^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 295+TEXT+J01_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, offspring_NN of_IO both_DB2 
black_JJ and_CC red_JJ females_NN2 reared_VVD at_II pupal_JJ temperatures_NN2 
of_IO 24_MC *@_NNU \_NULL C_ZZ1 were_VBDR uniformly_RR red_JJ ,_, whereas_CS 
those_DD2 reared_VVN at_II 5_MC *@_NNU \_NULL C_ZZ1 were_VBDR uniformly_RR 
black_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Intermediate_JJ pupal_JJ temperatures_NN2 produced_VVD adults_NN2 
with_IW predictable_JJ proportions_NN2 of_IO black_JJ and_CC red_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Experiments_NN2 on_II *1_NULL {_NULL {_NULL P._NP1 (_( T._NP1 )_) 
}_NULL conformis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL E._NP1 
insularis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( females_NN2 )_) ,_, on_II the_AT other_JJ 
hand_NN1 ,_, revealed_VVD a_AT1 greater_JJR genetic_JJ influence_NN1 on_II 
the_AT occurrence_NN1 of_IO melanism_NN1 (_( Harris_NP1 1974_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL (_( 8_MC )_) ^_NULL The_AT experimental_JJ results_NN2 (_( see_VV0 
(_( 7_MC )_) ,_, above_RL )_) correlate_VV0 with_IW field_NN1 conditions_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II southern_JJ populations_NN2 ,_, female_JJ *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
E._NP1 insularis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL legs_NN2 and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
P._NP1 conformis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL bodies_NN2 are_VBR uniformly_RR black_JJ 
,_, unlike_II those_DD2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL S._NP1 fugax_NN1 }_NULL 
*0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL S._NP1 calvus_NN1 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL 
in_II which_DDQ occasional_JJ red-bodied_JJ forms_NN2 occur_VV0 depending_II21 
on_II22 local_JJ microclimates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Dunedin_NP1 provides_VVZ good_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO 
microclimatically_RR induced_JJ colour_NN1 variation_NN1 in_II *1_NULL {_NULL 
\_NULL S._NP1 fugax_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL S._NP1 
calvus_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Both_DB2 have_VH0 the_AT abdomen_NN1 black_JJ north_ND1 of_IO 
Dunedin_NP1 on_II Leith_NP1 Saddle_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ freqently_RR 
shrouded_VVN in_II orographic_JJ mist_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II a_AT1 comparable_JJ altitude_NN1 on_II south-eastern_JJ \_NULL 
Mt_NNL1 Maungatua_NP (_( south_ND1 of_IO Dunedin_NP1 )_) *-_- which_DDQ 
usually_RR escapes_VVZ orographic_JJ mist_NN1 on_II days_NNT2 when_RRQ 
Leith_NP1 Saddle_NP1 is_VBZ clouded_VVN ,_, as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 
having_VHG higher_JJR spring_NN1 air_NN1 and_CC ground_NN1 temperatures_NN2 
*-_- abdomens_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL S._NP1 fugax_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL S._NP1 calvus_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL are_VBR 
completely_RR red_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Otago_NP Peninsula_NNL1 is_VBZ sometimes_RT misty_JJ ,_, 
and_CC there_RL both_DB2 species_NN have_VH0 the_AT abdomen_NN1 mostly_RR 
red_JJ but_CCB striped_VVD with_IW broad_JJ bands_NN2 of_IO black_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL (_( 9_MC )_) ^_NULL Apart_II21 from_II22 colour-variable_JJ areas_NN2 
of_IO mesosomal_JJ integument_NN1 which_DDQ are_VBR concealed_VVN beneath_II 
golden_JJ pile_NN1 ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL S._NP1 nitidus_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
remains_VVZ uniformly_RR red-bodied_JJ throughout_II its_APPGE range_NN1 ,_, 
showed_VVD no_AT increased_JJ cuticular_JJ melanism_NN1 on_II experimental_JJ 
chilling_NN1 other_II21 than_II22 on_II the_AT mesosoma_NN1 ,_, and_CC (_( 
significantly_RR )_) does_VDZ not_XX occur_VVI in_II the_AT far_RR south_ND1 
._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Geographically_RR separated_JJ colour_NN1 morphs_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Geographical_JJ barriers_NN2 of_IO the_AT past_NN1 (_( 
{_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL ,_, Pliocene_NP Auckland_NP Straits_NNL2 ,_, 
Pleistocene_NP1 glacial_JJ mid_NN1 Canterbury_NP1 between_II the_AT 
contemporary_JJ Rangitata_NP River_NNL1 and_CC Waitaki_NP River_NNL1 )_) 
and_CC present_NN1 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL ,_, Cook_NP Strait_NNL1 ,_, 
Southern_NP1 Alps_NP1 )_) are_VBR marked_VVN by_II abrupt_JJ disjunctions_NN2 
between_II adjoining_VVG populations_NN2 of_IO the_AT same_DA species_NN ,_, 
or_CC by_II hybrid-zones_NN2 (_( Harris_NP1 1974_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 disjunctions_NN2 are_VBR at_II the_AT root_NN1 of_IO 
many_DA2 of_IO the_AT taxonomic_JJ problems_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, several_DA2 geographical_JJ isolates_NN2 
have_VH0 some_DD of_IO the_AT characteristics_NN2 of_IO subspecies_NN ,_, 
or_CC even_RR full_JJ species_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 have_VH0 adopted_VVN a_AT1 lumping_JJ approach_NN1 to_II 
their_APPGE taxonomy_NN1 ,_, and_CC regard_VV0 them_PPHO2 as_CS polytypic_JJ 
species_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL Sphictostethus_NP1 
nitidus_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL has_VHZ three_MC clear-cut_JJ forms_NN2 ,_, 
separated_VVD respectively_RR by_II Cook_NP Strait_NNL1 ,_, where_CS there_EX 
is_VBZ a_AT1 complete_JJ disjunction_NN1 ,_, and_CC by_II the_AT former_DA 
Auckland_NP Straits_NNL2 ,_, where_CS there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 narrow_JJ 
hybrid-zone_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P._NP1 conformis_NN1 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL 
distribution_NN1 patterns_NN2 and_CC relative_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO red_JJ 
and_CC black_JJ forms_NN2 ,_, together_II21 with_II22 (_( unpublished_JJ )_) 
data_NN from_II limited_JJ electrophoretic_JJ tests_NN2 ,_, suggest_VV0 
that_CST populations_NN2 in_II the_AT mid_JJ Canterbury_NP1 hybrid-zone_NN1 
are_VBR not_XX in_II panmixis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 roughly_RR 65-_JJ \_NULL km-long_JJ band_NN1 *1_NULL 
{_NULL \_NULL P._NP1 conformis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL populations_NN2 occur_VV0 
in_II which_DDQ roughly_RR 47%_NNU of_IO individuals_NN2 have_VH0 black_JJ 
abdomens_NN2 ,_, 47%_NNU have_VH0 red_JJ abdomens_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT 
remainder_NN1 form_VV0 a_AT1 complete_JJ gradation_NN1 between_II the_AT 
extremes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Within_II the_AT hybrid-zone_NN1 there_EX are_VBR many_DA2 areas_NN2 
in_II which_DDQ the_AT two_MC colour_NN1 morphs_NN2 occur_VV0 together_RL (_( 
{_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL ,_, Mills_NP1 Bush_NP1 ,_, Peel_NP Forest_NNL1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II other_JJ places_NN2 the_AT colour_NN1 morphs_NN2 are_VBR 
separated_VVN both_RR spatially_RR and_CC temporally_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II several_DA2 valleys_NN2 every_AT1 individual_NN1 on_II one_MC1 
side_NN1 is_VBZ black_JJ (_( usually_RR a_AT1 northeast-facing_JJ slope_NN1 
that_CST receives_VVZ only_JJ morning_NNT1 sunlight_NN1 )_) ,_, whereas_CS 
the_AT opposite_JJ side_NN1 supports_VVZ wasps_NN2 with_IW red_JJ abdomens_NN2 
(_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL ,_, at_II Kelsey_NP1 's_GE Bush_NP1 ,_, Waimate_NP1 
)_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL North_NP1 of_IO the_AT hybrid-zone_NN1 all_DB individuals_NN2 
of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P._NP1 conformis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL have_VH0 
red_JJ abdomens_NN2 and_CC south_ND1 of_IO it_PPH1 the_AT abdomen_NN1 is_VBZ 
invariably_RR black_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Harris_NP1 (_( 1974_MC )_) suggested_VVD that_CST pre-Pleistocene_JJ 
populations_NN2 throughout_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 formed_VVD north-south_ND1 
clines_NN2 related_VVD directly_RR to_II climate_NN1 ,_, similar_JJ to_II 
those_DD2 of_IO contemporary_JJ populations_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
S._NP1 fugax_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL S._NP1 calvus_NN1 
}_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL A_AT1 Pleistocene_NP1 ice_NN1 cap_NN1 in_II the_AT \_NULL 
Mt_NNL1 Cook_NP region_NN1 extending_VVG westwards_RL to_II the_AT sea_NN1 
via_II piedmont_NN1 glaciers_NN2 ,_, combined_VVD with_IW periglacial_JJ 
conditions_NN2 on_II the_AT east_ND1 ,_, divided_VVD *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
P._NP1 conformis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL into_II two_MC allopatric_JJ 
populations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 would_VM have_VHI converged_VVN during_II interglacials_NN2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 today_RT insolation_NN1 is_VBZ 
greatest_JJT in_II Marlborough_NP1 and_CC least_DAT in_II Southland_NP1 (_( 
the_AT approximate_JJ positions_NN2 of_IO Pleistocene_NP1 refugia_NN1 )_) ,_, 
and_CC Harris_NP1 (_( 1974_MC )_) suggested_VVD that_CST under_II 
Pleistocene_NP1 conditions_NN2 similar_JJ to_II today_RT 's_VHZ but_RR 
more_RGR extreme_JJ ,_, melanism_NN1 may_VM have_VHI become_VVN partially_RR 
genetically_RR fixed_VVN in_II the_AT southern_JJ population_NN1 during_II 
one_MC1 (_( or_CC more_DAR )_) glacial_JJ advances_NN2 ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 
in_II some_DD interglacials_NN2 (_( including_II the_AT present_JJ one_PN1 )_) 
populations_NN2 in_II the_AT area_NN1 of_IO convergence_NN1 showed_VVD 
many_DA2 of_IO the_AT signs_NN2 of_IO secondary_JJ intergradation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT situation_NN1 can_VM be_VBI just_RR as_RR21 well_RR22 
regarded_VVN as_II a_AT1 zone_NN1 of_IO balanced_JJ polymorphism_NN1 
between_II two_MC roughly_RR monomorphic_JJ populations_NN2 with_IW ,_, 
overlain_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 environmentally_RR controlled_JJ variation_NN1 of_IO 
phenotype_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hence_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 have_VH0 regarded_VVN the_AT name_NN1 *1_NULL 
\_NULL diligens_NN2 *0_NULL given_VVN by_II Smith_NP1 (_( 1876_MC )_) to_II 
the_AT melanic_JJ form_NN1 as_II a_AT1 junior_JJ synonym_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL 
\_NULL conformis_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL which_DDQ has_VHZ page_NN1 priority_NN1 in_II 
the_AT same_DA paper_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL (_( The_AT holotype_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL diligens_NN2 ,_, *0_NULL 
moreover_RR ,_, is_VBZ an_AT1 incompletely_RR melanic_JJ form_NN1 from_II 
Peel_NP Forest_NNL1 ,_, at_II the_AT northern_JJ limit_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
hybrid-zone_NN1 ._. )_) 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Notwithstanding_II this_DD1 ,_, overall_JJ melanism_NN1 in_II 
*1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P._NP1 conformis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL increases_VVZ 
fairly_RR regularly_RR southwards_RL throughout_II its_APPGE range_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL Sphictostethus_NP1 nitidus_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
comprises_VVZ three_MC races_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 South_NP Island_NP1 form_NN1 is_VBZ separated_VVN by_II Cook_NP 
Strait_NNL1 from_II a_AT1 southern_JJ and_CC central_JJ North_NP Island_NP1 
form_NN1 ,_, and_CC this_DD1 forms_VVZ a_AT1 cline_NN1 between_II Auckland_NP1 
and_CC Warkworth_NP1 with_IW a_AT1 Northland_NP1 form_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Southern_NP1 Alps_NP1 separate_JJ Westland_NP1 and_CC East_NP 
Coast_NP1 forms_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL S._NP1 fugax_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II both_DB2 species_NN ,_, geographical_JJ forms_NN2 
are_VBR distinguishable_JJ mainly_RR by_II differences_NN2 in_II wing_NN1 
coloration_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Characteristic_JJ forewing_JJ patterns_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
colour-variable_JJ species_NN are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Figures_NN2 220-236_MCMC 
._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL MIMICRY_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT endemic_JJ Pompilidae_NP1 throughout_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 are_VBR included_VVN in_II three_MC well_RR established_JJ 
mimicry_NN1 associations_NN2 ,_, each_DD1 having_VHG Mullerian_JJ and_CC 
Batesian_JJ components_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Female_JJ pompilids_NN2 ,_, ichneumonids_NN2 ,_, and_CC other_JJ 
stinging_JJ insects_NN2 comprise_VV0 the_AT Mullerian_JJ component_NN1 ,_, 
while_CS male_JJ pompilids_NN2 and_CC ichneumonids_NN2 together_II21 with_II22 
sun-loving_JJ beetles_NN2 and_CC flies_NN2 are_VBR Batesian_JJ mimics_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Male_JJ pompilids_NN2 will_VM sometimes_RT mimic_VVI females_NN2 
of_IO another_DD1 ,_, more_RGR common_JJ ,_, species_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Mimicry_NN1 in_II the_AT colour-variable_JJ species_NN is_VBZ 
selectively_RR less_RGR important_JJ than_CSN variable_JJ melanism_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR ,_, female_JJ pompilids_NN2 switch_VV0 from_II a_AT1 
red-and-gold_JJ complex_NN1 to_II a_AT1 black-and-yellow_JJ one_MC1 south_ND1 
of_IO latitude_NN1 45_MC *@_NNU \_NULL S_ZZ1 ,_, where_CS reduced_JJ 
insolation_NN1 and_CC temperature_NN1 evidently_RR induce_VV0 the_AT 
melanism_NN1 that_CST confers_VVZ thermal_JJ advantage_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Mimicry_NN1 complex_NN1 1_MC1 :_: black_JJ body_NN1 and_CC 
clear_JJ wings_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL COLORATION_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Body_NN1 ,_, legs_NN2 ,_, antennae_NN2 ,_, and_CC palpi_NN2 
shining_VVG black_JJ ;_; wings_NN2 clear_JJ hyaline_NN1 ,_, or_CC very_RG 
lightly_RR clouded_VVD ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL MOVEMENTS_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Heliotaxis_NP1 ,_, and_CC walking_VVG in_II a_AT1 
characteristic_JJ jerky_JJ manner_NN1 interspersed_VVD with_IW short_JJ 
bursts_NN2 of_IO flight_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL MULLERIAN_JJ COMPONENT_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
;_; *0_NULL also_RR various_JJ endemic_JJ solitary_JJ bees_NN2 ,_, 
sphecids_NN2 ,_, and_CC Ichneumonidae_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL BATESIAN_JJ COMPONENT_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Males_NN2 of_IO the_AT above_JJ four_MC species_NN ,_, 
*1_NULL {_NULL Priocnemis_NP1 (_( \_NULL T._NP1 )_) monachus_NN1 }_NULL 
*0_NULL (_( males_NN2 only_RR )_) ,_, various_JJ Diptera_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 
*1_NULL {_NULL Pollenia_NP1 pernix_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( Hutton_NP1 )_) (_( 
Calliphoridae_NP1 )_) ,_, and_CC elaterids_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL REMARKS_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 complex_JJ favours_NN2 more_RGR open_JJ places_NN2 
than_CSN the_AT other_JJ mimicry_NN1 associations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Its_APPGE pompilid_JJ elements_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX show_VVI colour_NN1 
variation_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Mimicry_NN1 complex_NN1 2_MC :_: red_JJ body_NN1 ,_, 
yellow_JJ thorax_NN1 ,_, and_CC amber_JJ wings_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL COLORATION_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Body_NN1 bright_JJ red_NN1 except_II21 for_II22 hind_JJ 
part_NN1 of_IO thorax_NN1 ,_, propodeum_NN1 ,_, and_CC sometimes_RT part_NN1 
of_IO first_MD segment_NN1 of_IO metasoma_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR 
glistening_VVG yellow_JJ ;_; wings_NN2 tinted_VVD with_IW amber_NN1 ;_; 
legs_NN2 red_JJ ;_; antennae_NN2 black_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL CHARACTERISTIC_JJ MOVEMENTS_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Heliotaxis_NP1 (_( appearing_VVG almost_RR exclusively_RR 
in_II sunlight_NN1 ,_, and_CC disappearing_VVG very_RG rapidly_RR when_RRQ 
the_AT sunlight_NN1 fades_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Walking_VVG in_II a_AT1 bold_JJ ,_, jerky_JJ manner_NN1 ,_, with_IW 
the_AT antennae_NN2 held_VVD out_RP in_II front_NN1 ,_, constantly_RR 
moving_JJ ,_, sometimes_RT palpating_VVG the_AT ground_NN1 (_( some_DD 
dipterous_JJ mimics_NN2 compensate_VV0 for_IF short_JJ antennae_NN2 by_II 
having_VHG the_AT first_MD pair_NN of_IO legs_NN2 black_JJ but_CCB the_AT 
other_JJ two_MC pairs_NN2 red_JJ ,_, and_CC waving_VVG the_AT front_JJ 
legs_NN2 about_II like_JJ antennae_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Taking_VVG short_JJ flights_NN2 interspersed_VVD with_IW periods_NN2 
of_IO jerky_JJ walking_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL MULLERIAN_JJ MIMICRY_NN1 ASSOCIATES_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL BATESIAN_JJ MIMICS_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL REMARKS_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT asilids_NN2 function_VV0 as_CSA Batesian_JJ mimics_NN2 
with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 avian_JJ predation_NN1 ,_, and_CC as_CSA 
aggresive_JJ mimics_NN2 towards_II male_JJ ichneumonids_NN2 and_CC 
pompilids_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ sometimes_RT appear_VV0 to_TO mistake_VVI the_AT 
asilids_NN2 for_IF females_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE own_DA species_NN and_CC 
fly_NN1 towards_II them_PPHO2 ,_, when_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR eaten_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL Proctotrupes_NP1 maculipennis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
is_VBZ a_AT1 specific_JJ mimic_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL Sphictostethus_NN1 
calvus_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT wing_NN1 coloration_NN1 ,_, forewing_VVG fascia_NN1 
,_, and_CC apical_JJ wing_NN1 infuscation_NN1 are_VBR strikingly_RR similar_JJ 
,_, and_CC the_AT body_NN1 changes_NN2 from_II red_NN1 to_II black_NN1 
southwards_RL in_II a_AT1 notably_RR similar_JJ way_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Both_RR *1_NULL {_NULL Sphictostethus_NP1 fugax_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL Priocnemis_NP1 \_NULL (_( T._NP1 )_) conformis_NN1 
}_NULL *0_NULL are_VBR models_NN2 for_IF *1_NULL {_NULL Saropogon_NN1 
extenuatus_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Mimicry_NN1 complex_NN1 3_MC :_: black_JJ body_NN1 ,_, 
yellow_JJ abdominal_JJ base_NN1 ,_, amber_JJ wings_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL COLORATION_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Head_NN1 and_CC thorax_VV0 black_JJ ;_; base_NN1 of_IO 
abdomen_NN1 bright_JJ orange-yellow_JJ ;_; apex_NN1 of_IO abdomen_NN1 
black_NN1 ;_; wings_NN2 tinted_VVD with_IW amber_NN1 ,_, their_APPGE 
apices_NN2 lightly_RR infuscated_VVD ;_; coxae_NN2 and_CC apical_JJ parts_NN2 
of_IO tarsi_NN2 black_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL (_( Abdomen_NN1 always_RR smooth_JJ ,_, shining_VVG ,_, and_CC 
devoid_JJ of_IO bristles_NN2 ,_, even_RR in_II the_AT tachinid_JJ mimic_NN1 
*1_NULL {_NULL Huttonobasseria_NP1 verecunda_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL Hutton_NP1 ._. 
)_) 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL CHARACTERISTIC_JJ MOVEMENTS_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL As_II21 for_II22 the_AT previous_JJ mimicry_NN1 complex_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL MULLERIAN_JJ MIMICRY_NN1 ASSOCIATES_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL BATESIAN_JJ MIMICS_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL AGGRESSIVE_JJ MIMIC_NN1 ._. 

^ *1_NULL {_NULL Saropogon_NP1 extenuatus_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( Asilidae_NP1 
)_) is_VBZ an_AT1 excellent_JJ mimic_NN1 of_IO melanic_JJ *1_NULL {_NULL 
Priocnemis_NN1 (_( \_NULL T._NP1 )_) conformis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL females_NN2 
,_, to_II which_DDQ male_JJ pompilids_NN2 are_VBR sometimes_RT attracted_VVN 
,_, whereupon_CS the_AT asilid_NN1 captures_VVZ them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL REMARKS_NN2 ._. 

^ *0_NULL Both_RR Mullerian_JJ and_CC Batesian_JJ components_NN2 appear_VV0 
to_TO be_VBI based_VVN on_II *1_NULL {_NULL Degithina_NP1 decepta_NN1 }_NULL 
*0_NULL females_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 complex_JJ gains_NN2 species_NN south_ND1 of_IO latitude_NN1 
44_MC *@_NNU \_NULL S._NP1 *<_NULL *4_NULL Effects_NN2 of_IO thermal_JJ 
melanism_NN1 on_II mimicry_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL South_NP1 of_IO about_II latitude_NN1 44_MC *@_NNU 
30_MC *?_NULL 7_MC \_NULL S_ZZ1 mimicry_NN1 complex_NN1 2_MC ,_, dominant_JJ 
in_II northern_JJ districts_NN2 ,_, fades_VVZ out_RP and_CC mimicry_NN1 
complex_NN1 3_MC gains_VVZ new_JJ associates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ especially_RR true_JJ of_IO species_NN that_CST 
are_VBR strongly_RR subject_II21 to_II22 thermal_JJ melanism_NN1 ,_, such_II21 
as_II22 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, and_CC others_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ 
become_VV0 completely_RR black-bodied_JJ and_CC switch_NN1 to_II the_AT 
association_NN1 with_IW black_JJ body_NN1 ,_, yellow_JJ thorax_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
amber_JJ wings_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Several_DA2 species_NN (_( such_II21 as_II22 *1_NULL {_NULL 
Sphictostethus_NP1 calvus_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL 
Priocnemis_NP1 (_( \_NULL T._NP1 )_) conformis_NN1 }_NULL )_) have_VH0 the_AT 
body_NN1 completely_RR black_JJ ,_, {_NULL i.e._REX }_NULL ,_, without_IW 
orange-yellow_JJ on_II the_AT propodeum_NN1 and_CC the_AT base_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT abdomen_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT pompilids_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, hold_VV0 the_AT wings_NN2 
tightly_RR over_II the_AT back_NN1 ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT amber_JJ 
basal_NN1 part_NN1 resembles_VVZ the_AT orange_JJ base_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
abdomen_NN1 and_CC the_AT enlarged_JJ apical_JJ infuscation_NN1 
corresponds_VVZ to_II the_AT black_JJ abdominal_JJ apex_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II Stewart_NP Island_NNL1 some_DD *1_NULL {_NULL Priocnemis_NN1 
(_( \_NULL T._NP1 )_) conformis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL males_NN2 have_VH0 the_AT 
wings_NN2 entirely_RR infuscated_VVN ,_, and_CC the_AT body_NN1 and_CC 
appendages_NN2 are_VBR black_JJ as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 resemble_VV0 members_NN2 of_IO the_AT black-bodied_JJ ,_, 
clear-winged_JJ mimicry_NN1 complex_NN1 when_CS running_VVG on_II the_AT 
ground_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL NESTING_VVG BEHAVIOUR_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Morphology_NN1 and_CC behaviour_NN1 are_VBR closely_RR 
interrelated_VVN in_II Pompilidae_NP1 ,_, as_CSA they_PPHS2 are_VBR in_II 
most_DAT aculeate_JJ Hymenoptera_NP1 ,_, and_CC taxonomists_NN2 ever_RR 
since_CS Linnaeus_NP1 have_VH0 sought_VVN to_TO include_VVI ethological_JJ 
notes_NN2 in_II their_APPGE descriptions_NN2 of_IO wasps_NN2 ,_, bees_NN2 ,_, 
and_CC ants_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II an_AT1 excellent_JJ study_NN1 on_II the_AT classification_NN1 
and_CC phylogeny_NN1 of_IO the_AT social_JJ Vespidae_NP1 ,_, Ducke_NP1 (_( 
1914_MC )_) made_VVD extensive_JJ use_NN1 of_IO nesting_VVG behaviour_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Wheeler_NP1 (_( 1923_MC ,_, 1928_MC )_) undertook_VVD similar_JJ 
studies_NN2 on_II ants_NN2 ;_; Plath_NP1 (_( 1934_MC )_) proposed_VVD a_AT1 
classification_NN1 of_IO bumblebees_NN2 based_VVN on_II nesting_VVG 
behaviour_NN1 ;_; Duncan_NP1 (_( 1939_MC )_) showed_VVD a_AT1 close_JJ 
parallel_NN1 between_II morphological_JJ and_CC biological_JJ characters_NN2 
in_II defining_VVG the_AT genera_NN2 of_IO Vespidae_NP1 ;_; Spooner_NP1 (_( 
1948_MC )_) found_VVD clear-cut_JJ generic_JJ and_CC specific_JJ 
differences_NN2 in_II the_AT behaviour_NN1 of_IO the_AT British_JJ 
Pseninae_NP1 (_( Sphecidae_NP1 )_) ;_; **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL and_CC 
Michener_NP1 has_VHZ made_VVN comparable_JJ discoveries_NN2 with_IW 
solitary_JJ bees_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Evans_NP1 (_( 1953_MC )_) constructed_VVD a_AT1 classification_NN1 
of_IO Pompilidae_NP1 based_VVD solely_RR on_II their_APPGE comparative_JJ 
ethology_NN1 ,_, and_CC this_DD1 very_RG closely_RR paralleled_VVD the_AT 
existing_JJ morphological_JJ one_PN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hence_RR ,_, nidification_NN1 cycles_NN2 provide_VV0 revealing_VVG 
taxonomic_JJ characters_NN2 that_CST should_VM be_VBI used_VVN in_II 
classification_NN1 to_TO support_VVI conclusions_NN2 derived_VVN from_II 
morphology_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Comparative_JJ ethologists_NN2 of_IO solitary_JJ wasps_NN2 
such_II21 as_II22 Iwata_NP1 (_( 1942_MC )_) ,_, Arens_NP1 (_( 1948_MC )_) ,_, 
Tsuneki_NP1 (_( 1957_MC )_) ,_, Evans_NP1 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL ,_, 
1958_MC )_) ,_, Olberg_NP1 (_( 1959_MC )_) ,_, Malyshev_NP1 (_( 1966_MC )_) 
,_, and_CC Grandi_NP1 (_( 1971_MC )_) have_VH0 divided_VVN the_AT nesting_JJ 
cycles_NN2 into_II behavioural_JJ sequences_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR denoted_VVN 
by_II letters_NN2 and_CC numbers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Harris_NP1 (_( 1974_MC )_) applied_VVD the_AT nesting_JJ formulae_NN2 
devised_VVD by_II Arens_NP1 (_( 1948_MC )_) ,_, Malyshev_NP1 (_( 1966_MC )_) 
,_, and_CC Evans_NP1 &_CC Eberhard_NP1 (_( 1970_MC )_) to_II the_AT New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 species_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nidification_NN1 formulae_NN2 based_VVN on_II such_DA sequences_NN2 
are_VBR usually_RR arranged_VVN in_II hierarchies_NN2 ranging_VVG from_II 
simple_JJ to_II complex_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ frequently_RR assumed_VVN that_CST simple_JJ 
nidification_NN1 formulae_NN2 represent_VV0 a_AT1 lower_JJR stage_NN1 of_IO 
evolutionary_JJ development_NN1 than_CSN more_RRR complex_JJ ones_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL Priocnemis_NP1 (_( \_NULL T._NP1 )_) 
monachus_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL usually_RR performs_VVZ the_AT full_JJ set_NN1 
of_IO sequences_NN2 devised_VVD by_II Malyshev_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Not_XX all_DB species_NN do_VD0 this_DD1 ,_, however_RR ,_, and_CC 
many_DA2 enact_NN1 the_AT steps_NN2 in_II a_AT1 different_JJ order_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, a_AT1 more_RGR derived_JJ species_NN 
may_VM dig_VVI a_AT1 cell_NN1 before_CS it_PPH1 hunts_VVZ a_AT1 spider_NN1 ,_, 
whereas_CS a_AT1 primitive_JJ one_PN1 often_RR digs_VVZ its_APPGE cell_NN1 
after_CS it_PPH1 has_VHZ captured_VVN a_AT1 spider_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Evans_NP1 &_CC Eberhard_NP1 (_( 1970_MC ,_, \_NULL pp._NNU2 
114-119_MCMC )_) gave_VVD a_AT1 simplified_JJ nesting_JJ hierarchy_NN1 
which_DDQ is_VBZ used_VVN in_II this_DD1 account_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Only_RR the_AT first_MD four_MC stages_NN2 apply_VV0 to_II 
Pompilidae_NP1 ,_, as_CSA follows_VVZ :_: *<_NULL (_( 1_MC1 )_) prey_NN1 *-_- 
egg_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL No_AT nest_NN1 made_VVN ;_; egg_NN1 laid_VVD directly_RR on_II 
host_NN1 *-_- {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL Epipompilus_NP1 
insularis_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ *<_NULL *0_NULL (_( 2_MC )_) prey_NN1 *-_- niche_NN1 *-_- egg_NN1 *-_- (_( 
closure_NN1 )_) |_NULL ^_NULL Prey_VV0 caught_VVN outside_II its_APPGE own_DA 
burrow_NN1 and_CC dragged_VVN back_RP into_II its_APPGE burrow_NN1 *-_- no_AT 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 examples_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL (_( 3_MC )_) prey_NN1 *-_- nest_NN1 *-_- egg_NN1 *-_- closure_NN1 
|_NULL ^_NULL Prey_NN1 dragged_VVD into_II pre-existing_JJ hole_NN1 which_DDQ 
may_VM subsequently_RR be_VBI modified_VVN by_II the_AT wasp_NN1 ;_; prey_NN1 
caught_VVN before_II nest_NN1 is_VBZ made_VVN or_CC found_VVD *-_- {_NULL 
e.g._REX }_NULL ,_, all_DB species_NN in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 (_( except_CS 
*1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL E._NP1 insularis_NN1 }_NULL )_) ;_; always_RR in_II 
*1_NULL {_NULL Priocnemis_NP1 nitidiventris_NN1 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL which_DDQ 
seemingly_RR makes_VVZ only_RR single-celled_JJ nests_NN2 exclusively_RR in_II 
sand_NN1 ;_; sometimes_RT only_RR in_II the_AT other_JJ species_NN ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 296+TEXT+J02_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL THE_AT IDEA_NN1 OF_IO *0_NULL forest_NN1 management_NN 
is_VBZ interpreted_VVN quite_RG differently_RR by_II the_AT conservation_NN1 
and_CC sawmilling_VVG factions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_II the_AT former_DA it_PPH1 has_VHZ come_VVN to_TO mean_VVI an_AT1 
invitation_NN1 to_TO open_VVI slather_NN1 on_II native_JJ forests_NN2 ;_; 
to_II the_AT latter_DA ,_, an_AT1 unjustified_JJ limitation_NN1 on_II the_AT 
use_NN1 of_IO the_AT resource_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Both_DB2 interpretations_NN2 may_VM be_VBI favourably_RR revised_VVN 
in_II time_NNT1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Sustained-yield_JJ management_NN ought_VMK to_TO be_VBI 
long-term_JJ government_NN policy_NN1 in_II indigenous_JJ forests_NN2 
zoned_VVD for_IF production_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT adoption_NN1 of_IO such_DA a_AT1 policy_NN1 would_VM 
represent_VVI a_AT1 breakthrough_NN1 *-_- the_AT boundary_NN1 between_II a_AT1 
pioneering_NN1 ,_, extractive_JJ phase_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 era_NN1 in_II 
which_DDQ the_AT timber_NN industry_NN1 adjusted_VVD to_II living_VVG with_IW 
the_AT forests_NN2 in_II perpetuity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 forest_NN1 sustained_VVD is_VBZ a_AT1 forest_NN1 in_II 
which_DDQ harvesting_NN1 and_CC mortality_NN1 combined_VVN do_VD0 not_XX 
exceed_VVI regeneration_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Naturally_RR enough_RR ,_, faster-growing_JJR forests_NN2 produce_VV0 
more_DAR timber_NN ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ why_RRQ attention_NN1 would_VM 
tend_VVI to_TO swing_VVI from_II podocarps_NN2 to_II beech_NN1 forests_NN2 
regardless_RR of_IO the_AT state_NN1 of_IO the_AT podocarp_NN1 resource_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT colonists_NN2 can_VM not_XX be_VBI blamed_VVN for_IF 
plunging_VVG in_RP without_IW thought_NN1 to_II whether_CSW the_AT 
resource_NN1 had_VHD limits_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 brought_VVD from_II Britain_NP1 little_JJ experience_NN1 
or_CC understanding_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ to_TO maintain_VVI forest_NN1 
structure_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 timber_NN supply_VV0 for_IF all_DB time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Under_II German_JJ management_NN it_PPH1 might_VM have_VHI been_VBN 
different_JJ here_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Germans_NN2 have_VH0 practised_VVN the_AT sustained_JJ 
approach_NN1 since_CS the_AT seventeenth_MD century_NNT1 when_RRQ they_PPHS2 
faced_VVD a_AT1 timber_NN shortage_VV0 as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
series_NN of_IO wars_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 in_II the_AT latter_DA part_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
twentieth_MD century_NNT1 ,_, an_AT1 anticipated_JJ shortage_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
most_RGT valuable_JJ native_JJ timber_NN ,_, rimu_NN1 ,_, prompts_VVZ a_AT1 
similar_JJ response_NN1 *-_- no_AT more_DAR contraction_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
indigenous_JJ forest_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 balancing_NN1 of_IO yield_NN1 with_IW 
increment_NN1 in_II selected_JJ areas_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX to_TO say_VVI the_AT idea_NN1 is_VBZ 
being_VBG aired_VVN here_RL for_IF the_AT first_MD time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Over_II a_AT1 century_NNT1 ago_RA the_AT first_MD Conservator_NN1 
of_IO Forests_NN2 proposed_VVD sustained_JJ harvesting_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ cried_VVN down_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX were_VBDR far_RR too_RG many_DA2 trees_NN2 left_VVD to_TO 
bother_VVI about_II it_PPH1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL And_CC yet_RR in_II the_AT pastoral_JJ context_NN1 the_AT 
dangers_NN2 of_IO overgrazing_VVG were_VBDR appreciated_VVN early_RR in_II 
the_AT piece_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 geography_NN1 students_NN2 are_VBR taught_VVN 
to_II this_DD1 day_NNT1 how_RRQ overgrazing_VVG causes_VVZ the_AT 
degradation_NN1 of_IO the_AT soil_NN1 and_CC hillsides_NN2 to_TO slide_VVI 
away_RL ,_, and_CC that_DD1 with_IW them_PPHO2 can_VM go_VVI the_AT 
viability_NN1 of_IO hill-country_JJ sheep_NN and_CC cattle_NN2 farming_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_CST a_AT1 forest_NN1 could_VM be_VBI overgrazed_VVN as_CSA 
easily_RR was_VBDZ not_XX widely_RR accepted_VVN until_CS much_RR later_RRR 
*-_- so_RG late_RR ,_, in_II fact_NN1 ,_, that_CST the_AT counter_NN1 to_II 
it_PPH1 ,_, sustained-yield_JJ management_NN ,_, would_VM be_VBI forced_VVN 
upon_II the_AT industry_NN1 and_CC come_VV0 as_II a_AT1 shock_NN1 to_II 
it_PPH1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 simple_JJ enough_DD concept_NN1 on_II 
paper_NN1 :_: balance_NN1 harvest_NN1 with_IW growth_NN1 and_CC you_PPY 
have_VH0 a_AT1 natural_JJ renewable_JJ resource_NN1 ;_; forest_NN1 
products_NN2 forever_RT ._. 

