<B CESCIE1A>
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<O 1500-1570>
<M X>
<K X>
<D ENGLISH>
<V PROSE>
<T SCIENCE MEDICINE>
<G X>
<F X>
<W WRITTEN>
<X MALE>
<Y 40-60>
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<U PROF>
<E X>
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<Z EXPOS>
<S SAMPLE X>


[^VICARY, THOMAS.
THE ANATOMIE OF THE BODIE OF MAN (1548).
PART I.
EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY, E.S. 53.
ED. F. J. FURNIVALL AND P. FURNIVALL.
LONDON, 1888.
PP. 28.13 - 35.11   (SAMPLE 1)
PP. 54.24 - 71.7    (SAMPLE 2)^]

<S SAMPLE 1>
<P 28>
[} [\CHAPTER IV\] }]

[}IN THIS CHAPTER IS DECLARED
THE FIUE THINGES CONTEYNED
WITHIN THE HEAD.}]

   Next vnder the bones of the head withinfoorth,
the first thing that appeareth is Duramater; then
is Piamater; then the substaunce of the Brayne; and
then Vermy-formes and (\Retemirabile\) . But first to
speake of Duramater, whereof and howe it is sprong
and made: First, it is to be noted of the Veine and
<P 29>
Arteire that was spoken of in the laste Chapter before,
howe priuyly they entred through the commissoris or
seames of the head, and there, by their vnion together,
they doo not onely bring and geue the spirite of lyfe
and nutriment, but also doo weaue them selues so togeather,
that they make this pannicle Duramater. It
is holden vp by certayne threedes of him selfe comming
through the sayd commissories, running into Pericranium
or pannicle that couereth the bones of the head.
And with the foresayde Veyne and Arteire, and these
threedes comming from Duramater, is wouen and made
this Pericranium. Also, why this panicle Duramater
is set from the skul, I note two causes: the first
is, that if the Duramater shoulde haue touched the
skul, it shoulde lightly haue bene hurt with the
hardnes of the bone: The seconde cause is, that the
matter that commeth of woundes made in the head
pearsing the skul, shoulde by it the better be defended
and kepte from Piamater, and hurting of the brayne.
   And next vnto this panicle there is another pannicle
called (^Pia mater^) , or meeke mother, because it is so
softe and tender vnto the brayne. Of whose creation
it is to be noted as of Duramater, for the original of
their fyrst creation is of one kind, both from the Hart
and the Lyuer, and is mother of the very substaunce of
the brayne. Why it is called Piamater, is, for because
it is so softe and tender ouer the brayne, that it nourisheth
the brayne and feedeth it, as doth a louing
mother vnto her tender childe or babe; for it is not so
tough and harde as is Duramater. In this panicle Pia
mater, is much to be noted of the great number of
<P 30>
Veynes and Arteirs that are planted, ramefying throughout
al his substaunce, geuing to the brayne both spirite
and lyfe. And this Pannicle doth circumuolue or lappe
al the substaunce of the brayne:  and in some places of
the brayne the Veynes and the Arteirs goo foorth of
him, and enter into the diuisions of the brayne, and
there drinketh of the brayne substaunce into them,
asking of the hart to them the spirite of lyfe or breath,
and of the Lyuer, nutriment. And the aforesayde
spirite or breath taketh a further digestion, and there
it is made animal; by the elaboration of the spirite
vital, is turned and made animall. Furthermore, why
there bee moo pannicles ouer the brayne then one, is
this: If there had beene but one pannicle onely, eyther
it must haue beene harde, or soft, or meane betweene
both. If it had beene harde, it should haue hurt the
braine by his hardnes: if it had beene soft, it shoulde
haue beene hurt of the harde bone: and yf it had
beene but meanely neyther hard nor soft, it should
haue hurt the braine by his roughnes, and also haue
beene hurte of the harde bone. Therefore God and
nature haue ordeyned two Pannicles, the one harde,
and the other softe: the harder to be a meane betweene
the softe and the bone; and the softer to be a meane
betweene the harder and the braine it selfe. Also
these Pannicles be colde and dry of complexion, and
spermatike.
