IN a_AT machine-gun_NN and_CC is_BEZ more_QL J66 86 beautiful_JJ than_IN the_ATI winged_JJ J66 87 victory_NN of_IN Samothrace_NP ..._... **'_**' is_BEZ mainly_RB J66 87 represented_VBN by_IN Boccioni_NP with_IN a_AT J66 88 disturbing_JJ quasi-religious_JJ composition_NN entitled_VBN J66 88 matie*?3re_&FW (_( lent_VBN J66 89 by_IN \0M_NPT Gianni_NP Mattioli_NP ,_, Milan_NP )_) ._. J66 90 ^ the_ATI origin_NN of_IN pure_JJ modern_JJ abstract_JJ painting_NN J66 90 is_BEZ fully_RB exemplified_VBN J66 91 in_IN the_ATI work_NN of_IN Mondrian_NP ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI present_JJ J66 91 exhibition_NN I_PP1A was_BEDZ intrigued_VBN by_IN J66 92 his_PP$ l'arbre_&FW rouge_&FW (_( from_IN the_ATI Gemeente_NP J66 92 Museum_NPL ,_, La_NP Haye_NP )_) for_CS I_PP1A J66 93 always_RB remember_VB Mondrian_NP telling_VBG me_PP1O ,_, in_IN his_PP$ J66 93 own_AP studio_NN in_IN Paris_NP ,_, that_CS J66 94 he_PP3A was_BEDZ more_QL interested_JJ in_IN painting_VBG a_AT J66 94 lamp-post_NN than_IN a_AT tree_NN !_! J66 95 ^ *'_*' les_&FW sources_&FW du_&FW 20e*?3me_&FW Sie*?3cle_&FW J66 95 **'_**' exhibition_NN concludes_VBZ J66 96 with_IN some_DTI fine_JJ examples_NNS of_IN the_ATI work_NN of_IN J66 96 Modigliani_NP ,_, de_&FW Chirico_NP ,_, and_CC J66 97 Chagall_NP ._. ^ Kokoschka_NP ,_, I_PP1A am_BEM pleased_JJ to_TO say_VB J66 97 ,_, is_BEZ very_QL well_RB represented_VBN J66 98 with_IN several_AP portraits_NNS and_CC landscapes_NNS which_WDTR J66 98 reveal_VB the_ATI true_JJ talent_NN of_IN J66 99 this_DT artist_NN who_WPR ,_, I_PP1A feel_VB ,_, is_BEZ still_RB J66 99 not_XNOT sufficiently_RB known_VBN and_CC J66 100 appreciated_VBN ._. J66 101 ^ there_EX is_BEZ much_AP I_PP1A would_MD have_HV liked_VBN to_TO J66 101 say_VB about_IN many_AP other_AP J66 102 interesting_JJ exhibitions_NNS now_RN taking_VBG place_NN in_IN J66 102 Paris_NP ._. ^ but_CC I_PP1A find_VB I_PP1A have_HV J66 103 sacrificed_VBN my_PP$ allotted_JJ space_NN to_IN this_DT outstanding_JJ J66 103 exhibition_NN at_IN the_ATI J66 104 Museum_NPL of_IN modern_JJ art_NN ._. ^ thus_RB I_PP1A am_BEM J66 104 obliged_VBN to_TO leave_VB reviews_NNS of_IN the_ATI J66 105 exhibition_NN of_IN sculpture_NN by_IN Lilla_NP Kunvari_NP (_( at_IN J66 105 the_ATI Galeries_NPLS Raymond_NP J66 106 Duncan_NP )_) ;_; of_IN enamels_NNS ,_, by_IN Andre*?2_NP Marchand_NP J66 106 (_( at_IN the_ATI Galerie_NPL David_NP &_CC J66 107 Garnier_NP )_) ;_; of_IN painting_NN by_IN De_NP Gallard_NP (_( at_IN J66 107 the_ATI newly_RB opened_VBN Galerie_NPL J66 108 Herve*?2_NP )_) ;_; and_CC of_IN the_ATI annual_JJ E*?2cole_NP de_&FW J66 108 Paris_NP show_NN (_( at_IN the_ATI Galerie_NPL J66 109 Charpentier_NP )_) until_IN the_ATI next_AP issue_NN ._. J66 111 ^ new_JJ art_NN galleries_NNS continue_VB to_TO spring_VB up_RP J66 111 in_IN Paris_NP all_RB over_IN the_ATI J66 112 place_NN ._. ^ since_IN six_CD months_NNS ago_RB ,_, when_WRB I_PP1A J66 112 calculated_VBD that_CS there_EX were_BED more_AP J66 113 than_IN two_CD hundred_CD and_CC fifty_CD of_IN them_PP3OS ,_, I_PP1A J66 113 reckon_VB that_CS the_ATI figure_NN is_BEZ now_RN J66 114 not_XNOT far_RB off_IN the_ATI three_CD hundred_CD mark_NN ._. ^ as_CS J66 114 this_DT is_BEZ one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI busiest_JJT J66 115 seasons_NNS of_IN the_ATI year_NN for_IN exhibitions_NNS ,_, I_PP1A J66 115 am_BEM receiving_VBG daily_RB so_QL many_AP J66 116 invitations_NNS for_IN private_JJ views_NNS that_CS I_PP1A have_HV J66 116 to_TO decide_VB which_WDT shows_NNS are_BER J66 117 not_XNOT worth_IN seeing_VBG ._. ^ the_ATI other_AP day_NN ,_, one_CD1 J66 117 of_IN the_ATI small_JJ left_JJ bank_NN J66 118 galleries_NNS sent_VBD me_PP1O an_AT invitation_NN for_IN a_AT new_JJ J66 118 exhibition_NN and_CC stamped_VBN on_IN J66 119 the_ATI envelope_NN was_BEDZ ~ *'_*' les_&FW tableux_&FW sont_&FW J66 119 le_&FW meilleur_&FW placement_&FW au_&FW J66 120 monde_&FW **'_**' (_( *'_*' paintings_NNS are_BER the_ATI best_JJT J66 120 investment_NN in_IN the_ATI world_NN **'_**' )_) ,_, J66 121 which_WDTR is_BEZ proof_NN enough_DTI of_IN the_ATI very_QL J66 121 profitable_JJ business_NN now_RN being_BEG done_VBN J66 122 by_IN the_ATI Paris_NP dealers_NNS during_IN the_ATI present_JJ boom_NN J66 122 ._. J66 123 ^ after_IN reviewing_VBG the_ATI remarkable_JJ exhibition_NN at_IN J66 123 the_ATI Museum_NPL of_IN modern_JJ J66 124 art_NN ,_, of_IN *'_*' sources_&FW du_&FW 20e*?3me_&FW Sie*?3cle_&FW J66 124 **'_**' ,_, in_IN last_AP month's_NN$ J66 125 Paris_NP commentary_NN ,_, there_EX was_BEDZ not_XNOT space_NN J66 125 enough_DTI left_VBN for_IN me_PP1O to_TO refer_VB to_IN J66 126 Lilla_NP Kunvari's_NP$ sculpture_NN ,_, at_IN the_ATI Galeries_NPLS J66 126 Raymond_NP Duncan_NP ;_; and_CC Michel_NP J66 127 de_&FW Gallard's_NP$ paintings_NNS at_IN the_ATI new_JJ Herve*?2_NP J66 127 gallery_NN ._. ^ I_PP1A have_HV followed_VBN J66 128 the_ATI progress_NN of_IN this_DT talented_JJ young_JJ artist's_NN$ J66 128 work_NN since_CS I_PP1A called_VBD on_IN J66 129 him_PP3O ,_, shortly_RB after_IN the_ATI war_NN ,_, in_IN his_PP$ J66 129 tiny_JJ ,_, drab_JJ *'_*' studio_NN **'_**' in_IN the_ATI J66 130 squalid_JJ La_NP Ruche_NP building_NN way_RB over_RP in_IN the_ATI J66 130 15th_OD arrondissement_NN ._. J66 131 ^ de_&FW Gallard_NP managed_VBD to_TO escape_VB from_IN La_NP J66 131 Ruche_NP a_AP few_AP" years_NNS ago_RB and_CC he_PP3A J66 132 now_RN lives_VBZ outside_IN Paris_NP where_WRB he_PP3A leads_VBZ a_AT J66 132 retired_JJ and_CC happy_JJ life_NN J66 133 painting_VBG realistic_JJ scenes_NNS of_IN the_ATI countryside_NN J66 133 and_CC of_IN the_ATI peasants_NNS J66 134 working_VBG in_IN the_ATI fields_NNS ._. ^ his_PP$ drawing_NN has_HVZ J66 134 gained_VBN in_IN strength_NN and_CC his_PP$ J66 135 palette_NN is_BEZ becoming_VBG more_QL varied_JJ while_CS he_PP3A J66 135 seeks_VBZ to_TO bring_VB more_AP light_NN J66 136 into_IN his_PP$ well_RB balanced_JJ compositions_NNS ._. ^ his_PP$ J66 136 impressive_JJ Cathedrale_&FW de_&FW J66 137 sens_&FW ,_, which_WDTR was_BEDZ reproduced_VBN in_IN last_AP J66 137 month's_NN$ studio_NN ,_, testified_VBD J66 138 to_IN these_DTS qualities_NNS ._. J66 139 ^ Lilla_NP Kunvari_NP is_BEZ an_AT able_JJ Hungarian_JNP sculptor_NN J66 139 who_WPR was_BEDZ educated_VBN in_IN J66 140 France_NP and_CC who_WPR studied_VBD art_NN in_IN the_ATI Paris_NP J66 140 academies_NNS ._. ^ her_PP$ drawings_NNS have_HV J66 141 the_ATI delicate_JJ force_NN of_IN Rodin_NP while_CS her_PP$ small_JJ J66 141 terra-cotta_NN busts_NNS and_CC J66 142 figures_NNS (_( like_IN that_DT of_IN l'orateur_&FW :_: see_VB my_PP$ J66 142 last_AP Paris_NP commentary_NN )_) J66 143 recall_VB the_ATI grotesque_JJ heads_NNS so_QL cleverly_RB J66 143 caricatured_VBN and_CC modelled_VBN by_IN J66 144 Daumier_NP ._. ^ for_IN all_ABN that_DT ,_, Lilla_NP Kunvari's_NP$ J66 144 art_NN has_HVZ an_AT appealing_JJ J66 145 individuality_NN ._. J66 146 ^ one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI most_QL thrilling_JJ exhibitions_NNS I_PP1A J66 146 have_HV seen_VBN for_IN a_AT long_JJ time_NN J66 147 at_IN the_ATI very_QL active_JJ Galerie_NPL de_&FW France_NP is_BEZ J66 147 that_DT of_IN recent_JJ paintings_NNS by_IN J66 148 Tamayo_NP who_WPR is_BEZ considered_VBN one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI J66 148 greatest_JJT living_JJ Mexican_JNP artists_NNS J66 149 and_CC whose_WP$R work_NN is_BEZ well_RB known_VBN and_CC admired_VBN J66 149 in_IN America_NP ,_, but_CC less_RBR known_VBN in_IN J66 150 France_NP ,_, and_CC even_RB less_RBR in_IN the_ATI \0U.K_NP J66 151 ._. ^ Tamayo_NP was_BEDZ born_VBN in_IN Oaxaca_NP ,_, in_IN 1899_CD J66 151 ._. ^ he_PP3A took_VBD to_IN painting_NN when_WRB J66 152 very_QL young_JJ and_CC ,_, at_IN sixteen_CD years_NNS of_IN age_NN ,_, J66 152 studied_VBD at_IN the_ATI Academie_&FW des_&FW J66 153 Beaux-Arts_&FW de_&FW San_NP Carlos_NP ._. ^ he_PP3A left_VBD the_ATI J66 153 Academy_NP three_CD years_NNS later_RBR and_CC J66 154 devoted_VBD himself_PPL to_IN a_AT study_NN of_IN the_ATI J66 154 impressionists_NNS and_CC the_ATI Cubists_NNPS ._. ^ he_PP3A J66 155 held_VBD his_PP$ first_OD one-man_JJB exhibition_NN when_WRB J66 155 twenty-two_CD years_NNS old_JJ at_IN a_AT time_NN J66 156 when_WRB he_PP3A was_BEDZ attempting_VBG to_TO combine_VB in_IN his_PP$ J66 156 compositions_NNS both_ABX the_ATI J66 157 pre-Columbian_JNP tradition_NN and_CC the_ATI modern_JJ J66 157 expressionism_NN that_WPR he_PP3A had_HVD J66 158 learnt_VBN from_IN his_PP$ study_NN of_IN the_ATI school_NN of_IN J66 158 Paris_NP ._. ^ in_IN 1929_CD ,_, he_PP3A was_BEDZ J66 159 nominated_VBN Professor_NPT at_IN the_ATI E*?2cole_&FW des_&FW J66 159 Beaux-Arts_&FW in_IN Mexico_NP City_NPL ._. J66 160 ^ four_CD years_NNS later_RBR he_PP3A executed_VBD the_ATI first_OD J66 160 of_IN a_AT series_NN of_IN outsize_JJB mural_JJ J66 161 decorations_NNS for_IN the_ATI E*?2cole_&FW Nationale_&FW de_&FW J66 161 Musique_&FW ,_, Mexico_NP City_NPL ._. J66 162 ^ in_IN 1943_CD ,_, Tamayo_NP moved_VBD to_IN New_NP York_NP J66 162 where_WRB he_PP3A held_VBD his_PP$ first_OD one-man_JJB J66 163 show_NN there_RN at_IN the_ATI Pierre_NP Matisse_NP Gallery_NPL ._. ^ J66 163 since_IN the_ATI war_NN ,_, he_PP3A has_HVZ J66 164 travelled_VBN widely_RB throughout_IN Europe_NP and_CC has_HVZ J66 164 exhibited_VBN at_IN all_ABN the_ATI big_JJ J66 165 international_JJ shows_NNS while_CS executing_VBG frescoes_NNS here_RN J66 165 and_CC there_RN ._. ^ I_PP1A saw_VBD J66 166 and_CC spoke_VBD to_IN him_PP3O in_IN Paris_NP during_IN his_PP$ J66 166 exhibition_NN at_IN the_ATI Galerie_NPL de_&FW J66 167 France_NP and_CC he_PP3A told_VBD me_PP1O he_PP3A had_HVD to_TO J66 167 hasten_VB back_RP to_IN Mexico_NP City_NPL where_WRB he_PP3A J66 168 had_HVD to_TO start_VB work_NN on_IN a_AT gigantic_JJ mural_NN for_IN J66 168 the_ATI Muse*?2e_&FW de_&FW J66 169 l'Histoire_&FW which_WDTR will_MD measure_VB about_RB 100_CD metres_NNS J66 169 by_IN 15_CD metres_NNS !_! ^ he_PP3A J66 170 reckoned_VBD that_CS this_DT will_MD take_VB him_PP3O at_RB least_RB" J66 170 a_AT full_JJ year's_NN$ hard_JJ work_NN to_TO J66 171 complete_VB ._. J66 172 ^ Tamayo_NP is_BEZ ,_, indeed_RB ,_, a_AT prodigious_JJ worker_NN J66 172 ._. ^ the_ATI twenty-five_CD canvases_NNS J66 173 on_IN view_NN at_IN the_ATI Galerie_NPL de_&FW France_NP J66 173 represented_VBD only_RB a_AT part_NN of_IN what_WDT he_PP3A J66 174 had_HVD produced_VBN in_IN 1960_CD ._. ^ his_PP$ particular_JJ form_NN J66 174 of_IN expression_NN is_BEZ difficult_JJ J66 175 to_TO describe_VB on_IN account_NN of_IN its_PP$ striking_JJ J66 175 originality_NN ;_; but_CC what_WDT is_BEZ J66 176 apparent_JJ is_BEZ the_ATI strange_JJ and_CC unusual_JJ combination_NN J66 176 of_IN Mexican_JNP folklore_NN J66 177 art_NN and_CC a_AT quasi-abstract_JJ European_JNP form_NN of_IN J66 177 painting_NN ,_, as_CS can_MD be_BE judged_VBN J66 178 from_IN his_PP$ homme_&FW au_&FW mur_&FW ,_, reproduced_VBN here_RN ._. J66 179 ^ at_IN the_ATI same_AP time_NN there_EX exists_VBZ a_AT fantasy_NN J66 179 ,_, especially_RB in_IN his_PP$ J66 180 smaller_JJR canvases_NNS ,_, which_WDTR reminds_VBZ one_CD1 of_IN J66 180 the_ATI intriguing_JJ and_CC charming_JJ J66 181 esprit_NN of_IN Paul_NP Klee_NP ._. ^ a_AT certain_JJ cubist_JJ J66 181 expressionism_NN is_BEZ to_TO be_BE found_VBN in_IN J66 182 his_PP$ compositions_NNS wherein_WRB the_ATI arithmetical_JJ balance_NN J66 182 is_BEZ based_VBN on_IN the_ATI laws_NNS J66 183 of_IN the_ATI golden_JJ section_NN ._. ^ and_CC there_EX is_BEZ a_AT J66 183 haunting_JJ ,_, evasive_JJ ,_, subtle_JJ J66 184 quality_NN about_IN his_PP$ colour_NN orchestration_NN of_IN J66 184 harmonies_NNS of_IN pastel_JJ hues_NNS ._. J66 185 ^ the_ATI texture_NN ,_, too_RB ,_, of_IN his_PP$ paintings_NNS is_BEZ J66 185 of_IN a_AT very_QL individual_JJ and_CC J66 186 striking_JJ quality_NN ._. ^ Tamayo_NP himself_PPL told_VBD me_PP1O J66 186 of_IN the_ATI secrets_NNS of_IN this_DT :_: he_PP3A J66 187 mixes_VBZ his_PP$ paint_NN with_IN powdered_JJ marble_NN ._. J66 188 ^ an_AT exhibition_NN which_WDTR was_BEDZ not_XNOT widely_RB J66 188 advertised_VBN but_CC which_WDTR was_BEDZ ,_, in_IN J66 189 my_PP$ opinion_NN ,_, of_IN equal_JJ importance_NN and_CC J66 189 significance_NN to_IN that_DT of_IN Tamayo_NP *-_*- J66 190 though_CS quite_RB different_JJ in_IN aspect_NN *-_*- was_BEDZ the_ATI J66 190 show_NN held_VBN at_IN the_ATI re-opened_JJ J66 191 Galerie_NPL Jeanne_NP Bucher_NP ,_, in_IN the_ATI Rue_NPL de_&FW J66 191 Seine_NP ,_, of_IN recent_JJ paintings_NNS by_IN J66 192 Vieira_NP da_&FW Silva_NP ,_, whose_WP$R work_NN I_PP1A have_HV J66 192 always_RB greatly_RB admired_VBN ._. ^ I_PP1A hope_VB to_TO J66 193 be_BE able_JJ to_TO write_VB about_IN her_PP3O at_IN some_DTI length_NN J66 193 in_IN a_AT forthcoming_JJ series_NN of_IN J66 194 articles_NNS in_IN the_ATI studio_NN on_IN leading_JJ abstract_JJ ,_, J66 194 and_CC near-abstract_JJ ,_, J66 195 artists_NNS of_IN the_ATI school_NN of_IN Paris_NP ,_, so_CS I_PP1A J66 195 shall_MD praise_VB her_PP3O work_VB here_RN in_IN J66 196 short_JJ terms_NNS ._. J66 197 ^ like_IN those_DTS of_IN Tamayo_NP ,_, Vieira_NP da_&FW Silva's_NP$ J66 197 paintings_NNS are_BER very_QL J66 198 individual_JJ and_CC original_JJ and_CC this_DT in_IN itself_PPL is_BEZ J66 198 a_AT rare_JJ enough_QLP quality_NN J66 199 these_DTS days_NNS ._. J67 2 ^ a_AT group_NN of_IN English_JNP and_CC imported_JJ medieval_JJ J67 2 pottery_NN from_IN Lesnes_NP J67 3 Abbey_NPL ,_, Kent_NP ;_; and_CC the_ATI trade_NN in_IN early_JJ J67 3 Hispano-Moresque_JNP pottery_NN to_IN J67 4 England_NP ._. J67 5 ^ by_IN \0G_NP \0C_NP Dunning_NP ,_, \0F.S.A_NPT ._. J67 6 ^ the_ATI group_NN of_IN medieval_JJ pottery_NN described_VBN in_IN J67 6 this_DT paper_NN was_BEDZ found_VBN J67 7 at_IN Lesnes_NP Abbey_NPL in_IN June_NR 1959_CD ,_, when_WRB the_ATI J67 7 smaller_JJR of_IN two_CD stone-lined_JJ pits_NNS J67 8 added_VBN against_IN the_ATI west_NR end_NN of_IN the_ATI reredorter_NN J67 8 was_BEDZ cleared_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI pit_NN J67 9 measured_VBD 8_CD \0ft_NNU by_IN 5_CD \0ft_NNU internally_RB ,_, and_CC J67 9 was_BEDZ about_RB 10_CD \0ft_NNU deep_JJ ._. J67 10 ^ the_ATI greater_JJR part_NN of_IN the_ATI filling_NN ,_, about_RB J67 10 7_CD \0ft_NNU in_IN depth_NN ,_, consisted_VBD of_IN J67 11 chalk_NN and_CC stone_NN rubble_NN ,_, fragments_NNS of_IN sandy_JJ J67 11 mortar_NN ,_, a_AP few_AP" pieces_NNS of_IN J67 12 worked_JJ stone_NN ,_, and_CC broken_JJ roofing_NN tiles_NNS ._. ^ J67 12 below_IN this_DT filling_NN was_BEDZ a_AT J67 13 layer_NN of_IN dark_JJ soil_NN ,_, about_RB 2_CD \0ft_NNU in_IN J67 13 depth_NN ,_, at_IN the_ATI bottom_NN of_IN the_ATI pit_NN ._. J67 14 ^ all_ABN the_ATI pottery_NN was_BEDZ found_VBN in_IN the_ATI layer_NN J67 14 of_IN dark_JJ soil_NN ;_; there_EX is_BEZ thus_RB no_ATI J67 15 doubt_NN that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ contemporary_JJ ,_, and_CC was_BEDZ J67 15 absolutely_RB sealed_VBN by_IN several_AP J67 16 feet_NNS of_IN building_NN debris_NN ._. ^ I_PP1A am_BEM indebted_JJ J67 16 to_IN the_ATI officers_NNS of_IN the_ATI J67 17 historic_JJ buildings_NNS section_NN of_IN the_ATI London_NP County_NPL J67 17 council_NN for_IN these_DTS J67 18 details_NNS ,_, and_CC for_IN permission_NN to_TO examine_VB the_ATI J67 18 pottery_NN and_CC prepare_VB this_DT J67 19 report_NN for_IN publication_NN ._. J67 20 ^ the_ATI pottery_NN belongs_VBZ to_IN six_CD vessels_NNS ,_, of_IN J67 20 which_WDTR four_CD are_BER almost_RB J67 21 complete_JJ and_CC must_MD have_HV been_BEN thrown_VBN away_RP whole_JJ J67 21 ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ divided_VBN into_IN the_ATI J67 22 following_JJ classes_NNS :_: J67 24 ^ 1_CD1 ._. ^ two_CD green-glazed_JJ jugs_NNS of_IN types_NNS J67 24 frequently_RB found_VBN in_IN the_ATI City_NPL of_IN J67 25 London_NP ,_, and_CC probably_RB made_VBN in_IN east_NR Surrey_NP ._. J67 26 ^ 2_CD ._. ^ an_AT unglazed_JJ jug_NN ,_, probably_RB made_VBN at_IN J67 26 Limpsfield_NP ,_, Surrey_NP ._. J67 27 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ a_AT jug_NN of_IN polychrome_JJ ware_NN decorated_VBN J67 27 with_IN birds_NNS and_CC shields_NNS ,_, and_CC J67 28 part_NN of_IN a_AT glazed_JJ pitcher_NN ._. ^ both_ABX were_BED J67 28 made_VBN in_IN western_JJ France_NP in_IN the_ATI J67 29 region_NN of_IN Saintes_NP ._. J67 30 ^ 4_CD ._. ^ a_AT large_JJ cover_NN of_IN Hispano-Moresque_JNP J67 30 lustreware_NN ,_, imported_VBN from_IN J67 31 Malaga_NP ._. J67 33 ^ the_ATI group_NN is_BEZ outstanding_JJ for_IN several_AP J67 33 reasons_NNS ._. ^ in_IN a_AT single_JJ find_NN J67 34 pottery_NN made_VBN in_IN the_ATI locality_NN is_BEZ associated_VBN J67 34 with_IN imports_NNS from_IN two_CD J67 35 different_JJ countries_NNS on_IN the_ATI continent_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J67 35 three_CD English_JNP jugs_NNS are_BER of_IN J67 36 different_JJ types_NNS ,_, and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ valuable_JJ to_TO J67 36 have_HV them_PP3OS together_RB in_IN a_AT group_NN ._. J67 37 ^ the_ATI polychrome_JJ jug_NN is_BEZ a_AT type_NN long_RB J67 37 recognized_VBN as_CS imported_VBN to_IN England_NP ,_, J67 38 and_CC brought_VBN here_RN by_IN the_ATI wine_NN trade_NN of_IN J67 38 Gascony_NP ._. ^ the_ATI cover_NN of_IN Spanish_JNP J67 39 lustreware_NN is_BEZ new_JJ to_IN British_JNP medieval_JJ J67 39 archaeology_NN ,_, and_CC increases_VBZ the_ATI J67 40 range_NN of_IN imported_JJ pottery_NN known_VBN to_TO have_HV J67 40 reached_VBN England_NP in_IN the_ATI course_NN J67 41 of_IN sea-trade_NN ._. J67 42 ^ the_ATI date_NN of_IN the_ATI group_NN is_BEZ closely_RB J67 42 determined_VBN by_IN the_ATI polychrome_JJ J67 43 jug_NN ._. ^ pottery_NN of_IN this_DT class_NN was_BEDZ made_VBN in_IN J67 43 western_JJ France_NP and_CC exported_VBN to_IN J67 44 England_NP during_IN a_AT very_QL short_JJ period_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J67 44 available_JJ evidence_NN ,_, cited_VBN J67 45 below_RI (_( \0p_NN 5_CD )_) ,_, points_VBZ to_IN the_ATI period_NN J67 45 \0c_RB 1280-1300_CD-CD for_IN the_ATI date_NN J67 46 of_IN the_ATI group_NN of_IN pottery_NN from_IN Lesnes_NP Abbey_NPL ._. J67 47 ^ 1_CD1 ._. ^ green-glazed_JJ jugs_NNS (_( \0pl_NN 1a_CD and_CC J67 47 \0figs_NNS 1_CD1 ,_, 2_CD )_) ._. J67 48 ^ \0fig_NN 1_CD1 ._. ^ baluster_NN jug_NN ,_, 16_CD 1/4_CD \0in_NNU J67 48 high_JJ ,_, made_VBN of_IN light_JJ grey_JJ J67 49 sandy_JJ ware_NN ,_, mostly_RB covered_VBN outside_RP by_IN a_AT J67 49 buff_JJ slip_NN ,_, and_CC glazed_VBN streaky_JJ J67 50 light_JJ green_NN on_IN the_ATI neck_NN and_CC body_NN to_IN below_IN J67 50 the_ATI bulge_NN ._. ^ the_ATI profile_NN J67 51 shows_VBZ a_AT continuous_JJ curve_NN ,_, the_ATI only_AP J67 51 demarcation_NN between_IN neck_NN and_CC body_NN J67 52 being_BEG a_AT ridge_NN at_IN two-thirds_CDS of_IN the_ATI height_NN J67 52 ._. ^ the_ATI handle_NN is_BEZ plain_JJ and_CC J67 53 circular_JJ in_IN section_NN ._. ^ the_ATI edge_NN of_IN the_ATI J67 53 base_NN is_BEZ slightly_RB moulded_JJ ,_, and_CC J67 54 the_ATI middle_NN of_IN the_ATI base_NN sags_VBZ slightly_RB below_IN J67 54 the_ATI level_NN of_IN the_ATI edge_NN ._. J67 55 ^ this_DT is_BEZ a_AT typical_JJ example_NN of_IN the_ATI J67 55 standard_JJ type_NN of_IN baluster_NN jug_NN J67 56 frequently_RB found_VBN in_IN the_ATI City_NPL of_IN London_NP ._. ^ J67 56 the_ATI slender_JJ form_NN ,_, absence_NN of_IN J67 57 decoration_NN ,_, and_CC unstable_JJ base_NN suggest_VB that_CS the_ATI J67 57 type_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT primarily_RB J67 58 intended_VBN for_IN use_NN at_IN the_ATI table_NN ,_, but_CC rather_RB J67 58 for_IN drawing_VBG water_NN out_RP of_IN a_AT J67 59 well_NN ._. ^ that_DT pottery_NN jugs_NNS were_BED used_VBN for_IN J67 59 this_DT purpose_NN is_BEZ shown_VBN by_IN the_ATI J67 60 accumulation_NN of_IN over_RB fifty_CD jugs_NNS ,_, many_AP intact_JJ J67 60 ,_, in_IN the_ATI filling_NN of_IN a_AT J67 61 medieval_JJ well_NN excavated_VBN by_IN \0Mr_NPT \0S_NP \0S_NP Frere_NP J67 61 between_IN \0St_NPT J67 62 George's_NP$ Street_NPL and_CC Burgate_NP ,_, Canterbury_NP ,_, in_IN J67 62 1952_CD ._. J67 63 ^ \0fig_NN 2_CD ._. ^ ovoid_JJ jug_NN ,_, 12_CD 1/4_CD \0in_NNU J67 63 high_JJ ,_, made_VBN of_IN light_JJ grey_JJ sandy_JJ J67 64 ware_NN with_IN light_JJ reddish_JJ buff_JJ surface_NN ,_, covered_VBN J67 64 by_IN yellow_JJ slip_NN ._. ^ mottled_JJ J67 65 green_JJ glaze_NN covers_VBZ the_ATI neck_NN and_CC body_NN to_IN J67 65 below_IN the_ATI bulge_NN ._. ^ the_ATI neck_NN is_BEZ J67 66 cylindrical_JJ ,_, separated_VBN from_IN the_ATI bulbous_JJ body_NN J67 66 by_IN a_AT ridge_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI base_NN J67 67 is_BEZ retracted_VBN above_IN the_ATI foot-ring_NN on_IN which_WDTR J67 67 the_ATI jug_NN stands_VBZ steadily_RB ._. J67 68 ^ the_ATI rim_NN has_HVZ an_AT outward_JJB slope_NN ,_, with_IN a_AT J67 68 groove_NN and_CC moulding_NN below_RI ,_, and_CC J67 69 is_BEZ pinched_VBN to_TO form_VB a_AT small_JJ lip_NN ._. ^ at_IN J67 69 the_ATI middle_NN of_IN the_ATI neck_NN is_BEZ a_AT broad_JJ J67 70 rounded_JJ cordon_NN between_IN a_AT ridge_NN and_CC a_AT narrow_JJ J67 70 flat_JJ cordon_NN ._. ^ the_ATI handle_NN J67 71 is_BEZ plain_JJ and_CC circular_JJ in_IN section_NN ._. J67 72 ^ the_ATI ovoid_JJ jug_NN with_IN retracted_JJ foot_NN is_BEZ J67 72 also_RB a_AT type_NN common_JJ in_IN J67 73 London_NP ,_, and_CC sometimes_RB profusely_RB decorated_VBN ._. J67 74 ^ the_ATI contemporaneity_NN of_IN these_DTS two_CD jugs_NNS is_BEZ J67 74 confirmed_VBN by_IN the_ATI finding_NN J67 75 of_IN fragments_NNS of_IN both_ABX types_NNS in_IN medieval_JJ J67 75 buildings_NNS in_IN Joyden's_NP$ Wood_NPL ,_, J67 76 near_IN Bexley_NP ,_, where_WRB the_ATI occupation_NN is_BEZ J67 76 limited_VBN to_IN the_ATI period_NN \0c_RB J67 77 1280-1320_CD-CD ._. ^ the_ATI kilns_NNS where_WRB they_PP3AS were_BED J67 77 made_VBN have_HV not_XNOT yet_RB been_BEN J67 78 located_VBN ,_, but_CC probably_RB they_PP3AS were_BED to_IN the_ATI J67 78 south_NR of_IN London_NP ,_, in_IN east_NR J67 79 Surrey_NP ._. ^ one_CD1 site_NN was_BEDZ at_IN Earlswood_NP ,_, J67 79 where_WRB potters'_NNS$ refuse_NN and_CC wasters_NNS J67 80 have_HV been_BEN known_VBN for_IN a_AT long_JJ time_NN ._. J67 81 ^ 2_CD ._. ^ unglazed_JJ jug_NN (_( \0fig_NN 3_CD )_) ._. J67 82 ^ large_JJ part_NN of_IN neck_NN ,_, body_NN ,_, and_CC base_NN J67 82 of_IN a_AT small_JJ jug_NN ,_, about_RB 6.1_CD J67 83 \0in_NNU high_JJ ,_, made_VBN of_IN grey_JJ sandy_JJ ware_NN with_IN J67 83 dark_JJ grey_JJ surface_NN ,_, unglazed_JJ ._. J67 84 ^ the_ATI body_NN is_BEZ bulging_JJ ,_, with_IN wide_JJ sagging_JJ J67 84 base_NN ._. ^ the_ATI upper_JJB part_NN of_IN the_ATI J67 85 body_NN is_BEZ marked_VBN by_IN fine_JJ horizontal_JJ grooves_NNS J67 85 and_CC wheel-marks_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI neck_NN J67 86 contracts_VBZ upwards_RB ,_, and_CC the_ATI rim_NN was_BEDZ everted_JJ J67 86 ._. ^ the_ATI lower_JJR part_NN of_IN the_ATI J67 87 handle_NN is_BEZ preserved_VBN separately_RB ;_; it_PP3 is_BEZ J67 87 roughly_RB circular_JJ in_IN section_NN ,_, and_CC J67 88 deeply_RB stab-marked_JJ down_IN the_ATI back_NN ._. J67 89 ^ unglazed_JJ jugs_NNS of_IN grey_JJ ware_NN ,_, rather_RB J67 89 archaic_JJ in_IN character_NN ,_, are_BER J67 90 known_VBN from_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN sites_NNS in_IN north-west_NR J67 90 Kent_NP ._. ^ the_ATI major_JJ site_NN is_BEZ J67 91 Eynsford_NP Castle_NPL ,_, where_WRB excavations_NNS by_IN the_ATI J67 91 ministry_NN of_IN works_NNS have_HV J67 92 produced_VBN many_AP jugs_NNS of_IN this_DT type_NN in_IN deposits_NNS J67 92 of_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN the_ATI J67 93 thirteenth_OD century_NN ._. ^ other_AP sites_NNS are_BER at_IN J67 93 Joyden's_NP$ Wood_NPL near_IN Bexley_NP ,_, and_CC J67 94 at_IN Bexley_NP ._. ^ pottery_NN of_IN this_DT character_NN was_BEDZ J67 94 made_VBN in_IN east_NR Surrey_NP ,_, where_WRB J67 95 at_RB least_RB" one_CD1 kiln-site_NN is_BEZ known_VBN ._. ^ recently_RB J67 95 \0Mr_NPT Brian_NP Hope-Taylor_NP J67 96 excavated_VBD a_AT kiln_NN and_CC potter's_NN$ workshop_NN at_IN J67 96 Vicars_NPTS Haw_NP ,_, Limpsfield_NP ,_, J67 97 which_WDTR produced_VBD a_AT mass_NN of_IN jugs_NNS ,_, J67 97 cooking-pots_NNS ,_, and_CC bowls_NNS with_IN the_ATI J67 98 characteristics_NNS given_VBN above_RI ._. J67 99 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ pottery_NN from_IN western_JJ France_NP ._. J67 100 ^ polychrome_JJ jug_NN (_( \0pl_NN 1b_CD and_CC \0fig_NN 4_CD )_) ._. J67 101 ^ several_AP fragments_NNS of_IN a_AT nearly_RB complete_JJ jug_NN J67 101 ,_, skilfully_RB restored_VBN at_IN J67 102 the_ATI institute_NN of_IN archaeology_NN ,_, London_NP ._. ^ the_ATI J67 102 jug_NN ,_, 10.3_CD \0in_NNU high_JJ ,_, is_BEZ J67 103 made_VBN of_IN thin_JJ whitish_JJ ware_NN with_IN a_AT thin_JJ J67 103 colourless_JJ glaze_NN on_IN the_ATI outside_JJB J67 104 surface_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ of_IN slender_JJ pear-shape_NN with_IN J67 104 retracted_JJ foot_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J67 105 decoration_NN in_IN free-style_NN is_BEZ of_IN a_AT bird_NN and_CC a_AT J67 105 shield_NN on_IN each_DT side_NN ,_, and_CC a_AT J67 106 third_OD shield_NN beneath_IN the_ATI spout_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J67 106 figures_NNS are_BER outlined_VBN in_IN dark_JJ J67 107 brown_NN ;_; the_ATI birds_NNS are_BER coloured_VBN green_JJ and_CC J67 107 the_ATI shields_NNS are_BER orange-yellow_JJ ,_, J67 108 with_IN three_CD bars_NNS instead_RB of_IN the_ATI more_QL usual_JJ J67 108 two_CD ._. ^ one_CD1 bird_NN and_CC two_CD J67 109 shields_NNS are_BER nearly_RB complete_JJ ,_, but_CC the_ATI rest_NN J67 109 of_IN the_ATI decoration_NN is_BEZ J67 110 fragmentary_JJ ._. J67 111 ^ the_ATI bird_NN and_CC shield_NN design_NN is_BEZ one_CD1 of_IN J67 111 the_ATI leading_JJ patterns_NNS on_IN J67 112 polychrome_JJ ware_NN ._. ^ examples_NNS ,_, more_QL or_CC less_QL J67 112 complete_JJ ,_, are_BER known_VBN in_IN J67 113 England_NP and_CC Wales_NP from_IN London_NP ,_, Stonar_NP ,_, J67 113 Felixstowe_NP ,_, Cardiff_NP ,_, and_CC J67 114 Llantwit_NP Major_NP ._. ^ the_ATI shape_NN of_IN the_ATI jug_NN J67 114 also_RB occurs_VBZ several_AP times_NNS on_IN J67 115 jugs_NNS from_IN London_NP ,_, Ipswich_NP ,_, Writtle_NP ,_, J67 115 Canterbury_NP ,_, Old_NP Sarum_NP ,_, Glastonbury_NP J67 116 Abbey_NPL ,_, and_CC Whichford_NP Castle_NPL ._. J67 117 ^ since_IN the_ATI initial_JJ discussion_NN and_CC inventory_NN J67 117 of_IN polychrome_JJ ware_NN in_IN J67 118 Archaeologia_NP in_IN 1933_CD ,_, a_AT considerable_JJ number_NN of_IN J67 118 new_JJ finds_NNS has_HVZ been_BEN J67 119 made_VBN in_IN Britain_NP ._. ^ the_ATI total_JJ number_NN of_IN J67 119 sites_NNS now_RN stands_VBZ at_IN twenty-five_CD J67 120 in_IN England_NP ,_, six_CD in_IN Wales_NP ,_, still_RB one_CD1 in_IN J67 120 Scotland_NP ,_, and_CC Ireland_NP (_( as_CS J67 121 predicted_VBN in_IN the_ATI original_JJ paper_NN )_) can_MD now_RN J67 121 show_VB three_CD sites_NNS ._. ^ these_DTS J67 122 additions_NNS alone_RB call_VB for_IN a_AT re-evaluation_NN of_IN J67 122 the_ATI material_NN ,_, but_CC even_RB J67 123 more_QL significant_JJ is_BEZ the_ATI new_JJ evidence_NN in_IN J67 123 France_NP ._. ^ the_ATI kilns_NNS of_IN an_AT J67 124 intense_JJ medieval_JJ pottery_NN industry_NN have_HV been_BEN J67 124 discovered_VBN at_IN La_NP J67 125 Chappelle-des-Pots_NP ,_, a_AT village_NN to_IN the_ATI east_NR of_IN J67 125 Saintes_NP in_IN Charente_NP J67 126 Maritime_NP ._. ^ the_ATI manufacture_NN here_RN of_IN polychrome_JJ J67 126 ware_NN and_CC the_ATI other_AP types_NNS J67 127 of_IN pottery_NN also_RB exported_VBN from_IN France_NP to_IN J67 127 England_NP is_BEZ now_RN an_AT established_JJ J67 128 fact_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ now_RN possible_JJ ,_, therefore_RB ,_, J67 128 to_TO discuss_VB more_QL fully_RB the_ATI trade_NN J67 129 in_IN polychrome_JJ ware_NN from_IN its_PP$ centre_NN of_IN J67 129 production_NN in_IN France_NP ,_, and_CC to_TO J67 130 give_VB a_AT more_QL balanced_JJ evaluation_NN of_IN its_PP$ J67 130 distribution_NN in_IN the_ATI British_JNP J67 131 Isles_NPLS ._. J67 132 ^ for_IN the_ATI present_JJ purpose_NN it_PP3 must_MD suffice_VB J67 132 to_TO summarize_VB the_ATI evidence_NN J67 133 for_IN the_ATI date_NN of_IN polychrome_JJ ware_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ J67 133 based_VBN on_IN finds_VBZ made_VBN at_IN five_CD J67 134 castles_NNS ,_, either_DTX built_VBN by_IN Edward_NP 1_CD1 ,_, J67 134 occupied_VBN by_IN the_ATI English_NNPS for_IN a_AT J67 135 limited_JJ period_NN ,_, or_CC where_WRB the_ATI deposits_NNS are_BER J67 135 related_VBN to_IN building_NN periods_NNS J67 136 of_IN the_ATI structure_NN ._. ^ the_ATI castles_NNS and_CC the_ATI J67 136 limiting_JJ dates_NNS are_BER as_CS follows_VBZ :_: J67 137 **[TABLE**]_&FO J67 138 ^ the_ATI gist_NN of_IN this_DT evidence_NN is_BEZ that_CS at_IN J67 138 the_ATI longest_JJT range_NN polychrome_JJ J67 139 ware_NN dates_VBZ between_IN 1270_CD and_CC 1325_CD ._. ^ in_IN fact_NN J67 139 the_ATI range_NN can_MD be_BE narrowed_VBN J67 140 down_RP to_IN between_IN 1280_CD and_CC 1300_CD ,_, since_CS most_AP J67 140 of_IN the_ATI initial_JJ and_CC terminal_JJ J67 141 dates_NNS overlap_VB ._. ^ although_CS pottery_NN of_IN other_AP J67 141 types_NNS made_VBN in_IN the_ATI same_AP part_NN J67 142 of_IN western_JJ France_NP has_HVZ been_BEN found_VBN in_IN Britain_NP J67 142 in_IN contexts_NNS both_ABX earlier_JJR J67 143 and_CC later_JJR than_IN the_ATI above_JJB dates_NNS ,_, there_EX J67 143 is_BEZ no_ATI evidence_NN otherwise_RB that_CS J67 144 polychrome_JJ ware_NN had_HVD a_AT longer_JJR range_NN in_IN date_NN J67 144 ._. ^ the_ATI evidence_NN as_IN a_AT whole_NN J67 145 suggests_VBZ that_CS polychrome_JJ ware_NN was_BEDZ not_XNOT only_RB J67 145 imported_VBN but_CC indeed_RB made_VBN J67 146 during_IN a_AT very_QL short_JJ period_NN ,_, and_CC that_CS it_PP3 J67 146 was_BEDZ produced_VBN in_IN the_ATI lifetime_NN J67 147 of_IN one_CD1 or_CC at_IN most_AP two_CD generations_NNS of_IN J67 147 potters_NNS ._. J67 148 ^ glazed_JJ pitcher_NN (_( \0fig_NN 5_CD )_) ._. J67 149 ^ the_ATI base_NN and_CC lower_JJR half_NN of_IN a_AT pitcher_NN J67 149 is_BEZ also_RB identified_VBN as_IN an_AT J67 150 import_NN from_IN western_JJ France_NP ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ made_VBN J67 150 of_IN thin_JJ ,_, hard_JJ yellow_JJ ware_NN with_IN J67 151 fine_JJ red_JJ grit_NN ._. ^ the_ATI surface_NN is_BEZ smooth_JJ and_CC J67 151 yellow-buff_JJ ,_, with_IN patches_NNS of_IN J67 152 green_JJ glaze_NN above_IN the_ATI bulge_NN ._. ^ the_ATI base_NN J67 152 is_BEZ markedly_RB raised_JJ at_IN the_ATI J67 153 middle_NN ._. J67 154 ^ the_ATI pot_NN belongs_VBZ to_IN a_AT group_NN well_RB J67 154 represented_VBN at_IN Saintes_NP by_IN J67 155 barrel-shaped_JJ and_CC ovoid_JJ pitchers_NNS and_CC jugs_NNS ._. ^ J67 155 these_DTS have_HV a_AT large_JJ J67 156 bridge-spout_NN and_CC a_AT single_JJ strap-handle_NN ,_, as_CS on_IN J67 156 the_ATI polychrome_JJ jugs_NNS ,_, and_CC J67 157 the_ATI base_NN is_BEZ usually_RB hollowed_VBN underneath_RI ._. ^ J67 157 on_IN some_DTI of_IN the_ATI jugs_NNS the_ATI J67 158 decoration_NN consists_VBZ of_IN slip_NN lines_NNS in_IN brown_NN or_CC J67 158 red_NN forming_VBG a_AT chevron_NN or_CC J67 159 trellis_NN pattern_NN limited_VBN to_IN the_ATI upper_JJB part_NN of_IN J67 159 the_ATI body_NN ,_, as_CS was_BEDZ J67 160 evidently_RB the_ATI case_NN on_IN the_ATI Lesnes_NP Abbey_NPL pot_NN J67 160 ._. ^ the_ATI ware_NN of_IN the_ATI pots_NNS at_IN J67 161 Saintes_NP is_BEZ sometimes_RB equal_JJ in_IN quality_NN to_IN that_DT J67 161 of_IN the_ATI polychromes_NNS ,_, and_CC J67 162 sometimes_RB more_QL gritty_JJ ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ probable_JJ ,_, J67 162 therefore_RB ,_, that_CS these_DTS vessels_NNS ,_, J67 163 of_IN which_WDTR fragments_NNS were_BED found_VBN at_IN the_ATI J67 163 kiln-sites_NNS at_IN La_NP J67 164 Chappelle-des-Pots_NP ,_, were_BED also_RB made_VBN elsewhere_RB in_IN J67 164 the_ATI vicinity_NN of_IN J67 165 Saintes_NP ._. ^ a_AT pitcher_NN decorated_VBN with_IN a_AT trellis_NN J67 165 in_IN red_JJ slip_NN ,_, in_IN the_ATI J67 166 Muse*?2e_&FW Municipal_&FW at_IN Saintes_NP ,_, has_HVZ been_BEN J67 166 used_VBN to_TO complete_VB the_ATI J67 167 drawing_NN of_IN the_ATI Lesnes_NP Abbey_NPL pot_NN ._. J67 168 ^ 4_CD ._. ^ Spanish_JNP lustreware_NN (_( \0pl_NN 11_CD and_CC J67 168 \0fig_NN 6_CD )_) ._. J67 169 ^ two_CD fragments_NNS of_IN thick_JJ whitish_JJ ware_NN ,_, J67 169 glazed_VBN and_CC decorated_VBN on_IN both_ABX J67 170 surfaces_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI outside_NN is_BEZ mostly_RB covered_VBN J67 170 by_IN zones_NNS of_IN pale_JJ amber_JJ J67 171 lustre_NN ,_, comprising_VBG broad_JJ and_CC narrow_JJ solid_JJ J67 171 bands_NNS ,_, sloping_VBG panels_NNS ,_, J67 172 chevrons_NNS ,_, and_CC large_JJ scrolls_NNS ._. ^ between_IN the_ATI J67 172 lustre_NN are_BER two_CD narrow_JJ bands_NNS J67 173 painted_VBN in_IN cobalt-blue_NN (_( hatched_JJ in_IN the_ATI J67 173 drawing_NN )_) ._. ^ the_ATI smaller_JJR fragment_NN J67 174 has_HVZ two_CD concentric_JJ mouldings_NNS on_IN the_ATI outside_NN J67 174 above_IN the_ATI inner_JJB blue_JJ band_NN ;_; J67 175 the_ATI inner_JJB moulding_NN is_BEZ more_QL prominent_JJ than_IN J67 175 the_ATI outer_JJB ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI inside_JJB J67 176 surface_NN the_ATI lustre_NN is_BEZ fainter_JJR ,_, and_CC shows_VBZ J67 176 the_ATI same_AP range_NN of_IN motifs_NNS as_CS J67 177 on_IN the_ATI outside_NN ,_, also_RB a_AT narrow_JJ band_NN of_IN J67 177 guilloche_NN ;_; no_ATI blue_JJ bands_NNS are_BER J67 178 present_JJ on_IN the_ATI inside_NN ._. J67 179 ^ the_ATI pieces_NNS belong_VB to_IN the_ATI same_AP vessel_NN ,_, J67 179 a_AT large_JJ cover_NN or_CC lid_NN ,_, 15_CD J67 180 3/4_CD \0in_NNU in_IN diameter_NN at_IN the_ATI rim_NN ._. ^ at_IN J67 180 the_ATI inner_JJB edge_NN of_IN the_ATI upper_JJB J67 181 piece_NN the_ATI profile_NN turns_VBZ sharply_RB upwards_RB for_IN a_AT J67 181 knob_NN for_IN lifting_NN ,_, as_CS J67 182 restored_VBN in_IN the_ATI drawing_NN ._. J67 183 ^ the_ATI Lesnes_NP Abbey_NPL cover_NN is_BEZ identified_VBN as_IN J67 183 Hispano-Moresque_JNP ware_NN J67 184 made_VBN at_IN Malaga_NP in_IN Andalusia_NP by_IN comparison_NN with_IN J67 184 numerous_JJ fragments_NNS ,_, in_IN J67 185 the_ATI Victoria_NP and_CC Albert_NP Museum_NPL ,_, found_VBN at_IN J67 185 Fostat_NP near_IN Cairo_NP ._. ^ the_ATI J67 186 origin_NN of_IN this_DT lustre-painted_JJ pottery_NN is_BEZ J67 186 demonstrated_VBN by_IN a_AT foot-ring_NN J67 187 from_IN Fostat_NP ,_, inscribed_VBN with_IN the_ATI Arabic_JNP word_NN J67 187 Malaga_&FW ._. ^ such_ABL marks_NNS J67 188 are_BER seldom_RB found_VBN on_IN this_DT class_NN of_IN pottery_NN ,_, J67 188 and_CC may_MD indicate_VB that_CS they_PP3AS J67 189 were_BED limited_VBN to_IN vessels_NNS destined_VBN for_IN J67 189 exportation_NN ._. ^ a_AT close_JJ parallel_NN J67 190 for_IN the_ATI shape_NN and_CC decoration_NN of_IN the_ATI Lesnes_NP J67 190 Abbey_NPL cover_NN is_BEZ provided_VBN by_IN J67 191 a_AT large_JJ piece_NN of_IN a_AT cover_NN from_IN Fostat_NP (_( J67 191 \0pl_NN 3a_CD )_) ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ also_RB J67 192 decorated_VBN on_IN both_ABX sides_NNS by_IN bands_NNS of_IN pale_JJ J67 192 amber_JJ lustre_NN ,_, and_CC near_IN the_ATI J67 193 top_NN are_BER mouldings_NNS precisely_RB like_IN those_DTS on_IN J67 193 the_ATI Lesnes_NP Abbey_NPL cover_NN ._. J67 194 ^ the_ATI shape_NN of_IN these_DTS covers_NNS is_BEZ given_VBN by_IN J67 194 a_AT complete_JJ cover_NN for_IN a_AT J67 195 pedestalled_JJ bowl_NN ,_, both_ABX painted_VBN with_IN arabesque_JJ J67 195 patterns_NNS in_IN lustre_NN and_CC J67 196 in_IN blue_NN ,_, also_RB in_IN the_ATI Victoria_NP and_CC Albert_NP J67 196 Museum_NPL (_( \0pl_NN 3b_CD )_) ._. J68 2 ^ all_ABN this_DT ,_, the_ATI great_JJ corpus_NN of_IN Russian_JNP J68 2 song_NN ,_, remains_VBZ almost_RB J68 3 unknown_JJ *-_*- or_CC known_VBN by_IN its_PP$ least_QL fine_JJ and_CC J68 3 subtle_JJ examples_NNS ._. ^ and_CC not_XNOT J68 4 only_RB Russian_JNP song_NN ;_; Poland_NP has_HVZ produced_VBN at_RB J68 4 least_RB" two_CD remarkable_JJ J68 5 song-writers_NNS ,_, Moniuszko_NP in_IN the_ATI last_AP century_NN J68 5 and_CC Szymanowski_NP in_IN the_ATI J68 6 present_JJ one_CD1 ,_, of_IN whom_WPOR Szymanowski_NP is_BEZ known_VBN J68 6 only_RB in_IN German_JNP translations_NNS J68 7 and_CC Moniuszko_NP not_XNOT at_IN all_ABN ,_, for_CS his_PP$ songs_NNS J68 7 have_HV never_RB been_BEN translated_VBN J68 8 into_IN English_NNP and_CC the_ATI wretched_JJ French_JNP selection_NN J68 8 is_BEZ a_AT hundred_CD years_NNS old_JJ ._. J68 9 ^ instrumental_JJ music_NN ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, penetrates_VBZ J68 9 the_ATI curtain_NN with_IN no_ATI J68 10 difficulty_NN ,_, with_IN the_ATI result_NN that_CS we_PP1AS think_VB J68 10 of_IN Russian_JNP and_CC Polish_JNP music_NN J68 11 as_CS mainly_RB instrumental_JJ ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ a_AT false_JJ J68 11 picture_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ less_QL false_JJ ,_, I_PP1A J68 12 think_VB ,_, of_IN Czech_JNP music_NN ._. ^ the_ATI Czechs_NNPS (_( J68 12 among_IN whom_WPOR I_PP1A include_VB the_ATI Moravians_NNPS J68 13 and_CC Slovaks_NNPS and_CC Ruthenians_NNPS ,_, beside_IN the_ATI J68 13 Czechs_NNPS proper_JJ )_) are_BER an_AT intensely_RB J68 14 musical_JJ people_NN but_CC ,_, whether_CS because_CS they_PP3AS J68 14 nearly_RB lost_VBD their_PP$ language_NN as_IN J68 15 a_AT culture-language_NN under_IN the_ATI Habsburg_NP monarchy_NN (_( J68 15 so_CS that_CS" even_RB Smetana_NP J68 16 had_HVD to_TO learn_VB it_PP3 as_IN a_AT foreigner_NN )_) or_CC from_IN J68 16 deficiencies_NNS in_IN the_ATI language_NN J68 17 itself_PPL (_( \0e.g_RB in_IN vowel-sounds_NNS )_) ,_, for_IN some_DTI J68 17 reason_NN their_PP$ vocal_JJ J68 18 literature_NN is_BEZ less_QL rich_JJ than_IN their_PP$ instrumental_JJ J68 18 ._. J68 19 ^ the_ATI language-curtain_NN obstructs_VBZ much_AP more_AP than_IN J68 19 the_ATI free_JJ passage_NN of_IN J68 20 Slavonic_JNP vocal_JJ music_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 obstructs_VBZ our_PP$ J68 20 knowledge_NN of_IN a_AT great_JJ deal_NN of_IN J68 21 music_NN that_WPR would_MD present_VB no_ATI difficulty_NN at_IN J68 21 all_ABN if_CS we_PP1AS could_MD only_RB hear_VB J68 22 it_PP3 :_: the_ATI older_JJR instrumental_JJ music_NN of_IN the_ATI J68 22 Czechs_NNPS and_CC Poles_NNPS ,_, and_CC their_PP$ J68 23 Latin_JNP church_NN music_NN ._. ^ for_CS *-_*- and_CC here_RN I_PP1A J68 23 come_VB at_RB last_RB" to_IN the_ATI very_AP heart_NN J68 24 of_IN my_PP$ subject_NN *-_*- the_ATI Czechs_NNPS and_CC Poles_NNPS J68 24 have_HV always_RB shared_VBN the_ATI culture_NN of_IN J68 25 western_JJ Europe_NP ,_, including_IN its_PP$ music_NN ,_, whereas_CS J68 25 the_ATI Russians_NNPS began_VBD to_TO do_DO J68 26 so_PN only_RB in_IN the_ATI second_OD half_NN of_IN the_ATI J68 26 eighteenth_OD century_NN ._. ^ not_XNOT only_RB were_BED J68 27 the_ATI Russians_NNPS Christianised_VBN from_IN Byzantium_NP ,_, J68 27 either_DTX directly_RB or_CC through_IN J68 28 Bulgarian_JNP missionaries_NNS ,_, and_CC left_VBN with_IN a_AT J68 28 different_JJ alphabet_NN ,_, a_AT J68 29 different_JJ liturgy_NN and_CC a_AT different_JJ liturgical_JJ J68 29 language_NN ,_, for_IN two_CD J68 30 centuries_NNS in_IN the_ATI later_JJR middle_JJB ages_NNS they_PP3AS J68 30 suffered_VBD under_IN the_ATI *'_*' Tatar_NP J68 31 yoke_NN **'_**' and_CC the_ATI Princes_NPTS of_IN Moscow_NP were_BED J68 31 mere_JJB tributaries_NNS to_IN Mongol_JNP J68 32 khans_NNS ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, whatever_WDT the_ATI J68 32 penetration_NN of_IN central_JJ Europe_NP J68 33 by_IN the_ATI old_JJ Slavonic_JNP liturgy_NN ,_, whatever_WDT the_ATI J68 33 nature_NN of_IN the_ATI conflict_NN there_RN J68 34 between_IN eastern_JJ and_CC western_JJ churches_NNS (_( and_CC on_IN J68 34 this_DT there_EX are_BER many_AP J68 35 important_JJ points_NNS on_IN which_WDTR the_ATI experts_NNS still_RB J68 35 disagree_VB )_) ,_, whatever_WDT the_ATI J68 36 political_JJ vicissitudes_NNS of_IN the_ATI western_JJ Slav_JNP J68 36 states_NNS ,_, they_PP3AS were_BED never_RB J68 37 detached_VBN in_IN this_DT way_NN from_IN the_ATI influences_NNS of_IN J68 37 western_JJ Christendom_NNP ;_; the_ATI J68 38 Roman_JNP alphabet_NN conquered_VBD the_ATI Cyrillic_JNP and_CC in_IN J68 38 the_ATI church_NN Latin_NNP J68 39 conquered_VBD old_JJ Slavonic_NNP ._. ^ Polish_JNP and_CC Czech_JNP J68 39 chapter_NN and_CC monastery_NN J68 40 libraries_NNS at_IN Gniezno_NP and_CC Vys*?10ebrod_NP possess_VB J68 40 Gregorian_JNP missals_NNS from_IN J68 41 the_ATI eleventh_OD or_CC early_JJ twelfth_OD century_NN ,_, and_CC J68 41 although_CS these_DTS no_ATI doubt_NN J68 42 came_VBD from_IN the_ATI west_NR *-_*- the_ATI Gniezno_NP missal_NN J68 42 has_HVZ \0St_NPT Gall-type_JJB neumes_NNS *-_*- J68 43 manuscripts_NNS of_IN Polish_JNP and_CC Czech_JNP origins_NNS were_BED J68 43 compiled_VBN before_IN long_RB ._. J68 44 ^ the_ATI Prague_NP Troparium_NP of_IN 1235_CD is_BEZ only_RB the_ATI J68 44 earliest_JJT of_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN J68 45 Czech_JNP and_CC Moravian_JNP musical_JJ codices_NNS of_IN the_ATI J68 45 thirteenth_OD and_CC fourteenth_OD J68 46 centuries_NNS and_CC the_ATI Poles_NNPS claim_VB the_ATI composition_NN J68 46 of_IN a_AT plainsong_NN antiphon_NN J68 47 which_WDTR can_MD hardly_RB be_BE later_JJR than_IN the_ATI twelfth_OD J68 47 century_NN :_: *'_*' Magna_&FW vox_&FW ,_, J68 48 laude_&FW sonora_&FW **'_**' in_IN honour_NN of_IN \0St_NPT Adalbert_NP J68 48 ,_, who_WPR played_VBD such_ABL an_AT J68 49 important_JJ part_NN in_IN the_ATI Christianisation_NNP (_( or_CC J68 49 Romanisation_NNP )_) of_IN both_ABX Poles_NNPS J68 50 and_CC Czechs_NNPS ._. ^ and_CC there_EX is_BEZ a_AT significant_JJ J68 50 parallelism_NN in_IN the_ATI appearance_NN J68 51 of_IN the_ATI earliest_JJT religious_JJ songs_NNS with_IN Czech_JNP J68 51 or_CC Polish_JNP words_NNS ;_; both_ABX the_ATI J68 52 Polish_JNP *'_*' Bogurodzica_&FW **'_**' (_( hymn_NN to_IN the_ATI J68 52 Mother_NPT of_IN God_NP )_) and_CC the_ATI Czech_JNP J68 53 *'_*' Hospodine_&FW ,_, pomiluj_&FW ny_&FW **'_**' (_( *'_*' Lord_NPT J68 53 have_HV mercy_NN on_IN us_PP1OS **'_**' ,_, a_AT J68 54 vernacular_JJ kyrie_NN )_) are_BER more_RBR or_CC less_RBR centos_NNS J68 54 of_IN plainsong_NN motives_NNS ._. J68 55 ^ moreover_RB the_ATI earliest_JJT preserved_JJ sources_NNS for_IN J68 55 both_ABX date_VB from_IN the_ATI same_AP J68 56 period_NN ;_; the_ATI oldest_JJT known_JJ manuscript_NN of_IN the_ATI J68 56 *'_*' Bogurodzica_&FW **'_**' dates_VBZ J68 57 from_IN about_RB 1407_CD ,_, that_DT of_IN *'_*' Hospodine_&FW ,_, J68 57 pomiluj_&FW **'_**' from_IN just_RB ten_CD J68 58 years_NNS earlier_RBR ,_, though_CS the_ATI words_NNS are_BER found_VBN J68 58 without_IN the_ATI music_NN as_QL early_RB J68 59 as_IN \0c_RB 1380_CD ._. J68 60 ^ I_PP1A have_HV no_ATI intention_NN of_IN inflicting_VBG on_IN J68 60 you_PP2 a_AT potted_JJ history_NN of_IN J68 61 western_JJ Slavonic_JNP music_NN ,_, beginning_VBG with_IN the_ATI J68 61 middle_JJB ages_NNS ._. ^ I_PP1A wish_VB ,_, by_IN J68 62 these_DTS facts_NNS ,_, only_RB to_TO drive_VB home_NR two_CD J68 62 points_NNS :_: the_ATI essential_JJ oneness_NN of_IN J68 63 this_DT musical_JJ culture_NN with_IN that_DT of_IN Europe_NP J68 63 generally_RB *-_*- and_CC the_ATI J68 64 differences_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI western_JJ Slavs_NNPS shared_VBD in_IN J68 64 the_ATI common_JJ stock_NN but_CC often_RB J68 65 drew_VBD from_IN it_PP3 elements_NNS which_WDTR they_PP3AS put_VBD J68 65 to_IN their_PP$ own_AP special_JJ uses_NNS ._. J68 66 ^ standing_VBG on_IN the_ATI outer_JJB edge_NN of_IN western_JJ J68 66 culture_NN ,_, they_PP3AS developed_VBD all_ABN the_ATI J68 67 fascinating_JJ peculiarities_NNS one_CD1 expects_VBZ to_TO find_VB J68 67 in_IN peripheral_JJ cultures_NNS ._. J68 68 ^ one_CD1 finds_VBZ similar_JJ things_NNS in_IN the_ATI music_NN of_IN J68 68 Portugal_NP and_CC at_IN some_DTI periods_NNS J68 69 of_IN history_NN in_IN our_PP$ own_AP ._. ^ peripheral_JJ cultures_NNS J68 69 naturally_RB tend_VB to_TO be_BE J68 70 *'_*' backward_JJ **'_**' ;_; even_RB in_IN a_AT country_NN the_ATI J68 70 size_NN of_IN England_NP ,_, provincial_JJ J68 71 architecture_NN has_HVZ often_RB been_BEN half-a-century_NN or_CC J68 71 more_AP behind_IN the_ATI style_NN J68 72 fashionable_JJ in_IN London_NP ;_; as_CS we_PP1AS all_ABN know_VB ,_, J68 72 even_RB Germany_NP was_BEDZ very_QL late_JJ in_IN J68 73 developing_VBG polyphony_NN ._. ^ but_CC there_EX are_BER wonderful_JJ J68 73 compensations_NNS in_IN the_ATI J68 74 variety_NN ,_, in_IN the_ATI range_NN of_IN dialects_NNS (_( as_CS J68 74 it_PP3 were_BED )_) ._. ^ sometimes_RB political_JJ J68 75 or_CC other_AP non-musical_JJ factors_NNS play_VB a_AT part_NN ;_; J68 75 the_ATI Hussite_JNP wars_NNS of_IN the_ATI J68 76 fifteenth_OD century_NN gave_VBD a_AT tremendous_JJ stimulus_NN to_IN J68 76 vernacular_JJ Czech_JNP song_NN J68 77 just_RB as_CS the_ATI two_CD centuries_NNS and_CC more_AP of_IN J68 77 Habsburg_NP domination_NN after_IN the_ATI J68 78 battle_NN of_IN the_ATI White_NP Mountain_NPL overlaid_VBD and_CC J68 78 even_RB seemed_VBD to_TO extinguish_VB J68 79 the_ATI peculiarly_RB Czech_JNP elements_NNS in_IN the_ATI music_NN J68 79 of_IN Bohemia_NP ._. ^ but_CC the_ATI Slavs_NNPS J68 80 were_BED quite_RB capable_JJ of_IN developing_VBG special_JJ musical_JJ J68 80 characteristics_NNS J68 81 without_IN the_ATI help_NN of_IN extra-musical_JJ circumstances_NNS ._. J68 81 ^ even_RB in_IN the_ATI field_NN of_IN J68 82 notation_NN ,_, Czech_JNP neumes_NNS evolved_VBD with_IN certain_JJ J68 82 differences_NNS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI J68 83 thirteenth_OD century_NN the_ATI Czechs_NNPS were_BED still_RB J68 83 using_VBG non-diastematic_JJ neumes_NNS ;_; J68 84 in_IN the_ATI fourteenth_OD they_PP3AS progressed_VBD to_IN the_ATI J68 84 stave_NN *-_*- and_CC their_PP$ neumes_NNS J68 85 began_VBD to_TO assume_VB peculiar_JJ rhomboid_JJ forms_NNS ._. ^ J68 85 but_CC let_VB me_PP1O remind_VB you_PP2 again_RB J68 86 how_WRB much_RB more_QL different_JJ things_NNS were_BED in_IN J68 86 Russia_NP ,_, where_WRB liturgical_JJ J68 87 melody_NN had_HVD developed_VBN *-_*- and_CC developed_VBN quite_ABL J68 87 a_AT long_JJ way_NN on_IN its_PP$ own_AP J68 88 lines_NNS *-_*- from_IN Byzantine_JNP chant_NN but_CC was_BEDZ J68 88 stuck_VBN fast_JJ in_IN a_AT primitive_JJ J68 89 notation_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ still_RB unreadable_JJ up_RP to_IN J68 89 the_ATI late_JJ fifteenth_OD century_NN ,_, J68 90 although_CS comparative_JJ study_NN with_IN Byzantine_JNP notation_NN J68 90 is_BEZ now_RN showing_VBG how_WRB J68 91 it_PP3 may_MD be_BE deciphered_VBN ._. ^ as_IN for_IN" the_ATI J68 91 five-line_JJB stave_NN ,_, it_PP3 reached_VBD the_ATI J68 92 Ukraine_NP only_RB in_IN the_ATI seventeenth_OD century_NN and_CC J68 92 Russia_NP proper_JJ in_IN the_ATI J68 93 eighteenth_OD ._. ^ genuine_JJ polyphony_NN was_BEDZ impossible_JJ J68 93 though_CS a_AT very_QL primitive_JJ J68 94 form_NN of_IN three-part_JJB polyphony_NN *-_*- in_IN the_ATI J68 94 so-called_JJB troestrochnoe_&FW J68 95 style_NN ,_, noted_VBN in_IN three_CD rows_NNS of_IN neumes_NNS *-_*- J68 95 begins_VBZ to_TO appear_VB about_IN the_ATI J68 96 middle_NN of_IN the_ATI sixteenth_OD century_NN :_: the_ATI J68 96 liturgical_JJ cantus_&FW firmus_&FW J68 97 in_IN the_ATI middle_JJB part_NN is_BEZ supported_VBN at_RB first_RB" J68 97 in_IN unison_NN or_CC octaves_NNS by_IN J68 98 upper_JJB and_CC lower_JJR voices_NNS which_WDTR branch_VB out_RP J68 98 from_IN it_PP3 and_CC close_VB in_RP again_RB to_IN J68 99 the_ATI unison_NN in_IN the_ATI manner_NN of_IN the_ATI podgoloski_&FW J68 99 of_IN Russian_JNP J68 100 polyphonic_JJ folk-music_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT until_IN J68 100 the_ATI mid-seventeenth_OD century_NN J68 101 that_CS one_CD1 begins_VBZ to_TO find_VB four-part_JJB polyphony_NN ,_, J68 101 with_IN the_ATI cantus_&FW J68 102 firmus_&FW in_IN the_ATI tenor_NN and_CC the_ATI added_JJ parts_NNS J68 102 in_IN note-against-note_JJB style_NN J68 103 producing_VBG common_JJ chords_NNS in_IN root_NN position_NN ._. J68 104 ^ at_IN this_DT period_NN ,_, when_WRB Russian_JNP liturgical_JJ J68 104 polyphony_NN was_BEDZ in_IN its_PP$ J68 105 earliest_JJT infancy_NN and_CC Russian_JNP secular_JJ music_NN J68 105 reached_VBD no_ATI higher_JJR level_NN J68 106 than_IN the_ATI songs_NNS and_CC dance_NN music_NN of_IN the_ATI J68 106 skomorokhi_&FW (_( buffoons_NNS )_) ,_, J68 107 Poland_NP and_CC Bohemia_NP were_BED enjoying_VBG what_WDT modern_JJ J68 107 Polish_JNP and_CC Czech_JNP J68 108 historians_NNS claim_VB as_IN a_AT *'_*' golden_JJ age_NN of_IN J68 108 polyphony_NN **'_**' ._. ^ it_PP3 may_MD at_RB first_RB" J68 109 strike_VB us_PP1OS as_IN no_ATI more_AP than_IN a_AT pale_JJ J68 109 reflection_NN of_IN the_ATI golden_JJ age_NN that_WPR was_BEDZ J68 110 being_BEG enjoyed_VBN at_IN the_ATI same_AP time_NN by_IN all_ABN J68 110 Europe_NP ,_, but_CC that_DT is_BEZ not_XNOT the_ATI J68 111 whole_JJ truth_NN ._. ^ a_AT great_JJ deal_NN of_IN this_DT music_NN J68 111 deserves_VBZ not_XNOT only_RB intensive_JJ J68 112 study_NN but_CC performance_NN ._. J68 113 ^ two_CD difficulties_NNS confront_VB the_ATI western_JJ student_NN J68 113 of_IN this_DT music_NN ._. ^ one_CD1 J68 114 I_PP1A have_HV already_RB mentioned_VBN :_: the_ATI language_NN J68 114 curtain_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 does_DOZ not_XNOT conceal_VB J68 115 so_QL much_AP of_IN the_ATI music_NN itself_PPL ,_, for_CS a_AT J68 115 great_JJ deal_NN of_IN it_PP3 is_BEZ Latin_JNP church_NN J68 116 music_NN ,_, but_CC it_PP3 makes_VBZ it_PP3 difficult_JJ for_IN most_AP J68 116 of_IN us_PP1OS to_TO get_VB at_IN the_ATI J68 117 information_NN about_IN it_PP3 ,_, the_ATI existing_JJ stylistic_JJ J68 117 research_NN ,_, and_RB so_RB" on_RB" ._. J68 118 ^ Czech_JNP and_CC Polish_JNP musicology_NN have_HV fairly_RB long_JJ J68 118 traditions_NNS and_CC very_QL high_JJ J68 119 standards_NNS ,_, as_CS indeed_RB has_HVZ Soviet_NP musicology_NN ,_, J68 119 and_CC the_ATI amount_NN of_IN study_NN J68 120 devoted_VBN to_IN the_ATI western_JJ Slav_JNP polyphonists_NNS *-_*- J68 120 to_TO say_VB nothing_PN of_IN the_ATI J68 121 instrumental_JJ composers_NNS of_IN the_ATI seventeenth_OD and_CC J68 121 eighteenth_OD centuries_NNS ,_, J68 122 and_CC early_JJ Czech_JNP and_CC Polish_JNP romantic_JJ piano_NN J68 122 music_NN *-_*- is_BEZ enormous_JJ ._. ^ it_PP3 J68 123 exists_VBZ in_IN print_NN ,_, in_IN books_NNS and_CC monographs_NNS J68 123 and_CC learned_JJ periodicals_NNS ,_, but_CC J68 124 it_PP3 might_MD be_BE in_IN Etruscan_NNP or_CC Cretan_JNP linear_JJ J68 124 B_ZZ for_IN all_ABN that_WPR most_AP of_IN us_PP1OS can_MD J68 125 make_VB of_IN it_PP3 and_CC it_PP3 would_MD be_BE well_RB worth_IN J68 125 the_ATI while_NN of_IN some_DTI of_IN the_ATI young_JJ J68 126 musicologists_NNS now_RN studying_VBG Russian_NNP to_TO make_VB J68 126 Polish_NNP or_CC Czech_NNP their_PP$ J68 127 second_OD Slav_JNP language_NN ._. J68 128 ^ the_ATI second_OD difficulty_NN is_BEZ that_DT of_IN actual_JJ J68 128 scores_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 has_HVZ at_IN times_NNS J68 129 seemed_VBD as_CS if_CS" western_JJ Slav_JNP musicologists_NNS were_BED J68 129 more_QL interested_JJ in_IN J68 130 studying_VBG their_PP$ old_JJ masters_NNS than_CS in_IN getting_VBG J68 130 their_PP$ texts_NNS published_VBN ._. J68 131 ^ Josef_NP Syrzyn*?2ski_NP made_VBD an_AT excellent_JJ start_NN in_IN J68 131 1885_CD with_IN his_PP$ Polish_JNP J68 132 Monumenta_&FW but_CC succeeded_VBD in_IN bringing_VBG out_RP only_RB J68 132 four_CD volumes_NNS ;_; the_ATI J68 133 later_JJR Polish_JNP series_NN ,_, Wydawnictwo_&FW dawnej_&FW J68 133 muzyki_&FW polskiej_&FW ,_, J68 134 edited_VBN by_IN Chybin*?2ski_NP and_CC begun_VBN in_IN the_ATI J68 134 1930s_CDS ,_, has_HVZ produced_VBN nearly_RB J68 135 forty_CD numbers_NNS but_CC many_AP of_IN them_PP3OS are_BER very_QL J68 135 slim_JJ ,_, containing_VBG only_RB a_AT single_JJ J68 136 work_NN or_CC a_AT selection_NN of_IN short_JJ pieces_NNS ._. ^ (_( J68 136 the_ATI editorial_JJ prefaces_NNS were_BED J68 137 from_IN the_ATI first_OD provided_VBN with_IN a_AT French_JNP J68 137 translation_NN and_CC the_ATI post-war_JJB J68 138 numbers_NNS are_BER translated_VBN into_IN English_NNP ,_, French_NNP J68 138 ,_, German_NNP and_CC Russian_NNP ._. )_) ^ the_ATI J68 139 somewhat_RB similar_JJ Czech_JNP series_NN ,_, musica_&FW antiqua_&FW J68 139 Bohemica_&FW ,_, has_HVZ J68 140 been_BEN devoted_VBN almost_RB entirely_RB to_IN instrumental_JJ J68 140 music_NN of_IN the_ATI late_JJ J68 141 eighteenth_OD and_CC early_JJ nineteenth_OD centuries_NNS ;_; it_PP3 J68 141 is_BEZ only_RB in_IN the_ATI last_AP few_AP J68 142 years_NNS that_CS the_ATI Czechs_NNPS have_HV begun_VBN to_TO J68 142 publish_VB the_ATI work_NN of_IN their_PP$ classic_JJ J68 143 polyphonists_NNS *-_*- with_IN trilingual_JJ re*?2sume*?2s_NNS of_IN J68 143 the_ATI prefaces_NNS ,_, J68 144 but_CC not_XNOT of_IN the_ATI critical_JJ apparatus_NN ._. J68 145 ^ a_AT third_OD difficulty_NN is_BEZ the_ATI paucity_NN of_IN J68 145 surviving_JJ material_NN ._. ^ Poland_NP J68 146 and_CC the_ATI Czechoslovak_JNP lands_NNS have_HV provided_VBN J68 146 innumerable_JJ battlefields_NNS J68 147 during_IN the_ATI last_AP four_CD centuries_NNS ;_; the_ATI thirty_CD J68 147 years_NNS war_NN and_CC the_ATI two_CD world_NN J68 148 wars_NNS were_BED only_RB the_ATI worst_JJT of_IN a_AT series_NN ,_, J68 148 and_CC the_ATI total_JJ destruction_NN of_IN J68 149 music_NN ,_, both_ABX manuscript_NN and_CC printed_JJ ,_, must_MD J68 149 have_HV been_BEN enormous_JJ ._. J68 150 ^ (_( incidentally_RB ,_, these_DTS countries_NNS began_VBD to_TO J68 150 print_VB music_NN quite_RB early_RB ;_; a_AT J68 151 Czech-printed_JJ catholic_JJ Kanciona*?2l_&FW appeared_VBD in_IN J68 151 1529_CD and_CC a_AT Polish_JNP J68 152 music-publisher_NN ,_, L*?11azarz_NP Andrysowic_NP ,_, was_BEDZ J68 152 active_JJ at_IN Cracow_NP from_IN 1553_CD J68 153 onward_RB )_) ._. ^ one_CD1 reads_VBZ of_IN a_AT Polish_JNP master_NN J68 153 such_IN as_IN" Wacl*?11aw_NP J68 154 Szamotul_NP *-_*- or_CC Szamotulczyk_NP ,_, as_CS he_PP3A is_BEZ J68 154 often_RB called_VBN *-_*- who_WPR was_BEDZ obviously_RB J68 155 a_AT very_QL considerable_JJ figure_NN in_IN the_ATI middle_NN of_IN J68 155 the_ATI sixteenth_OD century_NN ;_; two_CD J68 156 of_IN his_PP$ psalm-motets_NNS were_BED published_VBN by_IN Montanus_NP J68 156 and_CC Neuber_NP at_IN Nuremberg_NP J68 157 in_IN 1554_CD and_CC in_IN 1564_CD in_IN collections_NNS of_IN J68 157 works_NNS by_IN the_ATI leading_JJ French_JNP and_CC J68 158 Netherland_JNP masters_NNS ,_, and_CC what_WDT survives_VBZ of_IN J68 158 his_PP$ music_NN justifies_VBZ the_ATI high_JJ J68 159 esteem_NN in_IN which_WDTR he_PP3A was_BEDZ held_VBN ._. ^ yet_RB J68 159 one_CD1 finds_VBZ so_QL little_AP that_WPR does_DOZ J68 160 survive_VB :_: these_DTS two_CD motets_NNS ,_, another_DT preserved_VBN J68 160 only_RB in_IN organ_NN tablature_NN ,_, J68 161 some_DTI songs_NNS with_IN Polish_JNP words_NNS *-_*- a_AT very_QL J68 161 small_JJ proportion_NN of_IN what_WDT he_PP3A is_BEZ J68 162 known_VBN to_TO have_HV written_VBN ._. ^ his_PP$ eight-part_JJB J68 162 mass_NN for_IN the_ATI wedding_NN of_IN King_NPT J68 163 Sigismund_NP Augustus_NP is_BEZ lost_VBN ;_; his_PP$ office_NN J68 163 settings_NNS are_BER lost_VBN ;_; of_IN his_PP$ J68 164 lamentationes_&FW ,_, printed_VBN at_IN Cracow_NP by_IN Andrysowic_NP J68 164 ,_, only_RB the_ATI tenor_NN J68 165 part_NN has_HVZ been_BEN preserved_VBN ._. ^ another_DT ,_, rather_RB J68 165 later_JJR composer_NN Tomasz_NP J68 166 Szadek_NP *-_*- a_AT member_NN first_RB of_IN the_ATI king's_NN$ J68 166 private_JJ chapel_NN and_CC later_RBR of_IN the_ATI J68 167 royal_JJ chapel_NN of_IN the_ATI Rorantists_NNPS at_IN Cracow_NP ,_, J68 167 the_ATI two_CD chief_JJB centres_NNS of_IN the_ATI J68 168 Polish_JNP *'_*' golden_JJ age_NN **'_**' *-_*- survives_VBZ in_IN J68 168 only_RB two_CD works_NNS ,_, other_AP than_IN J68 169 fragments_NNS ,_, and_CC of_IN those_DTS two_CD masses_NNS one_CD1 J68 169 lacks_VBZ the_ATI Agnus_NP ._. J68 170 ^ technically_RB these_DTS works_NNS are_BER more_RBR or_CC less_RBR J68 170 in_IN the_ATI *'_*' late_JJ J68 171 Netherland_JNP **'_**' style_NN ._. ^ what_WDT distinguishes_VBZ J68 171 them_PP3OS and_CC gives_VBZ them_PP3OS special_JJ J68 172 interest_NN is_BEZ the_ATI infusion_NN of_IN Polish_JNP melodic_JJ J68 172 elements_NNS ,_, here_RN a_AT phrase_NN J68 173 from_IN a_AT Polish_JNP devotional_JJ song_NN ,_, there_RN a_AT J68 173 pseudo-plainsong_NN found_VBN only_RB in_IN J68 174 Polish_JNP sources_NNS ._. ^ Marcin_NP Leopolita_NP ,_, composer_NN J68 174 and_CC organist_NN to_IN the_ATI king_NN J68 175 in_IN the_ATI early_JJ 1560s_CDS ,_, composed_VBD a_AT five-part_JJB J68 175 missa_&FW paschalis_&FW or_CC J68 176 missa_&FW de_&FW resurrectione_&FW ,_, the_ATI earliest_JJT complete_JJ J68 176 setting_NN of_IN the_ATI J68 177 ordinary_NN by_IN a_AT Polish_JNP composer_NN that_WPR has_HVZ come_VBN J68 177 down_RP to_IN us_PP1OS ,_, which_WDTR is_BEZ based_VBN J68 178 on_IN four_CD Easter_NP songs_NNS current_JJ in_IN Poland_NP and_CC J68 178 Germany_NP ._. J68 179 ^ the_ATI Polish_JNP *'_*' golden_JJ age_NN **'_**' was_BEDZ J68 179 finally_RB submerged_VBN by_IN a_AT flood_NN of_IN J68 180 Italian_JNP musicians_NNS brought_VBN in_RP by_IN Sigismund_NP 3_CD ._. J68 180 ^ there_EX had_HVD of_RB course_RB" J68 181 been_BEN foreign_JJ musicians_NNS at_IN the_ATI Polish_JNP court_NN J68 181 before_RI ;_; Heinrich_NP Finck_NP was_BEDZ J68 182 a_AT chorister_NN in_IN the_ATI royal_JJ chapel_NN in_IN his_PP$ J68 182 youth_NN and_CC returned_VBD there_RN for_IN J68 183 fourteen_CD years_NNS ,_, perhaps_RB as_IN director_NN ,_, from_IN J68 183 1492_CD to_IN 1506_CD ._. ^ and_CC there_EX had_HVD J68 184 been_BEN Italian_JNP musical_JJ influence_NN ._. ^ but_CC Sigismund_NP J68 184 3_CD was_BEDZ a_AT fanatic_NN for_IN J68 185 the_ATI counter-reformation_NN and_CC for_IN everything_PN Italian_JNP J68 185 ;_; he_PP3A moved_VBD his_PP$ court_NN J68 186 from_IN Cracow_NP to_IN Warsaw_NP ,_, enticed_VBD Marenzio_NP to_TO J68 186 go_VB there_RN (_( but_CC failed_VBD to_TO J68 187 keep_VB him_PP3O )_) ,_, invited_VBD Giovanni_NP Gabrieli_NP (_( J68 187 also_RB in_RB vain_RB" )_) and_CC appointed_VBD a_AT J68 188 whole_JJ series_NN of_IN Italians_NNPS as_IN directors_NNS of_IN J68 188 his_PP$ chapel_NN ,_, including_IN J68 189 Asprilio_NP Pacelli_NP ,_, an_AT ancestor_NN of_IN the_ATI late_JJ J68 189 Pope_NPT (_( Pius_NP 12_CD )_) ,_, and_CC J68 190 Giovanni_NP Francesco_NP Anerio_NP ._. J69 2 ^ on_IN differentiation_NN ,_, each_DT reverts_VBZ to_IN the_ATI J69 2 other_AP :_: J69 3 **[formula**]_&FO J69 4 and_CC J69 5 **[formula**]_&FO J69 6 ._. ^ the_ATI hyperbolic_JJ tangent_NN ,_, \0tanhat_&FO ,_, is_BEZ J69 6 **[formula**]_&FO J69 7 and_CC ,_, starting_VBG at_IN zero_CD ,_, never_RB exceeds_VBZ unity_NN J69 7 ,_, however_WRB large_JJ t_ZZ J69 8 may_MD become_VB ._. J69 10 ^ the_ATI remaining_JJ three_CD hyperbolic_JJ functions_NNS ,_, J69 10 \0sech_&FO ,_, \0cosech_&FO and_CC J69 11 \0coth_&FO ,_, are_BER the_ATI reciprocals_NNS of_IN the_ATI above_JJB J69 11 three_CD ratios_NNS respectively_RB ._. J69 12 ^ \0fig_NN 1.4_CD shows_VBZ the_ATI whole_JJ family_NN of_IN curves_NNS J69 12 ._. J69 13 ^ tables_NNS of_IN the_ATI hyperbolic_JJ functions_NNS are_BER J69 13 available_JJ ,_, but_CC are_BER not_XNOT so_QL J69 14 readily_RB available_JJ as_IN those_DTS of_IN the_ATI circular_JJ J69 14 functions_NNS ._. ^ a_AT device_NN by_IN J69 15 which_WDTR the_ATI more_QL extensive_JJ circular_JJ function_NN J69 15 tables_NNS may_MD be_BE used_VBN in_IN J69 16 conjunction_NN with_IN a_AT subsidiary_JJ table_NN (_( the_ATI J69 16 Gudermannian_JNP )_) is_BEZ described_VBN in_IN J69 17 appendix_NN 2_CD ._. J69 18 ^ the_ATI general_JJ case_NN ,_, where_WRB the_ATI time_NN J69 18 constants_NNS of_IN the_ATI two_CD exponential_JJ J69 19 terms_NNS are_BER not_XNOT the_ATI same_AP ,_, may_MD be_BE J69 19 expressed_VBN as_IN the_ATI product_NN of_IN another_DT J69 20 exponential_JJ and_CC a_AT hyperbolic_JJ function_NN ._. ^ thus_RB :_: J69 21 **[formula**]_&FO J69 22 ._. ^ if_CS a_ZZ is_BEZ positive_JJ ,_, this_DT expression_NN J69 22 will_MD always_RB diverge_VB ._. J69 24 ^ if_CS a_ZZ is_BEZ negative_JJ (_( with_IN b_ZZ positive_JJ )_) ,_, J69 24 the_ATI final_JJ value_NN will_MD J69 25 always_RB be_BE zero_CD ,_, and_CC this_DT is_BEZ the_ATI more_QL J69 25 usual_JJ in_IN practice_NN ._. ^ \0fig_NN 1.5_CD (_( a_ZZ )_) J69 26 shows_VBZ the_ATI result_NN of_IN the_ATI sum_NN of_IN two_CD J69 26 negative_JJ exponentials_NNS ,_, and_CC \0fig_NN J69 27 1.5_CD (_( b_ZZ )_) the_ATI difference_NN ._. ^ the_ATI second_OD J69 27 is_BEZ seen_VBN to_TO start_VB at_IN zero_CD ,_, reach_VB a_AT J69 28 maximum_NN ,_, and_CC then_RN decay_VB ._. ^ as_CS Sallust_NP J69 28 remarked_VBD :_: ~ omnia_&FW orta_&FW occidunt_&FW J69 29 et_&FW aucta_&FW secuntur_&FW ,_, or_CC ~ *'_*' everything_PN rises_VBZ J69 29 but_RI to_TO fall_VB and_CC increases_VBZ J69 30 but_RI to_TO decay_VB **'_**' ._. ^ the_ATI time_NN at_IN which_WDTR J69 30 the_ATI maximum_NN is_BEZ reached_VBN is_BEZ easily_RB J69 31 found_VBN to_TO be_BE J69 32 **[formula**]_&FO J69 33 and_CC there_EX is_BEZ a_AT point_NN of_IN inflexion_NN where_WRB J69 34 **[formula**]_&FO J69 35 ._. ^ this_DT type_NN of_IN curve_NN is_BEZ encountered_VBN ,_, J69 35 for_IN example_NN ,_, in_IN radioactive_JJ J69 36 cases_NNS where_WRB a_AT substance_NN A_ZZ decays_VBZ into_IN J69 36 another_DT substance_NN B_ZZ ,_, J69 37 which_WDTR ,_, in_IN turn_NN decays_VBZ into_IN a_AT stable_JJ J69 37 end-product_NN C_ZZ ._. ^ the_ATI curve_NN J69 38 shows_VBZ how_WRB the_ATI amount_NN of_IN the_ATI second_OD J69 38 substance_NN varies_VBZ with_IN time_NN ._. J69 39 ^ intuitive_JJ estimation_NN of_IN transients_NNS ._. J69 40 ^ a_AT demonstration_NN will_MD now_RN be_BE given_VBN of_IN how_WRB J69 40 the_ATI transient_JJ current_JJ J69 41 resulting_VBG from_IN switching_NN operations_NNS may_MD be_BE J69 41 obtained_VBN in_IN simple_JJ cases_NNS ,_, J69 42 without_IN resort_NN to_IN mathematics_NN (_( or_CC very_QL little_AP J69 42 )_) ._. ^ the_ATI following_JJ J69 43 plausible_JJ assumptions_NNS are_BER made_VBN :_: J69 44 1_CD1 ._. that_CS an_AT uncharged_JJ capacitor_NN behaves_VBZ as_IN J69 44 a_AT short_JJ circuit_NN at_IN the_ATI J69 45 instant_NN of_IN applying_VBG a_AT steady_JJ \0p.d_NN ;_; and_CC J69 45 after_IN a_AT long_JJ time_NN ,_, when_WRB J69 46 fully_RB charged_VBN ,_, acts_VBZ as_IN a_AT disconnexion_NN or_CC J69 46 infinite_JJ impedance_NN ._. J69 47 2_CD ._. that_CS a_AT pure_JJ (_( resistanceless_JJ )_) J69 47 inductance_NN behaves_VBZ in_IN the_ATI opposite_JJ J69 48 way_NN ;_; offering_VBG apparently_RB infinite_JJ impedance_NN at_IN J69 48 the_ATI instant_NN of_IN J69 49 application_NN of_IN the_ATI direct_JJ voltage_NN ,_, and_CC short_JJ J69 49 circuit_NN after_IN a_AT long_JJ J69 50 time_NN *-_*- that_DT is_BEZ ,_, when_WRB the_ATI current_NN is_BEZ J69 50 steady_JJ ._. J69 51 3_CD ._. that_CS ,_, in_IN the_ATI interim_JJB period_NN ,_, the_ATI J69 51 current_NN changes_VBZ according_IN to_IN" a_AT J69 52 simple_JJ exponential_JJ law_NN ;_; the_ATI time_NN constant_NN of_IN J69 52 which_WDTR is_BEZ either_DTX rc_&FO or_CC J69 53 l/r_&FO ,_, where_WRB R_ZZ ,_, L_ZZ or_CC C_ZZ may_MD be_BE simple_JJ J69 53 or_CC compound_JJ ._. J69 54 4_CD ._. that_CS there_EX can_MD be_BE no_ATI discontinuous_JJ J69 54 jumps_NNS in_IN either_DTX the_ATI voltage_NN J69 55 across_IN a_AT capacitor_NN or_CC the_ATI current_NN in_IN an_AT J69 55 inductor_NN ._. J69 56 ^ the_ATI magnetic_JJ space_NN constant_NN m*;0**;_&FO (_( J69 56 otherwise_RB the_ATI J69 57 permeability_NN of_IN free_JJ space_NN )_) has_HVZ dimensions_NNS J69 57 henry_NN /_IN metre_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI J69 58 electric_JJ space_NN constant_NN ,_, or_CC permittivity_NN of_IN J69 58 free_JJ space_NN ,_, e*;0**;_&FO ,_, J69 59 farad_NN /_IN metre_NN ._. ^ the_ATI square_JJ root_NN of_IN the_ATI J69 59 reciprocal_NN of_IN the_ATI product_NN of_IN J69 60 these_DTS two_CD ,_, therefore_RB ,_, has_HVZ the_ATI dimensions_NNS J69 60 of_IN velocity_NN and_CC this_DT is_BEZ the_ATI J69 61 velocity_NN of_IN electro-magnetic_JJ waves_NNS ,_, c_ZZ ,_, equal_JJ J69 61 to_IN 299792_CD \0km_NNU /_IN J69 62 \0sec_NNU ,_, according_IN to_IN" the_ATI latest_JJT evidence_NN ._. ^ J69 62 it_PP3 follows_VBZ that_CS *?22(LC)_&FO J69 63 has_HVZ dimensions_NNS of_IN time_NN ,_, and_CC *?22(L/C)_&FO J69 63 dimensions_NNS of_IN resistance_NN ._. J69 64 ^ in_IN fact_NN ,_, *?22(L/C)_&FO is_BEZ the_ATI well-known_JJ J69 64 expression_NN for_IN the_ATI J69 65 characteristic_JJ impedance_NN of_IN a_AT loss-free_JJ transmission_NN J69 65 line_NN ._. J69 66 ^ from_IN this_DT it_PP3 is_BEZ seen_VBN that_CS l/r_&FO and_CC J69 66 cr_&FO both_ABX have_HV J69 67 dimensions_NNS of_IN time_NN ,_, and_CC this_DT time_NN is_BEZ the_ATI J69 67 time_NN constant_NN ._. ^ any_DTI time_NN J69 68 constants_NNS we_PP1AS may_MD encounter_VB in_IN the_ATI study_NN of_IN J69 68 transients_NNS must_MD be_BE in_IN the_ATI J69 69 form_NN of_IN a_AT certain_JJ inductance_NN divided_VBN by_IN a_AT J69 69 certain_JJ resistance_NN ,_, or_CC a_AT J69 70 capacitance_NN multiplied_VBN by_IN a_AT resistance_NN ,_, or_CC J69 70 else_RB the_ATI square_JJ root_NN of_IN the_ATI J69 71 product_NN of_IN an_AT inductance_NN and_CC a_AT capacitance_NN ._. ^ J69 71 no_ATI other_AP combinations_NNS are_BER J69 72 possible_JJ ._. J69 73 ^ let_VB a_AT simple_JJ series_NN lr_&FO circuit_NN be_BE J69 73 suddenly_RB connected_VBN to_IN a_AT J69 74 constant_JJ voltage_NN source_NN V_ZZ ,_, at_IN time_NN t_ZZ =_&FO 0_CD J69 74 ._. ^ the_ATI initial_JJ current_NN J69 75 will_MD be_BE zero_CD and_CC after_CS the_ATI transient_NN has_HVZ J69 75 subsided_VBN will_MD be_BE v/r_&FO ._. J69 76 ^ at_IN first_OD sight_NN ,_, this_DT is_BEZ not_XNOT a_AT decaying_JJ J69 76 exponential_NN ;_; it_PP3 decays_VBZ J69 77 upwards_RB ,_, so_RB to_TO speak_VB ._. ^ it_PP3 may_MD be_BE J69 77 easier_JJR to_TO consider_VB the_ATI voltage_NN across_IN J69 78 the_ATI (_( pure_JJ )_) inductance_NN L_ZZ ._. ^ the_ATI initial_JJ J69 78 voltage_NN across_IN this_DT part_NN of_IN J69 79 the_ATI circuit_NN is_BEZ equal_JJ to_IN V_ZZ ,_, and_CC the_ATI J69 79 final_JJ value_NN will_MD be_BE zero_CD ._. J69 80 ^ using_VBG the_ATI assumptions_NNS made_VBN above_RI ,_, the_ATI J69 80 voltage_NN across_IN L_ZZ in_IN the_ATI J69 81 transient_JJ period_NN will_MD be_BE J69 82 **[formula**]_&FO J69 83 and_CC ,_, because_CS there_EX are_BER only_RB two_CD circuit_NN J69 83 elements_NNS ,_, T_ZZ is_BEZ J69 84 obviously_RB equal_JJ to_IN l/r_&FO ._. J69 85 ^ the_ATI voltage_NN v*;r**;_&FO across_IN the_ATI resistive_JJ J69 85 part_NN of_IN the_ATI J69 86 circuit_NN when_WRB added_VBN to_IN v*;l**;_&FO must_MD always_RB J69 86 give_VB V_ZZ ,_, hence_RB J69 87 **[formula**]_&FO J69 88 and_CC the_ATI current_NN in_IN R_ZZ (_( and_CC also_RB L_ZZ ,_, J69 88 of_RB course_RB" )_) is_BEZ J69 89 **[formula**]_&FO J69 90 the_ATI well-known_JJ result_NN of_IN a_AT problem_NN which_WDTR J69 90 is_BEZ often_RB given_VBN to_IN J69 91 beginners_NNS as_IN an_AT exercise_NN in_IN solving_VBG differential_JJ J69 91 equations_NNS of_IN the_ATI J69 92 first_OD order_NN ._. J69 93 ^ by_IN similar_JJ reasoning_NN ,_, the_ATI current_NN through_IN J69 93 a_AT cr_&FO series_NN circuit_NN J69 94 is_BEZ found_VBN to_TO be_BE J69 95 **[formula**]_&FO J69 96 ._. ^ the_ATI voltage_NN across_IN the_ATI resistor_NN is_BEZ J69 97 **[formula**]_&FO and_CC that_DT across_IN the_ATI capacitor_NN is_BEZ J69 97 ,_, therefore_RB ,_, J69 98 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, and_CC so_RB the_ATI charge_NN in_IN the_ATI J69 98 capacitor_NN at_IN time_NN t_ZZ is_BEZ J69 99 **[formula**]_&FO J69 100 ._. ^ theoretically_RB ,_, the_ATI current_NN never_RB does_DOZ J69 100 reach_VB its_PP$ final_JJ value_NN ;_; J69 101 the_ATI *'_*' final_JJ value_NN **'_**' may_MD be_BE said_VBN to_TO J69 101 be_BE attained_VBN when_WRB it_PP3 falls_VBZ short_RB of_IN J69 102 the_ATI theoretical_JJ final_JJ value_NN by_IN an_AT amount_NN too_QL J69 102 small_JJ to_TO be_BE detected_VBN by_IN J69 103 the_ATI measuring_NN instrument_NN in_IN use_NN ,_, or_CC ,_, in_IN J69 103 decay_NN ,_, when_WRB it_PP3 has_HVZ reached_VBN the_ATI J69 104 \0r.m.s_NN value_NN of_IN the_ATI noise_NN level_NN ._. J69 105 ^ for_IN practical_JJ purposes_NNS ,_, and_CC as_IN a_AT rough_JJ J69 105 guide_NN ,_, the_ATI current_NN will_MD J69 106 have_HV reached_VBN within_IN one_CD1 per_NNU cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI J69 106 final_JJ value_NN in_IN a_AT time_NN five_CD J69 107 times_IN the_ATI length_NN of_IN the_ATI time_NN constant_NN (_( see_VB J69 107 \0p_NN 2_CD )_) ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ roughly_RB J69 108 seven_CD times_NNS as_QL long_JJ as_IN the_ATI half-life_NN of_IN J69 108 radioactivity_NN ._. ^ one_CD1 can_MD not_XNOT J69 109 help_VB feeling_VBG that_CS ,_, subconsciously_RB or_CC not_XNOT ,_, J69 109 people_NNS who_WPR think_VB in_IN terms_NNS of_IN J69 110 half-life_NN have_HV the_ATI idea_NN that_CS all_ABN activity_NN J69 110 will_MD have_HV ceased_VBN in_IN about_RB J69 111 twice_RB that_DT time_NN ._. J69 112 ^ three-element_JJB circuits_NNS ._. J69 113 ^ it_PP3 may_MD well_RB be_BE argued_VBN at_IN this_DT point_NN J69 113 that_CS the_ATI above_JJB type_NN of_IN J69 114 reasoning_NN is_BEZ all_RB very_QL well_JJ for_IN simple_JJ J69 114 two-element_JJB circuits_NNS ,_, but_CC would_MD J69 115 fail_VB if_CS carried_VBN further_RBR ._. ^ let_VB us_PP1OS consider_VB J69 115 ,_, therefore_RB ,_, the_ATI circuit_NN of_IN J69 116 \0fig_NN 1.6_CD in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI capacitor_NN C_ZZ has_HVZ a_AT J69 116 leakage_NN resistance_NN J69 117 R*;2**;_&FO ._. J69 119 ^ the_ATI initial_JJ current_NN on_IN making_VBG the_ATI switch_NN J69 119 (_( t_ZZ =_&FO 0_CD )_) is_BEZ J69 120 v/r*;1**;_&FO ,_, and_CC the_ATI final_JJ current_NN will_MD be_BE J69 121 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ this_DT fixes_VBZ the_ATI limits_NNS between_IN J69 121 which_WDTR the_ATI current_NN must_MD J69 122 vary_VB exponentially_RB ._. J69 123 ^ the_ATI time_NN constant_NN of_IN this_DT exponential_NN must_MD J69 123 be_BE the_ATI product_NN of_IN a_AT J69 124 capacitance_NN and_CC a_AT resistance_NN ._. ^ the_ATI capacitance_NN J69 124 is_BEZ obviously_RB C_ZZ ,_, but_CC J69 125 what_WDT are_BER we_PP1AS to_TO take_VB as_IN the_ATI resistance_NN ?_? J69 125 ^ the_ATI answer_NN is_BEZ ,_, that_DT resistance_NN J69 126 which_WDTR effectively_RB appears_VBZ across_IN the_ATI terminals_NNS J69 126 of_IN C_ZZ when_WRB the_ATI J69 127 switch_NN is_BEZ closed_VBN ;_; this_DT is_BEZ clearly_RB R*;1**;_&FO J69 127 and_CC R*;2**;_&FO in_IN J69 128 parallel_NN ,_, the_ATI voltage_NN source_NN having_HVG no_ATI J69 128 internal_JJ resistance_NN ._. ^ so_RB J69 129 the_ATI time-constant_NN is_BEZ J69 130 **[formula**]_&FO J69 131 and_CC we_PP1AS can_MD now_RN sketch_VB the_ATI current_NN /_IN J69 131 time_NN curve_NN as_CS in_IN \0fig_NN 1.7_CD ._. J69 132 ^ the_ATI exponential_JJ part_NN is_BEZ J69 133 **[formula**]_&FO J69 134 and_CC to_IN this_DT must_MD be_BE added_VBN J69 135 **[formula**]_&FO ;_; after_IN a_AP little_AP" manipulation_NN the_ATI J69 135 current_NN can_MD be_BE written_VBN J69 136 **[formula**]_&FO J69 137 ._. ^ the_ATI final_JJ capacitor_NN voltage_NN J69 138 **[formula**]_&FO will_MD be_BE **[formula**]_&FO ,_, and_CC its_PP$ J69 139 variation_NN with_IN time_NN is_BEZ J69 140 **[formula**]_&FO J69 141 ._. ^ the_ATI case_NN of_IN two_CD capacitors_NNS and_CC one_CD1 J69 141 resistor_NN is_BEZ amenable_JJ to_IN J69 142 similar_JJ treatment_NN ,_, though_CS not_XNOT quite_RB so_QL easily_RB J69 142 (_( see_VB \0fig_NN 1.8_CD )_) ._. ^ here_RN J69 143 there_EX is_BEZ a_AP little_AP" awkwardness_NN due_JJ to_IN the_ATI J69 143 fact_NN that_CS the_ATI initial_JJ rush_NN of_IN J69 144 current_NN is_BEZ very_QL high_JJ ;_; theoretically_RB infinite_JJ J69 144 but_CC lasting_JJ for_IN zero_CD time_NN J69 145 (_( see_VB under_IN *'_*' delta_NC function_NC **'_**' in_IN the_ATI J69 145 next_AP chapter_NN )_) ._. ^ we_PP1AS shall_MD J69 146 side-step_VB the_ATI current_JJ question_NN and_CC work_VB ,_, J69 146 instead_RB ,_, in_IN terms_NNS of_IN voltage_NN J69 147 or_CC quantity_NN of_IN charge_NN ,_, neither_DTX of_IN which_WDTR J69 147 becomes_VBZ infinite_JJ ._. J69 148 ^ when_WRB the_ATI switch_NN is_BEZ made_VBN ,_, the_ATI J69 148 capacitors_NNS immediately_RB charge_VB up_RP to_IN J69 149 **[formula**]_&FO and_CC **[formula**]_&FO J69 150 volts_NNS respectively_RB ,_, and_CC the_ATI quantity_NN of_IN J69 151 charge_NN on_IN the_ATI plates_NNS of_IN each_DT is_BEZ J69 151 **[formula**]_&FO J69 152 coulombs_NNS ._. J69 153 ^ because_IN of_IN" the_ATI presence_NN of_IN the_ATI resistance_NN J69 153 ,_, C*;1**;_&FO will_MD J69 154 discharge_VB exponentially_RB ,_, with_IN T_ZZ =_&FO J69 154 R(C*;1**;+C*;2**;)_&FO while_CS J69 155 C*;2**;_&FO ,_, following_IN its_PP$ initial_JJ charge_NN at_IN time_NN J69 155 t_ZZ =_&FO 0_CD ,_, will_MD J69 156 acquire_VB further_JJB charge_NN until_CS its_PP$ \0p.d_NN reaches_VBZ J69 156 the_ATI source_NN voltage_NN ,_, J69 157 V_ZZ ,_, and_CC it_PP3 holds_VBZ c*;2**;v_&FO coulombs_NNS ._. J69 158 ^ hence_RB :_: charge_NN in_IN C*;1**;_&FO J69 159 **[formula**]_&FO J69 160 and_CC charge_NN in_IN C*;2**;_&FO J69 161 **[formula**]_&FO J69 162 ._. ^ the_ATI current_NN taken_VBN from_IN the_ATI supply_NN ,_, J69 162 which_WDTR is_BEZ the_ATI same_AP as_IN that_DT in_IN J69 163 C*;2**;_&FO may_MD be_BE found_VBN by_IN differentiating_VBG J69 164 **[formula**]_&FO with_IN respect_NN to_IN time_NN and_CC is_BEZ J69 165 **[formula**]_&FO J69 166 plus_IN ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, the_ATI initial_JJ pulse_NN of_IN J69 166 current_NN ._. ^ see_VB \0p_NN 43_CD ,_, J69 167 equation_NN (_( 2.8_CD )_) ._. J69 168 ^ circuits_NNS comprising_VBG R_ZZ ,_, C_ZZ and_CC L_ZZ are_BER ,_, J69 168 in_RB general_RB" ,_, beyond_IN J69 169 this_DT simple_JJ intuitive_JJ treatment_NN ,_, though_CS there_EX J69 169 are_BER exceptions_NNS ._. ^ one_CD1 of_IN J69 170 these_DTS is_BEZ shown_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 1.9_CD where_WRB a_AT J69 170 constant_JJ voltage_NN source_NN ,_, V_ZZ ,_, J69 171 is_BEZ applied_VBN to_IN two_CD elementary_JJ circuits_NNS ,_, J69 171 lr*;1**;_&FO and_CC cr*;2**;_&FO J69 172 respectively_RB ._. J69 174 ^ we_PP1AS shall_MD suppose_VB that_CS the_ATI two_CD time_NN J69 174 constants_NNS are_BER the_ATI same_AP ;_; J69 175 l/r*;1**;_&FO =_&FO cr*;2**;_&FO or_CC r*;1**;r*;2**;_&FO =_&FO l/c_&FO J69 175 ._. ^ the_ATI J69 176 initial_JJ current_NN i*;0**;_&FO will_MD be_BE v/r*;2**;_&FO and_CC J69 176 the_ATI final_JJ J69 177 current_NN ,_, J69 178 **[formula**]_&FO will_MD be_BE v/r*;1**;_&FO ._. ^ thus_RB ,_, J69 178 during_IN the_ATI transient_JJ J69 179 period_NN ,_, the_ATI current_NN will_MD be_BE switched_VBN over_RP J69 179 from_IN the_ATI capacitive_JJ side_NN to_IN J69 180 the_ATI inductive_JJ side_NN at_IN a_AT rate_NN governed_VBN by_IN J69 180 the_ATI common_JJ time_NN constant_NN ._. J69 181 ^ alternatively_RB ,_, we_PP1AS can_MD make_VB use_NN of_IN J69 181 results_NNS already_RB obtained_VBN on_IN J69 182 \0p_NN 9_CD and_CC write_VB down_RP the_ATI supply_NN current_NN J69 182 immediately_RB as_IN J69 183 **[formula**]_&FO J69 184 ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI special_JJ case_NN where_WRB R*;1**;_&FO =_&FO J69 184 R*;2**;_&FO =_&FO R_ZZ ,_, the_ATI J69 185 term_NN containing_VBG the_ATI exponential_NN vanishes_VBZ ,_, so_CS J69 185 there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI transient_NN and_CC J69 186 the_ATI current_NN taken_VBN from_IN the_ATI supply_NN is_BEZ J69 186 constant_JJ and_CC equal_JJ to_IN v/r_&FO ._. J69 187 ^ in_IN other_AP words_NNS ,_, the_ATI network_NN is_BEZ J69 187 distortionless_JJ and_CC free_JJ from_IN phase_NN J69 188 shift_NN for_IN all_ABN frequencies_NNS ;_; provided_CS always_RB J69 188 that_CS R_ZZ =_&FO J69 189 *?22(L/C)_&FO ._. J69 190 ^ analogies_NNS ._. J69 191 ^ in_IN the_ATI elementary_JJ teaching_NN of_IN electricity_NN J69 191 use_NN is_BEZ often_RB made_VBN of_IN J69 192 analogies_NNS with_IN mechanical_JJ systems_NNS ._. ^ electricity_NN J69 192 seems_VBZ to_TO be_BE more_QL J69 193 difficult_JJ to_TO understand_VB than_IN mechanics_NN for_IN most_AP J69 193 people_NNS ,_, because_CS the_ATI J69 194 mind_NN can_MD readily_RB picture_VB mechanical_JJ processes_NNS ,_, J69 194 but_CC electrical_JJ J69 195 phenomena_NNS require_VB the_ATI effort_NN of_IN abstract_JJ thought_NN J69 195 ._. ^ as_CS the_ATI J69 196 understanding_NN develops_VBZ ,_, the_ATI debt_NN can_MD be_BE J69 196 repaid_VBN ,_, often_RB with_IN much_AP J69 197 interest_NN ,_, as_CS problems_NNS in_IN mechanical_JJ engineering_NN J69 197 are_BER referred_VBN to_IN their_PP$ J69 198 electrical_JJ counterparts_NNS for_IN solution_NN ;_; an_AT example_NN J69 198 of_IN this_DT is_BEZ in_IN the_ATI J69 199 theory_NN of_IN vibrations_NNS ,_, both_ABX free_JJ and_CC forced_JJ J69 199 ._. J69 200 ^ the_ATI analogue_NN of_IN electro-motive_JJ force_NN ,_, E_ZZ ,_, J69 200 is_BEZ force_NN ,_, F_ZZ ,_, or_CC J69 201 mechano-motive_JJ force_NN as_CS it_PP3 has_HVZ been_BEN called_VBN :_: J69 201 that_DT which_WDTR moves_VBZ J69 202 mechanical_JJ systems_NNS or_CC particles_NNS ,_, the_ATI unit_NN J69 202 being_BEG the_ATI newton_NN ;_; though_CS J69 203 it_PP3 is_BEZ only_RB fair_JJ to_TO say_VB that_CS this_DT unit_NN J69 203 is_BEZ making_VBG but_RI slow_JJ progress_NN into_IN J69 204 mechanical_JJ circles_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI magnetic_JJ circuit_NN J69 204 analogue_NN ,_, magneto-motive_JJ J69 205 force_NN ,_, is_BEZ not_XNOT so_QL good_JJ since_CS ,_, although_CS J69 205 we_PP1AS speak_VB of_IN flux_NN ,_, there_EX is_BEZ J69 206 nothing_PN which_WDTR actually_RB flows_VBZ ._. ^ in_IN angular_JJ J69 206 motion_NN the_ATI equivalent_NN is_BEZ J69 207 torque_NN ,_, T*;q**;_&FO ,_, measured_VBN in_IN newton_NN ._IN J69 207 metre_NN or_CC joule_NN /_IN radian_NN ._. J69 208 ^ electric_JJ current_NN has_HVZ its_PP$ analogue_NN in_IN J69 208 velocity_NN *-_*- linear_JJ ,_, v_ZZ ,_, or_CC J69 209 angular_JJ ,_, o_ZZ ,_, and_CC consequently_RB quantity_NN of_IN J69 209 charge_NN ,_, the_ATI time-integral_NN J69 210 of_IN current_NN ,_, corresponds_VBZ to_IN linear_JJ displacement_NN J69 210 x_ZZ ,_, or_CC angular_JJ J69 211 displacement_NN th_ZZ ._. J69 212 ^ mass_NN (_( kilogram_NN )_) or_CC moment_NN of_IN inertia_NN (_( J69 212 kilogram_NN ._IN metre*:2**:_NNU )_) is_BEZ J69 213 analogous_JJ to_IN inductance_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ noteworthy_JJ J69 213 that_CS while_CS there_EX has_HVZ never_RB J69 214 been_BEN any_DTI confusion_NN in_IN the_ATI mind_NN of_IN the_ATI J69 214 electrician_NN between_IN J69 215 electro-motive_JJ force_NN and_CC self-inductance_NN ,_, the_ATI J69 215 tyro_NN mechanician_NN often_RB J69 216 finds_VBZ difficulty_NN in_IN distinguishing_VBG force_NN and_CC J69 216 mass_NN ,_, and_CC tortures_VBZ J69 217 himself_PPL with_IN *'_*' big_JJ pounds_NNS **'_**' and_CC *'_*' J69 217 little_JJ pounds_NNS **'_**' as_CC well_CC" as_CC" J69 218 *'_*' slugs_NNS **'_**' and_CC *'_*' poundals_NNS **'_**' ._. ^ the_ATI J69 218 increased_JJ use_NN of_IN the_ATI newton_NN might_MD J69 219 soften_VB these_DTS difficulties_NNS ._. J69 220 ^ electrical_JJ J69 221 **[formula**]_&FO J69 222 ._. ^ mechanical_JJ J69 223 **[formula**]_&FO J69 224 ._. ^ rotational_JJ J69 225 **[formula**]_&FO J69 226 (_( I_ZZ being_BEG the_ATI moment_NN of_IN inertia_NN )_) ._. J69 227 ^ figure_NN 1.10_CD shows_VBZ how_WRB current_JJ and_CC angular_JJ J69 227 and_CC linear_JJ velocity_NN J69 228 increase_VB with_IN time_NN in_IN systems_NNS where_WRB the_ATI J69 228 resistance_NN or_CC friction_NN is_BEZ J69 229 zero_CD ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI force_NN is_BEZ removed_VBN after_IN a_AT J69 229 certain_JJ time_NN ,_, t*;1**;_&FO ,_, the_ATI J69 230 current_NN will_MD go_VB on_RP flowing_VBG with_IN circuit_NN energy_NN J69 231 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, or_CC the_ATI wheel_NN will_MD continue_VB to_TO J69 231 rotate_VB with_IN angular_JJ J69 232 energy_NN J69 233 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, or_CC the_ATI particle_NN will_MD continue_VB J69 233 with_IN constant_JJ velocity_NN J69 234 (_( Newton's_NP$ law_NN )_) ,_, and_CC kinetic_JJ energy_NN J69 235 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J69 236 ^ if_CS resistance_NN is_BEZ present_JJ ,_, the_ATI current_NN (_( J69 236 or_CC velocity_NN )_) does_DOZ not_XNOT J69 237 increase_VB indefinitely_RB but_CC reaches_VBZ a_AT limit_NN ,_, as_CS J69 237 we_PP1AS have_HV already_RB seen_VBN (_( \0p_NN J69 238 9_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI initial_JJ slope_NN is_BEZ the_ATI same_AP as_CS J69 238 for_IN the_ATI resistanceless_JJ case_NN and_CC J69 239 the_ATI final_JJ value_NN is_BEZ given_VBN by_IN the_ATI resistance_NN J69 239 divided_VBN into_IN the_ATI J69 240 electro-motive_JJ force_NN ,_, or_CC the_ATI mechanical_JJ J69 240 resistance_NN divided_VBN into_IN the_ATI J69 241 mechano-motive_JJ force_NN and_RB so_RB" on_RB" ._. J69 243 ^ alternatively_RB ,_, the_ATI electrical_JJ resistance_NN in_IN J69 243 ohms_NNS (_( or_CC volt_NN ._IN J69 244 ampere*:-1**:_NNU or_CC henry_NN ._IN second*:-1**:_NNU )_) is_BEZ J69 244 given_VBN by_IN e/i_&FO where_WRB I_ZZ J69 245 is_BEZ the_ATI final_JJ value_NN of_IN current_NN :_: and_CC J69 245 similarly_RB ,_, mechanical_JJ resistance_NN J69 246 is_BEZ J69 247 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, where_WRB v*;T**;_&FO is_BEZ the_ATI final_JJ J69 247 or_CC terminal_JJ velocity_NN ;_; J69 248 and_CC rotational_JJ resistance_NN is_BEZ T*;q**;/o*;T**;_&FO ._. ^ J69 248 it_PP3 follows_VBZ J69 249 that_CS the_ATI unit_NN of_IN mechanical_JJ resistance_NN is_BEZ J69 249 newton_NN ._IN metre*:-1**:_NNU ._IN J69 250 second_NN ,_, or_CC kilogram_NN ._IN second*:-1**:_NNU ,_, and_CC of_IN J69 250 rotational_JJ resistance_NN is_BEZ J69 251 newton_NN ._IN metre_NN ._IN second_NN ,_, or_CC kilogram_NN ._IN J69 251 metre*:2**:_NNU ._IN second*:-1**:_NNU ._. J69 252 ^ the_ATI terms_NNS mechanical_JJ ohm_NN and_CC rotational_JJ ohm_NN J69 252 are_BER used_VBN by_IN Olson_NP ,_, but_CC J69 253 these_DTS seem_VB rather_RB far-fetched_JJ ,_, particularly_RB as_CS J69 253 they_PP3AS are_BER referred_VBN to_IN J69 254 \0c.g.s_NNU and_CC not_XNOT practical_JJ units_NNS ._. J70 2 ^ 2_CD ._. J70 3 ^ general_JJ properties_NNS of_IN ferrites_NNS ._. J70 4 ^ 2.1_CD ._. ^ ferrite_NN structure_NN ._. J70 5 ^ apart_IN from_IN" ferromagnetic_JJ metals_NNS ,_, a_AT number_NN J70 5 of_IN chemical_JJ J70 6 compounds_NNS (_( \0e.g_RB ferrites_NNS ,_, garnets_NNS ,_, J70 6 plumbites_NNS and_CC perovskites_NNS )_) J70 7 exhibit_VB ferromagnetic_JJ properties_NNS ._. ^ of_IN these_DTS J70 7 compounds_NNS ferrites_NNS have_HV to_IN J70 8 date_NN proved_VBN to_TO be_BE the_ATI most_QL important_JJ from_IN J70 8 the_ATI standpoint_NN of_IN microwave_NN J70 9 applications_NNS ._. ^ as_CS the_ATI majority_NN of_IN ferrites_NNS J70 9 crystallise_VB with_IN a_AT cubic_JJ J70 10 structure_NN ,_, similar_JJ to_IN the_ATI mineral_NN spinel_NN ,_, (_( J70 10 magnesium_NN aluminate_NN J70 11 **[formula**]_&FO )_) ,_, the_ATI term_NN ferromagnetic_JJ J70 12 spinel_NN is_BEZ sometimes_RB used_VBN to_TO describe_VB those_DTS J70 12 ferrites_NNS which_WDTR exhibit_VB J70 13 magnetic_JJ properties_NNS ._. J70 14 ^ the_ATI general_JJ chemical_JJ formula_NN of_IN a_AT ferrite_NN J70 14 is_BEZ J70 15 **[formula**]_&FO where_WRB \0m_ZZ represents_VBZ a_AT metallic_JJ J70 15 cation_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J70 16 is_BEZ found_VBN that_CS a_AT spinel_NN crystal_NN structure_NN is_BEZ J70 16 only_RB formed_VBN if_CS the_ATI ionic_JJ J70 17 radius_NN of_IN the_ATI cation_NN \0m_ZZ is_BEZ less_AP than_IN J70 17 about_RB 1_CD1 \0A*?15_NNU ._. ^ if_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ J70 18 greater_JJR than_IN 1_CD1 \0A*?15_NNU then_RN the_ATI electrostatic_JJ J70 18 Coulomb_NP forces_NNS are_BER J70 19 