^ ^_NULL Plus_II the_AT social_JJ and_CC economic_JJ benefits_NN2 of_IO 
regular_JJ work_NN1 and_CC income_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 regular_JJ timber_NN 
supply_NN1 and_CC relatively_RR stable_JJ markets_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Plus_II the_AT environmental_JJ benefits_NN2 that_CST accrue_VV0 
from_II minimising_VVG the_AT impact_NN1 on_II soil_NN1 and_CC water_NN1 
qualities_NN2 and_CC wildlife_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II practice_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, sustainability_NN1 
depends_VVZ on_II how_RGQ well_RR the_AT dynamics_NN of_IO the_AT forest_NN1 
are_VBR understood_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC these_DD2 vary_VV0 from_II area_NN1 to_II area_NN1 
according_II21 to_II22 forest_NN1 make-up_NN1 ,_, soil_NN1 profile_NN1 ,_, 
altitude_NN1 ,_, climate_NN1 and_CC factors_NN2 which_DDQ forest_NN1 
science_NN1 may_VM yet_RR discover_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ecology_NN1 is_VBZ deep-felt_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL To_II the_AT distant_JJ eye_NN1 a_AT1 green_JJ cloak_NN1 
over_II a_AT1 faulted_JJ ,_, glacier-scoured_JJ landscape_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
forest_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 complex_JJ thing_NN1 close_VV0 up_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL Growth_NN1 patterns_NN2 are_VBR never_RR the_AT same_DA even_RR in_II 
adjacent_JJ blocks_NN2 of_IO forest_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Increments_NP1 in_II virgin_JJ rimu_NN1 forest_NN1 can_VM vary_VVI 
from_II less_DAR than_CSN half_RR a_AT1 cubic_JJ metre_NNU1 per_II hectare_NN1 
per_II year_NNT1 to_II six_MC cubic_JJ metres_NNU2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT slowest-growing_NN1 patches_VVZ the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO 
a_AT1 single_JJ tree_NN1 can_VM reduce_VVI increment_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
year_NNT1 to_TO zero_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Clearly_RR ,_, the_AT new_JJ era_NN1 in_II forestry_NN1 must_VM 
conform_VVI with_IW the_AT forest_NN1 's_GE natural_JJ rhythms_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT rimu_NN1 forest_NN1 exhibits_VVZ a_AT1 growth_NN1 
patchwork_NN1 that_CST pays_VVZ no_AT heed_NN1 to_II a_AT1 forester_NN1 's_GE 
straight-lined_JJ compartments_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Five_MC growth_NN1 phases_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN identified_VVN in_II 
virgin_JJ rimu_NN1 terrace_NN1 forest_NN1 and_CC they_PPHS2 can_VM occupy_VVI 
areas_NN2 ranging_VVG in_II size_NN1 from_II a_AT1 fifth_MD of_IO a_AT1 
hectare_NN1 to_II 20_MC hectares_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 patches_NN2 include_VV0 saplings_NN2 competing_VVG in_II 
groves_NN2 under_II canopy_NN1 gaps_NN2 and_CC mature_JJ survivors_NN2 
that_CST form_VV0 a_AT1 fairly_RR dense_JJ canopy_NN1 40_MC metres_NNU2 or_CC 
more_DAR above_II the_AT forest_NN1 floor_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL How_RRQ to_TO cull_VVI out_RP the_AT senile_JJ trees_NN2 in_II the_AT 
most_RGT advanced_JJ phase_NN1 without_IW disturbing_VVG the_AT cycle_NN1 
is_VBZ the_AT challenge_NN1 facing_VVG forestry_NN1 from_RT31 now_RT32 on_RT33 
._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI met_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 must_VM be_VBI met_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT trouble_NN1 with_IW the_AT old_JJ selection-logging_JJ 
techniques_NN2 was_VBDZ that_CST they_PPHS2 could_VM accelerate_VVI 
decline_NN1 by_II exposing_VVG trees_NN2 to_II toppling_VVG by_II wind_NN1 
storm_NN1 (_( the_AT domino_NN1 effect_NN1 )_) ,_, by_II impeding_VVG 
drainage_NN1 ,_, and_CC by_II directly_RR damaging_JJ trunks_NN2 or_CC 
roots_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT logging_NN1 was_VBDZ conducted_VVN on_II a_AT1 
scale_NN1 too_RG large_JJ and_CC inflexible_JJ for_IF natural_JJ growth_NN1 
patterns_NN2 to_TO be_VBI recognised_VVN let_II21 alone_II22 respected_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Scale_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 key_JJ factor_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Areas_NN2 of_IO rimu_NN1 forest_NN1 given_VVN over_RP to_II 
sustained-yield_JJ production_NN1 will_VM always_RR have_VHI to_TO be_VBI 
larger_JJR than_CSN those_DD2 for_IF beech_NN1 for_IF the_AT same_DA 
output_NN1 of_IO timber_NN unless_CS sub-canopy_JJ trees_NN2 growing_VVG 
in_II31 association_II32 with_II33 rimu_NN1 ,_, like_II kamahi_NN2 ,_, 
hinau_NN1 and_CC tawheowheo_NN1 ,_, become_VV0 valued_VVN for_IF their_APPGE 
timber_NN and_CC can_VM contribute_VVI to_II the_AT total_JJ yield_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Conservation_NN1 argument_NN1 in_II the_AT future_NN1 will_VM 
probably_RR focus_VVI not_XX so_RG much_DA1 on_II the_AT question_NN1 of_IO 
whether_CSW rimu_NN1 forests_NN2 will_VM survive_VVI ,_, for_IF that_DD1 
is_VBZ assured_VVN under_II a_AT1 sustained-yield_JJ approach_NN1 ,_, but_CCB 
on_II just_RR what_DDQ proportion_NN1 should_VM be_VBI committed_VVN for_IF 
production_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS any_DD rimu_NN1 forest_NN1 is_VBZ zoned_VVN for_IF 
production_NN1 there_EX is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI ,_, for_IF some_DD 
years_NNT2 to_TO come_VVI ,_, a_AT1 nervous_JJ regard_NN1 for_IF its_APPGE 
wellbeing_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT Forest_NN1 Service_NN1 ,_, whose_DDQGE production_NN1 
responsibilities_NN2 were_VBDR vested_JJ in_II the_AT Forestry_NN1 
Corporation_NNJ in_II 1987_MC ,_, fielded_VVD a_AT1 considerable_JJ amount_NN1 
of_IO opposition_NN1 during_II the_AT seventies_MC2 and_CC eighties_MC2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 came_VVD from_II the_AT conservation_NN1 and_CC 
sawmilling_VVG lobbies_NN2 almost_RR in_II the_AT same_DA breath_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Forest_NN1 Service_NN1 attempted_VVD simultaneously_RR to_TO 
balance_VVI these_DD2 views_NN2 with_IW political_JJ imperatives_NN2 that_CST 
seemed_VVD as_CSA leaves_VVZ in_II a_AT1 fickle_JJ breeze_NN1 created_VVN 
by_II too_RG many_DA2 people_NN breathing_VVG hard_RR in_II opposite_JJ 
directions_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Opinions_NN2 were_VBDR polarised_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT smallest_JJT black_JJ mark_NN1 against_II the_AT Forest_NN1 
Service_NN1 could_VM escalate_VVI to_II a_AT1 scandal_NN1 of_IO regional_JJ 
or_CC even_RR national_JJ proportions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT service_NN1 's_VBZ credibility_NN1 seemed_VVD always_RR on_II 
the_AT line_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 line_NN1 somewhere_RL between_II the_AT devil_NN1 
and_CC the_AT deep_JJ green_JJ forest_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT public_JJ eye_NN1 the_AT department_NNJ 's_GE 
credibility_NN1 was_VBDZ eroded_VVN somewhat_RR in_II31 proportion_II32 
to_II33 the_AT number_NN1 of_IO pictures_NN2 published_VVN of_IO 
clear-felling_NN1 ,_, of_IO stumps_NN2 and_CC the_AT wreckage_NN1 of_IO 
once-proud_JJ crowns_NN2 ,_, of_IO mud_NN1 and_CC slush_NN1 and_CC 
dishevelled_JJ forest_NN1 margins_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Never_RR mind_VV0 that_CST a_AT1 crop_NN1 of_IO newly_RR planted_JJ 
rimu_NN1 might_VM be_VBI growing_VVG there_RL ,_, hidden_VVN by_II the_AT 
slash_NN1 but_CCB doing_VDG well_RR ,_, an_AT1 eyesore_NN1 was_VBDZ an_AT1 
eyesore_NN1 ,_, and_CC bad_JJ public_JJ relations_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Meanwhile_RR ,_, in_II the_AT lead-up_NN1 to_II the_AT 
reduction_NN1 in_II podocarp_NN1 logging_VVG *-_- a_AT1 threat_NN1 to_II 
one_MC1 camp_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 promise_NN1 to_II the_AT other_JJ *-_- the_AT 
Forest_NN1 Service_NN1 worked_VVN on_II ways_NN2 to_TO ease_VVI the_AT 
timber_NN industry_NN1 into_II it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Trials_NN2 in_II helicopter_NN1 logging_VVG were_VBDR undertaken_VVN 
,_, and_CC a_AT1 new_JJ portable_JJ chainsaw_NN1 mill_NN1 was_VBDZ 
designed_VVN and_CC tested_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Amendments_NN2 to_II the_AT Forests_NN2 Act_VV0 back_RP in_II 1976_MC 
had_VHD foreshadowed_VVN radical_JJ change_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT accent_NN1 shifted_VVD from_II production_NN1 to_II 
production_NN1 and_CC protection_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, indigenous_JJ State_NN1 forest_NN1 
was_VBDZ not_XX to_TO be_VBI cleared_VVN for_IF the_AT planting_NN1 of_IO 
exotic_JJ trees_NN2 ,_, and_CC any_DD logging_NN1 that_CST exceeded_VVD a_AT1 
sustainable_JJ level_NN1 had_VHD to_TO be_VBI justified_VVN on_II 
compelling_VVG economic_JJ or_CC social_JJ grounds_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sustained-yield_NN1 was_VBDZ implanted_VVN as_II a_AT1 long-term_JJ 
policy_NN1 goal_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL By_II 1990_MC native_JJ wood_NN1 production_NN1 from_II 
State_NN1 forests_NN2 across_II the_AT country_NN1 will_VM have_VHI 
declined_VVN by_RP over_II 90_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 since_CS the_AT 
legislation_NN1 of_IO the_AT mid-seventies_MC2 set_VVD the_AT changes_NN2 
in_II motion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Private_JJ owners_NN2 of_IO native_JJ forest_NN1 remain_VV0 free_JJ 
to_TO manage_VVI their_APPGE stands_NN2 as_CSA they_PPHS2 please_RR ,_, 
although_CS inevitably_RR their_APPGE conservation_NN1 performance_NN1 will_VM 
come_VVI in_RP for_IF public_JJ scrutiny_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL No_PN121 one_PN122 is_VBZ predicting_VVG a_AT1 complete_JJ 
halt_NN1 to_II harvesting_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX will_VM always_RR be_VBI a_AT1 demand_NN1 for_IF fine_JJ 
woods_NN2 and_CC if_CSW they_PPHS2 can_VM not_XX be_VBI supplied_VVN from_II 
within_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 then_RT another_DD1 country_NN1 's_GE natural_JJ 
forests_NN2 will_VM be_VBI called_VVN on_RP to_TO produce_VVI them_PPHO2 at_II 
who_PNQS knows_VVZ what_DDQ ecological_JJ cost_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT 1976_MC Act_NN1 advanced_VVD the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST 
native_JJ forest_NN1 furnishes_VVZ more_DAR than_CSN timber_NN and_CC that_CST 
its_APPGE uses_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI brought_VVN into_II balance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Timber_NN production_NN1 is_VBZ but_RR a_AT1 fraction_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT spectrum_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ forest_NN1 produce_NN1 includes_VVZ sphagnum_NN1 moss_NN1 
(_( the_AT Coast_NP1 's_GE moss_NN1 industry_NN1 is_VBZ worth_II more_DAR 
than_CSN *+_NULL $3_NNU million_NNO a_AT1 year_NNT1 in_II export_NN1 
earnings_NN2 )_) ,_, possums_NN2 and_CC other_JJ game_NN1 ,_, honey_NN1 ,_, 
garden_NN1 plants_NN2 ,_, florists_NN2 '_GE materials_NN2 ,_, and_CC even_RR 
decorative_JJ rocks_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC enshrined_VVD in_II legislation_NN1 now_RT are_VBR forest_NN1 
values_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 water_NN1 and_CC soil_NN1 management_NN ,_, 
protection_NN1 of_IO indigenous_JJ flora_NN and_CC fauna_NN2 ,_, scientific_JJ 
significance_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 host_NN1 of_IO social_JJ benefits_NN2 *-_- 
recreational_JJ ,_, educational_JJ ,_, cultural_JJ ,_, historical_JJ ,_, 
scenic_JJ and_CC aesthetic_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL All_DB State_NN1 forests_NN2 are_VBR potential_JJ public_JJ 
playgrounds_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD of_IO them_PPHO2 have_VH0 acquired_VVN the_AT special_JJ 
status_NN1 of_IO forest_NN1 park_NN1 that_CST guarantees_VVZ their_APPGE 
recreational_JJ use_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO its_APPGE disestablishment_NN1 in_II 
1987_MC ,_, the_AT Forest_NN1 Service_NN1 was_VBDZ administering_VVG ,_, 
nationally_RR ,_, 21_MC forest_NN1 parks_NN2 covering_VVG 1.6_MC million_NNO 
hectares_NN2 of_IO State_NN1 forest_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT country_NN1 's_VBZ second_MD largest_JJT forest_NN1 park_NN1 
,_, Victoria_NP1 ,_, is_VBZ on_II the_AT West_NP Coast_NP1 ,_, sprawling_VVG 
across_II a_AT1 mountainous_JJ region_NN1 of_IO beech_NN1 forest_NN1 
bounded_VVD generally_RR by_II Reefton_NP1 (_( park_NN1 headquarters_NN )_) 
,_, Murchison_NP1 and_CC Springs_VVZ Junction_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Neither_RR Victoria_NP1 nor_CC any_DD of_IO the_AT other_JJ 
parks_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, is_VBZ reserved_VVN exclusively_RR for_IF 
recreation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Victoria_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 mosaic_NN1 of_IO protection_NN1 forest_NN1 
,_, ecological_JJ areas_NN2 ,_, production_NN1 zones_NN2 ,_, exotic_JJ 
forest_NN1 ,_, scenic_JJ reserves_NN2 and_CC *'_" amenity_NN1 **'_" areas_NN2 
in_II which_DDQ recreational_JJ values_NN2 outweigh_VV0 those_DD2 of_IO 
production_NN1 for_IF historical_JJ ,_, cultural_JJ or_CC scenic_JJ 
reasons_NN2 ,_, alone_JJ or_CC in_II combination_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Never_RR before_RT have_VH0 State_NN1 forests_NN2 been_VBN 
so_RG accessible_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Any_DD recreational_JJ map_NN1 of_IO the_AT West_NP Coast_NP1 is_VBZ 
a_AT1 mass_NN1 of_IO squiggles_NN2 marking_VVG new_JJ or_CC improved_VVD 
walking_VVG tracks_NN2 of_IO varying_JJ length_NN1 and_CC grade_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD mark_NN1 historic_JJ gold-_NN1 or_CC coal-mining_JJ sites_NN2 
that_CST happen_VV0 to_TO fall_VVI within_II State_NN1 forest_NN1 
boundaries_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT development_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 tracks_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE 
associated_JJ huts_NN2 ,_, bridges_NN2 ,_, campsites_NN2 and_CC picnic_NN1 
places_NN2 has_VHZ formed_VVN an_AT1 important_JJ part_NN1 of_IO forestry_NN1 
work_NN1 on_II the_AT West_NP Coast_NP1 in_II the_AT recent_JJ past_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ presented_VVN visitors_NN2 with_IW an_AT1 
abundance_NN1 of_IO outdoor_JJ opportunities_NN2 and_CC with_IW that_DD1 
most_RGT precious_JJ opportunity_NN1 of_IO all_DB *-_- the_AT chance_NN1 to_II 
commune_NN1 with_IW the_AT forest_NN1 ,_, to_TO join_VVI the_AT carousel_NN1 
,_, to_TO celebrate_VVI the_AT solitude_NN1 of_IO wild_JJ places_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Without_IW doubt_NN1 the_AT forestry_NN1 work_NN1 has_VHZ 
enhanced_VVN the_AT tourist_NN1 potential_NN1 of_IO the_AT Coast_NP1 ,_, 
the_AT forested_JJ wilderness_NN1 coast_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_II outsiders_NN2 the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO the_AT forestry_NN1 
service_NN1 going_VVG out_II21 of_II22 its_APPGE way_NN1 to_TO develop_VVI 
tourism_NN1 might_VM seem_VVI incongruous_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB the_AT West_NP Coast_NP1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT average_NN1 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 region_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Its_APPGE forest_NN1 backdrop_NN1 means_VVZ as_RG much_DA1 to_II 
tourism_NN1 as_CSA it_PPH1 does_VDZ to_II timber_NN ,_, and_CC in_II coming_JJ 
years_NNT2 the_AT value_NN1 of_IO the_AT forest_NN1 to_II the_AT visitor_NN1 
industry_NN1 is_VBZ bound_VVNK to_TO outstrip_VVI ,_, in_II dollar_NNU1 
terms_NN2 ,_, proceeds_VVZ from_II timber_NN production_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 phenomenon_NN1 of_IO late_RR has_VHZ been_VBN the_AT 
influx_NN1 of_IO rental_NN1 camper_NN1 vans_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thousands_NNO2 of_IO tourists_NN2 ,_, driving_VVG themselves_PPX2 
around_RP ,_, can_VM explore_VVI forested_JJ byways_NN2 and_CC walking_VVG 
tracks_NN2 with_IW the_AT assurance_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 cup_NN1 of_IO tea_NN1 
and_CC a_AT1 bed_NN1 are_VBR waiting_VVG where_RRQ they_PPHS2 have_VH0 
parked_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC in_II more_DAR and_CC more_DAR places_NN2 on_II the_AT 
Coast_NP1 visitors_NN2 can_VM go_VVI where_CS no_AT logging_JJ machinery_NN1 
is_VBZ permitted_VVN *-_- Ecological_JJ Areas_NN2 ,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD of_IO these_DD2 natural_JJ laboratories_NN2 was_VBDZ 
gazetted_VVN in_II 1979_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR about_RG 30_MC altogether_RR now_RT ,_, covering_VVG 
100,000_MC hectares_NN2 (_( 10_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 )_) of_IO State_NN1 
forest_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE primary_JJ purpose_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO preserve_VVI 
representative_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO flora_NN and_CC fauna_NN2 and_CC 
maintain_VV0 genetic_JJ diversity_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO revised_JJ forest_NN1 policy_NN1 
,_, exotic_JJ plantations_NN2 no_RR21 longer_RR22 threaten_VV0 to_TO usurp_VVI 
the_AT territories_NN2 of_IO the_AT indigenous_JJ resource_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Large-scale_JJ conversion_NN1 to_II exotics_NN1 was_VBDZ dropped_VVN 
as_II an_AT1 option_NN1 in_II the_AT mid-seventies_MC2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB exotics_NN2 of_IO one_MC1 kind_NN1 or_CC another_DD1 will_VM 
have_VHI to_TO sustain_VVI the_AT bigger_JJR mills_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Radiata_NP1 pine_NN1 flourishes_VVZ on_II the_AT Coast_NP1 ,_, and_CC 
Douglas_NP1 fir_NN1 ,_, Tasmanian_JJ blackwood_NN1 and_CC various_JJ 
eucalypts_NN2 also_RR do_VD0 well_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT future_NN1 the_AT mills_NN2 will_VM look_VVI to_II 
radiata_NN1 as_CSA their_APPGE main_JJ source_NN1 of_IO sawlogs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Growth_NN1 rates_NN2 to_TO date_VVI point_NN1 to_II a_AT1 30-year_JJ 
rotation_NN1 ,_, although_CS not_XX everyone_PN1 is_VBZ convinced_JJ 
radiata_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT long-term_JJ saviour_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 is_VBZ well_RR stocked_VVN with_IW 
radiata_NN1 pine_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO compete_VVI ,_, West_NP Coast_NP1 radiata_NN1 would_VM have_VHI 
to_TO command_VVI a_AT1 premium_NN1 (_( for_IF quality_NN1 it_PPH1 does_VDZ 
surpass_VVI ,_, by_RR31 and_RR32 large_RR33 ,_, the_AT Canterbury_NP1 
product_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ more_RRR affected_VVN by_II cold_JJ and_CC 
dry_JJ spells_NN2 )_) or_CC go_VV0 directly_RR to_II Australian_JJ markets_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT West_NP Coast_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 day_NNT1 and_CC a_AT1 half_RR 
closer_RRR to_II Australia_NP1 by_II sea_NN1 than_CSN East_NP Coast_NP1 
ports_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT old_JJ story_NN1 *-_- the_AT need_NN1 
for_IF port_NN1 development_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF a_AT1 substantial_JJ trade_NN1 to_TO eventuate_VVI there_RL 
would_VM need_VVI to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 major_JJ upgrading_NN1 of_IO 
Greymouth_NP1 's_GE river_NN1 port_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC that_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX altogether_RR forestry_NN1 's_VBZ 
business_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Besides_II tourism_NN1 foresters_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN 
associated_VVN with_IW some_DD unusual_JJ projects_NN2 ,_, nonetheless_RR ,_, 
through_II the_AT avenue_NN1 of_IO environmental_JJ forestry_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 297+TEXT+J03_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Apparent_JJ anomalies_NN2 are_VBR present_JJ in_II 
the_AT distribution_NN1 of_IO the_AT main_JJ species_NN and_CC of_IO the_AT 
two_MC main_JJ forest_NN1 types_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA irregularities_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN explained_VVN in_II31 
terms_II32 of_II33 marked_JJ climatic_JJ changes_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR 
assumed_VVN to_TO have_VHI taken_VVN place_NN1 in_II the_AT regional_JJ 
climate_NN1 some_DD hundreds_NNO2 of_IO years_NNT2 ago_RA ._. 

^ ^_NULL Whether_CSW correct_JJ or_CC not_XX ,_, there_EX must_VM have_VHI 
been_VBN constant_JJ changes_NN2 proceeding_VVG since_II the_AT last_MD 
major_JJ phase_NN1 of_IO the_AT ice_NN1 age_NN1 and_CC the_AT melting_NN1 
of_IO glaciers_NN2 and_CC ice_NN1 sheets_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ estimated_VVN to_TO have_VHI been_VBN only_RR 
10-15,000_MCMC years_NNT2 ago_RA ._. 

^ ^_NULL Indeed_RR ,_, pollen_NN1 profile_NN1 studies_NN2 have_VH0 
indicated_VVN a_AT1 succession_NN1 of_IO climates_NN2 commencing_VVG with_IW 
one_PN1 in_II which_DDQ grasses_NN2 were_VBDR dominant_JJ *-_- a_AT1 type_NN1 
of_IO vegetation_NN1 that_CST would_VM quickly_RR occupy_VVI the_AT ground_NN1 
following_VVG retreat_NN1 of_IO the_AT ice_NN1 *-_- then_RT 
podocarp-broadleaf_JJ forest_NN1 with_IW little_DA1 beech_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
finally_RR the_AT phase_NN1 in_II which_DDQ beech_NN1 has_VHZ spread_VVN 
and_CC become_VV0 dominant_JJ in_II places_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT most_RGT obvious_JJ anomaly_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT 
presence_NN1 of_IO podocarp-broadleaf_JJ forest_NN1 above_II beech_NN1 
which_DDQ is_VBZ invading_VVG the_AT former_DA by_II moving_VVG uphill_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Normally_RR ,_, where_CS the_AT two_MC types_NN2 of_IO forests_NN2 
occur_VV0 together_RL ,_, podocarps_NN2 grow_VV0 in_II the_AT lower_JJR 
altitudes_NN2 and_CC warmer_JJR sites_NN2 ,_, while_CS beech_NN1 occupies_VVZ 
the_AT higher_JJR ,_, colder_JJR areas_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL From_II the_AT mountain_NN1 massif_NN1 of_IO Fiordland_NP1 
and_CC Otago_NP1 for_IF a_AT1 distance_NN1 extending_VVG 600-700_MCMC 
kilometres_NNU2 northwards_RL ,_, the_AT Southern_NP1 Alps_NP1 form_VV0 the_AT 
backbone_NN1 of_IO the_AT South_NP Island_NP1 until_CS they_PPHS2 reach_VV0 
a_AT1 northern_JJ mountain_NN1 massif_NN1 stretching_VVG from_II west_ND1 
to_II east_ND1 coasts_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Along_II the_AT Southern_NP1 Alps_NP1 a_AT1 huge_JJ fault_NN1 
runs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ served_VVN to_TO steepen_VVI the_AT western_JJ 
flanks_NN2 on_II21 to_II22 which_DDQ descend_VV0 tremendous_JJ rainfalls_NN2 
coming_VVG from_II the_AT west_ND1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA rain_NN1 causes_VVZ massive_JJ slips_NN2 in_II31 spite_II32 
of_II33 dense_JJ forest_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rivers_NN2 are_VBR numerous_JJ and_CC unruly_JJ and_CC would_VM ,_, 
in_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO forest_NN1 ,_, increase_NN1 the_AT erosion_NN1 
many-fold_JJ and_CC render_NN1 most_DAT of_IO the_AT West_NP Coast_NP1 
uninhabitable_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT rain_NN1 is_VBZ carried_VVN from_II the_AT west_ND1 
across_RL to_II the_AT easier_JJR ,_, though_CS still_RR steep_JJ ,_, 
eastern_JJ slopes_NN2 of_IO the_AT mountains_NN2 ,_, and_CC gives_VVZ rise_NN1 
to_II larger_JJR but_CCB fewer_DAR rivers_NN2 than_CSN there_EX are_VBR in_II 
the_AT west_ND1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 flow_VV0 down_RP across_II deep_JJ shingle_NN1 plains_NN2 
through_II an_AT1 increasingly_RR dry_JJ climate_NN1 gradient_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT most_RGT protected_JJ rain-shadow_JJ areas_NN2 the_AT 
fall_NN1 drops_VVZ to_II 250_MC \_NULL mm_NNU per_II year_NNT1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ on_II the_AT eastern_JJ side_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
Southern_NP1 Alps_NP1 that_CST fires_NN2 ,_, both_RR Polynesian_JJ and_CC 
settler_NN1 ,_, have_VH0 destroyed_VVN very_RG large_JJ areas_NN2 of_IO 
forest_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Pockets_NN2 remain_VV0 ,_, but_CCB the_AT only_JJ sizeable_JJ 
areas_NN2 are_VBR in_II the_AT headwaters_NN2 of_IO the_AT large_JJ rivers_NN2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Along_II the_AT West_NP Coast_NP1 the_AT signs_NN2 of_IO 
glaciation_NN1 are_VBR just_RR as_RG pronounced_JJ as_CSA they_PPHS2 are_VBR 
in_II Fiordland_NP1 ,_, but_CCB their_APPGE form_NN1 is_VBZ quite_RG 
different_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Southern_NP1 Alps_NP1 of_IO greywacke_NN1 and_CC schist_NN1 
rocks_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN much_RR more_RGR readily_RR eroded_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Valley_NN1 sides_NN2 are_VBR ,_, therefore_RR ,_, less_RGR steep_JJ 
and_CC large_JJ quantities_NN2 of_IO detritus_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN left_VVN 
*'_" perched_VVD **'_" as_CSA glaciers_NN2 have_VH0 receded_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT foot_NN1 of_IO the_AT mountains_NN2 the_AT aftermath_NN1 
of_IO glaciation_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI seen_VVN in_II a_AT1 series_NN of_IO 
low_JJ terraces_NN2 of_IO boulders_NN2 covered_VVN by_II glacial_JJ till_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Moraines_NP1 emerge_VV0 through_II the_AT terraces_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
lakes_NN2 ,_, trapped_VVN by_II glaciated_JJ material_NN1 ,_, are_VBR many_DA2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Proceeding_VVG northwards_RL from_II Fiordland_NP1 along_II 
this_DD1 wet_JJ West_NP Coast_NP1 the_AT extensive_JJ silver_NN1 and_CC 
mountain_NN1 beech_NN1 forest_NN1 gives_VVZ way_NN1 to_II much_RR reduced_JJ 
areas_NN2 and_CC pockets_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nevertheless_RR the_AT catchments_NN2 of_IO a_DD221 few_DD222 of_IO 
the_AT large_JJ rivers_NN2 are_VBR filled_VVN with_IW beech_NN1 ,_, mainly_RR 
silver_JJ and_CC mountain_NN1 just_RR as_CSA in_II Fiordland_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II more_RGR favourable_JJ sites_NN2 red_JJ beech_NN1 joins_VVZ 
these_DD2 two_MC and_CC the_AT southernmost_JJ ,_, limited_JJ pockets_NN2 
of_IO hard_JJ beech_NN1 appear_VV0 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT ability_NN1 of_IO mountain_NN1 beech_NN1 to_TO 
tolerate_VVI the_AT most_RGT infertile_JJ sites_NN2 occupied_VVN by_II any_DD 
beech_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN by_II its_APPGE presence_NN1 on_II areas_NN2 of_IO 
ultrabasic_JJ rock_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II places_NN2 this_DD1 formation_NN1 carries_VVZ no_AT 
vegetation_NN1 at_RR21 all_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_IW soil_NN1 improvement_NN1 mountain_NN1 beech_NN1 is_VBZ 
one_MC1 of_IO the_AT plants_NN2 to_TO appear_VVI first_MD ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA companions_NN2 on_II these_DD2 very_RG difficult_JJ sites_NN2 
are_VBR manuka_NN1 (_( *1_NULL {_NULL Leptospermum_NP1 scoparium_NN1 }_NULL 
)_) ,_, a_AT1 shrub_NN1 that_CST frequently_RR acts_VVZ as_II a_AT1 nurse_NN1 
vegetation_NN1 for_IF beech_NN1 seedlings_NN2 throughout_II the_AT country_NN1 
,_, and_CC stunted_VVD southern_JJ rata_NN1 and_CC dwarf_NN1 podocarps_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL For_IF a_AT1 distance_NN1 of_IO about_RG 180_MC \_NULL km_NNU 
,_, north_ND1 of_IO Fiordland_NP1 ,_, the_AT West_NP Coast_NP1 lowland_NN1 
terrain_NN1 is_VBZ covered_VVN by_II unconnected_JJ areas_NN2 of_IO beech_NN1 
forest_NN1 in_II the_AT river_NN1 catchments_NN2 and_CC podocarp-broadleaf_JJ 
forest_NN1 on_II the_AT terraces_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT for_IF another_DD1 150_MC \_NULL km_NNU there_RL is_VBZ no_AT 
sign_NN1 of_IO beech_NN1 either_RR on_II the_AT mountains_NN2 or_CC the_AT 
terraces_NN2 ,_, but_CS north_ND1 of_IO that_DD1 gap_NN1 the_AT major_JJ 
beech_NN1 forests_NN2 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 begin_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 occupy_VV0 the_AT greater_JJR part_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
mountain_NN1 massif_NN1 in_II the_AT north_ND1 of_IO the_AT South_NP 
Island_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Where_CS the_AT beech_NN1 gap_NN1 occurs_VVZ the_AT forest_NN1 
on_II the_AT Southern_NP1 Alps_NP1 '_GE western_JJ faces_NN2 is_VBZ 
dominated_VVN by_II southern_JJ rata_NN1 and_CC kamahi_NN2 ,_, and_CC that_CST 
on_II the_AT terraces_NN2 by_II broadleaf_NN1 trees_NN2 and_CC a_DD221 
few_DD222 species_NN of_IO podocarps_NN2 ,_, mainly_RR rimu_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ 
have_VH0 occupied_VVN the_AT ground_NN1 by_II the_AT following_JJ process_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT glacial_JJ till_NN1 and_CC pans_NN2 have_VH0 made_VVN 
the_AT terrace_NN1 soils_VVZ impervious_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA conditions_NN2 must_VM have_VHI created_VVN bogs_NN2 as_II 
the_AT ice_NN1 melted_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Forest_NN1 invasion_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ still_RR going_VVG on_RP 
,_, of_IO these_DD2 exceptionally_RR difficult_JJ habitats_NN2 has_VHZ 
taken_VVN on_RP a_AT1 regular_JJ pattern_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rimu_NP1 ,_, because_II21 of_II22 its_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO 
spread_VVI long_JJ distances_NN2 by_II bird-carried_JJ seed_NN1 ,_, would_VM 
have_VHI invaded_VVN the_AT drier_JJR sites_NN2 ,_, the_AT lower_JJR 
foothills_NN2 and_CC moraines_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL From_II these_DD2 the_AT bogs_NN2 were_VBDR invaded_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Manuka_NP1 first_MD occupied_VVD the_AT edges_NN2 and_CC gradually_RR 
moved_VVN on_II21 to_II22 the_AT wet_JJ ground_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT manuka_NN1 was_VBDZ invaded_VVN by_II a_AT1 podocarp_NN1 ,_, 
silver_JJ pine_NN1 (_( *1_NULL {_NULL Dacrydium_NP1 colensoi_NN2 }_NULL )_) 
,_, which_DDQ tolerates_VVZ very_RG acid_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, and_CC then_RT 
by_II rimu_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT final_JJ result_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 forest_NN1 dominated_VVN 
by_II rimu_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ present_JJ in_II groups_NN2 of_IO all_DB 
ages_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 grows_VVZ in_II the_AT bogs_NN2 sitting_VVG on_II31 top_II32 
of_II33 the_AT impervious_JJ soils_NN2 and_CC when_RRQ cut_VVN down_RP 
there_RL is_VBZ an_AT1 immediate_JJ reversion_NN1 to_II bogs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ processes_NN2 are_VBR also_RR at_II work_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Why_RRQ the_AT beech_NN1 gap_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC possible_JJ explanations_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN put_VVN 
forward_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_PN1 is_VBZ that_CST all_DB along_II that_DD1 stretch_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT mountains_NN2 there_EX are_VBR no_AT passes_NN2 below_II timberline_NN1 
through_II which_DDQ beech_NN1 can_VM migrate_VVI from_II the_AT east_ND1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT beech_NN1 to_II the_AT north_ND1 
and_CC south_ND1 of_IO the_AT gap_NN1 has_VHZ not_XX had_VHN time_NNT1 to_TO 
invade_VVI the_AT rimu_NN1 forest_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ another_DD1 possible_JJ reason_NN1 :_: the_AT 
habitat_NN1 is_VBZ markedly_RR unsuited_JJ to_II beech_NN1 which_DDQ would_VM 
have_VHI difficulty_NN1 in_II invading_VVG the_AT well-established_JJ rimu_NN1 
forest_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT true_JJ position_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX yet_RR clear_JJ because_CS 
pollen_NN1 profile_NN1 studies_NN2 have_VH0 shown_VVN that_CST at_II some_DD 
time_NNT1 in_II the_AT past_JJ beech_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN present_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT dry_JJ climate_NN1 east_ND1 of_IO the_AT 
Southern_NP1 Alps_NP1 the_AT forest_NN1 destroyed_VVD by_II Polynesian_JJ 
fires_NN2 was_VBDZ replaced_VVN by_II tussock_NN1 grassland_NN1 and_CC 
shrubland_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Evidence_NN1 collected_VVD to_TO date_VVI suggests_VVZ that_DD1 
beech_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT main_JJ constituent_NN1 of_IO the_AT burned_JJ 
forest_NN1 though_CS large_JJ areas_NN2 show_VV0 only_JJ podocarp_NN1 logs_NN2 
and_CC charcoal_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Mainly_NP1 beech_NN1 remnants_NN2 remain_VV0 today_RT ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ ,_, however_RR ,_, impossible_JJ yet_RR to_TO 
reconstruct_VVI the_AT total_JJ forest_NN1 pattern_NN1 because_CS the_AT 
remnants_NN2 are_VBR the_AT result_NN1 of_IO glaciation_NN1 effects_NN2 in_II 
the_AT headwaters_NN2 of_IO rivers_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 long_JJ history_NN1 of_IO 
fires_NN2 and_CC grazing_VVG and_CC browsing_VVG by_II sheep_NN and_CC wild_JJ 
animals_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT most_RGT extensive_JJ forests_NN2 remaining_VVG in_II 
the_AT east_ND1 are_VBR in_II the_AT wetter_JJR mountain_NN1 areas_NN2 
towards_II the_AT main_JJ divide_NN1 of_IO the_AT Southern_NP1 Alps_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Beeches_NN2 are_VBR the_AT dominant_JJ trees_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Mountain_NN1 ,_, silver_NN1 and_CC red_JJ are_VBR all_DB well_RR 
represented_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD two_MC share_VV0 the_AT timberline_NN1 ,_, 
their_APPGE occurrence_NN1 depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO 
wetness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Red_JJ beech_NN1 keeps_VVZ to_TO lower_VVI altitudes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II kinder_NN1 areas_NN2 and_CC near_II the_AT coast_NN1 beech_NN1 
sometimes_RT gives_VVZ way_NN1 to_II podocarp-broadleaf_JJ forest_NN1 ,_, 
of_IO which_DDQ only_RR small_JJ pockets_NN2 remain_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT ground_NN1 cover_NN1 of_IO ferns_NN2 and_CC lower_JJR 
layer_NN1 of_IO shrubs_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN affected_VVN ,_, often_RR 
severely_RR ,_, by_II animals_NN2 ,_, both_RR domestic_JJ and_CC wild_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL At_II lower_JJR foothill_NN1 altitudes_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
Southern_NP1 Alps_NP1 black_JJ beech_NN1 occupies_VVZ a_DD221 few_DD222 
extensive_JJ remnants_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II fact_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 tree_NN1 attains_VVZ its_APPGE optimum_JJ 
development_NN1 in_II eastern_JJ South_NP Island_NP1 country_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ able_JK to_TO grow_VVI where_RRQ rainfall_NN1 
drops_VVZ as_RG low_JJ as_CSA 500_MC \_NULL mm_NNU per_RA21 annum_RA22 
which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT lowest_RRT limit_VV0 that_DD1 will_VM support_VVI 
forest_NN1 growth_NN1 of_IO any_DD kind_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Under_II such_DA dry_JJ conditions_NN2 other_JJ forest_NN1 
vegetation_NN1 offers_VVZ little_DA1 competition_NN1 to_II black_JJ beech_NN1 
so_CS21 that_CS22 it_PPH1 is_VBZ almost_RR the_AT sole_JJ forest_NN1 tree_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR places_NN2 where_RRQ forest_NN1 
containing_VVG black_JJ beech_NN1 at_II low_JJ altitudes_NN2 continues_VVZ 
up_RP the_AT mountain_NN1 sides_NN2 giving_VVG way_NN1 gradually_RR to_II 
mountain_NN1 beech_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Apart_II21 from_II22 such_DA altitudinal_JJ changes_NN2 there_EX 
is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 latitudinal_JJ change_NN1 in_II this_DD1 eastern_JJ 
low_JJ country_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 takes_VVZ place_NN1 over_II a_AT1 distance_NN1 of_IO about_RG 
500_MC \_NULL km_NNU from_II mountain_NN1 beech_NN1 in_II the_AT south_ND1 
of_IO the_AT South_NP Island_NP1 to_II black_JJ beech_NN1 in_II mid_JJ 
Canterbury_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT equivalent_NN1 of_IO the_AT altitudinal_JJ 
change_NN1 noted_VVD above_RL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Throughout_II the_AT jumbled_JJ mass_NN1 of_IO mountains_NN2 
in_II the_AT north-west_ND1 of_IO the_AT South_NP Island_NP1 beech_NN1 
forest_NN1 is_VBZ by_RR21 far_RR22 the_AT commonest_JJT vegetative_JJ 
cover_NN1 and_CC except_II21 for_II22 alpine_JJ communities_NNJ2 at_II high_JJ 
altitudes_NN2 and_CC larger_JJR valleys_NN2 is_VBZ continuous_JJ over_II 
extensive_JJ areas_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sparsity_NN1 of_IO settlement_NN1 and_CC absence_NN1 of_IO 
clearing_NN1 or_CC damage_NN1 by_II fire_NN1 has_VHZ left_VVN extensive_JJ 
areas_NN2 intact_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT area_NN1 contains_VVZ an_AT1 extraordinary_JJ 
variety_NN1 of_IO country_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Frequent_JJ changes_NN2 in_II underlying_JJ rocks_NN2 bring_VV0 
about_II changes_NN2 in_II soils_NN2 and_CC drainage_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rivers_NN2 flow_VV0 in_II all_DB directions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Altitudes_NP1 range_NN1 from_II sea-level_NN1 to_II above_JJ 
timberline_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Slopes_NN2 are_VBR of_IO all_DB gradients_NN2 and_CC aspects_NN2 
and_CC there_EX are_VBR widespread_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO severe_JJ 
earthquakes_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 complicated_JJ and_CC 
ever-changing_JJ collection_NN1 of_IO habitats_NN2 forms_VVZ the_AT 
meeting_NN1 ground_NN1 of_IO all_DB the_AT beech_NN1 species_NN and_CC 
contains_VVZ the_AT optimum_JJ growing_JJ conditions_NN2 for_IF two_MC of_IO 
them_PPHO2 ,_, red_JJ and_CC hard_JJ beeches_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 general_JJ pattern_NN1 of_IO species_NN distribution_NN1 
based_VVN on_II habitat_NN1 preferences_NN2 is_VBZ apparent_JJ ,_, but_CCB 
there_EX are_VBR frequent_JJ and_CC sudden_JJ inexplicable_JJ changes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 seems_VVZ that_CST such_DA anomalies_NN2 are_VBR mainly_RR 
the_AT adjustments_NN2 proceeding_VVG as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO climatic_JJ 
changes_NN2 and_CC adjustments_NN2 following_VVG epidemic_JJ catastrophes_NN2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT silver_NN1 beech_NN1 forests_NN2 of_IO Fiordland_NP1 
,_, 400_MC kilometres_NNU2 or_CC so_CS to_II the_AT south_ND1 ,_, have_VH0 
been_VBN left_VVN behind_RL and_CC are_VBR replaced_VVN by_II less_RGR 
extensive_JJ areas_NN2 occurring_VVG mainly_RR at_II high_JJ altitudes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 more_RGR 
widespread_JJ occurrence_NN1 of_IO mountain_NN1 beech_NN1 ,_, also_RR at_II 
higher_JJR altitudes_NN2 ,_, but_CCB inland_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 two_MC species_NN make_VV0 up_RP the_AT greater_JJR 
part_NN1 of_IO the_AT timberline_NN1 and_CC cold_JJ temperate_JJ forest_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Silver_NP1 beech_NN1 grows_VVZ in_II the_AT wetter_JJR and_CC 
freer_JJR draining_JJ areas_NN2 while_CS mountain_NN1 beech_NN1 occupies_VVZ 
the_AT relatively_RR drier_JJR and_CC more_RGR difficult_JJ sites_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT frequent_JJ changes_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 two_MC trees_NN2 at_II 
timberline_NN1 and_CC lower_RRR down_RP and_CC the_AT occasional_JJ 
association_NN1 in_II the_AT same_DA forest_NN1 provide_VV0 clues_NN2 as_CSA 
to_II their_APPGE preferences_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL At_II sea-level_NN1 and_CC lower_JJR altitudes_NN2 
podocarp-broadleaf_JJ forest_NN1 is_VBZ plentiful_JJ in_II the_AT western_JJ 
seaboard_NN1 mountains_NN2 but_CCB beech_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR closely_RR 
intermingled_VVN with_IW it_PPH1 than_CSN in_II any_DD other_JJ part_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT country_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hard_JJ beech_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT species_NN most_RRT at_II home_NN1 
amongst_II mixtures_NN2 of_IO podocarps_NN2 containing_VVG rimu_NN1 ,_, 
miro_JJ and_CC kahikatea_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Amongst_II these_DD2 it_PPH1 grows_VVZ vigorously_RR and_CC 
reaches_VVZ heights_NN2 of_IO 30_MC metres_NNU2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 grades_VVZ from_II such_DA stands_NN2 into_II pure_JJ hard_JJ 
beech_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Red_JJ beech_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT main_JJ 
species_NN at_II mid_JJ altitudes_NN2 while_CS black_JJ beech_NN1 occupies_VVZ 
chiefly_RR riparian_JJ sites_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Red_NN1 will_VM occupy_VVI these_DD2 too_RR if_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR 
well_RR drained_VVN and_CC when_CS it_PPH1 does_VDZ the_AT best_JJT red_JJ 
beech_NN1 stands_VVZ in_II the_AT country_NN1 are_VBR to_TO be_VBI found_VVN 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Trees_NN2 will_VM grow_VVI up_RG21 to_RG22 35_MC metres_NNU2 high_JJ 
and_CC diameters_NN2 of_IO 2-3_MCMC metres_NNU2 are_VBR common_JJ in_II 
mature_JJ trees_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Regeneration_NN1 is_VBZ plentiful_JJ and_CC all_DB phases_NN2 are_VBR 
represented_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT intermingling_NN1 of_IO fine_JJ trees_NN2 and_CC the_AT 
foliage_NN1 of_IO regeneration_NN1 beneath_RL make_VV0 this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO 
forest_NN1 some_DD of_IO the_AT most_RGT picturesque_JJ in_II the_AT 
country_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT outlier_JJR of_IO beech_NN1 forest_NN1 immediately_RR 
north_ND1 of_IO the_AT West_NP Coast_NP1 *'_" gap_NN1 **'_" contains_VVZ 
hard_RR ,_, red_JJ ,_, silver_NN1 and_CC mountain_NN1 beeches_NN2 ;_; in_II 
other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, a_ZZ1 more_DAR than_CSN adequate_JJ springboard_NN1 
for_IF invasion_NN1 ,_, if_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ going_VVGK to_TO take_VVI 
place_NN1 ,_, into_II the_AT podocarp-broadleaf_JJ forests_NN2 to_II the_AT 
south_ND1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL From_II the_AT north-west_ND1 South_NP Island_NP1 
concentration_NN1 ,_, beech_NN1 forest_NN1 ,_, in_II more_RGR limited_JJ 
areas_NN2 ,_, carries_VVZ on_RP along_II the_AT mountains_NN2 all_DB the_AT 
way_NN1 to_II the_AT Marlborough_NP1 Sounds_VVZ where_RRQ Banks_NN2 and_CC 
Solander_NP1 collected_VVD the_AT first_MD New_NP Zealand_NP1 species_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_RL it_PPH1 has_VHZ largely_RR been_VBN cleared_VVN away_RP 
for_IF farming_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT forest_NN1 that_CST remains_VVZ the_AT story_NN1 is_VBZ 
much_RR the_AT same_DA as_CSA it_PPH1 is_VBZ in_II the_AT west_ND1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB species_NN are_VBR present_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS beech_NN1 reaches_VVZ the_AT timberline_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
silver_NN1 or_CC mountain_NN1 beeches_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Mid_JJ slope_NN1 forest_NN1 is_VBZ red_JJ and_CC silver_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Black_JJ beech_NN1 occupies_VVZ alluvial_JJ lowlands_NN2 and_CC 
there_EX are_VBR many_DA2 stands_NN2 which_DDQ grade_VV0 from_II black_NN1 
to_II mountain_NN1 beech_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT southernmost_JJ limit_NN1 of_IO hard_JJ beech_NN1 in_II the_AT 
east_ND1 is_VBZ about_II the_AT Marlborough_NP1 Sounds_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II a_DD221 few_DD222 areas_NN2 black_JJ ,_, hard_RR ,_, silver_NN1 
and_CC red_JJ beeches_NN2 mingle_VV0 together_RL in_II the_AT same_DA 
stands_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL North_NP Island_NP1 :_: podocarp_NN1 forest_NN1 
disappears_VVZ but_II beech_NN1 remains_VVZ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Cook_NP Strait_NNL1 ,_, separating_VVG the_AT 
North_NP1 and_CC South_NP1 islands_NN2 ,_, has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN in_II 
existence_NN1 long_RR enough_RR to_TO interrupt_VVI the_AT distribution_NN1 
pattern_NN1 of_IO beech_NN1 forest_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 298+TEXT+J04_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Even_RR at_II Arthur_NP1 's_GE Pass_NN1 and_CC in_II the_AT 
headwaters_NN2 of_IO the_AT Hurunui_NP River_NNL1 where_RRQ forest_NN1 
predominates_NN2 ,_, larvae_NN2 are_VBR found_VVN only_RR in_II forest_NN1 
clearings_NN2 and_CC seemingly_RR never_RR in_II the_AT shaded_JJ forest_NN1 
habitats_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL U._NP1 carovei_NN2 
}_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL That_CST no_AT *1_NULL \_NULL Uropetala_NP1 *0_NULL 
have_VH0 been_VBN recorded_VVN from_II either_RR Banks_NP Peninsula_NNL1 or_CC 
the_AT Chatham_NP Islands_NNL2 is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT 
evolution_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 species_NN pair_NN with_IW markedly_RR different_JJ 
habitat_NN1 requirements_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Banks_NP Peninsula_NNL1 was_VBDZ heavily_RR forested_VVN until_CS 
the_AT 1870s_MC2 and_CC thus_RR would_VM have_VHI been_VBN unsuitable_JJ 
for_IF *1_NULL \_NULL chiltoni_NN2 ,_, *0_NULL and_CC its_APPGE recent_JJ 
scattered_JJ tussock_NN1 and_CC grass_NN1 habitat_NN1 would_VM be_VBI 
unsuited_JJ to_II a_ZZ1 *1_NULL \_NULL carovei_NN2 *0_NULL population_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS ,_, as_CSA seems_VVZ likely_JJ ,_, females_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL 
\_NULL Uropetala_NP1 *0_NULL do_VD0 remain_VVI in_II the_AT vicinity_NN1 of_IO 
their_APPGE own_DA emergence_NN1 sites_NN2 (_( see_VV0 \_NULL p._NNU 121_MC 
)_) then_RT colonization_NN1 of_IO Banks_NP Peninsula_NNL1 by_II *1_NULL 
\_NULL chiltoni_NN2 *0_NULL from_II the_AT alpine_JJ foothills_NN2 (_( 
sixty_MC kilometres_NNU2 distant_JJ )_) would_VM be_VBI improbable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Chatham_NP Islands_NNL2 '_GE vegetation_NN1 was_VBDZ 
reduced_VVN to_TO *'_" scrub_VVI **'_" during_II glaciations_NN2 and_CC 
would_VM not_XX have_VHI provided_VVN habitat_NN1 for_IF any_DD forest_NN1 
dwelling_NN1 (_( proto_NN1 ?_? )_) 