   Next is the Brayne, of which it is marueylous to
be considered and noted, how this Piamater deuideth
the substaunce of the Brayne, and lappeth it into certen
selles or diuisions, as thus: The substaunce of the
braine is diuided into three partes or ventrikles, of
which the foremost part is the moste: the seconde or
middlemost is lesse: the third or hindermost is the
least. And from eche one to other be issues or passages
<P 31>
that are called (^Meates^) , through whom passeth
the spirit of life too and fro. But here ye shal note
that euery Ventrikle is diuided into two partes; and in
euery parte God hath ordeyned and set singular and
seueral vertues, as thus: First, in the foremost Ventrikle
God hath founded and set the common Wittes,
otherwise called the fyue Wittes, as Hearing, Seeing,
Feeling, Smelling, and tasting. And also there is in
one part of this Ventrikle, the vertue that is called
Fantasie, and he taketh al the formes or ordinaunces
that be disposed of the fiue wittes, after the meaning
of sensible thinges: In the other parte of the same
Ventrikle is ordeyned and founded the Imaginatiue
vertue, the whiche receyueth of the common Wittes
the fourme or shape of sensitue thinges, as they were
receyued of the common wittes withoutfoorth, representing
their owne shape and ordinaunces vnto the
memoratiue vertue. In the middest sel or ventrikle
there is founded and ordeyned the Cogitatiue or estimatiue
vertue: for he rehearseth, sheweth, declareth, and
deemeth those things that be offered vnto him by the
other that were spoken of before. In the thirde Ventrikle,
and last, there is founded and ordeyned the
vertue Memoratiue: in this place is registred and kept
those things that are done and spoken with the senses,
and keepeth them in his treasurie vnto the putting
foorth of the fyue or common wittes, or orgaynes, or
instrumentes of animal workes, out of whose extremities
or lower partes springeth (\Mynuca\) , or marowe of the
spondels: of whom it shall be spoken of in the Anatomie
of the necke and backe. Furthermore, it is to be
noted that from the foremost Ventrikle of the brayne
springeth seuen payre of sensatiue or feeling senews,
the which be produced to the Eyes, the Eares, the
<P 32>
Nose, the Toung, and to the Stomack, and to diuers
other partes of the body: as it shal be declared in their
anatomies.
   Also it is to bee noted, that aboute the middest
ventrikle is the place of (\Vermiformis\) , with curnelly
fleshe that filleth; and (\Retemirabile\) , or wonderful
caule vnder the Pannicles, is sette or bounded with
Arteirs onely, whiche come from the harte, in the
whyche the vitayle spirite, by his great labour is turned
and made animal. And ye shal vnderstande, that these
two be the best kept partes of al the body; for a man
shal rather dye, then any of these should suffer any
manner of greefes from withoutfoorth; and therefore
God hath set them farre from the hart. Heere I note
the saying of Haly Abbas, of the comming of smal
Arteirs from the hart, of whom (sayth he) is made a
marueylous net or caule, in the which caule is inclosed
the Brayne, and in that place is layde the spirite of
feeling; from that place hath the spirite of feeling his
first creation, and from thence passeth to other members,
&c. Furthermore, ye shal vnderstand that the
brayne is a member colde and moyst of complexion,
thinne, and meanely viscous, and a principal member,
and an official member, and spermatike. And fyrst,
why he is a principal member, is, because he is the
gouernour or the treasurie of the fyue wittes: And why
he is an official member, is, because he hath the effect
of feeling and stering: And why he is colde and moyst,
is, that he shoulde, by his coldnes and moystnes, abate
and temper the exceeding heate and drought that commeth
<P 33>
from the harte: Also, why he is moyst, is, that it
should be the more indifferenter and abler to euery
thing that shoulde be reserued or gotten into him:
Also, why it is soft, is, that it should geue place and
fauour to the vertue of stering: And why it is meanely
viscous, is, that his senewes should be strong and
meanely toughe, and that they shoulde not be letted in
their working throughe his ouermuche hardnes. Heere
Galen demaundeth a question, which is this, Whether
that feeling and mouing bee brought to Nerues by
one or by diuers? or whether the aforesayde thing be
brought substancially or radically. The matter (sayth
he) is so harde to searche and be vnderstoode, that it
were much better to let it alone and passe ouer it.