insufficient_JJ to_TO ensure_VB the_ATI stability_NN of_IN the_ATI J70 19 crystal_NN ._. ^ for_IN example_NN J70 20 \0Ca*:++**:_&FO (_( ionic_JJ radius_NN 1.06_CD \0A*?15_NNU )_) does_DOZ J70 20 not_XNOT form_NN spinel_NN crystals_NNS ,_, J70 21 while_CS \0Mn*:++**:_&FO (_( ionic_JJ radius_NN 0.91_CD \0A*?15_NNU )_) J70 21 does_DOZ ._. ^ the_ATI cation_NN \0m_ZZ is_BEZ J70 22 generally_RB divalent_JJ ,_, but_CC other_AP valencies_NNS are_BER J70 22 possible_JJ if_CS the_ATI number_NN of_IN J70 23 anions_NNS is_BEZ doubled_VBN ,_, \0e.g_RB lithium_NN ferrite_NN J70 24 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ the_ATI ions_NNS forming_VBG ferrites_NNS J70 25 of_IN practical_JJ importance_NN are_BER \0Ni*:++**:_&FO ,_, J70 25 \0Mn*:++**:_&FO ,_, \0Fe*:++**:_&FO ,_, J70 26 \0Co*:++**:_&FO ,_, \0Cu*:++**:_&FO ,_, \0Zn*:++**:_&FO ,_, J70 26 \0Cd*:++**:_&FO ,_, \0Li*:+**:_&FO ,_, \0Mg*:++**:_&FO J70 27 ._. ^ the_ATI spinel_NN unit_NN cell_NN (_( see_VB \0fig_NN 2.1_CD J70 27 )_) consists_VBZ of_IN a_AT close_RB packed_JJ J70 28 cubic_JJ array_NN of_IN 32_CD oxygen_NN anions_NNS ,_, between_IN J70 28 which_WDTR there_EX are_BER 96_CD spaces_NNS or_CC J70 29 interstices_NNS ,_, 24_CD of_IN which_WDTR are_BER filled_VBN with_IN J70 29 a_AT cation_NN ,_, the_ATI remaining_JJ 72_CD J70 30 being_BEG empty_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI sites_NNS occupied_VBN by_IN the_ATI J70 30 cations_NNS are_BER of_IN two_CD kinds_NNS known_VBN J70 31 as_IN tetrahedral_JJ or_CC a_ZZ sites_NNS and_CC octahedral_JJ or_CC J70 31 b_ZZ sites_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI a_ZZ J70 32 sites_NNS of_IN which_WDTR eight_CD are_BER occupied_VBN ,_, are_BER J70 32 surrounded_VBN by_IN four_CD oxygen_NN J70 33 anions_NNS and_CC the_ATI b_ZZ sites_NNS of_IN which_WDTR sixteen_CD J70 33 are_BER occupied_VBN ,_, are_BER J70 34 surrounded_VBN by_IN six_CD oxygen_NN anions_NNS ._. ^ when_WRB the_ATI J70 34 chemical_JJ formula_NN is_BEZ J70 35 written_VBN ,_, the_ATI ions_NNS in_IN the_ATI b_ZZ sites_NNS are_BER J70 35 often_RB enclosed_VBN in_IN brackets_NNS to_TO J70 36 indicate_VB their_PP$ position_NN ,_, \0e.g_RB \0Fe_&FO (_( NiFe_&FO J70 36 )_) O*;4**;_&FO for_IN nickel_NN J70 37 ferrite_NN ._. J70 38 ^ it_PP3 might_MD seem_VB at_IN first_OD sight_NN that_CS the_ATI J70 38 most_QL likely_JJ arrangement_NN of_IN J70 39 the_ATI cations_NNS would_MD be_BE with_IN \0M*:++**:_&FO ions_NNS J70 39 on_IN the_ATI a_ZZ sites_NNS and_CC J70 40 \0Fe*;2**;*:+++**:_&FO ions_NNS on_IN the_ATI b_ZZ sites_NNS but_CC J70 40 in_IN practice_NN three_CD types_NNS J70 41 of_IN spinel_NN can_MD be_BE distinguished_VBN ._. J70 43 ^ (_( 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ normal_JJ spinels_NNS in_IN which_WDTR J70 43 \0M*:++**:_&FO ions_NNS occupy_VB the_ATI a_ZZ J70 44 sites_NNS and_CC \0Fe*;2**;*:+++**:_&FO the_ATI b_ZZ sites_NNS ._. J70 45 ^ (_( 2_CD )_) ._. ^ inverse_JJ spinels_NNS in_IN which_WDTR J70 45 \0M*:++**:_&FO ions_NNS occupy_VB the_ATI b_ZZ J70 46 sites_NNS together_RB with_IN half_ABN the_ATI \0Fe*:+++**:_&FO J70 46 ions_NNS ,_, the_ATI other_AP half_NN being_BEG J70 47 on_IN the_ATI a_ZZ sites_NNS ._. J70 48 ^ (_( 3_CD )_) ._. ^ random_JJ spinels_NNS in_IN which_WDTR both_ABX J70 48 \0M*:++**:_&FO ions_NNS and_CC \0Fe*:+++**:_&FO J70 49 ions_NNS occur_VB on_IN the_ATI a_ZZ and_CC b_ZZ sites_NNS ._. J70 51 ^ the_ATI preference_NN of_IN certain_JJ ions_NNS for_IN a_ZZ or_CC J70 51 b_ZZ sites_NNS is_BEZ of_IN J70 52 importance_NN ,_, as_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ found_VBN that_CS in_RB J70 52 general_RB" normal_JJ ferrite_NN spinels_NNS are_BER J70 53 paramagnetic_JJ while_CS inverse_JJ spinels_NNS are_BER J70 53 ferromagnetic_JJ ._. ^ many_AP ions_NNS show_VB J70 54 no_ATI strong_JJ preference_NN for_IN a_AT particular_JJ site_NN ,_, J70 54 this_DT being_BEG especially_RB true_JJ J70 55 for_IN those_DTS ions_NNS with_IN a_AT noble_JJ gas_NN configuration_NN J70 55 such_IN as_IN" \0Li*:+**:_&FO ,_, J70 56 \0Mg*:++**:_&FO ,_, \0Al*:+++**:_&FO and_CC also_RB those_DTS with_IN J70 56 a_AT half-filled_JJ 3d_CD J70 57 electron_NN shell_NN \0e.g_RB \0Fe*:+++**:Mn*:++**:_&FO ._. ^ where_WRB J70 57 there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI J70 58 strong_JJ site_NN preference_NN the_ATI most_QL stable_JJ cation_NN J70 58 distribution_NN can_MD be_BE J70 59 calculated_VBN from_IN a_AT static_JJ model_NN of_IN charged_JJ J70 59 spheres_NNS ._. ^ of_IN the_ATI remaining_JJ J70 60 ions_NNS in_IN ferrites_NNS which_WDTR are_BER of_IN microwave_NN J70 60 interest_NN \0Zn*:++**:_&FO ,_, has_HVZ a_AT J70 61 preference_NN for_IN a_ZZ sites_NNS while_CS only_RB \0Ni*:+++**:_&FO J70 61 and_CC \0Cr*:+++**:_&FO J70 62 have_HV a_AT strong_JJ preference_NN for_IN b_ZZ sites_NNS ._. J70 63 ^ when_WRB two_CD or_CC more_AP cations_NNS are_BER present_JJ ,_, J70 63 the_ATI distribution_NN of_IN ions_NNS J70 64 with_IN weak_JJ site_NN preference_NN may_MD be_BE affected_VBN by_IN J70 64 the_ATI presence_NN of_IN an_AT ion_NN J70 65 with_IN a_AT strong_JJ site_NN preference_NN ._. J70 66 ^ most_AP ferrite_NN spinels_NNS can_MD form_VB solid_JJ J70 66 solutions_NNS with_IN each_PPLS other_PPLS" in_IN J70 67 any_DTI proportion_NN ._. ^ this_DT arises_VBZ since_CS there_EX is_BEZ J70 67 a_AT greater_JJR probability_NN of_IN a_AT J70 68 solid_JJ solution_NN when_WRB two_CD ferrite_NN spinels_NNS are_BER J70 68 reacted_VBN together_RB ,_, than_CS J70 69 there_EX is_BEZ of_IN the_ATI formation_NN of_IN separate_JJ J70 69 crystals_NNS of_IN the_ATI two_CD spinels_NNS ._. ^ a_AT J70 70 well-known_JJ example_NN of_IN a_AT solid_JJ solution_NN is_BEZ J70 70 nickel_NN zinc_NN ferrite_NN ,_, J70 71 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, where_WRB a_ZZ can_MD take_VB any_DTI J70 72 value_NN between_IN 0_CD and_CC 1_CD1 ._. J70 73 ^ unless_CS great_JJ care_NN is_BEZ taken_VBN in_IN the_ATI J70 73 manufacture_NN ,_, the_ATI final_JJ ferrite_NN J70 74 formed_VBN is_BEZ not_XNOT exactly_RB that_DT corresponding_VBG to_IN J70 74 the_ATI proportions_NNS of_IN raw_JJ J70 75 materials_NNS used_VBN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ because_CS most_AP J70 75 ferrites_NNS can_MD take_VB up_RP oxides_NNS into_IN J70 76 solution_NN without_IN forming_VBG a_AT second_OD phase_NN and_CC J70 76 thus_RB give_VB rise_NN to_IN J70 77 non-stoichiometric_JJ ferrite_NN ._. ^ in_RB particular_RB" the_ATI J70 77 ability_NN of_IN most_AP J70 78 ferrites_NNS to_TO take_VB up_RP \0Fe*;2**;O*;3**;_&FO in_IN J70 78 solution_NN is_BEZ important_JJ ._. ^ in_IN J70 79 the_ATI preparation_NN of_IN ferrites_NNS the_ATI component_NN J70 79 oxides_NNS are_BER reacted_VBN at_IN high_JJ J70 80 temperatures_NNS ._. ^ during_IN this_DT sintering_NN process_NN J70 80 there_EX is_BEZ a_AT tendency_NN for_IN J70 81 most_AP ferrites_NNS to_TO give_VB off_RP oxygen_NN ,_, as_CS the_ATI J70 81 equilibrium_NN pressure_NN in_IN this_DT J70 82 reaction_NN is_BEZ often_RB greater_JJR than_IN one_CD1 atmosphere_NN J70 82 and_CC increases_VBZ rapidly_RB J70 83 with_IN temperature_NN ._. ^ this_DT gives_VBZ rise_NN to_IN an_AT J70 83 oxygen_NN deficiency_NN in_IN the_ATI J70 84 final_JJ product_NN and_CC to_IN the_ATI formation_NN of_IN ferrous_JJ J70 84 ions_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI presence_NN of_IN J70 85 ferrous_JJ ions_NNS in_IN microwave_NN ferrites_NNS is_BEZ J70 85 undesirable_JJ however_RB ,_, since_CS it_PP3 J70 86 causes_VBZ increased_JJ dielectric_JJ and_CC magnetic_JJ loss_NN as_CS J70 86 is_BEZ discussed_VBN in_IN this_DT J70 87 chapter_NN and_CC chapter_NN 4_CD ._. ^ for_IN this_DT reason_NN ,_, J70 87 compounds_NNS are_BER often_RB made_VBN iron_NN J70 88 deficient_JJ ,_, great_JJ care_NN being_BEG taken_VBN to_TO avoid_VB J70 88 loss_NN of_IN oxygen_NN during_IN J70 89 sintering_NN ._. J70 90 ^ 2.2_CD ._. ^ preparation_NN of_IN ferrites_NNS ._. J70 91 ^ ferrites_NNS are_BER prepared_VBN by_IN a_AT ceramic_JJ J70 91 technique_NN which_WDTR involves_VBZ J70 92 sintering_VBG the_ATI component_NN oxides_NNS at_IN temperatures_NNS J70 92 between_IN 1000_CD *@_NNU and_CC J70 93 1450_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP ._. ^ the_ATI stages_NNS in_IN the_ATI J70 93 preparation_NN of_IN ferrites_NNS are_BER listed_VBN J70 94 below_RI :_: *-_*- J70 96 raw_JJ materials_NNS J70 97 *?16_&FO J70 98 decomposition_NN to_IN oxide_NN J70 99 *?16_&FO J70 100 milling_NN J70 101 *?16_&FO J70 102 presintering_NN (_( partial_JJ reaction_NN )_) J70 103 *?16_&FO J70 104 remilling_NN J70 105 *?16_&FO J70 106 pressing_NN and_CC extruding_NN to_IN shape_NN J70 107 *?16_&FO J70 108 final_JJ sintering_NN J70 109 *?16_&FO J70 110 grinding_NN to_IN shape_NN J70 112 ._. ^ a_AT number_NN of_IN raw_JJ materials_NNS can_MD be_BE J70 112 used_VBN in_IN the_ATI manufacture_NN of_IN J70 113 ferrites_NNS ;_; these_DTS include_VB oxides_NNS ,_, carbonates_NNS ,_, J70 113 oxylates_NNS and_CC nitrates_NNS ._. J70 114 ^ the_ATI last_AP three_CD compounds_NNS decompose_VB to_IN oxides_NNS J70 114 on_IN heat_NN treatment_NN ,_, and_CC J70 115 are_BER thus_RB prepared_VBN in_IN situ_NN at_IN a_AT temperature_NN J70 115 near_RI to_IN that_DT at_IN J70 116 which_WDTR solid_JJ state_NN reactions_NNS commence_VB ._. ^ this_DT J70 116 process_NN should_MD favour_VB the_ATI J70 117 formation_NN of_IN good_JJ quality_NN homogeneous_JJ materials_NNS ._. ^ J70 117 for_IN example_NN in_IN the_ATI J70 118 case_NN of_IN \0MgMn_&FO ferrites_NNS it_PP3 has_HVZ been_BEN J70 118 reported_VBN that_CS the_ATI use_NN of_IN nitrates_NNS J70 119 gives_VBZ rise_NN to_IN better_JJR microwave_NN properties_NNS ._. ^ J70 119 an_AT explanation_NN is_BEZ that_CS the_ATI J70 120 high_JJ decomposition_NN temperature_NN of_IN the_ATI nitrates_NNS J70 120 and_CC the_ATI presence_NN of_IN J70 121 nitrogen_NN oxides_NNS help_VB to_TO prevent_VB the_ATI formation_NN J70 121 of_IN ferrous_JJ ions_NNS during_IN J70 122 the_ATI sintering_NN process_NN ._. J70 123 ^ the_ATI raw_JJ materials_NNS are_BER first_RB milled_VBN ,_, J70 123 usually_RB in_IN a_AT steel_NN ball_NN mill_NN ,_, J70 124 to_TO give_VB a_AT homogeneous_JJ mixture_NN of_IN very_QL fine_JJ J70 124 particles_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI process_NN is_BEZ J70 125 generally_RB carried_VBN out_RP with_IN the_ATI raw_JJ materials_NNS J70 125 in_IN a_AT slurry_NN of_IN methylated_JJ J70 126 spirit_NN or_CC any_DTI other_AP liquid_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ easily_RB J70 126 removed_VBN after_IN milling_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J70 127 evaporation_NN of_IN the_ATI methylated_JJ spirit_NN is_BEZ carried_VBN J70 127 out_RP rapidly_RB to_TO avoid_VB J70 128 any_DTI heavier_JJR particles_NNS separating_VBG out_RP ._. J70 129 ^ the_ATI mixture_NN of_IN raw_JJ materials_NNS is_BEZ then_RN J70 129 pre-fired_VBN at_IN a_AT temperature_NN J70 130 some_DTI 200_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP below_IN its_PP$ final_JJ firing_NN J70 130 temperature_NN ._. ^ this_DT process_NN causes_VBZ J70 131 partial_JJ reaction_NN of_IN the_ATI constituents_NNS and_CC helps_VBZ J70 131 to_TO reduce_VB shrinkage_NN J70 132 during_IN final_JJ sintering_NN ._. ^ the_ATI presintered_JJ powder_NN J70 132 is_BEZ then_RN remilled_VBN ._. ^ two_CD J70 133 methods_NNS of_IN moulding_VBG the_ATI powder_NN into_IN shape_NN J70 133 prior_RB to_IN the_ATI final_JJ sintering_NN J70 134 are_BER commonly_RB employed_VBN ;_; die_NN pressing_NN and_CC J70 134 extrusion_NN ._. ^ for_IN die_NN pressing_NN a_AT J70 135 small_JJ quantity_NN of_IN binder_NN is_BEZ added_VBN to_IN the_ATI J70 135 powder_NN so_CS that_CS" when_WRB the_ATI J70 136 sample_NN has_HVZ been_BEN pressed_VBN to_IN shape_NN ,_, it_PP3 can_MD J70 136 be_BE handled_VBN relatively_RB easily_RB ._. J70 137 ^ to_TO avoid_VB the_ATI possibility_NN of_IN contamination_NN of_IN J70 137 the_ATI sintered_JJ ferrite_NN ,_, J70 138 distilled_JJ water_NN has_HVZ been_BEN used_VBN as_IN a_AT binder_NN J70 138 ,_, although_CS for_IN certain_JJ shapes_NNS J70 139 (_( \0e.g_RB rods_NNS )_) organic_JJ wax_NN emulsions_NNS have_HV J70 139 been_BEN found_VBN more_QL J70 140 satisfactory_JJ ._. ^ gentle_JJ heating_NN to_TO remove_VB the_ATI J70 140 binder_NN is_BEZ necessary_JJ as_CS J70 141 violent_JJ volatilisation_NN could_MD cause_VB the_ATI sample_NN to_TO J70 141 crack_VB ._. ^ a_AT moulding_NN J70 142 pressure_NN of_IN between_IN 2_CD and_CC 10_CD tons_NNS /_IN \0sq_NNU J70 142 \0in_NNU ensures_VBZ a_AT uniform_JJ end_NN J70 143 product_NN without_IN the_ATI risk_NN of_IN forming_VBG laminates_NNS J70 143 in_IN the_ATI pressed_JJ sample_NN ._. J70 144 ^ for_IN satisfactory_JJ extrusion_NN a_AT higher_JJR percentage_NN J70 144 of_IN binder_NN is_BEZ J70 145 required_VBN than_CS for_IN moulding_NN ._. ^ a_AT solution_NN of_IN J70 145 wax_NN in_IN petroleum_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J70 146 used_VBN as_IN a_AT binder_NN for_IN extrusion_NN and_CC by_IN J70 146 careful_JJ choice_NN of_IN extrusion_NN J70 147 orifice_NN very_QL dense_JJ samples_NNS may_MD be_BE produced_VBN ._. ^ J70 147 as_QL high_JJ a_AT density_NN as_IN 99_CD %_NNU J70 148 has_HVZ been_BEN achieved_VBN under_IN special_JJ conditions_NNS ._. ^ J70 148 extruded_JJ samples_NNS ,_, in_RB J70 149 general_RB" ,_, however_RB are_BER not_XNOT as_QL dense_JJ or_CC J70 149 uniform_JJ as_IN those_DTS produced_VBN by_IN J70 150 die-pressing_NN ._. ^ the_ATI principal_JJB use_NN of_IN extrusion_NN J70 150 techniques_NNS has_HVZ been_BEN for_IN J70 151 the_ATI manufacture_NN of_IN long_JJ thin_JJ rods_NNS ,_, a_AT shape_NN J70 151 often_RB required_VBN in_IN microwave_NN J70 152 applications_NNS ._. ^ rods_NNS as_QL long_JJ as_IN 12_CD \0in_NNU x_IN J70 152 0.04_CD \0in_NNU diameter_NN have_HV been_BEN J70 153 produced_VBN by_IN this_DT method_NN ._. J70 154 ^ the_ATI properties_NNS of_IN the_ATI final_JJ product_NN depend_VB J70 154 critically_RB on_IN the_ATI J70 155 sintering_NN process_NN and_CC the_ATI closest_JJT control_NN of_IN J70 155 sintering_NN time_NN ,_, J70 156 temperature_NN and_CC atmosphere_NN is_BEZ required_VBN ._. ^ J70 156 generally_RB ,_, the_ATI sintering_NN J70 157 process_NN is_BEZ carried_VBN out_RP at_IN a_AT temperature_NN J70 157 between_IN 1000_CD *@_NNU and_CC 1450_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP J70 158 for_IN between_IN 4_CD hours_NNS and_CC 24_CD hours_NNS ,_, J70 158 depending_VBG on_IN the_ATI ferrite_NN ._. ^ ferrites_NNS J70 159 containing_VBG lithium_NN and_CC cadmium_NN are_BER usually_RB J70 159 sintered_VBN at_IN lower_JJR J70 160 temperatures_NNS due_JJ to_IN the_ATI volatility_NN of_IN \0LiO_&FO J70 160 and_CC \0CdO*;2**;_&FO while_CS J70 161 those_DTS containing_VBG nickel_NN ,_, cobalt_NN and_CC magnesium_NN J70 161 are_BER sintered_VBN at_IN the_ATI J70 162 highest_JJT temperatures_NNS ._. ^ by_IN sintering_VBG for_IN a_AT J70 162 long_JJ time_NN at_IN high_JJ J70 163 temperatures_NNS ,_, a_AT uniform_JJ final_JJ product_NN with_IN a_AT J70 163 minimum_NN of_IN air_NN pores_NNS can_MD J70 164 be_BE obtained_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI near_JJ absence_NN of_IN pores_NNS J70 164 is_BEZ a_AT requirement_NN for_IN certain_JJ J70 165 microwave_NN ferrites_NNS ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ discussed_VBN in_IN J70 165 greater_JJR detail_NN in_IN chapter_NN 3_CD ._. J70 166 ^ as_CS already_RB mentioned_VBN ,_, however_RB ,_, the_ATI oxygen_NN J70 166 equilibrium_NN pressure_NN J70 167 increases_VBZ rapidly_RB with_IN increasing_JJ temperatures_NNS and_CC J70 167 this_DT sets_VBZ a_AT limit_NN J70 168 on_IN the_ATI maximum_JJ sintering_NN temperature_NN that_WPR can_MD J70 168 be_BE used_VBN without_IN J70 169 reduction_NN of_IN ferric_JJ iron_NN to_IN ferrous_JJ iron_NN ._. J70 170 ^ the_ATI porosity_NN of_IN a_AT particular_JJ polycrystalline_JJ J70 170 ferrite_NN sample_NN is_BEZ J70 171 usually_RB quoted_VBN with_IN reference_NN to_IN its_PP$ X-ray_NN or_CC J70 171 single-crystal_JJB density_NN ._. J70 172 ^ the_ATI X-ray_NN density_NN is_BEZ determined_VBN from_IN J70 172 measurements_NNS of_IN the_ATI spinel_NN J70 173 lattice_NN constant_NN and_CC table_NN 2.1_CD gives_VBZ values_NNS J70 173 for_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN commonly_RB J70 174 used_JJ ferrites_NNS ,_, for_IN which_WDTR the_ATI lattice_NN J70 174 constants_NNS are_BER known_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI density_NN J70 175 of_IN typical_JJ polycrystalline_JJ pressed_JJ samples_NNS is_BEZ J70 175 between_IN 80_CD %_NNU and_CC 95_CD %_NNU of_IN J70 176 X-ray_NN density_NN ,_, though_CS figures_NNS as_QL high_JJ as_IN 99_CD J70 176 %_NNU have_HV been_BEN achieved_VBN ._. J70 177 ^ during_IN sintering_NN ,_, shrinkage_NN of_IN the_ATI ferrite_NN J70 177 sample_NN occurs_VBZ ._. ^ this_DT J70 178 may_MD be_BE controlled_VBN by_IN careful_JJ preparation_NN and_CC J70 178 by_IN ensuring_VBG a_AT uniform_JJ J70 179 temperature_NN over_IN the_ATI sample_NN ,_, although_CS the_ATI J70 179 final_JJ shape_NN may_MD not_XNOT have_HV the_ATI J70 180 tolerances_NNS required_VBN in_IN practice_NN ._. ^ sintered_JJ J70 180 ferrites_NNS ,_, being_BEG ceramic_JJ in_IN J70 181 nature_NN ,_, require_VB special_JJ methods_NNS of_IN shaping_NN ._. ^ J70 181 cutting_NN can_MD be_BE carried_VBN J70 182 out_RP by_IN use_NN of_IN a_AT thin_JJ diamond_NN slitting_NN wheel_NN J70 182 or_CC by_IN use_NN of_IN an_AT ultrasonic_JJ J70 183 machine_NN with_IN a_AT knife_NN edge_NN cutting_JJ head_NN ._. ^ an_AT J70 183 accurate_JJ finish_NN can_MD then_RN J70 184 be_BE obtained_VBN by_IN surface_NN grinding_NN with_IN a_AT J70 184 carborundum_NN wheel_NN ._. J70 185 ^ the_ATI growth_NN of_IN single_JJ crystals_NNS of_IN ferrite_NN J70 185 was_BEDZ originally_RB of_IN J70 186 interest_NN mainly_RB to_IN the_ATI physicist_NN ,_, as_CS the_ATI J70 186 crystals_NNS produced_VBN were_BED too_QL J70 187 small_JJ for_IN use_NN in_IN microwave_NN applications_NNS ._. ^ J70 187 however_RB ,_, the_ATI development_NN of_IN J70 188 non-linear_JJ devices_NNS employing_VBG small_JJ single-crystal_JJB J70 188 samples_NNS has_HVZ modified_VBN J70 189 this_DT situation_NN ,_, although_CS they_PP3AS are_BER still_RB J70 189 extensively_RB used_VBN for_IN the_ATI study_NN J70 190 of_IN the_ATI fundamental_JJ properties_NNS of_IN ferrites_NNS ._. J70 191 ^ two_CD principal_JJB methods_NNS have_HV been_BEN used_VBN for_IN J70 191 the_ATI formation_NN of_IN single_JJ J70 192 crystals_NNS ;_; the_ATI borax_NN melt_NN and_CC the_ATI flame_NN J70 192 fusion_NN process_NN ._. J70 193 ^ in_IN the_ATI borax_NN melt_NN process_NN ,_, the_ATI J70 193 constituent_JJ oxides_NNS of_IN the_ATI ferrite_NN J70 194 are_BER dissolved_VBN in_IN a_AT flux_NN of_IN molten_JJ borax_NN by_IN J70 194 heating_VBG the_ATI mixture_NN to_IN J70 195 between_IN 1300_CD *@_NNU and_CC 1400_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP and_CC J70 195 maintaining_VBG this_DT temperature_NN for_IN J70 196 several_AP hours_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI melt_NN is_BEZ then_RN cooled_VBN J70 196 at_IN a_AP few_AP" degrees_NNS per_IN hour_NN J70 197 until_CS crystals_NNS start_VB to_TO form_VB ,_, or_CC alternatively_RB J70 197 the_ATI flux_NN is_BEZ evaporated_VBN J70 198 at_IN a_AT constant_JJ rate_NN ._. ^ a_AT disadvantage_NN of_IN the_ATI J70 198 method_NN is_BEZ that_CS the_ATI borax_NN J70 199 vapour_NN evolved_VBN is_BEZ very_QL corrosive_JJ and_CC destroys_VBZ J70 199 most_AP refractory_JJ J70 200 materials_NNS ,_, which_WDTR necessitates_VBZ the_ATI use_NN of_IN J70 200 special_JJ furnace_NN equipment_NN ._. J70 201 ^ crystals_NNS of_IN linear_JJ dimensions_NNS of_IN about_RB 1_CD1 J70 201 \0cm_NNU can_MD be_BE obtained_VBN by_IN this_DT J70 202 method_NN ._. J70 203 ^ in_IN the_ATI flame-fusion_NN process_NN constituent_JJ oxides_NNS J70 203 are_BER mixed_VBN in_IN the_ATI J70 204 correct_JJ proportions_NNS and_CC sprinkled_VBN into_IN an_AT J70 204 oxy-hydrogen_NN flame_NN ._. J70 205 ^ crystals_NNS of_IN reasonable_JJ length_NN ,_, \0e.g_RB 1-2_CD-CD J70 205 \0cm_NNU can_MD then_RN be_BE grown_VBN J70 206 on_IN a_AT refractory_JJ rod_NN held_VBN in_IN the_ATI flame_NN ._. ^ J70 206 it_PP3 is_BEZ ,_, however_RB ,_, very_QL difficult_JJ J70 207 to_TO control_VB the_ATI exact_JJ chemical_JJ composition_NN of_IN J70 207 the_ATI crystal_NN obtained_VBN by_IN J70 208 the_ATI flame-fusion_NN process_NN ._. J70 209 ^ 2.3_CD ._. ^ magnetic_JJ properties_NNS of_IN ferrites_NNS ._. J70 210 ^ the_ATI purpose_NN of_IN the_ATI following_JJ section_NN is_BEZ J70 210 to_TO provide_VB an_AT J70 211 elementary_JJ account_NN of_IN the_ATI magnetic_JJ properties_NNS of_IN J70 211 ferrites_NNS ,_, together_RB J70 212 with_IN enough_DTI background_NN material_NN to_TO enable_VB the_ATI J70 212 reader_NN to_TO place_VB the_ATI J70 213 section_NN in_IN perspective_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ stressed_VBN J70 213 that_CS since_CS the_ATI object_NN is_BEZ to_TO J70 214 equip_VB the_ATI microwave_NN user_NN of_IN ferrites_NNS with_IN a_AT J70 214 knowledge_NN of_IN their_PP$ J70 215 magnetic_JJ properties_NNS ,_, the_ATI finer_JJR details_NNS of_IN J70 215 the_ATI subject_NN must_MD be_BE sought_VBN J70 216 in_IN the_ATI bibliography_NN provided_VBN ._. J70 217 ^ consideration_NN will_MD first_RB be_BE given_VBN to_IN the_ATI J70 217 origin_NN of_IN magnetism_NN in_IN J70 218 electrons_NNS ,_, atoms_NNS and_CC ions_NNS ,_, choosing_VBG as_IN J70 218 examples_NNS of_IN the_ATI latter_AP ,_, J70 219 elements_NNS which_WDTR occur_VB in_IN ferrites_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J70 219 mechanisms_NNS of_IN para-_JJB ,_, ferro-_JJB and_CC J70 220 ferri-magnetism_NN will_MD then_RN be_BE explained_VBN and_CC J70 220 reference_NN made_VBN to_IN the_ATI J70 221 temperature_NN behaviour_NN of_IN the_ATI saturation_NN J70 221 magnetisation_NN of_IN certain_JJ J70 222 ferrites_NNS ._. ^ in_IN ferrites_NNS ,_, one_CD1 is_BEZ principally_RB J70 222 concerned_VBN with_IN the_ATI J70 223 phenomenon_NN of_IN ferrimagnetism_NN which_WDTR will_MD be_BE J70 223 treated_VBN in_IN greater_JJR detail_NN ._. J71 2 ^ 5.5_CD ._. ^ variation_NN of_IN material_NN strength_NN ._. J71 3 ^ two_CD alloys_NNS of_IN widely_RB different_JJ strengths_NNS J71 3 from_IN he30-wp_&FO were_BED J71 4 selected_VBN in_TO order_TO" to_TO" study_VB the_ATI effect_NN of_IN J71 4 material_NN properties_NNS on_IN strut_NN J71 5 behaviour_NN ._. ^ the_ATI alloys_NNS were_BED ne6-m_&FO and_CC J71 5 he15-wp_&FO ,_, which_WDTR have_HV 0.1_CD %_NNU proof_NN J71 6 stresses_NNS of_IN approximately_RB 10_CD tons_NNS /_IN \0in*:2**:_NNU J71 6 and_CC 28_CD tons_NNS /_IN \0in*:2**:_NNU J71 7 respectively_RB ._. ^ the_ATI specimens_NNS were_BED fabricated_VBN J71 7 from_IN 3_CD \0in_NNU x_IN 2_CD 1/4_CD J71 8 \0in_NNU x_IN 0.15_CD \0in_NNU (_( 76.2_CD x_IN 57.15_CD x_IN 3.81_CD J71 8 \0mm_NNU )_) \0A.D.A_JJ unequal_JJ J71 9 bulb_NN angle_NN section_NN ,_, and_CC were_BED of_IN the_ATI same_AP J71 9 design_NN as_CS for_IN the_ATI first_OD J71 10 series_NN of_IN \0A.D.A_JJ specimens_NNS shown_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 13_CD J71 10 ._. J71 11 ^ as_CS material_NN failure_NN might_MD be_BE expected_VBN to_TO J71 11 have_HV the_ATI greatest_JJT J71 12 influence_NN on_IN strut_NN behaviour_NN in_IN the_ATI lower_JJR J71 12 slenderness_NN ratios_NNS ,_, these_DTS J71 13 specimens_NNS were_BED made_VBN in_IN a_AT limited_JJ range_NN of_IN J71 13 slenderness_NN ratios_NNS only_RB :_: 30_CD J71 14 to_IN 60_CD for_IN the_ATI he15-wp_&FO and_CC 30-90_CD-CD for_IN J71 14 the_ATI ne6-m_&FO ._. J71 15 ^ the_ATI overall_JJB picture_NN of_IN failure_NN behaviour_NN J71 15 was_BEDZ similar_JJ to_IN that_DT for_IN J71 16 the_ATI previous_JJ sets_NNS of_IN specimens_NNS *-_*- J71 16 torsion-flexure_NN ._. ^ failure_NN of_IN the_ATI J71 17 higher_JJR strength_NN material_NN specimens_NNS was_BEDZ generally_RB J71 17 of_IN an_AT elastic_JJ J71 18 buckling_JJ nature_NN ,_, with_IN torsional_JJ and_CC flexural_JJ J71 18 deflections_NNS starting_VBG near_IN J71 19 the_ATI ultimate_JJ load_NN and_CC growing_VBG very_QL rapidly_RB to_IN J71 19 large_JJ magnitudes_NNS ,_, when_WRB J71 20 no_ATI further_JJB increase_NN in_IN load_NN could_MD be_BE J71 20 sustained_VBN ._. ^ on_IN unloading_VBG ,_, there_EX J71 21 was_BEDZ almost_RB complete_JJ recovery_NN ,_, showing_VBG that_CS J71 21 the_ATI buckling_NN was_BEDZ largely_RB J71 22 elastic_JJ ._. ^ an_AT exception_NN was_BEDZ one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI J71 22 L/k_&FO =_&FO 40_CD specimens_NNS where_WRB J71 23 the_ATI torsional_JJ deflection_NN was_BEDZ increased_VBN so_QL much_RB J71 23 that_CS local_JJ collapse_NN J71 24 occurred_VBD in_IN the_ATI lower_JJR third_NN of_IN the_ATI specimen_NN J71 24 ._. J71 25 ^ the_ATI lower_JJR strength_NN specimens_NNS generally_RB J71 25 failed_VBD quite_RB suddenly_RB ,_, J71 26 with_IN very_QL little_AP deflection_NN visible_JJ beforehand_RB ._. ^ J71 26 failure_NN was_BEDZ of_IN the_ATI J71 27 torsion-flexure_NN form_NN ,_, with_IN flexure_NN more_QL J71 27 predominant_JJ than_CS in_IN the_ATI tests_NNS J71 28 previously_RB described_VBN ,_, coupled_VBN in_IN all_ABN cases_NNS J71 28 below_IN L/k_&FO =_&FO 50_CD with_IN J71 29 local_JJ failure_NN of_IN the_ATI outstanding_JJ bulbed_JJ edge_NN J71 29 of_IN the_ATI individual_JJ angle_NN J71 30 member_NN ._. ^ there_EX was_BEDZ scarcely_RB any_DTI recovery_NN on_IN J71 30 unloading_VBG ,_, showing_VBG that_CS J71 31 the_ATI distortion_NN had_HVD given_VBN rise_NN to_IN large_JJ J71 31 areas_NNS of_IN plasticity_NN ._. ^ the_ATI forms_NNS J71 32 of_IN specimens_NNS of_IN the_ATI two_CD materials_NNS after_IN J71 32 failure_NN for_IN slenderness_NN ratios_NNS J71 33 30_CD ,_, 40_CD and_CC 50_CD are_BER shown_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 33_CD ,_, J71 33 where_WRB the_ATI large_JJ permanent_JJ set_NN of_IN J71 34 the_ATI ne6-m_&FO specimens_NNS can_MD be_BE clearly_RB seen_VBN ,_, J71 34 and_CC compared_VBN with_IN the_ATI almost_RB J71 35 complete_JJ recovery_NN of_IN the_ATI he15-wp_&FO ones_CD1S ._. ^ J71 35 the_ATI right-hand_JJB specimen_NN of_IN the_ATI J71 36 middle_JJB pair_NN is_BEZ the_ATI exceptional_JJ case_NN of_IN local_JJ J71 36 collapse_NN in_IN the_ATI he15-wp_&FO J71 37 series_NN referred_VBN to_IN above_RI ._. ^ \0fig_NN 34_CD shows_VBZ J71 37 the_ATI L/k_&FO =_&FO 90_CD specimen_NN J71 38 in_IN ne6-m_&FO after_IN failure_NN ._. J71 39 ^ the_ATI results_NNS of_IN this_DT series_NN of_IN tests_NNS J71 39 are_BER given_VBN in_IN table_NN 16_CD and_CC J71 40 \0fig_NN 35_CD shows_VBZ the_ATI strengths_NNS of_IN the_ATI two_CD J71 40 series_NNS of_IN specimens_NNS compared_VBN J71 41 with_IN those_DTS for_IN the_ATI he30-wp_&FO ._. ^ it_PP3 will_MD be_BE J71 41 noticed_VBN that_CS the_ATI results_NNS for_IN J71 42 ne6-m_&FO are_BER presented_VBN in_IN two_CD parts_NNS :_: J71 43 **[ILLUSTRATION**]_&FO J71 44 **[ILLUSTRATION**]_&FO J71 45 this_DT is_BEZ because_CS a_AT second_OD batch_NN of_IN material_NN J71 45 for_IN these_DTS specimens_NNS had_HVD an_AT J71 46 appreciably_RB higher_JJR strength_NN than_IN the_ATI first_OD ._. J71 47 ^ 5.6_CD ._. ^ determination_NN of_IN material_NN properties_NNS ._. J71 48 ^ tension_NN specimens_NNS were_BED taken_VBN from_IN each_DT J71 48 different_JJ batch_NN of_IN J71 49 section_NN ._. ^ in_IN some_DTI cases_NNS machined_JJ round_JJ J71 49 specimens_NNS of_IN 0.282_CD \0in_NNU J71 50 (_( 7.16_CD \0mm_NNU )_) diameter_NN were_BED made_VBN from_IN the_ATI J71 50 corner_NN of_IN the_ATI section_NN or_CC J71 51 from_IN the_ATI bulbed_JJ edge_NN ,_, in_IN others_APS standard_JJ J71 51 flat_JJ specimens_NNS were_BED made_VBN from_IN J71 52 the_ATI longer_JJR leg_NN of_IN the_ATI section_NN ._. ^ strains_NNS J71 52 were_BED measured_VBN with_IN a_AT 1_CD1 \0in_NNU J71 53 (_( 25.4_CD \0mm_NNU )_) gauge_NN length_NN Robertson_NP optical_JJ J71 53 extensometer_NN on_IN the_ATI J71 54 round_JJ specimens_NNS ,_, and_CC with_IN a_AT Gerard_NP J71 54 extensometer_NN on_IN the_ATI flat_JJ ones_CD1S ._. ^ to_TO J71 55 make_VB a_AT satisfactory_JJ compression_NN test_NN ,_, the_ATI J71 55 length_NN of_IN the_ATI specimen_NN J71 56 should_MD not_XNOT exceed_VB about_RB 2_CD 1/2_CD times_IN its_PP$ J71 56 diameter_NN ;_; therefore_RB the_ATI length_NN J71 57 of_IN compression_NN specimens_NNS taken_VBN from_IN small_JJ J71 57 structural_JJ sections_NNS must_MD be_BE J71 58 small_JJ ._. ^ as_CS the_ATI greatest_JJT diameter_NN of_IN specimen_NN J71 58 that_WPR could_MD be_BE obtained_VBN J71 59 from_IN the_ATI J71 61 3_CD \0in_NNU x_IN 2_CD 1/4_CD \0in_NNU (_( 76.2_CD x_IN 57.15_CD J71 61 \0mm_NNU )_) \0A.D.A_JJ section_NN J71 62 was_BEDZ about_RB 3/8_CD \0in_NNU (_( 9.5_CD \0mm_NNU )_) the_ATI J71 62 length_NN was_BEDZ limited_VBN to_IN 1_CD1 \0in_NNU J71 63 (_( 25.4_CD \0mm_NNU )_) ._. ^ a_AT jig_NN was_BEDZ made_VBN in_IN J71 63 which_WDTR the_ATI specimen_NN was_BEDZ clamped_VBN and_CC J71 64 both_ABX ends_NNS could_MD be_BE ground_VBN at_IN one_CD1 setting_NN J71 64 ,_, so_CS that_CS" they_PP3AS were_BED finished_VBN J71 65 accurately_RB flat_JJ and_CC parallel_JJ ._. ^ strains_NNS were_BED J71 65 measured_VBN by_IN a_AT pair_NN of_IN J71 66 Martens_NP extensometers_NNS having_HVG a_AT gauge_NN length_NN of_IN J71 66 0.6_CD \0in_NNU (_( 15.24_CD J71 67 \0mm_NNU )_) ._. ^ the_ATI test_NN was_BEDZ carried_VBN out_RP in_IN J71 67 parallel_JJ platen_NN apparatus_NN to_TO J71 68 ensure_VB ,_, as_QL far_RB as_CS possible_JJ ,_, that_CS compression_NN J71 68 took_VBD place_NN without_IN J71 69 bending_NN ._. ^ the_ATI results_NNS are_BER summarised_VBN in_IN J71 69 table_NN 17_CD ._. J71 70 ^ it_PP3 will_MD be_BE noticed_VBN that_CS where_WRB test_NN J71 70 pieces_NNS were_BED taken_VBN from_IN both_ABX J71 71 the_ATI bulb_NN and_CC corner_NN and_CC from_IN the_ATI flat_JJ part_NN J71 71 of_IN the_ATI section_NN ,_, the_ATI J71 72 material_NN in_IN the_ATI flat_JJ part_NN of_IN the_ATI section_NN J71 72 had_HVD an_AT appreciably_RB lower_JJR J71 73 tensile_JJ proof_NN strength_NN ._. J71 74 ^ the_ATI Young's_NP$ moduli_NNS are_BER generally_RB of_IN the_ATI J71 74 order_NN of_IN 5_CD %_NNU higher_JJR in_IN J71 75 compression_NN than_CS in_IN tension_NN ._. ^ observations_NNS of_IN J71 75 this_DT nature_NN have_HV been_BEN J71 76 recorded_VBN before_RI with_IN aluminium_NN alloy_NN but_CC no_ATI J71 76 satisfactory_JJ explanation_NN J71 77 seems_VBZ to_TO have_HV been_BEN offered_VBN ._. J71 79 ^ 6_CD ._. ^ analysis_NN of_IN results_NNS ._. J71 80 ^ the_ATI analysis_NN of_IN the_ATI results_NNS falls_VBZ J71 80 naturally_RB into_IN three_CD J71 81 categories_NNS :_: the_ATI comparison_NN of_IN values_NNS of_IN J71 81 failing_JJ stress_NN predicted_VBN J71 82 analytically_RB with_IN those_DTS obtained_VBN experimentally_RB :_: J71 82 a_AT similar_JJ comparison_NN J71 83 of_IN the_ATI results_NNS obtained_VBN from_IN standard_JJ design_NN J71 83 methods_NNS ;_; and_CC a_AT study_NN of_IN J71 84 the_ATI behaviour_NN of_IN double_JJ angle_NN struts_NNS having_HVG J71 84 different_JJ cross-sectional_JJ J71 85 profiles_NNS ._. J71 86 ^ 6.1_CD ._. ^ prediction_NN of_IN failure_NN ._. J71 87 ^ the_ATI prediction_NN of_IN the_ATI elastic_JJ buckling_JJ load_NN J71 87 of_IN members_NNS where_WRB J71 88 there_EX is_BEZ interaction_NN between_IN the_ATI flexural_JJ and_CC J71 88 torsional_JJ modes_NNS has_HVZ been_BEN J71 89 fully_RB dealt_VBN with_IN by_IN Timoshenko_NP and_CC many_AP other_AP J71 89 authors_NNS ._. J71 90 ^ for_IN members_NNS having_HVG one_CD1 axis_NN of_IN symmetry_NN J71 90 ,_, the_ATI critical_JJ load_NN is_BEZ J71 91 given_VBN by_IN the_ATI smallest_JJT root_NN of_IN the_ATI equation_NN J71 91 :_: J71 92 **[formula**]_&FO J71 93 where_WRB p*;1**;_&FO ,_, p*;2**;_&FO ,_, p*;3**;_&FO ,_, are_BER J71 93 respectively_RB the_ATI J71 94 critical_JJ stresses_NNS for_IN flexural_JJ buckling_NN about_IN J71 94 the_ATI principal_JJB axis_NN x-x_&FO J71 95 at_IN right_JJ angles_NNS to_IN the_ATI axis_NN of_IN symmetry_NN ,_, J71 95 flexural_JJ buckling_NN about_IN the_ATI J71 96 axis_NN of_IN symmetry_NN a-a_ZZ ,_, and_CC torsional_JJ buckling_NN J71 96 ._. ^ the_ATI value_NN of_IN r_ZZ J71 97 is_BEZ given_VBN by_IN J71 98 **[formula**]_&FO J71 99 where_WRB a_ZZ is_BEZ the_ATI distance_NN between_IN the_ATI J71 99 shear_NN centre_NN and_CC the_ATI J71 100 centroid_NN ,_, and_CC k*;x**;_&FO and_CC k*;a**;_&FO are_BER the_ATI J71 100 respective_JJ principal_JJB J71 101 radii_NNS of_IN gyration_NN ._. J71 102 ^ the_ATI exact_JJ analysis_NN of_IN the_ATI buckling_NN of_IN J71 102 built-up_JJB members_NNS such_IN as_IN" J71 103 those_DTS considered_VBN here_RN is_BEZ extremely_RB complex_JJ ,_, J71 103 but_CC provided_CS the_ATI J71 104 individual_JJ members_NNS are_BER fastened_VBN together_RB at_IN a_AT J71 104 sufficient_JJ number_NN of_IN J71 105 points_NNS it_PP3 is_BEZ justifiable_JJ ,_, as_IN a_AT first_OD J71 105 approximation_NN ,_, to_TO treat_VB the_ATI J71 106 members_NNS as_CS being_BEG homogeneous_JJ ._. J71 107 ^ in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN the_ATI struts_NNS used_VBN in_IN J71 107 this_DT investigation_NN the_ATI bending_NN J71 108 stiffnesses_NNS about_IN the_ATI two_CD principal_JJB axes_NNS are_BER J71 108 approximately_RB equal_JJ ;_; J71 109 therefore_RB ,_, as_CS the_ATI member_NN is_BEZ effectively_RB J71 109 fixed-ended_JJ for_IN buckling_NN about_IN J71 110 the_ATI x-x_&FO axis_NN ,_, p*;1**;_&FO will_MD always_RB be_BE J71 110 greatly_RB in_IN excess_NN of_IN J71 111 the_ATI actual_JJ buckling_NN stress_NN ,_, and_CC may_MD be_BE J71 111 disregarded_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI stiffness_NN for_IN J71 112 bending_NN about_IN the_ATI axis_NN of_IN symmetry_NN is_BEZ taken_VBN J71 112 as_IN the_ATI reduced_JJ value_NN J71 113 calculated_VBN in_IN 4.1_CD ._. ^ the_ATI value_NN of_IN the_ATI J71 113 torsional_JJ stiffness_NN used_VBN in_IN J71 114 calculating_VBG the_ATI torsional_JJ buckling_NN load_NN is_BEZ J71 114 obtained_VBN for_IN the_ATI various_JJ J71 115 slenderness_NN ratios_NNS by_IN multiplying_VBG by_IN the_ATI J71 115 appropriate_JJ factor_NN b_ZZ from_IN J71 116 table_NN 11_CD ._. ^ the_ATI warping_NN stiffness_NN of_IN the_ATI J71 116 angle_NN sections_NNS themselves_PPLS ,_, J71 117 which_WDTR is_BEZ very_QL low_JJ ,_, has_HVZ very_QL little_AP J71 117 effect_NN on_IN the_ATI torsional_JJ buckling_NN J71 118 load_NN and_CC is_BEZ neglected_VBN in_IN the_ATI calculation_NN ._. J71 119 ^ thus_RB the_ATI torsional_JJ buckling_NN stress_NN J71 120 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J71 121 where_WRB gj_&FO is_BEZ the_ATI free-ended_JJ torsional_JJ J71 121 stiffness_NN of_IN the_ATI J71 122 composite_JJ member_NN ,_, and_CC I*;p**;_&FO is_BEZ the_ATI polar_JJ J71 122 second_OD moment_NN of_IN area_NN J71 123 of_IN the_ATI cross-section_NN about_IN the_ATI shear_NN centre_NN ._. J71 124 ^ the_ATI values_NNS obtained_VBN for_IN the_ATI buckling_NN J71 124 stresses_NNS are_BER shown_VBN below_RI in_IN J71 125 table_NN 18_CD ._. J71 126 ^ \0fig_NN 36_CD shows_VBZ these_DTS values_NNS graphically_RB ,_, J71 126 curve_NN (_( 1_CD1 )_) ,_, and_CC those_DTS J71 127 for_IN the_ATI he30-wp_&FO struts_NNS (_( 2_CD )_) ._. J71 128 ^ the_ATI immediate_JJ observation_NN is_BEZ that_CS the_ATI J71 128 experimental_JJ failing_JJ stress_NN J71 129 curve_NN lies_VBZ well_RB below_IN the_ATI theoretical_JJ one_CD1 ,_, J71 129 the_ATI discrepancy_NN being_BEG most_QL J71 130 marked_JJ in_IN the_ATI lower_JJR slenderness_NN ratios_NNS ._. ^ J71 130 the_ATI most_QL obvious_JJ explanation_NN J71 131 for_IN this_DT is_BEZ the_ATI reduction_NN of_IN the_ATI effective_JJ J71 131 stiffness_NN due_JJ to_IN inadequate_JJ J71 132 rigidity_NN of_IN the_ATI fastenings_NNS ,_, discussed_VBN in_IN 4.1_CD J71 132 ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI experimental_JJ J71 133 results_NNS were_BED re-plotted_VBN on_IN a_AT basis_NN of_IN J71 133 slenderness_NN ratios_NNS calculated_VBN J71 134 from_IN actual_JJ stiffness_NN ,_, then_RN the_ATI curve_NN would_MD J71 134 be_BE moved_VBN to_IN the_ATI right_NN ._. J71 135 ^ some_DTI confirmation_NN of_IN this_DT explanation_NN is_BEZ J71 135 given_VBN J71 137 by_IN the_ATI results_NNS for_IN the_ATI few_AP tests_NNS with_IN J71 137 the_ATI knife-edge_NN along_IN the_ATI x-x_&FO J71 138 axis_NN ,_, in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI effects_NNS of_IN the_ATI J71 138 fastenings_NNS on_IN flexural_JJ buckling_NN J71 139 might_MD be_BE expected_VBN to_TO be_BE much_RB smaller_JJR ,_, J71 139 which_WDTR lie_VB much_RB nearer_RBR to_IN the_ATI J71 140 theoretical_JJ curve_NN ._. J71 141 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ interesting_JJ to_TO re-calculate_VB the_ATI J71 141 torsion-flexure_NN buckling_NN J71 142 stress_NN values_NNS when_WRB the_ATI flexural_JJ buckling_NN stress_NN J71 142 is_BEZ derived_VBN from_IN that_DT J71 143 obtained_VBN by_IN taking_VBG the_ATI measured_JJ bending_NN J71 143 stiffness_NN ,_, the_ATI torsional_JJ J71 144 stiffness_NN remaining_VBG as_CS before_RI ._. ^ these_DTS values_NNS J71 144 are_BER plotted_VBN in_IN curve_NN (_( 3_CD )_) ,_, J71 145 \0fig_NN 36_CD ,_, which_WDTR lies_VBZ much_RB closer_RBR to_IN the_ATI J71 145 experimental_JJ values_NNS of_IN curve_NN J71 146 (_( 2_CD )_) than_CS does_DOZ the_ATI original_JJ theoretical_JJ J71 146 torsion-flexure_NN curve_NN ._. J71 148 ^ on_IN the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, it_PP3 might_MD be_BE J71 148 argued_VBN that_CS compression_NN should_MD J71 149 tend_VB to_TO reduce_VB the_ATI effects_NNS of_IN bolt_NN J71 149 clearances_NNS and_CC that_CS the_ATI discrepancy_NN J71 150 between_IN the_ATI experimental_JJ and_CC theoretical_JJ values_NNS J71 150 might_MD be_BE due_JJ to_IN J71 151 plasticity_NN of_IN the_ATI material_NN at_IN the_ATI higher_JJR J71 151 stresses_NNS ._. ^ from_IN the_ATI J71 152 compression_NN stress-strain_JJB curve_NN of_IN the_ATI he30-wp_&FO J71 152 material_NN used_VBN ,_, values_NNS J71 153 of_IN the_ATI tangent_NN modulus_NN may_MD be_BE deduced_VBN ,_, and_CC J71 153 the_ATI Engesser_NP plastic_NN J71 154 flexural_JJ buckling_NN curve_NN can_MD be_BE constructed_VBN ,_, J71 154 curve_NN (_( 4_CD )_) ,_, as_IN a_AT J71 155 continuation_NN of_IN the_ATI Euler_NP curve_NN for_IN the_ATI J71 155 elastic_JJ range_NN ._. ^ this_DT curve_NN J71 156 diverges_VBZ rapidly_RB from_IN the_ATI Euler_NP and_CC elastic_JJ J71 156 torsion-flexure_NN curves_VBZ as_CS J71 157 the_ATI slenderness_NN ratio_NN diminishes_VBZ ._. ^ the_ATI limit_NN J71 157 of_IN proportionality_NN of_IN the_ATI J71 158 he30-wp_&FO was_BEDZ just_RB below_IN 8_CD tons_NNS /_IN \0in*:2**:_NNU J71 158 (_( 12.7_CD \0kg_NNU /_IN \0mm*:2**:_NNU )_) ,_, J71 159 and_CC it_PP3 might_MD be_BE expected_VBN that_CS after_IN the_ATI J71 159 critical_JJ stress_NN of_IN this_DT value_NN ,_, J71 160 which_WDTR occurs_VBZ at_IN about_RB L/k_&FO =_&FO 70_CD ,_, the_ATI J71 160 true_JJ torsion-flexure_NN buckling_NN J71 161 curve_NN would_MD begin_VB to_TO diverge_VB from_IN the_ATI elastic_JJ J71 161 one_CD1 ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI direct_JJ J71 162 method_NN of_IN constructing_VBG the_ATI plastic_NN torsion-flexure_NN J71 162 buckling_NN curve_NN ._. J71 163 ^ however_RB ,_, by_IN assuming_VBG that_CS the_ATI critical_JJ load_NN J71 163 for_IN the_ATI torsional_JJ mode_NN J71 164 does_DOZ not_XNOT change_VB ,_, which_WDTR is_BEZ reasonable_JJ if_CS J71 164 the_ATI shear_NN modulus_NN remains_VBZ J71 165 nearly_RB constant_JJ ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ possible_JJ to_TO devise_VB J71 165 a_AT method_NN of_IN successive_JJ J71 166 approximation_NN ._. J71 167 ^ taking_VBG for_IN the_ATI flexural_JJ buckling_NN stress_NN ,_, J71 167 p*;2**;_&FO ,_, the_ATI value_NN J71 168 obtained_VBN for_IN flexural_JJ plastic_NN buckling_NN ,_, a_AT new_JJ J71 168 value_NN can_MD be_BE obtained_VBN J71 169 for_IN the_ATI torsion-flexure_NN buckling_NN stress_NN p_ZZ ._. ^ J71 169 from_IN the_ATI compression_NN J71 170 stress-strain_JJB curve_NN the_ATI value_NN of_IN the_ATI tangent_NN J71 170 modulus_NN E*;t**;_&FO at_IN J71 171 the_ATI stress_NN p_ZZ is_BEZ obtained_VBN ._. ^ using_VBG this_DT J71 171 value_NN of_IN E*;t**;_&FO in_IN the_ATI J71 172 Engesser_NP equation_NN ,_, **[formula**]_&FO ,_, the_ATI buckling_NN J71 173 stress_NN of_IN a_AT strut_NN of_IN the_ATI same_AP slenderness_NN J71 173 ratio_NN can_MD be_BE calculated_VBN ._. J71 174 ^ this_DT value_NN will_MD generally_RB be_BE found_VBN to_TO differ_VB J71 174 from_IN the_ATI value_NN chosen_VBN J71 175 for_IN p*;2**;_&FO ._. ^ another_DT value_NN is_BEZ now_RN chosen_VBN J71 175 for_IN p*;2**;_&FO ,_, and_CC the_ATI J71 176 process_NN repeated_VBN until_CS a_AT value_NN is_BEZ obtained_VBN ,_, J71 176 for_IN the_ATI plastic_NN J71 177 torsion-flexure_NN buckling_NN stress_NN ,_, at_IN which_WDTR the_ATI J71 177 value_NN for_IN the_ATI tangent_NN J71 178 modulus_NN corresponds_VBZ to_IN plastic_NN flexural_JJ buckling_NN J71 178 at_IN the_ATI chosen_JJ value_NN J71 179 of_IN p*;2**;_&FO ._. ^ the_ATI values_NNS obtained_VBN by_IN this_DT J71 179 method_NN are_BER shown_VBN in_IN J71 180 \0fig_NN 36_CD ,_, curve_NN (_( 5_CD )_) ,_, where_WRB it_PP3 will_MD J71 180 be_BE seen_VBN that_CS ,_, except_IN for_IN" J71 181 slenderness_NN ratios_NNS below_IN 40_CD ,_, the_ATI curve_NN lies_VBZ J71 181 above_IN the_ATI experimental_JJ J71 182 one_CD1 *-_*- between_IN those_DTS obtained_VBN from_IN the_ATI J71 182 elastic_JJ torsion-flexure_NN equation_NN J71 183 using_VBG modified_JJ flexural_JJ stiffness_NN and_CC the_ATI J71 183 ordinary_JJ elastic_JJ J71 184 torsion-flexure_NN equation_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 may_MD be_BE concluded_VBN J71 184 that_CS both_ABX plasticity_NN J71 185 and_CC loss_NN of_IN expected_JJ stiffness_NN contribute_VB to_IN J71 185 the_ATI divergence_NN of_IN the_ATI J71 186 experimental_JJ from_IN the_ATI predicted_JJ values_NNS ._. J71 187 ^ confirmation_NN of_IN this_DT is_BEZ obtained_VBN by_IN J71 187 examination_NN of_IN the_ATI results_NNS J71 188 for_IN he15-wp_&FO and_CC ne6-m_&FO materials_NNS ;_; the_ATI J71 188 elastic_JJ limit_NN of_IN he15-wp_&FO is_BEZ about_RB J71 189 23_CD tons_NNS /_IN \0in*:2**:_NNU so_CS that_CS" ,_, as_CS the_ATI J71 189 critical_JJ stress_NN for_IN elastic_JJ J71 190 