^ *1_NULL \_NULL carovei_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Within_II the_AT geographical_JJ limits_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
Chatham_NP Islands_NNL2 there_EX is_VBZ unlikely_JJ to_TO have_VHI been_VBN 
sufficient_JJ time_NNT1 for_IF the_AT evolution_NN1 of_IO sub-alpine_JJ 
adapted_JJ populations_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL Uropetala_NP1 *0_NULL 
given_VVN the_AT widely_RR accepted_VVN rapid_JJ rates_NN2 of_IO 
temperature_NN1 change_NN1 at_II the_AT onset_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 glaciation_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT actual_JJ biological_JJ mechanisms_NN2 effecting_VVG 
the_AT reproductive_JJ isolation_NN1 of_IO the_AT *1_NULL \_NULL Uropetala_NP1 
*0_NULL species_NN are_VBR unknown_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Despite_II the_AT relatively_RR *'_" weak_JJ **'_" nature_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT minor_JJ morphological_JJ differences_NN2 between_II the_AT species_NN 
,_, individuals_NN2 with_IW mixed_JJ characters_NN2 are_VBR rarely_RR 
found_VVN and_CC are_VBR restricted_VVN to_II a_AT1 narrow_JJ zone_NN1 
where_RRQ the_AT species_NN distributions_NN2 are_VBR contiguous_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 in_II31 spite_II32 of_II33 the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST 
through_II much_DA1 of_IO the_AT *'_" alpine_JJ **'_" boundary_NN1 
separating_VVG them_PPHO2 very_RG large_JJ *1_NULL \_NULL carovei_NN2 *0_NULL 
and_CC *1_NULL \_NULL chiltoni_NN2 *0_NULL populations_NN2 coexist_VV0 
within_II a_DD221 few_DD222 kilometres_NNU2 of_IO each_PPX221 other_PPX222 
with_IW no_AT geographical_JJ obstruction_NN1 to_TO free_VVI movement_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ clearly_RR evident_JJ in_II the_AT Otira-Turiwhate_JJ 
area_NN1 of_IO Westland_NP1 and_CC in_II the_AT Umbrella_NN1 Range_NN1 of_IO 
Central_NP Otago_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Through_II most_DAT of_IO the_AT last_MD 10,000_MC years_NNT2 
specialized_JJ *1_NULL \_NULL chiltoni_NN2 *0_NULL habitat_VV0 has_VHZ 
been_VBN very_RG restricted_JJ ,_, certainly_RR to_II dimensions_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT order_NN1 of_IO the_AT *'_" cruise_NN1 range_NN1 **'_" of_IO *1_NULL 
\_NULL Uropetala_NP1 *0_NULL males_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT survival_NN1 of_IO 
*1_NULL \_NULL chiltoni_NN2 *0_NULL populations_NN2 is_VBZ testament_NN1 to_II 
the_AT efficacy_NN1 of_IO biological_JJ barriers_NN2 preventing_VVG 
introgression_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL carovei_NN2 *0_NULL genes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, during_II the_AT height_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
latest_JJT (_( Otiran_NP1 )_) glaciation_NN1 *1_NULL \_NULL chiltoni_NN2 
*0_NULL habitat_VV0 existed_JJ north_ND1 to_II the_AT Waikato_NP1 basin_NN1 
and_CC *1_NULL \_NULL carovei_NN2 *0_NULL would_VM have_VHI been_VBN 
restricted_VVN to_II the_AT far_RR north_ND1 and_CC to_II forest_NN1 
refuges_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Ecology_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Emergence_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL U._NP1 
chiltoni_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL in_II Canterbury_NP1 and_CC Central_NP Otago_NP1 
seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI largely_RR concentrated_VVN into_II December_NPM1 
and_CC early_JJ January_NPM1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA with_IW *1_NULL \_NULL carovei_NN2 ,_, *0_NULL the_AT 
pharate_JJ adult_NN1 climbs_VVZ a_DD221 few_DD222 centimetres_NNU2 up_RP a_AT1 
nearby_JJ clump_NN1 of_IO vegetation_NN1 ,_, secures_VVZ a_AT1 grip_NN1 and_CC 
proceeds_VVZ to_TO moult_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL After_II moulting_VVG ,_, the_AT newly_RR emerged_JJ adult_NN1 
climbs_VVZ a_RR21 little_RR22 higher_JJR while_CS it_PPH1 hardens_VVZ 
prior_II21 to_II22 its_APPGE first_MD flight_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Emergence_NN1 probably_RR occurs_VVZ most_RGT often_RR in_II the_AT 
earlier_JJR part_NN1 of_IO the_AT night_NNT1 so_CS21 that_CS22 most_DAT 
adults_NN2 have_VH0 completed_VVN emergence_NN1 and_CC are_VBR ready_JJ to_TO 
fly_VVI before_II dawn_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL U._NP1 chiltoni_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL in_II the_AT 
laboratory_NN1 have_VH0 commenced_VVN emergence_NN1 at_II temperatures_NN2 
as_RG low_JJ as_CSA six_MC degrees_NN2 Celsius_NP1 but_CCB have_VH0 been_VBN 
unable_JJ to_TO complete_VVI the_AT ecdysis_NN1 at_II this_DD1 temperature_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II cool_JJ nights_NNT2 ,_, adults_NN2 may_VM not_XX harden_VVI 
quickly_RR enough_RR to_TO take_VVI flight_NN1 before_II sunrise_NN1 and_CC 
seagulls_NN2 ,_, terns_NN2 ,_, and_CC other_JJ birds_NN2 are_VBR known_VVN 
to_TO prey_VVI on_II large_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 helpless_JJ 
animals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT sites_NN2 at_II which_DDQ *1_NULL \_NULL chiltoni_NN2 *0_NULL 
emerge_VV0 are_VBR far_RG more_RGR exposed_JJ than_CSN those_DD2 used_VVN 
by_II *1_NULL \_NULL carovei_NN2 *0_NULL and_CC the_AT relatively_RR 
larger_JJR and_CC more_RGR concentrated_JJ *1_NULL \_NULL chiltoni_NN2 *0_NULL 
colonies_NN2 can_VM be_VBI subjected_VVN to_II heavy_JJ predation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT exuvia_NN1 left_VVN by_II the_AT adult_NN1 on_II emergence_NN1 
is_VBZ remarkably_RR hardy_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II Cass_NP1 ,_, exuviae_NN2 are_VBR easily_RR found_VVN in_II 
the_AT early_JJ spring_NN1 after_II winter_NNT1 snowfalls_NN2 and_CC 
frosts_NN2 cause_VV0 the_AT tussock_NN1 to_TO die_VVI back_RP ;_; they_PPHS2 
look_VV0 as_RG fresh_JJ as_CSA the_AT day_NNT1 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR left_VVN 
._. 

^ ^_NULL After_CS a_AT1 further_JJR year_NNT1 's_GE exposure_NN1 some_DD 
exuviae_NN2 I_PPIS1 marked_VVD appeared_VVN no_AT more_RGR battered_JJ and_CC 
weather-worn_JJ than_CSN some_DD of_IO those_DD2 left_VVN by_II recently_RR 
emerged_JJ animals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR two_MC years_NNT2 after_II emergence_NN1 traces_NN2 could_VM 
still_RR be_VBI found_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_CSA with_IW *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL U._NP1 carovei_NN2 }_NULL 
,_, *0_NULL little_DA1 is_VBZ known_VVN about_II activity_NN1 during_II the_AT 
maturation_NN1 period_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL During_II the_AT first_MD few_DA2 days_NNT2 the_AT adults_NN2 are_VBR 
largely_RR quiescent_JJ and_CC perch_VV0 in_II cover_NN1 ,_, often_RR with_IW 
their_APPGE wings_NN2 held_VVD together_RL above_II the_AT thorax_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Maturation_NN1 appears_VVZ to_TO **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL take_VVI 
about_RG three_MC weeks_NNT2 ,_, but_CCB the_AT onset_NN1 of_IO sexual_JJ 
activity_NN1 is_VBZ dependent_JJ on_II climatic_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Collection_NN1 data_NN suggest_VV0 that_CST males_NN2 range_VV0 
far_RG more_RGR widely_RR than_CSN females_NN2 since_CS males_NN2 are_VBR 
frequently_RR taken_VVN kilometres_NNU2 from_II any_DD breeding_NN1 site_NN1 
whereas_CS almost_RR all_DB females_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN taken_VVN from_II 
breeding_NN1 sites_NN2 or_CC scrub/_FO matagouri_NN2 areas_NN2 within_II 
a_DD221 few_DD222 hundred_NNO metres_NNU2 of_IO a_AT1 breeding_NN1 site_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Under_II cooler_JJR conditions_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 early_JJ 
in_II the_AT morning_NNT1 ,_, the_AT adults_NN2 fly_VV0 vigorously_RR ;_; 
but_CCB at_II higher_JJR temperatures_NN2 they_PPHS2 tend_VV0 to_TO glide_VVI 
about_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ sunny_JJ many_DA2 perch_NN and_CC bask_VV0 
for_RR21 long_RR22 periods_NN2 on_II exposed_JJ ,_, flat_JJ surfaces_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL During_II the_AT early_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT mating_JJ 
season_NNT1 males_NN2 move_VV0 on_RP to_II the_AT seepages_NN2 in_II the_AT 
middle_NN1 of_IO the_AT afternoon_NNT1 (_( about_RG three_MC hours_NNT2 
after_II solar_JJ noon_NNT1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL First_MD they_PPHS2 spend_VV0 about_RG half_DB a_AT1 minute_NNT1 
in_II a_AT1 low_JJ ,_, slow_JJ ,_, hovering_VVG *'_" inspection_NN1 **'_" 
flight_NN1 within_II two_MC to_II five_MC centimetres_NNU2 of_IO the_AT 
surface_NN1 ,_, then_RT they_PPHS2 seek_VV0 out_RP a_AT1 perch_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Preferred_JJ perches_NN2 are_VBR shrubs_NN2 or_CC tallish_JJ woody_JJ 
vegetation_NN1 on_RP ,_, or_CC at_II the_AT border_NN1 of_IO ,_, the_AT 
seepage_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL At_II one_MC1 site_NN1 one_MC1 metre_NNU1 
tall_JJ stakes_NN2 placed_VVD to_TO aid_VVI a_AT1 larval_JJ burrow_NN1 
survey_NN1 proved_VVD by_RR21 far_RR22 the_AT most_RGT attractive_JJ 
perches_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Once_RR perched_VVD the_AT male_NN1 remains_VVZ still_RR ,_, 
leaving_VVG the_AT perch_NN only_RR to_TO challenge_VVI any_DD other_JJ 
males_NN2 approaching_VVG within_RL about_RG five_MC metres_NNU2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Males_NN2 challenged_VVN while_CS on_II an_AT1 *'_" inspection_NN1 
**'_" flight_NN1 flee_VV0 and_CC are_VBR pursued_VVN for_IF ten_MC to_II 
twenty_MC metres_NNU2 by_II the_AT territory_NN1 occupant_NN1 which_DDQ 
then_RT returns_VVZ to_II its_APPGE perch_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL U._NP1 chiltoni_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL male_JJ 
navigation_NN1 does_VDZ n't_XX seem_VVI as_RG accurate_JJ as_CSA that_DD1 
displayed_VVD by_II *1_NULL {_NULL Austrolestes_NP1 colensonis_NN1 }_NULL 
*0_NULL and_CC they_PPHS2 often_RR spend_VV0 some_DD time_NNT1 searching_VVG 
for_IF their_APPGE perch_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS on_II their_APPGE territorial_JJ perches_NN2 males_NN2 
are_VBR wary_JJ ,_, and_CC much_RR harder_RRR to_TO approach_VVI than_CSN 
when_RRQ they_PPHS2 are_VBR settled_VVN ,_, basking_VVG ,_, some_DD way_NN1 
from_II breeding_NN1 sites_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL After_CS about_RG half_DB an_AT1 hour_NNT1 on_II their_APPGE perch_NN 
they_PPHS2 become_VV0 restive_JJ ,_, make_VV0 a_DD221 few_DD222 short_JJ 
flights_NN2 to_TO *'_" inspect_VVI **'_" the_AT site_NN1 or_CC examine_NN1 
alternative_NN1 perches_VVZ ,_, then_RT abruptly_RR leave_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 behaviour_NN1 pattern_NN1 closely_RR parallels_VVZ that_CST 
recorded_VVD in_II other_JJ petalurids_NN2 (_( *1_NULL {_NULL Tachopteryx_NP1 
thoreyi_NN2 ,_, Tanypteryx_NP1 hageni_NN2 ,_, \_NULL T._NP1 pryeri_NN2 )_) 
and_CC contrasts_NN2 with_IW the_AT active_JJ flying_JJ patrols_NN2 seen_VVN 
in_II *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL U._NP1 carovei_NN2 }_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL During_II the_AT night_NNT1 and_CC in_II bad_JJ 
weather_NN1 ,_, congregations_NN2 of_IO adults_NN2 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN 
clinging_VVG in_II sheltered_JJ spots_NN2 ,_, usually_RR on_II the_AT 
northern_JJ faces_NN2 of_IO rock_NN1 outcrops_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL My_APPGE attention_NN1 was_VBDZ drawn_VVN to_II these_DD2 
aggregations_NN2 through_II the_AT independent_JJ observations_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 
number_NN1 of_IO people_NN who_PNQS had_VHD been_VBN tramping_VVG in_II the_AT 
Cass_NP1 area_NN1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 was_VBDZ not_XX until_II January_NPM1 
1981_MC that_CST I_PPIS1 came_VVD across_II such_DA a_ZZ1 phenomena_NN2 
myself_PPX1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL My_APPGE cousins_NN2 and_CC I_PPIS1 were_VBDR examining_VVG an_AT1 
area_NN1 in_II the_AT Umbrella_NN1 Range_NN1 ,_, Central_NP Otago_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 arrived_VVD at_II the_AT musterers_NN2 '_GE hut_NN1 late_RR 
in_II the_AT afternoon_NNT1 accompanied_VVD by_II a_AT1 chilly_JJ breeze_NN1 
and_CC drizzle_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT following_JJ morning_NNT1 was_VBDZ cold_JJ ,_, by_II 11_MC 
{_NULL a.m_RA ._. 

^ }_NULL the_AT temperature_NN1 was_VBDZ still_RR below_RG ten_MC degrees_NN2 
Celsius_NP1 ,_, and_CC there_EX seemed_VVD little_DA1 prospect_NN1 of_IO 
finding_VVG any_DD dragonflies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL My_APPGE cousin_NN1 Rodney_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS was_VBDZ 
investigating_VVG rock_NN1 outcrops_VVZ on_II the_AT southern_JJ side_NN1 
of_IO the_AT valley_NN1 ,_, found_VVD a_AT1 *1_NULL \_NULL Uropetala_NN1 
*0_NULL male_NN1 roosting_VVG in_II a_AT1 crevice_NN1 in_II a_AT1 rock_NN1 
face_NN1 ;_; it_PPH1 was_VBDZ immobilized_VVN by_II the_AT cold_JJ and_CC 
was_VBDZ easily_RR captured_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 then_RT began_VVD to_TO search_VVI several_DA2 of_IO 
these_DD2 house-sized_JJ outcrops_NN2 and_CC in_II little_RR more_RR21 
than_RR22 half_DB an_AT1 hour_NNT1 had_VHD captured_VVN eighteen_MC 
animals_NN2 ,_, often_RR finding_VVG two_MC or_CC three_MC hanging_JJ 
within_II a_AT1 metre_NNU1 of_IO each_PPX221 other_PPX222 in_II the_AT same_DA 
crevice_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 more_DAR animals_NN2 were_VBDR seen_VVN under_II ledges_NN2 
and_CC in_II crevices_NN2 which_DDQ could_VM n't_XX be_VBI reached_VVN and_CC 
search_NN1 time_NNT1 was_VBDZ lost_VVN while_CS photographing_VVG animals_NN2 
*1_NULL {_NULL in_RR21 situ_RR22 }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Despite_II a_AT1 thorough_JJ search_NN1 of_IO the_AT other_JJ 
faces_NN2 of_IO the_AT outcrops_NN2 (_( which_DDQ were_VBDR easier_JJR to_TO 
get_VVI at_II )_) ,_, roosting_VVG dragonflies_NN2 were_VBDR found_VVN only_RR 
on_II the_AT northern_JJ faces_NN2 of_IO the_AT rocks_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Similarly_RR an_AT1 examination_NN1 of_IO outcrops_NN2 on_II the_AT 
northern_JJ (_( south_ND1 facing_NN1 )_) slope_NN1 of_IO the_AT valley_NN1 
failed_VVD to_TO produce_VVI *1_NULL \_NULL Uropetala_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL About_II midday_NNT1 the_AT weather_NN1 suddenly_RR 
improved_VVD and_CC the_AT temperature_NN1 increased_VVD rapidly_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD free-flying_JJ *1_NULL \_NULL Uropetala_NP1 *0_NULL 
was_VBDZ seen_VVN when_RRQ the_AT air_NN1 temperature_NN1 reached_VVD 
sixteen_MC degrees_NN2 Celsius_NP1 but_CCB flights_NN2 were_VBDR short_JJ 
and_CC *'_" clumsy_JJ **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II 1_MC1 {_NULL p.m_RA ._. 