Aristotle, intreating of the Brayne, sayth: The Brayne
is a member continually mouing and ruling al other
members of the body, geuing vnto them both feeling
and mouing; for if the Brayne be let, al other members
be let: and if the Brayne be wel, then al other
members [{of{] the body be the better disposed. Also
the brayne hath this propertie, that it moueth and followeth
the mouing of the Moone: for in the waxing of
the Moone, the Brayne followeth vpwardes; and in the
wane of the Moone, the brayne discendeth downwardes,
and vanisheth in substaunce of vertue: for then the
Brayne shrinketh togeather in it selfe, and is not so
fully obedient to the spirit of feeling. And this is
proued in menne that be lunatike or madde, and also
in men that be epulentike, or hauing the falling sicknesse,
that be moste greeued in the beginning of the
newe Moone, and in the latter quarter of the Moone.
Wherefore (sayth Aristotle) when it happeneth that
the Brayne is eyther too drye or too moyst, then can it
not worke his kinde: for then is the body made colde:
then are the spirites of lyfe melted and resolued away:
<P 34>
and then foloweth feebleness of the wittes, and of al
other members of the body, and at the laste death.

[} [\CHAPTER V.\] }]

[}HEEREAFTER FOLOWETH THE
ANATOMIE OF THE FACE.}]

   The Front or the Forhead conteyneth nothing
but the Skinne and Musculus fleshe, for the
panicle vnderneth it is of Pericranium, and
the bone is of the Coronal bone. Howebeit there
it is made broade, as yf ther were a double bone,
whiche maketh the forme of the Browes. It is called
the Forhead or Front, from one Eare to the other, and
from the rootes of the Eares of the head before, vnto y=e=
browes. But the cause why the Browes were set and
reared vp, was, that they shoulde defende the Eyes from
noyaunce withoutfoorth: And they be ordeyned with
heare, to put by the humour or sweat that cometh from
the head. Also the Browes do helpe the Eyeliddes,
and do beautifie and make fayre the face; for he that
hath not his Browes heyred, is not seemely. And Aristotle
sayth, that ouer measurable Browes betokeneth
an enuious man: Also high browes and thicke betokeneth
hardnes: and browes with little heare betokeneth 
cowardnes: and meanly, signifieth gentlenes
of hart. Incisions about these partes ought to be done
according to the length of the body, for there the
Muscle goeth from one Eare to the other. And there, 
if any incision should be made with the lenght of the
Muscle, it might happen the Browe to hang ouer the
Eye without remedie, as it is many times seene, the
<P 35>
more pitie! The browes be called (\Supercilium\) in
Latin; and vnder, is the Eye liddes, which is called
(\Cilium\) , and is garnished with heyres. Two causes I
finde why the eye-liddes were ordeyned: The fyrst is,
that they shoulde keepe and defende the Eye from
duste and other outwarde noyances: the seconde is,
when the eye is weery or heauy, then they should be
couered, and take rest vnderneath them. Why the
heyres were ordeyned in them, is, that by them is
addressed the formes or similitudes of visible thinges
vnto the apple of the eye. 

<S SAMPLE 2>
<P 54>
   The Brest or (\Thorax\) is the Arke or Chest of the
spiritual members of man, as sayth the Philosopher:
where it is to be noted, that there be foure thinges
conteyning, and eyght conteyned, as thus: The foure
conteyning are, the Skinne, Musculus fleshe, the
<P 55>
Pappes, and the Bones: The partes conteyned are,
the Hart, the Lunges, Panikles, Ligamentes, Nerues,
Veines, Arteirs, Mire or Isofagus. Nowe the skinne
and the fleshe are knowen in their Anatomie. It is to
be noted, that the fleshe of the Pappes differeth from
the other fleshe of the body, for it is white, glandulus,
& spongeous: and there is in them, both Nerues,
Veines and Arteirs; and by them they haue (\Coliganes\)
with the hart, the lyuer, the brayne, and the generatiue
members. Also there is in the brest, as old Authors
make mention, lxxx. or .xc. Muskles; for some of
them be common to the necke, some to the shoulders,
and to the spades, some to Diafragma or y=e=
Mydriffe, some to the Ribbes, some to the Backe, &
some to the brest it selfe. But I fynde certayne
profitablenes in the creation of y=e= Paps, aswel in man
as in woman: for in man it defendeth the spirituals
from annoyannce outwardly: and another, by their
thicknes they comfort the natural heate in defience of
the spirites. And in women there is the generation of
milke: for in women there commeth from the Matrix
into their Brestes manye Veines which bring into
them menstrual blood, the whiche is turned (through
the digestiue vertue) from red colour into white, like
the colour of the Pappes, euen as Chylley comming
from the stomocke to the Lyuer is turned into the
colour of the Lyuer.