torsion-flexural_JJ buckling_NN at_IN L/k_&FO =_&FO 30_CD is_BEZ J71 190 23.1_CD tons_NNS /_IN \0in*:2**:_NNU ,_, J71 191 it_PP3 might_MD be_BE expected_VBN that_CS plasticity_NN would_MD J71 191 have_HV scarcely_RB any_DTI influence_NN J71 192 on_IN failure_NN in_IN the_ATI range_NN of_IN slenderness_NN ratios_NNS J71 192 used_VBN in_IN the_ATI tests_NNS ._. J71 193 ^ \0fig_NN 37_CD shows_VBZ that_CS the_ATI experimental_JJ values_NNS J71 193 are_BER in_IN reasonable_JJ J71 194 agreement_NN with_IN the_ATI values_NNS obtained_VBN from_IN the_ATI J71 194 elastic_JJ torsion-flexure_NN J71 195 equation_NN with_IN modified_JJ flexural_JJ stiffness_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J71 195 small_JJ discrepancy_NN at_IN J71 196 the_ATI lower_JJR slenderness_NN ratios_NNS could_MD be_BE J71 196 attributed_VBN to_IN an_AT over-estimation_NN J71 197 of_IN the_ATI torsional_JJ stiffness_NN ._. ^ the_ATI ne6-m_&FO J71 197 alloy_NN ,_, with_IN an_AT elastic_JJ limit_NN of_IN J71 198 between_IN 4_CD and_CC 5_CD tons_NNS /_IN \0in*:2**:_NNU ,_, gives_VBZ J71 198 the_ATI opposite_JJ picture_NN in_CS that_CS" J71 199 plasticity_NN affects_VBZ failure_NN over_IN the_ATI whole_JJ range_NN J71 199 of_IN slenderness_NN ratios_NNS J71 200 considered_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI plastic_NN torsion-flexure_NN curve_NN ,_, J71 200 in_IN \0fig_NN 37_CD ,_, lies_VBZ J71 201 well_RB below_IN the_ATI elastic_JJ values_NNS J71 203 and_CC a_RB little_RB" above_IN the_ATI experimental_JJ ones_CD1S ._. ^ J71 203 this_DT seems_VBZ to_TO indicate_VB J71 204 that_CS ,_, although_CS plasticity_NN is_BEZ the_ATI dominating_JJ J71 204 factor_NN affecting_VBG failure_NN ,_, J71 205 the_ATI reduced_JJ flexural_JJ stiffness_NN contributes_VBZ to_IN J71 205 the_ATI difference_NN between_IN J71 206 experimental_JJ and_CC predicted_JJ values_NNS ,_, and_CC the_ATI J71 206 best_JJT prediction_NN might_MD be_BE J71 207 obtained_VBN from_IN the_ATI plastic_NN torsion-flexure_NN approach_NN J71 207 using_VBG the_ATI reduced_JJ ,_, J71 208 experimental_JJ flexural_JJ stiffnesses_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI results_NNS J71 208 of_IN this_DT calculation_NN J71 209 for_IN he30-wp_&FO and_CC ne6-m_&FO are_BER shown_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN J71 209 38_CD ,_, where_WRB it_PP3 will_MD be_BE J71 211 seen_VBN that_CS good_JJ agreement_NN is_BEZ obtained_VBN except_CS J71 211 at_IN the_ATI lowest_JJT slenderness_NN J71 212 ratio_NN where_WRB the_ATI stiffnesses_NNS have_HV probably_RB been_BEN J71 212 over_RB estimated_VBN ._. J71 213 ^ 6.2_CD ._. ^ design_NN methods_NNS ._. J71 214 ^ as_CS the_ATI mode_NN of_IN failure_NN at_IN all_ABN J71 214 slenderness_NN ratios_NNS up_RP to_IN 150_CD was_BEDZ J71 215 torsion-flexure_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ evident_JJ that_CS direct_JJ design_NN J71 215 from_IN the_ATI J71 216 Perry-Robertson_NP strut_NN curve_NN is_BEZ unsatisfactory_JJ ._. ^ J71 216 forms_NNS of_IN compression_NN J71 217 instability_NN ,_, other_AP than_CS purely_RB flexural_JJ ,_, may_MD J71 217 be_BE dealt_VBN with_IN by_IN the_ATI J71 218 equivalent_JJ slenderness_NN ratio_NN (_( \0e.s.r_NN )_) method_NN ._. J72 2 ^ summary_NN ._. J72 3 ^ the_ATI authors_NNS discuss_VB the_ATI testing_NN of_IN J72 3 explosives_NNS with_IN special_JJ J72 4 reference_NN to_IN the_ATI ability_NN of_IN a_AT test_NN to_TO J72 4 indicate_VB the_ATI presence_NN of_IN J72 5 significant_JJ differences_NNS in_IN ignition_NN probability_NN and_CC J72 5 also_RB to_IN the_ATI J72 6 reliability_NN of_IN the_ATI test_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ suggested_VBN J72 6 that_CS tests_NNS requiring_VBG low_JJ J72 7 ignition_NN rates_NNS ,_, and_CC particularly_RB no-ignition_JJB J72 7 tests_NNS ,_, are_BER ,_, as_IN a_AT class_NN ,_, J72 8 poor_JJ discriminators_NNS ._. J72 9 ^ the_ATI ability_NN to_TO discriminate_VB can_MD be_BE J72 9 increased_VBN by_IN increasing_VBG the_ATI J72 10 number_NN of_IN ignitions_NNS accepted_VBN as_IN the_ATI pass_NN J72 10 level_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ suggested_VBN that_CS J72 11 a_AT test_NN of_IN 26_CD shots_NNS ,_, in_IN which_WDTR 13_CD J72 11 ignitions_NNS are_BER permitted_VBN ,_, represents_VBZ a_AT J72 12 good_JJ compromise_NN ,_, in_IN view_NN of_IN the_ATI need_NN to_TO J72 12 keep_VB the_ATI number_NN of_IN shots_NNS J72 13 within_IN reasonable_JJ limits_NNS ._. J72 14 ^ 1_CD1 ._. ^ introduction_NN ._. J72 15 ^ about_RB a_AT hundred_CD million_CD shots_NNS a_AT year_NN are_BER J72 15 fired_VBN in_IN British_JNP mines_NNS J72 16 and_CC usually_RB about_RB 6_CD ignitions_NNS are_BER reported_VBN J72 16 each_DT year_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ clear_JJ J72 17 that_CS with_IN a_AT practical_JJ ignition_NN rate_NN of_IN roughly_RB J72 17 10*:-7**:_&FO ,_, a_AT test_NN no_RB J72 18 more_QL severe_JJ than_IN practical_JJ use_NN required_VBD an_AT J72 18 impossibly_RB high_JJ number_NN of_IN J72 19 shots_NNS to_TO give_VB a_AT reliable_JJ answer_NN ;_; and_CC J72 19 therefore_RB the_ATI test_NN must_MD be_BE made_VBN J72 20 so_QL much_RB more_QL severe_JJ (_( \0i.e_RB the_ATI ignition_NN J72 20 rate_NN in_IN the_ATI test_NN must_MD be_BE J72 21 made_VBN so_QL much_RB higher_JJR )_) that_CS an_AT effective_JJ J72 21 assessment_NN of_IN the_ATI safety_NN of_IN an_AT J72 22 explosive_NN may_MD be_BE made_VBN with_IN a_AT practicable_JJ J72 22 number_NN of_IN shots_NNS ._. J72 23 ^ in_IN rigorous_JJ terms_NNS this_DT thesis_NN demands_VBZ that_CS J72 23 the_ATI ignition_NN rate_NN be_BE J72 24 multiplied_VBN ten_CD million_CD times_NNS or_CC so_PN ._. ^ the_ATI J72 24 multiplying_JJ factor_NN can_MD be_BE J72 25 made_VBN up_RP by_IN J72 27 (_( 1_CD1 )_) ensuring_VBG the_ATI presence_NN of_IN practical_JJ J72 27 conditions_NNS which_WDTR are_BER J72 28 dangerous_JJ but_CC rare_JJ ,_, \0e.g_RB the_ATI presence_NN of_IN J72 28 considerable_JJ volumes_NNS of_IN J72 29 an_AT explosive_JJ mixture_NN of_IN methane_NN /_CC air_NN ,_, the_ATI J72 29 absence_NN of_IN stemming_NN in_IN the_ATI J72 30 shothole_NN ,_, and_RB so_RB" on_RB" ._. J72 31 (_( 2_CD )_) modifying_VBG the_ATI test_NN apparatus_NN to_TO J72 31 increase_VB the_ATI ignition_NN rate_NN ,_, J72 32 \0e.g_RB firing_VBG the_ATI shot_NN in_IN a_AT steel_NN cannon_NN J72 32 instead_RB of_IN the_ATI rock_NN or_CC J72 33 coal_NN in_IN which_WDTR it_PP3 is_BEZ fired_VBN in_IN the_ATI mine_NN J72 33 ._. J72 35 ^ all_ABN of_IN these_DTS devices_NNS are_BER used_VBN in_IN J72 35 explosives_NNS testing_NN ;_; but_CC apart_IN J72 36 from_IN" some_DTI tentative_JJ results_NNS recorded_VBN in_IN the_ATI J72 36 literature_NN (_( Cybulski_NP ,_, J72 37 1959_CD ;_; Schultze-Rhonhof_NP and_CC others_APS ,_, 1959_CD )_) J72 37 no_ATI firm_JJ estimate_NN can_MD be_BE made_VBN J72 38 of_IN the_ATI relative_JJ contributions_NNS they_PP3AS make_VB to_IN J72 38 the_ATI multiplying_JJ factor_NN ._. J72 39 ^ however_RB it_PP3 is_BEZ probably_RB wise_JJ to_TO assume_VB that_CS J72 39 the_ATI contribution_NN of_IN the_ATI J72 40 second_OD group_NN is_BEZ substantial_JJ rather_RB than_CS J72 40 preponderant_JJ ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ J72 41 fortunate_JJ rather_RB than_IN the_ATI reverse_NN because_CS J72 41 scientifically_RB any_DTI process_NN J72 42 that_WPR extrapolates_VBZ a_AT million_CD times_NNS may_MD be_BE J72 42 expected_VBN to_TO require_VB a_AT lot_NN of_IN J72 43 proving_NN ._. J72 44 ^ British_JNP approval_NN tests_NNS have_HV been_BEN such_ABL J72 44 that_CS an_AT explosive_NN is_BEZ failed_VBN J72 45 if_CS ignitions_NNS are_BER obtained_VBN in_IN any_DTI of_IN the_ATI J72 45 tests_NNS ._. ^ this_DT reliance_NN on_IN J72 46 no-ignition_JJB tests_NNS has_HVZ been_BEN an_AT almost_RB uniform_JJ J72 46 feature_NN of_IN explosive_JJ J72 47 testing_NN throughout_IN the_ATI world_NN although_CS the_ATI J72 47 French_JNP system_NN permits_VBZ J72 48 ignitions_NNS in_IN one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI tests_NNS ,_, and_CC J72 48 recently_RB the_ATI United_NP States_NP bureau_NN J72 49 of_IN mines_NNS has_HVZ made_VBN a_AT decided_JJ break_NN with_IN J72 49 tradition_NN in_IN this_DT regard_NN J72 50 (_( United_NP States_NP bureau_NN of_IN mines_NNS ,_, 1961_CD )_) ._. J72 51 ^ for_IN the_ATI past_JJB three_CD years_NNS a_AT detailed_JJ J72 51 study_NN of_IN the_ATI testing_NN J72 52 procedure_NN has_HVZ been_BEN conducted_VBN at_IN \0S.M.R.E_NP ;_; J72 52 particular_JJ attention_NN J72 53 has_HVZ been_BEN paid_VBN to_IN the_ATI statistical_JJ problems_NNS J72 53 raised_VBN by_IN no-ignition_JJB tests_NNS ._. J72 54 ^ it_PP3 has_HVZ been_BEN concluded_VBN that_CS the_ATI no-ignition_JJB J72 54 test_NN ,_, as_CS applied_VBN to_IN J72 55 explosives_NNS ,_, gives_VBZ too_QL little_AP information_NN about_IN J72 55 the_ATI ignition_NN J72 56 probability_NN of_IN the_ATI material_NN tested_VBN ,_, and_CC that_CS J72 56 this_DT weakness_NN can_MD not_XNOT be_BE J72 57 removed_VBN by_IN any_DTI practicable_JJ increase_NN in_IN the_ATI J72 57 number_NN of_IN shots_NNS fired_VBN ._. J72 58 ^ 2_CD ._. reliability_NN and_CC discrimination_NN ._. J72 59 ^ a_AT good_JJ test_NN should_MD meet_VB ,_, inter_RB alia_RB" ,_, J72 59 two_CD requirements_NNS :_: J72 61 ^ (_( 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ it_PP3 should_MD be_BE reliable_JJ ,_, J72 61 \0i.e_RB a_AT repeat_NN test_NN of_IN the_ATI same_AP J72 62 material_NN should_MD give_VB the_ATI same_AP result_NN ._. J72 63 ^ (_( 2_CD )_) ._. ^ it_PP3 should_MD have_HV adequate_JJ J72 63 discrimination_NN ,_, \0i.e_RB it_PP3 J72 64 should_MD indicate_VB the_ATI presence_NN of_IN significant_JJ J72 64 differences_NNS ._. J72 66 ^ no_ATI measurement_NN is_BEZ exactly_RB reproducible_JJ ,_, J72 66 since_CS all_ABN are_BER subject_JJ to_IN J72 67 random_JJ errors_NNS ._. ^ in_IN explosive_NN testing_NN random_JJ J72 67 error_NN appears_VBZ as_IN a_AT J72 68 variation_NN in_IN the_ATI number_NN of_IN ignitions_NNS obtained_VBN J72 68 in_IN repeated_JJ tests_NNS on_IN J72 69 identical_JJ material_NN ._. ^ however_WRB often_RB a_AT trial_NN J72 69 is_BEZ repeated_VBN ,_, one_CD1 can_MD never_RB J72 70 say_VB how_WRB many_AP ignitions_NNS will_MD take_VB place_NN ;_; J72 70 but_CC ,_, at_IN the_ATI same_AP time_NN ,_, the_ATI J72 71 more_QL often_RB a_AT trial_NN is_BEZ repeated_VBN ,_, the_ATI more_QL J72 71 exactly_RB can_MD the_ATI probability_NN J72 72 of_IN ignition_NN by_IN an_AT individual_JJ shot_NN be_BE stated_VBN J72 72 ._. ^ once_CS this_DT probability_NN of_IN J72 73 ignition_NN by_IN an_AT individual_JJ shot_NN is_BEZ known_VBN it_PP3 J72 73 becomes_VBZ possible_JJ to_TO J72 74 calculate_VB the_ATI probability_NN of_IN any_DTI particular_JJ J72 74 number_NN of_IN ignitions_NNS in_IN a_AT J72 75 given_JJ number_NN of_IN shots_NNS ._. ^ alternatively_RB ,_, it_PP3 J72 75 is_BEZ possible_JJ to_TO calculate_VB the_ATI J72 76 number_NN of_IN shots_NNS that_WPR must_MD be_BE fired_VBN to_TO J72 76 achieve_VB a_AT given_JJ probability_NN of_IN a_AT J72 77 particular_JJ number_NN of_IN ignitions_NNS ._. J72 78 ^ in_IN this_DT situation_NN ,_, complete_JJ reliability_NN of_IN J72 78 acceptance_NN or_CC J72 79 rejection_NN is_BEZ impossible_JJ ;_; one_CD1 may_MD assign_VB only_RB J72 79 the_ATI probability_NN with_IN J72 80 which_WDTR material_NN of_IN specified_JJ characteristics_NNS shall_MD J72 80 be_BE accepted_VBN or_CC J72 81 rejected_VBN ._. ^ this_DT probability_NN can_MD ,_, by_IN firing_VBG J72 81 enough_DTI shots_NNS ,_, be_BE made_VBN to_TO J72 82 approach_VB certainty_NN as_QL closely_RB as_CS is_BEZ desired_VBN ,_, J72 82 although_CS a_AT situation_NN is_BEZ J72 83 rapidly_RB reached_VBN where_WRB an_AT enormous_JJ number_NN of_IN J72 83 shots_NNS must_MD be_BE fired_VBN to_TO J72 84 achieve_VB a_AT small_JJ improvement_NN ._. J72 85 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ also_RB fundamental_JJ that_CS the_ATI acceptance_NN J72 85 and_CC rejection_NN limits_NNS J72 86 can_MD not_XNOT be_BE equal_JJ although_CS ,_, again_RB ,_, by_IN J72 86 firing_VBG enough_DTI shots_NNS they_PP3AS may_MD be_BE J72 87 made_VBN to_TO approach_VB each_PPLS other_PPLS" as_QL closely_RB as_CS J72 87 is_BEZ desired_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI difference_NN J72 88 between_IN the_ATI acceptance_NN and_CC rejection_NN levels_NNS is_BEZ J72 88 analogous_JJ to_IN J72 89 discrimination_NN ._. J72 90 ^ whatever_WDT values_NNS of_IN ignition_NN probability_NN are_BER J72 90 chosen_VBN as_IN the_ATI J72 91 rejection_NN and_CC acceptance_NN limits_NNS and_CC whatever_WDT J72 91 level_NN of_IN probability_NN be_BE J72 92 chosen_VBN for_IN the_ATI rejection_NN or_CC acceptance_NN at_IN J72 92 those_DTS limits_NNS ,_, material_NN with_IN J72 93 an_AT ignition_NN probability_NN equal_JJ to_IN the_ATI mean_NN of_IN J72 93 the_ATI limits_NNS will_MD be_BE almost_RB J72 94 as_QL likely_JJ to_TO fail_VB as_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ to_TO pass_VB ._. ^ J72 94 this_DT again_RB is_BEZ fundamental_JJ to_IN all_ABN J72 95 systems_NNS of_IN assessment_NN ._. J72 96 ^ it_PP3 will_MD be_BE seen_VBN therefore_RB that_CS the_ATI J72 96 concepts_NNS of_IN reliability_NN and_CC J72 97 discrimination_NN as_CS applied_VBN to_IN testing_NN are_BER complex_JJ J72 97 ones_CD1S :_: overall_RB ,_, a_AT J72 98 system_NN can_MD be_BE made_VBN reliable_JJ to_IN a_AT chosen_JJ J72 98 extent_NN at_IN the_ATI limits_NNS of_IN a_AT J72 99 chosen_JJ range_NN ._. J72 100 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ examination_NN of_IN the_ATI no-ignition_JJB test_NN ._. J72 101 ^ in_IN the_ATI last_AP section_NN it_PP3 was_BEDZ pointed_VBN J72 101 out_RP that_CS the_ATI reliability_NN of_IN J72 102 rejection_NN or_CC acceptance_NN is_BEZ a_AT matter_NN of_IN choice_NN J72 102 ,_, and_CC clearly_RB opinions_NNS J72 103 will_MD differ_VB as_IN to_IN" the_ATI desirable_JJ level_NN ._. ^ J72 103 however_RB ,_, it_PP3 appeared_VBD J72 104 reasonable_JJ to_IN the_ATI present_JJ writers_NNS to_TO require_VB J72 104 that_CS the_ATI test_NN should_MD have_HV J72 105 a_AT 0.95_CD probability_NN of_IN rejecting_VBG an_AT explosive_NN J72 105 having_HVG an_AT ignition_NN J72 106 probability_NN at_IN the_ATI chosen_JJ reject_NN level_NN ._. ^ J72 106 correspondingly_RB there_EX should_MD J72 107 be_BE a_AT 0.95_CD probability_NN of_IN accepting_VBG an_AT J72 107 explosive_NN at_IN the_ATI acceptance_NN J72 108 level_NN ._. J72 109 ^ calculations_NNS were_BED then_RN made_VBN which_WDTR J72 109 permitted_VBD the_ATI plotting_NN of_IN curve_NN J72 110 1_CD1 in_IN \0fig_NN 1_CD1 ._. ^ in_IN this_DT figure_NN the_ATI J72 110 true_JJ probability_NN of_IN ignition_NN with_IN a_AT J72 111 single_JJ shot_NN is_BEZ plotted_VBN against_IN the_ATI number_NN of_IN J72 111 shots_NNS of_IN the_ATI explosive_NN J72 112 that_WPR must_MD be_BE fired_VBN to_TO give_VB a_AT 0.95_CD J72 112 probability_NN of_IN one_CD1 or_CC more_AP J72 113 ignitions_NNS ._. ^ for_IN example_NN a_AT *'_*' no-ignition_JJB J72 113 **'_**' test_NN of_IN 28_CD shots_NNS will_MD J72 114 reject_VB ,_, 19_CD times_NNS out_RP of_IN 20_CD ,_, an_AT explosive_NN J72 114 with_IN an_AT ignition_NN probability_NN J72 115 of_IN 0.1_CD (_( for_IN the_ATI rest_NN of_IN this_DT paper_NN 19_CD J72 115 times_NNS out_RP of_IN 20_CD will_MD be_BE called_VBN J72 116 *'_*' reliable_JJ **'_**' rejection_NN or_CC acceptance_NN ._. )_) ^ J72 116 curve_NN 2_CD in_IN \0fig_NN 1_CD1 shows_VBZ the_ATI J72 117 number_NN of_IN shots_NNS for_IN which_WDTR the_ATI probability_NN J72 117 of_IN one_CD1 or_CC more_AP ignitions_NNS is_BEZ J72 118 0.05_CD ,_, \0i.e_RB there_EX is_BEZ a_AT probability_NN of_IN 0.95_CD J72 118 of_IN acceptance_NN ._. J72 119 ^ from_IN these_DTS curves_NNS it_PP3 will_MD be_BE seen_VBN that_CS J72 119 although_CS a_AT 28-shot_JJB J72 120 sequence_NN will_MD reliably_RB reject_VB an_AT explosive_NN of_IN J72 120 ignition_NN probability_NN of_IN J72 121 0.1_CD ,_, it_PP3 will_MD not_XNOT reliably_RB accept_VB explosives_NNS J72 121 until_CS the_ATI ignition_NN J72 122 probability_NN has_HVZ fallen_VBN to_IN 0.0018_CD ;_; in_IN other_AP J72 122 words_NNS ,_, if_CS a_AT manufacturer_NN J72 123 submits_VBZ an_AT explosive_NN that_WPR has_HVZ a_AT slightly_RB J72 123 lower_JJR ignition_NN probability_NN J72 124 than_IN 0.1_CD ,_, he_PP3A has_HVZ a_AT moderate_JJ chance_NN of_IN J72 124 getting_VBG it_PP3 through_IN the_ATI test_NN but_CC J72 125 if_CS he_PP3A submits_VBZ another_DT that_WPR is_BEZ ten_CD times_NNS J72 125 better_JJR in_IN this_DT respect_NN ,_, he_PP3A has_HVZ J72 126 a_AT fair_JJ chance_NN of_IN having_HVG it_PP3 rejected_VBD ._. ^ J72 126 summarizing_VBG ,_, if_CS the_ATI probability_NN J72 127 is_BEZ lower_JJR than_IN 0.0018_CD or_CC higher_JJR than_IN 0.1_CD ,_, J72 127 the_ATI explosive_NN will_MD be_BE J72 128 reliably_RB passed_VBN or_CC failed_VBN ,_, but_CC if_CS it_PP3 has_HVZ J72 128 an_AT intermediate_JJ value_NN ,_, the_ATI J72 129 test_NN will_MD not_XNOT give_VB reliable_JJ results_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J72 129 curves_NNS in_IN \0fig_NN 1_CD1 also_RB show_VB J72 130 that_CS the_ATI rejection_NN level_NN and_CC the_ATI number_NN of_IN J72 130 shots_NNS in_IN the_ATI test_NN may_MD be_BE J72 131 varied_VBN over_IN a_AT wide_JJ range_NN but_CC without_IN an_AT J72 131 appreciable_JJ change_NN in_IN the_ATI J72 132 value_NN of_IN approximately_RB 50_CD for_IN the_ATI ratio_NN of_IN J72 132 the_ATI acceptance_NN to_IN the_ATI pass_NN J72 133 level_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 appears_VBZ to_TO be_BE impossible_JJ to_TO J72 133 avoid_VB poor_JJ discrimination_NN with_IN J72 134 no-ignition_JJB tests_NNS ._. J72 135 ^ 4_CD ._. ^ tests_NNS permitting_VBG ignitions_NNS ._. J72 136 ^ in_IN the_ATI last_AP section_NN it_PP3 was_BEDZ found_VBN that_CS J72 136 poor_JJ discrimination_NN J72 137 appeared_VBD to_TO be_BE a_AT characteristic_NN of_IN no-ignition_JJB J72 137 tests_NNS :_: the_ATI effect_NN of_IN J72 138 permitting_VBG one_CD1 ignition_NN is_BEZ shown_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 2_CD J72 138 and_CC \0fig_NN 3_CD shows_VBZ the_ATI J72 139 characteristics_NNS for_IN 2-ignition_JJB tests_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 J72 139 will_MD be_BE noted_VBN that_CS the_ATI gap_NN J72 140 between_IN the_ATI rejection_NN and_CC the_ATI acceptance_NN curves_NNS J72 140 narrows_VBZ ,_, \0i.e_RB the_ATI J72 141 discrimination_NN is_BEZ improved_VBN when_WRB the_ATI number_NN of_IN J72 141 permitted_JJ ignitions_NNS is_BEZ J72 142 increased_VBN ._. J72 144 ^ the_ATI calculations_NNS on_IN which_WDTR \0fig_NN 2_CD and_CC J72 144 3_CD are_BER based_VBN have_HV been_BEN J72 145 extended_VBN ,_, and_CC the_ATI results_NNS are_BER summarized_VBN J72 145 in_IN table_NN 1_CD1 ._. ^ the_ATI accuracy_NN of_IN J72 146 discrimination_NN steadily_RB increases_VBZ with_IN the_ATI number_NN J72 146 of_IN ignitions_NNS (_( m_ZZ )_) J72 147 accepted_VBN as_IN the_ATI pass_NN level_NN ._. ^ confining_VBG J72 147 attention_NN for_IN the_ATI time_NN being_BEG to_IN J72 148 a_AT reliable_JJ rejection_NN level_NN of_IN p*;r**;_&FO equal_JJ to_IN J72 148 0.1_CD ,_, table_NN 1_CD1 shows_VBZ that_CS J72 149 the_ATI ratio_NN (_( p*;r**;/p*;a**;_&FO )_) does_DOZ not_XNOT fall_VB J72 149 to_IN the_ATI neighbourhood_NN of_IN 2_CD J72 150 until_CS the_ATI number_NN (_( n_ZZ )_) of_IN shots_NNS fired_VBN J72 150 is_BEZ nearly_RB 200_CD and_CC the_ATI acceptable_JJ J72 151 number_NN (_( m_ZZ )_) of_IN ignitions_NNS rises_VBZ to_IN 12_CD ._. J72 153 ^ the_ATI table_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT extend_VB beyond_IN the_ATI J72 153 point_NN where_WRB (_( p*;r**;/p*;a**;_&FO )_) J72 154 falls_VBZ to_IN the_ATI neighbourhood_NN of_IN two_CD because_CS J72 154 this_DT seemed_VBD a_AT good_JJ J72 155 compromise_NN ,_, as_QL far_RB as_CS explosives_NNS are_BER J72 155 concerned_VBN ,_, between_IN the_ATI J72 156 requirements_NNS of_IN discrimination_NN and_CC the_ATI need_NN to_TO J72 156 keep_VB the_ATI number_NN of_IN J72 157 shots_NNS within_IN practicable_JJ limits_NNS ;_; in_IN view_NN of_IN J72 157 the_ATI variabilities_NNS inherent_JJ J72 158 in_IN the_ATI conditions_NNS of_IN use_NN ,_, perhaps_RB it_PP3 J72 158 should_MD not_XNOT be_BE taken_VBN too_QL seriously_RB J72 159 if_CS the_ATI value_NN of_IN (_( p*;r**;/p*;a**;_&FO )_) for_IN a_AT J72 159 given_JJ explosive_NN fluctuates_VBZ in_IN J72 160 the_ATI range_NN of_IN 2_CD to_IN 1_CD1 ._. ^ the_ATI following_JJ J72 160 example_NN may_MD illustrate_VB the_ATI J72 161 operation_NN of_IN a_AT test_NN with_IN a_AT pass_NN level_NN of_IN J72 161 not_XNOT more_AP than_IN 12_CD ignitions_NNS in_IN J72 162 200_CD shots_NNS ._. ^ this_DT test_NN has_HVZ a_AT reliable_JJ J72 162 p*;r**;_&FO of_IN 0.1_CD and_CC a_AT reliable_JJ J72 163 p*;a**;_&FO (_( acceptance_NN level_NN )_) of_IN \0approx_RB 0.05_CD J72 163 ;_; for_IN reliable_JJ acceptance_NN J72 164 the_ATI manufacturers_NNS must_MD work_VB to_IN an_AT ignition_NN J72 164 probability_NN per_IN shot_NN (_( p_ZZ )_) of_IN J72 165 0.05_CD ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI product_NN deteriorates_VBZ ,_, and_CC J72 165 is_BEZ then_RN re-tested_VBN ,_, there_EX is_BEZ a_AT J72 166 probability_NN of_IN 0.95_CD that_CS the_ATI deterioration_NN will_MD J72 166 be_BE detected_VBN when_WRB the_ATI J72 167 ignition_NN probability_NN has_HVZ increased_VBN by_IN a_AT factor_NN J72 167 of_IN 2.0_CD ._. J72 168 ^ to_IN a_AT considerable_JJ extent_NN the_ATI sensitivity_NN of_IN J72 168 existing_JJ explosives_NNS J72 169 tests_NNS is_BEZ adjustable_JJ at_IN will_NN ,_, usually_RB by_IN J72 169 adjusting_VBG the_ATI charge_NN weight_NN J72 170 but_CC also_RB by_IN changes_NNS in_IN the_ATI test_NN apparatus_NN ._. J72 170 ^ what_WDT are_BER the_ATI consequences_NNS J72 171 of_IN changing_VBG the_ATI sensitivity_NN ?_? ^ table_NN 1_CD1 J72 171 gives_VBZ the_ATI appropriate_JJ figures_NNS J72 172 for_IN rejection_NN ignition_NN probability_NN of_IN 0.5_CD and_CC J72 172 shows_VBZ that_CS equally_RB good_JJ J72 173 discrimination_NN can_MD be_BE obtained_VBN but_CC with_IN far_RB J72 173 fewer_AP shots_NNS ._. ^ table_NN 1_CD1 J72 174 indicates_VBZ that_CS an_AT economical_JJ and_CC discriminating_JJ J72 174 test_NN at_IN a_AT rejection_NN J72 175 level_NN of_IN p*;r**;_&FO =_&FO 0.5_CD is_BEZ to_TO fire_VB 35_CD J72 175 shots_NNS and_CC permit_VB 12_CD ignitions_NNS ._. J72 176 ^ the_ATI calculations_NNS have_HV since_RI been_BEN extended_VBN by_IN J72 176 \0Mr_NPT \0G_NP Fogg_NP of_IN J72 177 \0S.M.R.E_NP and_CC it_PP3 appears_VBZ that_CS at_IN a_AT rejection_NN J72 177 level_NN of_IN p*;r**;_&FO =_&FO J72 178 0.673_CD a_AT discrimination_NN ratio_NN of_IN 2_CD is_BEZ obtained_VBN J72 178 with_IN a_AT round_NN (_( n_ZZ )_) of_IN 26_CD J72 179 shots_NNS and_CC a_AT permitted_JJ number_NN (_( m_ZZ )_) of_IN 13_CD J72 179 ignitions_NNS ._. J72 180 ^ 5_CD ._. ^ mathematical_JJ basis_NN ._. J72 181 ^ the_ATI mathematical_JJ basis_NN on_IN which_WDTR \0figs_NNS 1_CD1 J72 181 ,_, 2_CD and_CC 3_CD and_CC table_NN 1_CD1 J72 182 were_BED calculated_VBN is_BEZ simple_JJ and_CC well-known_JJ ;_; J72 182 see_VB for_IN example_NN David_NP ,_, J72 183 \0F.N_NP (_( 1949_CD )_) ._. J72 184 ^ the_ATI probability_NN ,_, P_ZZ ,_, of_IN an_AT explosive_NN J72 184 being_BEG accepted_VBN after_CS a_AT series_NN J72 185 of_IN tests_NNS is_BEZ a_AT calculable_JJ function_NN of_IN the_ATI J72 185 probability_NN of_IN ignition_NN in_IN a_AT J72 186 single_JJ test_NN ,_, p_ZZ ,_, and_CC of_IN the_ATI standards_NNS J72 186 required_VBN in_IN the_ATI series_NN ._. ^ for_IN J72 187 example_NN ,_, if_CS our_PP$ standard_JJ requirement_NN is_BEZ 0_CD J72 187 ignitions_NNS in_IN n_ZZ trials_NNS ,_, we_PP1AS J72 188 have_HV J72 189 **[formula**]_&FO J72 190 ._. ^ for_IN sufficiently_RB large_JJ p_ZZ ,_, P_ZZ is_BEZ small_JJ J72 190 and_CC the_ATI explosive_NN is_BEZ almost_RB J72 191 certain_JJ to_TO fail_VB the_ATI test_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ useful_JJ J72 191 to_TO consider_VB the_ATI probability_NN of_IN J72 192 ignition_NN which_WDTR will_MD almost_RB certainly_RB cause_VB a_AT J72 192 device_NN to_TO be_BE failed_VBN ._. ^ to_TO J72 193 do_DO this_DT ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ necessary_JJ to_TO fix_VB a_AT J72 193 corresponding_JJ value_NN for_IN P_ZZ ;_; that_DT is_BEZ ,_, J72 194 to_TO give_VB a_AT numerical_JJ expression_NN to_IN the_ATI phrase_NN J72 194 *'_*' almost_RB always_RB J72 195 failed_VBN **'_**' ._. ^ if_CS we_PP1AS define_VB *'_*' reliable_NC J72 195 rejection_NC **'_**' by_IN requiring_VBG P_ZZ <_&FO 5_CD %_NNU ,_, J72 196 we_PP1AS will_MD obtain_VB it_PP3 whenever_WRB p_ZZ >_&FO p*;r**;_&FO J72 196 such_CS that_CS" J72 197 **[formula**]_&FO J72 198 ._. ^ similarly_RB ,_, for_IN sufficiently_RB small_JJ p_ZZ ,_, P_ZZ J72 198 approaches_VBZ 1_CD1 and_CC the_ATI J72 199 explosive_NN is_BEZ almost_RB certain_JJ to_TO pass_VB ._. ^ so_RB J72 199 if_CS we_PP1AS define_VB *'_*' reliable_NC J72 200 acceptance_NC **'_**' by_IN requiring_VBG P_ZZ >_&FO 95_CD %_NNU ,_, J72 200 we_PP1AS will_MD obtain_VB it_PP3 whenever_WRB p_ZZ <_&FO J72 201 p*;a**;_&FO such_CS that_CS" J72 202 **[formula**]_&FO J72 203 ._. ^ the_ATI range_NN of_IN possible_JJ p-values_NNS can_MD thus_RB J72 203 be_BE divided_VBN into_IN three_CD J72 204 parts_NNS :_: J72 206 reliable_JJ rejection_NN ,_, P_ZZ <_&FO 5_CD %_NNU ,_, p*;r**;_&FO J72 206 <_&FO p_ZZ <_&FO 1_CD1 J72 207 results_NNS not_XNOT consistent_JJ ,_, 5_CD %_NNU <_&FO P_ZZ <_&FO J72 207 95_CD %_NNU ,_, p*;a**;_&FO <_&FO p_ZZ <_&FO p*;r**;_&FO J72 208 reliable_JJ acceptance_NN ,_, 95_CD %_NNU <_&FO P_ZZ ,_, 0_CD <_&FO J72 208 p_ZZ <_&FO p*;a**;_&FO J72 210 ._. ^ if_CS we_PP1AS put_VB these_DTS ranges_NNS side_NN by_IN J72 210 side_NN for_IN different_JJ values_NNS of_IN n_ZZ ,_, we_PP1AS J72 211 obtain_VB \0fig_NN 1_CD1 ,_, in_IN which_WDTR two_CD curves_NNS of_IN J72 211 p*;r**;_&FO against_IN n_ZZ (_( curve_NN 1_CD1 )_) J72 212 and_CC of_IN p*;a**;_&FO against_IN n_ZZ (_( curve_NN 2_CD )_) J72 212 divide_VB the_ATI area_NN into_IN three_CD regions_NNS :_: J72 213 consistent_JJ failures_NNS ,_, results_NNS not_XNOT consistent_JJ J72 213 and_CC consistent_JJ passes_NNS ._. J73 2 ^ details_NNS can_MD be_BE seen_VBN in_IN the_ATI photograph_NN ,_, J73 2 \0fig_NN 4_CD ._. J73 3 ^ during_IN the_ATI early_JJ part_NN of_IN the_ATI tests_NNS the_ATI J73 3 rotors_NNS were_BED run_VBN at_IN 1,800_CD J73 4 \0r.p.m_NNU ,_, at_IN which_WDTR speed_NN the_ATI radial_JJ J73 4 acceleration_NN was_BEDZ approximately_RB J73 5 2,350_CD g_ZZ ,_, resulting_VBG in_IN very_QL high_JJ forces_NNS at_IN J73 5 the_ATI hub_NN ._. ^ the_ATI blades_NNS were_BED J73 6 provided_VBN with_IN both_ABX flapping_NN and_CC drag_NN hinges_NNS ,_, J73 6 the_ATI former_AP being_BEG freely_RB J73 7 mounted_VBN on_IN ball_NN races_NNS and_CC the_ATI latter_AP having_HVG J73 7 adjustable_JJ cork_NN friction_NN J73 8 dampers_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI blades_NNS were_BED found_VBN to_TO vary_VB J73 8 slightly_RB in_IN weight_NN so_CS J73 9 provision_NN was_BEDZ made_VBN for_IN final_JJ balancing_NN by_IN J73 9 means_IN" of_IN" small_JJ adjustable_JJ J73 10 weights_NNS on_IN screwed_JJ rods_NNS radiating_VBG from_IN the_ATI J73 10 hubs_NNS between_IN the_ATI blades_NNS ._. J73 11 ^ these_DTS can_MD be_BE seen_VBN in_IN the_ATI photograph_NN ,_, J73 11 \0fig_NN 4_CD ._. J73 12 ^ in_TO order_TO" to_TO" avoid_VB the_ATI possibility_NN of_IN J73 12 resonance_NN it_PP3 was_BEDZ at_RB first_RB" J73 13 thought_VBN advisable_JJ to_TO run_VB the_ATI rotors_NNS with_IN J73 13 drag_NN hinges_NNS locked_VBN ._. J73 14 ^ eventually_RB however_RB fatigue_NN cracks_NNS were_BED noticed_VBN J73 14 in_IN the_ATI roots_NNS of_IN two_CD of_IN J73 15 the_ATI blades_NNS and_CC it_PP3 was_BEDZ suspected_VBN that_CS the_ATI J73 15 lack_NN of_IN freedom_NN in_IN the_ATI drag_NN J73 16 hinges_NNS was_BEDZ the_ATI possible_JJ cause_NN ._. ^ later_RBR ,_, J73 16 after_CS new_JJ blades_NNS had_HVD been_BEN J73 17 fitted_VBN ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ thought_VBN better_JJR to_TO run_VB J73 17 with_IN drag_NN hinges_NNS free_JJ and_CC so_RB J73 18 reduce_VB root_NN stresses_NNS ,_, experience_NN having_HVG shown_VBN J73 18 that_CS the_ATI possibility_NN of_IN J73 19 resonance_NN was_BEDZ small_JJ ._. ^ as_IN a_AT further_JJB J73 19 precaution_NN ,_, to_TO eliminate_VB fatigue_NN J73 20 failure_NN ,_, the_ATI new_JJ blades_NNS of_IN a_AT modified_JJ J73 20 design_NN were_BED run_VBN at_IN a_AT reduced_JJ top_JJB J73 21 speed_NN of_IN 1200_CD \0r.p.m_NNU ._. ^ this_DT question_NN of_IN J73 21 blade_NN fatigue_NN is_BEZ more_QL J73 22 fully_RB discussed_VBN in_IN the_ATI appendix_NN ._. J73 23 ^ 2.3_CD ._. ^ equipment_NN for_IN measuring_VBG tracking_NN of_IN J73 23 blades_NNS and_CC flapping_NN angle_NN ._. J73 24 ^ the_ATI front_JJB rotor_NN carried_VBD a_AT commutator_NN with_IN J73 24 a_AT single_JJ brass_NN J73 25 segment_NN contacting_VBG four_CD carbon_NN brushes_NNS mounted_VBN J73 25 on_IN a_AT ring_NN attached_VBN to_IN J73 26 the_ATI front_JJB rotor_NN spindle_NN housing_NN ._. ^ three_CD of_IN J73 26 these_DTS brushes_NNS were_BED J73 27 approximately_RB 120_CD *@_NNU apart_RP and_CC the_ATI fourth_OD J73 27 diametrically_RB opposite_JJ to_IN one_CD1 J73 28 of_IN the_ATI three_CD ._. ^ the_ATI brush_NN contacts_NNS were_BED J73 28 used_VBN to_TO trigger_VB off_RP a_AT J73 29 stroboscope_NN lamp_NN illuminating_VBG the_ATI blades_NNS whilst_CS J73 29 rotating_VBG ._. ^ the_ATI three_CD J73 30 contacts_NNS at_IN approximately_RB 120_CD *@_NNU spacings_NNS were_BED J73 30 set_VBN so_CS that_CS" ,_, with_IN all_ABN J73 31 three_CD in_IN circuit_NN together_RB ,_, they_PP3AS were_BED J73 31 successively_RB out_RP of_IN phase_NN by_IN J73 32 about_RB one_CD1 chord_NN length_NN when_WRB the_ATI ends_NNS of_IN J73 32 the_ATI rotor_NN blades_NNS were_BED J73 33 observed_VBN ._. ^ by_IN this_DT method_NN it_PP3 could_MD be_BE J73 33 seen_VBN if_CS the_ATI blades_NNS were_BED tracking_VBG J73 34 correctly_RB ._. J73 35 ^ the_ATI two_CD diametrically_RB opposed_JJ contacts_NNS were_BED J73 35 used_VBN to_TO facilitate_VB J73 36 the_ATI observation_NN of_IN flapping_NN angles_NNS ._. ^ each_DT J73 36 contact_NN had_HVD a_AT switch_NN in_IN J73 37 circuit_NN and_CC the_ATI timing_NN adjusted_VBN so_CS that_CS" the_ATI J73 37 stroboscope_NN flashed_VBD when_WRB a_AT J73 38 particular_JJ blade_NN was_BEDZ parallel_JJ to_IN the_ATI J73 38 longitudinal_JJ body_NN axis_NN either_DTX in_IN J73 39 a_AT fore_JJB or_CC aft_JJB direction_NN ._. ^ the_ATI height_NN of_IN J73 39 the_ATI blade_NN tips_NNS in_IN each_DT J73 40 position_NN was_BEDZ measured_VBN by_IN means_NNS of_IN a_AT J73 40 travelling_NN periscope_NN projecting_VBG J73 41 vertically_RB downwards_RB into_IN the_ATI tunnel_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J73 41 difference_NN in_IN height_NN of_IN the_ATI J73 42 blade_NN tips_NNS in_IN these_DTS two_CD positions_NNS gave_VBD a_AT J73 42 measure_NN of_IN flapping_NN angle_NN ._. J73 43 ^ the_ATI periscope_NN was_BEDZ of_IN the_ATI type_NN used_VBN on_IN J73 43 midget_NN submarines_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J73 44 stroboscope_NN lamp_NN was_BEDZ mounted_VBN on_IN gimbals_NNS and_CC J73 44 the_ATI direction_NN of_IN the_ATI J73 45 light_NN ,_, shining_VBG through_IN a_AT thick_JJ perspex_NN window_NN J73 45 ,_, could_MD be_BE adjusted_VBN by_IN J73 46 the_ATI observer_NN to_TO illuminate_VB the_ATI particular_JJ blade_NN J73 46 tip_NN under_IN observation_NN ._. J73 47 ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ estimated_VBN that_CS the_ATI accuracy_NN of_IN J73 47 the_ATI measurements_NNS was_BEDZ of_IN the_ATI J73 48 order_NN of_IN one_CD1 tenth_NN of_IN a_AT degree_NN ._. ^ a_AT J73 48 photograph_NN of_IN the_ATI head_NN of_IN the_ATI J73 49 periscope_NN is_BEZ shown_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 6_CD from_IN which_WDTR J73 49 can_MD be_BE seen_VBN one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI two_CD J73 50 vertical_JJ slides_NNS behind_IN which_WDTR is_BEZ the_ATI measuring_NN J73 50 scale_NN ._. J73 51 ^ as_CS the_ATI periscope_NN weighed_VBD about_RB 60_CD \0lb_NNU J73 51 it_PP3 had_HVD to_TO be_BE J73 52 counterweighted_VBN and_CC the_ATI wires_NNS carrying_VBG these_DTS J73 52 weights_NNS ,_, passing_VBG over_IN J73 53 pulleys_NNS ,_, can_MD be_BE seen_VBN in_IN the_ATI photograph_NN ._. J73 54 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ safety_NN precautions_NNS ._. J73 55 ^ due_JJ to_IN the_ATI high_JJ value_NN of_IN centrifugal_JJ J73 55 force_NN on_IN the_ATI rotors_NNS and_CC J73 56 the_ATI possibility_NN of_IN instability_NN ,_, resonance_NN ,_, or_CC J73 56 fatigue_NN ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ thought_VBN J73 57 expedient_JJ to_TO protect_VB the_ATI personnel_NNS by_IN J73 57 reinforcing_VBG the_ATI tunnel_NN inside_RP J73 58 with_IN sheet_NN steel_NN and_CC outside_RP with_IN shutters_NNS ._. ^ J73 58 these_DTS shutters_NNS were_BED of_IN J73 59 sandwich_NN construction_NN comprised_VBN of_IN blocks_NNS of_IN J73 59 paper_NN between_IN 1/4_CD J73 60 thick_JJ plywood_NN ,_, totalling_VBG about_RB two_CD inches_NNS in_IN J73 60 thickness_NN ._. J73 61 ^ to_TO minimise_VB the_ATI possibility_NN of_IN stopping_VBG J73 61 the_ATI rotors_NNS before_IN the_ATI J73 62 tunnel_NN and_CC thereby_RB losing_VBG the_ATI stabilising_JJ effect_NN J73 62 of_IN centrifugal_JJ force_NN J73 63 on_IN the_ATI blades_NNS ,_, an_AT interlock_NN was_BEDZ J73 63 incorporated_VBN in_IN the_ATI electrical_JJ J73 64 circuits_NNS ,_, with_IN a_AT time_NN delay_NN of_IN about_RB a_AT J73 64 quarter_NN of_IN a_AT minute_NN ,_, to_TO ensure_VB J73 65 that_CS the_ATI rotors_NNS attained_VBD a_AT reasonable_JJ speed_NN J73 65 before_IN starting_VBG the_ATI tunnel_NN J73 66 and_CC also_RB that_CS the_ATI tunnel_NN speed_NN had_HVD dropped_VBN J73 66 sufficiently_RB on_IN shutting_VBG J73 67 down_RP ._. ^ as_CS the_ATI electrical_JJ supplies_NNS to_IN the_ATI J73 67 tunnel_NN and_CC rotors_NNS were_BED J73 68 separate_JJ there_EX remained_VBD the_ATI danger_NN arising_VBG from_IN J73 68 a_AT failure_NN of_IN the_ATI J73 69 current_NN to_IN the_ATI rotors_NNS but_CC as_CS that_DT was_BEDZ J73 69 thought_VBN to_TO be_BE very_QL improbable_JJ ,_, J73 70 no_ATI attempt_NN was_BEDZ made_VBN to_TO cover_VB that_DT J73 70 eventuality_NN ._. J73 71 ^ 4_CD ._. ^ method_NN and_CC scope_NN of_IN experiments_NNS ._. J73 72 ^ the_ATI model_NN was_BEDZ suspended_VBN from_IN the_ATI main_JJB J73 72 roof_NN balance_NN by_IN two_CD J73 73 struts_NNS spaced_VBN 22_CD 1/2_CD apart_RP ._. ^ these_DTS struts_NNS J73 73 carried_VBD at_IN their_PP$ ends_NNS a_AT J73 74 spindle_NN mounted_VBN on_IN ball_NN races_NNS ,_, passing_VBG J73 74 through_IN and_CC fixed_VBN to_IN the_ATI J73 75 helicopter_NN body_NN 29_CD 1/2_CD from_IN the_ATI nose_NN ._. ^ J73 75 this_DT spindle_NN being_BEG freely_RB J73 76 mounted_VBN acted_VBD as_IN a_AT pitching_NN axis_NN ._. ^ a_AT J73 76 further_JJB support_NN was_BEDZ provided_VBN J73 77 towards_IN the_ATI rear_NN of_IN the_ATI body_NN ,_, using_VBG a_AT J73 77 pair_NN of_IN V-wires_NNS attached_VBN to_IN an_AT J73 78 overhead_JJB split-beam_JJB balance_NN ,_, see_VB \0fig_NN J73 78 2_CD ._. ^ these_DTS wires_NNS were_BED J73 79 adjustable_JJ by_IN means_IN" of_IN" a_AT windlass_NN carried_VBN on_IN J73 79 the_ATI balance_NN ,_, so_CS that_CS" the_ATI J73 80 attitude_NN of_IN the_ATI model_NN could_MD be_BE varied_VBN ._. J73 81 ^ the_ATI earlier_JJR tests_NNS were_BED made_VBN at_IN 1800_CD J73 81 \0r.p.m_NNU giving_VBG a_AT tip_NN J73 82 speed_NN of_IN about_RB 400_CD \0ft_NNU /_IN \0sec_NNU ._. ^ later_RBR J73 82 the_ATI speed_NN was_BEDZ reduced_VBN to_IN 1200_CD J73 83 \0r.p.m_NNU and_CC a_AT tip_NN speed_NN of_IN 267_CD \0ft_NNU /_IN J73 83 \0sec_NNU ._. ^ lift_NN ,_, drag_NN ,_, and_CC J73 84 pitching_NN moments_NNS were_BED measured_VBN at_IN wind_NN speeds_NNS J73 84 of_IN 40_CD ,_, 80_CD ,_, 120_CD ,_, 160_CD and_CC J73 85 180_CD \0ft_NNU /_IN \0sec_NNU for_IN the_ATI tests_NNS at_IN a_AT J73 85 rotor_NN speed_NN of_IN 1800_CD \0r.p.m_NNU J73 86 giving_VBG approximate_JJ values_NNS of_IN tip-speed_JJB ratio_NN ,_, J73 86 m_ZZ ,_, of_IN 0.1_CD ,_, 0.2_CD ,_, 0.3_CD ,_, J73 87 0.4_CD and_CC 0.45_CD ._. ^ when_WRB the_ATI rotor_NN speed_NN was_BEDZ J73 87 reduced_VBN to_IN 1200_CD \0r.p.m_NNU J73 88 the_ATI wind_NN speeds_NNS used_VBN were_BED 25_CD ,_, 55_CD ,_, 80_CD J73 88 ,_, 100_CD and_CC 120_CD \0ft_NNU /_IN \0sec_NNU giving_VBG J73 89 values_NNS of_IN m_ZZ =_&FO 0.094_CD ,_, 0.206_CD ,_, 0.300_CD ,_, J73 89 0.374_CD and_CC 0.449_CD respectively_RB ._. J73 90 ^ measurements_NNS were_BED made_VBN for_IN blade_NN angles_NNS ,_, J73 90 th*;0**;_&FO ,_, of_IN 4_CD *@_NNU ,_, 8_CD *@_NNU J73 91 and_CC 12_CD *@_NNU ._. ^ the_ATI angles_NNS were_BED set_VBN by_IN J73 91 a_AT worm_NN and_CC wheel_NN at_IN the_ATI blade_NN roots_NNS J73 92 using_VBG a_AT surface_NN table_NN and_CC scribing_NN blocks_VBZ to_TO J73 92 measure_VB the_ATI difference_NN in_IN J73 93 heights_NNS at_IN leading_JJ and_CC trailing_JJ edges_NNS ._. J73 94 ^ flapping_NN angles_NNS were_BED also_RB measured_VBN by_IN the_ATI J73 94 method_NN described_VBN in_IN J73 95 \0para_NN 2.3_CD ._. J73 96 ^ although_CS it_PP3 would_MD have_HV been_BEN desirable_JJ to_TO J73 96 make_VB measurements_NNS at_IN J73 97 very_QL low_JJ values_NNS of_IN m_ZZ ,_, less_AP than_IN 0.1_CD ,_, J73 97 difficulty_NN was_BEDZ experienced_VBN due_JJ J73 98 to_IN the_ATI flow_NN induced_VBN by_IN the_ATI rotors_NNS J73 98 themselves_PPLS ,_, especially_RB at_IN the_ATI higher_JJR J73 99 body_NN angles_NNS ._. ^ for_IN example_NN ,_, without_IN the_ATI J73 99 tunnel_NN motor_NN running_VBG ,_, a_AT vane_NN J73 100 anemometer_NN indicated_VBD a_AT wind_NN speed_NN of_IN about_RB 15_CD J73 100 \0ft_NNU /_IN \0sec_NNU at_IN J73 101 th*;0**;_&FO =_&FO 8_CD *@_NNU and_CC th_ZZ =_&FO 20_CD *@_NNU ._. ^ J73 101 as_CS the_ATI flow_NN was_BEDZ unreliable_JJ these_DTS J73 102 tests_NNS were_BED abandoned_VBN ._. J73 103 ^ table_NN 1_CD1 gives_VBZ a_AT summary_NN of_IN all_ABN the_ATI J73 103 tests_NNS on_IN the_ATI various_JJ rotor_NN J73 104 combinations_NNS together_RB with_IN references_NNS to_IN the_ATI J73 104 tables_NNS giving_VBG the_ATI J73 105 results_NNS ._. J73 106 ^ 5_CD ._. corrections_NNS ._. J73 107 ^ the_ATI tunnel_NN measurements_NNS were_BED converted_VBN to_IN J73 107 the_ATI coefficients_NNS J73 108 c*;t**;_&FO and_CC C*;m**;_&FO where_WRB c*;t**;_&FO is_BEZ the_ATI J73 108 coefficient_NN of_IN the_ATI force_NN J73 109 normal_JJ to_IN the_ATI longitudinal_JJ axis_NN of_IN the_ATI J73 109 helicopter_NN and_CC C*;m**;_&FO is_BEZ the_ATI J73 110 pitching_NN moment_NN coefficient_NN about_IN the_ATI axis_NN shown_VBN J73 110 in_IN \0fig_NN 3_CD ._. ^ a_AT J73 111 further_JJB correction_NN was_BEDZ made_VBN for_IN the_ATI forces_NNS J73 111 and_CC moments_NNS on_IN the_ATI body_NN and_CC J73 112 rig_NN ,_, \0etc_RB ,_, by_IN making_VBG the_ATI appropriate_JJ J73 112 measurements_NNS with_IN rotors_NNS J73 113 removed_VBN and_CC subtracting_VBG from_IN the_ATI total_NN ._. ^ J73 113 no_ATI account_NN is_BEZ therefore_RB taken_VBN J73 114 of_IN forces_NNS due_JJ to_IN the_ATI interference_NN between_IN J73 114 rotors_NNS and_CC body_NN ._. J73 115 ^ as_CS the_ATI final_JJ results_NNS were_BED to_TO be_BE J73 115 presented_VBN for_IN constant_JJ values_NNS of_IN J73 116 tip_NN speed_NN ratio_NN ,_, m_ZZ ,_, and_CC the_ATI wind_NN speeds_NNS J73 116 chosen_VBN did_DOD not_XNOT give_VB exact_JJ J73 117 values_NNS and_CC also_RB as_CS **[formula**]_&FO ,_, where_WRB th_ZZ J73 117 is_BEZ the_ATI J73 118 body_NN angle_NN ,_, the_ATI correction_NN varied_VBD with_IN J73 118 attitude_NN of_IN the_ATI model_NN and_CC so_RB J73 119 all_ABN the_ATI results_NNS had_HVD first_RB to_TO be_BE plotted_VBN J73 119 against_IN m_ZZ and_CC then_RN the_ATI J73 120 values_NNS for_IN m_ZZ =_&FO 0.1_CD ,_, 0.2_CD ,_, 0.3_CD ,_, 0.4_CD J73 120 and_CC 0.45_CD taken_VBN from_IN the_ATI curves_NNS ._. J73 121 ^ corrections_NNS had_HVD also_RB to_TO be_BE made_VBN to_IN th_ZZ J73 121 due_JJ to_IN tunnel_NN interference_NN J73 122 and_CC therefore_RB the_ATI values_NNS corrected_VBN for_IN m_ZZ J73 122 had_HVD then_RN to_TO be_BE plotted_VBN J73 123 against_IN th_ZZ and_CC values_NNS read_VBN off_RP at_IN the_ATI J73 123 chosen_JJ values_NNS of_IN th_ZZ J73 124 \0viz_RB ,_, 0_CD *@_NNU ,_, 5_CD *@_NNU ,_, 10_CD *@_NNU ,_, 15_CD J73 124 *@_NNU ,_, 20_CD *@_NNU and_CC 25_CD *@_NNU ._. ^ for_IN convenience_NN J73 124 th_ZZ J73 125 has_HVZ been_BEN taken_VBN to_TO be_BE positive_JJ with_IN the_ATI J73 125 nose_NN of_IN the_ATI model_NN downwards_RB J73 126 which_WDTR is_BEZ opposite_JJ to_IN the_ATI normal_JJ convention_NN ._. J73 127 ^ for_IN the_ATI 9_CD x_IN 7_CD wind_NN tunnel_NN the_ATI J73 127 correction_NN to_IN body_NN angle_NN J73 128 (_( th_ZZ )_) has_HVZ been_BEN taken_VBN to_TO be_BE J73 129 **[formula**]_&FO J73 130 where_WRB A_ZZ is_BEZ the_ATI total_JJ rotor_NN disc_NN area_NN C_ZZ J73 130 is_BEZ the_ATI cross-sectional_JJ area_NN J73 131 of_IN the_ATI wind_NN tunnel_NN ,_, c*;l**;_&FO is_BEZ the_ATI J73 131 overall_JJB lift_NN coefficient_NN based_VBN on_IN J73 132 total_JJ disc_NN area_NN ._. ^ the_ATI correction_NN is_BEZ such_ABL J73 132 that_CS the_ATI effective_JJ J73 133 inclination_NN is_BEZ less_AP than_IN the_ATI geometric_JJ J73 133 inclination_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ felt_VBN that_CS J73 134 the_ATI above_JJB correction_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT entirely_RB J73 134 satisfactory_JJ as_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ based_VBN on_IN J73 135 fixed_JJ wing_NN theory_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ hoped_VBN that_CS at_IN J73 135 some_DTI future_JJB time_NN a_AT systematic_JJ J73 136 series_NN of_IN experiments_NNS will_MD be_BE made_VBN to_TO J73 136 establish_VB the_ATI order_NN of_IN wind_NN J73 137 tunnel_NN corrections_NNS to_TO be_BE applied_VBN to_IN helicopter_NN J73 137 model_NN testing_NN ._. J73 138 ^ the_ATI corrections_NNS to_IN pitching_NN moment_NN due_JJ to_IN J73 138 flapping_NN hinge_NN offset_NN J73 139 are_BER included_VBN in_IN \0para_NN 6_CD ._. J73 140 ^ 6_CD ._. ^ results_NNS ._. J73 141 ^ 6.1_CD ._. ^ effect_NN of_IN flapping_NN hinge_NN