^ }_NULL the_AT air_NN1 temperature_NN1 exceeded_VVD twenty_MC degrees_NN2 
Celsius_NP1 and_CC many_DA2 *1_NULL \_NULL Uropetala_NP1 *0_NULL were_VBDR 
in_II flight_NN1 ,_, some_DD moving_JJ between_II basking_VVG spots_NN2 on_II 
clay_NN1 banks_NN2 and_CC rock_NN1 outcrops_VVZ while_CS a_AT1 number_NN1 
of_IO males_NN2 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL were_VBDR observed_VVN *'_" investigating_VVG **'_" 
a_AT1 large_JJ seepage_NN1 and_CC larval_JJ site_NN1 ,_, making_VVG slow_JJ 
,_, low_RR hovering_VVG flights_NN2 and_CC occasionally_RR landing_VVG for_IF 
several_DA2 minutes_NNT2 at_II a_AT1 time_NNT1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Mating_NP1 occurs_VVZ on_II tussock_NN1 clumps_NN2 near_II 
the_AT breeding_NN1 sites_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL After_II mating_VVG ,_, females_NN2 move_VV0 onto_II the_AT 
seepage_NN1 and_CC lay_VVD alone_RR ,_, climbing_VVG down_RP tussock_NN1 
stems_VVZ to_TO insert_VVI eggs_NN2 individually_RR into_II mosses_NN2 
which_DDQ cover_VV0 the_AT adjacent_JJ ground_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT last_MD three_MC or_CC four_MC segments_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
abdomen_NN1 are_VBR pushed_VVN into_II the_AT moss_NN1 rootlets_NN2 or_CC 
soil_NN1 before_II the_AT batch_NN1 of_IO six_MC to_II ten_MC eggs_NN2 is_VBZ 
laid_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Each_DD1 egg_NN1 in_II the_AT batch_NN1 appears_VVZ individually_RR 
cemented_VVD to_II roots_NN2 or_CC subterranean_JJ stems_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT female_NN1 takes_VVZ about_RG two_MC minutes_NNT2 to_TO 
lay_VVI a_AT1 batch_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT abrasive_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO tussock_NN1 causes_VVZ severe_JJ 
damage_NN1 to_II the_AT wings_NN2 of_IO the_AT females_NN2 and_CC even_RR 
animals_NN2 with_IW fresh_JJ body_NN1 colouring_NN1 can_VM have_VHI 
their_APPGE hind_JJ wings_NN2 badly_RR frayed_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Despite_II this_DD1 damage_NN1 ,_, females_NN2 with_IW worn_JJ 
wings_NN2 are_VBR often_RR seen_VVN making_VVG feeding_JJ flights_NN2 a_AT1 
short_JJ distance_NN1 from_II oviposition_NN1 sites_NN2 and_CC it_PPH1 
seems_VVZ probable_JJ that_CST they_PPHS2 survive_VV0 to_TO lay_VVI more_RR21 
than_RR22 one_MC1 batch_NN1 of_IO eggs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Females_NN2 also_RR lay_VVD perching_VVG flat_NN1 on_II the_AT 
moss_NN1 surface_NN1 as_CSA has_VHZ been_VBN observed_VVN in_II *1_NULL {_NULL 
\_NULL U._NP1 carovei_NN2 }_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Little_DA1 is_VBZ known_VVN of_IO their_APPGE 
larval_JJ life_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT burrows_NN2 of_IO earlier_JJR instar_NN1 larvae_NN2 appear_VV0 
to_TO be_VBI more_RGR common_JJ in_II soft_JJ soil_NN1 close_RR to_II the_AT 
runnels_NN2 which_DDQ dissect_VV0 the_AT bog_NN1 and_CC also_RR dug_VVD 
near_RL horizontally_RR into_II the_AT slopes_NN2 down_RP and_CC through_II 
which_DDQ the_AT seepage_NN1 occurs_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT large_JJ burrows_NN2 of_IO later_JJR instar_NN1 larvae_NN2 
are_VBR more_RGR conspicuous_JJ in_II the_AT more_RGR solid_JJ soils_NN2 of_IO 
hummocks_NN2 rising_VVG five_MC to_II twenty_MC centimetres_NNU2 above_II 
the_AT water_NN1 table_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ unlikely_JJ that_CST the_AT earliest_JJT instars_NN2 
would_VM be_VBI able_JJ to_TO burrow_NN1 to_II the_AT water_NN1 table_NN1 
through_II these_DD2 solid_JJ ,_, vegetation_NN1 supported_VVD ,_, soils_NN2 
and_CC some_DD movement_NN1 between_II microhabitats_NN2 probably_RR 
occurs_VVZ as_II the_AT larvae_NN2 develop_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II a_AT1 rule_NN1 of_IO thumb_NN1 the_AT burrow_NN1 diameter_NN1 
is_VBZ approximately_RR half_DB the_AT length_NN1 of_IO the_AT occupant_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Burrows_NP1 found_VVD in_II the_AT sides_NN2 and_CC at_II the_AT 
tops_NN2 of_IO runnels_NN2 within_II the_AT sphagnum-_JJ \_NULL Shoenus_NN1 
*0_NULL habitat_NN1 lack_NN1 the_AT well-formed_JJ mound_NN1 of_IO 
excavated_JJ mud_NN1 at_II their_APPGE entrances_NN2 characteristic_NN1 of_IO 
*1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL U._NP1 carovei_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL burrows_VVZ on_II 
similar_JJ slopes_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN generally_RR ,_, and_CC fairly_RR 
uncritically_RR ,_, accepted_VVD that_CST the_AT larvae_NN2 are_VBR 
nocturnal_JJ ,_, although_CS this_DD1 is_VBZ certainly_RR not_XX true_JJ of_IO 
petalurids_NN2 in_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 note_NN1 of_IO 
caution_NN1 should_VM be_VBI sounded_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Larvae_NP1 in_II captivity_NN1 and_CC kept_VVN under_II shaded_JJ 
interior_JJ lighting_NN1 have_VH0 often_RR been_VBN seen_VVN to_TO spend_VVI 
many_DA2 of_IO the_AT daylight_NN1 hours_NNT2 near_II the_AT tops_NN2 of_IO 
their_APPGE burrows_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS in_II this_DD1 position_NN1 they_PPHS2 react_VV0 instantly_RR 
to_II vibration_NN1 ,_, or_CC to_II any_DD large_JJ object_NN1 passing_VVG 
overhead_RL and_CC silhouetted_VVD against_II the_AT sky_NN1 ,_, by_II 
scuttling_VVG backwards_RL down_II their_APPGE tunnels_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Approaches_NN2 to_II the_AT same_DA burrows_NN2 made_VVN at_II 
night_NNT1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL resulted_VVD in_RP approximately_RR 
the_AT same_DA proportion_NN1 of_IO occupants_NN2 being_VBG found_VVN at_II 
the_AT top_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR ,_, the_AT *'_" nocturnal_JJ **'_" nature_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 
highly_RR mobile_JJ (_( in_II their_APPGE burrows_NN2 )_) ,_, well-sighted_JJ 
larvae_NN2 may_VM be_VBI the_AT result_NN1 of_IO inadvertent_JJ observer_NN1 
interference_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ supported_VVN to_II some_DD extent_NN1 by_II the_AT 
fact_NN1 that_CST in_II the_AT field_NN1 ,_, larvae_NN2 are_VBR often_RR 
encountered_VVN very_RG close_JJ to_II the_AT surface_NN1 during_II the_AT 
day_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Later_JJR instar_NN1 larvae_NN2 are_VBR known_VVN to_TO prey_VVI 
on_II a_AT1 wide_JJ variety_NN1 of_IO small_JJ animals_NN2 and_CC it_PPH1 
is_VBZ notable_JJ that_CST both_DB2 diurnally_RR and_CC nocturnally_RR 
active_JJ prey_NN1 are_VBR present_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL I_PPIS1 have_VH0 observed_VVN captive_JJ *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
U._NP1 chiltoni_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL larvae_NN2 preying_VVG on_II 
cockroaches_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT prey_NN1 appeared_VVD to_TO be_VBI detected_VVN by_II 
sight_NN1 ;_; as_II the_AT cockroach_NN1 moved_VVD down_RP the_AT burrow_NN1 
the_AT dragonfly_RR larva_NN1 struck_VVN with_IW its_APPGE labium_NN1 ,_, 
grasping_JJ and_CC impaling_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL Observed_JJ attacks_NN2 were_VBDR all_DB directed_VVN *'_" above_II 
the_AT larva_NN1 's_VBZ head_NN1 **'_" at_II the_AT dorsal_NN1 side_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT burrow_NN1 and_CC occurred_VVD well_RR before_II the_AT cockroach_NN1 
was_VBDZ within_II range_NN1 of_IO the_AT dragonfly_RR 's_VHZ antennae_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Often_RR the_AT larva_NN1 flicked_VVD its_APPGE body_NN1 backwards_RL 
,_, lifting_VVG its_APPGE forelegs_NN2 clear_JJ of_IO the_AT substrate_NN1 ,_, 
as_CSA it_PPH1 struck_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT labial_JJ strike_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 *1_NULL \_NULL Uropetala_NN1 
*0_NULL larva_NN1 is_VBZ very_RG strong_JJ and_CC prey_NN1 are_VBR often_RR 
extensively_RR damaged_VVN as_CSA they_PPHS2 are_VBR caught_VVN ;_; when_CS 
prey_NN1 held_VVN in_II forceps_NN2 is_VBZ attacked_VVN the_AT resulting_JJ 
blow_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 force_NN1 quite_RG unexpected_JJ from_II an_AT1 
insect_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Larvae_NP1 in_II captivity_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN observed_VVN 
while_CS digging_VVG their_APPGE tunnels_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD have_VH0 even_RR been_VBN observed_VVN to_TO abandon_VVI 
a_AT1 burrow_NN1 during_II the_AT day_NNT1 and_CC to_TO begin_VVI 
construction_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 new_JJ hole_NN1 in_II daylight_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 299+TEXT+J05_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT bottom_JJ waters_NN2 vary_VV0 seasonally_RR from_II 
0_MC to_II 3_MC *@_NNU \_NULL C._NP1 ^_NULL Phytoplankton_NP1 productivity_NN1 
is_VBZ low_JJ and_CC cyanobacterial_JJ mats_NN2 occur_VV0 extensively_RR 
over_II the_AT lake_NN1 floor_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT lake_NN1 receives_VVZ inflowing_VVG meltwaters_NN2 during_II 
spring_NN1 ,_, but_CCB these_DD2 form_VV0 a_AT1 discrete_JJ layer_NN1 
beneath_II the_AT ice_NN1 which_DDQ does_VDZ not_XX mix_VVI with_IW the_AT 
lakewater_NN1 beneath_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unlike_JJ Heywood_NP Lake_NNL1 ,_, this_DD1 throughflow_NN1 does_VDZ 
not_XX flush_VVI out_RP a_AT1 significant_JJ proportion_NN1 of_IO algal_JJ 
cells_NN2 and_CC nutrients_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Sombre_JJ Lake_NN1 water_NN1 and_CC inflows_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 
high_JJ ratio_NN1 of_IO {_NULL N:P_FO }_NULL ,_, and_CC algal_JJ growth_NN1 
potential_JJ assays_NN2 indicated_VVD that_DD1 phosphorus_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT 
element_NN1 in_II least_DAT supply_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Assays_NN2 of_IO the_AT natural_JJ lake_NN1 phytoplankton_NN1 
indicated_VVD that_CST the_AT assemblage_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX 
nutrient-limited_JJ between_II April_NPM1 and_CC October_NPM1 when_CS 
photosynthesis_NN1 was_VBDZ undetectable_JJ in_II the_AT water_NN1 beneath_II 
the_AT ice_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Phosphorus_NN1 limitation_NN1 responses_NN2 were_VBDR first_MD 
recorded_VVD with_IW the_AT onset_NN1 of_IO growth_NN1 in_II spring_NN1 ,_, 
but_CCB later_RRR in_II the_AT season_NNT1 from_II November_NPM1 onwards_RL 
,_, dual_JJ enrichment_NN1 with_IW \_NULL N_ZZ1 +_II \_NULL P_NP1 produced_VVD 
the_AT greatest_JJT growth_NN1 response_NN1 (_( Hawes_NP1 1983_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Like_II nearby_JJ Heywood_NP Lake_NNL1 ,_, winter_NNT1 
chlorophyll_NN1 *1_NULL a_ZZ1 *0_NULL levels_NN2 are_VBR low_JJ and_CC 
photosynthesis_NN1 is_VBZ undetectable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Light_JJ availability_NN1 suddenly_RR rises_VVZ by_II two_MC 
orders_NN2 of_IO magnitude_NN1 in_II September-October_NPM1 because_II21 
of_II22 the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO overlying_VVG snow_NN1 and_CC the_AT rise_NN1 
in_II incident_NN1 radiation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA in_II Heywood_NP Lake_NNL1 ,_, chlorophyll_NN1 *1_NULL a_ZZ1 
*0_NULL begins_VVZ to_TO increase_VVI at_II this_DD1 time_NNT1 and_CC 
continues_VVZ to_TO steadily_RR rise_VVI over_II the_AT subsequent_JJ 
months_NNT2 ,_, reaching_VVG a_AT1 maximum_NN1 during_II the_AT summer_NNT1 
ice-free_JJ period_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT spring_NN1 and_CC summer_NNT1 algal_JJ populations_NN2 
differ_VV0 in_II their_APPGE photosynthesis_NN1 versus_II light_JJ 
responses_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II both_DB2 Sombre_JJ Lake_NN1 and_CC Heywood_NP Lake_NNL1 
photosynthetic_JJ capacity_NN1 per_II unit_NN1 chlorophyll_NN1 markedly_RR 
increases_VVZ during_II the_AT open_JJ water_NN1 phase_NN1 and_CC then_RT 
declines_VVZ during_II the_AT period_NN1 of_IO ice_NN1 cover_NN1 (_( Hawes_NP1 
1985b_MC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Moss_NP Lake_NNL1 :_: A_AT1 freshwater_JJ lake_NN1 with_IW 
benthic_JJ macrophytes_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Many_DA2 of_IO the_AT saline_JJ and_CC freshwater_JJ 
lakes_NN2 of_IO Antarctica_NP1 have_VH0 rich_JJ benthic_JJ felts_NN2 of_IO 
cyanophytes_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Vanda_NP1 and_CC Fryxell_NP1 above_RL )_) ,_, 
but_CCB in_II the_AT Antarctic_NP Peninsula_NNL1 region_NN1 benthic_JJ 
mosses_NN2 provide_VV0 an_AT1 additional_JJ important_JJ source_NN1 of_IO 
primary_JJ production_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Moss_NP Lake_NNL1 on_II Signy_NP Island_NNL1 has_VHZ a_AT1 40%_NNU 
cover_NN1 of_IO the_AT mosses_NN2 *1_NULL {_NULL Calliergon_NP1 
sarmentosum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL \_NULL Drepanocladus_NN1 *0_NULL 
\_NULL sp._NNU below_II the_AT 5_MC \_NULL m_NNU depth_NN1 contour_NN1 (_( 
Priddle_NP1 1980_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT mosses_NN2 have_VH0 large_JJ leaves_NN2 and_CC stems_VVZ 
up_RG21 to_RG22 40_MC \_NULL cm_NNU long_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT benthic_JJ vegetation_NN1 also_RR includes_VVZ the_AT algal_JJ 
*1_NULL {_NULL Tolypothrix-Plectonema_NP1 }_NULL *0_NULL community_NNJ 
found_VVD in_II nearby_JJ Sombre_JJ Lake_NN1 ,_, mostly_RR in_II steep_JJ 
portions_NN2 of_IO the_AT littoral_NN1 and_CC as_CSA patches_VVZ in_II 
shallow_JJ water_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 third_MD community_NNJ ,_, of_IO prolific_JJ *1_NULL \_NULL 
Oedogonium_NN1 *0_NULL growth_NN1 is_VBZ located_VVN in_II rocky_JJ areas_NN2 
of_IO the_AT lake_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Benthic_JJ production_NN1 and_CC respiration_NN1 by_II 
these_DD2 communities_NNJ2 have_VH0 been_VBN estimated_VVN throughout_II 
the_AT year_NNT1 using_VVG dissolved_JJ oxygen_NN1 assays_NN2 on_II 
container_NN1 incubations_NN2 (_( Priddle_NP1 1980_MC )_) and_CC provides_VVZ 
an_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO adaptation_NN1 to_II the_AT low_JJ light_JJ 
environment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX was_VBDZ only_RR a_AT1 brief_JJ period_NN1 of_IO 
subcompensation_NN1 light_JJ levels_NN2 extending_VVG from_II June_NPM1 
through_II early_JJ August_NPM1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Significant_JJ photosynthesis_NN1 was_VBDZ initiated_VVN before_II 
the_AT ice_NN1 increased_VVN to_II its_APPGE maximum_JJ thickness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT moss_NN1 community_NNJ had_VHD a_AT1 low_JJ compensation_NN1 
point_NN1 of_IO about_RG 10_MC \_NULL kJ_NNU \_NULL m_NNU *:_NULL -2_MC 
**:_NULL \_NULL d_ZZ1 *:_NULL -1_MC **:_NULL as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 a_AT1 
low_JJ saturation_NN1 light_JJ level_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Its_APPGE annual_JJ nett_NN1 production_NN1 was_VBDZ estimated_VVN 
at_II 4.0_MC \_NULL g_NNU \_NULL C_MC \_NULL m_NNU *:_NULL -2_MC **:_NULL ,_, 
about_RG twice_RR the_AT benthic_JJ algal_JJ production_NN1 ,_, but_CCB 
only_JJ 30%_NNU of_IO the_AT phytoplankton_NN1 production_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Laboratory_NN1 studies_NN2 demonstrated_VVD that_CST the_AT 
two_MC moss_NN1 species_NN (_( plus_II their_APPGE epiphytic_JJ algae_NN2 )_) 
have_VH0 very_RG different_JJ photosynthesis_NN1 versus_II light_JJ 
characteristics_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL \_NULL Drepanocladus_NP1 *0_NULL had_VHD a_AT1 
compensation_NN1 of_IO 0.11_MC \_NULL W_ZZ1 \_NULL m_NNU *:_NULL -2_MC 
**:_NULL which_DDQ was_VBDZ similar_JJ to_II that_DD1 of_IO the_AT *1_NULL 
{_NULL Tolypothrix-Plectonema_NP1 }_NULL *0_NULL community_NNJ (_( 0.17_MC 
\_NULL W_ZZ1 \_NULL m_NNU *:_NULL -2_MC **:_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL \_NULL Calliergon_NP1 ,_, *0_NULL which_DDQ generally_RR 
occurred_VVD in_II the_AT more_RGR shallow_JJ water_NN1 ,_, had_VHD a_AT1 
much_RR higher_JJR compensation_NN1 point_NN1 (_( 0.64_MC \_NULL W_ZZ1 \_NULL 
m_NNU *:_NULL -2_MC **:_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Increasing_VVG temperature_NN1 modified_VVD these_DD2 
characteristics_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR for_IF *1_NULL \_NULL Calliergon_NP1 
,_, *0_NULL by_II shifting_VVG the_AT compensation_NN1 point_NN1 to_II 
higher_JJR light_JJ levels_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL Drepanocladus_NP1 *0_NULL appeared_VVD to_TO be_VBI 
especially_RR well_RR adapted_VVN towards_II the_AT deep_JJ lake_NN1 
environment_NN1 with_IW its_APPGE extremely_RR low_JJ compensation_NN1 
point_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 low_JJ responsiveness_NN1 to_II temperature_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
perhaps_RR also_RR a_AT1 high_JJ leaf_NN1 area_NN1 index_NN1 since_CS the_AT 
plants_NN2 are_VBR larger_JJR than_CSN *1_NULL \_NULL Calliergon_NP1 *0_NULL 
with_IW longer_JJR leaves_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT compensation_NN1 points_NN2 for_IF both_DB2 species_NN 
were_VBDR very_RG low_JJ by_II comparison_NN1 with_IW terrestrial_JJ 
mosses_NN2 in_II polar_JJ environments_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Fogg_NP1 (_( 1977_MC )_) suggested_VVD that_CST this_DD1 
characteristic_NN1 in_RR21 general_RR22 is_VBZ a_AT1 response_NN1 to_II the_AT 
low_JJ stable_JJ temperature_NN1 of_IO antarctic_JJ aquatic_JJ ecosystems_NN2 
which_DDQ allows_VVZ the_AT cells_NN2 to_TO maintain_VVI production_NN1 at_II 
rates_NN2 above_II their_APPGE respiratory_JJ requirement_NN1 (_( {_NULL 
i.e._REX }_NULL ,_, nett_NN1 production_NN1 )_) at_II very_RG low_JJ 
irradiances_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Benthic_JJ moss_NN1 communities_NNJ2 have_VH0 been_VBN 
recorded_VVN elsewhere_RL in_II the_AT Antarctic_NP Peninsula_NNL1 region_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT ponds_NN2 of_IO the_AT ice-free_JJ region_NN1 at_II 
Ablation_NP Point_NNL1 swards_NN2 of_IO luxuriant_JJ moss_NN1 occurred_VVD 
at_II 0.5_MC to_II 6_MC \_NULL m_NNU depth_NN1 ,_, with_IW stems_NN2 up_RG21 
to_RG22 30_MC \_NULL cm_NNU long_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT dominant_JJ species_NN were_VBDR *1_NULL {_NULL Campylium_NP1 
polyganium_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL \_NULL Dicranella_NP1 *0_NULL 
\_NULL sp._NNU ,_, but_CCB *1_NULL {_NULL Distichium_NP1 capillaceum_NN1 ,_, 
Bryum_NP1 algens_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL \_NULL Bryum_NN1 *0_NULL 
\_NULL sp._NNU were_VBDR also_RR found_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Cover_NN1 varied_VVD between_II 40_MC and_CC 70%_NNU and_CC 
totalled_VVD 3500_MC \_NULL m_NNU *:_NULL 2_MC **:_NULL in_II a_AT1 total_JJ 
area_NN1 of_IO pools_NN2 examined_VVD of_IO 10_MC 000_MC \_NULL m_NNU *:_NULL 
2_MC **:_NULL (_( Heywood_NP1 1977b_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 the_AT production_NN1 
ecology_NN1 of_IO Moss_NP Lake_NNL1 ,_, decomposition_NN1 processes_NN2 
have_VH0 been_VBN the_AT subject_NN1 of_IO considerable_JJ investigation_NN1 
in_II this_DD1 and_CC nearby_JJ waters_NN2 (_( Ellis-Evans_NP1 1985_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II Moss_NP Lake_NNL1 the_AT water_NN1 column_NN1 remains_VVZ 
oxygenated_VVN throughout_II winter_NNT1 and_CC decomposition_NN1 is_VBZ 
dominated_VVN by_II aerobic_JJ processes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Winter_NP1 anoxia_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 feature_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
enriched_JJ waters_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 region_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT 
duration_NN1 of_IO anoxia_NN1 increases_VVZ with_IW trophic_JJ state_NN1 (_( 
\_NULL Fig._NN1 12_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Anaerobic_JJ decomposition_NN1 is_VBZ therefore_RR much_RR more_RGR 
important_JJ in_II eutrophic_JJ waters_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Heywood_NP1 
Lake_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, even_RR in_II the_AT oligotrophic_JJ lakes_NN2 
anaerobic_JJ processes_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN measured_VVN in_II the_AT 
sediments_NN2 ;_; in_II Sombre_JJ Lake_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, 
methanogenesis_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 strictly_RR anaerobic_JJ 
process_NN1 ,_, consumes_NN2 13%_NNU of_IO **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL the_AT 
annually_RR sedimented_JJ particulate_NN1 carbon_NN1 (_( Ellis-Evans_NP1 
1984_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT lakes_NN2 of_IO Signy_NP Island_NNL1 clearly_RR offer_VV0 
an_AT1 ideal_JJ trophic_JJ series_NN in_II which_DDQ to_TO quantify_VVI 
aerobic_JJ and_CC anaerobic_JJ microbial_JJ responses_NN2 to_II the_AT 
antarctic_JJ aquatic_JJ environment_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL ICE-BOUND_JJ AQUATIC_JJ ECOSYSTEMS_NNJ2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Ice_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 dominant_JJ feature_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT antarctic_JJ landscape_NN1 ,_, and_CC in_II many_DA2 parts_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT continental_JJ margin_NN1 ,_, lakes_NN2 and_CC pools_NN2 have_VH0 
formed_VVN within_II the_AT ice_NN1 ,_, or_CC behind_II ice_NN1 dams_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 ice-bound_JJ ecosystems_NN2 vary_VV0 in_II size_NN1 from_II 
the_AT small_JJ (_( <_FO 50_MC \_NULL cm_NNU diameter_NN1 )_) water-filled_JJ 
pockets_NN2 on_II glaciers_NN2 (_( cryoconite_NN1 pools_NN2 )_) to_II 
anastomosing_VVG freshwater_JJ systems_NN2 on_II the_AT ablation_NN1 zone_NN1 
of_IO major_JJ ice_NN1 shelves_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ice-dammed_JJ valleys_NN2 have_VH0 filled_VVN with_IW water_NN1 to_TO 
form_VVI inland_JJ lakes_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Untersee_NP1 ,_, while_CS on_II 
the_AT coast_NN1 the_AT ice_NN1 dams_NN2 may_VM float_VVI on_II the_AT sea_NN1 
,_, trapping_VVG freshwater_JJ behind_II them_PPHO2 ,_, but_CCB allowing_VVG 
the_AT free_JJ movement_NN1 of_IO seawater_NN1 beneath_II (_( {_NULL e.g._REX 
}_NULL ,_, Ablation_NP Lake_NNL1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 ice-bound_JJ ecosystems_NN2 were_VBDR probably_RR the_AT 
dominant_JJ freshwaters_NN2 during_II major_JJ glaciations_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
antarctic_JJ region_NN1 and_CC may_VM have_VHI been_VBN important_JJ 
refugia_NN1 for_IF the_AT biota_NN1 during_II these_DD2 sustained_JJ 
periods_NN2 of_IO extreme_JJ cold_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Lake_NNL1 Untersee_NP :_: An_AT1 inland_JJ proglacial_JJ 
lake_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Proglacial_JJ lakes_NN2 ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, lakes_NN2 
dammed_VVD or_CC contained_VVN by_II ice_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR perhaps_RR a_AT1 
precursor_NN1 to_II some_DD of_IO the_AT permanently_RR ice-capped_JJ 
lakes_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 been_VBN discussed_VVN above_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO lake_NN1 still_RR exists_VVZ in_II certain_JJ 
regions_NN2 of_IO the_AT continent_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 such_DA lake_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN discovered_VVN recently_RR 
in_II the_AT Wohlthat_NP1 Massif_NP1 ,_, 150_MC \_NULL km_NNU inland_RL 
from_II the_AT open_JJ waters_NN2 of_IO the_AT Lazarev_NP Sea_NNL1 (_( 
Hermichen_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1985_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ permanently_RR capped_VVN by_II 2.5_MC \_NULL m_NNU 
of_IO ice_NN1 and_CC partially_RR bounded_VVD by_II a_AT1 glacier_NN1 
which_DDQ feeds_VVZ the_AT lake_NN1 by_II underwater_JJ melting_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT salinity_NN1 and_CC temperature_NN1 of_IO the_AT water_NN1 
column_NN1 is_VBZ homogeneous_JJ down_RP to_II the_AT maximum_JJ depth_NN1 
of_IO sampling_VVG (_( 79_MC \_NULL m_ZZ1 )_) suggesting_VVG that_DD1 
thermal_JJ convection_NN1 mixes_VVZ the_AT lake_NN1 completely_RR during_II 
each_DD1 summer_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT lake_NN1 has_VHZ no_AT outflow_NN1 and_CC loses_VVZ water_NN1 
by_II ablation_NN1 from_II its_APPGE ice_NN1 cap_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT chloride_NN1 content_NN1 of_IO the_AT lakewater_NN1 (_( 
43.4_MC \_NULL g_NNU \_NULL m_NNU *:_NULL -3_MC **:_NULL )_) is_VBZ very_RG 
high_JJ by_II comparison_NN1 with_IW precipitation_NN1 measurements_NN2 
over_II the_AT continent_NN1 (_( typically_RR 0.05-1.0_MCMC \_NULL g_NNU 
\_NULL m_NNU *:_NULL -3_MC **:_NULL )_) and_CC suggests_VVZ that_CST the_AT 
present_JJ day_NNT1 waterbody_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT remnant_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
meltwater_JJR lake_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ at_RR21 least_RR22 50_MC times_NNT2 
larger_JJR in_II volume_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Biologically_RR this_DD1 lake_NN1 remains_VVZ unexplored_JJ ,_, 
but_CCB bottom_JJ sediments_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 several_DA2 millimetre-thick_JJ 
organic_JJ layer_NN1 suggesting_VVG moderate_JJ production_NN1 rates_NN2 ,_, 
or_CC a_AT1 long_JJ period_NN1 of_IO accumulation_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Inland_JJ ice-dammed_JJ lakes_NN2 have_VH0 also_RR been_VBN 
described_VVN on_II the_AT downwind_JJ sides_NN2 of_IO nunataks_NN2 in_II 
the_AT Framnes_NP Mountain_NNL1 range_NN1 (_( 67_MC *@_NNU 45_MC *?_NULL 7_MC 
\_NULL S_ZZ1 ,_, 45_MC *@_NNU 45_MC *?_NULL 7_MC \_NULL E_ZZ1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 vary_VV0 from_II 4-114_MCMC \_NULL m_NNU depth_NN1 with_IW 
permanent_JJ ice-caps_NN2 that_CST are_VBR 3_MC \_NULL m_NNO or_CC more_RGR 
thick_JJ (_( Pickard_NP1 &_CC Adamson_NP1 1983_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Lakes_NN2 dammed_VVD by_II ice_NN1 are_VBR found_VVN throughout_II 
the_AT Ross_NP1 Dependency_NN1 and_CC include_VV0 Trough_NP Lake_NNL1 
behind_II the_AT Koettlitz_NP1 Glacier_NP1 at_II the_AT head_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
Alph_NP River_NNL1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Ablation_NP Lake_NNL1 :_: An_AT1 ice_NN1 dammed_VVD lake_NN1 
in_II31 contact_II32 with_II33 the_AT sea_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL An_AT1 unusual_JJ group_NN of_IO lakes_NN2 ,_, later_JJR 
termed_JJ epishelf_NN1 lakes_NN2 (_( Heywood_NP1 1977a_MC )_) were_VBDR 
first_MD described_VVD in_II the_AT Schirmachervatna_NP1 (_( 70_MC *@_NNU 
\_NULL S_ZZ1 ,_, ll_NNU *@_NNU \_NULL E_ZZ1 )_) as_CSA freshwaters_NN2 
that_CST exhibited_VVD tidal_JJ shifts_NN2 in_II lake_NN1 level_NN1 over_II 
irregular_JJ semi-diurnal_JJ periods_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT waters_NN2 here_RL are_VBR dammed_VVN by_II thick_JJ ice_NN1 
that_CST extends_VVZ 90_MC \_NULL km_NNU to_II the_AT north_ND1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Representatives_NP1 of_IO this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO lake_NN1 have_VH0 
been_VBN subsequently_RR recorded_VVN in_II the_AT Antarctic_NP Peninsula_NNL1 
region_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT best_RRT described_VVN of_IO these_DD2 is_VBZ Ablation_NP 
Lake_NNL1 which_DDQ lies_VVZ adjacent_II21 to_II22 Alexander_NP Island_NNL1 
next_II21 to_II22 the_AT 100-500_MCMC \_NULL m_NNU thick_JJ ice_NN1 shelf_NN1 
floating_VVG on_II George_NP1 *=_NULL VI_NP1 *0_NULL Sound_NN1 (_( Heywood_NP1 
1977b_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT bottom_JJ waters_NN2 of_IO the_AT lake_NN1 appear_VV0 to_TO 
be_VBI connected_VVN to_II the_AT open_JJ sea_NN1 which_DDQ lies_VVZ 100_MC 
\_NULL km_NNU away_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT upper_JJ 55_MC \_NULL m_NNU layer_NN1 of_IO the_AT lake_NN1 
is_VBZ freshwater_JJ (_( salinity_NN1 0.1_MC to_II 1_MC1 {_NULL ppt_NNU }_NULL 
)_) capped_VVD by_II permanent_JJ ice_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ about_RG 4_MC \_NULL 
m_NNU thick_JJ in_II winter_NNT1 and_CC 3_MC \_NULL m_NNU thick_JJ in_II 
summer_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Below_RG 55_MC \_NULL m_ZZ1 there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 sharp_JJ 
pycnocline_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT salinity_NN1 rises_VVZ abruptly_RR to_II 
32_MC {_NULL ppt_NNU }_NULL at_II 66.5_MC \_NULL m_NNO and_CC below_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT lake_NN1 surface_NN1 rises_NN2 and_CC falls_VVZ with_IW an_AT1 
irregular_JJ diurnal_JJ rhythm_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 maximum_JJ tidal_JJ 
range_NN1 of_IO 0.65_MC \_NULL m_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT bottom_JJ seawater_NN1 extends_VVZ 4_MC \_NULL km_NNU into_II 
the_AT lake_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 marine_JJ intrusion_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 temperature_NN1 of_IO 
-2_MC *@_NNU \_NULL C_ZZ1 and_CC therefore_RR acts_VVZ as_II an_AT1 
effective_JJ heat_NN1 sink_NN1 for_IF the_AT freshwater_JJ on_II top_NN1 
which_DDQ remains_VVZ more_DAR or_CC less_RGR isothermal_JJ at_II about_RG 
+0.1_MC *@_NNU \_NULL C._NP1 |_NULL ^_NULL Observations_NN2 in_II late_JJ 
summer_NNT1 (_( February_NPM1 )_) showed_VVD that_CST the_AT shallow_JJ 
water_NN1 region_NN1 of_IO Ablation_NP Lake_NNL1 had_VHD a_AT1 relatively_RR 
sparse_JJ film_NN1 of_IO periphytic_JJ algae_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Planktonic_JJ chlorophyll_NN1 *1_NULL a_ZZ1 *0_NULL levels_NN2 
were_VBDR 0.5_MC \_NULL mg_NNU \_NULL m_NNU *:_NULL -3_MC **:_NULL down_RP 
to_II 20_MC \_NULL m_NNU ,_, but_CCB were_VBDR in_II slightly_RR higher_JJR 
concentrations_NN2 (_( 0.65_MC \_NULL mg_NNU \_NULL m_NNU *:_NULL -3_MC 
**:_NULL )_) just_RR beneath_II the_AT ice_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 maximum_JJ photosynthetic_JJ rate_NN1 for_IF the_AT water_NN1 
column_NN1 to_II 20_MC \_NULL m_NNO was_VBDZ 6_MC \_NULL mg_NNU \_NULL C_MC 
\_NULL m_NNU *:_NULL -3_MC **:_NULL \_NULL d_ZZ1 *:_NULL -1_MC **:_NULL 
beneath_II the_AT ice_NN1 ,_, with_IW an_AT1 integral_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO 60_MC 
\_NULL mg_NNU \_NULL C_MC \_NULL m_NNU *:_NULL -2_MC **:_NULL \_NULL d_ZZ1 
*:_NULL -1_MC **:_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT water_NN1 column_NN1 was_VBDZ highly_RR transparent_JJ with_IW 
an_AT1 extinction_NN1 coefficient_NN1 for_IF blue_JJ light_NN1 (_( 460_MC 
\_NULL nm_NNU wavelength_NN1 )_) of_IO 0.08_MC \_NULL m_NNU *:_NULL -1_MC 
**:_NULL ,_, but_CCB only_RR 15-20%_FO of_IO surface_NN1 light_NN1 
penetrated_VVD the_AT ice-cover_NN1 under_II snow-free_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT fauna_NN2 of_IO the_AT upper_JJ freshwater_JJ 
strata_NN2 of_IO Ablation_NP Lake_NNL1 included_VVD *1_NULL {_NULL 
Pseudoboeckella_NP1 poppei_NN2 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL a_AT1 non-marine_JJ 
planktonic_JJ copepod_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ found_VVN throughout_II the_AT 
Peninsula_NN1 region_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 common_JJ antarctic_JJ marine_JJ benthic_JJ fish_NN ,_, *1_NULL 
{_NULL Trematomus_NP1 bernacchii_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL occurs_VVZ in_II the_AT 
bottom_JJ seawater_NN1 layer_NN1 of_IO the_AT lake_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 fish_NN were_VBDR caught_VVN at_II 70_MC \_NULL m_NNO 
and_CC showed_VVN *"_" signs_NN2 of_IO acute_JJ distress_NN1 **"_" when_RRQ 
they_PPHS2 were_VBDR brought_VVN to_II the_AT surface_NN1 indicating_VVG 
that_CST they_PPHS2 were_VBDR unable_JJ to_TO tolerate_VVI the_AT upper_JJ 
freshwater_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 unidentified_JJ cyclopoid_JJ copepod_NN1 was_VBDZ 
collected_VVN at_II depths_NN2 below_RG 40_MC \_NULL m_NNU over_II a_AT1 
wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO salinities_NN2 of_IO 0.6-32_MCMC {_NULL ppt_NNU }_NULL 
suggesting_VVG that_CST this_DD1 species_NN is_VBZ well_RR suited_VVN to_TO 
brackish_VVI water_NN1 conditions_NN2 within_II the_AT epishelf_NN1 lake_NN1 
environment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT sediments_NN2 at_II the_AT bottom_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
seawater_JJR layer_NN1 contained_VVD viable_JJ foraminifera_NN1 and_CC at_RR21 
least_RR22 11_MC species_NN of_IO diatoms_NN2 (_( Lipps_NN2 {_NULL et_RA21 
al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1977_MC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL RISE_NP1 :_: *4_NULL An_AT1 ice_NN1 shelf_NN1 aquatic_JJ 
ecosystem_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT western_JJ extension_NN1 of_IO the_AT Ross_NP1 
Ice_NN1 Shelf_NN1 near_II McMurdo_NP Sound_NNL1 ,_, known_VVN as_II the_AT 
McMurdo_NP1 Ice_NN1 Shelf_NN1 ,_, contains_VVZ a_AT1 large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO 
frozen_JJ pools_NN2 and_CC streams_NN2 that_CST melt_VV0 out_RP for_IF 
1-2_MCMC months_NNT2 each_DD1 summer_NNT1 (_( Plate_NN1 4_MC )_) ,_, 
collectively_RR referred_VVN to_II here_RL as_II the_AT Ross_NP1 Ice_NN1 
Shelf_NN1 Ecosystem_NN1 (_( {_NULL RISE_NP1 }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Micro-algae_NN2 are_VBR visibly_RR abundant_JJ in_II these_DD2 
meltwaters_NN2 ,_, but_CCB although_CS this_DD1 system_NN1 is_VBZ probably_RR 
the_AT largest_JJT non-marine_JJ aquatic_JJ environment_NN1 in_II the_AT 
McMurdo_NP1 Region_NN1 (_( Brady_NP1 1980_MC )_) it_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN 
very_RG little_RR explored_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT system_NN1 encompasses_VVZ an_AT1 ablation_NN1 area_NN1 
of_IO more_RR21 than_RR22 2000_MC \_NULL km_NNU *:_NULL 2_MC **:_NULL with_IW 
10-60%_FO of_IO it_PPH1 in_II mid_JJ summer_NNT1 being_VBG shallow_JJ open_JJ 
water_NN1 flowing_VVG over_II ice_NN1 and_CC moraine_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 large_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO sediment_NN1 
material_NN1 distributed_VVD across_II this_DD1 region_NN1 ,_, including_II 
a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO well-defined_NN1 ,_, elevated_JJ drift_NN1 bands_NN2 
(_( Plate_NN1 4_MC )_) that_CST are_VBR oriented_VVN in_II a_AT1 
north-south_ND1 direction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 drift_VV0 lines_NN2 are_VBR believed_VVN to_TO be_VBI 
derived_VVN from_II marine_JJ sediments_NN2 at_II the_AT zones_NN2 of_IO 
grounding_NN1 of_IO the_AT ice_NN1 shelf_NN1 ,_, and_CC radio_NN1 carbon_NN1 
dates_NN2 of_IO microfossils_NN2 in_II this_DD1 material_NN1 systematically_RR 
increase_VV0 with_IW distance_NN1 northwards_RL to_II a_AT1 maximum_JJ age_NN1 
of_IO about_II 5000-6000_MCMC years_NNT2 (_( Kellogg_NP &_CC Kellogg_NP 
1984_MC )_) ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 300+TEXT+J06_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Cuttings_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL Spartina_NP1 *0_NULL 
(_( probably_RR *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL S._NP1 townsendii_NN2 }_NULL )_) 
were_VBDR first_MD planted_VVD at_II Mapua_NP1 and_CC in_II Westhaven_NP1 
Inlet_NN1 about_RG 1932_MC (_( Russ_NP1 1975_MC )_) but_CCB they_PPHS2 did_VDD 
not_XX thrive_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 dozen_NNO plants_NN2 from_II Essex_NP1 ,_, {_NULL U.K._NP 
}_NULL ,_, were_VBDR planted_VVN by_II {_NULL W.G._NP }_NULL Thomson_NP1 in_II 
Moutere_NP1 Inlet_NN1 in_II 1947_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1948_MC the_AT Nelson_NP1 Harbour_NP1 Board_NNJ made_VVD 
trial_NN1 plantings_NN2 in_II Waimea_NP1 estuary_NN1 and_CC Nelson_NP1 
Haven_NP1 ,_, using_VVG 1000_MC plants_NN2 of_IO the_AT more_RGR vigorous_JJ 
*1_NULL {_NULL Spartina_NP1 anglica_NN1 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL collected_VVD 
from_II estuaries_NN2 near_II Invercargill_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Since_II then_RT private_JJ individuals_NN2 have_VH0 made_VVN 
additional_JJ plantings_NN2 ,_, mostly_RR using_VVG plants_NN2 obtained_VVN 
from_II the_AT earlier_JJR Nelson_NP1 trials_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, after_CS initial_JJ enthusiasm_NN1 for_IF *1_NULL 
\_NULL Spartina_NP1 's_GE *0_NULL vigorous_JJ colonising_JJ abilities_NN2 ,_, 
largely_RR from_II agriculturalists_NN2 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL Allan_NP1 
1930_MC ,_, Harbord_NP1 1947_MC )_) ,_, observers_NN2 throughout_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 advised_VVD more_DAR caution_NN1 in_II its_APPGE use_NN1 (_( 
{_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL Blick_NP1 1965_MC )_) and_CC more_RGR recently_RR 
advocated_VVD its_APPGE eradication_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 1975_MC Amendment_NN1 to_II the_AT Harbours_NP1 Act_NN1 1950_MC 
prohibited_VVD further_RRR planting_VVG of_IO introduced_JJ species_NN (_( 
which_DDQ include_VV0 *1_NULL \_NULL Spartina_NP1 *0_NULL \_NULL spp._NNU )_) 
in_II any_DD tidal_JJ waters_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 detailed_JJ survey_NN1 of_IO the_AT distribution_NN1 
of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL Spartina_NP1 *0_NULL along_II the_AT Tasman_NP1 and_CC 
Golden_JJ Bay_NN1 coastline_NN1 was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP by_II the_AT 
Wildlife_NN1 Service_NN1 in_II September_NPM1 1975_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL From_II this_DD1 survey_NN1 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ concluded_VVN that_CST 
although_CS *1_NULL \_NULL Spartina_NP1 had_VHD spread_VVN widely_RR from_II 
the_AT original_JJ plantings_NN2 ,_, and_CC was_VBDZ still_RR doing_VDG so_RG 
,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ not_XX too_RG late_JJ to_TO eradicate_VVI it_PPH1 from_II 
the_AT Golden_JJ Bay_NN1 areas_NN2 and_CC the_AT Riwaka_NP1 and_CC Moutere_NP1 
Inlets_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Waimea_NP1 Inlet_NN1 was_VBDZ so_RG heavily_RR infested_VVN that_CST 
to_TO eradicate_VVI *1_NULL \_NULL Spartina_NP1 *0_NULL would_VM require_VVI 
a_AT1 large_JJ and_CC expensive_JJ control_NN1 programme_NN1 (_( Russ_NP1 
1975_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL After_CS a_AT1 meeting_NN1 of_IO all_DB groups_NN2 concerned_JJ 
with_IW estuaries_NN2 ,_, the_AT Wildlife_NN1 Service_NN1 undertook_VVD to_TO 
begin_VVI eradication_NN1 operations_NN2 ,_, using_VVG knapsack_NN1 
sprayers_NN2 in_II a_AT1 low-key_JJ operation_NN1 in_II specific_JJ 
localities_NN2 (_( Plate_NN1 53_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL \_NULL Spartina_NP1 *0_NULL is_VBZ now_RT almost_RR 
eradicated_VVN from_II Whanganui_NP1 Inlet_NN1 ,_, Golden_JJ Bay_NN1 and_CC 
some_DD of_IO Tasman_NP Bay_NNL1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 larger_JJR scale_NN1 operation_NN1 (_( aerial_NN1 spraying_NN1 
)_) with_IW the_AT assistance_NN1 of_IO the_AT Ministry_NNJ of_IO 
Transport_NN1 and_CC the_AT Harbour_NP1 Board_NNJ will_VM be_VBI used_VVN 
during_II 1984/_FO 85_MC to_TO control_VVI the_AT heavy_JJ investation_NN1 
in_II Waimea_NP1 Inlet_NN1 (_( {_NULL B_NP1 D_NP1 }_NULL Bell_NP1 ,_, {_NULL 
pers._NNU comm_UH ._. 