    Nowe to speake of the bones of the Brest: They
be sayde to be triple or threefolde; and they be
numbred to be seuen in the Brest before; and their
length is according to the breadth of the brest; and
their extremities or endes be grystlie, as the ribbes be.
<P 56>
And in the vpper ende of (\Thorax\) is an hole or a
concauitie, in which is set the foote of the Furklebone,
or Canel bone; and in the nether ende of (\Thorax\) ,
agaynst y=e= mouth of the stomacke, hangeth a gristle
called (\Ensiforme\) : and this grystle was ordeyned for
two causes: One is, that it shuld defende the stomacke
from hurte outwardly: The seconde is, that in time of
fulnes it should geue place to the stomacke in time of
neede when it desireth, &c.
   Nowe to speake of the parts of the backe behindefoorth:
There be .xij. Spondels, through whom passeth
(\Mynuca\) , of whom springeth .xij. payre of Nerues,
br[{i{]nging both feeling and mouing to the Muscles of
the Brest aforesayde. And here it is to be noted, that
in euery syde there be .xij. Rybbes; that is to say,
 .vij. true, and .v. false, because these .v. be not so
long as the other .vij. be, and therefore be called false
Rybbes, as it may be perceiued by the sighte of
the Eye.
   Likewise of the partes that be inwardly; and fyrst
of the Hart, because he is the principal of al other
members, and the beginning of life: he is set in the
middest of the brest seuerally by him selfe, as Lord
and King of al members. And as a Lorde or King
ought to be serued of his subiectes that haue their
liuing of him, So are al other members of the body
subiectes to the Hart, for they receyue their liuing
of him, and they doo seruice many wayes vnto him
agayne. The substaunce of the Hart is, as it were,
<P 57>
Lazartus fleshe; but it is spermatike, and an official
member, and the beginning of life; and he geueth to
euery member of the body both blood of life, and
spirite of breath and heate: for if the Hart were of
Lazartus fleshe, his mouing and steering should be
voluntarie, and not natural; but the contrarie is true,
for it were impossible that the Hart should be ruled
by Wyl onely, and not by nature. The Harte hath
the shape and forme of a Pyneapple; and the brode
ende thereof is vpwardes, and the sharpe ende is
downewardes, depending a little towardes the left
side. And here it is to be noted, that the Hart hath
blood in his substaunce, whereas al other members
haue it but in their Veines & Arteirs: also the hart is
bounde with certayne Ligamentes to the backepart of
the brest, but these Lygamentes touche not the
substaunce of the Hart, but in the ouerpart they
spring foorth of him, and is fastened, as is aforesayde.
Furthermore, the Hart hath two Ventrikles or concauities,
and the left is hyer then the right; and the
cause of this holownesse is this, for to keepe the bloud
for his nourishing, and the ayre to abate and temper
the great heate that he is in, the which is kept in his
concauities. Nowe here it is to be noted, that to the
right Ventrikle of the harte commeth a veyne from the
great veyne called (\Venakelis\) , that receyueth al the
<P 58>
substaunce of the blood from the Lyuer. And this
veine that commeth from (\Venakelis\) , entreth into the
hart at the right Ventrikle, as I sayde before; and in
him is brought a great portion of the thickest blood to
nourishe the Hart with; & the residue that is left of
this, is made subtil through the vertue of the hart;
and then this blood is sent into a concauitie or pytte in
the myddest of the Harte betweene the two Ventrikles,
and therein it is made hote and pured; and then it
passeth into the left Ventrikle, and there is ingendred
in it a spirit that is clearer, brighter, and subtiller then
any corporal or bodely thing that is ingendred of the
foure Elementes; For it is a thing that is a meane betweene 
the body and the soule. Wherfore it is likened
of the Philosophers, to be more liker heauenly thinges
then earthly thinges. Also it is to be noted, that from
the left Ventrikle of the Hart springeth two Arteirs:
The one hauing but one cote, and therefore it is called
(\Arterea venalis\) : and this Arteir carieth blood from the
Hart to the Lungs, the which Blood is vaporous, that
is tried and left of the Harte, and is brought by this
Artery to the Lunges, to geue hym nutriment: and
there he receyueth of the Lunges ayre, and bringeth it
to the hart to refreshe him with. Wherefore Galen
<P 59>
sayth, that he fyndeth  that mans harte is natural and
frendly to the Lungs, for he geueth him of his owne
nutrimental to nourishe him with; and the Lunges
rewarde him with ayre to refreshe him with agayne,
&c. The other Arterye that hath two cotes, is called
(\vena Arterialis\) , or the great Artery that ascendeth and
dissendeth; and of him springeth al the other Arteirs
that spreade to euery member of the body, for by him
is vnified and quickneth al the members of the body.