offset_NN ._. J73 142 ^ in_IN addition_NN to_IN the_ATI corrections_NNS mentioned_VBN J73 142 in_IN \0para_NN 5_CD account_NN J73 143 had_HVD also_RB to_TO be_BE taken_VBN of_IN the_ATI effect_NN of_IN J73 143 flapping_NN hinge_NN offset_NN which_WDTR ,_, due_JJ J73 144 to_IN design_NN difficulties_NNS ,_, was_BEDZ of_IN necessity_NN J73 144 rather_RB large_JJ ,_, about_RB 6.275_CD %_NNU ._. J73 145 ^ the_ATI effect_NN of_IN flapping_NN hinge_NN offset_NN on_IN J73 145 the_ATI characteristics_NNS of_IN a_AT J73 146 rotor_NN is_BEZ dealt_VBN with_IN in_IN a_AT report_NN by_IN Meyer_NP J73 146 and_CC Falabella_NP and_CC the_ATI J73 147 analysis_NN given_VBN in_IN that_DT report_NN has_HVZ been_BEN used_VBN J73 147 to_TO estimate_VB the_ATI J73 148 theoretical_JJ values_NNS of_IN rotor_NN thrust_NN and_CC flapping_NN J73 148 angles_NNS and_CC also_RB the_ATI J73 149 effect_NN on_IN overall_JJB pitching_NN moment_NN ._. J73 150 ^ 6.2_CD ._. ^ thrust_NN coefficient_NN ._. J73 151 ^ assuming_VBG uniform_JJ distribution_NN of_IN induced_JJ J73 151 velocity_NN and_CC J73 152 neglecting_VBG blade_NN tip_NN losses_NNS the_ATI theoretical_JJ J73 152 value_NN of_IN c*;t**;_&FO is_BEZ given_VBN J73 153 by_IN equation_NN (_( 38_CD )_) of_IN \0Ref_NN 3_CD ._. J73 154 **[formula**]_&FO J73 155 ._. ^ as_CS there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI cyclic_JJ pitch_NN B*;1**;_&FO J73 155 =_&FO 0_CD and_CC the_ATI term_NN involving_VBG J73 156 a*;1**;_&FO is_BEZ small_JJ and_CC may_MD be_BE neglected_VBN and_CC J73 156 therefore_RB approximately_RB J73 157 **[formula**]_&FO J73 158 ._. ^ for_IN zero_CD forward_JJ speed_VB where_WRB m_ZZ =_&FO 0_CD J73 159 **[formula**]_&FO J73 160 ._. ^ also_RB J73 161 **[formula**]_&FO J73 162 ._. ^ in_TO order_TO" to_TO" determine_VB *'_*' a_ZZ **'_**' the_ATI J73 162 slope_NN of_IN the_ATI lift_NN curve_NN of_IN the_ATI J73 163 blade_NN section_NN c*;t**;_&FO was_BEDZ required_VBN for_IN zero_CD J73 163 wind_NN speed_NN ._. ^ as_CS the_ATI tunnel_NN J73 164 was_BEDZ of_IN the_ATI return_NN flow_NN type_NN it_PP3 was_BEDZ J73 164 difficult_JJ to_TO obtain_VB a_AT true_JJ zero_CD J73 165 wind_NN speed_NN due_JJ to_IN the_ATI flow_NN induced_VBN by_IN the_ATI J73 165 rotors_NNS ._. ^ this_DT was_BEDZ cut_VBN down_RP J73 166 to_IN a_AT minimum_NN by_IN closing_VBG the_ATI tunnel_NN with_IN a_AT J73 166 screen_NN ,_, but_CC even_RB so_RB there_EX J73 167 was_BEDZ a_AT circulation_NN of_IN air_NN in_IN the_ATI J73 167 neighbourhood_NN of_IN the_ATI model_NN ,_, J73 168 particularly_RB at_IN the_ATI larger_JJR blade_NN angles_NNS ._. ^ J73 168 it_PP3 was_BEDZ assumed_VBN that_CS at_IN zero_CD J73 169 tunnel_NN speed_NN the_ATI induced_JJ circulation_NN at_IN th*;0**;_&FO J73 169 =_&FO 4_CD *@_NNU would_MD be_BE J73 170 very_QL small_JJ and_CC the_ATI measured_JJ value_NN of_IN c*;t**;_&FO J73 170 =_&FO 0.00142_CD was_BEDZ inserted_VBN in_IN J73 171 the_ATI equations_NNS (_( 2_CD )_) and_CC (_( 3_CD )_) ._. ^ this_DT J73 171 gave_VBD a_AT value_NN of_IN a_ZZ =_&FO 5.0_CD (_( per_IN rad_NN )_) J73 172 which_WDTR was_BEDZ subsequently_RB used_VBN in_IN equation_NN (_( J73 172 1a_CD )_) ._. ^ a_AT curve_NN of_IN static_JJ J73 173 thrust_NN coefficient_NN using_VBG the_ATI above_JJB value_NN of_IN J73 173 *'_*' a_ZZ **'_**' is_BEZ given_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN J73 174 7_CD ._. ^ the_ATI theoretical_JJ values_NNS of_IN c*;t**;_&FO J73 174 using_VBG equation_NN (_( 1a_CD )_) for_IN J73 175 th*;0**;_&FO =_&FO 4_CD *@_NNU ,_, 8_CD *@_NNU and_CC 12_CD *@_NNU J73 175 are_BER included_VBN in_IN \0figs_NNS 9_CD ,_, 13_CD and_CC 19_CD ._. J73 176 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ of_IN interest_NN to_TO note_VB that_CS the_ATI J73 176 effect_NN of_IN flapping_NN hinge_NN offset_NN on_IN J73 177 c*;t**;_&FO is_BEZ negligible_JJ ,_, particularly_RB at_IN the_ATI J73 177 lower_JJR values_NNS of_IN m_ZZ ._. J73 178 ^ 6.3_CD ._. ^ division_NN of_IN thrust_NN ._. J73 179 ^ from_IN a_AT knowledge_NN of_IN the_ATI total_JJ thrust_NN and_CC J73 179 the_ATI pitching_NN moment_NN J73 180 about_IN a_AT defined_JJ axis_NN the_ATI contribution_NN of_IN J73 180 thrust_NN due_JJ to_IN each_DT rotor_NN has_HVZ J73 181 been_BEN calculated_VBN ._. ^ it_PP3 was_BEDZ assumed_VBN that_CS J73 181 the_ATI thrust_NN of_IN each_DT rotor_NN acted_VBD J73 182 at_IN the_ATI disc_NN centre_NN and_CC normal_JJ to_IN the_ATI body_NN J73 182 axis_NN and_CC also_RB that_CS the_ATI rotor_NN J73 183 drag_NN force_NN ,_, parallel_RB to_IN the_ATI longitudinal_JJ axis_NN J73 183 ,_, acted_VBD at_IN the_ATI mean_JJ J73 184 height_NN of_IN the_ATI two_CD rotors_NNS ._. J73 185 ^ the_ATI pitching_NN moments_NNS as_CS measured_VBN in_IN the_ATI J73 185 experiments_NNS included_VBD a_AT J73 186 contribution_NN due_JJ to_IN the_ATI effect_NN of_IN the_ATI offset_NN J73 186 flapping_NN hinges_NNS and_CC J73 187 therefore_RB before_CS the_ATI thrust_NN due_JJ to_IN each_DT rotor_NN J73 187 could_MD be_BE calculated_VBN the_ATI J73 188 pitching_NN moments_NNS had_HVD to_TO be_BE corrected_VBN for_IN J73 188 offset_NN ._. J73 189 ^ in_IN the_ATI report_NN by_IN Meyer_NP and_CC Falabella_NP an_AT J73 189 expression_NN is_BEZ given_VBN for_IN J73 190 pitching_NN moment_NN due_JJ to_IN hinge_NN offset_NN (_( M*;y**;_&FO J73 190 )_) ._. ^ this_DT expression_NN is_BEZ J73 191 **[formula**]_&FO J73 192 where_WRB J73 193 **[formula**]_&FO J73 194 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J73 195 ^ values_NNS of_IN a*;0**;_&FO ,_, b*;1**;_&FO ,_, and_CC J73 195 a*;1**;_&FO are_BER obtained_VBN by_IN solving_VBG J73 196 three_CD simultaneous_JJ equations_NNS ;_; these_DTS solutions_NNS J73 196 are_BER given_VBN in_IN equations_NNS J73 197 (_( 27_CD )_) ,_, (_( 28_CD )_) and_CC (_( 29_CD )_) in_IN the_ATI J73 197 report_NN ._. ^ as_CS there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI cyclic_JJ pitch_NN ,_, J73 198 \0i.e_RB ,_, B*;1**;_&FO =_&FO 0_CD in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN the_ATI J73 198 model_NN ,_, these_DTS solutions_NNS J73 199 become_VB J73 200 **[formula**]_&FO J73 201 ._. ^ the_ATI value_NN of_IN l_ZZ is_BEZ given_VBN by_IN the_ATI J73 201 expression_NN J73 202 **[formula**]_&FO J73 203 and_CC J73 204 **[formula**]_&FO J73 205 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J73 206 ^ using_VBG the_ATI wind_NN tunnel_NN values_NNS of_IN c*;t**;_&FO J73 206 ,_, in_IN equation_NN (_( 9_CD )_) M*;y**;_&FO J73 207 has_HVZ been_BEN calculated_VBN for_IN various_JJ cases_NNS and_CC J73 207 it_PP3 was_BEDZ found_VBN that_CS the_ATI terms_NNS J73 208 involving_VBG a*;0**;_&FO and_CC b*;1**;_&FO were_BED quite_RB small_JJ J73 208 compared_VBN with_IN the_ATI J73 209 a*;1**;_&FO term_NN ._. J74 2 ^ introduction_NN ._. ^ when_WRB considering_VBG the_ATI design_NN J74 2 of_IN a_AT jet-flapped_JJ J74 3 aircraft_NN from_IN a_AT stability_NN and_CC control_NN aspect_NN ,_, J74 3 it_PP3 is_BEZ necessary_JJ to_TO have_HV J74 4 fairly_RB accurate_JJ information_NN concerning_IN the_ATI downwash_NN J74 4 field_NN behind_IN the_ATI J74 5 jet-flapped_JJ wing_NN ,_, particularly_RB in_IN those_DTS regions_NNS J74 5 where_WRB it_PP3 is_BEZ J74 6 practicable_JJ to_TO locate_VB the_ATI tailplane_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J74 6 evaluation_NN of_IN the_ATI downwash_NN J74 7 at_IN the_ATI tailplane_NN is_BEZ dependent_JJ upon_IN a_AT J74 7 knowledge_NN of_IN the_ATI strength_NN and_CC J74 8 position_NN of_IN the_ATI vorticity_NN distributions_NNS which_WDTR J74 8 represent_VB the_ATI wing_NN and_CC J74 9 the_ATI jet_NN ._. ^ in_IN his_PP$ treatment_NN of_IN the_ATI flow_NN J74 9 past_IN a_AT wing_NN with_IN a_AT jet-flap_NN ,_, of_IN J74 10 infinite_JJ span_NN ,_, Spence_NP assumes_VBZ that_CS the_ATI J74 10 incidence_NN of_IN the_ATI wing_NN and_CC the_ATI J74 11 deflection_NN of_IN the_ATI jet_NN are_BER small_JJ ,_, and_CC hence_RB J74 11 the_ATI usual_JJ assumptions_NNS of_IN J74 12 thin_JJ aerofoil_NN theory_NN ,_, in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI wing_NN J74 12 and_CC jet_NN are_BER replaced_VBN by_IN vortex_NN J74 13 sheets_NNS in_IN the_ATI direction_NN of_IN the_ATI free_JJ stream_NN J74 13 ,_, apply_VB ._. ^ the_ATI results_NNS so_RB J74 14 obtained_VBN for_IN the_ATI vorticity_NN distributions_NNS on_IN J74 14 the_ATI wing_NN and_CC jet_NN are_BER used_VBN J74 15 in_IN part_NN 1_CD1 to_TO give_VB the_ATI downwash_NN at_IN any_DTI J74 15 position_NN relative_JJ to_IN the_ATI plane_NN J74 16 vortex_NN sheet_NN in_IN the_ATI form_NN J74 17 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J74 18 where_WRB e_ZZ =_&FO downwash_NN angle_NN ,_, t_ZZ =_&FO jet_NN J74 18 deflection_NN angle_NN ,_, and_CC a_ZZ J74 19 =_&FO wing_NN incidence_NN ._. ^ however_RB ,_, in_IN the_ATI J74 19 calculation_NN of_IN the_ATI downwash_NN induced_VBN J74 20 at_IN a_AT point_NN (_( P_ZZ )_) in_IN the_ATI field_NN ,_, it_PP3 J74 20 is_BEZ necessary_JJ to_TO allow_VB for_IN its_PP$ J74 21 location_NN relative_JJ to_IN the_ATI actual_JJ wing_NN and_CC jet_NN J74 21 ._. ^ to_IN the_ATI order_NN of_IN J74 22 accuracy_NN consistent_JJ with_IN the_ATI previous_JJ assumptions_NNS J74 22 ,_, this_DT implies_VBZ J74 23 calculating_VBG the_ATI downwash_NN at_IN a_AT point_NN whose_WP$R J74 23 ordinate_NN relative_NN to_IN the_ATI J74 24 plane_NN vortex_NN sheets_NNS is_BEZ equal_JJ to_IN the_ATI distance_NN J74 24 of_IN the_ATI tailplane_NN from_IN the_ATI J74 25 jet_NN (_( as_CS shown_VBN in_IN \0figs_NNS 1a_CD and_CC 1b_CD )_) ._. ^ J74 25 the_ATI functions_NNS de/dt_&FO and_CC J74 26 de/da_&FO depend_VB upon_IN the_ATI jet_NN momentum_NN coefficient_NN J74 26 c*;j**;_&FO ,_, and_CC J74 27 on_IN the_ATI relative_JJ position_NN of_IN the_ATI tailplane_NN ;_; J74 27 charts_NNS for_IN these_DTS functions_NNS ,_, J74 28 and_CC for_IN the_ATI position_NN of_IN the_ATI jet_NN ,_, are_BER J74 28 given_VBN for_IN various_JJ specific_JJ J74 29 c*;j**;_&FO values_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI downwash_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J74 29 evaluated_VBN for_IN ranges_NNS of_IN the_ATI J74 30 tailplane_NN position_NN ,_, wing_NN incidence_NN ,_, jet_NN J74 30 deflection_NN and_CC jet_NN momentum_NN J74 31 coefficient_NN ._. J74 32 ^ for_IN the_ATI unswept_JJ wing_NN of_IN finite_JJ span_NN ,_, J74 32 with_IN a_AT full-span_JJB jet-flap_NN ,_, J74 33 considered_VBN in_IN part_NN 2_CD ,_, Maskell_NP has_HVZ introduced_VBN J74 33 the_ATI concept_NN of_IN an_AT J74 34 effective_JJ wing_NN and_CC jet_NN flap_NN of_IN infinite_JJ span_NN J74 34 ,_, in_TO order_TO" to_TO" obtain_VB the_ATI J74 35 strength_NN of_IN the_ATI bound_JJ vorticity_NN ,_, elliptic_JJ J74 35 spanwise_JJB loading_NN being_BEG J74 36 assumed_VBN ._. ^ this_DT solution_NN may_MD be_BE used_VBN to_TO J74 36 give_VB the_ATI contribution_NN to_IN the_ATI J74 37 downwash_NN from_IN the_ATI bound_JJ vorticity_NN ,_, in_IN a_AT J74 37 similar_JJ way_NN to_IN that_DT described_VBN J74 38 in_IN part_NN 1_CD1 ,_, but_CC it_PP3 does_DOZ not_XNOT account_VB J74 38 for_IN the_ATI effect_NN of_IN the_ATI trailing_JJ J74 39 vortices_NNS arising_VBG from_IN the_ATI pressure_NN gradients_NNS J74 39 along_IN the_ATI wing_NN and_CC jet_NN J74 40 spans_NNS ._. ^ in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN a_AT wing_NN without_IN J74 40 a_AT jet-flap_NN ,_, it_PP3 has_HVZ been_BEN found_VBN J74 41 that_CS the_ATI downwash_NN is_BEZ very_QL sensitive_JJ to_IN the_ATI J74 41 relative_JJ distance_NN between_IN J74 42 the_ATI tailplane_NN and_CC the_ATI wake_NN ,_, and_CC that_CS the_ATI J74 42 spanwise_JJB loading_NN has_HVZ more_AP J74 43 effect_NN on_IN the_ATI downwash_NN than_IN the_ATI chordwise_JJ J74 43 loading_NN ,_, and_CC so_RB the_ATI wing_NN and_CC J74 44 its_PP$ wake_NN are_BER replaced_VBN by_IN a_AT lifting_JJ line_NN J74 44 and_CC its_PP$ trailing_JJ vortices_NNS ,_, the_ATI J74 45 latter_AP being_BEG displaced_VBN in_TO order_TO" to_TO" keep_VB J74 45 the_ATI tailplane_NN at_IN the_ATI correct_JJ J74 46 height_NN above_IN the_ATI wake_NN ._. ^ the_ATI effect_NN of_IN J74 46 the_ATI rolling-up_NN of_IN the_ATI wake_NN has_HVZ J74 47 also_RB been_BEN investigated_VBN for_IN a_AT wing_NN without_IN a_AT J74 47 jet-flap_NN ,_, and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ shown_VBN J74 48 that_CS rolling-up_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT important_JJ for_IN normal_JJ J74 48 tailplane_NN positions_NNS behind_IN J74 49 wings_NNS of_IN large_JJ aspect_NN ratio_NN ._. ^ the_ATI distance_NN J74 49 e_ZZ behind_IN the_ATI wing_NN at_IN J74 50 which_WDTR rolling-up_NN may_MD be_BE assumed_VBN to_TO be_BE J74 50 complete_JJ is_BEZ given_VBN by_IN J74 51 **[formula**]_&FO for_IN a_AT wing_NN without_IN a_AT jet-flap_NN ,_, J74 51 where_WRB k*?7_ZZ J74 52 depends_VBZ upon_IN the_ATI plan-form_NN and_CC spanwise_JJB loading_NN J74 52 of_IN the_ATI wing_NN ._. ^ for_IN J74 53 the_ATI jet-flapped_JJ wing_NN ,_, the_ATI c*;l**;_&FO will_MD be_BE J74 53 greater_JJR than_CS for_IN the_ATI J74 54 normal_JJ wing_NN ,_, but_CC k*?7_ZZ may_MD now_RN be_BE a_AT J74 54 function_NN of_IN c*;j**;_&FO ,_, and_CC J74 55 will_MD probably_RB increase_VB with_IN increasing_JJ c*;j**;_&FO (_( J74 55 since_CS the_ATI bound_JJ J74 56 vorticity_NN on_IN the_ATI jet_NN will_MD tend_VB to_TO resist_VB J74 56 rolling-up_NN )_) ,_, so_CS that_CS" e/c_&FO J74 57 will_MD not_XNOT decrease_VB so_QL quickly_RB with_IN increasing_JJ J74 57 c*;l**;_&FO and_CC J74 58 c*;j**;_&FO ,_, as_CS might_MD have_HV been_BEN expected_VBN from_IN J74 58 first_OD considerations_NNS ._. J74 59 ^ thus_RB ,_, in_TO order_TO" to_TO" evaluate_VB the_ATI J74 59 contribution_NN to_IN the_ATI downwash_NN behind_IN a_AT J74 60 jet-flapped_JJ wing_NN from_IN the_ATI trailing_JJ vorticity_NN ,_, J74 60 it_PP3 is_BEZ assumed_VBN that_CS the_ATI J74 61 majority_NN of_IN the_ATI load_NN is_BEZ carried_VBN on_IN the_ATI J74 61 wing_NN ,_, so_CS that_CS" the_ATI trailing_JJ J74 62 vortices_NNS may_MD be_BE considered_VBN to_TO arise_VB from_IN one_CD1 J74 62 chordwise_JJ position_NN on_IN the_ATI J74 63 wing_NN with_IN no_ATI rolling-up_NN taking_VBG place_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J74 63 displacement_NN of_IN the_ATI jet_NN and_CC J74 64 trailing_JJ vortices_NNS is_BEZ accounted_VBN for_IN by_IN taking_VBG J74 64 the_ATI position_NN of_IN the_ATI J74 65 tailplane_NN relative_NN to_IN the_ATI wake_NN ,_, and_CC a_AT chart_NN J74 65 is_BEZ given_VBN for_IN the_ATI downwash_NN J74 66 due_JJ to_IN the_ATI trailing_JJ vorticity_NN ._. ^ calculated_JJ J74 66 values_NNS of_IN the_ATI downwash_NN are_BER J74 67 in_IN good_JJ agreement_NN with_IN the_ATI few_AP experimental_JJ J74 67 results_NNS available_JJ ,_, J74 68 especially_RB if_CS the_ATI difference_NN between_IN the_ATI J74 68 experimental_JJ and_CC theoretical_JJ J74 69 lift_NN coefficients_NNS is_BEZ taken_VBN into_IN account_NN ._. ^ J74 69 theoretical_JJ results_NNS for_IN the_ATI J74 70 downwash_NN on_IN the_ATI centre-line_NN are_BER also_RB given_VBN J74 70 for_IN a_AT wing_NN of_IN aspect_NN ratio_NN J74 71 6.0_CD ,_, showing_VBG variation_NN with_IN tailplane_NN position_NN J74 71 ,_, wing_NN incidence_NN ,_, and_CC J74 72 jet_NN parameters_NNS ._. J74 73 ^ part_NN 1_CD1 ._. J74 74 ^ 1_CD1 ._. ^ vortex_NN representation_NN of_IN the_ATI wing_NN J74 74 and_CC jet-flap_NN of_IN infinite_JJ J74 75 span_NN ._. ^ the_ATI wing_NN and_CC jet-flap_NN of_IN infinite_JJ J74 75 span_NN may_MD be_BE represented_VBN in_IN J74 76 two_CD dimensions_NNS by_IN vorticity_NN distributed_VBN on_IN the_ATI J74 76 chordal_JJ plane_NN of_IN the_ATI J74 77 wing_NN and_CC the_ATI median_JJ line_NN of_IN the_ATI jet_NN (_( J74 77 assumed_VBN to_TO be_BE thin_JJ )_) ._. ^ the_ATI J74 78 downwash_NN relations_NNS have_HV been_BEN solved_VBN by_IN Spence_NP J74 78 ,_, using_VBG the_ATI assumptions_NNS J74 79 of_IN thin-aerofoil_JJB theory_NN ,_, so_CS that_CS" the_ATI J74 79 aerofoil_NN incidence_NN and_CC jet_NN J74 80 deflection_NN are_BER considered_VBN to_TO be_BE small_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI J74 80 vorticity_NN distributions_NNS J74 81 and_CC the_ATI position_NN of_IN the_ATI jet_NN are_BER given_VBN in_IN J74 81 Fourier-series_NN forms_NNS ,_, with_IN J74 82 coefficients_NNS as_IN functions_NNS of_IN the_ATI jet_NN momentum_NN J74 82 coefficient_NN c*;j**;_&FO ._. J74 83 ^ let_VB U*;0**;f(x)_&FO be_BE the_ATI vorticity_NN distribution_NN J74 83 on_IN J74 84 the_ATI aerofoil_NN (_( at_IN incidence_NN a_ZZ to_IN the_ATI J74 84 mainstream_NN )_) and_CC g(ch)_&FO J74 85 the_ATI vorticity_NN distribution_NN on_IN the_ATI jet_NN (_( J74 85 emerging_VBG at_IN deflection_NN t_ZZ to_IN J74 86 the_ATI extended_JJ chord-line_NN of_IN the_ATI aerofoil_NN )_) ,_, J74 86 as_CS shown_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 1a_CD ._. ^ the_ATI J74 87 x_ZZ axis_NN is_BEZ taken_VBN parallel_RB to_IN the_ATI main_JJB J74 87 stream_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI z_ZZ axis_NN J74 88 vertically_RB downwards_RB ,_, with_IN the_ATI origin_NN at_IN the_ATI J74 88 leading_JJ edge_NN of_IN the_ATI J74 89 aerofoil_NN ._. ^ the_ATI chord_NN of_IN the_ATI aerofoil_NN is_BEZ J74 89 taken_VBN to_TO be_BE unity_NN ,_, so_CS that_CS" x_ZZ J74 90 and_CC z_ZZ are_BER non-dimensional_JJ ._. ^ thus_RB the_ATI vortex_NN J74 90 representation_NN of_IN J74 91 the_ATI flow_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ in_IN accordance_NN with_IN the_ATI J74 91 assumptions_NNS of_IN thin_JJ aerofoil_NN J74 92 theory_NN is_BEZ as_CS shown_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 1b_CD ,_, with_IN J74 92 U*;0**;f(x)_&FO located_VBN J74 93 on_IN the_ATI x_ZZ axis_NN ,_, between_IN 0_CD and_CC 1_CD1 ,_, and_CC J74 93 g(ch)_&FO also_RB on_IN the_ATI x_ZZ J74 94 axis_NN ,_, between_IN 1_CD1 and_CC *?25_&FO ._. J74 95 ^ then_RN the_ATI expressions_NNS for_IN f(x)_&FO ,_, g(ch)_&FO J74 95 and_CC J74 96 z*;J**;(x)_&FO ,_, the_ATI jet_NN displacement_NN ,_, as_CS J74 96 obtained_VBN from_IN \0Ref_NN 1_CD1 ,_, J74 97 are_BER :_: ^ for_IN J74 98 **[formula**]_&FO J74 99 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J74 100 ^ for_IN J74 101 **[formula**]_&FO J74 102 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J74 103 ^ 2_CD ._. ^ the_ATI downwash_NN ._. ^ the_ATI downwash_NN J74 103 induced_VBN by_IN the_ATI vortex_NN J74 104 distributions_NNS U*;0**;f(x)_&FO and_CC g(ch)_&FO at_IN the_ATI J74 104 point_NN J74 105 (_( X_ZZ ,_, Z_ZZ )_) is_BEZ given_VBN by_IN J74 106 **[formula**]_&FO J74 107 to_IN the_ATI first_OD order_NN in_IN a_ZZ and_CC t_ZZ (_( see_VB J74 107 \0fig_NN 1b_CD )_) ._. J74 108 ^ in_TO order_TO" to_TO" apply_VB the_ATI results_NNS calculated_VBN J74 108 for_IN the_ATI simplified_JJ J74 109 configuration_NN (_( \0fig_NN 1b_CD )_) to_IN the_ATI actual_JJ J74 109 configuration_NN (_( \0fig_NN 1a_CD )_) ,_, J74 110 where_WRB the_ATI jet_NN is_BEZ displaced_VBN a_AT distance_NN J74 110 z*;J**;(X)_&FO below_IN the_ATI x_ZZ J74 111 axis_NN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ assumed_VBN that_CS the_ATI downwash_NN J74 111 w(X,z)_&FO calculated_VBN for_IN J74 112 the_ATI point_NN P*?7(X,z)_&FO in_IN \0fig_NN 1b_CD is_BEZ equal_JJ J74 112 to_IN the_ATI downwash_NN at_IN J74 113 the_ATI point_NN P(X,z+z*;J**;)_&FO in_IN \0fig_NN 1a_CD ._. J74 114 ^ a_AT similar_JJ procedure_NN is_BEZ followed_VBN in_IN \0Ref_NN J74 114 3_CD ,_, where_WRB the_ATI J74 115 displacement_NN of_IN the_ATI wake_NN of_IN a_AT finite_JJ wing_NN J74 115 has_HVZ to_TO be_BE considered_VBN ._. J74 116 ^ in_RB general_RB" ,_, the_ATI tailplane_NN will_MD be_BE J74 116 located_VBN a_AT distance_NN H_ZZ above_IN J74 117 the_ATI jet_NN ,_, as_CS indicated_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 1a_CD ,_, so_CS J74 117 that_CS" to_TO evaluate_VB the_ATI downwash_NN J74 118 at_IN the_ATI tailplane_NN ,_, \0i.e_RB ,_, at_IN the_ATI point_NN J74 118 (X,z*;J**;-H)_( in_IN J74 119 \0fig_NN 1a_CD ,_, we_PP1AS must_MD evaluate_VB the_ATI downwash_NN J74 119 at_IN the_ATI point_NN (_( X_ZZ ,_, -_IN H_ZZ )_) in_IN J74 120 \0fig_NN 1b_CD ._. J74 121 ^ the_ATI position_NN of_IN the_ATI tailplane_NN is_BEZ usually_RB J74 121 given_VBN as_IN the_ATI distance_NN J74 122 along_IN and_CC height_NN above_IN the_ATI extended_JJ chordline_NN ._. J74 122 ^ if_CS l_ZZ is_BEZ the_ATI J74 123 distance_NN of_IN the_ATI aerodynamic_JJ centre_NN of_IN the_ATI J74 123 tailplane_NN behind_IN the_ATI wing_NN J74 124 leading_JJ edge_NN ,_, measured_VBN along_IN the_ATI extended_JJ J74 124 wing_NN chord-line_NN ,_, and_CC h_ZZ J74 125 the_ATI height_NN above_IN the_ATI chord-line_NN ,_, when_WRB the_ATI J74 125 chord_NN is_BEZ of_IN length_NN c_ZZ ,_, J74 126 as_CS shown_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 1a_CD ,_, then_RN the_ATI J74 126 non-dimensional_JJ co-ordinates_NNS (_( X_ZZ ,_, J74 127 Z_ZZ )_) at_IN which_WDTR the_ATI downwash_NN is_BEZ to_TO be_BE J74 127 evaluated_VBN are_BER given_VBN by_IN J74 128 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J74 129 where_WRB z*;J**;_&FO may_MD be_BE obtained_VBN from_IN \0fig_NN J74 129 3_CD (_( or_CC equation_NN (_( 4_CD )_) )_) ._. J74 130 ^ for_IN the_ATI numerical_JJ evaluation_NN of_IN the_ATI two_CD J74 130 integrals_NNS in_IN equation_NN J74 131 (_( 6_CD )_) ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ necessary_JJ to_TO change_VB the_ATI J74 131 variables_NNS of_IN integration_NN ,_, in_IN the_ATI J74 132 first_OD integral_NN using_VBG equation_NN (_( 1_CD1 )_) in_TO J74 132 order_TO" to_TO" avoid_VB the_ATI infinite_JJ value_NN J74 133 of_IN f(x)_&FO at_IN the_ATI leading_JJ and_CC trailing_JJ edges_NNS J74 133 ,_, and_CC in_IN the_ATI second_OD J74 134 integral_NN using_VBG equation_NN (_( 3_CD )_) to_TO make_VB the_ATI J74 134 range_NN of_IN integration_NN finite_JJ ._. J74 135 ^ thus_RB ,_, if_CS we_PP1AS write_VB J74 136 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J74 137 then_RN the_ATI downwash_NN at_IN the_ATI tailplane_NN is_BEZ J74 137 given_VBN by_IN J74 138 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J74 139 where_WRB **[formula**]_&FO and_CC **[formula**]_&FO J74 140 remain_VB finite_JJ as_CS x_ZZ and_CC th_ZZ tend_VB to_IN zero_CD ,_, J74 140 and_CC as_CS J74 141 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J74 142 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ equation_NN (_( 10_CD )_) may_MD be_BE J74 142 rewritten_VBN in_IN the_ATI form_NN J74 143 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, J74 144 where_WRB de/dt_&FO and_CC de/da_&FO are_BER functions_NNS of_IN J74 144 C*;j**;_&FO ,_, X_ZZ J74 145 and_CC Z_ZZ ._. ^ these_DTS have_HV been_BEN evaluated_VBN for_IN J74 145 C*;j**;_&FO =_&FO 0.5_CD ,_, 1.0_CD ,_, J74 146 2.0_CD and_CC 4.0_CD ,_, with_IN J74 147 **[formula**]_&FO and_CC J74 148 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, the_ATI results_NNS being_BEG shown_VBN as_IN J74 148 charts_NNS in_IN \0figs_NNS 4a_CD to_IN 4d_CD ._. J74 149 ^ thus_RB the_ATI procedure_NN for_IN the_ATI evaluation_NN of_IN J74 149 the_ATI downwash_NN at_IN a_AT given_JJ J74 150 tailplane_NN position_NN ,_, h/c_&FO and_CC l/c_&FO ,_, and_CC J74 150 given_VBN a_ZZ ,_, c*;j**;_&FO J74 151 and_CC t_ZZ ,_, is_BEZ to_TO calculate_VB the_ATI functions_NNS in_IN J74 151 the_ATI following_JJ order_NN :_: J74 152 (_( 1_CD1 )_) X_ZZ from_IN equation_NN (_( 8a_CD )_) J74 153 (_( 2_CD )_) z*;J**;_&FO from_IN \0fig_NN 3_CD J74 154 (_( 3_CD )_) Z_ZZ from_IN equation_NN (_( 8b_CD )_) J74 155 (_( 4_CD )_) de/dt_&FO ,_, de/da_&FO from_IN \0figs_NNS 4a_CD to_IN J74 155 4d_CD J74 156 (_( 5_CD )_) e_ZZ from_IN equation_NN (_( 11_CD )_) ._. J74 157 ^ interpolation_NN will_MD be_BE necessary_JJ for_IN c*;j**;_&FO J74 157 values_NNS other_AP than_IN J74 158 0.5_CD ,_, 1.0_CD ,_, 2.0_CD and_CC 4.0_CD ,_, and_CC it_PP3 seems_VBZ J74 158 better_JJR to_TO evaluate_VB e_ZZ for_IN a_AT J74 159 range_NN of_IN c*;j**;_&FO ,_, and_CC then_RN to_TO interpolate_VB J74 159 the_ATI final_JJ result_NN ,_, rather_RB J74 160 than_CS to_TO interpolate_VB for_IN z*;J**;_&FO ,_, de/dt_&FO and_CC J74 160 de/da_&FO J74 161 separately_RB ._. J74 162 ^ for_IN large_JJ X_ZZ ,_, the_ATI downwash_NN is_BEZ given_VBN J74 162 by_IN J74 163 **[formula**]_&FO ,_, (_( see_VB \0Ref_NN 1_CD1 )_) J74 164 so_CS that_CS" J74 165 **[formula**]_&FO and_CC J74 166 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J74 167 ^ it_PP3 may_MD be_BE noted_VBN that_CS the_ATI value_NN of_IN J74 167 **[formula**]_&FO J74 168 for_IN the_ATI downwash_NN far_RB behind_IN the_ATI aerofoil_NN is_BEZ J74 168 also_RB obtained_VBN when_WRB the_ATI J74 169 aerofoil_NN is_BEZ without_IN a_AT jet-flap_NN ._. J74 170 ^ 3_CD ._. ^ results_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI results_NNS for_IN the_ATI J74 170 downwash_NN behind_IN an_AT infinite_JJ J74 171 wing_NN and_CC jet-flap_NN are_BER shown_VBN in_IN \0figs_NNS 7_CD J74 171 to_IN 11_CD ._. ^ it_PP3 should_MD be_BE J74 172 remembered_VBN that_CS the_ATI theory_NN is_BEZ only_RB strictly_RB J74 172 valid_JJ for_IN small_JJ a_ZZ and_CC J74 173 t_ZZ ,_, so_CS that_CS" the_ATI use_NN of_IN the_ATI method_NN to_TO J74 173 obtain_VB the_ATI downwash_NN for_IN the_ATI J74 174 larger_JJR values_NNS of_IN a_ZZ and_CC t_ZZ must_MD wait_VB to_TO J74 174 be_BE justified_VBN or_CC otherwise_RB J74 175 until_CS experimental_JJ data_NNS are_BER available_JJ ._. ^ however_RB J74 175 ,_, the_ATI results_NNS should_MD J74 176 indicate_VB the_ATI trends_NNS in_IN the_ATI variation_NN of_IN J74 176 downwash_NN with_IN the_ATI various_JJ J74 177 parameters_NNS ._. J74 178 ^ in_IN \0figs_NNS 7_CD and_CC 8_CD ,_, the_ATI variation_NN of_IN J74 178 the_ATI downwash_NN with_IN tailplane_NN J74 179 position_NN is_BEZ shown_VBN for_IN two_CD values_NNS of_IN jet_NN J74 179 deflection_NN angle_NN ,_, t_ZZ ,_, and_CC J74 180 two_CD values_NNS of_IN wing_NN incidence_NN ,_, a_ZZ ,_, for_IN J74 180 c*;j**;_&FO =_&FO 2.0_CD ._. ^ \0fig_NN 7_CD J74 181 shows_VBZ that_CS on_IN the_ATI extended_JJ chord-line_NN ,_, h/c_&FO J74 181 =_&FO 0_CD ,_, the_ATI downwash_NN J74 182 decreases_VBZ quite_RB sharply_RB with_IN increasing_JJ distance_NN J74 182 behind_IN the_ATI wing_NN ,_, J74 183 l/c_&FO ,_, but_CC when_WRB h_ZZ =_&FO 2c_&FO ,_, the_ATI downwash_NN J74 183 is_BEZ practically_RB constant_JJ in_IN J74 184 each_DT case_NN for_IN J74 185 **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ the_ATI results_NNS have_HV been_BEN J74 185 replotted_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 8_CD to_TO show_VB J74 186 the_ATI downwash_NN field_NN (_( \0i.e_RB ,_, contours_NNS of_IN J74 186 equal_JJ downwash_NN )_) ,_, in_IN the_ATI J74 187 tailplane_NN region_NN ._. ^ a_AT comparison_NN between_IN the_ATI J74 187 fields_NNS for_IN the_ATI various_JJ J74 188 t_ZZ and_CC a_ZZ shows_VBZ that_CS the_ATI downwash_NN is_BEZ more_QL J74 188 sensitive_JJ to_IN tailplane_NN J74 189 position_NN for_IN the_ATI higher_JJR t_ZZ and_CC a_ZZ values_NNS ,_, J74 189 as_CS might_MD be_BE expected_VBN ._. J74 190 ^ the_ATI results_NNS for_IN the_ATI variation_NN of_IN e_ZZ with_IN J74 190 c*;j**;_&FO ,_, t_ZZ and_CC J74 191 a_ZZ are_BER given_VBN in_IN \0figs_NNS 9_CD and_CC 10_CD for_IN a_AT J74 191 representative_JJ tailplane_NN J74 192 position_NN ,_, l/c_&FO =_&FO 3.5_CD ,_, h/c_&FO =_&FO 1.5_CD ,_, J74 192 and_CC also_RB for_IN a_AT position_NN on_IN J74 193 the_ATI extended_JJ chord-line_NN ,_, l/c_&FO =_&FO 3.5_CD ,_, h/c_&FO J74 193 =_&FO 0_CD ._. ^ it_PP3 will_MD be_BE J74 194 noticed_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 9a_CD that_CS e_ZZ does_DOZ not_XNOT J74 194 increase_VB linearly_RB with_IN t_ZZ J74 195 for_IN a_AT given_JJ c*;j**;_&FO value_NN (_( as_CS might_MD be_BE J74 195 implied_VBN by_IN a_AT glance_NN at_IN J74 196 equation_NN (_( 11_CD )_) )_) due_JJ to_IN the_ATI correction_NN J74 196 made_VBN to_IN the_ATI downwash_NN field_NN for_IN J74 197 the_ATI displacement_NN of_IN the_ATI jet_NN relative_JJ to_IN the_ATI J74 197 tailplane_NN position_NN ._. J74 198 ^ \0fig_NN 9b_CD indicates_VBZ that_CS de/dC*;J**;_&FO decreases_VBZ J74 198 with_IN J74 199 increasing_JJ c*;j**;_&FO ._. ^ the_ATI variation_NN of_IN downwash_NN J74 199 with_IN wing_NN incidence_NN J74 200 is_BEZ more_QL important_JJ for_IN stability_NN and_CC control_NN J74 200 considerations_NNS and_CC the_ATI J74 201 results_NNS are_BER shown_VBN in_IN \0figs_NNS 10a_CD to_IN 10d_CD J74 201 for_IN t_ZZ =_&FO 30_CD and_CC 60_CD \0deg_NNU ,_, J74 202 and_CC for_IN various_JJ c*;j**;_&FO values_NNS ._. ^ ranges_NNS of_IN J74 202 values_NNS of_IN J74 203 **[formula**]_&FO are_BER also_RB indicated_VBN on_IN the_ATI J74 203 diagrams_NNS ,_, and_CC are_BER seen_VBN to_TO be_BE J74 204 the_ATI same_AP for_IN the_ATI two_CD different_JJ t_ZZ values_NNS J74 204 over_IN the_ATI same_AP range_NN of_IN J74 205 c*;j**;_&FO for_IN a_AT given_JJ value_NN of_IN h/c_&FO ._. ^ since_CS J74 206 **[formula**]_&FO increases_VBZ with_IN c*;j**;_&FO ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ J74 206 not_XNOT possible_JJ to_TO assess_VB J74 207 a_AT maximum_NN ,_, but_CC for_IN c*;j**;_&FO =_&FO 4.0_CD ,_, J74 208 **[formula**]_&FO is_BEZ well_RB below_IN 1.0_CD at_IN the_ATI J74 208 tailplane_NN and_CC on_IN the_ATI extended_JJ J74 209 chord-line_NN ,_, being_BEG 0.20_CD and_CC 0.35_CD respectively_RB ._. ^ J74 209 it_PP3 also_RB appears_VBZ that_CS J74 210 de/da_&FO increases_VBZ as_CS a_ZZ increases_VBZ ,_, but_CC this_DT J74 210 is_BEZ only_RB noticeable_JJ J74 211 at_IN the_ATI higher_JJR values_NNS of_IN c*;j**;_&FO ,_, and_CC for_IN J74 211 c*;j**;_&FO =_&FO 4.0_CD ,_, a_ZZ =_&FO J74 212 20_CD \0deg_NNU ,_, de/da_&FO is_BEZ still_RB less_AP than_IN 0.4_CD J74 212 at_IN the_ATI extended_JJ J74 213 chord-line_NN position_NN ._. J75 2 ^ effect_NN of_IN cross_JJ draughts_NNS on_IN the_ATI exhaust_NN air_NN J75 2 volume_NN required_VBN for_IN J75 3 hot_JJ knock-out_NN ._. J75 4 ^ the_ATI obstruction_NN offered_VBN by_IN the_ATI side_NN of_IN J75 4 a_AT mould_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT shield_VB J75 5 the_ATI depressed_JJ velocity_NN zone_NN above_IN the_ATI mould_NN J75 5 from_IN disturbance_NN by_IN the_ATI J75 6 horizontal_JJ motion_NN of_IN cross_JJ draughts_NNS ._. ^ J75 6 consequently_RB ,_, cross_JJ draughts_NNS can_MD J75 7 enhance_VB the_ATI rate_NN of_IN diffusion_NN of_IN rising_JJ J75 7 thermal_JJ currents_NNS and_CC blow_VB them_PP3OS J75 8 sideways_RB into_IN exhaust_NN air_NN streams_NNS at_IN a_AT point_NN J75 8 nearer_RBR to_IN the_ATI grid_NN ,_, where_WRB J75 9 the_ATI exhaust_NN air_NN velocities_NNS are_BER higher_JJR ._. J75 10 ^ it_PP3 follows_VBZ that_CS the_ATI performance_NN of_IN J75 10 down-draught_JJB systems_NNS can_MD be_BE J75 11 improved_VBN by_IN the_ATI influence_NN of_IN cross_JJ draughts_NNS J75 11 only_RB if_CS the_ATI thermal_JJ J75 12 currents_NNS are_BER blown_VBN into_IN exhaust_NN air_NN streams_NNS J75 12 moving_VBG at_IN higher_JJR J75 13 velocities_NNS than_IN the_ATI cross_JJ draughts_NNS ,_, so_CS that_CS" J75 13 the_ATI resultant_JJ direction_NN of_IN J75 14 all_ABN dust-bearing_JJ air_NN streams_NNS is_BEZ towards_IN the_ATI J75 14 grid_NN ._. J75 15 ^ if_CS the_ATI grid_NN is_BEZ unduly_RB blocked_VBN on_IN the_ATI J75 15 down-wind_JJB side_NN of_IN the_ATI cross_JJ J75 16 draughts_NNS ,_, the_ATI thermal_JJ currents_NNS will_MD be_BE J75 16 blown_VBN into_IN a_AT zone_NN of_IN reduced_JJ J75 17 exhaust_NN air_NN velocities_NNS ,_, and_CC control_NN of_IN the_ATI J75 17 dust-bearing_JJ air_NN streams_NNS J75 18 can_MD be_BE impaired_VBN ,_, particularly_RB if_CS the_ATI speed_NN J75 18 of_IN the_ATI cross_JJ draughts_NNS is_BEZ J75 19 high_JJ in_IN relation_NN to_IN the_ATI exhaust_NN air_NN movement_NN J75 19 ._. J75 20 ^ the_ATI important_JJ conclusion_NN is_BEZ that_CS the_ATI J75 20 performance_NN of_IN correctly_RB J75 21 designed_VBN and_CC operated_VBN down-draught_JJB systems_NNS for_IN J75 21 the_ATI knock-out_NN of_IN hot_JJ J75 22 moulds_NNS is_BEZ not_XNOT unduly_RB affected_VBN by_IN cross_JJ J75 22 draughts_NNS of_IN the_ATI order_NN usually_RB J75 23 present_JJ in_IN foundries_NNS ._. ^ obviously_RB ,_, high_JJ J75 23 velocity_NN cross_JJ draughts_NNS ,_, such_CS J75 24 as_CS" may_MD be_BE found_VBN when_WRB the_ATI knock-out_NN is_BEZ J75 24 situated_VBN near_IN large_JJ open_JJ doors_NNS ,_, J75 25 will_MD seriously_RB impair_VB their_PP$ performance_NN ._. J75 26 ^ nevertheless_RB ,_, cross_JJ draughts_NNS are_BER so_QL J75 26 variable_JJ and_CC unreliable_JJ that_CS J75 27 the_ATI assistance_NN they_PP3AS may_MD provide_VB should_MD not_XNOT J75 27 be_BE considered_VBN when_WRB J75 28 designing_VBG a_AT system_NN ._. J75 29 ^ effect_NN of_IN cross_JJ draughts_NNS on_IN the_ATI exhaust_NN air_NN J75 29 volume_NN required_VBN for_IN J75 30 cold_JJ knock-out_NN ._. J75 31 ^ the_ATI effect_NN of_IN the_ATI cross_JJ draughts_NNS is_BEZ to_TO J75 31 increase_VB the_ATI strength_NN of_IN J75 32 the_ATI exhaust_NN air_NN velocities_NNS on_IN the_ATI windward_JJB J75 32 side_NN of_IN the_ATI grid_NN and_CC to_TO J75 33 reduce_VB those_DTS on_IN the_ATI down-wind_JJB side_NN ._. J75 34 ^ since_CS cross_JJ draughts_NNS not_XNOT only_RB diminish_VB J75 34 the_ATI exhaust_NN air_NN velocities_NNS J75 35 on_IN the_ATI down-wind_JJB side_NN of_IN the_ATI grid_NN ,_, but_CC J75 35 also_RB blow_VB the_ATI dust_NN and_CC fumes_NNS J75 36 into_IN this_DT zone_NN ,_, it_PP3 follows_VBZ that_CS the_ATI J75 36 exhaust_NN air_NN volume_NN must_MD be_BE J75 37 increased_VBN by_IN an_AT amount_NN that_WPR will_MD counteract_VB J75 37 the_ATI fall_NN in_IN exhaust_NN air_NN J75 38 velocities_NNS ._. J75 39 ^ the_ATI main_JJB distinction_NN between_IN the_ATI effects_NNS J75 39 of_IN cross_JJ draughts_NNS of_IN J75 40 normal_JJ velocity_NN on_IN thermal_JJ currents_NNS and_CC cold_JJ J75 40 air_NN streams_NNS is_BEZ that_CS the_ATI J75 41 former_AP are_BER deflected_VBN into_IN exhaust_NN air_NN streams_NNS J75 41 of_IN unchanged_JJ or_CC even_RB J75 42 higher_JJR velocities_NNS ,_, while_CS the_ATI latter_AP are_BER J75 42 blown_VBN into_IN weaker_JJR air_NN streams_NNS ,_, J75 43 and_CC therefore_RB additional_JJ exhaust_NN air_NN volume_NN is_BEZ J75 43 required_VBN ._. J75 44 ^ relationship_NN of_IN grid_NN size_NN ,_, box_NN height_NN and_CC J75 44 exhaust_NN air_NN volume_NN ._. J75 45 ^ examination_NN of_IN the_ATI results_NNS shown_VBN in_IN J75 45 \0figs_NNS 6.9_CD and_CC 10_CD shows_VBZ J75 46 that_CS the_ATI minimum_JJ exhaust_NN air_NN volume_NN does_DOZ J75 46 not_XNOT increase_VB in_IN direct_JJ J75 47 proportion_NN to_IN the_ATI increase_NN in_IN the_ATI size_NN of_IN J75 47 the_ATI grid_NN ._. ^ the_ATI proportional_JJ J75 48 increase_NN in_IN air_NN volume_NN is_BEZ ,_, however_RB ,_, never_RB J75 48 greater_JJR than_IN the_ATI J75 49 corresponding_JJ increase_NN in_IN grid_NN area_NN ._. J75 50 ^ when_WRB considering_VBG these_DTS results_NNS it_PP3 is_BEZ J75 50 important_JJ to_TO remember_VB that_CS J75 51 engineering_NN methods_NNS of_IN air_NN flow_NN measurement_NN are_BER J75 51 not_XNOT precise_JJ ,_, and_CC J75 52 errors_NNS of_IN 10_CD per_NNU \0cent_NNU" and_CC even_RB more_AP ,_, J75 52 in_IN some_DTI cases_NNS ,_, may_MD occur_VB ._. J75 53 ^ nevertheless_RB ,_, by_IN considering_VBG a_AT large_JJ number_NN J75 53 of_IN test_NN results_NNS ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ J75 54 possible_JJ to_TO distinguish_VB two_CD marked_JJ trends_NNS in_IN J75 54 the_ATI amount_NN of_IN exhaust_NN air_NN J75 55 volume_NN required_VBN by_IN the_ATI 6-\0ft_NNU x_IN 4-\0ft_NNU grid_NN J75 55 in_IN relation_NN to_IN the_ATI J75 56 4-\0ft_NNU 6-\0in_NNU x_IN 3-\0ft_NNU 6-\0in_NNU grid_NN ._. J75 57 ^ (_( 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ increase_NN in_IN exhaust_NN air_NN volume_NN ._. J75 58 ^ the_ATI exhaust_NN air_NN volume_NN required_VBN by_IN the_ATI J75 58 6-\0ft_NNU x_IN 4-\0ft_NNU grid_NN J75 59 with_IN the_ATI 8-\0in_NNU deep_JJ hot_JJ and_CC cold_JJ moulds_NNS J75 59 and_CC the_ATI 16-\0in_NNU deep_JJ cold_JJ J75 60 moulds_NNS tested_VBN in_IN the_ATI absence_NN of_IN appreciable_JJ J75 60 cross_JJ draughts_NNS exceeded_VBD J75 61 the_ATI volumes_NNS required_VBN by_IN the_ATI 4-\0ft_NNU 6-\0in_NNU J75 61 x_IN 3-\0ft_NNU 6-\0in_NNU grid_NN by_IN J75 62 between_IN 25_CD and_CC 40_CD per_NNU \0cent_NNU" J75 63 ._. ^ (_( 2_CD )_) ._. ^ constant_JJ exhaust_NN air_NN volume_NN ._. J75 64 ^ the_ATI exhaust_NN air_NN volume_NN required_VBN by_IN the_ATI J75 64 6-\0ft_NNU x_IN 4-\0ft_NNU grid_NN ,_, J75 65 with_IN 16-\0in_NNU deep_JJ hot_JJ and_CC cold_JJ moulds_NNS tested_VBN J75 65 in_IN cross_JJ draughts_NNS of_IN J75 66 75-100_CD-CD \0f.p.m_NNU was_BEDZ approximately_RB equal_JJ to_IN (_( J75 66 and_CC in_IN some_DTI cases_NNS even_RB J75 67 less_AP than_IN )_) the_ATI volumes_NNS required_VBN by_IN the_ATI J75 67 4-\0ft_NNU 6-\0in_NNU x_IN 3-\0ft_NNU J75 68 6-\0in_NNU grid_NN ._. J75 69 ^ insufficient_JJ experimental_JJ data_NNS are_BER available_JJ J75 69 to_TO provide_VB a_AT J75 70 complete_JJ explanation_NN of_IN the_ATI conditions_NNS responsible_JJ J75 70 for_IN the_ATI similarity_NN J75 71 of_IN exhaust_NN air_NN volumes_NNS measured_VBN between_IN the_ATI J75 71 two_CD grids_NNS with_IN the_ATI J75 72 16-\0in_NNU deep_JJ boxes_NNS in_IN 75-100_CD-CD \0f.p.m_NNU cross_JJ J75 72 draughts_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI many_AP J75 73 variable_JJ factors_NNS present_JJ during_IN the_ATI tests_NNS J75 73 produced_VBD complex_JJ air_NN flow_NN J75 74 conditions_NNS which_WDTR do_DO not_XNOT facilitate_VB comparison_NN J75 74 ,_, but_CC the_ATI resultant_JJ J75 75 effect_NN of_IN the_ATI following_JJ two_CD factors_NNS emerges_VBZ J75 75 as_IN a_AT predominant_JJ J75 76 influence_NN :_: J75 78 ^ (_( a_ZZ )_) ._. ^ the_ATI effect_NN of_IN cross_JJ draughts_NNS J75 78 on_IN the_ATI sideways_JJB entrainment_NN J75 79 of_IN dust-bearing_JJ air_NN currents_NNS from_IN the_ATI depressed_JJ J75 79 velocity_NN zone_NN into_IN J75 80 relatively_RB higher_JJR exhaust_NN air_NN velocities_NNS near_RI to_IN J75 80 the_ATI down-wind_JJB top_JJB J75 81 edge_NN of_IN the_ATI moulding_NN box_NN ._. J75 82 ^ (_( b_ZZ )_) ._. ^ the_ATI effect_NN of_IN the_ATI grid_NN area_NN J75 82 and_CC ,_, therefore_RB ,_, grid_NN velocity_NN J75 83 diminishes_VBZ with_IN increasing_JJ distance_NN from_IN the_ATI J75 83 grid_NN until_CS the_ATI exhaust_NN J75 84 air_NN velocities_NNS are_BER almost_RB identical_JJ ,_, regardless_RB J75 84 of_IN the_ATI size_NN of_IN the_ATI J75 85 grid_NN ,_, as_CS explained_VBN earlier_RBR ._. J75 87 ^ in_IN practice_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, the_ATI number_NN of_IN J75 87 possible_JJ variations_NNS in_IN the_ATI J75 88 factors_NNS controlling_VBG the_ATI distance_NN from_IN the_ATI grid_NN J75 88 at_IN which_WDTR air_NN velocities_NNS J75 89 become_VB constant_JJ for_IN a_AT given_JJ exhaust_NN air_NN volume_NN J75 89 is_BEZ so_QL large_JJ that_CS the_ATI J75 90 distance_NN must_MD be_BE calculated_VBN afresh_RB for_IN each_DT J75 90 individual_JJ case_NN ._. ^ in_IN J75 91 addition_NN to_IN the_ATI variation_NN in_IN the_ATI area_NN of_IN J75 91 the_ATI vertical_JJ gaps_NNS at_IN the_ATI J75 92 sides_NNS of_IN the_ATI grids_NNS and_CC in_IN the_ATI horizontal_JJ J75 92 unblocked_JJ grid_NN area_NN ,_, the_ATI J75 93 pattern_NN of_IN grid_NN blockage_NN may_MD be_BE such_ABL that_CS J75 93 the_ATI zone_NN above_IN the_ATI grid_NN is_BEZ J75 94 divided_VBN into_IN separate_JJ regions_NNS so_QL far_RB apart_RP J75 94 that_CS the_ATI exhaust_NN streams_NNS J75 95 found_VBN in_IN them_PP3OS only_RB lose_VB their_PP$ identity_NN at_IN J75 95 a_AT considerable_JJ height_NN above_IN J75 96 the_ATI top_NN of_IN the_ATI moulding_NN box_NN ._. J75 97 ^ the_ATI important_JJ conclusion_NN is_BEZ that_CS the_ATI J75 97 effectiveness_NN of_IN J75 98 down-draught_JJB systems_NNS of_IN knock-out_NN ventilation_NN will_MD J75 98 not_XNOT necessarily_RB be_BE J75 99 improved_VBN by_IN changes_NNS in_IN the_ATI size_NN and_CC design_NN J75 99 of_IN knock-out_NN grids_NNS *-_*- J75 100 regardless_RB of_IN exhaust_NN air_NN volume_NN *-_*- if_CS the_ATI J75 100 depth_NN of_IN the_ATI box_NN is_BEZ too_QL J75 101 great_JJ ._. ^ field_NN observations_NNS indicate_VB that_DT for_IN J75 101 the_ATI conditions_NNS described_VBN J75 102 above_RI ,_, 11-\0in_NNU or_CC 12-\0in_NNU is_BEZ about_RB the_ATI J75 102 maximum_JJ permissible_JJ depth_NN J75 103 when_WRB knocking_VBG out_RP hot_JJ ,_, and_CC that_CS the_ATI J75 103 blockage_NN due_JJ to_IN the_ATI box_NN and_CC sand_NN J75 104 should_MD be_BE less_AP than_IN 50_CD per_NNU \0cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI J75 104 grid_NN area_NN ._. J75 105 ^ selection_NN and_CC performance_NN of_IN down-draught_JJB systems_NNS J75 105 ._. J75 106 ^ importance_NN of_IN the_ATI down-draught_JJB system_NN *-_*- ^ J75 106 the_ATI ease_NN with_IN which_WDTR a_AT J75 107 down-draught_JJB system_NN of_IN ventilation_NN can_MD be_BE J75 107 applied_VBN to_IN a_AT knock-out_NN J75 108 without_IN interfering_VBG with_IN other_AP foundry_NN operations_NNS J75 108 frequently_RB commends_VBZ J75 109 it_PP3 to_IN the_ATI planning_NN engineer_NN ._. ^ the_ATI practical_JJ J75 109 advantage_NN of_IN the_ATI absence_NN J75 110 of_IN ventilating_JJ equipment_NN above_IN floor_NN level_NN is_BEZ J75 110 that_CS all_ABN four_CD sides_NNS of_IN J75 111 grids_NNS are_BER available_JJ for_IN the_ATI accommodation_NN of_IN J75 111 foundry_NN equipment_NN ,_, the_ATI J75 112 movement_NN of_IN operators_NNS ,_, boxes_NNS and_CC castings_NNS ,_, J75 112 and_CC no_ATI limitations_NNS are_BER J75 113 imposed_VBN upon_IN the_ATI travel_NN of_IN cranes_NNS and_CC J75 113 hoists_NNS ._. J75 114 ^ the_ATI comfort_NN of_IN knock-out_NN operators_NNS is_BEZ J75 114 greatly_RB affected_VBN by_IN radiant_JJ J75 115 heat_NN ._. ^ the_ATI quantity_NN of_IN heat_NN energy_NN radiated_VBN J75 115 from_IN a_AT surface_NN depends_VBZ J75 116 upon_IN its_PP$ area_NN ,_, temperature_NN ,_, and_CC radiation_NN J75 116 coefficient_NN ._. ^ since_CS no_ATI hood_NN J75 117 and_CC baffles_NNS are_BER fitted_VBN and_CC the_ATI net_JJB area_NN J75 117 of_IN the_ATI hot_JJ grid_NN bars_NNS is_BEZ small_JJ ,_, J75 118 the_ATI source_NN of_IN heat_NN radiated_VBN to_IN operators_NNS is_BEZ J75 118 effectively_RB limited_VBN to_IN the_ATI J75 119 hot_JJ casting_NN and_CC the_ATI mould_NN ._. ^ consequently_RB ,_, J75 119 a_AT down-draught_JJB