^ }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Apart_II21 from_II22 some_DD feeding_NN1 on_II it_PPH1 by_II 
pukeko_NN1 (_( Blick_NP1 1965_MC ,_, Bascand_NP1 1970_MC )_) ,_, *1_NULL 
\_NULL Spartina_NP1 *0_NULL is_VBZ not_XX known_VVN to_TO be_VBI used_VVN 
by_II other_JJ wildlife_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II North_NP American_JJ estuarine_JJ systems_NN2 ,_, *1_NULL 
\_NULL Spartina_NP1 *0_NULL is_VBZ regarded_VVN as_II a_AT1 major_JJ 
producer_NN1 of_IO organic_JJ material_NN1 for_IF detritus_NN1 feeders_NN2 ,_, 
and_CC doubtless_RR it_PPH1 performs_VVZ this_DD1 role_NN1 in_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nevertheless_RR ,_, the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO non-vegetated_JJ tidal_JJ 
habitat_NN1 and_CC replacement_NN1 of_IO indigenous_JJ saltmarsh_NN1 
communities_NNJ2 are_VBR the_AT main_JJ reasons_NN2 for_IF the_AT Wildlife_NN1 
Service_NN1 's_VHZ efforts_NN2 to_TO eradicate_VVI *1_NULL \_NULL Spartina_NP1 
._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL 5_MC ._. 

^ *7_NULL THE_AT FAUNA_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *0_NULL 5.1_MC *3_NULL LARGE_JJ LAND_NN1 SNAILS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 has_VHZ more_RR21 than_RR22 1000_MC 
species_NN of_IO endemic_JJ native_JJ land_NN1 snails_NN2 ,_, mostly_RR 
less_RR21 than_RR22 3_MC \_NULL mm_NNU diameter_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT giants_NN2 of_IO the_AT land_NN1 snail_NN1 fauna_NN2 
belong_VV0 to_II the_AT genera_NN2 *1_NULL {_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 ,_, 
Paryphanta_NP1 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL \_NULL Placostylus_NP1 *0_NULL 
and_CC ,_, while_CS the_AT last_MD two_MC are_VBR not_XX found_VVN in_II 
the_AT survey_NN1 area_NN1 ,_, the_AT majority_NN of_IO forms_NN2 of_IO 
*1_NULL \_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 *0_NULL are_VBR in_II Nelson_NP1 ,_, 
Buller_NP1 ,_, Marlborough_NP1 Sounds_NN2 and_CC Levin_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Nelson_NP1 *1_NULL \_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 *0_NULL are_VBR 
discussed_VVN in_II some_DD detail_NN1 below_RL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL \_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 *0_NULL have_VH0 large_JJ ,_, 
often_RR brightly_RR coloured_VVD and_CC ornamented_JJ shells_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_DD221 few_DD222 species_NN are_VBR alpine_JJ ,_, living_VVG 
under_II tussock_NN1 and_CC scrub_NN1 near_II the_AT bushline_NN1 ,_, but_CCB 
most_RRT live_VV0 in_II native_JJ forest_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Though_CS the_AT range_NN1 of_IO a_DD221 few_DD222 species_NN of_IO 
*1_NULL \_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 *0_NULL is_VBZ extensive_JJ ,_, the_AT 
distribution_NN1 of_IO most_RRT is_VBZ confined_VVN to_II relatively_RR 
small_JJ areas_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL \_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 *0_NULL feed_NN1 during_II warm_JJ 
,_, wet_JJ nights_NNT2 ,_, and_CC spend_VV0 the_AT day_NNT1 under_II damp_JJ 
litter_NN1 or_CC logs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 are_VBR carnivorous_JJ ,_, eating_VVG mainly_RR native_JJ 
bush_NN1 worms_NN2 and_CC slugs_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL \_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 *0_NULL is_VBZ an_AT1 
ancient_JJ endemic_JJ New_NP Zealand_NP1 genus_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Like_II the_AT tuatara_NN1 and_CC kiwi_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 probably_RR 
reached_VVN New_NP Zealand_NP1 before_II the_AT break_NN1 up_RP of_IO the_AT 
Gondwanaland_NP1 continent_NN1 and_CC has_VHZ evolved_VVN in_II isolation_NN1 
from_II the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 since_II then_RT (_( 
Stevens_NP1 1980_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE present_JJ pattern_NN1 of_IO distribution_NN1 *-_- 
with_IW many_DA2 species_NN occurring_VVG within_II a_AT1 small_JJ area_NN1 
of_IO the_AT northern_JJ South_NP Island_NP1 *-_- apparently_RR reflects_VVZ 
the_AT recent_JJ geological_JJ past_NN1 when_RRQ the_AT relatively_RR warm_JJ 
North-west_NP Nelson_NP1 acted_VVD as_II a_AT1 refuge_NN1 for_IF plants_NN2 
and_CC animals_NN2 during_II the_AT Pleistocene_NP1 ice_NN1 ages_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS *1_NULL \_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 's_GE *0_NULL origins_NN2 
are_VBR still_RR not_XX fully_RR understood_VVN ,_, its_APPGE present_JJ 
distribution_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN helpful_JJ in_II determining_VVG the_AT 
number_NN1 and_CC timing_NN1 of_IO land_NN1 bridges_NN2 connecting_VVG the_AT 
North_NP1 and_CC South_NP Islands_NP1 during_II the_AT Pleistocene_NP1 (_( 
Te_AT Punga_NP1 1953_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL While_CS the_AT taxonomy_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL 
Powelliphanta_NP1 *0_NULL is_VBZ still_RR subject_II21 to_II22 debate_NN1 ,_, 
{_NULL A_AT1 W_NP1 B_NP1 }_NULL Powell_NP1 's_GE classification_NN1 ,_, 
which_DDQ included_VVD 10_MC species_NN ,_, 37_MC subspecies_NN and_CC 4_MC 
forms_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT widely_RR known_VVN and_CC used_JJ and_CC 
will_VM be_VBI followed_VVN here_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Climo_NP1 (_( 1979_MC )_) reclassified_VVD the_AT genus_NN1 into_II 
only_RR 2_MC species_NN ,_, but_CCB none-the-less_RR argues_VVZ that_CST 
every_AT1 population_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 *0_NULL is_VBZ 
important_JJ and_CC should_VM be_VBI preserved_VVN ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL (_( \_NULL Dr_NNB \_NULL F._NP1 Climo_NP1 ,_, 
{_NULL pers._NNU comm_UH ._. 

^ }_NULL 1981_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_CSA with_IW other_JJ large_JJ ,_, ancient_JJ ,_, 
ground-inhabiting_JJ invertebrates_NN2 ,_, reptiles_NN2 ,_, and_CC birds_NN2 
endemic_JJ to_TO New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, *1_NULL \_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 
*0_NULL were_VBDR badly_RR affected_VVN by_II the_AT changes_NN2 which_DDQ 
occurred_VVD when_RRQ New_NP Zealand_NP1 was_VBDZ colonised_VVN by_II man_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II the_AT plains_NN2 and_CC valleys_NN2 of_IO Nelson_NP1 were_VBDR 
cleared_VVN ,_, the_AT lowland_NN1 *1_NULL \_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 *0_NULL 
became_VVD restricted_VVD to_II a_DD221 few_DD222 small_JJ forest_NN1 
remnants_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Today_RT the_AT forest_NN1 stands_NN2 are_VBR usually_RR unfenced_JJ 
and_CC consequently_RR grazing_VVG and_CC trampling_VVG by_II stock_NN1 
has_VHZ lead_NN1 to_II the_AT drying_VVG out_RP and_CC destruction_NN1 of_IO 
much_DA1 of_IO the_AT remaining_JJ snail_NN1 habitat_NN1 ;_; in_RR21 
addition_RR22 ,_, predation_NN1 by_II introduced_JJ rats_NN2 in_II such_DA 
remnants_NN2 is_VBZ a_AT1 major_JJ problem_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS less_DAR of_IO the_AT upland_NN1 country_NN1 was_VBDZ 
cleared_VVN ,_, in_II places_NN2 feral_JJ goats_NN2 ,_, pigs_NN2 ,_, deer_NN 
and_CC possums_NN2 greatly_RR modified_VVD the_AT forest_NN1 litter_NN1 
habitat_NN1 ,_, leaving_VVG the_AT snails_NN2 vulnerable_JJ to_II drying_VVG 
out_RP and_CC exposed_VVD to_II native_JJ predators_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 
weka_NN1 ,_, as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 introduced_JJ predators_NN2 such_II21 
as_II22 rats_NN2 ,_, pigs_NN2 ,_, stoats_NN2 and_CC blackbirds_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL People_NN also_RR found_VVD the_AT land_NN1 snails_NN2 '_GE 
shells_NN2 attractive_JJ ,_, and_CC in_II the_AT past_JJ many_DA2 live_JJ 
snails_NN2 were_VBDR collected_VVN from_II the_AT more_RGR accessible_JJ 
colonies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Today_RT *1_NULL \_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 *0_NULL are_VBR 
becoming_VVG more_RGR widely_RR recognised_VVN as_RG being_VBG just_RR as_RG 
*"_" uniquely_RR New_NP Zealand_NP1 **"_" as_II the_AT kiwi_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
both_RR the_AT live_JJ animal_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE shell_NN1 have_VH0 full_JJ 
legal_JJ protection_NN1 under_II the_AT Wildlife_NN1 Amendment_NN1 Act_NN1 
1980_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Wildlife_NN1 Service_NN1 is_VBZ trying_VVG to_TO ensure_VVI 
the_AT survival_NN1 of_IO all_DB *1_NULL \_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 *0_NULL 
taxa_NN1 through_II the_AT protection_NN1 of_IO habitat_NN1 :_: fencing_NN1 
important_JJ forest_NN1 remnants_NN2 ,_, poisoning_VVG rats_NN2 in_II the_AT 
habitat_NN1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT vulnerable_JJ subspecies_NN ,_, and_CC 
establishing_VVG small_JJ reserves_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 are_VBR also_RR attempting_VVG to_TO learn_VVI more_DAR 
of_IO the_AT basic_JJ biology_NN1 of_IO the_AT land_NN1 snail_NN1 so_CS 
populations_NN2 can_VM be_VBI manipulated_VVN if_CSW necessary_JJ (_( {_NULL 
e.g._REX }_NULL captive_JJ breeding_NN1 ,_, island_NN1 transfers_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL At_RR21 present_RR22 applications_NN2 to_TO prospect_VVI 
for_IF coal_NN1 and_CC minerals_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG sought_VVN over_RG 
much_DA1 of_IO North-west_NP Nelson_NP1 and_CC consequently_RR over_II some_DD 
snail_NN1 habitat_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS some_DD types_NN2 of_IO prospecting_NN1 have_VH0 little_JJ 
effect_NN1 on_II wildlife_NN1 values_NN2 ,_, prospecting_VVG or_CC mining_NN1 
which_DDQ affects_VVZ colonies_NN2 of_IO snails_NN2 of_IO very_RG 
restricted_JJ distribution_NN1 ,_, or_CC which_DDQ involves_VVZ substantial_JJ 
changes_NN2 to_II the_AT habitat_NN1 ,_, would_VM be_VBI the_AT subject_NN1 
of_IO strong_JJ objections_NN2 by_II the_AT Wildlife_NN1 Service_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Within_II the_AT survey_NN1 area_NN1 there_EX are_VBR 6_MC species_NN 
of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 *0_NULL with_IW 22_MC subspecies_NN (_( 
for_IF distribution_NN1 ,_, see_VV0 \_NULL Fig_NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 hochstetteri_NN2 }_NULL *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL (_( Distribution_NN1 :_: Map_NP1 1_MC1 ,_, 
Appendix_NN1 1_MC1 )_) Three_MC subspecies_NN of_IO this_DD1 large_JJ (_( 
up_RG21 to_RG22 75_MC \_NULL mm_NNU diameter_NN1 )_) snail_VV0 are_VBR 
present_JJ in_II Nelson_NP1 ,_, all_DB in_II high_JJ altitude_NN1 beech_NN1 
forest_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL {_NULL P.h_NN1 ._. 

^ }_NULL hochstetteri_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( see_VV0 cover_NN1 photo_NN1 )_) 
in_II the_AT northern_JJ \_NULL Mt_NNL1 Arthur_NP Range/_FO Cobb/_FO 
Pikikiruna_NP1 Range_NN1 area_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 relatively_RR extensive_JJ 
range_NN1 ,_, most_DAT of_IO which_DDQ is_VBZ moderately_RR to_II severely_RR 
damaged_VVD by_II feral_JJ goats_NN2 ,_, pigs_NN2 ,_, and_CC in_II places_NN2 
,_, stock_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT Takaka_NP Hill_NNL1 there_EX continues_VVZ to_TO be_VBI 
a_AT1 steady_JJ loss_NN1 of_IO habitat_NN1 as_II beech_NN1 forest_NN1 on_II 
private_JJ land_NN1 is_VBZ clearfelled_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL {_NULL P.h_NN1 ._. 

^ }_NULL anatokiensis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL occurs_VVZ on_II the_AT western_JJ 
slopes_NN2 of_IO the_AT Haupiri_NP1 Range_NN1 in_II relatively_RR intact_JJ 
habitat_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL {_NULL P.h_NN1 ._. 

^ }_NULL consobrina_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ present_JJ on_II the_AT 
Bryant_NP1 Range_NN1 ,_, and_CC also_RR the_AT \_NULL Mt_NNL1 Richmond_NP 
Range_NN1 (_( just_RR east_ND1 of_IO the_AT survey_NN1 area_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 the_AT ubiquitous_JJ deer_NN and_CC 
possum_NN1 ,_, feral_JJ pigs_NN2 and_CC goats_NN2 are_VBR present_JJ and_CC 
throughout_II much_DA1 of_IO this_DD1 snail_NN1 's_VBZ range_NN1 the_AT 
forest_NN1 habitat_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN badly_RR damaged_VVN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 superba_NN1 }_NULL *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL (_( Distribution_NN1 :_: Map_NP1 2_MC ,_, Appendix_NN1 
1_MC1 )_) ^_NULL Five_MC subspecies_NN of_IO this_DD1 snail_NN1 have_VH0 
been_VBN described_VVN but_CCB their_APPGE relationship_NN1 is_VBZ complex_JJ 
and_CC not_XX yet_RR fully_RR understood_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 have_VH0 very_RG large_JJ (_( up_RG21 to_RG22 95_MC \_NULL 
mm_NNU diameter_NN1 )_) golden-yellow_JJ or_CC reddish_JJ shells_NN2 ,_, 
and_CC live_JJ in_II high_JJ altitude_NN1 forest_NN1 and_CC scrub_NN1 in_II 
the_AT Aorere-Heaphy_NP1 area_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL {_NULL P.s_NP1 ._. 

^ }_NULL superba_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL occurs_VVZ on_II both_DB2 sides_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT Aorere_NP1 valley_NN1 on_II the_AT Wakamarama_NP1 and_CC Haupiri_NP1 
Ranges_NN2 ,_, while_CS *1_NULL {_NULL {_NULL P.s_NP1 ._. 

^ }_NULL prouseorum_NN1 ,_, {_NULL P.s_NP1 ._. 

^ }_NULL harveyi_NN2 ,_, {_NULL P.s_NP1 ._. 

^ }_NULL mouatae_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL {_NULL P.s_NP1 ._. 

^ }_NULL richardsoni_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL live_VV0 in_II the_AT Gouland_NP1 
Downs/_FO Mackay_NP Downs_NNL2 area_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 previously_RR undescribed_JJ *1_NULL \_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 
*0_NULL was_VBDZ found_VVN in_II the_AT headwaters_NN2 of_IO the_AT Gunner_NP 
River_NNL1 during_II a_AT1 Wildlife_NN1 Service_NN1 survey_NN1 in_II 1982_MC 
(_( Walker_NP1 1982_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Dubbed_JJ *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P._NP *0_NULL *"_" Gunner_NP 
River_NNL1 **"_" }_NULL but_CCB still_RR not_XX formally_RR named_VVN ,_, 
this_DD1 snail_NN1 is_VBZ probably_RR also_RR a_AT1 subspecies_NN of_IO 
*1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P._NP1 superba_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Goats_NN2 are_VBR present_JJ on_II the_AT 
foothills_NN2 of_IO the_AT Wakamarama_NP1 Range_NN1 but_CCB elsewhere_RL 
the_AT habitat_NN1 is_VBZ relatively_RR intact_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 species_NN occurs_VVZ largely_RR within_II North-west_NP 
Nelson_NP1 State_NP Forest_NNL1 Park_NP1 ,_, over_II which_DDQ many_DA2 
coal_NN1 and_CC mineral_NN1 prospecting_VVG licences_NN2 are_VBR presently_RR 
held_VVN or_CC sought_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT wildlife_NN1 value_NN1 of_IO some_DD sites_NN2 is_VBZ 
outstanding_JJ and_CC should_VM be_VBI considered_VVN in_II any_DD 
decisions_NN2 about_II prospecting_VVG or_CC mining_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1980_MC on_II Cedar_NP Creek_NNL1 Ridge_NP1 ,_, the_AT type_NN1 
locality_NN1 for_IF *1_NULL {_NULL {_NULL P.s_NP1 ._. 

^ }_NULL superba_NN1 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL many_DA2 snails_NN2 were_VBDR 
killed_VVN when_RRQ a_AT1 controlled_JJ fire_NN1 in_II the_AT valley_NN1 
spread_VVN into_II neighbouring_JJ forest_NN1 and_CC scrub_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 annectens_VVZ }_NULL *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL (_( Distribution_NN1 :_: Map_NP1 2_MC ,_, Appendix_NN1 
1_MC1 )_) ^_NULL This_DD1 large_JJ snail_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ has_VHZ a_AT1 
deep_JJ reddish-brown_NN1 ,_, axially_RR banded_JJ shell_NN1 ,_, appears_VVZ 
to_TO merge_VVI clinally_RR with_IW *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P._NP1 superba_NN1 
}_NULL *0_NULL in_II the_AT north_ND1 (_( Walker_NP1 1982_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ largely_RR found_VVN in_II high_JJ altitude_NN1 
beech_NN1 forest_NN1 on_II the_AT western_JJ slopes_NN2 of_IO Gunner_NP 
Downs_NNL2 ,_, and_CC in_II beech/_FO podocarp_NN1 forest_NN1 in_II the_AT 
Oparara_NP Basin_NNL1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Snail_NP1 shells_VVZ found_VVN in_II the_AT recently_RR 
discovered_VVD Honeycomb_NN1 Cave_NN1 in_II the_AT Oparara_NP1 show_NN1 
that_CST *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P._NP1 annectens_VVZ }_NULL *0_NULL has_VHZ 
existed_VVN ,_, apparently_RR little_RR changed_VVN ,_, in_II the_AT area_NN1 
for_IF at_RR21 least_RR22 14,700_MC years_NNT2 ,_, when_CS the_AT primeval_JJ 
rain_NN1 forest_NN1 also_RR supported_VVN New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE extinct_JJ 
eagle_NN1 ,_, wrens_NN2 ,_, and_CC moas_NN2 (_( \_NULL Dr_NNB \_NULL F_NP1 
Climo_NP1 ,_, {_NULL pers._NNU comm_UH ._. 

^ }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS the_AT Oparara_NP1 is_VBZ part_NN1 of_IO North-west_NP 
Nelson_NP1 Forest_NP Park_NNL1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ just_RR outside_II the_AT 
Nelson_NP1 survey_NN1 area_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ considered_VVN in_II a_AT1 
separate_JJ report_NN1 (_( Walker_NP1 1982_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT forests_NN2 on_II the_AT flanks_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
Gunner_NP Downs_NNL2 ,_, deer_NN have_VH0 grazed_VVN the_AT ground_NN1 
layer_NN1 and_CC understorey_NN1 heavily_RR ,_, exposing_VVG the_AT snails_NN2 
to_II natural_JJ predators_NN2 including_II weka_NN1 and_CC parrot_NN1 (_( 
kaka_NN1 or_CC kea_NN1 )_) as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 to_II the_AT 
introduced_JJ blackbird_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS the_AT original_JJ range_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
P._NP1 annectens_VVZ }_NULL *0_NULL was_VBDZ relatively_RR extensive_JJ ,_, 
loss_NN1 of_IO over_II 30%_NNU of_IO this_DD1 to_II logging_VVG and_CC 
exotic_JJ conversion_NN1 in_II the_AT Oparara_NP1 means_VVZ that_CST the_AT 
importance_NN1 of_IO protecting_VVG the_AT relatively_RR remote_JJ 
colonies_NN2 on_II the_AT slopes_NN2 of_IO the_AT Gunner_NP Downs_NNL2 is_VBZ 
increased_VVN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 lignaria_NN1 }_NULL *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL (_( Distribution_NN1 :_: Map_NP1 3_MC ,_, Appendix_NN1 
1_MC1 )_) ^_NULL Although_CS largely_RR a_AT1 north_ND1 Westland_NP1 
species_NN ,_, the_AT range_NN1 of_IO three_MC of_IO the_AT seven_MC 
subspecies_NN of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P._NP1 lignaria_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
lies_VVZ partially_RR or_CC completely_RR within_II the_AT Nelson_NP1 
survey_NN1 area_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P.l._NP1 unicolorata_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ 
a_AT1 small_JJ snail_NN1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 plain_JJ olive-brown_JJ coloured_JJ 
shell_NN1 while_CS *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P.l._NP1 ruforadiata_NN1 }_NULL 
*0_NULL is_VBZ larger_JJR and_CC spirally_RR striped_VVD with_IW irregular_JJ 
rufous_JJ bands_NN2 :_: the_AT habitat_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 subspecies_NN is_VBZ 
lowland_NN1 beech/_FO podocarp/_FO broadleaf_NN1 forest_NN1 ,_, 
particularly_RR on_II limestone_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P.l._NP1 ruforadiata_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
occurs_VVZ in_II Maori_JJ Gully_NN1 north_ND1 of_IO the_AT Mokihinui_NP 
Forks_NN2 and_CC on_II the_AT northern_JJ side_NN1 of_IO the_AT Mokihinui_NP 
River_NNL1 gorge_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P.l._NP1 unicolorata_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
lives_VVZ beside_II the_AT South_NP Branch_NP1 of_IO the_AT Mokihinui_NP 
River_NNL1 and_CC on_II the_AT south_ND1 bank_NN1 of_IO the_AT Mokihinui_NP 
River_NNL1 gorge_NN1 ,_, as_RG far_RR downstream_RL as_CSA Seddonville_NP1 (_( 
west_ND1 of_IO the_AT survey_NN1 area_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Clearance_NP1 of_IO most_DAT forest_NN1 around_II Seddonville_NP1 
has_VHZ left_VVN the_AT upper_JJ Mokihinui_NP as_CSA the_AT stronghold_NN1 
for_IF this_DD1 subspecies_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rats_NN2 are_VBR a_AT1 problem_NN1 in_II these_DD2 lowland_NN1 
forests_NN2 ,_, as_CSA are_VBR feral_JJ goats_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR 
damaging_VVG the_AT snail_NN1 habitat_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO land-use_NN1 changes_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN 
proposed_VVN for_IF the_AT Mokihinui_NP flats_NN2 ,_, including_II 
flooding_VVG them_PPHO2 by_II damming_VVG the_AT river_NN1 at_II the_AT 
Forks_NN2 ;_; and_CC logging_VVG the_AT podocarp_NN1 forest_NN1 (_( {_NULL 
NZFS_NP }_NULL 1981_MC )_) :_: at_RR21 present_RR22 inaccessibility_NN1 
makes_VVZ both_DB2 plans_NN2 uneconomic_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Wildlife_NN1 Service_NN1 would_VM be_VBI very_RG concerned_JJ 
should_VM any_DD such_DA schemes_NN2 take_VV0 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
place_NN1 in_II this_DD1 important_JJ area_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P.l._NP1 oconnori_NN2 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL a_AT1 
large_JJ ,_, strongly_RR striped_JJ snail_NN1 ,_, lives_VVZ near_II the_AT 
limestone_NN1 bluffs_VVZ on_II the_AT western_JJ flanks_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
southern_JJ Arthur_NP1 Range_NN1 ,_, and_CC in_II the_AT lower_JJR Karamea_NP 
River_NNL1 *-_- Little_RR Wanganui_NP River_NNL1 area_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rat_NP1 predation_NN1 is_VBZ considerable_JJ in_II the_AT low_JJ 
altitude_NN1 colonies_NN2 ,_, and_CC goats_NN2 ,_, spreading_VVG from_II 
the_AT Arthur_NP1 Range_NN1 ,_, are_VBR damaging_VVG the_AT forest_NN1 
habitat_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL Powelliphanta_NP1 gilliesi_NN2 }_NULL *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL (_( Distribution_NN1 :_: Map_NP1 4_MC ,_, Appendix_NN1 
1_MC1 )_) ^_NULL Nine_MC subspecies_NN of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P._NP1 
gilliesi_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL have_VH0 been_VBN described_VVN ,_, all_DB 
confined_VVD to_II small_JJ areas_NN2 of_IO north-western_JJ Golden_JJ Bay_NN1 
._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 301+TEXT+J07_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Hydro-lakes_NN2 or_CC water_NN1 storage_NN1 
impoundments_NN2 may_VM be_VBI natural_JJ lakes_NN2 whose_DDQGE outlet_NN1 
streams_NN2 or_CC rivers_NN2 are_VBR dammed_VVN ,_, or_CC lentic_JJ water_NN1 
bodies_NN2 created_VVN by_II the_AT damming_JJ of_IO rivers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Examples_NN2 of_IO the_AT former_DA are_VBR Lakes_NN2 
Waikaremoana_NP1 ,_, Hawea_NP1 and_CC Pukaki_NP1 ,_, whereas_CS the_AT 
eight_MC Waikato_NP1 hydro-lakes_NN2 are_VBR good_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
latter_DA ._. 