For the spirite that is reteyned in them, is the instrument
or treasure of al the vertue of the soule. And
thus it passeth vntil it come to the Brayne; & there
he is turned into a further digestion, and there he
taketh another spirite, and so is made animal, and at
the Lyuer nutrimental, and at the Testikles generatiue;
and thus it is made a spirite of euery kinde, so that he,
beeing meane of al maner of operations and workinges, 
taketh effect. Two causes I fynde why these
Arteirs haue two cotes: One is, that one cote is not
sufficient nor able to withstande the violent mouing
and steering of the spirite of lyfe that is caryed in
them: The seconde cause is, that the thing that is
caried about from place to place, is of so precious a
treasure that it had the more neede of good keeping.
And of some Doctors this Arteir is called Pulsatiue
veyne, or the beating veyne: for by him is perceyued
the power & might of the Hart, &c. Wherfore God
and Nature haue ordeyned that the Arteirs should
haue two cotes.
   Also there is in the Harte three Pelikels, opening
and closing the gooing in of the Harte blood and
spirite in conuenient time. Also the Hart hath two
<P 60>
little Eares, by whome commeth in and passeth out
the ayre that is prepared for the Lunges. Also there
is founde in the Hart a (\Cartilaginus auditament\) , to
helpe and strength the selfe Harte. Also the Harte is
couered with a strong Pannikle, which is called of
some, (\Capsula cordeo\) , or (\Pericordium\) , the whiche is a
strong case, vnto whome commeth Nerues, as to other
inwarde members. And this Panicle (\Pericordium\)
springeth of the vpper Pannicle of the Midriffe. And
of him springeth another Panikle, called (\Mediastinum\) ,
the which departeth the Brest in the middest, and
keepeth that the Lunges fal not ouer the Hart. Also
there is an other Pannikle that couereth the Ribbes
inwardly, that is called (\Plura\) , of whom the Midriffe
taketh his beginning. And it is sayde of many
Doctors, that Duramater is the originall of all the
Pannicles within the body: and thus one taketh of
another, &c.

[} [\CHAPTER VIII.\] }]
[}THE ANATOMIE OF THE
LUNGES.}]  

   The Lunges is a member spermatike of his fyrst
creation; and his natural complexion is colde and
dry; and in his accidental complexion he is colde
<P 61>
and moyste, lapped in a Nerueous Pannikle, bicause
it should gather togeather the softer substaunce of
the Lunges, and that the Lunges might feele by the
meanes of the Pannicle, that whiche he might not feele
in himselfe. Nowe to proue the Lunges to be colde
and drye of kinde, it appeareth by hys swift steering,
for he lyeth euer wauing ouer the hart, and about the
harte. And that he is colde and moyst in rewarde, it
appeareth wel, that he receyueth of the brayne many
cold matters, as Cataries, and Rumes, whose substaunce
is thinne. Also I fynde in the Lunges, three kinds of
substaunce: One is a Veyne comming from the Liuer,
bringing with him the Crude or rawe parte of the
Chylle to feede the Lunges: Another is (\Arterea venalis\) ,
comming from the hart, bringing with him the spirite
of lyfe to nourishe him with: The third is (\Trachia
arteria\) , that bringeth in ayre to the Lunges; and it
passeth through al the left part of them to doo his
office. The Lunges is deuided into fiue Lobbes or
Pellikels, or fiue portions, that is to say, three in the
right side, and two in the left side. And it was done
for this cause, that if there fel any hurt in the one part,
the others shoulde serue and doo their office. And
three causes I finde why the Lunges were principally
ordeyned: First, that they should drawe colde winde,
and refreshe the hart: The seconde, that they shoulde
<P 62>
chaunge and alter, and purifie the ayre before it come
to y=e= hart, least the hart were hurte and noyed with the
quantitie of the ayre: The thirde cause is, that they
shoulde receyue from the harte the fumous superfluities
that he putteth foorth with hys breathing, &c.