system_NN can_MD J75 120 give_VB not_XNOT only_RB control_NN of_IN dust_NN ,_, but_CC also_RB J75 120 less_AP discomfort_NN to_IN the_ATI J75 121 operators_NNS when_WRB dealing_VBG with_IN a_AT large_JJ number_NN J75 121 of_IN very_QL hot_JJ castings_NNS ._. J75 122 ^ limitations_NNS in_IN the_ATI application_NN of_IN J75 122 down-draught_JJB systems_NNS *-_*- J75 123 ^ down-draught_JJB systems_NNS can_MD ,_, as_CS indicated_VBN by_IN J75 123 the_ATI experiments_NNS illustrated_VBN J75 124 in_IN \0figs_NNS 6.10_CD and_CC 10a_CD ,_, and_CC do_DO ,_, as_CS J75 124 shown_VBN by_IN test_NN 1_CD1 in_IN table_NN 2.2_CD ,_, J75 125 provide_VB effective_JJ protection_NN from_IN the_ATI dust_NN and_CC J75 125 fumes_NNS produced_VBN by_IN J75 126 relatively_RB small_JJ castings_NNS in_IN fairly_RB shallow_JJ J75 126 boxes_NNS ._. ^ this_DT system_NN ,_, J75 127 therefore_RB ,_, finds_VBZ the_ATI greatest_JJT application_NN in_IN J75 127 highly_RB mechanized_VBN J75 128 foundries_NNS producing_VBG large_JJ quantities_NNS of_IN light_JJ J75 128 repetition_NN castings_NNS ._. J75 129 ^ the_ATI down-draught_JJB system_NN has_HVZ ,_, however_RB ,_, J75 129 certain_JJ limitations_NNS and_CC J75 130 various_JJ factors_NNS must_MD be_BE considered_VBN before_IN J75 130 installing_VBG such_ABL a_AT system_NN ._. J75 131 ^ depth_NN of_IN boxes_NNS *-_*- ^ thermal_JJ currents_NNS can_MD J75 131 not_XNOT be_BE reversed_VBN with_IN J75 132 economical_JJ exhaust_NN air_NN if_CS the_ATI distance_NN between_IN J75 132 the_ATI grid_NN and_CC the_ATI top_NN of_IN J75 133 the_ATI boxes_NNS exceeds_VBZ 12-\0in_NNU ,_, unless_CS special_JJ J75 133 provision_NN is_BEZ made_VBN ._. ^ boxes_NNS J75 134 must_MD always_RB be_BE knocked_VBN out_RP at_IN grid_NN level_NN J75 134 and_CC never_RB turned_VBN over_RP on_IN J75 135 rails_NNS above_IN the_ATI grid_NN ._. J75 136 ^ size_NN of_IN grid_NN *-_*- ^ the_ATI larger_JJR the_ATI grid_NN J75 136 ,_, the_ATI greater_JJR the_ATI area_NN of_IN J75 137 boxes_NNS that_WPR can_MD be_BE knocked_VBN out_RP and_CC ,_, J75 137 consequently_RB ,_, the_ATI greater_JJR the_ATI J75 138 distance_NN between_IN the_ATI side_NN and_CC centre_NN of_IN the_ATI J75 138 boxes_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI size_NN of_IN grids_NNS J75 139 for_IN hot_JJ moulds_NNS should_MD not_XNOT exceed_VB 4-\0ft_NNU J75 139 6-\0in_NNU x_IN 3-\0ft_NNU 6-\0in_NNU ,_, or_CC J75 140 6-\0ft_NNU x_IN 4-\0ft_NNU in_IN special_JJ cases_NNS ._. J75 141 ^ shape_NN of_IN grid_NN *-_*- ^ the_ATI ratio_NN of_IN the_ATI J75 141 grid_NN length_NN to_IN width_NN should_MD J75 142 be_BE similar_JJ for_IN both_ABX boxes_NNS and_CC grid_NN ,_, so_CS J75 142 that_CS" exhaust_NN air_NN streams_NNS are_BER J75 143 concentrated_VBN around_IN the_ATI sides_NNS of_IN the_ATI box_NN ._. J75 144 ^ height_NN of_IN grid_NN above_IN the_ATI floor_NN *-_*- ^ the_ATI J75 144 floor_NN restricts_VBZ the_ATI J75 145 direction_NN from_IN which_WDTR replacement_NN air_NN can_MD J75 145 approach_VB a_AT grid_NN and_CC acts_NNS as_IN J75 146 an_AT air_NN baffle_NN ,_, so_CS that_CS" exhaust_NN air_NN J75 146 velocities_NNS are_BER highest_JJT when_WRB the_ATI J75 147 grid_NN is_BEZ mounted_VBN level_JJ with_IN the_ATI floor_NN ._. ^ J75 147 raised_JJ grids_NNS should_MD not_XNOT exceed_VB J75 148 18-\0in_NNU in_IN height_NN ._. J75 149 ^ grid_NN design_NN *-_*- ^ green_JJ sand_NN clogs_VBZ between_IN J75 149 the_ATI bars_NNS of_IN fixed_JJ J75 150 grids_NNS and_CC restricts_VBZ the_ATI flow_NN of_IN exhaust_NN air_NN J75 150 ._. ^ a_AT knock-out_NN point_NN should_MD J75 151 not_XNOT be_BE ventilated_VBN by_IN a_AT down-draught_JJB system_NN J75 151 unless_CS sand_NN is_BEZ shaken_VBN J75 152 through_IN a_AT vibrating_JJ grid_NN at_IN about_RB the_ATI same_AP J75 152 rate_NN as_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ spilt_VBN from_IN J75 153 the_ATI box_NN ._. J75 154 ^ blockage_NN of_IN the_ATI grid_NN *-_*- ^ the_ATI blocked_JJ J75 154 section_NN of_IN a_AT grid_NN should_MD J75 155 not_XNOT greatly_RB exceed_VB the_ATI area_NN of_IN the_ATI box_NN J75 155 if_CS the_ATI vibrating_JJ grid_NN is_BEZ J75 156 efficient_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI area_NN of_IN the_ATI box_NN and_CC spilt_JJ J75 156 sand_NN together_RB should_MD not_XNOT J75 157 exceed_VB 50_CD per_NNU \0cent_NNU" of_IN the_ATI grid_NN if_CS the_ATI J75 157 exhaust_NN air_NN volumes_NNS given_VBN in_IN J75 158 \0figs_NNS 6.9_CD ,_, 10_CD and_CC 10a_CD are_BER to_TO be_BE used_VBN J75 158 as_IN the_ATI design_NN basis_NN ._. J75 159 ^ experiments_NNS have_HV shown_VBN that_CS if_CS the_ATI J75 159 blockage_NN is_BEZ increased_VBN from_IN 50_CD J75 160 to_IN 75_CD per_NNU \0cent_NNU" ,_, the_ATI minimum_JJ exhaust_NN J75 160 air_NN volumes_NNS required_VBN to_TO control_VB J75 161 dust_NN and_CC fumes_NNS are_BER increased_VBN by_IN amounts_NNS up_RP J75 161 to_IN 50_CD per_NNU \0cent_NNU" ,_, or_CC even_RB J75 162 more_AP in_IN some_DTI cases_NNS ._. J75 163 ^ air_NN seals_NNS *-_*- ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ essential_JJ for_IN J75 163 knock-out_NN units_NNS to_TO be_BE J75 164 provided_VBN with_IN effective_JJ air_NN seals_NNS ._. J75 165 ^ the_ATI air_NN seals_NNS at_IN the_ATI sand_NN transfer_NN J75 165 point_NN between_IN the_ATI hopper_NN and_CC J75 166 belt_NN must_MD remain_VB effective_JJ regardless_RB of_IN the_ATI J75 166 rate_NN at_IN which_WDTR sand_NN spills_VBZ J75 167 from_IN the_ATI hopper_NN ._. J75 168 ^ extraction_NN of_IN sand_NN and_CC fines_NNS ._. J75 169 ^ in_IN the_ATI down-draught_JJB system_NN ,_, air_NN is_BEZ J75 169 exhausted_VBN through_IN the_ATI sand_NN J75 170 falling_VBG into_IN the_ATI hopper_NN ._. ^ should_MD this_DT sand_NN J75 170 ,_, or_CC a_AT large_JJ proportion_NN of_IN J75 171 it_PP3 ,_, be_BE completely_RB dry_VB ,_, a_AT considerable_JJ J75 171 amount_NN of_IN the_ATI fines_NNS will_MD be_BE J75 172 exhausted_VBN ._. ^ with_IN very_QL high_JJ velocities_NNS the_ATI J75 172 fines_NNS may_MD be_BE accompanied_VBN by_IN J75 173 fairly_RB coarse_JJ grains_NNS ._. ^ in_IN consequence_NN ,_, the_ATI J75 173 composition_NN of_IN the_ATI sand_NN J75 174 will_MD be_BE radically_RB changed_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI amount_NN of_IN J75 174 material_NN to_TO be_BE collected_VBN J75 175 will_MD be_BE large_JJ and_CC there_EX may_MD be_BE abrasion_NN of_IN J75 175 the_ATI ducting_NN ._. J75 176 ^ the_ATI extraction_NN of_IN sand_NN and_CC fines_NNS can_MD be_BE J75 176 reduced_VBN by_IN consideration_NN J75 177 of_IN the_ATI three_CD following_JJ factors_NNS in_IN design_NN ._. ^ J75 177 usually_RB a_AT combination_NN of_IN J75 178 all_ABN three_CD is_BEZ necessary_JJ :_: J75 180 ^ (_( 1_CD1 )_) ._. ^ the_ATI frequency_NN of_IN knocking-out_NN J75 180 in_IN relation_NN to_IN the_ATI size_NN of_IN the_ATI J75 181 hopper_NN ,_, rate_NN of_IN sand_NN removal_NN ,_, and_CC location_NN J75 181 of_IN air_NN ducts_NNS should_MD be_BE J75 182 determined_VBN ,_, so_CS that_CS" the_ATI sand_NN inside_IN the_ATI J75 182 hopper_NN can_MD never_RB rise_VB unduly_RB J75 183 close_RB to_IN the_ATI air_NN inlets_NNS ._. J75 184 ^ the_ATI external_JJ angle_NN of_IN the_ATI base_NN of_IN the_ATI J75 184 hopper_NN should_MD not_XNOT be_BE less_AP J75 185 than_IN 60_CD *@_NNU ._. J75 186 ^ (_( 2_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI velocity_NN of_IN the_ATI exhaust_NN J75 186 air_NN close_RB to_IN the_ATI falling_JJ sand_NN J75 187 inside_IN the_ATI hopper_NN should_MD be_BE reduced_VBN by_IN J75 187 enlarged_JJ inlets_NNS ._. J75 188 ^ (_( 3_CD )_) ._. ^ the_ATI air_NN ducts_NNS in_IN the_ATI J75 188 hopper_NN should_MD be_BE located_VBN and_CC arranged_VBN so_CS J75 189 that_CS" sand_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT fall_VB directly_RB into_IN the_ATI J75 189 exhaust_NN inlet_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI J75 190 openings_NNS should_MD be_BE protected_VBN by_IN shields_NNS ._. J75 192 ^ in_IN addition_NN ,_, the_ATI sand-to-metal_JJB ratio_NN and_CC J75 192 the_ATI time_NN between_IN pouring_NN J75 193 and_CC knock-out_NN should_MD be_BE such_ABL that_CS only_RB part_NN J75 193 of_IN the_ATI mould_NN is_BEZ completely_RB J75 194 dry_VB by_IN the_ATI time_NN the_ATI knock-out_NN is_BEZ reached_VBN J75 194 (_( see_VB chapter_NN 3_CD )_) ._. ^ if_CS this_DT J75 195 condition_NN can_MD not_XNOT be_BE fulfilled_VBN a_AT down-draught_JJB J75 195 system_NN should_MD not_XNOT be_BE J75 196 used_VBN ._. J75 197 ^ sludging_VBG of_IN sand_NN in_IN the_ATI exhaust_NN air_NN ducts_NNS J75 197 ._. J75 198 ^ steam_NN is_BEZ released_VBN from_IN hot_JJ moist_JJ sand_NN J75 198 moulds_NNS as_CS they_PP3AS J75 199 disintegrate_VB and_CC fall_VB through_IN the_ATI grid_NN into_IN J75 199 the_ATI hopper_NN ._. ^ should_MD this_DT J75 200 steam_NN exceed_VB the_ATI amount_NN which_WDTR can_MD be_BE J75 200 retained_VBN by_IN the_ATI exhaust_NN air_NN ,_, it_PP3 J75 201 will_MD condense_VB on_IN the_ATI exhaust_NN ducts_NNS ._. ^ sand_NN J75 201 and_CC dust_NN in_IN the_ATI air_NN stream_NN J75 202 will_MD deposit_VB on_IN the_ATI moist_JJ surfaces_NNS or_CC on_IN J75 202 any_DTI water_NN at_IN the_ATI bottom_NN of_IN J75 203 the_ATI duct_NN ,_, forming_VBG a_AT sludge_NN which_WDTR may_MD J75 203 eventually_RB choke_VB the_ATI duct_NN to_IN such_ABL J75 204 an_AT extent_NN that_CS efficient_JJ ventilation_NN becomes_VBZ J75 204 impossible_JJ ._. J75 205 ^ the_ATI amount_NN of_IN water_NN that_WPR can_MD be_BE J75 205 retained_VBN by_IN the_ATI air_NN depends_VBZ on_IN J75 206 the_ATI air_NN volume_NN and_CC temperature_NN ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI J75 206 saturation_NN level_NN is_BEZ exceeded_VBN ,_, J75 207 the_ATI moisture_NN condenses_VBZ to_TO form_VB droplets_NNS which_WDTR J75 207 are_BER sufficiently_RB small_JJ J75 208 to_TO remain_VB in_IN suspension_NN as_IN visible_JJ *'_*' steam_NN ,_, J75 208 **'_**' but_CC are_BER readily_RB J75 209 deposited_VBN on_IN objects_NNS with_IN which_WDTR they_PP3AS come_VB J75 209 into_IN contact_NN ._. J76 2 ^ the_ATI assumption_NN takes_VBZ account_NN of_IN the_ATI J76 2 possibility_NN that_CS neither_DTX the_ATI J76 3 deflection_NN nor_CC the_ATI slope_NN at_IN the_ATI ends_NNS of_IN J76 3 the_ATI beam_NN is_BEZ zero_CD ._. ^ the_ATI J76 4 potential_JJ energy_NN of_IN the_ATI system_NN is_BEZ as_CS follows_VBZ J76 4 :_: J76 5 **[formula**]_&FO J76 6 where_WRB b_ZZ is_BEZ the_ATI stiffness_NN of_IN the_ATI J76 6 supports_NNS and_CC K_ZZ is_BEZ a_AT J76 7 constant_NN which_WDTR depends_VBZ upon_IN the_ATI datum_NN of_IN J76 7 the_ATI potential_JJ energy_NN ._. J76 8 ^ substituting_VBG for_IN the_ATI D's_NNS by_IN making_VBG use_NN of_IN J76 8 equation_NN (_( 7.51_CD )_) then_RN J76 9 yields_VBZ :_: J76 10 **[formula**]_&FO J76 11 and_CC for_IN the_ATI potential_JJ energy_NN to_TO be_BE J76 11 stationary_JJ :_: J76 12 **[formula**]_&FO J76 13 whence_WRB :_: J76 14 **[formula**]_&FO J76 15 being_BEG the_ATI deflection_NN of_IN x_ZZ =_&FO 0_CD ,_, that_DT J76 15 is_BEZ ,_, at_IN the_ATI load_NN ._. ^ had_HVD an_AT J76 16 exact_JJ solution_NN of_IN this_DT problem_NN been_BEN carried-out_VBN J76 16 there_EX would_MD have_HV been_BEN J76 17 seven_CD simultaneous_JJ equations_NNS to_TO solve_VB in_IN the_ATI J76 17 seven_CD unknown_JJ deflections_NNS J76 18 D*;1**;_&FO ,_, D*;2**;_&FO ,_, ..._... ,_, D*;7**;_&FO ._. J76 19 ^ the_ATI loss_NN of_IN accuracy_NN due_JJ to_IN adopting_VBG an_AT J76 19 approximate_JJ procedure_NN is_BEZ J76 20 usually_RB insignificant_JJ for_IN purposes_NNS of_IN engineering_NN J76 20 practice_NN ,_, \0i.e_RB J76 21 a_AP few_AP" per_NNU cent_NNU" ._. ^ thus_RB the_ATI correct_JJ J76 21 value_NN of_IN D*;1**;_&FO is_BEZ 5.4_CD \0in_NNU ._. ^ the_ATI J76 22 considerable_JJ saving_NN in_IN labour_NN achieved_VBN is_BEZ J76 22 usually_RB much_RB more_QL important_JJ J76 23 than_IN a_AT small_JJ loss_NN of_IN accuracy_NN ._. ^ in_IN fact_NN ,_, J76 23 it_PP3 is_BEZ possible_JJ in_IN some_DTI J76 24 instances_NNS ,_, that_CS without_IN recourse_NN to_IN an_AT J76 24 approximate_JJ solution_NN by_IN an_AT J76 25 energy_NN method_NN ,_, solution_NN by_IN manual_JJ activity_NN J76 25 would_MD be_BE too_QL laborious_JJ to_TO J76 26 be_BE practicable_JJ ._. J76 27 ^ chapter_NN 8_CD ._. J76 28 ^ some_DTI uses_NNS of_IN the_ATI reciprocal_JJ theorem_NN ._. J76 29 ^ 8_CD :_: 1_CD1 ._. ^ introduction_NN ._. J76 30 ^ one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI simplest_JJT statements_NNS of_IN the_ATI J76 30 reciprocal_JJ theorem_NN which_WDTR J76 31 defines_VBZ the_ATI reciprocal_JJ property_NN of_IN linear_JJ J76 31 systems_NNS ,_, specifies_VBZ that_CS the_ATI J76 32 deflection_NN of_IN a_AT point_NN i_ZZ of_IN an_AT elastic_JJ J76 32 structure_NN in_IN a_AT given_JJ J76 33 direction_NN due_JJ to_IN the_ATI application_NN of_IN unit_NN force_NN J76 33 in_IN a_AT given_JJ direction_NN at_IN J76 34 another_DT point_NN j_ZZ is_BEZ equal_JJ to_IN the_ATI deflection_NN J76 34 of_IN j_ZZ when_WRB unit_NN J76 35 force_NN is_BEZ applied_VBN at_IN i_ZZ ._. ^ the_ATI deflection_NN J76 35 of_IN j_ZZ is_BEZ measured_VBN in_IN the_ATI J76 36 direction_NN of_IN the_ATI line_NN of_IN action_NN of_IN the_ATI J76 36 unit_NN force_NN while_CS the_ATI unit_NN force_NN J76 37 is_BEZ applied_VBN at_IN i_ZZ in_IN the_ATI line_NN in_IN which_WDTR J76 37 the_ATI deflection_NN due_JJ to_IN its_PP$ J76 38 presence_NN at_IN j_ZZ was_BEDZ measured_VBN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ J76 38 manifest_JJ when_WRB the_ATI flexibility_NN J76 39 coefficients_NNS of_IN linear_JJ structures_NNS are_BER calculated_VBN J76 39 ,_, since_CS then_RN it_PP3 is_BEZ J76 40 found_VBN that_CS a*;ij**;_&FO =_&FO a*;ji**;_&FO as_CS shown_VBN in_IN J76 40 chapter_NN 2_CD ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ also_RB J76 41 manifest_JJ when_WRB the_ATI stiffness_NN coefficients_NNS are_BER J76 41 calculated_VBN ._. ^ further_JJB J76 42 proof_NN of_IN the_ATI reciprocal_JJ theorem_NN is_BEZ hardly_RB J76 42 necessary_JJ ._. J76 43 ^ a_AT simple_JJ statement_NN of_IN the_ATI theorem_NN on_IN J76 43 these_DTS lines_NNS was_BEDZ made_VBN by_IN \0J_NP J76 44 Clerk_NP Maxwell_NP in_IN his_PP$ well-known_JJ paper_NN on_IN the_ATI J76 44 analysis_NN of_IN frameworks_NNS J76 45 (_( 1864_CD )_) but_CC Clebsch_NP had_HVD actually_RB noted_VBN the_ATI J76 45 reciprocal_JJ property_NN of_IN J76 46 stiffness_NN coefficients_NNS in_IN his_PP$ book_NN published_VBN J76 46 some_DTI two_CD years_NNS earlier_RBR ._. J76 47 ^ later_RBR Betti_NP (_( 1872_CD )_) and_CC Rayleigh_NP (_( 1873_CD )_) J76 47 made_VBD important_JJ general_JJ J76 48 contributions_NNS to_IN the_ATI theorem_NN independently_RB ,_, J76 48 which_WDTR led_VBD to_IN its_PP$ coming_VBG to_TO J76 49 occupy_VB an_AT important_JJ place_NN in_IN the_ATI physics_NN of_IN J76 49 linear_JJ systems_NNS ._. ^ for_IN the_ATI J76 50 purpose_NN of_IN structural_JJ analysis_NN the_ATI reciprocal_JJ J76 50 theorem_NN provides_VBZ useful_JJ J76 51 devices_NNS for_IN the_ATI construction_NN of_IN influence_NN lines_NNS J76 51 for_IN deflections_NNS and_CC J76 52 forces_NNS in_IN frameworks_NNS whose_WP$R elasticity_NN is_BEZ J76 52 linear_JJ ._. J76 53 ^ 8_CD :_: 2_CD ._. ^ influence_VB lines_NNS for_IN deflection_NN by_IN J76 53 the_ATI reciprocal_JJ theorem_NN ._. J76 54 ^ for_IN the_ATI purpose_NN of_IN illustrating_VBG this_DT use_NN J76 54 of_IN the_ATI reciprocal_JJ J76 55 theorem_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ sufficient_JJ to_TO consider_VB a_AT simply_RB J76 55 supported_VBN beam_NN with_IN J76 56 linear_JJ elasticity_NN ._. ^ thus_RB ,_, if_CS the_ATI influence_NN J76 56 line_NN for_IN the_ATI deflection_NN of_IN J76 57 any_DTI point_NN P_ZZ of_IN the_ATI beam_NN shown_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN J76 57 8.1_CD is_BEZ required_VBN (_( that_DT is_BEZ ,_, the_ATI J76 58 curve_NN whose_WP$R ordinates_NNS represent_VB the_ATI deflection_NN J76 58 of_IN P_ZZ as_CS a_AT concentrated_JJ J76 59 unit_NN load_NN traverses_VBZ the_ATI beam_NN )_) ,_, by_IN the_ATI J76 59 reciprocal_JJ theorem_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ merely_RB J76 60 necessary_JJ to_TO consider_VB the_ATI deflected_JJ shape_NN of_IN J76 60 the_ATI beam_NN due_JJ to_IN unit_NN load_NN J76 61 at_IN P_ZZ ._. ^ the_ATI reason_NN for_IN this_DT is_BEZ that_CS J76 61 the_ATI deflection_NN at_IN any_DTI other_AP point_NN Q_ZZ J76 62 of_IN the_ATI beam_NN due_JJ to_IN unit_NN load_NN at_IN P_ZZ is_BEZ J76 62 :_: J76 63 **[formula**]_&FO J76 64 where_WRB a*;QP**;_&FO is_BEZ the_ATI relevant_JJ flexibility_NN J76 64 coefficient_NN ._. ^ since_CS J76 65 this_DT is_BEZ equal_JJ to_IN the_ATI deflection_NN of_IN P_ZZ due_JJ J76 65 to_IN unit_NN load_NN at_IN Q_ZZ ,_, \0i.e_RB :_: J76 66 **[formula**]_&FO J76 67 it_PP3 follows_VBZ that_CS the_ATI deformed_JJ shape_NN of_IN J76 67 the_ATI beam_NN caused_VBN by_IN unit_NN load_NN J76 68 at_IN P_ZZ represents_VBZ the_ATI variation_NN of_IN a*;QP**;_&FO =_&FO J76 68 a*;PQ**;_&FO over_IN the_ATI J76 69 length_NN of_IN the_ATI beam_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ the_ATI influence_NN J76 69 line_NN for_IN the_ATI deflection_NN of_IN J76 70 P_ZZ ._. ^ by_IN similar_JJ reasoning_NN the_ATI influence_NN line_NN J76 70 for_IN the_ATI deflection_NN of_IN any_DTI J76 71 point_NN of_IN an_AT elastic_JJ linear_JJ structure_NN ,_, in_IN a_AT J76 71 given_JJ direction_NN ,_, is_BEZ J76 72 represented_VBN by_IN the_ATI deformed_JJ shape_NN of_IN the_ATI J76 72 structure_NN due_JJ to_IN unit_NN load_NN J76 73 applied_VBN in_IN the_ATI specified_JJ direction_NN at_IN the_ATI J76 73 point_NN in_IN question_NN ._. J76 74 ^ a_AT convenient_JJ means_NN of_IN using_VBG this_DT principle_NN J76 74 to_IN practical_JJ advantage_NN J76 75 is_BEZ afforded_VBN by_IN scale_NN models_NNS ._. ^ such_ABL models_NNS J76 75 need_MD not_XNOT be_BE to_IN scale_NN in_IN J76 77 every_AT detail_NN ;_; for_IN plane_JJ frameworks_NNS it_PP3 is_BEZ J76 77 merely_RB necessary_JJ that_CS they_PP3AS J76 78 are_BER made_VBN of_IN material_NN which_WDTR obeys_VBZ Hooke's_NP$ J76 78 law_NN of_IN linear_JJ elasticity_NN ,_, to_IN J76 79 a_AT chosen_JJ layout_NN scale_NN ._. ^ then_RN ,_, for_IN portal_NN J76 79 frameworks_NNS whose_WP$R members_NNS J76 80 deform_VB primarily_RB in_IN bending_VBG ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ J76 80 sufficient_JJ for_IN the_ATI ratios_NNS of_IN the_ATI J76 81 second_OD moments_NNS of_IN area_NN of_IN the_ATI members_NNS to_TO J76 81 be_BE the_ATI same_AP as_CS in_IN the_ATI actual_JJ J76 82 framework_NN ._. ^ the_ATI shape_NN of_IN the_ATI required_JJ J76 82 influence_NN line_NN to_IN scale_NN can_MD be_BE J76 83 obtained_VBN by_IN applying_VBG a_AT force_NN to_IN the_ATI model_NN J76 83 at_IN the_ATI point_NN in_IN question_NN ,_, in_IN J76 84 the_ATI specified_JJ direction_NN ._. ^ the_ATI scale_NN factor_NN J76 84 for_IN the_ATI ordinates_NNS of_IN the_ATI J76 85 influence_NN line_NN so_RB obtained_VBN can_MD be_BE found_VBN J76 85 either_DTX by_IN scaling_VBG the_ATI force_NN J76 86 applied_VBN to_IN the_ATI model_NN or_CC by_IN calculating_VBG the_ATI J76 86 deflection_NN of_IN the_ATI actual_JJ J76 87 framework_NN at_IN the_ATI point_NN in_IN question_NN due_JJ to_IN J76 87 unit_NN load_NN applied_VBN there_RN ._. J76 88 ^ 8_CD :_: 3_CD ._. ^ influence_VB lines_NNS for_IN forces_NNS by_IN J76 88 the_ATI reciprocal_JJ theorem_NN ._. J76 89 ^ a_AT cantilever_NN with_IN a_AT rigid_JJ prop_NN at_IN its_PP$ J76 89 *'_*' free_JJ **'_**' end_NN ,_, as_IN one_CD1 of_IN J76 90 the_ATI simplest_JJT statically-indeterminate_JJB systems_NNS ,_, J76 90 is_BEZ suitable_JJ for_IN J76 91 demonstrating_VBG this_DT use_NN of_IN the_ATI reciprocal_JJ theorem_NN J76 91 ._. ^ in_TO order_TO" to_TO" obtain_VB J76 92 the_ATI influence_NN line_NN for_IN the_ATI force_NN exerted_VBN by_IN J76 92 the_ATI prop_NN ,_, suppose_VB first_RB of_IN J76 93 all_ABN that_CS unit_NN concentrated_JJ load_NN acts_VBZ at_IN any_DTI J76 93 point_NN Q_ZZ of_IN the_ATI span_NN ,_, as_CS J76 94 shown_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN J76 96 8.2_CD (_( a_ZZ )_) ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI prop_NN is_BEZ absent_JJ J76 96 the_ATI deflection_NN of_IN the_ATI end_NN of_IN the_ATI J76 97 cantilever_NN due_JJ to_IN this_DT load_NN is_BEZ :_: J76 98 **[formula**]_&FO J76 99 so_CS that_CS" the_ATI force_NN which_WDTR the_ATI prop_NN must_MD J76 99 exert_VB in_IN restoring_VBG zero_CD J76 100 deflection_NN at_IN this_DT point_NN is_BEZ :_: J76 101 **[formula**]_&FO J76 102 where_WRB the_ATI flexibility_NN coefficients_NNS a*;PQ**;_&FO J76 102 and_CC a*;PP**;_&FO J76 103 refer_VB to_IN the_ATI cantilever_NN ._. ^ therefore_RB ,_, by_IN J76 103 equations_NNS (_( 8.3_CD )_) and_CC (_( 8.4_CD )_) :_: J76 104 **[formula**]_&FO J76 105 ._. ^ now_RN the_ATI ratio_NN a*;pq**;/a*;pp**;_&FO can_MD be_BE J76 105 obtained_VBN by_IN J76 106 considering_VBG an_AT arbitrary_JJ small_JJ displacement_NN J76 106 D*?7*;p**;_&FO of_IN J76 107 the_ATI end_NN of_IN the_ATI unloaded_JJ cantilever_NN due_JJ to_IN J76 107 an_AT arbitrary_JJ force_NN J76 108 r*?7*;p**;_&FO ,_, as_CS shown_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN 8.2_CD (_( b_ZZ )_) J76 108 ,_, since_CS :_: J76 109 **[formula**]_&FO J76 110 while_CS the_ATI resulting_JJ deflection_NN of_IN any_DTI other_AP J76 110 point_NN Q_ZZ is_BEZ :_: J76 111 **[formula**]_&FO J76 112 so_CS that_CS" :_: J76 113 **[formula**]_&FO J76 114 ._. ^ therefore_RB ,_, by_IN equation_NN (_( 8.5_CD )_) :_: J76 115 **[formula**]_&FO J76 116 ._. ^ the_ATI significance_NN of_IN this_DT result_NN is_BEZ that_CS J76 116 the_ATI deflection_NN curve_NN of_IN J76 117 the_ATI cantilever_NN due_JJ to_IN an_AT arbitrary_JJ small_JJ J76 117 displacement_NN of_IN P_ZZ represents_VBZ J76 118 to_IN scale_NN the_ATI influence_NN line_NN for_IN the_ATI load_NN J76 118 on_IN the_ATI prop_NN at_IN P_ZZ ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ in_IN J76 119 accordance_NN with_IN Mu"ller-Breslau's_NP$ principle_NN that_CS J76 119 the_ATI influence_NN line_NN J76 120 for_IN the_ATI force_NN in_IN a_AT member_NN or_CC upon_IN a_AT J76 120 support_NN of_IN a_AT linear_JJ J76 121 statically-indeterminate_JJB framework_NN is_BEZ represented_VBN to_IN J76 121 scale_NN by_IN the_ATI J76 122 change_NN in_IN shape_NN of_IN the_ATI framework_NN due_JJ to_IN a_AT J76 122 small_JJ displacement_NN within_IN J76 123 the_ATI member_NN or_CC at_IN the_ATI support_NN ._. ^ for_IN the_ATI J76 123 purpose_NN of_IN using_VBG the_ATI principle_NN J76 124 for_IN the_ATI influence_NN line_NN for_IN the_ATI bending_NN moment_NN J76 124 at_IN any_DTI point_NN ,_, the_ATI small_JJ J76 125 displacement_NN introduced_VBN there_RN must_MD be_BE of_IN the_ATI J76 125 angular_JJ kind_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 can_MD be_BE J76 126 shown_VBN by_IN virtual_JJ work_NN that_CS Mu"ller-Breslau's_NP$ J76 126 principle_NN also_RB applies_VBZ to_IN J76 127 statically-determinate_JJB systems_NNS which_WDTR are_BER not_XNOT J76 127 subject_JJ to_IN gross_JJ J76 128 distortion_NN under_IN load_NN ._. J76 129 ^ Mu"ller-Breslau's_NP$ principle_NN would_MD be_BE of_IN very_QL J76 129 little_AP practical_JJ J76 130 value_NN without_IN scale_NN model_NN techniques_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J76 130 procedure_NN prescribed_VBN by_IN the_ATI J76 131 principle_NN can_MD be_BE applied_VBN physically_RB to_IN a_AT scale_NN J76 131 model_NN for_IN the_ATI purpose_NN J76 132 of_IN obtaining_VBG influence_NN lines_NNS to_IN scale_NN and_CC J76 132 affords_VBZ an_AT effective_JJ method_NN J76 133 of_IN *'_*' model_NN analysis_NN **'_**' of_IN frameworks_NNS ._. ^ J76 133 such_ABL models_NNS must_MD be_BE made_VBN of_IN J76 134 material_NN with_IN linear_JJ elasticity_NN to_IN a_AT definite_JJ J76 134 length_NN scale_NN ._. ^ thus_RB ,_, if_CS J76 135 a_AT model_NN of_IN the_ATI propped_JJ cantilever_NN is_BEZ made_VBN J76 135 s_ZZ times_NNS smaller_JJR than_IN the_ATI J76 136 actual_JJ ,_, a_AT small_JJ displacement_NN **[formula**]_&FO at_IN J76 136 P_ZZ J76 137 corresponds_VBZ to_IN a_AT small_JJ displacement_NN **[formula**]_&FO J76 138 at_IN P_ZZ of_IN the_ATI actual_JJ system_NN ._. J76 139 ^ similarly_RB ,_, any_DTI other_AP point_NN of_IN the_ATI model_NN J76 139 Q_ZZ suffers_VBZ a_AT displacement_NN J76 140 which_WDTR may_MD be_BE multiplied_VBN by_IN the_ATI scale_NN factor_NN J76 140 s_ZZ to_TO obtain_VB the_ATI J76 141 corresponding_JJ displacement_NN of_IN the_ATI point_NN Q_ZZ of_IN J76 141 the_ATI actual_JJ cantilever_NN due_JJ J76 142 to_IN the_ATI displacement_NN of_IN P_ZZ of_IN **[formula**]_&FO ._. ^ J76 142 also_RB J76 143 the_ATI deformed_JJ shape_NN of_IN the_ATI model_NN represents_VBZ J76 143 the_ATI influence_NN line_NN for_IN the_ATI J76 144 load_NN on_IN the_ATI prop_NN of_IN the_ATI actual_JJ system_NN to_IN J76 144 scale_NN ._. ^ therefore_RB ,_, with_IN J76 145 reference_NN to_IN equations_NNS (_( 8.8_CD )_) and_CC (_( 8.9_CD )_) J76 145 :_: J76 146 **[formula**]_&FO J76 147 so_CS that_CS" :_: J76 148 **[formula**]_&FO J76 149 and_CC the_ATI scale_NN factor_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT appear_VB in_IN J76 149 the_ATI final_JJ result_NN obtained_VBN J76 150 by_IN the_ATI model_NN in_IN respect_NN of_IN influence_NN lines_NNS J76 150 for_IN forces_NNS ,_, because_CS the_ATI J76 151 ratios_NNS of_IN model_NN displacements_NNS of_IN the_ATI linear_JJ J76 151 kind_NN are_BER identical_JJ to_IN the_ATI J76 152 ratios_NNS of_IN corresponding_JJ displacements_NNS of_IN the_ATI J76 152 actual_JJ structure_NN ._. J76 153 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ relatively_RB easy_JJ to_TO construct_VB suitable_JJ J76 153 models_NNS of_IN frameworks_NNS J76 154 whose_WP$R members_NNS deform_VB primarily_RB in_IN bending_VBG ,_, J76 154 such_IN as_IN" portals_NNS ,_, because_CS J76 155 then_RN it_PP3 is_BEZ merely_RB necessary_JJ for_IN the_ATI ratios_NNS J76 155 of_IN the_ATI second_OD moments_NNS of_IN J76 156 area_NN of_IN the_ATI various_JJ members_NNS to_TO be_BE correct_JJ ._. J76 156 ^ the_ATI actual_JJ scale_NN factor_NN in_IN J76 157 respect_NN of_IN second_OD moment_NN of_IN area_NN is_BEZ immaterial_JJ J76 157 and_CC so_RB models_NNS can_MD be_BE J76 158 cut_VBN from_IN ,_, say_VB ,_, sheet_NN celluloid_NN ,_, which_WDTR J76 158 obeys_VBZ Hooke's_NP$ law_NN ._. ^ Beggs_NP J76 159 pioneered_VBD the_ATI use_NN of_IN this_DT kind_NN of_IN model_NN ._. J76 160 ^ 8_CD :_: 4_CD ._. ^ example_NN of_IN model_NN analysis_NN ._. J76 161 ^ the_ATI steel_NN portal_NN framework_NN shown_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN J76 161 8.3_CD has_HVZ encastre*?2_JJ J76 162 stanchion_NN feet_NNS and_CC the_ATI second_OD moments_NNS of_IN J76 162 area_NN of_IN AB_&FO ,_, BC_&FO ,_, and_CC CD_&FO are_BER I_ZZ ,_, J76 163 2I_&FO and_CC I_ZZ ,_, respectively_RB ._. ^ in_TO order_TO" to_TO" J76 163 obtain_VB the_ATI influence_NN lines_NNS for_IN J76 164 the_ATI redundants_NNS ,_, chosen_VBN to_TO be_BE the_ATI reactions_NNS J76 164 R*;1**;_&FO ,_, R*;2**;_&FO J76 165 and_CC R*;3**;_&FO at_IN the_ATI foot_NN A_ZZ ,_, a_AT scale_NN J76 165 model_NN may_MD be_BE used_VBN ._. J76 167 ^ the_ATI model_NN must_MD be_BE made_VBN of_IN material_NN which_WDTR J76 167 has_HVZ linear_JJ elasticity_NN in_IN J76 168 accordance_NN with_IN Hooke's_NP$ law_NN (_( \0e.g_RB ,_, it_PP3 can_MD J76 168 be_BE cut_VBN from_IN sheet_NN J76 169 Xylonite_NP celluloid_NN )_) ,_, to_IN a_AT layout_NN scale_NN J76 169 factor_NN s_ZZ and_CC the_ATI ratios_NNS of_IN J76 170 the_ATI second_OD moments_NNS of_IN area_NN of_IN the_ATI model_NN J76 170 members_NNS AB_&FO ,_, BC_&FO and_CC CD_&FO must_MD be_BE J76 171 1_CD1 :_: 2_CD :_: 1_CD1 ._. ^ the_ATI required_JJ influence_NN J76 171 lines_NNS are_BER found_VBN by_IN subjecting_VBG the_ATI J76 172 model_NN ,_, mounted_VBN to_TO reproduce_VB the_ATI encastre*?2_JJ J76 172 conditions_NNS at_IN A_ZZ and_CC D_ZZ ,_, to_IN J76 173 small_JJ displacements_NNS horizontally_RB (_( for_IN the_ATI J76 173 influence_NN line_NN for_IN J76 174 R*;1**;_&FO )_) ,_, vertically_RB (_( for_IN R*;2**;_&FO )_) and_CC J76 174 rotationally_RB (_( for_IN J76 175 R*;3**;_&FO )_) at_IN A_ZZ ,_, in_IN turn_NN ,_, and_CC recording_VBG J76 175 the_ATI resulting_JJ changes_NNS in_IN J76 176 shape_NN of_IN the_ATI model_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ important_JJ for_IN J76 176 each_DT displacement_NN to_TO be_BE J76 177 applied_VBN at_IN A_ZZ separately_RB without_IN movement_NN in_IN J76 177 any_DTI other_AP direction_NN ._. J76 178 ^ suppose_VB the_ATI influence_NN lines_NNS so_RB obtained_VBN J76 178 are_BER as_CS shown_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN J76 179 8.4_CD and_CC that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ desired_VBN to_TO determine_VB J76 179 the_ATI magnitudes_NNS of_IN the_ATI J76 180 reactions_NNS at_IN A_ZZ caused_VBN by_IN the_ATI loading_NN shown_VBN J76 180 in_IN \0fig_NN 8.3_CD ._. ^ then_RN using_VBG J76 181 subscripts_NNS m_ZZ to_TO denote_VB that_CS the_ATI displacements_NNS J76 181 are_BER obtained_VBN from_IN J76 182 the_ATI model_NN :_: J76 183 **[formula**]_&FO J76 184 which_WDTR are_BER independent_JJ of_IN the_ATI scale_NN of_IN J76 184 the_ATI model_NN ._. ^ for_IN R*;3**;_&FO ,_, J76 185 however_RB ,_, the_ATI scale_NN of_IN the_ATI model_NN enters_VBZ J76 185 into_IN the_ATI calculations_NNS and_CC for_IN J76 186 this_DT reason_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ desirable_JJ to_TO refer_VB the_ATI J76 186 model_NN displacements_NNS to_IN the_ATI J76 187 corresponding_JJ values_NNS for_IN the_ATI actual_JJ structure_NN ._. ^ J76 187 thus_RB ,_, if_CS the_ATI foot_NN A_ZZ of_IN J76 188 the_ATI actual_JJ framework_NN were_BED rotated_VBN through_IN th_ZZ J76 188 radians_NNS the_ATI resulting_JJ J76 189 deflections_NNS J76 191 would_MD be_BE s_ZZ times_IN those_DTS of_IN the_ATI model_NN when_WRB J76 191 its_PP$ foot_NN A_ZZ is_BEZ rotated_VBN J76 192 through_IN the_ATI same_AP angle_NN ._. ^ using_VBG the_ATI J76 192 equivalent_JJ full-scale_JJB influence_NN J76 193 line_NN ordinates_NNS then_RN to_TO obtain_VB R*;3**;_&FO gives_VBZ :_: J76 194 **[formula**]_&FO J76 195 since_CS th_ZZ is_BEZ J76 196 **[formula**]_&FO ._. J76 197 ^ again_RB ,_, for_IN a_AT uniformly_RB distributed_VBN loading_NN J76 197 of_IN intensity_NN w_ZZ J76 198 over_IN ,_, say_VB ,_, CD_&FO ,_, the_ATI corresponding_JJ values_NNS J76 198 of_IN the_ATI reactions_NNS at_IN A_ZZ are_BER :_: J76 199 **[formula**]_&FO J76 200 where_WRB distance_NN x_ZZ along_IN CD_&FO refers_VBZ to_IN the_ATI J76 200 model_NN ,_, so_CS that_CS" if_CS J76 201 a*;1**;_&FO ,_, a*;2**;_&FO and_CC a*;3**;_&FO are_BER the_ATI J76 201 areas_NNS enclosed_VBN by_IN the_ATI J76 202 relevant_JJ portions_NNS of_IN the_ATI influence_NN lines_NNS of_IN J76 202 the_ATI model_NN ,_, respectively_RB :_: J76 203 **[formula**]_&FO J76 204 and_CC for_IN practical_JJ purposes_NNS it_PP3 is_BEZ J76 204 sufficiently_RB accurate_JJ to_TO assume_VB J76 205 that_CS the_ATI influence_NN lines_NNS are_BER straight_JJ between_IN J76 205 measured_JJ ordinates_NNS ._. J76 207 ^ the_ATI influence_NN line_NN for_IN the_ATI bending_NN moment_NN J76 207 at_IN a_AT point_NN within_IN a_AT J76 208 member_NN can_MD be_BE obtained_VBN similarly_RB by_IN cutting_VBG J76 208 the_ATI model_NN at_IN the_ATI point_NN in_IN J76 209 question_NN and_CC applying_VBG an_AT angular_JJ displacement_NN ,_, J76 209 as_CS indicated_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN J76 210 8.5_CD ._. ^ the_ATI required_JJ bending_NN moment_NN due_JJ to_IN J76 210 particular_JJ loading_NN is_BEZ then_RN J76 211 obtained_VBN from_IN the_ATI influence_NN line_NN ordinates_NNS in_IN J76 211 a_AT manner_NN similar_JJ to_IN that_DT J76 212 used_VBN for_IN finding_VBG R*;3**;_&FO ._. J76 213 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ particularly_RB important_JJ to_TO measure_VB J76 213 the_ATI influence_NN line_NN J76 214 ordinates_NNS correctly_RB ,_, as_CS ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, in_IN J76 214 \0fig_NN 8.4_CD with_IN respect_NN to_IN J76 215 the_ATI line_NN of_IN f*;q2**;_&FO ._. ^ accuracy_NN can_MD also_RB J76 215 be_BE improved_VBN by_IN using_VBG J76 216 positive_JJ and_CC negative_JJ displacements_NNS ,_, as_CS shown_VBN J76 216 in_IN \0figs_NNS 10.20_CD and_CC J76 217 10.21_CD ._. J76 218 ^ use_NN of_IN scale_NN models_NNS for_IN the_ATI analysis_NN of_IN J76 218 frameworks_NNS is_BEZ always_RB J76 219 worth_IN considering_VBG as_IN an_AT alternative_NN to_IN manual_JJ J76 219 computation_NN ,_, especially_RB J76 220 for_IN frameworks_NNS of_IN simple_JJ form_NN whose_WP$R members_NNS J76 220 are_BER of_IN non-uniform_JJ section_NN J76 221 for_IN reasons_NNS of_IN economy_NN ._. ^ accuracy_NN of_IN model_NN J76 221 analysis_NN tends_VBZ to_TO lie_VB J76 222 between_IN 5_CD %_NNU and_CC 10_CD %_NNU in_IN relation_NN to_IN J76 222 values_NNS calculated_VBN exactly_RB on_IN the_ATI J76 223 basis_NN of_IN the_ATI same_AP assumptions_NNS as_IN those_DTS used_VBN J76 223 in_IN constructing_VBG the_ATI model_NN ._. J77 2 ^ two_CD articles_NNS have_HV appeared_VBN by_IN Bichsel_NP on_IN J77 2 electron_NN microscopy_NN ;_; one_CD1 J77 3 is_BEZ concerned_VBN with_IN an_AT investigation_NN of_IN sub-grain_JJB J77 3 structure_NN in_IN high_JJ J77 4 purity_NN aluminium_NN ,_, while_CS the_ATI other_AP is_BEZ general_JJ J77 4 ,_, describing_VBG the_ATI J77 5 application_NN of_IN oxide_NN replica_NN techniques_NNS and_CC the_ATI J77 5 examination_NN of_IN thin_JJ J77 6 foils_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI illustrations_NNS in_IN all_ABN these_DTS J77 6 papers_NNS are_BER impressive_JJ J77 7 scientifically_RB and_CC attractive_JJ aesthetically_RB ;_; it_PP3 J77 7 is_BEZ only_RB a_AT matter_NN of_IN J77 8 time_NN before_CS they_PP3AS receive_VB the_ATI attention_NN of_IN J77 8 designers_NNS of_IN wallpaper_NN ,_, J77 9 floor_NN coverings_NNS and_CC similar_JJ goods_NNS ._. J77 10 ^ single_JJ crystals_NNS continue_VB to_TO attract_VB the_ATI J77 10 experimenter_NN ;_; McKinnon_NP J77 11 has_HVZ studied_VBN the_ATI work-hardening_NN of_IN a_AT J77 11 super-purity_NN aluminium_NN crystal_NN ,_, J77 12 and_CC indicated_VBD that_CS during_IN stage_NN 1_CD1 ,_, that_DT J77 12 is_BEZ the_ATI period_NN of_IN slip_NN on_IN J77 13 (_( 111_CD )_) plane_NN of_IN maximum_JJ resolved_JJ shear_NN stress_NN J77 13 ,_, the_ATI rate_NN of_IN hardening_NN is_BEZ J77 14 determined_VBN by_IN the_ATI amount_NN and_CC type_NN of_IN J77 14 uniformly_RB distributed_VBN secondary_JJ J77 15 slip_NN ._. Greetham_NP and_CC Honeycombe_NP have_HV deformed_VBN J77 15 single_JJ crystals_NNS of_IN J77 16 aluminium-4.5_JJB %_NNU copper_NN given_VBN various_JJ ageing_JJ J77 16 treatments_NNS after_IN solution_NN J77 17 treatment_NN ._. ^ under-aged_JJ crystals_NNS showed_VBD a_AT marked_JJ J77 17 yield_NN point_NN followed_VBN J77 18 by_IN a_AT period_NN of_IN low_JJ hardening_NN ,_, while_CS J77 18 over-aged_JJ crystals_NNS and_CC those_DTS J77 19 treated_VBN at_IN the_ATI optimum_JJ temperature_NN ,_, though_CS J77 19 showing_VBG no_ATI yield_NN point_NN ,_, J77 20 strain-hardened_VBD rapidly_RB ._. ^ by_IN X-ray_NN and_CC J77 20 metallographic_JJ study_NN ,_, Richards_NP J77 21 and_CC Pugh_NP have_HV determined_VBN the_ATI sequences_NNS of_IN J77 21 behaviour_NN of_IN super-purity_NN J77 22 aluminium_NN during_IN rolling_NN and_CC annealing_NN ._. ^ J77 22 structures_NNS after_IN various_JJ J77 23 amounts_NNS of_IN cold_JJ reduction_NN are_BER illustrated_VBN as_IN J77 23 photomicrographs_NNS and_CC J77 24 X-ray_NN transmission_NN patterns_NNS ._. J77 25 ^ Blade_NP ,_, Clare_NP and_CC Lamb_NP have_HV used_VBN J77 25 levitation_NN melting_NN to_TO provide_VB J77 26 ingots_NNS of_IN zone-refined_JJ aluminium_NN containing_VBG J77 26 additions_NNS of_IN various_JJ J77 27 elements_NNS ,_, which_WDTR were_BED then_RN rolled_VBN to_IN sheet_NN J77 27 for_IN determination_NN of_IN J77 28 recrystallisation_NN temperatures_NNS ._. ^ as_QL little_AP as_IN J77 28 0.001_CD \0at_NNU %_NNU of_IN the_ATI J77 29 addition_NN elements_NNS was_BEDZ sufficient_JJ to_TO produce_VB J77 29 most_AP of_IN the_ATI retardation_NN of_IN J77 30 recrystallisation_NN ;_; silicon_NN ,_, copper_NN and_CC magnesium_NN J77 30 each_DT caused_VBD an_AT J77 31 increase_NN of_IN recrystallisation_NN temperature_NN of_IN J77 31 50-100_CD-CD *@_NNU \0C_NP ,_, while_CS for_IN J77 32 iron_NN ,_, chromium_NN and_CC manganese_NN a_AT figure_NN of_IN \0c_RB J77 32 200_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP is_BEZ J77 33 quoted_VBN ._. ^ at_IN temperatures_NNS varying_VBG from_IN J77 33 195-500_CD-CD *@_NNU \0C_NP ,_, Ormerod_NP and_CC J77 34 Tegart_NP have_HV subjected_VBN super-purity_NN aluminium_NN to_IN J77 34 torsion_NN stresses_NNS ,_, and_CC J77 35 determined_VBN torque_NN values_NNS which_WDTR are_BER converted_VBN J77 35 to_IN shear_NN stress_NN ,_, while_CS J77 36 specimen_NN revolutions_NNS are_BER converted_VBN to_IN shear_NN J77 36 strain_NN ,_, the_ATI two_CD being_BEG used_VBN J77 37 to_TO draw_VB true_JJ stress_NN /_IN strain_NN curves_NNS ._. ^ J77 37 Davies_NP has_HVZ performed_VBN J77 38 stress-rupture_NN tests_NNS on_IN the_ATI aluminium-1_JJB %_NNU J77 38 nickel_NN alloy_NN favoured_VBN for_IN J77 39 resistance_NN to_IN corrosion_NN by_IN high_JJ temperature_NN water_NN J77 39 ,_, and_CC obtained_VBD 1,000_CD J77 40 hour_NN values_NNS of_IN 0.75_CD at_IN 350_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP ,_, 1.8_CD J77 40 at_IN 250_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP ,_, and_CC 4.2_CD at_IN 100_CD *@_NNU J77 41 \0C_NP ,_, the_ATI units_NNS being_BEG \0kg_NNU /_IN \0sq_NNU \0mm_NNU J77 41 ;_; English_JNP eyes_NNS would_MD have_HV J77 42 preferred_VBN tons_NNS /_IN \0sq_NNU \0in_NNU J77 43 ._. ^ corrosion_NN and_CC protection_NN ._. J77 44 ^ no_ATI form_NN of_IN degeneration_NN of_IN metals_NNS is_BEZ J77 44 more_QL insidious_JJ than_IN J77 45 corrosion_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI volume_NN of_IN work_NN published_VBN J77 45 on_IN the_ATI subject_NN is_BEZ a_AT J77 46 measure_NN of_IN the_ATI seriousness_NN with_IN which_WDTR it_PP3 J77 46 is_BEZ viewed_VBN ._. ^ Evans_NP has_HVZ J77 47 produced_VBN a_AT monumental_JJ volume_NN of_IN great_JJ authority_NN J77 47 on_IN the_ATI corrosion_NN and_CC J77 48 oxidation_NN of_IN metals_NNS in_RB general_RB" ,_, with_IN an_AT J77 48 author_NN index_NN containing_VBG no_ATI J77 49 less_AP than_IN 3,000_CD names_NNS ._. ^ a_AT fat_JJ volume_NN ,_, J77 49 but_CC the_ATI scribbling_NN has_HVZ been_BEN very_QL J77 50 well_RB worth_IN while_NN ,_, and_CC as_CS with_IN Gibbon's_NP$ work_NN J77 50 it_PP3 will_MD well_RB outlive_VB the_ATI J77 51 author_NN ._. ^ another_DT useful_JJ book_NN is_BEZ that_DT written_VBN J77 51 by_IN Rogers_NP ,_, principally_RB J77 52 for_IN the_ATI education_NN of_IN naval_JJ constructors_NNS who_WPR J77 52 are_BER responsible_JJ for_IN the_ATI J77 53 maintenance_NN of_IN ships_NNS of_IN war_NN ;_; aluminium_NN J77 53 receives_VBZ its_PP$ due_JJ meed_NN of_IN J77 54 attention_NN ,_, with_IN alarming_JJ illustrations_NNS of_IN what_WDT J77 54 happens_VBZ when_WRB wrong_JJ J77 55 procedures_NNS are_BER adopted_VBN ,_, and_CC details_NNS of_IN J77 55 correct_JJ design_NN and_CC practice_NN ._. J77 56 ^ the_ATI power_NN of_IN the_ATI corrosive_JJ enemy_NN must_MD be_BE J77 56 recognised_VBN and_CC assessed_VBN ;_; J77 57 Great_NP Britain_NP has_HVZ the_ATI unenviable_JJ reputation_NN of_IN J77 57 being_BEG a_AT particularly_RB J77 58 aggressive_JJ place_NN ._. ^ Ambler_NP has_HVZ found_VBN that_CS J77 58 the_ATI distribution_NN of_IN chloride_NN J77 59 in_IN the_ATI British_JNP atmosphere_NN has_HVZ the_ATI same_AP J77 59 general_JJ relation_NN to_IN distance_NN J77 60 from_IN the_ATI sea_NN as_CS in_IN west_NR Africa_NP ,_, and_CC that_CS J77 60 the_ATI corrosion_NN of_IN steel_NN and_CC J77 61 zinc_NN bears_VBZ no_ATI relation_NN to_IN salinity_NN ;_; J77 61 encouragingly_RB ,_, he_PP3A considers_VBZ that_CS J77 62 the_ATI corrosion_NN of_IN his_PP$ aluminium_NN specimens_NNS was_BEDZ J77 62 so_QL small_JJ as_CS to_TO give_VB high_JJ J77 63 errors_NNS on_IN cleaning_NN ._. ^ a_AT new_JJ hazard_NN has_HVZ J77 63 been_BEN added_VBN to_IN corrosion_NN testing_NN ._. J77 64 ^ at_IN Llanrhystyd_NP ,_, Ambler's_NP$ specimens_NNS were_BED J77 64 liable_JJ to_TO be_BE licked_VBN by_IN cows_NNS J77 65 on_IN the_ATI landward_JJB side_NN ;_; he_PP3A states_VBZ that_CS J77 65 this_DT would_MD not_XNOT be_BE expected_VBN to_TO J77 66 give_VB low_JJ results_NNS ,_, but_CC this_DT surely_RB depends_VBZ J77 66 on_IN the_ATI corrosivity_NN of_IN cow_NN J77 67 saliva_NN as_IN against_IN" the_ATI beneficial_JJ effects_NNS of_IN J77 67 regular_JJ cleaning_NN ._. J77 68 ^ in_IN continuing_VBG its_PP$ work_NN on_IN the_ATI basic_JJ J77 68 causes_NNS and_CC mechanism_NN of_IN J77 69 corrosion_NN ,_, the_ATI national_JJ bureau_NN of_IN standards_NNS J77 69 in_IN the_ATI \0U.S.A_NP has_HVZ J77 70 established_VBN that_CS with_IN large_JJ single_JJ crystals_NNS of_IN J77 70 high_JJ purity_NN aluminium_NN J77 71 exposed_VBN to_IN an_AT acid_JJ mixture_NN ,_, configuration_NN of_IN J77 71 etch_NN pits_NNS differed_VBN J77 72 according_IN to_IN" crystallographic_JJ orientation_NN ,_, and_CC J77 72 the_ATI rates_NNS of_IN attack_NN J77 73 varied_VBD radically_RB from_IN those_DTS observed_VBN in_IN an_AT J77 73 alkali_NN mixture_NN ._. ^ Edeleanu_NP J77 74 has_HVZ studied_VBN the_ATI pitting_NN mechanism_NN ,_, using_VBG J77 74 99.999_CD %_NNU aluminium_NN foil_NN in_IN J77 75 sodium_NN chloride_NN solution_NN ,_, and_CC demonstrated_VBD that_CS J77 75 the_ATI rate_NN of_IN attack_NN per_IN J77 76 unit_NN of_IN active_JJ area_NN inside_IN a_AT pit_NN is_BEZ a_AT J77 76 constant_NN ,_, and_CC that_CS changes_NNS in_IN an_AT J77 77 external_JJ polarising_JJ current_NN change_VB the_ATI rate_NN of_IN J77 77 pitting_NN only_RB by_IN J77 78 altering_VBG the_ATI active_JJ area_NN ._. ^ an_AT electron_NN J77 78 micrograph_NN of_IN a_AT pitting_NN system_NN J77 79 illustrates_VBZ effectively_RB the_ATI frequent_JJ changes_NNS in_IN J77 79 direction_NN of_IN the_ATI J77 80 attack_NN ._. ^ in_IN a_AT general_JJ summary_NN of_IN the_ATI J77 80 causes_NNS of_IN pitting_NN and_CC its_PP$ J77 81 effects_NNS ,_, Robinson_NP makes_VBZ the_ATI cardinal_JJB point_NN