^ ^_NULL Man-made_JJ impoundments_NN2 are_VBR the_AT more_RGR common_JJ on_II 
a_AT1 world-wide_JJ scale_NN1 (_( Baxter_NP1 ,_, 1977_MC )_) and_CC they_PPHS2 
tend_VV0 to_TO differ_VVI from_II natural_JJ lakes_NN2 in_II several_DA2 
ways_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 basin_NN1 morphometry_NN1 they_PPHS2 
are_VBR usually_RR deepest_JJT immediately_RR in_II31 front_II32 of_II33 
the_AT dam_NN1 ,_, shoreline_NN1 development_NN1 is_VBZ high_JJ and_CC 
shore_NN1 modification_NN1 is_VBZ marked_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 circulating_VVG currents_NN2 ,_, 
reservoirs_NN2 possess_VV0 a_AT1 longitudinal_JJ current_JJ (_( inlet_NN1 
to_II outlet_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 renewal_NN1 
is_VBZ faster_JJR than_CSN in_II most_DAT natural_JJ lakes_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Chemical_NN1 inputs_NN2 to_II newly_RR created_VVN 
impoundments_NN2 are_VBR often_RR high_JJ as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO 
leaching_VVG from_II newly_RR flooded_JJ vegetation_NN1 and_CC soil_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 period_NN1 of_IO enrichment_NN1 may_VM last_VVI several_DA2 
years_NNT2 but_CCB over_II time_NNT1 water_NN1 quality_NN1 can_VM be_VBI 
expected_VVN to_TO increase_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sedimentation_NN1 as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO bank_NN1 erosion_NN1 
,_, river_NN1 inputs_NN2 and_CC sheet_NN1 erosion_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR 
characteristic_JJ ,_, its_APPGE magnitude_NN1 depending_II21 on_II22 
rainfall_NN1 ,_, soil_NN1 ,_, vegetation_NN1 cover_NN1 ,_, slope_NN1 and_CC 
land_NN1 use_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT short_JJ term_NN1 ,_, sedimentation_NN1 combined_VVD 
with_IW the_AT leaching_NN1 of_IO humic_JJ and_CC other_JJ substances_NN2 
from_II soil_NN1 and_CC plants_NN2 may_VM result_VVI in_RP at_RR21 least_RR22 
local_JJ oxygen_NN1 depletion_NN1 within_II a_AT1 reservoir_NN1 ,_, but_CCB 
,_, in_II the_AT long_JJ term_NN1 ,_, impoundment_NN1 is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO 
improve_VVI the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 for_IF domestic_JJ and_CC 
industrial_JJ use_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ because_CS solids_NN2 are_VBR settled_VVN out_RP 
and_CC in_II many_DA2 cases_NN2 both_RR the_AT colour_NN1 and_CC bacterial_JJ 
populations_NN2 decrease_NN1 (_( Baxter_NP1 ,_, 1977_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 physico-chemical_JJ features_NN2 and_CC other_JJ 
factors_NN2 considered_VVN below_II help_NN1 determine_VVI the_AT nature_NN1 
of_IO the_AT animal_NN1 communities_NNJ2 in_II artificial_JJ lakes_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Plankton_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Following_VVG the_AT damming_JJ of_IO a_AT1 river_NN1 
,_, the_AT original_JJ running_JJ water_NN1 (_( lotic_JJ )_) fauna_NN2 is_VBZ 
replaced_VVN by_II slow-_NN1 and_CC stillwater_NN1 (_( lentic_JJ )_) 
species_NN which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI categorized_VVN as_CSA benthic_JJ ,_, 
marginal_JJ (_( littoral_NN1 )_) or_CC planktonic_JJ forms_NN2 depending_II21 
on_II22 the_AT habitats_NN2 they_PPHS2 occupy_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Flow_NN1 conditions_NN2 under_II which_DDQ plankton_NN1 become_VV0 
established_VVN are_VBR somewhat_RR variable_JJ ,_, but_CCB the_AT upper_JJ 
flow_NN1 limit_NN1 according_II21 to_II22 Russian_JJ workers_NN2 is_VBZ 
about_RG 0.2_MC {_NULL m/sec_FO }_NULL (_( Baxter_NP1 ,_, 1977_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Phytoplankton_NP1 blooms_VVZ frequently_RR occur_VV0 soon_RR after_II 
initial_JJ flooding_NN1 and_CC in_II this_DD1 country_NN1 Vidal_NP1 &_CC 
Maris-McArthur_NP1 (_( 1973_MC )_) recorded_VVD blooms_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL 
{_NULL Melosira_NP1 granulata_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC very_RG large_JJ 
populations_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 copepod_NN1 ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL Boeckella_NP1 
propinqua_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL as_II the_AT Tiritea_NP1 reservoir_NN1 (_( 
Palmerston_NP1 North_NP1 water_NN1 supply_NN1 )_) was_VBDZ filled_VVN 
inundating_JJ forest_NN1 and_CC scrub_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, following_VVG the_AT impoundment_NN1 of_IO 
Southern_NP1 Indian_NP1 Lake_NN1 in_II northern_JJ Manitoba_NP1 ,_, Canada_NP1 
,_, zooplankton_NN1 biomass_NN1 decreased_VVD 30-40_MCMC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 
mostly_RR as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO declines_NN2 in_II numbers_NN2 of_IO 
Cladocera_NP1 and_CC small_JJ ,_, cyclopoid_JJ copepods_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 response_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 spectacular_JJ increase_NN1 in_II 
numbers_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL Mysis_NN1 relicta_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
were_VBDR attributed_VVN to_II a_AT1 lowering_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 
temperature_NN1 following_VVG impoundment_NN1 and_CC reduced_JJ predation_NN1 
because_II21 of_II22 lower_JJR lake_NN1 transparency_NN1 (_( Hecky_NP1 *1_NULL 
{_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL 1984_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Zooplankton_NP1 communities_NNJ2 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 
are_VBR lacking_JJ in_II diversity_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR with_II31 
respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT small_JJ Crustacea_NN2 many_DA2 of_IO which_DDQ 
are_VBR ubiquitous_JJ in_II occurrence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT Waikato_NP River_NNL1 hydro-lakes_NN2 Chapman_NP1 
*1_NULL {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL (_( 1975_MC )_) recorded_VVD the_AT copepods_NN2 *1_NULL 
{_NULL Boeckella_NP1 minuta_NN1 ,_, \_NULL B._NP1 propinqua_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL Calamoecia_NP1 lucasi_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( 
sometimes_RT together_RL which_DDQ is_VBZ unusual_JJ )_) and_CC the_AT 
cladocerans_NN2 *1_NULL {_NULL Bosmina_NP1 meridionalis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL Ceriodaphnia_NP1 dubia_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Whitehouse_NP1 (_( 1980_MC )_) found_VVD only_RR four_MC 
species_NN (_( *1_NULL {_NULL Boeckella_NP1 dilatata_NN1 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL 
a_AT1 cyclopoid_JJ *1_NULL {_NULL Macrocyclops_NP1 albidus_NN1 ,_, \_NULL 
B._NP1 meridionalis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 
dubia_NN1 }_NULL )_) in_II the_AT Waitaki_NP1 hydro-lakes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, she_PPHS1 found_VVD that_CST at_RR21 least_RR22 11_MC 
rotifers_NN2 were_VBDR present_JJ as_RR21 well_RR22 and_CC that_CST they_PPHS2 
could_VM contribute_VVI substantially_RR to_II secondary_JJ production_NN1 
and_CC nutrient_JJ cycling_NN1 in_II Lakes_NN2 Aviemore_NP1 ,_, Waitaki_NP1 
and_CC the_AT Ahuriri_NP1 Arm_NN1 of_IO Benmore_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, zooplankton_NN1 production_NN1 in_II 
the_AT Main_JJ Arm_NN1 of_IO Lake_NNL1 Benmore_NP is_VBZ probably_RR due_JJ 
almost_RR entirely_RR to_II *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL B._NP1 dilatata_NN1 }_NULL 
._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Zooplankton_NP1 occupies_VVZ the_AT whole_JJ water_NN1 
column_NN1 in_II Aviemore_NP1 and_CC Waitaki_NP1 (_( maximum_JJ depths_NN2 
of_IO 35_MC \_NULL m_NNO and_CC 16-20_MCMC \_NULL m_NNU ,_, respectively_RR 
)_) and_CC is_VBZ found_VVN to_II at_RR21 least_RR22 50_MC \_NULL m_NNU in_II 
Benmore_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Standing_VVG stocks_NN2 in_II the_AT former_DA two_MC lakes_NN2 
are_VBR affected_VVN greatly_RR by_II losses_NN2 via_II the_AT outflows_NN2 
;_; Whitehouse_NP1 (_( 1980_MC )_) calculated_VVD that_DD1 immigration_NN1 
from_II the_AT lake_NN1 immediately_RR upstream_RL often_RR contributed_VVD 
as_RG much_DA1 or_CC more_DAR to_II the_AT standing_NN1 stock_NN1 of_IO 
*1_NULL {_NULL Keratella_NP1 cochlearis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( a_ZZ1 
rotifer_NN1 )_) ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL B._NP1 meridionalis_NN1 }_NULL 
*0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL B._NP1 dilatata_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL as_CSA 
did_VDD reproduction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_CS water_NN1 has_VHZ such_DA a_AT1 short_JJ residence_NN1 
time_NNT1 in_II Lake_NNL1 Waitaki_NP in_RR21 particular_RR22 (_( 0.8-3.2_MCMC 
days_NNT2 )_) it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX surprising_JJ that_CST there_EX is_VBZ 
little_DA1 opportunity_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 distinct_JJ ,_, resident_JJ 
zooplankton_NN1 community_NNJ to_TO develop_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Similarly_RR ,_, the_AT zooplankton_NN1 of_IO Benmore_NP1 
appears_VVZ to_TO reflect_VVI that_DD1 of_IO Lakes_NN2 Pukaki_NP1 ,_, 
Tekapo_NP1 and_CC Ohau_NP1 in_II the_AT headwaters_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
Waitaki_NP1 system_NN1 (_( Stout_JJ ,_, 1978_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 lakes_NN2 receive_VV0 water_NN1 from_II glacial_JJ and_CC 
snow-fed_JJ rivers_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 high_JJ silt_NN1 load_NN1 and_CC 
possess_VV0 zooplankton_NN1 communities_NNJ2 dominated_VVD by_II rotifers_NN2 
in_II Pukaki_NP1 (_( the_AT siltiest_JJT lake_NN1 )_) ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL 
\_NULL B._NP1 dilatata_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL in_II Tekapo_NP1 ,_, and_CC *1_NULL 
{_NULL \_NULL B._NP1 meridionalis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL in_II Ohau_NP1 (_( the_AT 
clearest_JJT lake_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS one_PN1 might_VM suspect_VVI these_DD2 differences_NN2 
in_II dominance_NN1 to_TO be_VBI associated_VVN with_IW levels_NN2 of_IO 
siltation_NN1 ,_, the_AT composition_NN1 and_CC seasonal_JJ distribution_NN1 
of_IO zooplankton_NN1 in_II Lake_NNL1 Ohau_NP (_( and_CC also_RR Benmore_NP1 
)_) appears_VVZ to_TO have_VHI been_VBN affected_VVN very_RG little_DA1 by_II 
increases_NN2 in_II lake_NN1 water_NN1 turbidity_NN1 recorded_VVN between_II 
1976_MC and_CC 1979_MC (_( Stout_JJ ,_, 1981_MC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Benthos_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II temperate_JJ regions_NN2 ,_, the_AT first_MD 
benthic_JJ colonists_NN2 are_VBR usually_RR oligochaetes_NN2 derived_VVN 
from_II the_AT original_JJ drowned_JJ stream_NN1 ,_, and/or_CC species_NN 
of_IO Chironomidae_NP1 (_( non-biting_JJ midges_NN2 )_) (_( Baxter_NP1 ,_, 
1977_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Drowned_JJ trees_NN2 may_VM provide_VVI habitats_NN2 for_IF some_DD 
insect_NN1 larvae_NN2 but_CCB decomposition_NN1 of_IO submerged_JJ 
vegetation_NN1 can_VM also_RR lead_VVI to_II oxygen_NN1 depletion_NN1 in_II 
the_AT deep_JJ waters_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 reservoir_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_CS this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT case_NN1 ,_, benthic_JJ animals_NN2 
are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI confined_VVN to_II shallower_JJR parts_NN2 
of_IO the_AT basin_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_IW time_NNT1 ,_, the_AT composition_NN1 of_IO the_AT benthic_JJ 
fauna_NN2 should_VM approach_VVI that_DD1 of_IO a_AT1 natural_JJ lake_NN1 
and_CC may_VM exhibit_VVI a_AT1 temporal_JJ succession_NN1 from_II 
eutrophic_JJ to_II oligotrophic_JJ species_NN (_( Baxter_NP1 ,_, 1977_MC )_) 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Following_VVG impoundment_NN1 of_IO Southern_NP1 Indian_NP1 
Lake_NN1 ,_, the_AT density_NN1 of_IO the_AT zoobenthos_NN2 generally_RR 
increased_VVN but_CCB no_AT significant_JJ changes_NN2 in_II community_NNJ 
composition_NN1 were_VBDR found_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II places_NN2 ,_, the_AT fauna_NN2 responded_VVD to_II 
localized_JJ nutrient_NN1 and_CC organic_JJ inputs_NN2 from_II flooded_JJ 
shorelines_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 major_JJ source_NN1 of_IO organic_JJ substrate_NN1 
,_, black_JJ spruce_NN1 needles_NN2 ,_, was_VBDZ quickly_RR colonized_VVN 
and_CC broken_VVN down_RP by_II chironomids_NN2 (_( Hecky_NP1 *1_NULL {_NULL 
et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL 1984_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Similarly_RR ,_, Voshell_NP1 &_CC Simmons_NP1 (_( 1984_MC )_) 
found_VVD that_DD1 first_MD colonizers_NN2 of_IO shallow_JJ (_( <_FO 7_MC 
\_NULL m_ZZ1 )_) areas_NN2 of_IO Lake_NNL1 Anna_NP ,_, a_AT1 new_JJ 
mainstream_NN1 impoundment_NN1 in_II Virginia_NP1 ,_, {_NULL USA_NP }_NULL 
appeared_VVN to_TO be_VBI dependent_JJ primarily_RR on_II components_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT formerly_JJ terrestrial_JJ ecosystem_NN1 for_IF food_NN1 and_CC 
habitat_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT first_MD three_MC years_NNT2 of_IO impoundment_NN1 ,_, 
zoobenthos_NN2 density_NN1 increased_VVD steadily_RR with_IW chironomids_NN2 
becoming_VVG increasingly_RR dominant_JJ as_CSA autochthonous_JJ factors_NN2 
began_VVD to_TO regulate_VVI succession_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II man-made_JJ Barrier_NN1 reservoir_NN1 ,_, Alberta_NP1 
(_( Fillion_NP1 ,_, 1967_MC )_) ,_, chironomids_NN2 initially_RR made_VVN 
up_RP 98_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT fauna_NN2 but_CCB in_II 
subsequent_JJ years_NNT2 their_APPGE dominance_NN1 was_VBDZ reduced_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Fourteen_MC years_NNT2 after_II impoundment_NN1 they_PPHS2 
constituted_VVD only_RR 68_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO benthos_NN2 
numbers_NN2 ,_, the_AT remainder_NN1 being_VBG oligochaetes_NN2 (_( 10.6_MC 
per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 )_) and_CC bivalves_NN2 of_IO the_AT genus_NN1 *1_NULL 
\_NULL Pisidium_NN1 *0_NULL (_( 21.4_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 )_) which_DDQ 
invaded_VVD from_II the_AT Kananaskis_NP1 Lakes_NN2 upstream_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Tubificidae_NP1 made_VVD up_RP 98_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO 
animal_NN1 numbers_NN2 in_II a_AT1 deep_JJ ,_, 26-year-old_JJ Colorado_NP1 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL reservoir_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 situation_NN1 
considered_VVN by_II Edmonds_NP1 &_CC Ward_NP1 (_( 1979_MC )_) to_TO be_VBI 
typical_JJ of_IO oligotrophic_JJ lakes_NN2 ,_, and_CC lakes_NN2 of_IO great_JJ 
depth_NN1 in_RR21 general_RR22 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, the_AT work_NN1 of_IO Timms_NP1 
(_( 1980_MC ,_, 1982_MC ,_, 1983_MC ,_, 1984_MC )_) ,_, Forsyth_NP1 (_( 
1975_MC ,_, 1978_MC )_) ,_, Forsyth_NP1 &_CC McCallum_NP1 (_( 1981_MC )_) 
and_CC Graham_NP1 &_CC Burns_NP1 (_( 1983_MC )_) provides_VVZ the_AT most_RGT 
valuable_JJ insights_NN2 into_II the_AT nature_NN1 and_CC environmental_JJ 
relationships_NN2 of_IO lake_NN1 benthos_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT three_MC large_JJ Waitaki_NP1 lakes_NN2 ,_, Tekapo_NP1 ,_, 
Pukaki_NP1 and_CC Ohau_NP1 ,_, as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 the_AT Waitaki_NP 
Valley_NNL1 reservoirs_NN2 ,_, Benmore_NP1 ,_, Aviemore_NP1 and_CC Waitaki_NP1 
were_VBDR included_VVN in_II the_AT South_NP Island_NP1 lake_NN1 survey_NN1 
of_IO Timms_NP1 (_( 1982_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Benthic_JJ habitats_NN2 sampled_VVD appeared_VVN to_TO be_VBI 
fairly_RR homogeneous_JJ and_CC apart_II21 from_II22 Waitaki_NP1 ,_, the_AT 
oldest_JJT reservoir_NN1 with_IW the_AT shortest_JJT retention_NN1 time_NNT1 
,_, faunal_JJ densities_NN2 were_VBDR low_RR compared_VVN with_IW those_DD2 
in_II most_DAT other_JJ lakes_NN2 examined_VVD (_( see_VV0 Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Species_NN richness_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR low_JJ ,_, a_AT1 mean_NN1 
of_IO seven_MC species_NN per_II lake_NN1 ,_, compared_VVN with_IW 12.4_MC 
for_IF all_DB 20_MC South_NP Island_NP1 lakes_NN2 surveyed_VVD ,_, and_CC 
a_AT1 mean_NN1 of_IO 14.4_MC species_NN recorded_VVN by_II Forsyth_NP1 (_( 
1978_MC )_) for_IF seven_MC North_NP Island_NP1 lakes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Dominant_JJ taxa_NN1 in_II the_AT Waitaki_NP1 series_NN were_VBDR 
Tubificidae_NP1 (_( principally_RR *1_NULL {_NULL Limnodrilus_NP1 
hoffmeisteri_NN2 }_NULL )_) ,_, *1_NULL \_NULL Chironomus_NP1 ,_, *0_NULL 
Macropelopiini_NP1 (_( Chironomidae_NP1 )_) and_CC the_AT gastropod_NN1 ,_, 
*1_NULL {_NULL Potamopyrgus_NP1 antipodarum_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT soft_JJ ,_, silty_JJ bed_NN1 of_IO Lake_NNL1 
Roxburgh_NP on_II the_AT Clutha_NP River_NNL1 also_RR had_VHN a_AT1 benthic_JJ 
fauna_NN2 dominated_VVD by_II oligochaetes_NN2 when_RRQ sampled_VVN by_II 
Winter_NP1 (_( 1964_MC )_) in_II 1962_MC when_RRQ just_RR over_RG five_MC 
years_NNT2 old_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, unlike_II the_AT Waitaki_NP1 lakes_NN2 ,_, 
Sphaeriidae_NP1 (_( pea_NN1 mussels_NN2 )_) were_VBDR the_AT subdominant_JJ 
group_NN in_II a_AT1 very_RG dense_JJ fauna_NN2 averaging_VVG 15800_MC 
individuals_NN2 per_II \_NULL m_ZZ1 *:_NULL 2_MC **:_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Chironomids_NP1 ,_, oligochaetes_NN2 and_CC molluscs_NN2 
comprised_VVD over_RG 99_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT benthos_NN2 
in_II the_AT Rotorua_NP1 lakes_NN2 discussed_VVN by_II Forsyth_NP1 (_( 1978_MC 
)_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Main_JJ (_( 1976_MC )_) found_VVD that_CST oligochaetes_NN2 and_CC 
*1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P._NP1 antipodarum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL each_DD1 made_VVD 
up_RP about_RG 45_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO animal_NN1 numbers_NN2 on_II 
the_AT fine_JJ ,_, silt-clay_JJ bottom_NN1 of_IO regulated_JJ Lake_NNL1 
Waikaremoana_NP ._. 

^ ^_NULL Lake_NNL1 Taupo_NP ,_, the_AT source_NN1 of_IO the_AT Waikato_NP 
River_NNL1 with_IW its_APPGE chain_NN1 of_IO eight_MC hydroelectric_JJ 
lakes_NN2 also_RR has_VHZ a_AT1 benthic_JJ fauna_NN2 dominated_VVD by_II 
Oligochaeta_NP1 ,_, Chironomidae_NP1 (_( especially_RR *1_NULL \_NULL 
Chironomus_NP1 *0_NULL \_NULL spp_NNU ._. )_) ,_, 

^ *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P._NP1 antipodarum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC 
Sphaeriidae_NP1 (_( Forsyth_NP1 &_CC McCallum_NP1 ,_, 1981_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Its_APPGE fauna_NN2 therefore_RR is_VBZ not_XX unlike_II that_DD1 
of_IO other_JJ lakes_NN2 of_IO the_AT volcanic_JJ plateau_NN1 and_CC the_AT 
Waikato_NP1 hydro-lakes_NN2 can_VM be_VBI expected_VVN to_TO have_VHI the_AT 
same_DA complement_NN1 of_IO species_NN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Marginal_JJ Fauna_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT development_NN1 of_IO biological_JJ 
communities_NNJ2 along_II the_AT margins_NN2 of_IO reservoirs_NN2 is_VBZ 
dominated_VVN by_II the_AT practice_NN1 of_IO drawdown_NN1 (_( Baxter_NP1 ,_, 
1977_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR short_JJ periods_NN2 of_IO exposure_NN1 can_VM lead_VVI to_II 
the_AT stranding_NN1 and_CC elimination_NN1 of_IO aquatic_JJ animals_NN2 ,_, 
although_CS some_DD protection_NN1 from_II desiccation_NN1 may_VM be_VBI 
provided_VVN by_II logs_NN2 ,_, roots_NN2 ,_, stones_NN2 \_NULL etc_RA ._. 

^ ^_NULL Also_RR ,_, some_DD small_JJ invertebrates_NN2 are_VBR able_JK to_TO 
move_VVI vertically_RR down_RP into_II the_AT sediments_NN2 where_RRQ 
they_PPHS2 remain_VV0 protected_VVN ;_; Fillion_NP1 (_( 1967_MC )_) found_VVD 
that_CST some_DD chironomid_JJ larvae_NN2 were_VBDR still_RR alive_JJ after_II 
85_MC days_NNT2 **[_NULL sic_RR **]_NULL exposure_VV0 in_II the_AT 
drawdown_NN1 zone_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Impoundment_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 lake_NN1 outflow_NN1 and_CC 
consequent_JJ raising_NN1 of_IO the_AT marginal_JJ zone_NN1 may_VM result_VVI 
in_II a_AT1 change_NN1 in_II species_NN dominance_NN1 without_IW much_DA1 
modification_NN1 of_IO overall_JJ community_NNJ composition_NN1 (_( 
Paterson_NP1 &_CC Fernando_NP1 ,_, 1969_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT damming_JJ of_IO a_AT1 
river_NN1 or_CC stream_NN1 will_VM result_VVI in_II the_AT replacement_NN1 
of_IO a_AT1 running_JJ water_NN1 fauna_NN2 with_IW still_JJ water_NN1 and_CC 
facultative_JJ species_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Initial_JJ colonization_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 newly_RR created_VVN 
shore_NN1 can_VM be_VBI a_AT1 very_RG rapid_JJ and_CC active_JJ process_NN1 
and_CC in_II Canada_NP1 ,_, Paterson_NP1 &_CC Fernando_NP1 (_( 1969_MC )_) 
found_VVD that_DD1 colonization_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 newly_RR formed_JJ 
impoundment_NN1 was_VBDZ essentially_RR complete_JJ in_II the_AT summer_NNT1 
following_II filling_VVG in_II spring_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_IO the_AT 55_MC taxa_NN1 they_PPHS2 identified_VVD ,_, 34_MC 
were_VBDR facultative_JJ rather_II21 than_II22 strictly_RR lentic_JJ 
species_NN and_CC had_VHD lived_VVN among_II the_AT banks_NN2 and_CC 
terrestrial_JJ vegetation_NN1 hanging_VVG in_II the_AT water_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
stream_NN1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ subsequently_RR drowned_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT presence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 comparable_JJ source_NN1 of_IO 
potential_JJ colonists_NN2 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 is_VBZ shown_VVN by_II 
Carpenter_NP1 's_GE (_( 1982_MC )_) faunal_JJ surveys_NN2 in_II 
overhanging_VVG grass_NN1 fringes_NN2 of_IO lowland_NN1 ,_, Canterbury_NP1 
rivers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_IO the_AT 43_MC freshwater_JJ species_NN found_VVN by_II him_PPHO1 
,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 26_MC are_VBR known_VVN to_TO occur_VVI in_II lakes_NN2 
as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Similarly_RR ,_, evidence_NN1 for_IF the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
pool_NN1 of_IO invertebrates_NN2 able_JJ to_TO colonize_VVI macrophytes_NN2 
in_II newly_RR created_VVN ,_, South_NP Island_NP1 hydro-lakes_NN2 (_( {_NULL 
e.g._REX }_NULL in_II the_AT Upper_JJ Clutha_NP1 )_) is_VBZ given_VVN by_II 
Biggs_NP1 &_CC Malthus_NP1 (_( 1981_MC ,_, 1982a_MC )_) who_PNQS found_VVD 
that_CST many_DA2 of_IO the_AT species_NN which_DDQ now_RT occur_VV0 on_II 
submerged_JJ plants_NN2 in_II Lakes_NN2 Wanaka_NP1 and_CC Roxburgh_NP1 also_RR 
inhabit_VV0 backwaters_NN2 of_IO the_AT Clutha_NP River_NNL1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Extensive_JJ macrophyte_NN1 development_NN1 can_VM be_VBI 
expected_VVN in_II newly_RR created_VVN impoundments_NN2 on_II the_AT 
Clutha_NP1 (_( Biggs_NP1 &_CC Malthus_NP1 ,_, 1981_MC )_) and_CC the_AT 
faunas_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW plants_NN2 are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI 
dominated_VVN by_II snails_NN2 (_( *1_NULL {_NULL Potamopyrgus_NP1 
antipodarum_NN1 ,_, Physa_NP1 acuta_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL 
Gyraulus_NP1 corinna_NN1 }_NULL )_) ,_, larval_JJ caddisflies_NN2 and_CC 
chironomids_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 taxa_NN1 usually_RR predominate_VV0 on_II macrophytes_NN2 
in_II Lakes_NN2 Wanaka_NP1 and_CC Roxburgh_NP1 (_( Biggs_NP1 &_CC Malthus_NP1 
,_, 1982a_MC )_) ,_, Waitaki_NP1 and_CC Aviemore_NP1 (_( Greig_NP1 ,_, 1973_MC 
)_) ,_, Ohau_NP1 (_( Kirk_NP1 &_CC Henriques_NP1 ,_, 1982_MC )_) and_CC 
Waikaremoana_NP1 (_( Mylechreest_NP1 ,_, 1978_MC )_) ,_, as_CSA they_PPHS2 
do_VD0 in_II glacially-formed_JJ Lake_NNL1 Grasmere_NP where_RRQ Stark_NP1 (_( 
1981_MC )_) has_VHZ made_VVN an_AT1 intensive_JJ study_NN1 of_IO 
macrophyte-invertebrate_JJ associations_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Stony_JJ shores_NN2 ,_, as_CSA in_II Lakes_NN2 Aviemore_NP1 
and_CC Waitaki_NP1 also_RR may_VM have_VHI fairly_RR diverse_JJ faunas_NN2 
of_IO snails_NN2 ,_, oligochaetes_NN2 ,_, chironomids_NN2 and_CC caddis_NN2 
and_CC in_II Waitaki_NP1 ,_, Greig_NP1 (_( 1973_MC )_) found_VVD that_DD1 
density_NN1 and_CC diversity_NN1 of_IO invertebrates_NN2 was_VBDZ greatest_JJT 
low_JJ in_II the_AT drawdown_NN1 zone_NN1 where_RRQ most_DAT fine_JJ 
sediment_NN1 and_CC organic_JJ matter_NN1 was_VBDZ deposited_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Tubificidae_NP1 ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL P._NP1 antipodarum_NN1 
}_NULL *0_NULL and_CC Chironomidae_NP1 (_( Orthocladiinae_NP1 and_CC 
Macropelopiini_NP1 )_) were_VBDR also_RR well_RR represented_VVN in_II 
uncompacted_JJ silt_NN1 and_CC mud_NN1 beneath_II macrophytes_NN2 and_CC 
where_RRQ periphyton_NN1 was_VBDZ present_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 unstable_JJ ,_, eroding_VVG shore_NN1 and_CC the_AT 
presence_NN1 of_IO compacted_JJ silt_NN1 ,_, limits_VVZ stone_NN1 and_CC 
bare_JJ sediment_NN1 faunas_NN2 in_II Lake_NNL1 Aviemore_NP ,_, while_CS in_II 
Lake_NNL1 Roxburgh_NP rapid_JJ (_( 3-5_MCMC {_NULL cm/h_FO }_NULL )_) and_CC 
regular_JJ changes_NN2 in_II water_NN1 level_NN1 have_VH0 resulted_VVN in_II 
the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO sorted_JJ ,_, compacted_JJ sediments_NN2 which_DDQ 
provide_VV0 an_AT1 unfavourable_JJ shoreline_NN1 environment_NN1 (_( 
Winter_NP1 ,_, 1964_MC )_) ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 302+TEXT+J08_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT subgenus_NN1 *1_NULL {_NULL Cymatium_NN1 (_( 
Septa_NP1 )_) }_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ here_RL restricted_VVN to_II species_NN 
closely_RR related_VVN to_II *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 rubeculum_NN1 }_NULL 
*0_NULL (_( Linne_NP1 *?_NULL 2_MC ,_, 1758_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 lectotype_NN1 is_VBZ designated_VVN for_IF *1_NULL {_NULL 
\_NULL C._NP1 rubeculum_NN1 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL neotypes_NN2 are_VBR 
designated_VVN for_IF *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 hepaticum_NN1 }_NULL 
*0_NULL (_( Roding_NP1 ,_, 1798_MC )_) and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 
flaveolum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( Roding_NP1 ,_, 1798_MC )_) ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL 
\_NULL C._NP1 occidentale_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( Morch_NP1 ,_, 1877_MC )_) (_( 
=_FO *1_NULL \_NULL blacketi_NN2 *0_NULL Iredale_NP1 ,_, 1936_MC ;_; =_FO 
*1_NULL \_NULL beui_NN2 *0_NULL Garcia-Talavera_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC )_) is_VBZ 
recorded_VVN from_II the_AT Indo-West_NP1 Pacific_NP1 ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL 
\_NULL C._NP1 (_( Septa_NP1 )_) marerubrum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
Garcia-Talavera_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC is_VBZ ranked_VVN as_II a_AT1 geographic_JJ 
subspecies_NN of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 rubeculum_NN1 }_NULL ,_, 
*0_NULL and_CC three_MC new_JJ taxa_NN1 are_VBR named_VVN :_: *1_NULL {_NULL 
\_NULL C._NP1 (_( Septa_NP1 )_) bibbeyi_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL {_NULL n._NNU 
sp_NNU ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, Philippine_JJ Islands_NN2 ;_; *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 (_( 
Septa_NP1 )_) closeli_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL {_NULL n._NNU sp_NNU ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, Indian_NP Ocean_NNL1 ;_; and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 (_( 
Septa_NP1 )_) peasei_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL {_NULL n._NNU sp_NNU ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, western_JJ Pacific_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT subgenus_NN1 *1_NULL {_NULL Cymatium_NN1 (_( 
Ranularia_NP1 )_) }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL neotypes_NN2 are_VBR designated_VVN 
for_IF *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 gutturnium_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( 
Roding_NP1 ,_, 1798_MC )_) and_CC its_APPGE synonyms_NN2 ,_, for_IF *1_NULL 
{_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 moniliferum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( \_NULL A._NP1 
Adams_NP1 &_CC Reeve_NP1 ,_, 1850_MC )_) ,_, and_CC for_IF *1_NULL {_NULL 
\_NULL C._NP1 pyrulum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( \_NULL A._NP1 Adams_NP1 &_CC 
Reeve_NP1 ,_, 1850_MC )_) ,_, a_AT1 lectotype_NN1 is_VBZ designated_VVN for_IF 
*1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 pseudopyrum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( Martin_NP1 ,_, 
1899_MC )_) (_( a_ZZ1 junior_JJ synonym_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 
pyrulum_NN1 }_NULL )_) ,_, *0_NULL other_JJ species_NN distinguished_VVN 
are_VBR *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 encausticum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( 
Reeve_NP1 ,_, 1844_MC )_) and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 exile_NN1 }_NULL 
(_( Reeve_NP1 ,_, 1844_MC )_) ,_, and_CC new_JJ taxa_NN1 named_VVN are_VBR 
{_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 andamanense_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL {_NULL n._NNU sp_NNU ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, Andaman_NP Islands_NNL2 ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 
springsteeni_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL {_NULL n._NNU sp_NNU ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, western_JJ Pacific_NP1 and_CC Red_NP Sea_NNL1 ,_, and_CC *1_NULL 
{_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 sinense_NN1 arthuri_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL {_NULL n._NNU 
subsp_NN1 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, Red_NP Sea_NNL1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ Ranellidae_NP1 named_VVD are_VBR *1_NULL {_NULL Sassia_NP1 
(_( Sassia_NP1 )_) ponderi_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL {_NULL n._NNU sp_NNU ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, Queensland_NP1 ,_, and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL Distorsio_NP1 (_( 
Distorsio_NP1 )_) euconstricta_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL {_NULL n._NNU sp_NNU ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, Indian_NP Ocean_NNL1 and_CC southwest_ND1 Pacific_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 lectotype_NN1 selected_VVN for_IF *1_NULL {_NULL Murex_NN1 
reticularis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL Linne_NP1 *?_NULL 2_MC ,_, 1758_MC is_VBZ a_AT1 
specimen_NN1 of_IO the_AT species_NN usually_RR known_VVN as_II *1_NULL {_NULL 
Distorsio_NP1 reticulata_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( Roding_NP1 ,_, 1798_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II *1_NULL {_NULL Bursa_NP1 (_( Bursa_NP1 )_) }_NULL ,_, 
*0_NULL a_AT1 lectotype_NN1 is_VBZ designated_VVN for_IF *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
B._NP1 grayana_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL Dunker_NN1 ,_, 1862_MC (_( =_FO *1_NULL 
{_NULL \_NULL B._NP1 bufoniopsis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL Maury_NN1 ,_, 1917_MC ;_; 
=_FO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL B._NP1 pacamoni_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL Matthews_NP1 
&_CC Coelho_NP1 ,_, 1971_MC )_) ,_, western_JJ Atlantic_NP1 ,_, and_CC the_AT 
similar_JJ new_JJ Oman_NP1 to_II Philippines_NP species_NN *1_NULL {_NULL 
\_NULL B._NP1 davidboschi_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ named_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ *1_NULL \_NULL Bursa_NN1 *0_NULL taxa_NN1 named_VVN are_VBR 
*1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL B._NP1 (_( Colubrellina_NP1 )_) quirihorai_NN2 }_NULL 
*0_NULL {_NULL n._NNU sp_NNU ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, Philippines_NP ,_, and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL B._NP1 (_( 
Colubrellina_NP1 )_) latitudo_NN1 fosteri_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL {_NULL n._NNU 
subsp_NN1 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, Philippines_NP ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II *1_NULL {_NULL Bufonaria_NP1 (_( Bufonaria_NP1 )_) }_NULL ,_, 
*0_NULL a_AT1 lectotype_NN1 designated_VVD for_IF *1_NULL {_NULL Murex_NN1 
rana_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL Linne_NP1 *?_NULL 2_MC ,_, 1758_MC confirms_VVZ 
that_CST as_II the_AT name_NN1 for_IF the_AT most_RGT common_JJ western_JJ 
Pacific_NP1 species_NN ,_, a_AT1 lectotype_NN1 designated_VVD for_IF *1_NULL 
{_NULL Ranella_NP1 crumena_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL Lamarck_NP1 ,_, 1816_MC 
confirms_VVZ that_CST as_II the_AT name_NN1 for_IF the_AT most_RGT common_JJ 
Indian_NP Ocean_NNL1 species_NN ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL B._NP1 elegans_NN2 
}_NULL *0_NULL (_( Beck_NP1 in_II {_NULL G._NP1 B._NP1 }_NULL Sowerby_NP1 
*=_NULL II_MC ,_, *0_NULL 1836_MC )_) is_VBZ illustrated_VVN ,_, and_CC the_AT 
new_JJ western_JJ Pacific_NP1 species_NN *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL B._NP1 
peregelans_NN2 }_NULL is_VBZ named_VVN ;_; the_AT four_MC similar_JJ 
species_NN *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL B._NP1 nobilis_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( 
Reeve_NP1 ,_, 1844_MC )_) ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL B._NP1 margaritula_NN1 
}_NULL *0_NULL (_( Deshayes_NP1 ,_, 1832_MC )_) ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
B._NP1 gnorima_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( Melville_NP1 ,_, 1918_MC )_) ,_, and_CC 
*1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL B._NP1 thersites_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( Redfield_NP1 ,_, 
1846_MC )_) are_VBR distinguished_JJ ,_, and_CC the_AT new_JJ Madagascar_NP1 
to_II Philippines_NP species_NN *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL B._NP1 ignobilis_NN1 
}_NULL is_VBZ named_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II *1_NULL {_NULL Tutufa_NP1 (_( Tutufella_NP1 )_) }_NULL ,_, 
*0_NULL the_AT newly_RR named_JJ species_NN *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL T._NP1 
boholica_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL occurs_VVZ with_IW *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL T._NP1 
rubeta_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( Linne_NP1 *?_NULL 2_MC ,_, 1758_MC )_) in_II 
deep_JJ water_NN1 in_II the_AT Philippine_JJ Islands_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL INTRODUCTION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT second_MD part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
series_NN of_IO papers_NN2 begun_VVN by_II Beu_NP1 &_CC Cernohorsky_NP1 (_( 
1986_MC )_) ,_, in_II which_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ intended_VVN to_TO revise_VVI 
the_AT taxonomy_NN1 of_IO some_DD of_IO the_AT fossil_NN1 and_CC living_JJ 
gastropods_NN2 of_IO the_AT families_NN2 Ranellidae_NP1 (_( more_RGR 
familiarly_RR known_VVN as_II Cymatiidae_NP1 )_) and_CC Bursidae_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Study_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 two_MC families_NN2 over_II a_AT1 
number_NN1 of_IO years_NNT2 has_VHZ brought_VVN to_TO light_VVI many_DA2 
necessary_JJ changes_NN2 in_II classification_NN1 and_CC nomenclature_NN1 ,_, 
as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 the_AT 14_MC new_JJ Indo-West_NP1 Pacific_NP1 
living_JJ taxa_NN1 described_VVD here_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 changes_NN2 result_VV0 partly_RR from_II examination_NN1 
of_IO type_NN1 specimens_NN2 of_IO species_NN names_NN2 by_II Linne_NP1 
*?_NULL 2_MC ,_, Lamarck_NP1 ,_, and_CC other_JJ early_JJ authors_NN2 ,_, 
and_CC partly_RR from_II the_AT examination_NN1 of_IO much_RR larger_JJR 
collections_NN2 than_CSN have_VH0 been_VBN available_JJ to_II earlier_JJR 
taxonomists_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Documentation_NN1 of_IO many_DA2 of_IO the_AT necessary_JJ 
changes_NN2 to_II currently_RR accepted_JJ taxonomy_NN1 will_VM be_VBI the_AT 
subject_NN1 of_IO several_DA2 monographs_NN2 now_RT in_II preparation_NN1 ,_, 
but_CCB pressure_NN1 of_IO other_JJ work_NN1 means_VVZ that_CST several_DA2 
of_IO these_DD2 larger_JJR revisions_NN2 will_VM be_VBI some_DD years_NNT2 
in_II preparation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA many_DA2 friends_NN2 and_CC colleagues_NN2 are_VBR 
awaiting_VVG the_AT description_NN1 of_IO new_JJ taxa_NN1 they_PPHS2 have_VH0 
brought_VVN to_TO light_VVI ,_, the_AT 14_MC new_JJ living_JJ Indo-West_NP1 
Pacific_NP1 taxa_NN1 I_PPIS1 am_VBM aware_JJ of_IO are_VBR described_VVN in_II 
this_DD1 preliminary_JJ paper_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT necessary_JJ taxonomic_JJ 
comments_NN2 on_II and_CC type_NN1 clarification_NN1 for_IF related_JJ 
taxa_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II these_DD2 families_NN2 ,_, perhaps_RR more_RRR than_CSN in_II 
most_DAT others_NN2 ,_, museum_NNL1 collections_NN2 have_VH0 proved_VVN 
inadequate_JJ to_TO comprehend_VVI the_AT taxonomy_NN1 of_IO rare_JJ and_CC 
widely_RR distributed_JJ species_NN ,_, and_CC the_AT new_JJ taxa_NN1 
named_VVD here_RL are_VBR ,_, in_RR31 the_RR32 main_RR33 ,_, a_AT1 tribute_NN1 
to_II the_AT many_DA2 *"_" amateur_JJ **"_" collectors_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 
unselfishly_RR allowed_VVN me_PPIO1 to_TO use_VVI some_DD of_IO their_APPGE 
most_RGT interesting_JJ specimens_NN2 over_II a_AT1 period_NN1 of_IO 
several_DA2 years_NNT2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *6_NULL SYSTEMATICS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Family_NN *6_NULL \_NULL RANELLIDAE_NP1 *4_NULL Gray_NP1 ,_, 
1854_MC *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Beu_NP1 &_CC Cernohorsky_NP1 (_( 1986_MC )_) 
reviewed_VVD the_AT status_NN1 of_IO the_AT family_NN and_CC subfamily_RR 
names_VVZ to_TO be_VBI used_VVN in_II what_DDQ has_VHZ been_VBN known_VVN 
unanimously_RR ,_, since_II 1913_MC ,_, as_CSA Cymatiidae_NP1 ,_, 
concluding_JJ that_CST there_EX was_VBDZ no_AT alternative_NN1 to_II 
adopting_VVG Ranellidae_NP1 Gray_NP1 ,_, 1854_MC as_II the_AT name_NN1 for_IF 
the_AT family_NN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Subfamily_NP1 *6_NULL \_NULL CYMATIINAE_NP1 *4_NULL 
Iredale_NP1 ,_, 1913_MC (_( 1891_MC )_) *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Genus_NN1 *5_NULL \_NULL Cymatium_NP1 *4_NULL Roding_NP1 ,_, 
1798_MC *>_NULL 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL Subgenus_NP1 *5_NULL \_NULL Septa_NP1 
*4_NULL Perry_NP1 ,_, 1810_MC *>_NULL 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Recognition_NN1 of_IO 
eight_MC taxa_NN1 in_II the_AT complex_NN1 of_IO species_NN closely_RR 
related_VVN to_II *1_NULL {_NULL Cymatium_NP1 rubeculum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
has_VHZ greatly_RR clarified_VVN the_AT limits_NN2 of_IO the_AT subgenus_NN1 
*1_NULL {_NULL Cymatium_NN1 (_( Septa_NP1 )_) }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT group_NN of_IO moderately_RR large_JJ to_II large_JJ 
species_NN with_IW a_AT1 prominently_RR bristled_JJ periostracum_NN1 ,_, 
including_II such_DA familiar_JJ species_NN as_CSA *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
C._NP1 parthenopeum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( \_NULL von_NP1 Salis_NP1 ,_, 
1798_MC )_) and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 pileare_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( 
Linne_NP1 *?_NULL 2_MC ,_, 1758_MC )_) ,_, differs_VVZ from_II *1_NULL {_NULL 
Cymatium_NP1 (_( Septa_NP1 )_) }_NULL *0_NULL in_II its_APPGE larger_JJR 
size_NN1 ,_, its_APPGE much_RR taller_JJR protoconch_NN1 ,_, its_APPGE 
more_RGR varied_JJ and_CC less_RGR regularly_RR placed_VVN collabral_JJ 
costae_NN2 ,_, its_APPGE dark_JJ brown_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 pale_JJ to_II 
medium_JJ brown_JJ periostracum_NN1 bearing_VVG markedly_RR longer_RRR and_CC 
more_RGR densely_RR spaced_VVD ,_, fringed_VVD axial_JJ blades_NN2 ,_, 
its_APPGE markedly_RR longer_JJR plicae_NN2 inside_II the_AT outer_JJ lip_NN1 
,_, and_CC its_APPGE darker_JJR apertural_JJ coloration_NN1 ,_, distinctly_RR 
different_JJ from_II that_DD1 of_IO the_AT external_JJ teleoconch_NN1 
surface_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT authors_NN2 ,_, including_II me_PPIO1 ,_, have_VH0 
previously_RR followed_VVN Clench_VV0 &_CC Turner_NP1 (_( 1957_MC )_) in_RP 
including_II these_DD2 larger_JJR ,_, *"_" hairy_JJ **"_" species_NN ,_, 
together_II21 with_II22 a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO other_JJ species_NN ,_, 
in_II a_AT1 single_JJ ,_, broad_JJ subgenus_NN1 *1_NULL {_NULL Cymatium_NN1 
(_( Septa_NP1 )_) }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL I_PPIS1 now_RT advocate_VV0 subdividing_VVG the_AT latter_DA 
into_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO subgenera_NN1 :_: *1_NULL {_NULL Cymatium_NP1 
(_( Septa_NP1 )_) }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL restricted_VVD to_II species_NN 
resembling_VVG *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 rubeculum_NN1 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL 
with_IW a_AT1 very_RG small_JJ ,_, short_JJ protoconch_NN1 (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 
1_MC1 ,_, 2_MC ,_, 4_MC ,_, 5_MC ,_, 30_MC )_) ;_; the_AT larger_JJR ,_, 
prominently_RR bristled_JJ species_NN with_IW a_AT1 large_JJ ,_, tall_JJ 
protoconch_NN1 (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 3_MC )_) and_CC a_AT1 dark_JJ brown_JJ 
periostracum_NN1 in_II a_AT1 separate_JJ subgenus_NN1 ,_, for_IF which_DDQ 
the_AT earliest_JJT name_NN1 is_VBZ *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 (_( 
Monoplex_NP1 )_) }_NULL *0_NULL Perry_NP1 ,_, 1811_MC (_( =_FO *1_NULL \_NULL 
Lampusia_NP1 *0_NULL Schumacher_NP1 ,_, 1817_MC ;_; =_FO *1_NULL \_NULL 
Cymatriton_NN1 *0_NULL Clench_NN1 &_CC Turner_NP1 ,_, 1957_MC )_) ;_; 
another_DD1 subgenus_NN1 *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 (_( Turritriton_NP1 )_) 
}_NULL *0_NULL Dall_NP1 ,_, 1904_MC (_( =_FO *1_NULL \_NULL Tritoniscus_NP1 
*0_NULL Dall_NP1 ,_, 1904_MC ;_; =_FO *1_NULL \_NULL Cabestanimorpha_NP1 
*0_NULL Iredale_NP1 ,_, 1936_MC )_) for_IF moderate-sized_JJ to_II small_JJ 
species_NN with_IW particularly_RR crisp_JJ sculpture_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 large_JJ 
,_, narrowly_RR conical_JJ protoconch_NN1 (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 6_MC )_) and_CC 
a_AT1 sparsely_RR bristled_VVD ,_, pale_JJ straw-yellow_JJ periostracum_NN1 
;_; and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 (_( Reticutriton_NP1 )_) }_NULL 
*0_NULL Habe_NP1 &_CC Kosuge_NP1 ,_, 1966_MC for_IF the_AT three_MC unusual_JJ 
,_, tall_JJ ,_, finely_RR cancellate_VV0 species_NN *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
C._NP1 pfeifferianum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( Reeve_NP1 ,_, 1844_MC )_) (_( =_FO 
*1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 bayeri_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL Altena_NP1 ,_, 1942_MC 
)_) ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 lineatum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( 
Broderip_NP1 ,_, 1833_MC )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT Californian_JJ Pliocene_NP1 
*1_NULL {_NULL *"_" Gyrineum_NP1 **"_" elsmerense_VV0 }_NULL *0_NULL 
English_JJ ,_, 1914_MC ,_, with_IW very_RG numerous_JJ small_JJ ,_, narrow_JJ 
denticles_NN2 inside_II the_AT outer_JJ lip_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 large_JJ ,_, 
wide_JJ protoconch_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_CSA pointed_VVN out_RP by_II Bandel_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 
al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL (_( 1984_MC ,_, \_NULL fig._NN1 1_MC1 )_) ,_, *1_NULL \_NULL 
Cymatium_NP1 *0_NULL protoconchs_NN2 are_VBR normally_RR covered_VVN with_IW 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL a_AT1 thick_JJ ,_, brown_JJ ,_, horny_JJ 
epidermis_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ not_XX strictly_RR homologous_JJ with_IW 
the_AT teleoconch_NN1 periostracum_NN1 as_CSA it_PPH1 appears_VVZ that_CST 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ applied_VVN to_II the_AT exterior_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
calcareous_JJ protoconch_NN1 after_II the_AT calcareous_JJ part_NN1 has_VHZ 
been_VBN secreted_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT conchiolin_NN1 *"_" periostracum_NN1 **"_" smoothly_RR 
covers_VVZ sutures_NN2 ,_, and_CC on_II some_DD specimens_NN2 low_RR ,_, 
faint_JJ ,_, roughly_RR axial_JJ growth_NN1 ridges_NN2 on_II the_AT 
epidermis_NN1 are_VBR seen_VVN to_TO cross_VVI sutures_NN2 from_II one_MC1 
whorl_NN1 to_II another_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT *"_" periostracum_NN1 **"_" hides_VVZ all_DB sculpture_NN1 
of_IO the_AT calcareous_JJ protoconch_NN1 ,_, and_CC only_RR when_CS it_PPH1 
is_VBZ removed_VVN by_II dissolution_NN1 can_VM the_AT sculpture_NN1 be_VBI 
seen_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_DD221 few_DD222 particularly_RR little-abraded_JJ protoconchs_NN2 
prepared_VVN in_II this_DD1 way_NN1 (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 5_MC )_) clearly_RR 
display_VV0 the_AT initial_JJ half-whorled_NN1 ,_, honeycomb-sculptured_JJ ,_, 
embryonic_JJ protoconch_NN1 ,_, terminating_VVG abruptly_JJ and_CC 
followed_VVN by_II a_AT1 post-embryonic_JJ protoconch_NN1 of_IO several_DA2 
whorls_NN2 (_( in_II most_DAT species_NN three_MC to_II five_MC )_) ,_, 
with_IW coarse_JJ cancellate_NN1 sculpture_NN1 on_II the_AT first_MD whorl_NN1 
or_CC two_MC ,_, passing_VVG gradually_RR into_II a_AT1 later_JJR smooth_JJ 
stage_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, these_DD2 features_NN2 are_VBR not_XX as_RG 
distinct_JJ on_II *1_NULL \_NULL Sassia_NP1 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 127_MC 
,_, 130_MC )_) or_CC *1_NULL \_NULL Distorsio_NP1 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 
133_MC ,_, 137_MC ,_, 139_MC )_) protoconchs_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT *1_NULL \_NULL Sassia_NP1 *0_NULL protoconch_NN1 
illustrated_VVD here_RL lacks_VVZ an_AT1 obvious_JJ periostracum_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC lacks_VVZ an_AT1 obvious_JJ embryonic_JJ stage_NN1 ;_; perhaps_RR 
it_PPH1 has_VHZ direct_JJ development_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II *1_NULL {_NULL Distorsio_NP1 euconstricta_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
the_AT periostracum_NN1 consists_VVZ largely_RR of_IO one_MC1 row_NN1 of_IO 
large_JJ ,_, flexible_JJ ,_, spine-like_JJ bristles_NN2 around_II the_AT 
middle_NN1 of_IO the_AT whorls_NN2 ,_, and_CC another_DD1 of_IO tiny_JJ 
spines_NN2 around_II the_AT suture_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT initial_JJ whorl_NN1 (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 139_MC )_) ends_VVZ 
at_II a_AT1 faint_JJ collabral_NN1 groove_VV0 that_DD1 is_VBZ presumably_RR 
the_AT junction_NN1 between_II embryonic_JJ and_CC post-embryonic_JJ 
protoconchs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Much_RR more_RGR elaborate_JJ ,_, but_CCB basically_RR similar_JJ ,_, 
periostracal_JJ flanges_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN illustrated_VVN on_II 
Atlantic_NP1 *1_NULL \_NULL Distorsio_NP1 *0_NULL planktonic_JJ larvae_NN2 
by_II Laursen_NP1 (_( 1981_MC ,_, \_NULL fig._NN1 42_MC ,_, 43_MC ,_, \_NULL 
pl._NN1 2_MC ,_, \_NULL fig._NN1 6a_MC ,_, b_ZZ1 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT species_NN of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL Cymatium_NP1 (_( 
Septa_NP1 )_) }_NULL *0_NULL were_VBDR first_MD recognised_VVD as_RG 
distinct_JJ because_II21 of_II22 their_APPGE different_JJ geographic_JJ 
ranges_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 similar_JJ conclusion_NN1 ,_, recognising_VVG four_MC 
species_NN ,_, was_VBDZ reached_VVN by_II Arthur_NP1 (_( 1983_MC )_) in_II 
his_APPGE popular_JJ account_NN1 of_IO the_AT subgenus_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT taxa_NN1 I_PPIS1 now_RT include_VV0 in_II *1_NULL {_NULL 
\_NULL C._NP1 (_( Septa_NP1 )_) }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL all_DB of_IO which_DDQ 
are_VBR revised_VVN below_RL ,_, are_VBR :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
*<_NULL *5_NULL {_NULL Cymatium_NP1 (_( Septa_NP1 )_) bibbeyi_NN2 }_NULL 
*4_NULL {_NULL n._NNU sp_NNU ._. 