   Behinde the Lunges, towarde the Spondels, passeth
Mire or Isofagus, of whom it is spoken of in the
Anatomie of the necke. And also there passeth both
Veynes and Arteirs; and al these with (\Trachia arteria\)
doo make a Stoke, replete vnto the Gullet with Pannikles,
and strong Lygaments, and Glandulus fleshe
to fulfil the voyde places. And last of al is the
Midriffe; and it is an official member, made of two
Pannikles, and Lazartus flesh; and his place is in the
middest of the body ouerthwart or in bredth vnder
the region of the spirituall members, departing them
from the matrix. And three causes I finde why the
Midriffe was ordeyned: First, that it should diuide the
spirituals from the nutrates: The seconde, that it
should keepe the vital colour or heate to dissende
downe to the nutrates: The last is, that the malicious
fumes reared vp from the nutrates, should not noye the
spirituals or vytals, &c.
   The wombe is the region or the citie of al the
Intrils; the whiche reacheth from the Midriffe downe
vnto the share inwardly, and outwardly from the
Reynes or Kydnes, downe to the bone Pecten, about
the priuie partes. And thys wombe is compounde and
made of two thinges, that is to say, of (^Syfac^) and           #
(^Myrac^) .
(^Syfac^) is a Pannicle, and a member spermatike, official,
<P 63>
sensible, senowy, compound of subtil Wyl, and in complexion
colde and drye, hauing his beginning at the
inner Pannicle of the Midriffe. And it was ordeyned
because it shoulde conteyne and bind together al the
Intrals, and that he defende the Musculus so that he
oppresse not the natural members. And that he is
strong and tough; it is because he should not be lightly
broken, and that those thinges that are conteyned goo
not foorth, as it happeneth to them that are broken, &c.
   (^Myrac^) is compound and made of foure things, that
is, of skin outwardly, of fatnes, of a carnous pannicle,
and of Musculus fleshe. And that it is to be vnderstanded,
that all the whole from Sifac outwarde, is called
Myrac, it appeareth wel by the wordes of Galen, where
he commaundeth, that in al woundes of the wombe, to
sewe the Sifac with the Myrac; and by that it proueth,
that there is nothing without the Sifac, but Myrac.
And in this Myrac or vtter parte of the wombe, there
is noted eyght Muscles, two Longitudinals, proceeding
from the sheelde of the Stomache vnto (\Os Pecten\) : two
Latitudinales comming from the backe-wardes to the
wombe: and foure Tranuerse, of the which, two of them
spring from the Ribbes on the right side, and go to the
left side, to the bones of the Haunches, or of Pecten: and
the other two spring from the Ribbes on the left syde,
and come ouer the wombe to the righte partes, as the
other before doth. Heere it is to be noted, that by the
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vertue of the subtyl wyl that is in the Musculus longitudinal,
is made perfect the vertue attractiue: and by
the musculus Tranuerse is made the vertue retentiue:
and by the musculus Latitudinale is made the vertue
expulsiue. It is thus to be vnderstoode, that by the
vertue attractiue, is drawen downe into the Intrals al
superfluities, both water, wynde, and dyrt: By the
vertue retentiue, all thinges are withholden and kept,
vntil nature haue wrought his kinde: And by the
vertue expulsiue, is put foorth al thinges when Nature
prouoketh any thing to be done. Galen sayth that
woundes or incisions be more perillous in the middest
of the wombe then about the sides, for there the partes
be more tractable, then any other partes be. Also he
sayth, that in wounds persing the womb there shal not
be made good incarnation, except Sifac be sewed with 
Myrac.
   Nowe to come to y=e= parts conteyned within: Fyrst,
that which appeareth next vnder the Sifac is (^Omentum^) ,
or (^Zirbus^) , the which is a pannicle couering the stomacke
and the Intrals, implanted with many Veynes and
Arteirs, and not a little fatnes ordeyned to keepe moyst
the inwarde partes. This Zirbus is an official member,
and is compound of a veyne and an Arteir, the which
entreth and maketh a line of the vtter tunikle of the
stomacke, vnto whiche tunikle hangeth the Zirbus,
and couereth al the guttes downe to the shayre. Two
causes I finde why they were ordeyned: one is, that
they shuld defend y=e= nutratiues outwardly: the seconde
is, that through his owne power & vertue he should
strength and comfort the digestion of al the Nutrates,
because they are more feebler then other members be,
bicause they haue but a thin wombe or skinne, &c.