J77 81 that_CS to_TO avoid_VB it_PP3 one_CD1 must_MD J77 82 eliminate_VB the_ATI chloride_NN ion_NN or_CC inhibit_VB it_PP3 ;_; J77 82 it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT always_RB possible_JJ to_TO J77 83 adopt_VB either_DTX of_IN these_DTS admirable_JJ actions_NNS ,_, so_CS J77 83 that_CS" pitting_NN must_MD J77 84 sometimes_RB be_BE lived_VBN with_IN and_CC allowed_VBN for_IN in_IN J77 84 design_NN and_CC selection_NN of_IN J77 85 materials_NNS ._. J77 86 ^ susceptibility_NN to_IN intercrystalline_JJ corrosion_NN may_MD J77 86 be_BE a_AT less_QL J77 87 serious_JJ matter_NN than_IN proneness_NN to_IN stress-corrosion_NN ;_; J77 87 indeed_RB ,_, in_IN the_ATI high_JJ J77 88 strength_NN \0Al-Zn-Mg-Cu_&FO alloys_NNS ,_, stress-corrosion_NN J77 88 failure_NN can_MD occur_VB when_WRB J77 89 very_QL little_AP evidence_NN of_IN corrosive_JJ attack_NN is_BEZ to_TO J77 89 be_BE detected_VBN ._. ^ in_IN J77 90 developing_VBG tests_NNS for_IN the_ATI susceptibility_NN of_IN this_DT J77 90 type_NN of_IN alloy_NN to_IN J77 91 intercrystalline_JJ attack_NN ,_, Ketcham_NP and_CC Taylor_NP do_DO J77 91 not_XNOT mention_VB J77 92 stress-corrosion_NN ,_, and_CC while_CS their_PP$ tests_NNS are_BER J77 92 no_ATI doubt_NN of_IN value_NN ,_, tests_NNS J77 93 including_IN stress_NN application_NN would_MD be_BE preferred_VBN ._. ^ J77 93 silver_NN is_BEZ highly_RB J77 94 cathodic_JJ to_IN aluminium_NN ,_, and_CC alloys_NNS containing_VBG J77 94 large_JJ additions_NNS of_IN silver_NN J77 95 might_MD be_BE expected_VBN to_TO be_BE correspondingly_RB low_JJ in_IN J77 95 corrosion_NN resistance_NN ._. J77 96 ^ this_DT has_HVZ been_BEN shown_VBN to_TO be_BE the_ATI case_NN by_IN J77 96 Stadelmeier_NP and_CC Whitener_NP ;_; in_IN J77 97 their_PP$ aluminium-silver_JJB alloy_NN ,_, \0Ag*;2**;Al_&FO was_BEDZ J77 97 precipitated_VBN on_IN the_ATI J77 98 grain_NN boundaries_NNS ,_, and_CC in_IN a_AT refrigerator_NN J77 98 atmosphere_NN samples_NNS were_BED J77 99 completely_RB pulverised_VBN in_IN four_CD weeks_NNS ._. ^ a_AT J77 99 committee_NN of_IN the_ATI national_JJ J77 100 association_NN of_IN corrosion_NN engineers_NNS has_HVZ reported_VBN J77 100 on_IN its_PP$ investigations_NNS J77 101 of_IN techniques_NNS applicable_JJ to_IN the_ATI examination_NN of_IN J77 101 aluminium_NN corrosion_NN J77 102 products_NNS ,_, including_IN X-ray_NN diffraction_NN and_CC J77 102 fluorescence_NN ,_, thermal_JJ J77 103 analysis_NN ,_, electrographic_JJ methods_NNS ,_, spectrographic_JJ J77 103 analysis_NN ,_, microscopic_JJ J77 104 examination_NN and_CC quantitative_JJ and_CC qualitative_JJ tests_NNS J77 104 ._. J77 105 ^ having_HVG purified_VBN water_NN sufficiently_RB for_IN it_PP3 J77 105 to_TO merit_VB the_ATI J77 106 application_NN high-purity_NN ,_, the_ATI user_NN is_BEZ anxious_JJ J77 106 to_TO keep_VB it_PP3 so_PN ,_, and_CC J77 107 Knoedler_NP and_CC Gordon_NP have_HV assembled_VBN test_NN data_NNS J77 107 on_IN many_AP materials_NNS that_WPR J77 108 may_MD be_BE used_VBN for_IN containers_NNS ,_, pipes_NNS ,_, \0etc_RB J77 108 ,_, including_IN steel_NN sprayed_VBN J77 109 with_IN aluminium_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI same_AP combination_NN J77 109 coated_VBN with_IN a_AT polyvinyl_NN top_JJB J77 110 coat_NN ._. ^ commercially_RB pure_JJ aluminium_NN and_CC J77 110 aluminium-manganese_JJB alloy_NN tanks_NNS J77 111 were_BED also_RB used_VBN ,_, and_CC the_ATI water_NN showed_VBD J77 111 0.035_CD parts_NNS per_IN million_CD of_IN J77 112 aluminium_NN after_IN 56_CD days'_NNS$ storage_NN ;_; a_AT very_QL J77 112 low_JJ proportion_NN ._. ^ in_IN comparing_VBG J77 113 metals_NNS for_IN compatibility_NN with_IN 90_CD %_NNU hydrogen_NN J77 113 peroxide_NN ,_, Bloom_NP and_CC his_PP$ J77 114 co-workers_NNS award_VB classification_NN 1_CD1 only_RB to_IN pure_JJ J77 114 aluminium_NN ,_, certain_JJ J77 115 aluminium_NN alloys_NNS and_CC zirconium_NN ._. ^ a_AT rocket_NN J77 115 fuel_NN rejoicing_NN in_IN the_ATI name_NN J77 116 of_IN unsymmetrical_JJ dimethylhydrazine_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J77 116 successfully_RB stored_VBN in_IN J77 117 aluminium_NN containers_NNS for_IN three_CD years_NNS without_IN ill_JJ J77 117 effect_NN ,_, as_CS reported_VBN J77 118 by_IN Raleigh_NP and_CC Derr_NP ._. ^ many_AP somewhat_RB unusual_JJ J77 118 chemicals_NNS are_BER needed_VBN in_IN J77 119 conjunction_NN with_IN rocket_NN engines_NNS ,_, and_CC Geiger_NP ,_, J77 119 Schuler_NP and_CC Mowers_NP have_HV J77 120 discussed_VBN material_NN selection_NN problems_NNS in_IN the_ATI J77 120 light_NN of_IN present_JJ J77 121 knowledge_NN ._. ^ aluminium_NN is_BEZ compatible_JJ with_IN J77 121 hydrogen_NN peroxide_NN ,_, nitrogen_NN J77 122 tetroxide_NN ,_, liquid_JJ fluorine_NN and_CC inhibited_JJ red_JJ J77 122 fuming_JJ nitric_JJ acid_NN ,_, J77 123 amongst_IN other_AP rocket_NN chemicals_NNS ._. J77 124 ^ Aylmore_NP ,_, Gregg_NP and_CC Jepson_NP have_HV studied_VBN J77 124 the_ATI oxides_NNS formed_VBN when_WRB J77 125 aluminium_NN is_BEZ heated_VBN in_IN dry_JJ oxygen_NN and_CC J77 125 interpreted_VBD their_PP$ results_NNS as_CS J77 126 showing_VBG crystallisation_NN of_IN an_AT initially_RB formed_VBN J77 126 amorphous_JJ layer_NN ._. ^ using_VBG J77 127 an_AT \0A.C_NN bridge_NN ,_, Lorking_NP measured_VBD the_ATI J77 127 capacity_NN and_CC thus_RB the_ATI J77 128 thickness_NN of_IN non-porous_JJ oxide_NN films_NNS on_IN aluminium_NN J77 128 ;_; chloride_NN ions_NNS in_IN J77 129 solution_NN increased_VBD the_ATI permeability_NN of_IN the_ATI film_NN J77 129 ,_, and_CC this_DT was_BEDZ detected_VBN J77 130 by_IN potential_NN measurements_NNS ._. ^ since_CS a_AT general_JJ J77 130 air_NN of_IN pessimism_NN permeates_VBZ J77 131 the_ATI account_NN by_IN Capp_NP and_CC Philibert_NP about_IN ship_NN J77 131 corrosion_NN ,_, their_PP$ remarks_NNS J77 132 about_IN trouble_NN with_IN aluminium_NN are_BER perhaps_RB less_QL J77 132 unacceptable_JJ ;_; however_RB ,_, J77 133 they_PP3AS seem_VB to_TO be_BE ill-informed_JJ about_IN J77 133 developments_NNS since_IN the_ATI war_NN in_IN such_ABL J77 134 matters_NNS as_IN riveting_NN and_CC boundary_NN bar_NN joints_NNS ,_, J77 134 and_CC the_ATI general_JJ avoidance_NN J77 135 of_IN bimetallic_JJ corrosion_NN ._. ^ the_ATI stupid_JJ things_NNS J77 135 that_WPR are_BER still_RB done_VBN are_BER J77 136 exemplified_VBN in_IN an_AT account_NN by_IN Brooks_NP of_IN a_AT J77 136 floodlight_NN from_IN a_AT fishing_NN J77 137 vessel_NN ,_, that_WPR had_HVD castings_NNS in_IN an_AT aluminium_NN J77 137 alloy_NN containing_VBG 2_CD 1/2_CD %_NNU J77 138 copper_NN ,_, was_BEDZ bolted_VBN together_RB with_IN brass_NN J77 138 bolts_NNS ,_, and_CC employed_VBD an_AT J77 139 absorbent_JJ fibre_NN gasket_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 seems_VBZ hardly_RB J77 139 conceivable_JJ ,_, but_CC these_DTS things_NNS J77 140 still_RB happen_VB ,_, even_RB in_IN the_ATI second_OD half_NN of_IN J77 140 the_ATI twentieth_OD century_NN ._. ^ in_IN J77 141 the_ATI aircraft_NN industry_NN ,_, hazards_NNS are_BER much_RB more_QL J77 141 fully_RB recognised_VBN ;_; Heath_NP J77 142 has_HVZ shown_VBN how_WRB modern_JJ aircraft_NN design_NN is_BEZ J77 142 being_BEG modified_VBN to_TO provide_VB J77 143 access_NN to_IN all_ABN parts_NNS for_IN inspection_NN ,_, to_TO J77 143 ensure_VB that_CS unobserved_JJ J77 144 corrosion_NN can_MD not_XNOT proceed_VB to_TO cause_VB a_AT J77 144 catastrophe_NN ._. ^ this_DT requirement_NN in_IN J77 145 design_NN is_BEZ ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, most_QL important_JJ in_IN J77 145 modern_JJ aircraft_NNS from_IN which_WDTR J77 146 long_JJ service_NN lives_NNS are_BER expected_VBN ._. J77 147 ^ corrosion_NN at_IN welds_NNS has_HVZ not_XNOT proved_VBN a_AT J77 147 serious_JJ problem_NN with_IN J77 148 aluminium_NN since_CS the_ATI dangers_NNS of_IN flux_NN entrapment_NN J77 148 were_BED eliminated_VBN by_IN the_ATI J77 149 adoption_NN of_IN inert_JJ gas-shielded_JJ welding_NN methods_NNS ;_; J77 149 however_RB ,_, trouble_NN with_IN J77 150 large_JJ gas-welded_JJ cooking_NN pans_NNS in_IN aluminium-2_JJB %_NNU J77 150 magnesium_NN alloy_NN J77 151 described_VBN by_IN Latimer_NP was_BEDZ not_XNOT due_JJ to_IN flux_NN J77 151 residues_NNS ._. ^ *'_*' knife-edge_NN J77 152 **'_**' attack_NN along_IN the_ATI sides_NNS of_IN the_ATI welds_NNS J77 152 was_BEDZ shown_VBN to_TO be_BE associated_VBN with_IN J77 153 the_ATI coarse_JJ structure_NN of_IN the_ATI partially_RB fused_VBN J77 153 zone_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI presence_NN of_IN J77 154 continuous_JJ b-phase_NN on_IN the_ATI grain_NN boundaries_NNS of_IN J77 154 the_ATI heat-affected_JJ J77 155 zones_NNS ._. ^ this_DT could_MD be_BE avoided_VBN by_IN welding_VBG J77 155 at_IN a_AT faster_JJR rate_NN with_IN less_AP J77 156 heat_NN input_NN ,_, \0e.g_RB by_IN tungsten-arc_JJB welding_NN ._. ^ J77 156 Oldfield_NP and_CC Twigg_NP J77 157 investigating_VBG the_ATI staining_NN of_IN stainless_JJ steel_NN J77 157 tableware_NN ,_, tested_VBD blades_NNS J77 158 in_IN contact_NN with_IN galvanised_JJ iron_NN and_CC with_IN J77 158 aluminium_NN in_IN Sheffield_NP tap_NN J77 159 water_NN at_IN 60_CD *@_NNU and_CC 100_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP ._. ^ J77 159 they_PP3AS concluded_VBD that_CS aluminium_NN containers_NNS J77 160 are_BER reasonably_RB safe_JJ for_IN trays_NNS or_CC baskets_NNS for_IN J77 160 washing_VBG stainless_JJ steel_NN J77 161 cutlery_NN ,_, but_CC galvanised_JJ iron_NN can_MD cause_VB staining_NN J77 161 ._. J77 162 ^ aluminium-magnesium-silicon_JJB alloy_NN (_( similar_JJ to_IN h9-p_NN J77 162 )_) pipe_NN ,_, TIG_NP J77 163 welded_VBN ,_, and_CC used_VBN for_IN sour_JJ gas_NN was_BEDZ J77 163 inspected_VBN by_IN Flournoy_NP after_IN being_BEG J77 164 buried_VBN for_IN six_CD years_NNS without_IN protection_NN in_IN a_AT J77 164 soil_NN of_IN sandy_JJ loam_NN and_CC J77 165 broken_JJ caliche_NN ._. ^ where_WRB failure_NN had_HVD occurred_VBN J77 165 ,_, it_PP3 was_BEDZ by_IN pitting_NN from_IN J77 166 the_ATI outside_NN ,_, and_CC chlorides_NNS were_BED detected_VBN in_IN J77 166 the_ATI corrosion_NN product_NN ._. J77 167 ^ this_DT experience_NN shows_VBZ that_CS aluminium_NN is_BEZ J77 167 resistant_JJ to_IN sour_JJ gas_NN ,_, and_CC J77 168 may_MD be_BE installed_VBN bare_JJ underground_RB if_CS protection_NN J77 168 is_BEZ afforded_VBN at_IN local_JJ J77 169 spots_NNS of_IN high_JJ corrosivity_NN ._. J77 170 ^ if_CS one_CD1 keeps_VBZ the_ATI anti-freeze_NN in_IN the_ATI J77 170 cooling_JJ system_NN of_IN one's_CD1$ car_NN J77 171 from_IN year_NN to_IN year_NN ,_, one_CD1 runs_VBZ the_ATI risk_NN J77 171 of_IN corrosion_NN of_IN the_ATI cast-iron_JJB J77 172 parts_NNS of_IN the_ATI circuit_NN ,_, due_JJ to_IN increase_NN in_IN J77 172 acid_NN content_NN and_CC reduction_NN of_IN J77 173 inhibitor_NN content_NN of_IN the_ATI cooling_JJ liquid_NN ._. ^ J77 173 this_DT has_HVZ been_BEN shown_VBN by_IN J77 174 Collins_NP and_CC Higgins_NP ,_, who_WPR also_RB state_VB that_CS J77 174 the_ATI danger_NN of_IN corrosion_NN of_IN J77 175 other_AP metals_NNS by_IN the_ATI deteriorated_JJ anti-freeze_NN is_BEZ J77 175 slight_JJ ;_; only_RB J77 176 occasionally_RB has_HVZ slight_JJ pitting_NN been_BEN seen_VBN with_IN J77 176 aluminium_NN ,_, and_CC no_ATI J77 177 corrosion_NN necessitating_VBG replacement_NN has_HVZ resulted_VBN ._. ^ J77 177 investigating_VBG the_ATI J77 178 special_JJ case_NN of_IN hypereutectic_JJ aluminium-silicon_JJB J77 178 alloys_NNS under_IN J77 179 conditions_NNS related_VBN to_IN car_NN engine_NN cooling_NN J77 179 systems_NNS ,_, Craig_NP and_CC Woods_NPLS have_HV J77 180 shown_VBN that_CS such_ABL alloys_NNS ,_, even_RB when_WRB coupled_VBN J77 180 to_IN copper_NN ,_, are_BER corroded_VBN to_IN a_AT J77 181 negligible_JJ extent_NN if_CS there_EX are_BER suitable_JJ J77 181 inhibitors_NNS in_IN the_ATI coolant_NN ;_; in_RB J77 182 general_RB" ,_, hypereutectic_JJ aluminium-silicon_JJB alloys_NNS J77 182 are_BER more_QL corrosion_NN J77 183 resistant_JJ than_IN cast_NN iron_NN ._. J77 184 ^ Sundararajan_NP and_CC Char_NP ,_, continuing_VBG their_PP$ J77 184 studies_NNS of_IN inhibition_NN of_IN J77 185 the_ATI corrosion_NN of_IN aluminium_NN ,_, have_HV assessed_VBN J77 185 the_ATI effects_NNS of_IN acridine_NN ,_, J77 186 nicotinic_JJ acid_NN ,_, dextrin_NN ,_, thiourea_NN and_CC tannic_JJ J77 186 acid_NN in_IN dilute_JJ J77 187 hydrochloric_JJ acid_NN ;_; all_ABN were_BED efficient_JJ ._. ^ in_IN J77 187 a_AT second_OD paper_NN these_DTS J77 188 authors_NNS describe_VB polarisation_NN studies_NNS in_IN acid_NN J77 188 and_CC alkaline_JJ solutions_NNS ,_, J77 189 with_IN thiourea_NN and_CC dextrin_NN as_IN inhibitors_NNS ,_, and_CC J77 189 conclude_VB that_CS cathodic_JJ J77 190 protection_NN is_BEZ possible_JJ in_IN acid_NN solutions_NNS in_IN J77 190 the_ATI potential_JJ range_NN -0.55_CD J77 191 to_IN -0.80_CD \0V_NNU ._. ^ in_IN both_ABX these_DTS papers_NNS J77 191 one_CD1 meets_VBZ again_RB the_ATI curious_JJ J77 192 material_NN previously_RB described_VBN by_IN Sundararajan_NP and_CC J77 192 Char_NP ,_, namely_RB 92_CD %_NNU J77 193 pure_JJ aluminium_NN ,_, containing_VBG 3_CD %_NNU \0Fe_&FO ,_, 4_CD J77 193 %_NNU \0Mn_&FO ,_, 1_CD1 %_NNU \0Si_&FO ;_; doubts_NNS about_IN J77 194 decimal_JJ points_NNS return_VB more_QL strongly_RB than_CS ever_RB ._. J77 194 ^ using_VBG some_DTI impressive_JJ J77 195 mathematics_NN ,_, Bauer_NP and_CC Eddy_NP have_HV compared_VBN J77 195 various_JJ possible_JJ anode_NN J77 196 materials_NNS for_IN the_ATI protection_NN of_IN water_NN tanks_NNS ._. J77 196 ^ one_CD1 interesting_JJ factor_NN J77 197 affecting_VBG choice_NN is_BEZ whether_CS or_CC not_XNOT the_ATI J77 197 water_NN freezes_VBZ and_CC breaks_VBZ the_ATI J77 198 anode_NN or_CC suspension_NN ;_; if_CS it_PP3 does_DOZ ,_, aluminium_NN J77 198 is_BEZ used_VBN ,_, because_IN of_IN" its_PP$ J77 199 cheapness_NN ._. J77 200 ^ chemical_JJ conversion_NN coatings_NNS have_HV been_BEN J77 200 summarised_VBN by_IN Ayres_NP ,_, J77 201 considering_VBG them_PP3OS principally_RB from_IN the_ATI point_NN J77 201 of_IN view_NN of_IN corrosion_NN J77 202 resistance_NN ,_, which_WDTR is_BEZ conferred_VBN by_IN low_JJ J77 202 chemical_JJ activity_NN and_CC J77 203 solubility_NN ._. ^ Wells_NP and_CC Pinner_NP have_HV surveyed_VBN J77 203 recent_JJ advances_NNS in_IN J77 204 chemical_JJ and_CC electrolytic_JJ polishing_NN ,_, on_IN all_ABN J77 204 relevant_JJ metals_NNS including_IN J77 205 aluminium_NN ._. J78 2 ^ this_DT particular_JJ detecting_JJ element_NN illustrates_VBZ why_WRB J78 2 the_ATI plant_NN J78 3 engineer_NN is_BEZ slow_JJ to_TO take_VB up_RP new_JJ ideas_NNS ,_, J78 3 for_CS at_IN first_OD sight_NN to_TO introduce_VB J78 4 microwave_NN generating_JJ and_CC detecting_JJ equipment_NN into_IN J78 4 a_AT power_NN station_NN J78 5 fills_VBZ the_ATI plant_NN engineer_NN with_IN horror_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J78 5 is_BEZ only_RB when_WRB the_ATI equipment_NN J78 6 can_MD be_BE made_VBN rugged_JJ and_CC utterly_RB reliable_JJ that_CS J78 6 he_PP3A will_MD consider_VB using_VBG it_PP3 J78 7 at_IN all_ABN ._. J78 8 ^ nowadays_RB engineers_NNS tend_VB to_TO use_VB detecting_JJ J78 8 elements_NNS which_WDTR give_VB an_AT J78 9 electrical_JJ output_NN ._. ^ the_ATI reason_NN for_IN this_DT is_BEZ J78 9 that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ a_AT matter_NN of_IN J78 10 extreme_JJ simplicity_NN to_TO amplify_VB the_ATI signal_NN to_IN J78 10 any_DTI degree_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ J78 11 necessary_JJ ._. ^ moreover_RB ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ very_QL easy_JJ to_TO J78 11 transmit_VB the_ATI signal_NN from_IN one_CD1 J78 12 part_NN of_IN the_ATI plant_NN to_IN another_DT without_IN serious_JJ J78 12 loss_NN ._. ^ detectors_NNS having_HVG J78 13 an_AT electrical_JJ output_NN are_BER therefore_RB of_IN growing_JJ J78 13 importance_NN at_IN the_ATI J78 14 present_JJ time_NN ,_, although_CS in_IN many_AP cases_NNS a_AT J78 14 mechanical_JJ output_NN is_BEZ still_RB J78 15 quite_RB satisfactory_JJ ._. J78 16 ^ pneumatic_JJ devices_NNS ._. J78 17 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ surprising_JJ that_CS so_QL little_AP use_NN is_BEZ J78 17 made_VBN of_IN pneumatic_JJ J78 18 devices_NNS for_IN measurement_NN and_CC control_NN of_IN small_JJ J78 18 distances_NNS ._. ^ work_NN which_WDTR J78 19 has_HVZ been_BEN done_VBN in_IN the_ATI British_JNP scientific_JJ J78 19 instrument_NN research_NN J78 20 association_NN has_HVZ shown_VBN that_CS pneumatic_JJ gauging_NN is_BEZ J78 20 an_AT almost_RB ideal_JJ way_NN of_IN J78 21 deciding_VBG if_CS a_AT sliver_NN of_IN a_AT semiconducting_JJ J78 21 material_NN is_BEZ of_IN the_ATI right_JJ J78 22 dimensions_NNS for_IN manufacturing_VBG a_AT transistor_NN ._. ^ J78 22 pneumatic_JJ bearings_NNS also_RB J78 23 have_HV a_AT considerable_JJ application_NN which_WDTR has_HVZ not_XNOT J78 23 been_BEN developed_VBN outside_IN J78 24 gyroscopes_NNS :_: for_IN example_NN ,_, a_AT patent_NN has_HVZ J78 24 recently_RB been_BEN taken_VBN out_RP covering_VBG J78 25 the_ATI use_NN of_IN a_AT pneumatic_JJ bearing_NN for_IN a_AT glass_NN J78 25 polishing_NN head_NN ._. ^ passing_VBG on_RP J78 26 to_IN optical_JJ detecting_JJ elements_NNS ,_, which_WDTR are_BER J78 26 now_RN beginning_VBG to_TO receive_VB the_ATI J78 27 attention_NN they_PP3AS deserve_VB as_IN a_AT result_NN of_IN the_ATI J78 27 application_NN of_IN electronic_JJ J78 28 devices_NNS to_TO replace_VB the_ATI human_JJ eye_NN ,_, these_DTS J78 28 are_BER coming_VBG more_RBR and_CC more_RBR into_IN J78 29 favour_NN as_IN on_IN line_NN instruments_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J78 29 nondispersive_JJ infra-red_JJ J78 30 spectrometer_NN is_BEZ a_AT good_JJ example_NN ,_, while_CS the_ATI J78 30 automatic_JJ saccharimeter_NN J78 31 developed_VBN at_IN the_ATI national_JJ physical_JJ laboratory_NN J78 31 has_HVZ a_AT good_JJ future_NN ,_, but_CC J78 32 it_PP3 is_BEZ when_WRB one_CD1 comes_VBZ to_TO consider_VB the_ATI J78 32 more_QL sophisticated_JJ optical_JJ J78 33 electronic_JJ instruments_NNS that_CS one_CD1 finds_VBZ the_ATI J78 33 numerous_JJ advantages_NNS of_IN J78 34 utilising_VBG the_ATI visible_JJ and_CC near_RI visible_JJ portions_NNS J78 34 of_IN the_ATI electromagnetic_JJ J78 35 spectrometer_NN ._. ^ the_ATI Hilger_NP &_CC Watts_NP automatic_JJ J78 35 spectrographs_NNS are_BER now_RN well_RB J78 36 known_VBN and_CC are_BER in_IN constant_JJ use_NN in_IN the_ATI iron_NN J78 36 and_CC steel_NN industries_NNS ,_, while_CS J78 37 optical_JJ methods_NNS are_BER beginning_VBG to_TO be_BE used_VBN in_IN J78 37 the_ATI guidance_NN systems_NNS of_IN J78 38 many_AP of_IN our_PP$ guided_JJ missiles_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J78 38 importance_NN of_IN electrical_JJ detecting_JJ J78 39 elements_NNS has_HVZ already_RB been_BEN stressed_VBN ._. ^ of_IN J78 39 these_DTS ,_, the_ATI piezo_NN electric_JJ J78 40 effect_NN is_BEZ the_ATI best_RBT known_JJ and_CC most_QL used_JJ ,_, J78 40 apart_IN from_IN" the_ATI obvious_JJ J78 41 conventional_JJ cases_NNS of_IN the_ATI thermocouple_NN and_CC the_ATI J78 41 resistance_NN thermometer_NN ._. J78 42 ^ the_ATI piezo_NN electric_JJ effect_NN can_MD be_BE used_VBN to_TO J78 42 launch_VB ultrasonic_JJ waves_NNS in_IN a_AT J78 43 liquid_NN or_CC in_IN a_AT slurry_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI resulting_JJ J78 43 phenomena_NNS are_BER only_RB now_RN being_BEG J78 44 investigated_VBN on_IN an_AT industrial_JJ basis_NN ._. ^ nucleonic_JJ J78 44 instruments_NNS tend_VB to_TO be_BE J78 45 largely_RB electronic_JJ devices_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI detecting_JJ J78 45 element_NN itself_PPL generally_RB J78 46 uses_VBZ a_AT nucleonic_JJ phenomenon_NN ,_, but_CC the_ATI J78 46 remainder_NN of_IN the_ATI apparatus_NN is_BEZ J78 47 electronic_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI reason_NN for_IN this_DT is_BEZ that_CS J78 47 nucleonic_JJ detection_NN usually_RB J78 48 takes_VBZ place_NN in_IN a_AT very_QL short_JJ space_NN of_IN time_NN J78 48 and_CC ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, the_ATI big_JJ J78 49 advantage_NN of_IN electronics_NN is_BEZ its_PP$ speed_NN of_IN J78 49 response_NN ._. J78 50 ^ the_ATI preceding_JJ paragraph_NN gives_VBZ some_DTI general_JJ J78 50 reflections_NNS on_IN J78 51 detecting_JJ elements_NNS ._. ^ a_AT book_NN could_MD easily_RB be_BE J78 51 written_VBN on_IN this_DT subject_NN J78 52 without_IN exhausting_VBG the_ATI possibilities_NNS ._. J78 53 ^ mechanical_JJ ,_, hydraulic_JJ ,_, pneumatic_JJ and_CC J78 53 electrical_JJ amplifiers_NNS are_BER J78 54 all_ABN in_IN use_NN in_IN automatic_JJ control_NN systems_NNS ,_, J78 54 and_CC these_DTS represent_VB the_ATI J78 55 second_OD class_NN of_IN component_NN into_IN which_WDTR the_ATI J78 55 system_NN can_MD be_BE resolved_VBN ._. J78 56 ^ mechanical_JJ amplifiers_NNS are_BER exemplified_VBN by_IN levers_NNS J78 56 ,_, while_CS hydraulic_JJ J78 57 amplifiers_NNS are_BER exemplified_VBN by_IN transference_NN of_IN a_AT J78 57 pressure_NN or_CC a_AT flow_NN J78 58 from_IN a_AT wide_JJ tube_NN to_IN a_AT narrow_JJ one_CD1 ._. ^ J78 58 pneumatic_JJ amplifiers_NNS operate_VB in_IN J78 59 much_RB the_ATI same_AP way_NN as_IN hydraulic_JJ amplifiers_NNS ,_, J78 59 but_CC offer_VB greater_JJR diversity_NN J78 60 in_IN their_PP$ application_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 should_MD be_BE noted_VBN J78 60 that_CS in_IN none_PN of_IN these_DTS cases_NNS J78 61 is_BEZ there_EX any_DTI real_JJ gain_NN in_IN the_ATI energy_NN of_IN J78 61 the_ATI signal_NN ._. ^ for_IN example_NN ,_, a_AT J78 62 lever_NN increases_VBZ the_ATI movement_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ J78 62 available_JJ to_IN the_ATI observer_NN ,_, but_CC J78 63 it_PP3 does_DOZ so_PN at_IN the_ATI expense_NN of_IN the_ATI effort_NN J78 63 which_WDTR is_BEZ available_JJ at_IN the_ATI end_NN J78 64 of_IN the_ATI lever_NN ._. ^ the_ATI same_AP is_BEZ true_JJ of_IN J78 64 the_ATI hydraulic_JJ and_CC pneumatic_JJ J78 65 amplifiers_NNS which_WDTR have_HV been_BEN mentioned_VBN ._. ^ J78 65 nevertheless_RB ,_, amplifiers_NNS have_HV J78 66 been_BEN made_VBN which_WDTR correspond_VB exactly_RB to_IN the_ATI J78 66 electronic_JJ amplifier_NN :_: the_ATI J78 67 signal_NN strength_NN is_BEZ actually_RB increased_VBN at_IN the_ATI J78 67 expense_NN of_IN a_AT reservoir_NN of_IN J78 68 gas_NN or_CC liquid_NN ._. ^ electronic_JJ amplifiers_NNS are_BER J78 68 essentially_RB devices_NNS which_WDTR J78 69 transform_VB part_NN of_IN the_ATI direct_JJ current_NN available_JJ J78 69 from_IN the_ATI power_NN supply_NN J78 70 to_IN signal_NN current_NN ,_, which_WDTR can_MD then_RN be_BE used_VBN J78 70 to_TO perform_VB an_AT operation_NN ._. J78 71 ^ the_ATI third_OD element_NN of_IN a_AT control_NN system_NN is_BEZ J78 71 the_ATI transmission_NN itself_PPL ._. J78 72 ^ at_IN the_ATI present_JJ time_NN the_ATI transmission_NN is_BEZ J78 72 very_QL often_RB done_VBN hydraulically_RB J78 73 or_CC pneumatically_RB ,_, but_CC electrical_JJ systems_NNS are_BER J78 73 gradually_RB coming_VBG into_IN J78 74 use_NN ,_, subject_JJ ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, to_IN the_ATI J78 74 stringent_JJ conditions_NNS of_IN intrinsic_JJ J78 75 safety_NN ._. ^ where_WRB long_JJ runs_NNS are_BER required_VBN ,_, J78 75 electrical_JJ transmission_NN is_BEZ J78 76 obviously_RB to_TO be_BE preferred_VBN ._. J78 77 ^ the_ATI use_NN of_IN computers_NNS ._. J78 78 ^ the_ATI next_AP item_NN in_IN the_ATI control_NN system_NN has_HVZ J78 78 gained_VBN considerable_JJ J78 79 notoriety_NN and_CC is_BEZ sometimes_RB thought_VBN by_IN the_ATI J78 79 uninitiated_JJ to_TO be_BE the_ATI J78 80 principal_JJB component_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ the_ATI data_NNS J78 80 logger_NN or_CC computer_NN ._. ^ computers_NNS J78 81 were_BED originally_RB manufactured_VBN in_IN analogue_NN form_NN to_TO J78 81 solve_VB certain_JJ complex_JJ J78 82 differential_JJ equations_NNS and_CC ,_, in_IN the_ATI first_OD J78 82 instance_NN ,_, they_PP3AS were_BED J78 83 mechanically_RB operated_VBN ._. ^ thereafter_RB ,_, electronic_JJ J78 83 computers_NNS came_VBD in_RP ,_, J78 84 operated_VBN digitally_RB ,_, and_CC since_IN then_RN there_EX has_HVZ J78 84 been_BEN competition_NN between_IN J78 85 the_ATI analogue_NN computer_NN and_CC the_ATI digital_JJ computer_NN J78 85 ._. ^ to_IN a_AT certain_JJ limited_JJ J78 86 extent_NN the_ATI analogue_NN computers_NNS are_BER very_QL useful_JJ J78 86 for_IN the_ATI examination_NN of_IN J78 87 plant_NN characteristics_NNS ,_, and_CC such_ABL computers_NNS can_MD J78 87 be_BE used_VBN to_IN advantage_NN J78 88 when_WRB a_AT new_JJ plant_NN is_BEZ being_BEG set_VBN up_RP which_WDTR J78 88 is_BEZ to_TO be_BE automatically_RB J78 89 controlled_VBN throughout_RI ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, J78 89 where_WRB extreme_JJ accuracy_NN is_BEZ J78 90 required_VBN the_ATI digital_JJ computer_NN is_BEZ the_ATI only_AP J78 90 one_CD1 to_TO use_VB and_CC electronic_JJ J78 91 digital_JJ computers_NNS are_BER employed_VBN to_IN advantage_NN in_IN J78 91 performing_VBG difficult_JJ J78 92 calculations_NNS in_IN optics_NN ,_, in_IN stresses_NNS and_CC J78 92 strains_NNS in_IN aircraft_NNS ,_, and_CC in_IN a_AT J78 93 multitude_NN of_IN other_AP problems_NNS ._. ^ so_QL far_RB as_CS J78 93 process_NN control_NN is_BEZ concerned_VBN ,_, J78 94 after_CS the_ATI preliminary_JJ investigation_NN has_HVZ been_BEN J78 94 carried_VBN out_RP by_IN means_IN" of_IN" J78 95 an_AT analogue_NN computer_NN ,_, the_ATI equipment_NN to_TO be_BE J78 95 used_VBN on_IN the_ATI plant_NN should_MD be_BE J78 96 as_QL simple_JJ as_CS possible_JJ and_CC should_MD comprise_VB a_AT J78 96 detecting_JJ element_NN ,_, a_AT data_NNS J78 97 logger_NN and_CC a_AT controller_NN ,_, the_ATI third_OD being_BEG J78 97 connected_VBN ,_, of_RB course_RB" ,_, by_IN J78 98 transmission_NN lines_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI data_NNS logger_NN is_BEZ J78 98 usually_RB called_VBN upon_IN to_TO perform_VB J78 99 one_CD1 or_CC two_CD simple_JJ operations_NNS and_CC ,_, as_IN such_ABL J78 99 ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT worth_IN while_NN using_VBG J78 100 a_AT general_JJ purpose_NN electronic_JJ digital_JJ computer_NN to_TO J78 100 do_DO the_ATI job_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ J78 101 therefore_RB the_ATI writer's_NN$ opinion_NN that_CS general_JJ J78 101 purpose_NN computers_NNS have_HV no_ATI J78 102 long_JJ term_NN significance_NN so_QL far_RB as_CS process_NN or_CC J78 102 machine_NN tool_NN control_NN is_BEZ J78 103 concerned_VBN ._. ^ rather_RB the_ATI data_NNS loggers_NNS and_CC J78 103 computers_NNS which_WDTR will_MD be_BE used_VBN J78 104 in_IN these_DTS circumstances_NNS will_MD be_BE small_JJ black_JJ J78 104 boxes_NNS ,_, designed_VBN to_TO do_DO J78 105 specific_JJ jobs_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 will_MD be_BE seen_VBN that_CS J78 105 the_ATI problem_NN of_IN the_ATI computer_NN is_BEZ in_IN J78 106 no_ATI way_NN related_VBN to_IN the_ATI problem_NN of_IN the_ATI J78 106 detecting_JJ element_NN ._. ^ when_WRB we_PP1AS are_BER J78 107 concerned_VBN with_IN the_ATI right_JJ kind_NN of_IN detecting_JJ J78 107 element_NN to_TO use_VB for_IN a_AT J78 108 particular_JJ purpose_NN ,_, this_DT takes_VBZ us_PP1OS into_IN the_ATI J78 108 background_NN of_IN science_NN to_TO J78 109 examine_VB all_ABN the_ATI various_JJ phenomena_NNS and_CC decide_VB J78 109 on_IN the_ATI right_JJ device_NN ._. ^ on_IN J78 110 the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, so_QL far_RB as_CS data_NNS loggers_NNS J78 110 and_CC computers_NNS are_BER concerned_VBN it_PP3 J78 111 is_BEZ a_AT matter_NN of_IN straightforward_JJ engineering_NN ,_, J78 111 for_CS the_ATI circuits_NNS and_CC J78 112 devices_NNS to_TO be_BE used_VBN to_TO perform_VB the_ATI various_JJ J78 112 specific_JJ tasks_NNS are_BER all_ABN well_RB J78 113 understood_VBN ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ only_RB one_CD1 case_NN where_WRB J78 113 this_DT may_MD not_XNOT be_BE completely_RB J78 114 true_JJ ,_, and_CC that_DT is_BEZ where_WRB extreme_JJ speed_NN is_BEZ J78 114 required_VBN in_IN the_ATI computer_NN ,_, but_CC J78 115 this_DT occurs_VBZ so_QL seldom_RB in_IN process_NN control_NN or_CC J78 115 machine_NN tool_NN control_NN that_CS J78 116 it_PP3 is_BEZ hardly_RB worth_IN considering_VBG ._. J78 117 ^ the_ATI controller_NN ._. J78 118 ^ the_ATI last_AP element_NN in_IN the_ATI automatic_JJ control_NN J78 118 system_NN is_BEZ the_ATI J78 119 controller_NN itself_PPL ._. ^ this_DT has_HVZ to_TO be_BE a_AT J78 119 mechanical_JJ device_NN since_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ J78 120 applied_VBN to_IN the_ATI line_NN and_CC changes_VBZ certain_JJ J78 120 parameters_NNS therein_RB ._. J78 121 ^ controllers_NNS nowadays_RB are_BER usually_RB described_VBN as_IN J78 121 *'_*' three_CD term_NN **'_**' ,_, J78 122 meaning_VBG that_CS they_PP3AS have_HV a_AT proportional_JJ control_NN J78 122 ,_, a_AT control_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ J78 123 determined_VBN by_IN the_ATI rate_NN of_IN change_NN of_IN the_ATI J78 123 signal_NN ,_, and_CC a_AT control_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ J78 124 determined_VBN by_IN the_ATI integral_NN of_IN the_ATI signal_NN ._. ^ J78 124 three_CD term_NN controllers_NNS J78 125 require_VB careful_JJ setting_NN up_RP ,_, and_CC to_TO make_VB the_ATI J78 125 best_JJT use_NN of_IN them_PP3OS an_AT J78 126 exhaustive_JJ analysis_NN of_IN the_ATI plant_NN is_BEZ necessary_JJ J78 126 ,_, but_CC there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI doubt_NN J78 127 that_CS three_CD term_NN control_NN is_BEZ essential_JJ in_IN most_AP J78 127 cases_NNS if_CS the_ATI plant_NN is_BEZ to_TO J78 128 operate_VB at_IN optimum_JJ efficiency_NN ._. J78 129 ^ the_ATI necessity_NN for_IN the_ATI three_CD term_NN controller_NN J78 129 is_BEZ to_TO be_BE found_VBN in_IN the_ATI J78 130 mode_NN of_IN variation_NN of_IN any_DTI particular_JJ parameter_NN ._. J78 130 ^ for_IN example_NN ,_, if_CS we_PP1AS are_BER J78 131 concerned_VBN with_IN temperature_NN measurement_NN and_CC the_ATI J78 131 temperature_NN should_MD J78 132 suddenly_RB shoot_VB up_RP ,_, then_RN some_DTI degree_NN of_IN J78 132 anticipation_NN is_BEZ given_VBN to_IN the_ATI J78 133 controller_NN by_IN means_IN" of_IN" the_ATI rate_NN of_IN change_NN J78 133 of_IN the_ATI signal_NN ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI other_AP J78 134 hand_NN should_MD the_ATI parameter_NN vary_VB slightly_RB between_IN J78 134 fairly_RB wide_JJ limits_NNS J78 135 over_IN a_AT long_JJ period_NN of_IN time_NN ,_, then_RN it_PP3 is_BEZ J78 135 very_QL difficult_JJ to_TO maintain_VB it_PP3 J78 136 at_IN the_ATI desired_JJ value_NN unless_CS an_AT integral_NN of_IN J78 136 the_ATI signal_NN is_BEZ used_VBN in_IN the_ATI J78 137 control_NN system_NN ._. ^ no_ATI doubt_NN more_QL complex_JJ J78 137 controllers_NNS could_MD be_BE J78 138 manufactured_VBN and_CC may_MD be_BE used_VBN in_IN the_ATI future_NN J78 138 ,_, but_CC in_IN the_ATI meantime_NN the_ATI J78 139 rate_NN of_IN change_NN ,_, the_ATI signal_NN itself_PPL ,_, and_CC J78 139 the_ATI integral_NN of_IN the_ATI signal_NN give_VB J78 140 sufficient_JJ control_NN ._. J78 141 ^ the_ATI instrumentation_NN of_IN reactors_NNS and_CC conventional_JJ J78 141 electrical_JJ power_NN J78 142 units_NNS ._. J78 143 ^ whether_CS coal_NN or_CC uranium_NN is_BEZ used_VBN as_IN the_ATI J78 143 fuel_NN ,_, the_ATI power_NN unit_NN J78 144 must_MD always_RB contain_VB certain_JJ basic_JJ automatic_JJ J78 144 controls_NNS ._. ^ at_IN the_ATI present_JJ J78 145 moment_NN the_ATI output_NN of_IN any_DTI station_NN is_BEZ in_IN J78 145 the_ATI form_NN of_IN electricity_NN ,_, which_WDTR J78 146 usually_RB comes_VBZ from_IN a_AT turbogenerator_NN ._. ^ certain_JJ J78 146 conventional_JJ J78 147 instrumental_JJ controls_NNS are_BER necessary_JJ at_IN this_DT end_NN J78 147 ,_, but_CC with_IN the_ATI J78 148 increasing_JJ use_NN of_IN reactors_NNS as_IN power_NN producing_JJ J78 148 units_NNS ,_, a_AT completely_RB new_JJ J78 149 set_NN of_IN problems_NNS has_HVZ been_BEN posed_VBN to_IN the_ATI J78 149 industrial_JJ instrument_NN J78 150 manufacturer_NN ._. ^ apart_IN from_IN" the_ATI measurement_NN of_IN J78 150 such_ABL novel_JJ parameters_NNS as_IN J78 151 the_ATI neutron_NN flux_NN in_IN the_ATI reactor_NN ,_, the_ATI J78 151 control_NN of_IN temperature_NN has_HVZ become_VBN J78 152 of_IN major_JJ importance_NN ._. ^ an_AT elegant_JJ solution_NN to_IN J78 152 this_DT problem_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT yet_RB J78 153 in_IN sight_NN ,_, but_CC reactors_NNS are_BER able_JJ to_TO operate_VB J78 153 using_VBG a_AT very_QL large_JJ number_NN J78 154 of_IN detecting_JJ elements_NNS which_WDTR measure_VB temperature_NN J78 154 ._. ^ one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI J78 155 outstanding_JJ problems_NNS of_IN reactor_NN instrumentation_NN is_BEZ J78 155 the_ATI measurement_NN of_IN J78 156 flux_NN of_IN intermediate_JJ energy_NN neutrons_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI J78 156 British_JNP scientific_JJ J78 157 instrument_NN research_NN association_NN began_VBD an_AT J78 157 investigation_NN of_IN this_DT problem_NN J78 158 some_DTI three_CD years_NNS ago_RB and_CC the_ATI results_NNS so_QL J78 158 far_RB achieved_VBN are_BER promising_JJ ._. J78 159 ^ as_CS might_MD have_HV been_BEN expected_VBN ,_, on_IN the_ATI way_NN J78 159 towards_IN the_ATI solution_NN of_IN the_ATI J78 160 set_JJ problem_NN (_( the_ATI measurement_NN of_IN flux_NN of_IN J78 160 intermediate_JJ energy_NN neutrons_NNS )_) J78 161 many_AP other_AP problems_NNS have_HV been_BEN brought_VBN to_IN J78 161 the_ATI notice_NN of_IN the_ATI association_NN J78 162 and_CC have_HV been_BEN solved_VBN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ probable_JJ J78 162 that_CS the_ATI work_NN at_IN present_NN in_IN J78 163 progress_NN on_IN new_JJ types_NNS of_IN phosphors_NNS will_MD J78 163 result_VB in_IN a_AT new_JJ set_NN of_IN J78 164 instruments_NNS becoming_VBG available_JJ to_IN the_ATI reactor_NN J78 164 engineer_NN ._. ^ if_CS this_DT is_BEZ J78 165 so_PN ,_, the_ATI economics_NN of_IN reactor_NN manufacture_NN and_CC J78 165 operation_NN will_MD need_VB to_TO be_BE J78 166 completely_RB revised_VBN ._. J78 167 ^ power_NN units_NNS in_IN industry_NN ._. J78 168 ^ almost_RB every_AT big_JJ factory_NN in_IN the_ATI country_NN J78 168 produces_VBZ a_AT large_JJ amount_NN J78 169 of_IN steam_NN ,_, which_WDTR is_BEZ then_RN used_VBN for_IN many_AP J78 169 purposes_NNS ._. ^ these_DTS power_NN units_NNS are_BER J78 170 all_ABN very_QL similar_JJ and_CC one_CD1 would_MD expect_VB that_CS J78 170 their_PP$ instrumentation_NN would_MD J78 171 be_BE well_RB known_VBN and_CC well_RB defined_VBN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ J78 171 not_XNOT the_ATI case_NN ,_, however_RB ._. ^ apart_IN J78 172 from_IN" the_ATI measurement_NN and_CC control_NN of_IN fuel_NN ,_, J78 172 steam_NN pressure_NN ,_, water_NN ,_, and_CC J78 173 alkalinity_NN or_CC acidity_NN ,_, there_EX are_BER many_AP other_AP J78 173 factors_NNS which_WDTR must_MD be_BE J78 174 measured_VBN in_IN an_AT economic_JJ power_NN plant_NN ._. ^ the_ATI J78 174 air_NN to_IN fuel_NN ratio_NN ,_, the_ATI J78 175 carbon_NN monoxide_NN content_NN in_IN the_ATI flue_NN gases_NNS ,_, J78 175 and_CC the_ATI smoke_NN issuing_VBG from_IN J78 176 the_ATI chimney_NN must_MD all_ABN be_BE controlled_VBN ,_, and_CC J78 176 almost_RB every_AT factory_NN has_HVZ its_PP$ J78 177 individual_JJ system_NN ._. ^ there_EX is_BEZ certainly_RB room_NN J78 177 here_RN for_IN a_AT large_JJ amount_NN of_IN J78 178 standardisation_NN and_CC ,_, among_IN smaller_JJR firms_NNS ,_, for_IN J78 178 education_NN in_IN the_ATI value_NN J78 179 of_IN adequate_JJ instrumentation_NN ._. J78 180 ^ future_JJB trends_NNS ._. J78 181 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ a_AT difficult_JJ matter_NN at_IN this_DT J78 181 juncture_NN to_TO specify_VB the_ATI future_JJB J78 182 trends_NNS of_IN instrumentation_NN among_IN our_PP$ basic_JJ J78 182 industries_NNS ,_, and_CC so_RB it_PP3 may_MD be_BE J78 183 well_JJ to_TO deal_VB ,_, first_RB of_IN all_ABN ,_, with_IN those_DTS J78 183 matters_NNS which_WDTR are_BER well_RB defined_VBN ._. J78 184 ^ there_EX is_BEZ no_ATI doubt_NN that_CS large_JJ chemical_JJ J78 184 plants_NNS could_MD use_VB to_IN advantage_NN J78 185 on_IN line_NN instruments_NNS to_TO perform_VB simple_JJ chemical_JJ J78 185 analyses_NNS ,_, but_CC in_IN many_AP J78 186 cases_NNS progress_NN is_BEZ at_IN a_AT standstill_NN because_CS it_PP3 J78 186 is_BEZ very_QL difficult_JJ to_TO J78 187 imagine_VB a_AT detecting_JJ element_NN which_WDTR can_MD be_BE J78 187 successfully_RB applied_VBN to_IN a_AT J78 188 plant_NN ._. ^ another_DT trend_NN which_WDTR has_HVZ been_BEN J78 188 mentioned_VBN above_RI is_BEZ towards_IN the_ATI J78 189 small_JJ special_JJ purpose_NN computer_NN ._. ^ the_ATI general_JJ J78 189 purpose_NN machine_NN usually_RB J78 190 contains_VBZ much_AP more_AP than_CS is_BEZ necessary_JJ to_TO J78 190 perform_VB its_PP$ operation_NN on_IN the_ATI J78 191 plant_NN ,_, and_CC it_PP3 is_BEZ only_RB by_IN cutting_VBG out_RP J78 191 these_DTS unnecessary_JJ devices_NNS that_CS J78 192 the_ATI computer_NN can_MD be_BE made_VBN an_AT economic_JJ J78 192 proposition_NN ._. ^ this_DT trend_NN is_BEZ J78 193 fairly_RB certain_JJ ._. ^ the_ATI other_AP trend_NN which_WDTR J78 193 appears_VBZ to_TO be_BE well_RB established_VBN J78 194 is_BEZ towards_IN the_ATI detecting_JJ element_NN having_HVG an_AT J78 194 electrical_JJ output_NN ._. J79 2 ^ the_ATI ultimate_JJ concentration_NN in_IN the_ATI liquid_JJ J79 2 oxygen_NN will_MD ,_, therefore_RB ,_, J79 3 depend_VB on_IN the_ATI equilibrium_NN constant_NN for_IN the_ATI J79 3 impurity_NN when_WRB present_JJ in_IN J79 4 low_JJ concentration_NN in_IN liquid_JJ oxygen_NN ._. ^ also_RB ,_, J79 4 if_CS the_ATI solubility_NN is_BEZ low_JJ ,_, J79 5 precipitation_NN may_MD occur_VB before_CS the_ATI concentration_NN J79 5 in_IN the_ATI exit_NN gas_NN J79 6 reaches_VBZ the_ATI required_JJ value_NN ,_, and_CC accumulation_NN J79 6 of_IN the_ATI impurity_NN as_IN a_AT J79 7 solid_NN will_MD occur_VB ._. J79 8 ^ table_NN 3_CD shows_VBZ the_ATI results_NNS of_IN calculations_NNS J79 8 for_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN trace_NN J79 9 impurities_NNS in_IN which_WDTR ,_, for_IN different_JJ assumed_JJ J79 9 concentrations_NNS in_IN the_ATI inlet_NN J79 10 air_NN ,_, the_ATI concentration_NN in_IN the_ATI liquid_JJ oxygen_NN J79 10 in_IN the_ATI evaporator_NN for_IN J79 11 steady_JJ state_NN operation_NN has_HVZ been_BEN determined_VBN for_IN J79 11 gaseous_JJ oxygen_NN J79 12 production_NN ._. J79 13 ^ it_PP3 must_MD be_BE appreciated_VBN that_CS the_ATI figures_NNS J79 13 for_IN the_ATI concentration_NN J79 14 build_NN up_RP are_BER dependent_JJ on_IN the_ATI accuracy_NN of_IN J79 14 the_ATI equilibrium_NN data_NNS ,_, which_WDTR J79 15 are_BER uncertain_JJ ,_, but_CC the_ATI table_NN does_DOZ give_VB an_AT J79 15 indication_NN of_IN the_ATI order_NN of_IN J79 16 magnitude_NN to_TO be_BE expected_VBN ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ important_JJ J79 16 to_TO note_VB that_CS where_WRB high_JJ J79 17 concentrations_NNS are_BER theoretically_RB possible_JJ in_IN the_ATI J79 17 plant_NN evaporator_NN the_ATI J79 18 time_NN required_VBN to_TO build_VB them_PP3OS up_RP may_MD be_BE J79 18 considerable_JJ ,_, thus_RB easily_RB J79 19 allowing_VBG steps_NNS to_TO be_BE taken_VBN to_TO prevent_VB such_ABL J79 19 accumulations_NNS occurring_VBG ._. J79 20 ^ before_IN discussing_VBG the_ATI methods_NNS which_WDTR are_BER J79 20 adopted_VBN in_IN practice_NN to_TO J79 21 achieve_VB this_DT ,_, we_PP1AS shall_MD consider_VB in_IN a_AP J79 21 little_AP" more_AP detail_NN the_ATI effect_NN of_IN J79 22 impurities_NNS in_IN the_ATI air_NN intake_NN ._. J79 23 ^ effect_NN of_IN trace_NN impurities_NNS in_IN the_ATI air_NN feed_NN J79 23 ._. J79 24 ^ there_EX has_HVZ been_BEN a_AT considerable_JJ amount_NN of_IN J79 24 work_NN carried_VBN out_RP in_IN J79 25 recent_JJ years_NNS on_IN the_ATI effect_NN of_IN trace_NN J79 25 impurities_NNS in_IN the_ATI air_NN feed_NN ._. ^ not_XNOT J79 26 all_ABN of_IN it_PP3 has_HVZ been_BEN convincing_JJ ,_, and_CC J79 26 certain_JJ aspects_NNS are_BER still_RB by_IN no_ATI J79 27 means_NNS clear_JJ ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ impossible_JJ to_TO do_DO J79 27 more_AP than_CS briefly_RB review_VB J79 28 available_JJ information_NN and_CC data_NNS here_RN ._. J79 29 ^ in_IN considering_VBG the_ATI relative_JJ significance_NN of_IN J79 29 trace_NN impurities_NNS ,_, J79 30 particularly_RB hydrocarbons_NNS ,_, it_PP3 should_MD be_BE borne_VBN J79 30 in_IN mind_NN that_CS small_JJ J79 31 concentrations_NNS of_IN hydrocarbons_NNS dissolved_VBN in_IN liquid_JJ J79 31 oxygen_NN do_DO not_XNOT J79 32 necessarily_RB present_VB a_AT hazard_NN ._. ^ this_DT depends_VBZ J79 32 on_IN the_ATI susceptibility_NN to_IN J79 33 detonation_NN of_IN the_ATI hydrocarbon_NN solution_NN ,_, and_CC on_IN J79 33 the_ATI explosive_JJ limits_NNS ._. J79 34 ^ data_NNS are_BER incomplete_JJ for_IN such_ABL solutions_NNS ,_, J79 34 but_CC generally_RB if_CS the_ATI J79 35 percentage_NN by_IN weight_NN of_IN the_ATI hydrocarbon_NN in_IN J79 35 homogeneous_JJ solution_NN is_BEZ J79 36 less_AP than_IN 2_CD %_NNU ,_, detonation_NN can_MD not_XNOT be_BE J79 36 initiated_VBN ._. ^ in_IN practice_NN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ J79 37 obviously_RB undesirable_JJ to_TO operate_VB near_IN such_ABL a_AT J79 37 limit_NN ._. J79 38 ^ light_JJ hydrocarbons_NNS ,_, carbon_NN monoxide_NN ,_, and_CC J79 38 hydrogen_NN ._. J79 39 ^ in_RB general_RB" ,_, the_ATI C*;1**;_&FO and_CC C*;2**;_&FO J79 39 hydrocarbons_NNS such_IN as_IN" J79 40 methane_NN ,_, ethane_NN ,_, and_CC ethylene_NN ,_, (_( but_CC J79 40 excluding_VBG acetylene_NN )_) which_WDTR have_HV J79 41 relatively_RB low_JJ boiling_NN points_NNS ,_, do_DO not_XNOT J79 41 normally_RB present_VB any_DTI hazard_NN if_CS J79 42 present_JJ as_IN traces_NNS in_IN the_ATI air_NN intake_NN to_IN a_AT J79 42 plant_NN since_CS they_PP3AS are_BER J79 43 appreciably_RB