^ }_NULL *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Description_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Shell_NN1 moderately_RR large_JJ for_IF the_AT subgenus_NN1 
(_( reaching_VVG about_RG 50_MC {_NULL mm_NNU }_NULL high_JJ )_) ,_, with_IW 
relatively_RR short_JJ spire_NN1 of_IO lightly_RR convex_JJ outline_NN1 ,_, 
relatively_RR short_JJ ,_, inflated_JJ whorls_NN2 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 long_JJ ,_, 
weakly_RR twisted_VVD anterior_JJ canal_NN1 (_( the_AT longest_JJT in_II 
the_AT subgenus_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Varices_NP1 situated_VVD regularly_RR every_AT1 0.66_MC whorls_NN2 
,_, 4_MC or_CC 5_MC present_JJ on_II large_JJ shells_NN2 ;_; wide_JJ and_CC 
prominent_NN1 ,_, regularly_RR curved_VVD to_TO give_VVI a_AT1 rounded_JJ 
silhouette_NN1 to_II the_AT whorls_NN2 (_( not_XX straight_RR over_II the_AT 
mid-whorl_NN1 area_NN1 as_CSA in_II most_DAT species_NN of_IO the_AT 
subgenus_NN1 )_) ,_, with_IW a_AT1 marked_JJ groove_NN1 behind_II each_DD1 
varix_NN1 (_( abaperturally_RR ,_, with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT 
direction_NN1 of_IO growth_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC weakly_RR buttressed_VVD by_II 
spiral_JJ cords_NN2 crossing_VVG the_AT groove_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Spiral_JJ sculpture_NN1 of_IO prominent_NN1 ,_, widely_RR spaced_JJ 
cords_NN2 with_IW convex_JJ surface_NN1 ,_, 4_MC or_CC 5_MC on_II spire_NN1 
whorls_NN2 ,_, 8_MC on_II last_MD whorl_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 further_JJR 12_MC 
to_II 15_MC narrow_JJ ,_, low_JJ ones_NN2 on_II the_AT neck_NN1 and_CC 
canal_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Collabral_JJ structure_NN1 of_IO relatively_RR few_DA2 ,_, coarse_JJ 
,_, well_RR raised_VVN ,_, widely_RR spaced_JJ costae_NN2 extending_VVG the_AT 
whole_JJ height_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 whorl_NN1 ,_, 10_MC to_II 19_MC in_II 
each_DD1 intervariceal_JJ space_NN1 (_( so_RG few_DA2 is_VBZ otherwise_RR 
seen_VVN only_RR in_II *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 rubeculum_NN1 
marerubrum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL Garcia-Talavera_NP1 )_) ,_, forming_VVG 
relatively_RR few_DA2 ,_, large_JJ ,_, prominent_JJ nodules_NN2 at_II 
junctions_NN2 with_IW spiral_JJ cords_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Interior_NN1 of_IO outer_JJ lip_NN1 bearing_VVG 8_MC small_JJ ,_, 
narrowly_RR rounded_VVD ,_, white_JJ nodules_NN2 ,_, each_DD1 with_IW a_AT1 
pale_JJ orange-brown_JJ splash_NN1 at_II the_AT base_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE 
outer_JJ face_NN1 ;_; the_AT nodules_NN2 extend_VV0 into_II low_JJ ,_, 
rounded_VVD ,_, clearly_RR separated_VVD spiral_JJ ridges_NN2 that_CST 
extend_VV0 as_RG far_RR into_II the_AT aperture_NN1 as_CSA can_VM be_VBI 
seen_VVN ,_, as_CSA in_II *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 rubeculum_NN1 }_NULL 
._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Inner_JJ lip_NN1 orange-red_NN1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 
thickened_JJ ,_, white_JJ outer_JJ margin_NN1 ,_, bearing_VVG about_RG 12_MC 
prominent_JJ ,_, white_JJ ,_, thick_JJ ,_, weakly_RR anastomosing_VVG 
plicae_NN2 over_II the_AT whole_JJ lip_NN1 ,_, plus_II several_DA2 small_JJ 
white_JJ denticles_NN2 down_II the_AT columellar_JJ edge_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
anterior_JJ canal_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL External_JJ surface_NN1 crimson_NN1 to_II orange-red_JJ ,_, on_II 
most_DAT specimens_NN2 with_IW crimson_JJ spiral_JJ cords_NN2 and_CC paler_JJR 
,_, orange-red_JJ interspaces_NN2 ;_; a_AT1 relatively_RR very_RG wide_JJ ,_, 
paler_JJR spiral_JJ band_NN1 (_( pale_JJ red-brown_NN1 in_II the_AT centre_NN1 
of_IO each_DD1 intervariceal_JJ space_NN1 ,_, fading_VVG to_II white_JJ 
near_RL and_CC on_II each_DD1 varix_NN1 )_) covers_VVZ the_AT fourth_MD and_CC 
fifth_MD spiral_NN1 cords_VVZ down_RP from_II the_AT upper_JJ suture_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC their_APPGE interspace_NN1 ,_, forming_VVG a_AT1 particularly_RR 
prominent_JJ ,_, bright_JJ white_JJ band_NN1 on_II varices_NN2 ;_; an_AT1 
upper_JJ white_JJ band_NN1 ,_, at_II top_NN1 of_IO aperture_NN1 ,_, covers_VVZ 
only_RR adapertural_JJ face_NN1 of_IO the_AT last_MD 2_MC or_CC 3_MC 
varices_NN2 but_CCB is_VBZ larger_JJR over_II earlier_JJR varices_NN2 ,_, 
so_CS on_II early_JJ whorls_NN2 varices_NN2 are_VBR very_RG prominent_JJ ,_, 
almost_RR entirely_RR white_JJ ,_, transverse_JJ ridges_NN2 on_II the_AT 
crimson_JJ background_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Periostracum_NP1 (_( on_II {_NULL WM_NP }_NULL 14059_MC )_) 
of_IO many_DA2 low_JJ ,_, fine_JJ ,_, closely_RR spaced_JJ ridges_NN2 ,_, 
each_DD1 bearing_VVG a_AT1 row_NN1 of_IO short_JJ ,_, fine_JJ ,_, pale_JJ 
brown_JJ bristles_NN2 ,_, on_II and_CC between_II collabral_JJ costae_NN2 (_( 
not_XX restricted_VVN to_II crests_NN2 of_IO costae_NN2 ,_, as_CSA in_II 
more_RGR finely_RR sculptured_JJ consubgeners_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 *1_NULL 
{_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 flaveolum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
C._NP1 occidentale_NN1 }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Type_NN1 data_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Holotype_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Philippine_JJ Islands_NN2 ,_, among_II lots_PN of_IO *1_NULL 
{_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 rubeculum_NN1 rubeculum_NN1 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL 
otherwise_RR unlocalised_JJ ,_, \_NULL pres_NN2 ._. 

^ Loyal_NP1 \_NULL J._NP1 Bibbey_NP1 to_II San_NP Diego_NP1 Natural_JJ 
History_NN1 Museum_NNL1 (_( {_NULL USNM_NP1 }_NULL 849011_MC )_) ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Dimensions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL 49.0_MC x_II 25.4_MC {_NULL mm_NNU }_NULL (_( holotype_NN1 
)_) ;_; 46.7_MC x_II 24.5_MC {_NULL mm_NNU }_NULL (_( largest_JJT paratype_NN1 
,_, {_NULL SDNHM_NP }_NULL 86050_MC )_) ;_; 31.5_MC x_II 18.8_MC {_NULL mm_NNU 
}_NULL (_( paratype_NN1 ,_, {_NULL WM_NP }_NULL 14094_MC ,_, {_NULL NZGS_NP 
}_NULL )_) ;_; 30.6_MC x_II 15.6_MC {_NULL mm_NNU }_NULL (_( paratype_NN1 ,_, 
in_II collection_NN1 The_AT Abbey_NN1 Specimen_NN1 Shells_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Remarks_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL I_PPIS1 have_VH0 seen_VVN only_RR seven_MC specimens_NN2 
of_IO the_AT new_JJ species_NN but_CCB all_DB differ_VV0 from_II the_AT 
sympatric_JJ but_CCB much_RR more_RGR widespread_JJ *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
C._NP1 rubeculum_NN1 rubeculum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL in_II so_RG many_DA2 
characters_NN2 that_CST there_EX can_VM be_VBI no_RR21 doubt_RR22 that_CST 
they_PPHS2 represent_VV0 a_AT1 separate_JJ species_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT specimen_NN1 that_CST formed_VVD the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO 
Garcia-Talavera_NP1 's_GE (_( 1985_MC ,_, \_NULL fig._NN1 4_MC ,_, right_RR 
)_) record_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 rubeculum_NN1 marerubrum_NN1 
}_NULL *0_NULL from_II Zamboanga_NP1 ,_, Philippine_JJ Islands_NN2 ,_, 
appears_VVZ to_TO belong_VVI in_II *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 bibbeyi_NN2 
}_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL At_II first_MD sight_NN1 the_AT colour_NN1 pattern_NN1 of_IO 
*1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 bibbeyi_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL appears_VVZ 
identical_JJ to_II that_DD1 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 rubeculum_NN1 
}_NULL *0_NULL but_CCB one_MC1 character_NN1 readily_RR distinguishes_VVZ 
them_PPHO2 :_: the_AT spiral_JJ white_JJ band_NN1 around_II the_AT centre_NN1 
of_IO the_AT last_MD whorl_NN1 ,_, and_CC corresponding_JJ white_JJ areas_NN2 
on_II varices_NN2 ,_, are_VBR narrower_JJR (_( extending_VVG over_RP only_RR 
one_MC1 spiral_JJ cord_NN1 and_CC ,_, on_II some_DD specimens_NN2 ,_, 
its_APPGE adjoining_JJ interspaces_NN2 )_) in_II *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 
rubeculum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL than_CSN in_II *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 
bibbeyi_NN2 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL in_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 extend_VV0 over_RG 
two_MC spiral_JJ cords_NN2 and_CC the_AT intervening_JJ space_NN1 (_( and_CC 
,_, on_II some_DD specimens_NN2 ,_, the_AT adjoining_JJ interspaces_NN2 )_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT shape_NN1 also_RR is_VBZ consistently_RR different_JJ :_: 
*1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 rubeculum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL has_VHZ an_AT1 
elongate_NN1 whorl_NN1 shape_NN1 ,_, with_IW almost_RR straight_RR ,_, 
parallel_RR variceal_JJ outlines_NN2 on_II the_AT last_MD whorl_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
a_AT1 short_JJ ,_, strongly_RR twisted_VVD anterior_JJ canal_NN1 ,_, 
whereas_CS *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 bibbeyi_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL has_VHZ 
considerably_RR shorter_JJR and_CC more_RGR inflated_JJ whorls_NN2 with_IW 
a_AT1 rounded_JJ variceal_JJ outline_NN1 ,_, but_CCB a_AT1 much_RR longer_RRR 
and_CC straighter_JJR anterior_JJ canal_NN1 than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO *1_NULL 
{_NULL \_NULL C._NP1 rubeculum_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 303+TEXT+J09_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL A_AT1 general_JJ approach_NN1 to_II stock_NN1 
modelling_NN1 of_IO fisheries_NN2 when_RRQ information_NN1 is_VBZ scanty_JJ 
is_VBZ proposed_VVN ,_, in_II which_DDQ all_DB available_JJ relevant_JJ 
information_NN1 is_VBZ utilised_VVN and_CC in_II which_DDQ parameters_NN2 
are_VBR examined_VVN over_II feasible_JJ ranges_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Using_VVG it_PPH1 ,_, a_AT1 new_JJ stock_NN1 reduction_NN1 
analysis_NN1 (_( {_NULL SRA_NP1 }_NULL )_) is_VBZ developed_VVN which_DDQ 
is_VBZ analytically_RR simpler_JJR than_CSN those_DD2 previously_RR 
developed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB four_MC factors_NN2 of_IO biomass_NN1 change_NN1 (_( 
recruitment_NN1 ,_, growth_NN1 ,_, natural_JJ mortality_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
fishing_NN1 mortality_NN1 )_) are_VBR model_JJ inputs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT growth_NN1 factor_NN1 is_VBZ derived_VVN from_II length_NN1 
frequency_NN1 samples_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 growth_NN1 curve_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Feasible_JJ ranges_NN2 for_IF the_AT parameters_NN2 ,_, together_II21 
with_II22 ancillary_JJ information_NN1 regarding_II the_AT stock_NN1 ,_, 
define_VV0 a_AT1 feasible_JJ region_NN1 on_II the_AT parameter_NN1 space_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 region_NN1 maxima_NN2 and_CC minima_NN2 for_IF 
biomass_NN1 ,_, surplus_JJ production_NN1 ,_, and_CC other_JJ variables_NN2 
are_VBR found_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT model_NN1 is_VBZ applied_VVN to_II the_AT snapper_NN1 (_( 
*1_NULL {_NULL Chrysophrys_NP1 auratus_NN1 }_NULL )_) *0_NULL stock_NN1 in_II 
Bay_NN1 of_IO Plenty_NN1 ,_, New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL INTRODUCTION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL A_AT1 general_JJ approach_NN1 to_II stock_NN1 
modelling_NN1 is_VBZ proposed_VVN in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 contains_VVZ two_MC features_NN2 specifically_RR relevant_JJ 
to_TO fish_VVI population_NN1 modelling_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL Fisheries_NN2 scientists_NN2 are_VBR typically_RR faced_VVN with_IW 
a_AT1 limited_JJ set_NN1 of_IO data_NN and_CC no_AT existing_JJ model_NN1 
whose_DDQGE data_NN requirements_NN2 exactly_RR match_VV0 it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 suggested_JJ approach_NN1 adopted_VVD here_RL is_VBZ to_TO 
develop_VVI the_AT simplest_JJT model_NN1 which_DDQ embodies_VVZ all_DB the_AT 
available_JJ data_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 existing_JJ model_NN1 may_VM need_VVI to_TO be_VBI 
simplified_VVN (_( {_NULL i.e._REX }_NULL ,_, stronger_JJR assumptions_NN2 
made_VVN )_) to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT degrees_NN2 of_IO freedom_NN1 to_TO 
match_VVI the_AT data_NN available_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Alternatively_NP1 or_CC in_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, other_JJ data_NN 
items_NN2 may_VM need_VVI to_TO be_VBI incorporated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Simple_JJ items_NN2 of_IO data_NN can_VM often_RR be_VBI treated_VVN 
as_CSA ancillary_JJ information_NN1 and_CC utilised_VVN by_II31 means_II32 
of_II33 constraints_NN2 which_DDQ reduce_VV0 a_AT1 feasible_JJ region_NN1 
in_II a_AT1 parameter_NN1 space_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT second_MD feature_NN1 of_IO the_AT general_JJ 
approach_NN1 adopted_VVN in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO acknowledge_VVI 
that_CST in_II fisheries_NN2 science_NN1 few_DA2 ,_, if_CS any_DD ,_, 
parameters_NN2 are_VBR known_VVN exactly_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Therefore_RR a_AT1 range_NN1 is_VBZ chosen_VVN for_IF each_DD1 
parameter_NN1 depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT accuracy_NN1 with_IW which_DDQ 
it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI estimated_VVN from_II the_AT available_JJ data_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 will_VM establish_VVI a_AT1 feasible_JJ region_NN1 for_IF 
solutions_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT model_NN1 developed_VVD here_RL is_VBZ sufficiently_RR 
similar_JJ to_II the_AT stock_NN1 reduction_NN1 analysis_NN1 (_( {_NULL 
SRA_NP1 }_NULL )_) of_IO Kimura_NP1 &_CC Tagart_NP1 (_( 1982_MC )_) that_CST 
this_DD1 term_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN used_VVN to_TO describe_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 assumed_VVD that_DD1 recruitment_NN1 plus_II growth_NN1 
was_VBDZ constant_JJ and_CC independent_JJ of_IO stock_NN1 size_NN1 and_CC 
structure_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 modelled_VVD recruitment_NN1 plus_II growth_NN1 as_II 
a_AT1 single_JJ discrete_JJ annual_JJ process_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 later_JJR paper_NN1 (_( Kimura_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1984_MC )_) generalised_VVD the_AT model_NN1 by_II separating_VVG 
the_AT growth_NN1 and_CC recruitment_NN1 factors_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Growth_NN1 was_VBDZ modelled_VVN as_II a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO 
stock_NN1 biomass_NN1 using_VVG the_AT delay-difference_JJ equation_NN1 
derived_VVD by_II Deriso_NP1 (_( 1980_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Variable_JJ recruitment_NN1 was_VBDZ allowed_VVN as_II a_AT1 
function_NN1 of_IO stock_NN1 biomass_NN1 or_CC as_II an_AT1 independent_JJ 
time_NNT1 series_NN input_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 ,_, all_DB four_MC 
factors_NN2 of_IO biomass_NN1 change_NN1 specified_VVN by_II Russel_NP1 (_( 
1931_MC )_) *-_- recruitment_NN1 ,_, growth_NN1 ,_, natural_JJ mortality_NN1 
,_, and_CC fishing_NN1 mortality_NN1 *-_- are_VBR modelled_VVN separately_RR 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Growth_NN1 is_VBZ modelled_VVN as_II a_AT1 continuous_JJ (_( 
exponential_JJ )_) process_NN1 analogous_JJ to_II natural_JJ mortality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ derived_VVN independently_RR of_IO the_AT model_NN1 
from_II stock_NN1 length_NN1 frequency_NN1 estimates_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 
growth_NN1 curve_NN1 for_IF individuals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Variation_NN1 in_II this_DD1 parameter_NN1 leads_VVZ to_II a_AT1 
dome-shaped_JJ surplus_JJ production_NN1 versus_II stock_NN1 biomass_NN1 
curve_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Recruitment_NP1 is_VBZ modelled_VVN as_II a_AT1 discrete_JJ annual_JJ 
process_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ estimated_VVN independently_RR of_IO the_AT model_NN1 
in_II this_DD1 instance_NN1 as_II a_AT1 constant_JJ ,_, but_CCB a_AT1 
time_NNT1 series_NN of_IO annual_JJ values_NN2 could_VM equally_RR well_RR 
have_VHI been_VBN used_VVN had_VHN it_PPH1 been_VBN available_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 slightly_RR simplifying_VVG assumption_NN1 in_II the_AT 
treatment_NN1 of_IO fishing_NN1 mortality_NN1 allows_VVZ much_DA1 more_DAR 
tractable_JJ algebra_NN1 in_II the_AT equation_NN1 for_IF biomass_NN1 
change_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT model_NN1 in_II the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 was_VBDZ 
developed_VVN for_IF the_AT Bay_NN1 of_IO Plenty_NN1 snapper_NN1 (_( *1_NULL 
{_NULL Chrysophrys_NP1 auratus_NN1 }_NULL )_) stock_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT snapper_NN1 is_VBZ New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE most_RGT 
studied_JJ marine_JJ fish_NN species_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR21 so_RR22 ,_, only_RR one_MC1 attempt_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN 
made_VVN to_TO model_VVI a_AT1 snapper_NN1 stock_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Elder_NN1 (_( 1979_MC )_) employed_VVD the_AT Schaeffer_NP1 
surplus_JJ production_NN1 model_NN1 (_( Schaeffer_NP1 1954_MC )_) and_CC 
estimated_VVD an_AT1 equilibrium_NN1 yield_NN1 versus_II effort_NN1 curve_NN1 
for_IF the_AT Hauraki_NP Gulf_NNL1 snapper_NN1 stock_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT maximum_JJ sustainable_JJ yield_NN1 is_VBZ estimated_VVN by_II 
this_DD1 method_NN1 but_CCB no_AT estimates_NN2 are_VBR made_VVN of_IO 
stock_NN1 size_NN1 nor_CC of_IO any_DD of_IO the_AT population_NN1 
parameters_NN2 that_CST contribute_VV0 to_II production_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL {_NULL SRA_NP1 }_NULL methods_NN2 make_VV0 all_DB these_DD2 
values_NN2 available_JJ directly_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 instance_NN1 ranges_NN2 of_IO feasible_JJ values_NN2 
are_VBR generated_VVN corresponding_VVG to_II the_AT feasible_JJ region_NN1 
in_II the_AT parameter_NN1 space_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT approach_NN1 of_IO Kimura_NP1 &_CC Tagart_NP1 (_( 
1982_MC )_) ,_, along_II21 with_II22 a_DD231 great_DD232 many_DD233 
fisheries_NN2 model_VV0 analyses_NN2 ,_, was_VBDZ to_TO assume_VVI that_CST 
some_DD parameter_NN1 values_NN2 were_VBDR known_VVN exactly_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, natural_JJ mortality_NN1 rates_NN2 
are_VBR quoted_VVN only_RR to_II the_AT nearest_JJT 0.05_MC y_ZZ1 *:_NULL 
-1_MC **:_NULL but_CCB are_VBR probably_RR known_VVN even_RR less_RGR 
accurately_RR than_CSN this_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Had_VHD this_DD1 inexactitude_NN1 been_VBN acknowledged_VVN ,_, 
the_AT resulting_JJ range_NN1 of_IO stock_NN1 size_NN1 estimates_NN2 
obtained_VVN would_VM have_VHI given_VVN a_AT1 more_RGR realistic_JJ 
picture_NN1 of_IO the_AT state_NN1 of_IO knowledge_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 
fisheries_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL MODEL_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Equations_NN2 are_VBR given_VVN describing_VVG the_AT 
annual_JJ change_NN1 in_II biomass_NN1 of_IO the_AT stock_NN1 in_II31 
terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT four_MC factors_NN2 of_IO biomass_NN1 change_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II successive_JJ substitution_NN1 ,_, stock_NN1 biomass_NN1 at_II 
the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT period_NN1 can_VM be_VBI expressed_VVN in_II31 
terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT initial_JJ stock_NN1 biomass_NN1 modified_VVD by_II 
the_AT net_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT four_MC factors_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT proportionate_JJ stock_NN1 biomass_NN1 change_NN1 for_IF 
the_AT period_NN1 were_VBDR known_VVN ,_, together_II21 with_II22 annual_JJ 
catch_NN1 and_CC values_NN2 for_IF the_AT four_MC factors_NN2 ,_, the_AT 
stock_NN1 biomass_NN1 would_VM be_VBI completely_RR determined_VVN for_IF 
the_AT period_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Here_RL the_AT variables_NN2 whose_DDQGE values_NN2 are_VBR not_XX 
known_VVN exactly_RR are_VBR treated_VVN as_CSA parameters_NN2 which_DDQ 
are_VBR allowed_VVN to_TO vary_VVI over_RG feasible_JJ ranges_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT feasible_JJ region_NN1 in_II the_AT parameter_NN1 space_NN1 
is_VBZ defined_VVN by_II the_AT feasible_JJ ranges_NN2 together_II21 with_II22 
constraints_NN2 based_VVN on_II ancillary_JJ information_NN1 regarding_II 
the_AT stock_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT modelled_JJ behaviour_NN1 of_IO the_AT stock_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
period_NN1 studied_VVN is_VBZ then_RT examined_VVN over_II the_AT feasible_JJ 
region_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Maxima_NN2 and_CC minima_NN2 of_IO variables_NN2 of_IO interest_NN1 
are_VBR found_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Let_VVD *1_NULL B_NP1 *;_NULL i_MC1 **;_NULL *0_NULL be_VBI 
the_AT adult_NN1 biomass_NN1 (_( fish_NN at_RR21 least_RR22 25_MC \_NULL 
cm_NNU )_) in_II **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL tonnes_NNU2 at_II the_AT end_NN1 
of_IO year_NNT1 *1_NULL i_MC1 *0_NULL (_( *1_NULL i_ZZ1 *0_NULL runs_VVZ 
from_II 0_MC to_II *1_NULL N_ZZ1 ,_, *0_NULL corresponding_VVG to_II 1961_MC 
to_II 1980_MC )_) ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Let_VVD *1_NULL R_NP1 *0_NULL 
be_VBI the_AT biomass_NN1 in_II tonnes_NNU2 of_IO the_AT age_NN1 class_NN1 
that_CST **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL is_VBZ recruited_VVN at_II the_AT end_NN1 
of_IO each_DD1 year_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 fish_NN are_VBR 3_MC years_NNT2 old_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Constant_JJ annual_JJ recruitment_NN1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Let_VVD *1_NULL C_NP1 *;_NULL i_MC1 
**;_NULL *0_NULL be_VBI the_AT total_JJ catch_NN1 in_II tonnes_NNU2 during_II 
year_NNT1 *1_NULL i_MC1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Let_VVN *1_NULL M_NN1 *0_NULL be_VBI the_AT 
instantaneous_JJ natural_JJ mortality_NN1 rate_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
per_II year_NNT1 of_IO each_DD1 adult_NN1 age_NN1 class_NN1 up_II21 to_II22 
49-year-olds_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT maximum_JJ age_NN1 to_II which_DDQ fish_VV0 live_JJ is_VBZ 
taken_VVN as_II 50_MC years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 simplification_NN1 of_IO the_AT real_JJ 
situation_NN1 where_RRQ a_AT1 high_JJ and_CC increasing_VVG natural_JJ 
mortality_NN1 will_VM exist_VVI over_RP a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO ages_NN2 of_IO 
old_JJ fish_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 brief_JJ examination_NN1 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 showed_VVD 
it_PPH1 to_TO be_VBI not_XX very_RG sensitive_JJ to_II the_AT value_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT maximum_JJ age_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN that_CST *1_NULL M_ZZ1 *0_NULL does_VDZ 
not_XX vary_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Provided_CS the_AT biomass_NN1 of_IO 50-year-olds_NN2 is_VBZ 
insignificant_JJ the_AT instantaneous_JJ natural_JJ mortality_NN1 rate_NN1 
per_II year_NNT1 of_IO the_AT stock_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT 
proportionate_JJ loss_NN1 in_II biomass_NN1 ,_, will_VM also_RR be_VBI *1_NULL 
M._NN1 ^_NULL *0_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN that_CST over_II the_AT 
period_NN1 being_VBG modelled_VVN that_CST this_DD1 approximate_JJ 
equality_NN1 prevails_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Let_VVD *1_NULL G_NP1 *;_NULL i_MC1 
**;_NULL *0_NULL be_VBI the_AT instantaneous_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO increase_NN1 
in_II bio-_JJ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL mass_NN1 through_II growth_NN1 per_II 
year_NNT1 in_II the_AT adult_NN1 stock_NN1 during_II year_NNT1 *1_NULL i_MC1 
._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Growth_NN1 and_CC 
natural_JJ mortality_NN1 are_VBR assumed_VVN to_TO act_VVI independently_RR 
and_CC simultaneously_RR on_II the_AT stock_NN1 ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 apart_RL 
from_II recruitment_NN1 and_CC fishing_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 biomass_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL 
B_NP1 *;_NULL i-1_MC1 **;_NULL *0_NULL at_II the_AT start_NN1 of_IO year_NNT1 
*1_NULL i_MC1 *0_NULL will_VM become_VVI ,_, |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
,_, |_NULL at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT year_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT catch_NN1 is_VBZ modelled_VVN as_CSA being_VBG caught_VVN 
instantaneously_RR in_II the_AT middle_NN1 of_IO the_AT year_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 simplifies_VVZ the_AT analysis_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ 
analogous_JJ to_II the_AT assumption_NN1 made_VVN by_II Pope_NN1 (_( 1972_MC 
)_) as_II a_AT1 means_NN of_IO simplifying_VVG virtual_JJ population_NN1 
analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT catch_NN1 ,_, had_VHD it_PPH1 not_XX been_VBN caught_VVN ,_, 
would_VM have_VHI undergone_VVN a_ZZ1 further_VV0 half_DB year_NNT1 's_GE 
growth_NN1 and_CC natural_JJ mortality_NN1 by_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
year_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT effective_JJ loss_NN1 to_II the_AT adult_NN1 stock_NN1 at_II 
the_AT end_NN1 of_IO year_NNT1 *1_NULL i_MC1 *0_NULL is_VBZ :_: |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Therefore_RR ,_, |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Successively_RR substituting_VVG for_IF *1_NULL B_NP1 *;_NULL i-1_MC1 
**;_NULL :_: |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL If_CS ,_, for_IF convenience_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 
define_VV0 ,_, for_IF *1_NULL i_ZZ1 *0_NULL =_FO 0_MC to_II *1_NULL N_ZZ1 
*0_NULL -_- 1_MC1 ,_, |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL then_RT the_AT equation_NN1 can_VM 
be_VBI written_VVN ,_, |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN 
that_CST *1_NULL P_NP1 *;_NULL i_ZZ1 **;_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ like_II a_AT1 
product_NN1 of_IO discount_NN1 factors_NN2 from_II year_NNT1 *1_NULL i_MC1 
*0_NULL to_II *1_NULL N._NP1 |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Let_VV0 *1_NULL B_ZZ1 
*;_NULL 0_MC **;_NULL *?_NULL 7_MC *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL B_ZZ1 *;_NULL N_NNU 
**;_NULL *?_NULL 7_MC *0_NULL be_VBI raw_JJ adult_NN1 biomass_NN1 
estimates_NN2 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL (_( without_IW allowance_NN1 for_IF 
vulnerability_NN1 )_) from_II trawl_NN1 surveys_NN2 at_II the_AT ends_NN2 
of_IO years_NNT2 0_MC and_CC *1_NULL N_ZZ1 *0_NULL respectively_RR ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Let_VVN *1_NULL v_II *?_NULL 1_MC1 
*;_NULL 0_MC **;_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL v_II *?_NULL 1_MC1 *;_NULL N_NNU 
**;_NULL *0_NULL be_VBI the_AT mean_JJ vulnerabilities_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
adult_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL stock_NN1 to_II the_AT trawl_NN1 
survey_NN1 gear_NN1 at_II years_NNT2 0_MC and_CC *1_NULL N_ZZ1 *0_NULL 
respectively_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT ,_, **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, and_CC 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Values_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL v_II 
*?_NULL 1_MC1 *;_NULL 0_MC **;_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL v_II *?_NULL 1_MC1 
*;_NULL N_NNU **;_NULL *0_NULL are_VBR unlikely_JJ to_TO be_VBI known_VVN ,_, 
but_CCB if_CS the_AT ratio_NN1 of_IO vulnerabilities_NN2 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL is_VBZ known_VVN then_RT Equation_NN1 2_MC can_VM 
be_VBI written_VVN :_: |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Therefore_RR ,_, |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Hence_RR ,_, for_IF given_JJ *1_NULL M_NN1 ,_, 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, *0_NULL and_CC **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, 
*1_NULL B_ZZ1 *;_NULL 0_MC **;_NULL *0_NULL can_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN ,_, 
and_CC using_VVG Equation_NN1 1_MC1 the_AT time_NNT1 series_NN of_IO stock_NN1 
biomass_NN1 can_VM be_VBI generated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS reliable_JJ point_NN1 estimates_VVZ for_IF each_DD1 of_IO 
these_DD2 parameters_NN2 were_VBDR available_JJ a_AT1 single_JJ solution_NN1 
could_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT analysis_NN1 below_RL ,_, each_DD1 parameter_NN1 is_VBZ 
varied_VVN independently_RR over_II the_AT feasible_JJ region_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
parameter_NN1 space_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO solutions_NN2 is_VBZ 
obtained_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF these_DD2 solutions_NN2 several_DA2 variables_NN2 of_IO 
interest_NN1 are_VBR calculated_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT consistent_JJ definition_NN1 of_IO instantaneous_JJ 
fishing_NN1 mortality_NN1 *1_NULL F_NP1 *;_NULL i_ZZ1 **;_NULL *0_NULL 
requires_VVZ ,_, |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL At_II given_JJ stock_NN1 size_NN1 ,_, the_AT surplus_JJ 
production_NN1 *1_NULL Y_NP1 *;_NULL i_ZZ1 **;_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ defined_VVN 
as_II the_AT annual_JJ catch_NN1 that_CST will_VM not_XX change_VVI the_AT 
stock_NN1 size_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Setting_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL and_CC 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL in_II Equation_NN1 1_MC1 :_: |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Let_VVN *1_NULL w_ZZ1 *;_NULL j_ZZ1 **;_NULL *0_NULL be_VBI 
the_AT mean_JJ weight_NN1 in_II grams_NNU2 of_IO a_AT1 fish_NN of_IO age_NN1 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL exactly_RR *1_NULL j_ZZ1 *0_NULL years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ also_RR assumed_VVN not_XX to_TO vary_VVI over_RP 
time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT virgin_JJ biomass_NN1 ,_, *1_NULL B_ZZ1 */_FO ,_, *0_NULL 
can_VM then_RT be_VBI obtained_VVN from_II the_AT summation_NN1 ,_, 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL DATA_NN *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Landings_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT landed_JJ catch_NN1 data_NN are_VBR given_VVN 
in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT annual_JJ landings_NN2 for_IF 1962_MC to_II 1970_MC (_( \_NULL 
incl._NNU )_) are_VBR from_II Ritchie_NP1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL (_( 1975_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT official_JJ report_NN1 of_IO landings_NN2 
from_II fishing_NN1 returns_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Landings_NN2 for_IF Bay_NN1 of_IO Plenty_NN1 are_VBR based_VVN on_II 
*'_" area_NN1 fished_VVD **'_" information_NN1 recorded_VVN in_II the_AT 
returns_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF 1971_MC to_II 1973_MC (_( \_NULL incl._NNU )_) the_AT 
official_JJ landings_NN2 data_NN by_II area_NN1 fished_VVD are_VBR from_II 
the_AT annual_JJ Reports_NN2 of_IO Fisheries_NN2 (_( \_NULL Anon_RT ._. 