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   Next Zirbus, appeareth the Intrals or guttes, of
which Galen saith, that the Guttes were ordeined in
the fyrst creation to conuey the drosse of the meate
and drinke, & to clense the body of their superfluities.
And here it is to be noted that there be sixe portions
of one whole Gutte, which both in man and beast
beginneth at the nether mouth of the stomacke, and
so continueth foorth to the end of the Fundament.
Neuerthelesse he hath diuers shapes and formes, and
diuers operations in the body; and therfore he hath
diuers names. And here-vpon the Philosophers say,
that y=e= lower wombe of a man is like vnto the wombe
of a swine. And lyke as the stomack hath two
tunikles, in like maner haue al the Guttes two tunikles.
The fyrst portion of the Guttes is called (\Duodenum\) ,
for he is .xij. ynches of length, and couereth the nether
parte of the stomacke, and receyeth al the drosse of
y=e= stomacke: The second portion of the Guttes is
called (\Ieiunium\) , for he is euermore emptie; for to him
lyeth euermore the chest of the Gal, beating him sore,
and draweth forth of him al the drosse, and clenseth
him clene: The .iij. portion of gutte is called (\Yleon\) ,
or final gutte, and is in length .xv. or .xvj. Cubites.
In this gutte oftentimes falleth a disease called (\Yleaca
passio\) . The .iiij. gut is called (\Monoculus\) , or blind
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gut; and it seemeth to haue but one hole or mouth;
but it hath two, one neere vnto the other; for by the
one al thinges go in, and by the other they goo out
agayne: The fyfth is called (^Colon^) , and receyeth al the
drosse depriued from al profitablenesse; and therefore
there commeth not to him any veynes Miseraices, as to
the other: The syxte and last is called (^Rectum^) or
(\Longaon\) , and he is ended in the Fundament, and hath
in his nether end foure Muscles, to holde, to open, to
shutte, and to put out, &c. Next is to be noted of
(\Mesenterium\) , the which is nothing else but a texture
of innumerable veynes Miseraices, ramefied of one
veyne called (\Porta epates\) , couered and defended of
Pannicles and Ligamentes comming to the Intrals,
with the backe ful of fatnes and glandulus fleshe, &c.
   The stomacke is a member compound and spermatike,
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senowy and sensible; and therein is made perfect
the fyrst digestion of Chile. This is a necessarie member
to al the body; for if it fayle in his working, al the
members of the body shal corrupte. Wherefore Galen
sayth, that the stomacke was ordeyned principally for
two causes: The first, that it shoulde be to al the
members of the body, as y=e= earth is to al that are
ingendred of the earth, that is, that it shoulde desire
sufficient  meate for al the whole body: The seconde
is, that the stomacke should be a sacke or chest to al
the bodie for y=e= meate, and as a Cooke to al the
members of the body. The stomacke is made of two
pannicles, of which the inner is Nerueous, and the
vtter Carneous. This inner pannicle hath musculus
longitudinales that stretcheth along from the stomacke
to the mouth, by the which he draweth to him meate
and drinke, as it were handes. Also he hath Tranuers
wyl, for to withholde or make retention. And also
the vtter pannicle hath Latitudinal wyl, to expulse and
put out; and that by his heate he shoulde helpe the
digestiue vertue of the Stomacke, and by other heates
geuen by his neighbours, as thus: It hath the lyuer
on the right side, chafing & heating him with his lobes
or figures: & the Splen on the left syde, with his fatnes,
and veynes sending to him melancolie, to exercise
his appetites: and aboue him is the Harte, quickening
him with his Arteries: Also the brayne, send to
him a braunche of Nerues to geue him feeling. And
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he hath on the hinder parte, dissending of the partes
of the backe, many Lygamentes, with the which he is
bounde to the Spondels of the backe. The forme or
figure of the Stomacke is long, in likenes of a gowrde,
crooked: and that both holes be in the vpper part of
the body of it, is because there should be no going out
of it vnaduisedly of those thinges that are receyued into
it. The quantitie of the stomacke commonly holdeth
two pitchers of water, and it maye suffer many passions;
and the nether mouth of the stomacke is narrower
then the vpper, and that for three causes: the first cause
is, that the vpper receyueth meate great and boystrous
in substaunce, that there beeying made subtile, it might
passe into the nether: The second is, for by him
passeth al the meates, with their chilositie, from the
Stomacke to the Lyuer: The thirde is, for that through
him passeth al the drosse of the Stomacke to the guttes.