soluble_JJ in_IN liquid_JJ oxygen_NN ,_, and_CC J79 43 their_PP$ equilibrium_NN constants_NNS J79 44 in_IN admixture_NN with_IN this_DT are_BER relatively_RB high_JJ ._. ^ J79 44 this_DT means_VBZ that_CS they_PP3AS will_MD J79 45 not_XNOT tend_VB to_TO accumulate_VB in_IN ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, J79 45 the_ATI oxygen_NN evaporator_NN to_IN any_DTI J79 46 dangerous_JJ concentration_NN under_IN likely_JJ operating_NN J79 46 conditions_NNS ._. J79 47 ^ carbon_NN monoxide_NN and_CC hydrogen_NN in_IN trace_NN J79 47 quantities_NNS present_VB no_ATI J79 48 hazard_NN since_CS hydrogen_NN is_BEZ incondensible_JJ at_IN the_ATI J79 48 temperatures_NNS involved_VBN J79 49 and_CC is_BEZ removed_VBN with_IN the_ATI atmospheric_JJ inert_JJ J79 49 gases_NNS ,_, helium_NN and_CC neon_NN ,_, at_IN a_AT J79 50 suitable_JJ vent-point_NN in_IN the_ATI plant_NN ._. ^ carbon_NN J79 50 monoxide_NN is_BEZ similar_JJ to_IN J79 51 nitrogen_NN in_IN properties_NNS and_CC is_BEZ ,_, in_IN fact_NN ,_, J79 51 more_QL volatile_JJ than_IN oxygen_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J79 52 therefore_RB presents_VBZ no_ATI hazard_NN in_IN trace_NN J79 52 concentrations_NNS ._. J79 53 ^ higher_JJR hydrocarbons_NNS and_CC acetylenics_NNS ._. J79 54 ^ hydrocarbon_NN impurities_NNS under_IN the_ATI rather_RB J79 54 arbitrary_JJ J79 55 classification_NN of_IN higher_JJR hydrocarbons_NNS and_CC J79 55 acetylenics_NNS can_MD arise_VB from_IN J79 56 three_CD possible_JJ sources_NNS ._. J79 57 ^ the_ATI first_OD is_BEZ physical_JJ carry-over_NN of_IN J79 57 hydrocarbon_NN oil_NN from_IN ,_, for_IN J79 58 example_NN ,_, an_AT oil-lubricated_JJ expansion_NN engine_NN ._. ^ J79 58 this_DT can_MD accumulate_VB as_IN a_AT J79 59 solid_NN in_IN an_AT oxygen_NN evaporator_NN unless_CS provision_NN J79 59 is_BEZ made_VBN in_IN the_ATI plant_NN J79 60 design_NN to_TO prevent_VB such_ABL an_AT occurrence_NN ._. J79 61 ^ the_ATI second_OD source_NN is_BEZ from_IN atmospheric_JJ J79 61 contamination_NN ._. J79 62 ^ the_ATI third_OD is_BEZ oxidation_NN or_CC thermal_JJ cracking_NN J79 62 of_IN compressor_NN J79 63 lubricating_JJ oils_NNS where_WRB a_AT reciprocating_JJ compressor_NN J79 63 is_BEZ used_VBN ._. ^ by_IN the_ATI use_NN J79 64 of_IN relatively_RB low_JJ interstage_JJB pressure_NN ratios_NNS (_( J79 64 3/1_CD or_CC less_AP )_) and_CC by_IN the_ATI J79 65 use_NN of_IN lubricating_JJ oils_NNS of_IN high_JJ stability_NN ,_, J79 65 contamination_NN from_IN this_DT J79 66 source_NN can_MD be_BE reduced_VBN to_IN very_QL small_JJ J79 66 proportions_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI problem_NN does_DOZ not_XNOT J79 67 arise_VB with_IN turbocompressors_NNS ._. J79 68 ^ the_ATI higher_JJR hydrocarbons_NNS and_CC acetylenics_NNS have_HV J79 68 low_JJ vapour_NN pressures_NNS J79 69 at_IN liquid_JJ oxygen_NN temperature_NN and_CC are_BER ,_, J79 69 therefore_RB relatively_RB J79 70 non-volatile_JJ ._. ^ when_WRB combined_VBN with_IN a_AT low_JJ J79 70 solubility_NN ,_, as_CS in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN J79 71 acetylene_NN ,_, accumulation_NN as_IN a_AT precipitated_JJ solid_NN J79 71 can_MD occur_VB ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ for_IN J79 72 this_DT reason_NN that_CS acetylene_NN is_BEZ one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI J79 72 most_QL dangerous_JJ of_IN hydrocarbon_NN J79 73 contaminants_NNS ._. ^ its_PP$ solubility_NN in_IN liquid_JJ oxygen_NN J79 73 at_IN its_PP$ normal_JJ boiling_NN J79 74 point_NN is_BEZ approximately_RB 6_CD parts_NNS per_IN million_CD J79 74 and_CC its_PP$ k-value_NN J79 75 (_( defined_VBN as_IN the_ATI ratio_NN of_IN the_ATI mol-fraction_NN J79 75 of_IN hydrocarbon_NN in_IN the_ATI gas_NN J79 76 phase_NN to_IN the_ATI mol-fraction_NN in_IN the_ATI liquid_JJ phase_NN J79 76 under_IN equilibrium_NN J79 77 conditions_NNS )_) is_BEZ between_IN 1/15_CD and_CC 1/70_CD ,_, J79 77 depending_VBG on_IN the_ATI data_NNS used_VBN ,_, for_IN J79 78 oxygen_NN evaporator_NN conditions_NNS ._. ^ whilst_CS solid_JJ J79 78 acetylene_NN itself_PPL is_BEZ more_QL J79 79 stable_JJ than_CS usually_RB realised_VBN ,_, when_WRB mixed_VBN J79 79 with_IN liquid_JJ oxygen_NN it_PP3 is_BEZ J79 80 detonated_VBN relatively_RB easily_RB ._. ^ it_PP3 has_HVZ also_RB J79 80 been_BEN shown_VBN that_CS when_WRB a_AT solid_JJ J79 81 acetylene_NN /_CC liquid_JJ oxygen_NN mixture_NN contains_VBZ fine_JJ J79 81 inert_JJ solid_JJ particles_NNS ,_, J79 82 then_RN the_ATI susceptibility_NN of_IN the_ATI mixture_NN to_IN J79 82 detonation_NN as_CS measured_VBN by_IN an_AT J79 83 impact_NN sensitivity_NN test_NN is_BEZ high_JJ ._. J79 84 ^ it_PP3 has_HVZ also_RB been_BEN stated_VBN by_IN Karwat_NP that_CS J79 84 an_AT incrustation_NN of_IN solid_JJ J79 85 acetylene_NN on_IN oxygen_NN evaporator_NN tubes_NNS ,_, which_WDTR J79 85 can_MD be_BE wetted_VBN by_IN splashing_VBG J79 86 with_IN liquid_NN ,_, represents_VBZ a_AT particularly_RB dangerous_JJ J79 86 condition_NN ._. J79 87 ^ it_PP3 should_MD be_BE appreciated_VBN that_CS whilst_CS the_ATI J79 87 amount_NN of_IN acetylene_NN J79 88 which_WDTR can_MD accumulate_VB in_IN a_AT plant_NN may_MD not_XNOT J79 88 always_RB in_IN itself_PPL be_BE sufficient_JJ J79 89 to_TO cause_VB a_AT serious_JJ explosion_NN ,_, it_PP3 can_MD ,_, J79 89 however_RB ,_, act_VB as_IN a_AT trigger_NN or_CC J79 90 detonator_NN for_IN the_ATI explosion_NN of_IN larger_JJR amounts_NNS J79 90 of_IN carbonaceous_JJ material_NN J79 91 if_CS these_DTS should_MD be_BE allowed_VBN to_TO accumulate_VB ._. J79 92 ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ interesting_JJ to_TO note_VB that_CS recently_RB J79 92 it_PP3 has_HVZ been_BEN pointed_VBN out_RP J79 93 by_IN Karwat_NP that_CS propane_NN may_MD ,_, under_IN certain_JJ J79 93 conditions_NNS ,_, present_VB a_AT rather_RB J79 94 greater_JJR hazard_NN than_CS has_HVZ perhaps_RB hitherto_RB been_BEN J79 94 recognised_VBN ,_, mainly_RB due_JJ J79 95 to_IN the_ATI fact_NN that_CS although_CS its_PP$ solubility_NN in_IN J79 95 liquid_JJ oxygen_NN is_BEZ J79 96 relatively_RB high_JJ (_( circa_RB 50000_CD parts_NNS per_IN million_CD J79 96 of_IN oxygen_NN )_) its_PP$ J79 97 equilibrium_NN constant_NN is_BEZ very_QL low_JJ ._. ^ even_RB J79 97 traces_NNS in_IN the_ATI air_NN feed_NN can_MD ,_, J79 98 therefore_RB ,_, accumulate_VB in_IN the_ATI oxygen_NN evaporator_NN J79 98 unless_CS removed_VBN ._. J79 99 ^ the_ATI higher_JJR molecular_JJ weight_NN hydrocarbons_NNS do_DO J79 99 not_XNOT normally_RB cause_VB J79 100 appreciable_JJ difficulty_NN because_CS they_PP3AS are_BER almost_RB J79 100 completely_RB non-volatile_JJ J79 101 at_IN low_JJ temperatures_NNS and_CC are_BER removed_VBN in_IN the_ATI J79 101 purification_NN or_CC heat_NN J79 102 exchanger_NN system_NN ._. J79 103 ^ non-hydrocarbon_JJB impurities_NNS ._. J79 104 ^ the_ATI main_JJB non-hydrocarbon_JJB impurities_NNS which_WDTR J79 104 are_BER likely_JJ to_TO pass_VB J79 105 through_IN the_ATI heat_NN exchanger_NN system_NN and_CC initial_JJ J79 105 purification_NN on_IN air_NN J79 106 separation_NN plants_NNS are_BER nitrous_JJ oxide_NN ,_, ozone_NN ,_, J79 106 and_CC oxides_NNS of_IN nitrogen_NN ,_, in_RB J79 107 particular_RB" ,_, nitric_JJ oxide_NN ._. ^ these_DTS impurities_NNS J79 107 will_MD also_RB tend_VB to_TO J79 108 concentrate_VB in_IN the_ATI oxygen_NN evaporator_NN ,_, in_RB J79 108 particular_RB" nitrous_JJ oxide_NN J79 109 because_IN of_IN" its_PP$ low_JJ equilibrium_NN constant_NN ._. ^ J79 109 it_PP3 has_HVZ a_AT low_JJ solubility_NN J79 110 (_( circa_RB 100_CD \0v.p.m_NNU )_) and_CC there_EX have_HV been_BEN J79 110 suggestions_NNS that_CS J79 111 mixed_JJ crystals_NNS of_IN nitrous_JJ oxide_NN and_CC acetylene_NN J79 111 may_MD form_VB from_IN saturated_JJ J79 112 solutions_NNS arising_VBG in_IN air_NN separation_NN plants_NNS J79 112 which_WDTR can_MD be_BE easily_RB J79 113 detonated_VBN when_WRB the_ATI acetylene_NN content_NN of_IN the_ATI J79 113 mixed_JJ crystals_NNS is_BEZ high_JJ J79 114 enough_QLP ._. J79 115 ^ whilst_CS fully_RB conclusive_JJ evidence_NN is_BEZ not_XNOT J79 115 available_JJ ,_, there_EX are_BER J79 116 indications_NNS that_CS the_ATI presence_NN of_IN ozone_NN or_CC J79 116 oxides_NNS of_IN nitrogen_NN ,_, (_( or_CC J79 117 both_ABX )_) in_IN the_ATI presence_NN of_IN acetylene_NN or_CC J79 117 other_AP hydrocarbons_NNS may_MD increase_VB J79 118 the_ATI susceptibility_NN to_IN explosion_NN ._. ^ further_JJB J79 118 information_NN is_BEZ required_VBN to_TO J79 119 elucidate_VB fully_RB the_ATI possible_JJ role_NN of_IN these_DTS J79 119 contaminants_NNS ._. J79 120 ^ solid_JJ particles_NNS ._. J79 121 ^ a_AT factor_NN that_WPR is_BEZ not_XNOT always_RB mentioned_VBN J79 121 when_WRB discussing_VBG the_ATI J79 122 safety_NN of_IN air_NN separation_NN plants_NNS is_BEZ the_ATI J79 122 importance_NN of_IN strict_JJ J79 123 cleanliness_NN during_IN plant_NN assembly_NN to_TO avoid_VB the_ATI J79 123 introduction_NN anywhere_RB J79 124 into_IN the_ATI low_JJ temperature_NN system_NN of_IN possible_JJ J79 124 carbonaceous_JJ material_NN ,_, J79 125 \0i.e_RB carbonaceous_JJ dust_NN ,_, cloth_NN fibres_NNS \0etc_RB ,_, J79 125 since_CS they_PP3AS J79 126 can_MD constitute_VB a_AT hazard_NN if_CS they_PP3AS accumulate_VB J79 126 in_IN sufficient_JJ quantity_NN at_IN a_AT J79 127 particular_JJ point_NN where_WRB a_AT high_JJ oxygen_NN J79 127 concentration_NN exists_VBZ ._. J79 128 ^ safety_NN measures_NNS ._. J79 129 ^ we_PP1AS shall_MD now_RN briefly_RB review_VB the_ATI various_JJ J79 129 methods_NNS which_WDTR have_HV been_BEN J79 130 or_CC are_BER used_VBN to_TO control_VB impurity_NN build_NN up_RP J79 130 in_IN air_NN separation_NN plants_NNS ._. ^ it_PP3 J79 131 is_BEZ important_JJ to_TO stress_VB that_CS the_ATI degree_NN of_IN J79 131 protection_NN which_WDTR is_BEZ employed_VBN J79 132 may_MD frequently_RB be_BE influenced_VBN by_IN the_ATI amount_NN of_IN J79 132 contamination_NN of_IN the_ATI J79 133 atmosphere_NN in_IN the_ATI vicinity_NN of_IN the_ATI plant_NN ._. J79 134 ^ purification_NN of_IN the_ATI air_NN entering_VBG the_ATI plant_NN J79 134 ._. J79 135 ^ an_AT obvious_JJ method_NN ,_, if_CS practicable_JJ ,_, is_BEZ J79 135 to_TO eliminate_VB impurities_NNS J79 136 in_IN the_ATI air_NN entering_VBG the_ATI air_NN separation_NN unit_NN J79 136 ._. ^ one_CD1 approach_NN to_IN this_DT J79 137 problem_NN is_BEZ the_ATI use_NN of_IN catalytic_JJ purifiers_NNS J79 137 after_IN the_ATI air_NN compressor_NN in_IN J79 138 which_WDTR the_ATI heat_NN of_IN compression_NN is_BEZ used_VBN ,_, J79 138 partly_RB at_RB least_RB" ,_, to_TO raise_VB the_ATI J79 139 air_NN to_IN a_AT temperature_NN at_IN which_WDTR the_ATI J79 139 hydrocarbon_NN impurities_NNS present_JJ can_MD J79 140 be_BE catalytically_RB oxidised_VBN ._. ^ for_IN example_NN ,_, in_IN J79 140 an_AT installation_NN in_IN America_NP J79 141 a_AT Hopcalite_NP catalyst_NN has_HVZ been_BEN used_VBN ._. ^ whilst_CS J79 141 for_IN heavily_RB contaminated_JJ J79 142 atmospheres_NNS this_DT initial_JJ purification_NN may_MD have_HV J79 142 advantages_NNS ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ J79 143 relatively_RB costly_JJ and_CC also_RB will_MD not_XNOT completely_RB J79 143 remove_VB all_ABN trace_NN J79 144 impurities_NNS which_WDTR will_MD ,_, therefore_RB ,_, nevertheless_RB J79 144 require_VB treatment_NN and_CC J79 145 removal_NN at_IN a_AT later_JJR stage_NN ._. ^ a_AT further_JJB J79 145 disadvantage_NN is_BEZ that_CS if_CS used_VBN with_IN J79 146 a_AT reciprocating_JJ compressor_NN ,_, oil_NN contamination_NN of_IN J79 146 the_ATI catalyst_NN and_CC loss_NN J79 147 of_IN activity_NN can_MD occur_VB if_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ used_VBN J79 147 directly_RB after_IN one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI J79 148 compression_NN stages_NNS ._. J79 149 ^ a_AT different_JJ method_NN of_IN reducing_VBG the_ATI J79 149 contamination_NN in_IN the_ATI air_NN J79 150 intake_NN ,_, particularly_RB in_IN industrialised_JJ areas_NNS ,_, J79 150 is_BEZ the_ATI use_NN of_IN J79 151 alternative_JJ suction_NN lines_NNS ,_, sometimes_RB of_IN J79 151 considerable_JJ length_NN ,_, leading_VBG J79 152 outside_IN the_ATI contaminated_JJ area_NN ._. ^ these_DTS may_MD be_BE J79 152 changed_VBN over_RP depending_VBG on_IN J79 153 wind_NN direction_NN and_CC the_ATI intensity_NN of_IN local_JJ J79 153 contamination_NN ._. ^ this_DT again_RB J79 154 does_DOZ not_XNOT eliminate_VB contamination_NN but_CC it_PP3 can_MD J79 154 reduce_VB it_PP3 appreciably_RB ._. J79 155 ^ removal_NN of_IN impurities_NNS in_IN the_ATI heat_NN exchanger_NN J79 155 system_NN ._. J79 156 ^ the_ATI removal_NN of_IN the_ATI less_QL volatile_JJ trace_NN J79 156 constituents_NNS in_IN the_ATI J79 157 air-feed_NN can_MD take_VB place_NN in_IN the_ATI heat_NN exchanger_NN J79 157 system_NN to_IN some_DTI extent_NN J79 158 depending_VBG on_IN their_PP$ concentration_NN ,_, physical_JJ J79 158 properties_NNS ,_, the_ATI type_NN of_IN J79 159 heat_NN exchanger_NN system_NN ,_, and_CC the_ATI air_NN pressure_NN J79 159 ._. ^ for_IN example_NN ,_, in_IN a_AT plant_NN J79 160 using_VBG regenerators_NNS in_IN which_WDTR the_ATI air_NN is_BEZ J79 160 cooled_VBN at_IN approximately_RB 5_CD J79 161 \0atm_NNU \0abs_NNU almost_RB to_IN its_PP$ dew_NN point_NN (_( J79 161 approximately_RB -173_CD *@_NNU \0C_NP )_) ,_, J79 162 acetylene_NN may_MD be_BE condensed_VBN in_IN the_ATI regenerator_NN J79 162 packing_NN and_CC resublimed_VBN J79 163 in_IN the_ATI nitrogen_NN of_IN the_ATI next_AP cooling_NN cycle_NN J79 163 if_CS the_ATI concentration_NN in_IN the_ATI J79 164 inlet_NN air_NN exceeds_VBZ approximately_RB 0.6_CD \0v.p.m_NNU ._. ^ J79 164 this_DT is_BEZ a_AT valuable_JJ J79 165 safeguard_NN of_IN such_ABL plants_NNS ._. ^ in_IN plants_NNS J79 165 operating_VBG with_IN higher_JJR pressures_NNS ,_, J79 166 \0e.g_RB fluid-producing_JJ plants_NNS ,_, the_ATI effect_NN of_IN J79 166 the_ATI superimposed_JJ J79 167 air_NN pressure_NN in_IN raising_VBG the_ATI vapour_NN pressure_NN J79 167 of_IN condensible_JJ impurities_NNS J79 168 reduces_VBZ ,_, or_CC may_MD eliminate_VB the_ATI possible_JJ J79 168 deposition_NN of_IN impurities_NNS in_IN the_ATI J79 169 heat_NN exchanger_NN system_NN ._. J79 170 ^ removal_NN at_IN low_JJ temperatures_NNS ._. J79 171 ^ one_CD1 of_IN the_ATI simplest_JJT methods_NNS of_IN reducing_VBG J79 171 the_ATI build-up_NN of_IN J79 172 contaminants_NNS in_IN the_ATI oxygen_NN evaporator_NN ,_, which_WDTR J79 172 is_BEZ the_ATI crucial_JJ part_NN of_IN J79 173 the_ATI plant_NN ,_, is_BEZ to_TO provide_VB a_AT continuous_JJ J79 173 purge_NN of_IN liquid_NN ._. ^ this_DT has_HVZ been_BEN J79 174 practised_VBN since_IN early_JJ days_NNS ,_, but_CC by_IN itself_PPL J79 174 is_BEZ not_XNOT an_AT entirely_RB J79 175 satisfactory_JJ operation_NN since_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ only_RB J79 175 palliative_JJ ,_, can_MD easily_RB be_BE J79 176 misapplied_VBN ,_, or_CC not_XNOT operated_VBN ,_, and_CC also_RB J79 176 imposes_VBZ an_AT additional_JJ J79 177 refrigeration_NN load_NN due_JJ to_IN liquid_NN withdrawn_VBN and_CC J79 177 rejected_VBN ._. J79 178 ^ the_ATI next_AP step_NN was_BEDZ to_TO use_VB an_AT additional_JJ J79 178 small_JJ condenser_NN built_VBN away_RP J79 179 from_IN the_ATI main_JJB plant_NN condenser_NN which_WDTR was_BEDZ J79 179 operated_VBN in_IN series_NN as_QL far_RB as_CS J79 180 the_ATI oxygen_NN flow_NN was_BEDZ concerned_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI basic_JJ J79 180 elements_NNS are_BER shown_VBN in_IN \0fig_NN J79 181 4_CD ._. ^ a_AT small_JJ purge_NN was_BEDZ led_VBN away_RP from_IN J79 181 the_ATI additional_JJ condenser_NN and_CC J79 182 rejected_VBN ._. ^ the_ATI net_JJB result_NN is_BEZ a_AT relatively_RB J79 182 large_JJ purge_NN from_IN the_ATI main_JJB J79 183 plant_NN condenser_NN ,_, and_CC an_AT appreciable_JJ accumulation_NN J79 183 of_IN impurities_NNS in_IN the_ATI J79 184 additional_JJ condenser_NN ._. ^ this_DT ,_, however_RB ,_, is_BEZ J79 184 small_JJ and_CC suitably_RB protected_VBN ,_, J79 185 so_CS that_CS" if_CS ,_, in_IN fact_NN ,_, an_AT explosion_NN should_MD J79 185 occur_VB ,_, relatively_RB little_AP J79 186 damage_NN is_BEZ done_VBN ._. ^ whilst_CS the_ATI above_JJB J79 186 arrangement_NN together_RB with_IN correct_JJ J79 187 condenser_NN design_NN has_HVZ been_BEN largely_RB used_VBN in_IN J79 187 the_ATI past_NN ,_, the_ATI tendency_NN today_NR J79 188 is_BEZ undoubtedly_RB towards_IN the_ATI use_NN of_IN adsorption_NN J79 188 of_IN the_ATI impurities_NNS from_IN J79 189 one_CD1 or_CC more_AP of_IN the_ATI process_NN streams_NNS ._. ^ J79 189 silica_NN gel_NN is_BEZ the_ATI adsorbent_NN J79 190 commonly_RB used_VBN ._. J79 191 ^ there_EX are_BER a_AT number_NN of_IN places_NNS at_IN which_WDTR J79 191 one_CD1 can_MD apply_VB such_ABL a_AT J79 192 clean-up_JJB system_NN and_CC they_PP3AS will_MD be_BE briefly_RB J79 192 mentioned_VBN ._. ^ \0fig_NN 5_CD shows_VBZ a_AT J79 193 hypothetical_JJ and_CC simplified_JJ plant_NN flow_NN diagram_NN in_IN J79 193 which_WDTR the_ATI various_JJ J79 194 positions_NNS in_IN which_WDTR such_ABL adsorbers_NNS can_MD be_BE J79 194 used_VBN is_BEZ indicated_VBN ._. ^ for_IN J79 195 illustration_NN ,_, the_ATI plant_NN cycle_NN shown_VBN is_BEZ a_AT J79 195 low_JJ pressure_NN plant_NN using_VBG J79 196 regenerators_NNS and_CC producing_VBG gaseous_JJ oxygen_NN ._. J79 197 ^ adsorption_NN from_IN the_ATI gas_NN phase_NN at_IN or_CC near_IN J79 197 the_ATI saturation_NN J79 198 temperature_NN has_HVZ attractions_NNS and_CC silica_NN gel_NN J79 198 adsorbers_NNS placed_VBN after_IN the_ATI J79 199 regenerators_NNS on_IN low_JJ pressure_NN plants_NNS provide_VB a_AT J79 199 very_QL effective_JJ clean_NN up_RP ._. J79 200 ^ the_ATI adsorbers_NNS are_BER ,_, however_RB ,_, large_JJ and_CC J79 200 relatively_RB costly_JJ ._. J79 201 ^ the_ATI effect_NN when_WRB a_AT number_NN of_IN impurities_NNS J79 201 are_BER present_JJ on_IN their_PP$ J79 202 individual_JJ adsorptive_JJ capacities_NNS under_IN dynamic_JJ J79 202 conditions_NNS ,_, must_MD be_BE J79 203 allowed_VBN for_IN ,_, \0i.e_RB the_ATI occurrence_NN of_IN sorption_NN J79 203 displacement_NN has_HVZ J79 204 to_TO be_BE considered_VBN ._. ^ for_IN example_NN ,_, Karwat_NP J79 204 showed_VBD that_CS in_IN solution_NN in_IN J79 205 liquid_JJ oxygen_NN trace_NN impurities_NNS reached_VBD their_PP$ *'_*' J79 205 break_NN point_NN **'_**' in_IN a_AT J79 206 silica_NN gel_NN adsorber_NN in_IN the_ATI order_NN of_IN ethane_NN J79 206 /_CC propane_NN /_CC nitrous_JJ oxide_NN +_IN J79 207 ethylene_NN /_CC carbon_NN dioxide_NN /_CC propylene_NN and_CC J79 207 acetylene_NN ,_, whereas_CS in_IN gas_NN J79 208 phase_NN adsorbers_NNS the_ATI order_NN of_IN break_NN through_RP J79 208 was_BEDZ ethane_NN /_CC ethylene_NN and_CC J79 209 nitrous_JJ oxide_NN /_CC propane_NN ,_, and_CC then_RN acetylene_NN J79 209 and_CC propylene_NN ._. J80 2 ^ another_DT generalization_NN presented_VBN in_IN chapter_NN 6_CD J80 2 was_BEDZ the_ATI application_NN J80 3 of_IN the_ATI technique_NN to_IN large_JJ structural_JJ assemblies_NNS J80 3 in_IN which_WDTR we_PP1AS provide_VB J80 4 also_RB for_IN the_ATI so-called_JJB interaction_NN or_CC external_JJ J80 4 redundancies_NNS ._. ^ as_QL far_RB J80 5 as_CS the_ATI practical_JJ side_NN of_IN the_ATI cut-out_NN J80 5 technique_NN is_BEZ concerned_VBN this_DT was_BEDZ J80 6 discussed_VBN in_IN connexion_NN with_IN windows_NNS ,_, doors_NNS ,_, J80 6 wing-fuselage_JJB J80 7 interpenetrations_NNS ,_, floors_NNS ,_, partial_JJ removals_NNS of_IN J80 7 rings_NNS ,_, \0etc_RB ._. ^ now_RN ,_, we_PP1AS J80 8 may_MD consider_VB the_ATI cut-out_NN process_NN as_IN a_AT special_JJ J80 8 case_NN of_IN the_ATI more_QL general_JJ J80 9 modification_NN technique_NN and_CC this_DT was_BEDZ ,_, in_IN fact_NN J80 9 ,_, usually_RB our_PP$ approach_NN to_IN J80 10 the_ATI presentation_NN of_IN the_ATI relevant_JJ theory_NN ._. ^ J80 10 however_RB ,_, we_PP1AS did_DOD also_RB mention_VB J80 11 that_CS there_EX is_BEZ an_AT essential_JJ difference_NN between_IN J80 11 the_ATI cut-out_NN and_CC J80 12 modification_NN techniques_NNS in_IN their_PP$ practical_JJ J80 12 application_NN ._. ^ this_DT is_BEZ J80 13 immediately_RB evident_JJ if_CS we_PP1AS have_HV to_TO apply_VB J80 13 these_DTS respective_JJ procedures_NNS to_IN J80 14 a_AT large_JJ number_NN of_IN elements_NNS which_WDTR may_MD be_BE J80 14 taken_VBN to_TO form_VB a_AT sub-system_NN ._. J80 15 ^ thus_RB ,_, when_WRB the_ATI flexibilities_NNS of_IN the_ATI J80 15 elements_NNS of_IN the_ATI sub-system_NN have_HV J80 16 to_TO be_BE modified_VBN it_PP3 is_BEZ obvious_JJ that_CS we_PP1AS J80 16 have_HV to_TO include_VB all_ABN stresses_NNS J80 17 specified_VBN in_IN the_ATI elements_NNS to_TO be_BE altered_VBN in_IN J80 17 the_ATI matrix_NN b*;1h**;_&FO J80 18 and_CC other_AP relevant_JJ matrices_NNS of_IN the_ATI sub-systems_NNS J80 18 ._. ^ but_CC this_DT is_BEZ not_XNOT so_PN J80 19 if_CS we_PP1AS wish_VB to_TO eliminate_VB the_ATI sub-system_NN ._. ^ J80 19 here_RN we_PP1AS may_MD achieve_VB its_PP$ J80 20 effective_JJ removal_NN by_IN detaching_VBG it_PP3 along_IN its_PP$ J80 20 boundary_NN in_IN the_ATI parent_NN J80 21 regularized_JJ structure_NN ,_, leaving_VBG only_RB a_AT statically_RB J80 21 determinate_JJ J80 22 connexion_NN ._. ^ hence_RB ,_, in_IN this_DT approach_NN ,_, we_PP1AS J80 22 actually_RB cut_VB only_RB the_ATI J80 23 redundant_JJ members_NNS of_IN this_DT connexion_NN without_IN J80 23 having_HVG ,_, at_IN the_ATI same_AP time_NN ,_, J80 24 to_TO break_VB it_PP3 up_RP internally_RB if_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ J80 24 itself_PPL redundant_JJ ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI other_AP J80 25 hand_NN ,_, it_PP3 is_BEZ perfectly_RB legitimate_JJ to_TO carry_VB J80 25 out_RP ,_, in_IN addition_NN ,_, these_DTS J80 26 internal_JJ eliminations_NNS ,_, but_CC this_DT extends_VBZ J80 26 inevitably_RB the_ATI amount_NN of_IN work_NN J80 27 involved_VBN and_CC the_ATI order_NN of_IN magnitude_NN of_IN the_ATI J80 27 matrix_NN to_TO be_BE inverted_VBN ._. ^ but_CC J80 28 on_IN no_ATI account_NN can_MD we_PP1AS cut_VB beyond_IN this_DT J80 28 stage_NN for_CS we_PP1AS would_MD then_RN create_VB a_AT J80 29 kinematic_JJ mechanism_NN which_WDTR means_VBZ mathematically_RB J80 29 linearly_RB dependent_JJ rows_NNS J80 30 in_IN b*;1h**;_&FO and_CC a_AT consequent_JJ singularity_NN of_IN J80 30 the_ATI process_NN ._. J80 31 ^ thus_RB ,_, we_PP1AS see_VB that_CS in_IN the_ATI case_NN of_IN J80 31 the_ATI elimination_NN of_IN sub-systems_NNS there_EX J80 32 is_BEZ no_ATI unique_JJ number_NN of_IN cut-outs_NNS and_CC ,_, J80 32 furthermore_RB ,_, no_ATI unique_JJ position_NN J80 33 of_IN these_DTS cut-outs_NNS ._. ^ we_PP1AS may_MD achieve_VB a_AT J80 33 minimum_NN of_IN eliminations_NNS by_IN J80 34 removing_VBG only_RB the_ATI redundancies_NNS along_IN the_ATI J80 34 boundary_NN and_CC we_PP1AS may_MD reach_VB a_AT J80 35 maximum_NN of_IN eliminations_NNS by_IN cutting_VBG also_RB the_ATI J80 35 internal_JJ redundancies_NNS ._. J80 36 ^ these_DTS subtle_JJ considerations_NNS are_BER dealt_VBN with_IN J80 36 in_IN great_JJ detail_NN in_IN section_NN J80 37 36_CD and_CC illustrated_VBN on_IN a_AT wide_JJ range_NN of_IN J80 37 examples_NNS showing_VBG the_ATI alternative_JJ J80 38 ways_NNS we_PP1AS can_MD view_VB and_CC solve_VB these_DTS problems_NNS J80 38 ._. ^ prior_RB to_IN this_DT we_PP1AS summarize_VB J80 39 for_IN the_ATI convenience_NN of_IN the_ATI reader_NN in_IN section_NN J80 39 35_CD the_ATI basic_JJ theory_NN of_IN J80 40 the_ATI modification_NN and_CC cut-out_NN procedures_NNS as_CS J80 40 developed_VBN in_IN a_AT number_NN of_IN J80 41 sections_NNS of_IN this_DT book_NN and_CC take_VB this_DT J80 41 opportunity_NN to_TO generalize_VB slightly_RB J80 42 the_ATI presentation_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS hope_VB that_CS this_DT J80 42 joint_JJB account_NN of_IN theory_NN and_CC J80 43 solutions_NNS to_IN specimen_NN problems_NNS will_MD contribute_VB J80 43 to_IN a_AT deepening_NN of_IN the_ATI J80 44 understanding_NN of_IN the_ATI cut-out_NN technique_NN and_CC of_IN J80 44 its_PP$ applications_NNS to_IN J80 45 practical_JJ cases_NNS ._. J80 46 ^ the_ATI concluding_JJ section_NN of_IN this_DT chapter_NN J80 46 generalizes_VBZ the_ATI matrix_NN J80 47 programme_NN for_IN the_ATI bending_NN moments_NNS in_IN the_ATI J80 47 rings_NNS put_VBN forward_RB in_IN section_NN J80 48 12_CD ._. ^ the_ATI reader_NN will_MD remember_VB that_CS the_ATI J80 48 method_NN given_VBN there_RN ignored_VBD any_DTI J80 49 discontinuity_NN of_IN the_ATI bending_NN moments_NNS at_IN the_ATI J80 49 vertices_NNS ._. ^ now_RN ,_, this_DT may_MD J80 50 be_BE a_AT too_QL rough_JJ approximation_NN when_WRB large_JJ loads_NNS J80 50 (_( \0e.g_RB at_IN wing_NN J80 51 fuselage_NN attachments_NNS )_) are_BER applied_VBN at_IN the_ATI J80 51 external_JJ vertices_NNS or_CC other_AP J80 52 points_NNS of_IN the_ATI rings_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI necessary_JJ simple_JJ J80 52 theory_NN is_BEZ developed_VBN in_IN J80 53 section_NN 37_CD ._. J80 54 ^ 33_CD ._. ^ techniques_NNS to_TO improve_VB the_ATI conditioning_NN J80 54 of_IN the_ATI D_ZZ matrix_NN ._. J80 55 ^ first_RB a_AT word_NN of_IN apology_NN to_IN our_PP$ J80 55 mathematically_RB more_QL J80 56 knowledgeable_JJ readers_NNS ._. ^ we_PP1AS are_BER only_RB too_QL J80 56 conscious_JJ that_CS ,_, in_IN our_PP$ J80 57 repeated_JJ references_NNS to_IN the_ATI conditioning_NN of_IN the_ATI J80 57 D_ZZ matrix_NN ,_, we_PP1AS have_HV J80 58 been_BEN guilty_JJ of_IN imprecise_JJ language_NN ,_, not_XNOT J80 58 having_HVG really_RB defined_VBN J80 59 mathematically_RB what_WDT we_PP1AS mean_VB by_IN the_ATI J80 59 conditioning_NN of_IN a_AT set_NN of_IN linear_JJ J80 60 equations_NNS in_IN the_ATI unknown_JJ redundancies_NNS ._. ^ indeed_RB J80 60 ,_, our_PP$ whole_JJ approach_NN to_IN J80 61 this_DT matter_NN was_BEDZ rather_RB of_IN applying_VBG the_ATI J80 61 terminologies_NNS well-_NC or_CC J80 62 ill-conditioned_NC as_IN qualitative_JJ terms_NNS of_IN praise_NN or_CC J80 62 abuse_NN to_IN a_AT system_NN of_IN J80 63 equations_NNS ._. ^ now_RN ,_, ill-conditioning_NN can_MD ,_, in_IN J80 63 fact_NN ,_, be_BE expressed_VBN by_IN J80 64 various_JJ mathematical_JJ measures_NNS ._. ^ unfortunately_RB ,_, J80 64 most_AP of_IN these_DTS precise_JJ J80 65 measures_NNS involve_VB as_QL long_JJ computations_NNS as_IN the_ATI J80 65 solution_NN itself_PPL of_IN the_ATI J80 66 simultaneous_JJ equations_NNS and_CC are_BER not_XNOT ,_, hence_RB ,_, J80 66 very_QL useful_JJ in_IN practice_NN for_IN J80 67 giving_VBG advance_JJB warning_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS refer_VB the_ATI J80 67 interested_JJ reader_NN to_IN the_ATI papers_NNS J80 68 of_IN Todd_NP ,_, Turing_NP ,_, and_CC Johannes_NP von_&FW Neumann_NP J80 68 cum_&FW Goldstine_NP ._. ^ even_RB J80 69 the_ATI relatively_RB simple_JJ rule_NN that_CS ill_JJ conditioning_NN J80 69 is_BEZ present_JJ when_WRB the_ATI J80 70 value_NN of_IN the_ATI determinant_NN J80 71 **[formula**]_&FO is_BEZ small_JJ (_( more_QL precisely_RB we_PP1AS J80 71 should_MD state_VB that_CS J80 72 **[formula**]_&FO is_BEZ small_JJ compared_VBN with_IN the_ATI J80 72 individual_JJ terms_NNS of_IN expansion_NN J80 73 of_IN J80 74 **[formula**]_&FO in_IN the_ATI co-factors_NNS of_IN the_ATI J80 74 elements_NNS of_IN any_DTI chosen_JJ row_NN or_CC J80 75 column_NN )_) is_BEZ not_XNOT of_IN much_AP value_NN in_IN J80 75 computational_JJ work_NN ._. ^ nevertheless_RB ,_, in_IN J80 76 structural_JJ problems_NNS it_PP3 is_BEZ usually_RB possible_JJ to_TO J80 76 adopt_VB a_AT simple_JJ measure_NN J80 77 sufficient_JJ for_IN practical_JJ purposes_NNS ._. ^ to_TO fix_VB J80 77 ideas_NNS ,_, consider_VB a_AT fuselage_NN J80 78 with_IN two_CD bays_NNS where_WRB only_RB one_CD1 set_NN of_IN J80 78 primary_JJ redundancies_NNS Y_ZZ arises_VBZ J80 79 at_IN the_ATI intermediate_JJ frame_NN station_NN ._. ^ having_HVG J80 79 introduced_VBN *-_*- for_IN reasons_NNS J80 80 connected_VBN exclusively_RB with_IN the_ATI application_NN of_IN J80 80 the_ATI digital_JJ computer_NN *-_*- J80 81 the_ATI inversion_NN technique_NN of_IN \0Eqs_NNS (_( 4_CD ,_, 21_CD J80 81 ,_, 44_CD )_) for_IN the_ATI direct_JJ J80 82 determination_NN of_IN the_ATI complete_JJ b*;1l**;_&FO ,_, J80 82 b*;1q**;_&FO J80 83 matrices_NNS ,_, and_CC hence_RB also_RB of_IN b*;1r**;_&FO ,_, J80 83 we_PP1AS are_BER necessarily_RB J80 84 faced_VBN with_IN self-equilibrating_JJ systems_NNS which_WDTR are_BER J80 84 spread_VBN over_IN the_ATI J80 85 complete_JJ cross-section_NN or_CC ,_, at_RB least_RB" ,_, over_IN J80 85 the_ATI main_JJB (_( outer_JJB )_) periphery_NN ._. J80 86 ^ to_TO express_VB then_RN with_IN a_AT high_JJ degree_NN of_IN J80 86 accuracy_NN (_( from_IN the_ATI practical_JJ J80 87 computational_JJ point_NN of_IN view_NN ,_, which_WDTR is_BEZ the_ATI J80 87 only_AP one_CD1 which_WDTR interests_VBZ us_PP1OS )_) J80 88 any_DTI arbitrary_JJ self-equilibrating_JJ stress_NN system_NN in_IN J80 88 terms_NNS of_IN the_ATI J80 89 b*;1l**;_&FO ,_, b*;1q**;_&FO ,_, b*;1r**;_&FO distributions_NNS ,_, J80 89 it_PP3 is_BEZ J80 90 mandatory_JJ that_CS the_ATI columns_NNS of_IN these_DTS matrices_NNS J80 90 *-_*- each_DT of_IN which_WDTR J80 91 corresponds_VBZ to_IN a_AT redundancy_NN *-_*- be_BE not_XNOT even_RB J80 91 remotely_RB linearly_RB dependent_JJ ._. J80 92 ^ this_DT is_BEZ evidently_RB achieved_VBN when_WRB the_ATI flange_NN J80 92 loads_NNS ,_, field_NN forces_NNS and_CC J80 93 ring_NN bending_NN moments_NNS due_JJ to_IN Y_ZZ exhibit_VB an_AT J80 93 increasing_JJ waviness_NN with_IN J80 94 increasing_JJ order_NN of_IN redundancy_NN ._. ^ the_ATI search_NN J80 94 for_IN such_ABL distributions_NNS J80 95 brought_VBD us_PP1OS ,_, more_QL or_CC less_QL inevitably_RB ,_, to_IN J80 95 the_ATI selection_NN of_IN the_ATI J80 96 trigonometrical_JJ matrix_NN O*;l**;_&FO as_IN a_AT transformation_NN J80 96 matrix_NN J80 97 A*;l**;_&FO defining_VBG the_ATI redundancies_NNS ._. ^ as_CS we_PP1AS J80 97 know_VB from_IN chapter_NN 4_CD J80 98 and_CC a_AT large_JJ number_NN of_IN other_AP similar_JJ J80 98 computations_NNS ,_, it_PP3 appears_VBZ that_CS for_IN J80 99 the_ATI cross-sections_NNS commonly_RB occurring_VBG in_IN practice_NN J80 99 the_ATI flange_NN loads_NNS and_CC J80 100 field_NN forces_NNS based_VBD on_IN O*;l**;_&FO do_DO indeed_RB J80 100 retain_VB the_ATI full_JJ J80 101 waviness_NN of_IN O*;l**;_&FO ,_, although_CS naturally_RB they_PP3AS J80 101 are_BER not_XNOT any_RB J80 102 longer_RBR orthogonal_JJ as_CS in_IN the_ATI uniform_JJ circular_JJ J80 102 cylinder_NN ._. ^ if_CS the_ATI rings_NNS J80 103 or_CC frames_NNS were_BED now_RN rigid_JJ this_DT characteristic_JJ J80 103 waviness_NN would_MD ensure_VB the_ATI J80 104 precise_JJ determination_NN of_IN the_ATI redundancies_NNS and_CC J80 104 we_PP1AS then_RN say_VB that_CS the_ATI J80 105 associated_JJ equations_NNS are_BER well_RB conditioned_VBN ._. ^ J80 105 for_IN the_ATI associated_JJ matrix_NN J80 106 D*;yy**;_&FO *-_*- which_WDTR in_IN the_ATI present_JJ case_NN J80 106 where_WRB D*;yyr**;_&FO is_BEZ J80 107 zero_CD reduces_VBZ to_IN J80 108 **[formula**]_&FO J80 109 we_PP1AS observe_VB that_CS the_ATI diagonal_JJ terms_NNS J80 109 d*;ii**;_&FO must_MD be_BE strongly_RB J80 110 preponderant_JJ ,_, the_ATI non-diagonal_JJ d*;ij**;_&FO being_BEG J80 110 the_ATI smaller_JJR the_ATI J80 111 better_JJR the_ATI waviness_NN of_IN O*;l**;_&FO is_BEZ retained_VBN J80 111 ._. ^ it_PP3 is_BEZ now_RN J80 112 possible_JJ to_TO give_VB the_ATI conditioning_NN some_DTI measure_NN J80 112 by_IN the_ATI degree_NN of_IN J80 113 satisfaction_NN of_IN the_ATI condition_NN J80 114 **[formula**]_&FO J80 115 which_WDTR is_BEZ the_ATI generalization_NN of_IN the_ATI simple_JJ J80 115 requirement_NN usually_RB J80 116 quoted_VBN for_IN 2_CD x_IN 2_CD matrices_NNS ._. ^ from_IN the_ATI J80 116 strictly_RB mathematical_JJ point_NN of_IN J80 117 view_NN the_ATI inequality_NN (_( 2_CD )_) ought_MD to_TO be_BE J80 117 defined_VBN more_QL rigorously_RB to_TO express_VB J80 118 a_AT sufficient_JJ condition_NN theoretically_RB acceptable_JJ ;_; J80 118 at_IN the_ATI same_AP time_NN we_PP1AS J80 119 know_VB that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ not_XNOT a_AT necessary_JJ J80 119 prerequisite_NN for_IN good_JJ conditioning_NN ._. J80 120 ^ nevertheless_RB ,_, for_IN us_PP1OS engineers_NNS the_ATI relation_NN J80 120 (_( 2_CD )_) yields_VBZ for_IN structural_JJ J80 121 matrices_NNS a_AT sufficient_JJ measure_NN for_IN satisfactory_JJ J80 121 conditioning_NN ._. J80 122 ^ we_PP1AS must_MD interpolate_VB here_RN in_IN our_PP$ main_JJB J80 122 argument_NN and_CC refer_VB briefly_RB J80 123 to_IN the_ATI method_NN of_IN establishing_VBG systems_NNS of_IN J80 123 redundancies_NNS previously_RB J80 124 advocated_VBN by_IN us_PP1OS in_IN \0Ref_NN (_( 30_CD )_) ._. ^ J80 124 contrary_JJ to_IN what_WDT we_PP1AS put_VB forward_RB in_IN J80 125 the_ATI present_JJ treatise_NN ,_, we_PP1AS suggested_VBD there_RN J80 125 that_CS it_PP3 is_BEZ advantageous_JJ to_TO J80 126 select_VB systems_NNS of_IN a_AT distinctly_RB local_JJ character_NN J80 126 ._. ^ clearly_RB then_RN J80 127 condition_NN (_( 2_CD )_) still_RB holds_VBZ and_CC is_BEZ the_ATI J80 127 better_RBR satisfied_VBN the_ATI less_AP J80 128 overlapping_NN there_EX is_BEZ between_IN the_ATI self-equilibrating_JJ J80 128 systems_NNS ._. ^ for_IN J80 129 reasons_NNS set_VBN out_RP in_IN the_ATI introduction_NN and_CC J80 129 subsequently_RB ,_, we_PP1AS preferred_VBD J80 130 here_RN the_ATI method_NN of_IN direct_JJ inversion_NN for_IN the_ATI J80 130 determination_NN of_IN J80 131 b*;1**;_&FO ._. J80 132 ^ considering_VBG next_RB the_ATI more_QL realistic_JJ case_NN of_IN J80 132 fuselages_NNS with_IN rings_NNS J80 133 of_IN finite_JJ stiffness_NN ,_, we_PP1AS find_VB that_CS the_ATI J80 133 matrix_NN D*;yyr**;_&FO becomes_VBZ J80 134 of_IN paramount_JJ importance_NN (_( this_DT being_BEG at_RB least_RB" J80 134 so_PN for_IN the_ATI lower_JJR order_NN J80 135 redundancies_NNS )_) and_CC \0Eq_NN (_( 1_CD1 )_) must_MD be_BE J80 135 written_VBN as_IN J80 136 **[formula**]_&FO J80 137 ._. ^ we_PP1AS noted_VBD in_IN chapter_NN 5_CD that_CS the_ATI J80 137 internal_JJ ring_NN forces_NNS J80 138 b*;1r**;_&FO are_BER much_RB more_QL prone_JJ to_TO lose_VB their_PP$ J80 138 full_JJ waviness_NN when_WRB J80 139 the_ATI cross-section_NN departs_VBZ significantly_RB from_IN the_ATI J80 139 circular_JJ shape_NN ._. ^ it_PP3 J80 140 is_BEZ inevitable_JJ ,_, in_IN such_ABL instances_NNS ,_, that_CS J80 140 the_ATI off-diagonal_JJ terms_NNS J80 141 d*;ijr**;_&FO (_( elements_NNS of_IN the_ATI matrix_NN D*;r**;_&FO )_) J80 141 may_MD become_VB of_IN J80 142 similar_JJ order_NN to_IN d*;iir**;_&FO and/or_CC d*;jjr**;_&FO so_CS J80 142 that_CS" the_ATI J80 143 measure_NN of_IN conditioning_NN ,_, \0Eq_NN (_( 2_CD )_) ,_, will_MD J80 143 consequently_RB deteriorate_VB and_CC J80 144 yield_VB ,_, in_IN extreme_JJ cases_NNS of_IN severe_JJ loss_NN of_IN J80 144 waviness_NN ,_, a_AT positive_JJ value_NN J80 145 only_RB slightly_RB above_IN zero_CD (_( of_RB course_RB" ,_, it_PP3 J80 145 can_MD never_RB become_VBN negative_JJ in_IN J80 146 structural_JJ problems_NNS )_) ._. ^ such_ABL unfavourable_JJ J80 146 conditions_NNS may_MD prevail_VB only_RB J80 147 in_IN a_AP few_AP" isolated_JJ spots_NNS of_IN the_ATI D*;yy**;_&FO J80 147 matrix_NN and_CC we_PP1AS observed_VBD J80 148 in_IN chapter_NN 5_CD ,_, \0p_NN 195_CD ,_, that_CS they_PP3AS do_DO J80 148 not_XNOT seem_VB ,_, in_IN our_PP$ experience_NN ,_, to_TO J80 149 affect_VB appreciably_RB the_ATI accuracy_NN of_IN the_ATI solution_NN J80 149 ,_, as_QL long_RB as_CS these_DTS J80 150 *'_*' Scho"nheitsfehler_&FW **'_**' are_BER within_IN J80 151 **[formula**]_&FO J80 152 ._. ^ on_IN the_ATI other_AP hand_NN ,_, as_CS these_DTS J80 152 unfavourable_JJ patches_NNS spread_VB ,_, the_ATI J80 153 solution_NN of_IN the_ATI equations_NNS in_IN the_ATI redundancies_NNS J80 153 becomes_VBZ increasingly_RB J80 154 inaccurate_JJ due_JJ to_IN the_ATI limited_JJ number_NN of_IN J80 154 digits_NNS available_JJ and_CC the_ATI rapid_JJ J80 155 accumulation_NN of_IN errors_NNS ._. ^ naturally_RB ,_, all_ABN J80 155 methods_NNS of_IN inversion_NN or_CC direct_JJ J80 156 solution_NN of_IN equations_NNS are_BER not_XNOT equally_RB J80 156 sensitive_JJ to_IN this_DT danger_NN in_IN each_DT J80 157 specific_JJ case_NN ._. ^ although_CS such_ABL pronounced_JJ J80 157 ill-conditioning_NN should_MD not_XNOT J80 158 often_RB occur_VB in_IN practice_NN ,_, it_PP3 remains_VBZ a_AT J80 158 distinct_JJ even_CS if_CS" remote_JJ J80 159 possibility_NN ._. ^ we_PP1AS are_BER thinking_VBG here_RN of_IN J80 159 double_JJ cell_NN cross-sections_NNS with_IN J80 160 doubly-connected_JJB rings_NNS of_IN unfavourable_JJ shape_NN *-_*- J80 160 for_IN which_WDTR the_ATI J80 161 conditioning_NN of_IN the_ATI symmetrical_JJ higher_JJR modes_NNS J80 161 deteriorates_VBZ rapidly_RB *-_*- J80 162 and_CC the_ATI rather_RB box-like_JJ cross-sections_NNS of_IN J80 162 fuselages_NNS specially_RB designed_VBN J80 163 for_IN bulky_JJ loads_NNS ._. J80 164 ^ our_PP$ unavoidably_RB superficial_JJ account_NN leaves_VBZ J80 164 many_AP extremely_RB J80 165 difficult_JJ questions_NNS unanswered_JJ ;_; in_RB particular_RB" ,_, J80 165 the_ATI precise_JJ or_CC J80 166 statistical_JJ correlation_NN between_IN order_NN and_CC spread_NN J80 166 of_IN bad_JJ patches_NNS ,_, on_IN J80 167 the_ATI one_CD1 hand_NN ,_, and_CC loss_NN of_IN the_ATI accuracy_NN J80 167 of_IN the_ATI solution_NN on_IN the_ATI other_AP J80 168 must_MD unfortunately_RB be_BE ignored_VBN ._. ^ an_AT interesting_JJ J80 168 practical_JJ point_NN J80 169 concerns_VBZ the_ATI acceptable_JJ degree_NN of_IN inaccuracy_NN in_IN J80 169 a_AT solution_NN due_JJ to_IN such_ABL J80 170 or_CC other_AP causes_NNS of_IN errors_NNS ._. ^ the_ATI practising_JJ J80 170 engineer_NN may_MD often_RB ,_, and_CC J80 171 rightly_RB so_PN ,_, consider_VB a_AT solution_NN as_CS satisfactory_JJ J80 171 ,_, although_CS to_IN us_PP1OS J80 172 primarily_RB interested_JJ in_IN this_DT instance_NN to_TO develop_VB J80 172 new_JJ methods_NNS ,_, it_PP3 may_MD J80 173 appear_VB unacceptable_JJ ._. ^ we_PP1AS referred_VBD to_IN this_DT J80 173 issue_NN in_IN the_ATI introduction_NN to_IN J80 174 this_DT chapter_NN when_WRB we_PP1AS discussed_VBD the_ATI J80 174 application_NN of_IN the_ATI four-flange_JJB J80 175 systems_NNS as_IN redundancies_NNS ._. ^ now_RN ,_, for_IN the_ATI J80 175 reasons_NNS stated_VBN there_RN and_CC here_RN ,_, J80 176 we_PP1AS must_MD reject_VB such_ABL a_AT narrow_JJ utilitarian_JJ J80 176 outlook_NN and_CC seek_VB ,_, in_IN fact_NN ,_, a_AT J80 177 system_NN of_IN redundancies_NNS even_RB better_JJR than_IN that_DT J80 177 based_VBN on_IN O*;l**;_&FO ,_, J80 178 if_CS the_ATI conditioning_NN of_IN the_ATI latter_AP should_MD J80 178 prove_VB to_IN us_PP1OS unsatisfactory_JJ ._. J80 179 ^ however_RB ,_, quite_RB apart_IN from_IN" the_ATI purely_RB J80 179 technical_JJ reasons_NNS ,_, which_WDTR demand_VB J80 180 such_ABL an_AT extension_NN of_IN our_PP$ original_JJ method_NN ,_, J80 180 it_PP3 is_BEZ also_RB perfectionism_NN *-_*- a_AT J80 181 close_JJ companion_NN of_IN any_DTI intense_JJ research_NN activity_NN J80 181 *-_*- which_WDTR induces_VBZ us_PP1OS to_TO J80 182 search_VB for_IN a_AT more_QL appropriate_JJ transformation_NN J80 182 matrix_NN A*;l**;_&FO ._. J80 183 ^ before_CS we_PP1AS proceed_VB to_IN the_ATI examination_NN of_IN J80 183 this_DT question_NN ,_, we_PP1AS must_MD J80 184 first_RB conclude_VB the_ATI bird's_NN$ eye_NN view_NN of_IN our_PP$ J80 184 theme_NN ._. J80 185 ^ the_ATI discussion_NN of_IN the_ATI previous_JJ paragraphs_NNS J80 185 was_BEDZ concerned_VBN with_IN the_ATI J80 186 so-called_JJB conditioning_NN of_IN the_ATI matrix_NN D_ZZ in_IN J80 186 the_ATI case_NN of_IN a_AT single_JJ set_NN J80 187 of_IN the_ATI primary_JJ redundancies_NNS Y*;a**;_&FO ._. ^ when_WRB J80 187 the_ATI fuselage_NN extends_VBZ J80 188 over_IN more_AP than_IN two_CD bays_NNS ,_, there_EX arises_VBZ at_IN J80 188 each_DT intermediate_JJ frame_NN J80 189 station_NN i_ZZ a_AT set_NN of_IN redundancies_NNS Y*;i**;_&FO ._. ^ J80 189 it_PP3 is_BEZ evident_JJ that_CS J80 190 our_PP$ previous_JJ account_NN is_BEZ still_RB applicable_JJ to_IN J80 190 the_ATI submatrices_NNS J80 191 D*;ii**;_&FO in_IN the_ATI leading_JJ diagonal_NN of_IN D*;yy**;_&FO J80 191 ._. ^ we_PP1AS denote_VB J80 192 the_ATI conditioning_NN of_IN these_DTS matrices_NNS as_CS J80 192 peripheral_JJ to_TO differentiate_VB from_IN J80 193 another_DT type_NN presently_RB to_TO be_BE mentioned_VBN ._. ^ now_RN J80 193 ,_, when_WRB a_AT satisfactory_JJ J80 194 conditioning_NN of_IN the_ATI leading_JJ diagonal_JJ submatrices_NNS J80 194 has_HVZ been_BEN achieved_VBN J80 195 this_DT will_MD also_RB apply_VB ,_, in_RB general_RB" ,_, to_IN J80 195 each_DT of_IN the_ATI other_AP submatrices_NNS (_( in_IN J80 196 the_ATI secondary_JJ diagonals_NNS )_) of_IN the_ATI five-band_JJB J80 196 supermatrix_NN D*;yy**;_&FO ._. J80 197 ^ only_RB a_AT very_QL violent_JJ change_NN of_IN cross-section_NN J80 197 could_MD ,_, in_IN J80 198 extremis_NN ,_, give_VB rise_NN to_IN a_AT significant_JJ J80 198 ill-conditioning_NN in_IN these_DTS J80 199 submatrices_NNS ._. ^ however_RB ,_, from_IN the_ATI point_NN of_IN J80 199 view_NN of_IN the_ATI overall_JJB J80 200 conditioning_NN of_IN the_ATI complete_JJ D*;yy**;_&FO matrix_NN ,_, J80 200 another_DT possible_JJ J80 201 source_NN of_IN ill-conditioning_NN has_HVZ to_TO be_BE looked_VBN J80 201 for_IN ._. ^ thus_RB ,_, if_CS the_ATI J80 202 off-diagonal_JJ submatrices_NNS ,_, say_VB ,_, D*;i_&FO ,_, i+1**;_&FO J80 202 (_( or_CC J80 203 D*;i_&FO ,_, i+2**;_&FO )_) arising_VBG from_IN the_ATI coupling_NN J80 203 of_IN the_ATI sets_NNS Y*;i**;_&FO J80 204 and_CC Y*;i+1**;_&FO (_( or_CC Y*;i+2**;_&FO )_) were_BED J80 204 proportional_JJ to_IN J80 205 D*;ii**;_&FO ,_, the_ATI proportionality_NN factor_NN being_BEG only_RB J80 205 slightly_RB smaller_JJR J80 206 than_IN unity_NN ,_, then_RN it_PP3 is_BEZ evident_JJ from_IN what_WDT J80 206 we_PP1AS said_VBD previously_RB in_IN the_ATI J80 207 peripheral_JJ kind_NN of_IN conditioning_NN ,_, that_CS a_AT new_JJ J80 207 kind_NN of_IN ill-conditioning_NN ,_, J80 208 conveniently_RB denoted_VBN as_IN a_AT longitudinal_JJ one_CD1 ,_, J80 208 could_MD originate_VB ._.