And this suffiseth for the Stomacke, &c.
   The Lyuer is a principal member, and official; and
of his first creation, spermatike; complete in quantitie
of blood, of him self insencible, but by accidence he is
sencible, and in him is made the seconde digestion, and
is lapped in a Senowy pannicle. And that he is a
principall member, it appeareth openly by the Philosophers,
by Auicen and Galen. And it is official, as
is the stomacke; and it is of spermatike matter, and
senowy, of the which is ingendred his Veynes. And
because it was little in quantitie, nature hath added to
it cruded blood, to the accomplishment of sufficient
quantity, and is lapped in a senowy pannicle. And
why the Lyuer is cruded, is, because y=e= Chile which
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commeth from the stomacke to the Lyuer, should be
turned into the colour of blood. And why the Lyuer
was ordeined, was, because that al the nutrimental
blood shoulde be ingendred in him. The proper place
of the Lyuer is vnder the false Ribbes in the righte
side. The forme of the lyuer is gibbous or bunchy on
the back side, & it is somewhat hollow, like the insyde
of an hande. And why it is so shapen, is, that it
should be plycable to the stomacke, like as a hande
dothe to an apple, to comforte her digestion; for his
heate is to the stomacke as the heate of the fyre is to
the Potte or Cauldron that hangeth ouer it. Also the
Lyuer is bounde with his pellikles to the Diafragma,
and with strong Lygamentes. And also he hath Colyganes
with the Stomack and the Intrals, and with
the Hart and the Raines, the Testicles, and other members.
And there are in hym fiue Pellikles like fiue
fingers. Galen calleth the Lyuer (\Massasanguinaria\) ,         #
conteyning
in it selfe foure substances, Natural and Nutrimental.
The naturals is sent with the blood to all
partes of the body to be ingendred and nourished.
And the nutrimentals be sequestrate, and sent to places
ordeyned for some helpinges. These are the places of
the humors: the blood in the Lyuer, Choler in the
chest of gal, Melancolie to the Splen, Flegme to the
Lunges and the Iunctures, the watery superfluities to
the Reynes and the Vesike. And they goo with y=e=
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blood, and sometime they putrifie and make Feuers;
and some be put out to the skin, and be resolued by
sweat, or by skab, by Pushes, or by Impostumes. And
these foure natural humours, that is to say, Sanguin,
Choler, Melancoly, & Fleme, be ingendred and distributed
in this maner: First ye shal vnderstande,
that from the Spermatike matter of the Liuer inwardly,
there is ingendred two greate veynes, of the whiche
the first and the greatest is called (^Porta^) , and commeth
from the concauitie of the Lyuer, of whom springeth
al the smal veynes (^Miseraices^) ; and these (^Miseraices^)
be to (\Vena porta\) as the braunches of a tree be to the
stocke or tree. For some of them be conteyned with
the botome of the stomacke, some wyth (\Duodenum\) ,
some with (\Ieiunium\) , some with (\Yleon\) , & some with
(\Monoculus\) or (\Saccus\) . And from al these guttes they
bring to (\Vena porta\) the succozitie of Chiley gooing
from the stomacke, & distribute it into the substaunce
of the Lyuer. And these veynes (^Miseraices^) be innumerable.
And in these vaynes is begon the seconde
digestion, and ended in the Lyuer, like as is in the
Stomacke the fyrst digestion. So it proueth that
(\Vena porta\) and (\vena Miseraices\) serue to bring al the
succozitie of the meate and drinke that passeth the
Stomacke, to the Liuer, and they spreade them selues
thorough the substaunce of the Liuer inwardly; and al
they stretche towards the gibbos or bowing part of the
Liuer, and there they meete and goe al into one vnitie,
& make the seconde great veine called (\Venakelis\) , or
(\Concaua\) , or (\Vena ramosa\) , al is one; and he with his
rootes draweth out al the blood ingendred from the
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Lyuer, and with his braunches ramefying vpwardes
and downewardes, carieth and conueyeth it to al other
members of the body to be nourished with, where is
made perfect the thirde digestion. And also there
goeth from the Lyuer, veines bearing the superfluities
of the thirde digestion to their proper places, as it shal
be declared hereafter. 