^ 1971-1973_MCMC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Since_II 1974_MC changes_NN2 in_II the_AT fishing_NN1 return_NN1 
form_NN1 have_VH0 made_VVN area_NN1 fished_VVD information_NN1 difficult_JJ 
to_TO derive_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF 1974-1980_MCMC (_( \_NULL incl._NNU )_) the_AT official_JJ 
data_NN (_( King_NN1 1985_MC )_) are_VBR by_II *'_" point_NN1 of_IO 
landing_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT area_NN1 fished_VVD and_CC point_NN1 of_IO landing_VVG 
definitions_NN2 are_VBR not_XX perfectly_RR consistent_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, since_II 1970_MC the_AT net_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO 
snapper_NN1 caught_VVN in_II the_AT Bay_NN1 and_CC landed_VVN at_II outside_JJ 
ports_NN2 or_CC vice_RR21 versa_RR22 does_VDZ not_XX appear_VVI to_TO have_VHI 
been_VBN great_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN that_CST the_AT total_JJ catch_NN1 
from_II the_AT Bay_NN1 of_IO Plenty_NN1 stock_NN1 is_VBZ accurately_RR 
recorded_VVN in_II the_AT landings_NN2 data_NN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Stock_NP1 decline_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Trawl_NP1 surveys_NN2 were_VBDR carried_VVN out_RP 
by_II {_NULL FRV_NP }_NULL *1_NULL Ikatere_NP1 *0_NULL over_II several_DA2 
cruises_NN2 from_II March_NPM1 1961_MC to_II January_NPM1 1963_MC and_CC 
again_RT from_II March_NPM1 1980_MC to_II April_NPM1 1981_MC using_VVG 
similar_JJ gear_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Each_DD1 raw_JJ biomass_NN1 estimate_NN1 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN by_II 
assuming_VVG that_CST the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO fish_NN caught_VVD was_VBDZ 
equal_JJ to_II all_DB the_AT fish_NN in_II the_AT water_NN1 column_NN1 in_II 
the_AT path_NN1 between_II the_AT wings_NN2 of_IO the_AT net_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT estimates_NN2 of_IO snapper_NN1 over_RG 25_MC \_NULL cm_NNU 
for_IF Bay_NN1 of_IO Plenty_NN1 were_VBDR :_: 1961_MC (_( end_NN1 of_IO 
year_NNT1 )_) ,_, **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL and_CC 1980_MC (_( end_NN1 of_IO 
year_NNT1 )_) ,_, **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hence_RR **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Estimates_NN2 of_IO the_AT coefficient_NN1 of_IO variation_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT raw_JJ biomasses_NN2 were_VBDR 0.23_MC for_IF 1961_MC and_CC 0.13_MC 
for_IF 1980_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Estimates_NN2 of_IO the_AT mean_JJ vulnerabilities_NN2 ,_, *1_NULL 
v_II *?_NULL 1_MC1 *;_NULL 0_MC **;_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL v_II *?_NULL 
1_MC1 *;_NULL N_NNU **;_NULL ,_, *0_NULL are_VBR made_VVN in_II the_AT 
analysis_NN1 below_RL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Snapper_NP1 catch_VV0 rates_NN2 from_II 1974_MC to_II 1981_MC 
for_IF groups_NN2 of_IO commercial_JJ trawlers_NN2 in_II particular_JJ 
engine_NN1 power_NN1 classes_NN2 were_VBDR also_RR obtained_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 were_VBDR calculated_VVN as_II tonnes_NNU2 per_II boat_NN1 
per_II day_NNT1 fished_VVD for_IF summer_NNT1 or_CC winter_NNT1 seasons_NNT2 
and_CC examples_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II \_NULL Fig._NN1 1-3_MCMC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Average_JJ annual_JJ rates_NN2 of_IO decline_NN1 in_II catch_NN1 
rates_NN2 were_VBDR obtained_VVN by_II log-linear_JJ regression_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 ranged_VVD from_II about_RG 10_MC to_II 30%_NNU y_ZZ1 
*:_NULL -1_MC **:_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rates_NN2 of_IO decline_NN1 in_II the_AT latter_DA halves_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT periods_NN2 were_VBDR all_RR faster_RRR than_CSN the_AT average_JJ 
rates_NN2 for_IF the_AT three_MC classes_NN2 of_IO trawler_NN1 examined_VVD 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 factors_NN2 affect_VV0 commercial_JJ catch_NN1 rates_NN2 
but_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN here_RL that_CST these_DD2 rapid_JJ 
declines_NN2 were_VBDR caused_VVN by_II a_AT1 falling_JJ stock_NN1 size_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ to_TO make_VVI an_AT1 overall_JJ 
assessment_NN1 from_II the_AT research_NN1 and_CC commercial_JJ data_NN and_CC 
to_TO specify_VVI a_AT1 plausible_JJ range_NN1 for_IF the_AT stock_NN1 
size_NN1 change_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT commercial_JJ data_NN suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT decline_NN1 
is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO have_VHI been_VBN greater_JJR than_CSN the_AT 
surveys_NN2 show_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT decline_NN1 in_II the_AT last_MD part_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
period_NN1 was_VBDZ apparently_RR quite_RG fast_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL is_VBZ taken_VVN as_CSA having_VHG 
been_VBN between_II 0.12_MC and_CC 0.30_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL From_II 1978_MC to_II 1980_MC the_AT annual_JJ decline_NN1 is_VBZ 
taken_VVN as_CSA having_VHG been_VBN between_II 15_MC and_CC 30%_NNU y_ZZ1 
*:_NULL -1_MC **:_NULL (_( **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL between_II 0.49_MC 
and_CC 0.72_MC )_) ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 304+TEXT+J10_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT amount_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 that_CST 
topsoils_NN2 of_IO the_AT Patumahoe_NP1 clay_NN1 loam_NN1 can_VM retain_VVI 
at_II tensions_NN2 between_II 0.2_MC and_CC 15.0_MC bars_NN2 (_( 
available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 )_) has_VHZ been_VBN determined_VVN for_IF 
four_MC sites_NN2 under_II pasture_NN1 and_CC eleven_MC sites_NN2 in_II 
market_NN1 gardens_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT mean_JJ available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 of_IO the_AT 2-12_MCMC 
\_NULL cm_NNU depth_NN1 was_VBDZ 18%_NNU of_IO soil_NN1 volume_NN1 under_II 
pasture_NN1 and_CC 11%_NNU in_II gardens_NN2 ;_; for_IF the_AT 12-22_MCMC 
\_NULL cm_NNU depth_NN1 the_AT mean_JJ available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 
was_VBDZ 10%_NNU under_II pasture_NN1 and_CC 12%_NNU in_II gardens_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT difference_NN1 between_II pasture_NN1 and_CC gardens_NN2 
was_VBDZ highly_RR significant_JJ for_IF the_AT upper_JJ topsoil_NN1 but_CCB 
not_XX significant_JJ for_IF the_AT lower_JJR topsoil_NN1 ;_; the_AT 
available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 varied_VVD significantly_RR with_IW depth_NN1 
under_II pasture_NN1 but_CCB not_XX in_II gardens_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT large_JJ available-water_JJ capacities_NN2 near_II the_AT 
surface_NN1 under_II pasture_NN1 derived_VVN from_II exceptionally_RR high_JJ 
values_NN2 of_IO field_NN1 capacity_NN1 which_DDQ may_VM have_VHI been_VBN 
related_VVN to_II high_JJ contents_NN2 of_IO organic_JJ carbon_NN1 in_II 
the_AT soil_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Any_DD advantage_NN1 of_IO the_AT pasture_NN1 over_II the_AT 
cultivated_JJ sites_NN2 in_II the_AT water-supplying_JJ power_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
topsoil_NN1 as_II a_AT1 whole_NN1 was_VBDZ of_IO doubtful_JJ significance_NN1 
._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL INTRODUCTION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Many_DA2 workers_NN2 reporting_VVG the_AT 
capacities_NN2 of_IO soil_NN1 profiles_NN2 for_IF storing_VVG 
plant-available_JJ water_NN1 have_VH0 paid_VVN little_DA1 attention_NN1 to_II 
the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO land_NN1 utilisation_NN1 on_II this_DD1 property_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II some_DD publications_NN2 dealing_VVG with_IW the_AT 
available-water_JJ capacities_NN2 of_IO soils_NN2 the_AT land_NN1 use_NN1 
is_VBZ either_RR not_XX mentioned_VVN (_( Petersen_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 
._. 

^ }_NULL 1968a_MC ;_; Maclean_NP1 &_CC Yager_NP1 1972_MC )_) or_CC is_VBZ 
mentioned_VVN without_IW any_DD comparison_NN1 between_II uses_NN2 that_CST 
might_VM illustrate_VVI their_APPGE influence_NN1 on_II the_AT values_NN2 
obtained_VVN (_( Salter_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1967_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA only_RR the_AT A_ZZ1 horizon_NN1 of_IO the_AT soil_NN1 is_VBZ 
likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI greatly_RR modified_VVN by_II land_NN1 use_NN1 and_CC 
the_AT bulk_NN1 of_IO the_AT capacity_NN1 for_IF storing_VVG 
plant-available_JJ water_NN1 usually_RR lies_VVZ in_II the_AT B_ZZ1 and_CC 
C_ZZ1 horizons_NN2 (_( Gradwell_NP1 1968_MC ,_, table_NN1 6_MC ;_; 1974_MC ,_, 
table_NN1 4_MC )_) this_DD1 simplified_JJ treatment_NN1 may_VM be_VBI 
justified_VVN ,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 as_II a_AT1 first_MD approximation_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, where_CS precise_JJ knowledge_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
available-water_JJ capacities_NN2 of_IO A_ZZ1 horizons_NN2 is_VBZ required_VVN 
it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI desirable_JJ to_TO know_VVI how_RRQ this_DD1 
property_NN1 would_VM vary_VVI with_IW a_AT1 change_NN1 of_IO land_NN1 
utilisation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Records_NN2 of_IO comparative_JJ measurements_NN2 on_II the_AT A_ZZ1 
horizons_NN2 of_IO identical_JJ soils_NN2 under_II different_JJ treatments_NN2 
have_VH0 been_VBN published_VVN by_II a_DD221 few_DD222 workers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Carreker_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL (_( 1968_MC ,_, table_NN1 2_MC )_) found_VVD no_AT significant_JJ 
difference_NN1 between_II the_AT available-water_JJ capacities_NN2 of_IO 
topsoils_NN2 under_II corn_NN1 and_CC under_II grass_NN1 and_CC clover_NN1 
in_II some_DD trial_NN1 plots_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT tests_NN2 were_VBDR made_VVN on_II cores_NN2 0.076_MC \_NULL 
m_NNU long_RR taken_VVN at_II unspecified_JJ depths_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Petersen_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL (_( 1968b_MC )_) found_VVD no_AT significant_JJ difference_NN1 in_II 
available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 between_II cultivated_JJ and_CC 
uncultivated_JJ A_ZZ1 horizons_NN2 in_II Pennsylvania_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Here_RL also_RR the_AT depths_NN2 of_IO sampling_VVG were_VBDR not_XX 
given_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Cossens_NP1 &_CC Rickard_NP1 (_( 1969_MC )_) ,_, however_RR ,_, 
reported_VVD greater_JJR available-water_JJ capacities_NN2 in_II both_RR 
0-0.1_MCMC and_CC 0.1-0.2_MCMC \_NULL m_NNO depths_NN2 in_II brown-grey_JJ 
and_CC yellow-grey_JJ earths_NN2 under_RG well_RR established_VVN irrigated_JJ 
pastures_NN2 of_IO ryegrass_NN1 and_CC white_JJ clover_NN1 than_CSN under_II 
a_AT1 nonirrigated_JJ cover_NN1 of_IO tussock_NN1 and_CC annual_JJ grasses_NN2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Cultivated_JJ cropland_NN1 and_CC heavily_RR stocked_JJ 
pasture_NN1 are_VBR important_JJ alternative_NN1 uses_VVZ for_IF valuable_JJ 
soils_NN2 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Both_DB2 uses_NN2 are_VBR extensive_JJ on_II the_AT Patumahoe_NP1 
clay_NN1 loam_NN1 (_( Orbell_NP1 1974_MC )_) ,_, an_AT1 immature_JJ brown_JJ 
granular_JJ loam_NN1 on_II old_JJ ,_, well_RR weathered_JJ andesitic_JJ 
ash_NN1 in_II the_AT Pukekohe_NP1 region_NN1 ,_, south_ND1 of_IO Auckland_NP1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT course_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 survey_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
available-water_JJ capacities_NN2 of_IO extensive_JJ New_NP Zealand_NP1 
soils_NN2 under_II pasture_NN1 ,_, results_NN2 were_VBDR published_VVN for_IF 
four_MC profiles_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 soil_NN1 (_( Gradwell_NP1 1976_MC ,_, 
table_NN1 2c_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Identical_JJ determinations_NN2 have_VH0 also_RR been_VBN made_VVN 
on_II the_AT topsoils_NN2 of_IO eleven_MC market_NN1 gardens_NN2 on_II 
this_DD1 soil_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II the_AT values_NN2 for_IF available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 
under_II pasture_NN1 showed_VVD marked_JJ variation_NN1 with_IW depth_NN1 
in_II the_AT A_ZZ1 horizon_NN1 ,_, each_DD1 market-garden_JJ topsoil_NN1 
was_VBDZ sampled_VVN at_II two_MC depths_NN2 to_TO permit_VVI a_AT1 
detailed_JJ comparison_NN1 with_IW the_AT results_NN2 for_IF pasture_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL METHODS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Sampling_NP1 plan_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Ten_MC of_IO the_AT gardens_NN2 sampled_VVN have_VH0 
been_VBN listed_VVN in_II table_NN1 1_MC1 of_IO Gradwell_NP1 (_( 1973_MC )_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 table_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT samples_NN2 were_VBDR 
taken_VVN during_II the_AT growing_JJ season_NNT1 ,_, in_II either_RR 
October_NPM1 or_CC December_NPM1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Four_MC of_IO the_AT gardens_NN2 sampled_VVD were_VBDR regarded_VVN 
as_CS *'_" new_JJ **'_" gardens_NN2 ,_, having_VHG been_VBN brought_VVN 
into_II cultivation_NN1 from_II pasture_NN1 less_RR21 than_RR22 eight_MC 
years_NNT2 before_II the_AT date_NN1 of_IO sampling_VVG ;_; the_AT 
remaining_JJ ,_, *'_" old_JJ **'_" ,_, gardens_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN under_II 
cultivation_NN1 for_IF 18_MC years_NNT2 or_CC more_RRR ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT present_JJ work_NN1 the_AT 10_MC gardens_NN2 and_CC 
the_AT farms_NN2 containing_VVG them_PPHO2 are_VBR referred_VVN to_II by_II 
the_AT same_DA numbers_NN2 and_CC letters_NN2 as_CSA in_II the_AT earlier_JJR 
publication_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 eleventh_MD garden_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR sampled_VVN ,_, on_II 
farm_NN1 number_NN1 8_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 will_VM be_VBI referred_VVN to_II as_II garden_NN1 b_ZZ1 
on_II that_DD1 farm_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 garden_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN cultivated_VVN for_IF two_MC 
years_NNT2 and_CC was_VBDZ sampled_VVN in_II December_NPM1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II each_DD1 of_IO the_AT gardens_NN2 two_MC undisturbed_JJ 
core_NN1 samples_NN2 ,_, 4_MC \_NULL cm_NNU long_JJ and_CC 10_MC \_NULL cm_NNU 
in_II diameter_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR taken_VVN underneath_II a_AT1 single_JJ 
point_NN1 on_II the_AT centre-line_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 row_NN1 of_IO onions_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Depths_NN2 of_IO sampling_NN1 varied_VVD somewhat_RR among_II 
gardens_NN2 but_CCB the_AT shallower_JJR sample_NN1 in_II a_AT1 garden_NN1 
always_RR came_VVD from_II within_II the_AT 2-10_MCMC \_NULL cm_NNU range_NN1 
of_IO depths_NN2 and_CC the_AT deeper_JJR sample_NN1 from_II within_II the_AT 
11-22_MCMC \_NULL cm_NNU range_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Laboratory_NN1 determinations_NN2 and_CC calculations_NN2 
for_IF individual_JJ samples_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Determinations_NN2 of_IO field_NN1 capacity_NN1 ,_, 
wilting_VVG point_NN1 ,_, and_CC dry_JJ bulk_NN1 density_NN1 were_VBDR 
made_VVN on_II the_AT samples_NN2 by_II the_AT methods_NN2 described_VVN by_II 
Gradwell_NP1 (_( 1971_MC )_) ,_, field_NN1 capacity_NN1 being_VBG taken_VVN 
as_II the_AT water_NN1 content_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 core_NN1 sample_NN1 at_II a_AT1 
tension_NN1 of_IO 0.2_MC bars_NN2 and_CC wilting_VVG point_NN1 as_II the_AT 
water_NN1 content_NN1 ,_, at_II a_AT1 tension_NN1 of_IO 15_MC bars_NN2 ,_, 
of_IO a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO small_JJ crumbs_NN2 carved_VVD from_II the_AT 
soil_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 sample_NN1 
was_VBDZ calculated_VVN ,_, in_II percent_NNU of_IO soil_NN1 volume_NN1 ,_, 
as_CSA the_AT difference_NN1 between_II the_AT field_NN1 capacity_NN1 and_CC 
the_AT wilting_JJ point_NN1 of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 ,_, multiplied_VVN by_II 
the_AT dry_JJ bulk_NN1 density_NN1 of_IO the_AT soil_NN1 and_CC divided_VVN 
by_II the_AT density_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 (_( taken_VVN as_II unity_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Calculated_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO topsoils_NN2 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT properties_NN2 mentioned_VVN in_II the_AT 
previous_JJ section_NN1 have_VH0 already_RR been_VBN reported_VVN for_IF 
three_MC depths_NN2 in_II the_AT A_ZZ1 horizon_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 fourth_MD 
depth_NN1 just_RR underneath_RL it_PPH1 on_II each_DD1 site_NN1 under_II 
pasture_NN1 (_( Gradwell_NP1 1976_MC ,_, table_NN1 2c_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 values_NN2 were_VBDR plotted_VVN against_II depth_NN1 
and_CC the_AT values_NN2 for_IF depths_NN2 of_IO 0.063_MC (_( *'_" upper_JJ 
topsoil_NN1 **'_" )_) and_CC 0.171_MC \_NULL m_NNU (_( *'_" lower_JJR 
topsoil_NN1 **'_" )_) were_VBDR read_VVN off_II the_AT curves_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 depths_NN2 equalled_VVD the_AT mean_JJ depths_NN2 of_IO 
sampling_VVG on_II the_AT cultivated_JJ sites_NN2 and_CC the_AT values_NN2 
read_VV0 off_RP for_IF the_AT sites_NN2 under_II pasture_NN1 were_VBDR 
used_VVN to_TO make_VVI comparisons_NN2 between_II pasture_NN1 and_CC 
cultivated_JJ sites_NN2 for_IF the_AT upper_JJ and_CC lower_JJR topsoil_NN1 
respectively_RR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT curves_NN2 of_IO available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 ,_, 
plotted_VVD against_II depth_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR also_RR used_VVN to_TO 
calculate_VVI the_AT total_JJ available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 to_II a_AT1 
depth_NN1 of_IO 0.28_MC \_NULL m_NNU for_IF each_DD1 site_NN1 under_II 
pasture_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN as_II the_AT area_NN1 under_II the_AT 
curve_NN1 ,_, between_II the_AT surface_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 depth_NN1 of_IO 
0.28_MC \_NULL m_NNU ,_, and_CC was_VBDZ expressed_VVN in_II \_NULL m_ZZ1 
of_IO water_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 depth_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN as_II the_AT lower_JJR limit_NN1 
as_II the_AT mean_JJ depth_NN1 of_IO topsoil_NN1 at_II 10_MC of_IO the_AT 
sampling_JJ points_NN2 in_II market_NN1 gardens_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN 
determined_VVN as_II 0.28_MC \_NULL m_NNU (_( standard_JJ error_NN1 0.0086_MC 
\_NULL m_ZZ1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF the_AT market-garden_JJ sites_NN2 available-water_JJ 
capacities_NN2 were_VBDR measured_VVN at_II only_RR two_MC depths_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 values_NN2 were_VBDR plotted_VVN against_II depth_NN1 
for_IF each_DD1 site_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 straight_JJ line_NN1 drawn_VVN 
through_II the_AT two_MC points_NN2 and_CC produced_VVN to_II a_AT1 depth_NN1 
of_IO 0.28_MC \_NULL m_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT area_NN1 under_II this_DD1 line_NN1 ,_, to_II a_AT1 depth_NN1 
of_IO 0.28_MC \_NULL m_NNU ,_, was_VBDZ determined_VVN and_CC recorded_VVN 
as_II the_AT total_JJ available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 of_IO the_AT topsoil_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II one_MC1 case_NN1 the_AT produced_JJ line_NN1 would_VM have_VHI 
indicated_VVN values_NN2 of_IO available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 less_RRR 
than_CSN 8%_NNU of_IO soil_NN1 volume_NN1 before_CS it_PPH1 reached_VVD a_AT1 
depth_NN1 of_IO 0.28_MC \_NULL m_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II the_AT mean_JJ available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
upper_JJ B_ZZ1 horizon_NN1 on_II the_AT four_MC sites_NN2 under_II pasture_NN1 
was_VBDZ approximately_RR equal_JJ to_II 8%_NNU (_( Gradwell_NP1 1976_MC ,_, 
table_NN1 2c_MC )_) lesser_JJ values_NN2 in_II the_AT topsoil_NN1 were_VBDR 
regarded_VVN as_CS improbable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT produced_JJ line_NN1 was_VBDZ ,_, therefore_RR ,_, shifted_VVD 
to_TO indicate_VVI a_AT1 value_NN1 of_IO 8%_NNU over_II the_AT range_NN1 of_IO 
depths_NN2 where_CS it_PPH1 would_VM have_VHI indicated_VVN a_AT1 smaller_JJR 
value_NN1 if_CSW drawn_VVN as_CSA above_RL ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL RESULTS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Test_NN1 results_VVZ for_IF individual_JJ samples_NN2 
from_II market_NN1 gardens_NN2 are_VBR set_VVN out_RP in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT upper_JJ part_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 table_NN1 contains_VVZ the_AT 
results_NN2 from_II *'_" new_JJ **'_" gardens_NN2 and_CC the_AT lower_JJR 
part_NN1 the_AT results_NN2 from_II *'_" old_JJ **'_" gardens_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Mean_JJ values_NN2 of_IO available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 
for_IF new_JJ and_CC old_JJ gardens_NN2 ,_, derived_VVN from_II Table_NN1 
1_MC1 ,_, are_VBR set_VVN out_RP in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ,_, preceded_VVN by_II 
mean_JJ values_NN2 for_IF the_AT sites_NN2 under_II pasture_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT most_RGT conspicuous_JJ feature_NN1 of_IO Table_NN1 2_MC 
is_VBZ the_AT large_JJ change_NN1 of_IO available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 
with_IW depth_NN1 under_II pasture_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ contrasts_VVZ with_IW 
the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO change_NN1 with_IW depth_NN1 in_II the_AT gardens_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT results_NN2 ,_, *1_NULL t-tests_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST 
the_AT available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 under_II pasture_NN1 is_VBZ 
significantly_RR greater_JJR in_II the_AT upper_JJ topsoil_NN1 than_CSN in_II 
the_AT lower_JJR topsoil_NN1 (_( \_NULL P_ZZ1 <_FO 0.01_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ no_AT difference_NN1 between_II the_AT upper_JJ 
and_CC lower_JJR topsoils_NN2 in_II new_JJ gardens_NN2 ;_; in_II old_JJ 
gardens_NN2 the_AT apparent_JJ difference_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX significant_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT gradient_NN1 in_II available-water_JJ 
capacity_NN1 under_II pasture_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO make_VVI the_AT mean_JJ 
value_NN1 for_IF the_AT upper_JJ topsoil_NN1 under_II pasture_NN1 
significantly_RR greater_JJR than_CSN the_AT mean_JJ value_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
upper_JJ topsoil_NN1 in_II all_DB gardens_NN2 (_( *1_NULL \_NULL P_ZZ1 <_FO 
0.001_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF the_AT lower_JJR topsoil_NN1 there_EX is_VBZ no_AT 
significant_JJ difference_NN1 between_II pasture_NN1 and_CC all_DB gardens_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT only_JJ difference_NN1 between_II new_JJ and_CC old_JJ 
gardens_NN2 is_VBZ in_II the_AT upper_JJ topsoil_NN1 where_CS it_PPH1 just_RR 
attains_VVZ significance_NN1 (_( *1_NULL \_NULL P_ZZ1 <_FO 0.05_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 result_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX ,_, however_RR ,_, affect_NN1 
the_AT difference_NN1 between_II pasture_NN1 and_CC gardens_NN2 as_II 
pasture_NN1 has_VHZ significantly_RR greater_JJR available-water_JJ 
capacity_NN1 in_II the_AT upper_JJ topsoil_NN1 than_CSN the_AT new_JJ 
gardens_NN2 alone_JJ (_( *1_NULL \_NULL P_ZZ1 <_FO 0.01_MC )_) ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Mean_JJ values_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
measured_JJ properties_NN2 from_II which_DDQ the_AT available-water_JJ 
capacities_NN2 were_VBDR calculated_VVN are_VBR given_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC 
for_IF upper_JJ topsoils_NN2 and_CC in_II Table_NN1 4_MC for_IF lower_JJR 
topsoils_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Table_NN1 3_MC shows_VVZ a_AT1 much_RR higher_JJR value_NN1 of_IO 
field_NN1 capacity_NN1 under_II pasture_NN1 than_CSN under_II cultivation_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT difference_NN1 is_VBZ significant_JJ whether_CSW pasture_NN1 
is_VBZ compared_VVN with_IW all_DB gardens_NN2 (_( *1_NULL \_NULL P_ZZ1 <_FO 
0.001_MC )_) ,_, with_IW new_JJ gardens_NN2 (_( *1_NULL \_NULL P_ZZ1 <_FO 
0.02_MC )_) ,_, or_CC with_IW old_JJ gardens_NN2 (_( *1_NULL \_NULL P_ZZ1 <_FO 
0.01_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT difference_NN1 between_II new_JJ and_CC old_JJ gardens_NN2 
is_VBZ not_XX significant_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT wilting_JJ point_NN1 under_II pasture_NN1 is_VBZ only_RR 
slightly_RR higher_JJR than_CSN under_II cultivation_NN1 and_CC the_AT 
difference_NN1 just_RR reaches_VVZ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL significance_NN1 
when_RRQ pasture_NN1 is_VBZ compared_VVN with_IW all_DB gardens_NN2 (_( 
*1_NULL \_NULL P_ZZ1 <_FO 0.05_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Apart_II21 from_II22 the_AT difference_NN1 between_II pasture_NN1 
and_CC old_JJ gardens_NN2 (_( *1_NULL \_NULL P_ZZ1 <_FO 0.01_MC )_) the_AT 
differences_NN2 in_II dry_JJ bulk_NN1 density_NN1 in_II Table_NN1 3_MC are_VBR 
not_XX significant_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Table_NN1 4_MC shows_VVZ that_CST in_II the_AT lower_JJR topsoil_NN1 
there_EX are_VBR only_RR small_JJ ,_, non-significant_JJ differences_NN2 
between_II pasture_NN1 and_CC gardens_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT difference_NN1 in_II dry_JJ bulk_NN1 density_NN1 between_II 
new_JJ and_CC old_JJ gardens_NN2 in_II Table_NN1 4_MC is_VBZ ,_, however_RR 
,_, significant_JJ (_( *1_NULL \_NULL P_ZZ1 <_FO 0.01_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Mean_JJ values_NN2 of_IO the_AT total_JJ available_JJ 
capacities_NN2 of_IO topsoils_NN2 are_VBR given_VVN in_II Table_NN1 5_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT difference_NN1 between_II pasture_NN1 and_CC gardens_NN2 
did_VDD not_XX attain_VVI significance_NN1 (_( *1_NULL \_NULL P=0.08_FO or_CC 
0.09_MC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL DISCUSSION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL The_AT uncertainty_NN1 of_IO overall_JJ differences_NN2 
in_II available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL As_II the_AT greater_JJR available-water_JJ 
capacities_NN2 under_II pasture_NN1 ,_, compared_VVN with_IW those_DD2 in_II 
gardens_NN2 ,_, are_VBR confined_VVN to_II the_AT upper_JJ topsoil_NN1 ,_, 
a_AT1 comparison_NN1 carried_VVD out_RP with_IW samples_NN2 from_II the_AT 
middle_JJ depths_NN2 of_IO topsoils_NN2 could_VM well_RR fail_VVI to_TO 
establish_VVI a_AT1 difference_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Carreker_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL (_( 1968_MC )_) sampled_VVD at_II only_RR one_MC1 depth_NN1 in_II 
the_AT topsoil_NN1 and_CC failure_NN1 to_TO show_VVI a_AT1 difference_NN1 
between_II soil_NN1 under_II grass_NN1 and_CC soil_NN1 under_II corn_NN1 
may_VM have_VHI been_VBN caused_VVN by_II this_DD1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT difficulty_NN1 of_IO demonstrating_VVG differences_NN2 
for_IF topsoils_NN2 as_II a_AT1 whole_NN1 is_VBZ seen_VVN in_II the_AT 
small_JJ differences_NN2 in_II total_JJ available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 of_IO 
Table_NN1 5_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II31 view_II32 of_II33 the_AT assumptions_NN2 made_VVN in_II 
calculating_VVG the_AT total_JJ available-water_JJ capacities_NN2 of_IO 
individual_JJ gardens_NN2 from_II only_RR two_MC depths_NN2 of_IO sampling_VVG 
,_, the_AT bottom_NN1 two_MC figures_NN2 in_II this_DD1 table_NN1 must_VM 
be_VBI regarded_VVN as_CS approximate_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT mean_JJ values_NN2 for_IF gardens_NN2 are_VBR probably_RR 
too_RG high_JJ as_II two_MC of_IO the_AT gardens_NN2 had_VHD topsoils_NN2 
shallower_JJR than_CSN 0.28_MC \_NULL m_NNO and_CC this_DD1 was_VBDZ 
ignored_VVN in_II the_AT calculation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT soil_NN1 underneath_II the_AT topsoils_NN2 in_II 
these_DD2 gardens_NN2 ,_, down_RP to_II a_AT1 depth_NN1 of_IO 0.28_MC \_NULL 
m_NNU ,_, were_VBDR assigned_VVN an_AT1 available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 of_IO 
8%_NNU of_IO soil_NN1 volume_NN1 (_( equal_JJ to_II that_DD1 of_IO upper_JJ 
B_ZZ1 horizons_NN2 under_II pasture_NN1 )_) the_AT mean_JJ total_JJ 
available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 for_IF new_JJ gardens_NN2 would_VM fall_VVI 
to_II 0.0330_MC \_NULL m_NNU of_IO water_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT difference_NN1 between_II pasture_NN1 and_CC gardens_NN2 
would_VM then_RT be_VBI close_JJ to_II significance_NN1 (_( *1_NULL \_NULL 
P=0.052_FO )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Causes_NN2 of_IO the_AT differences_NN2 in_II 
available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ seen_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC that_CST 
the_AT differences_NN2 in_II available-water_JJ capacity_NN1 obtained_VVN 
for_IF upper_JJ topsoils_NN2 derive_VV0 mainly_RR from_II large_JJ 
differences_NN2 in_II field_NN1 capacity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD dense_JJ soils_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN shown_VVN to_TO have_VHI 
low_JJ field_NN1 capacities_NN2 because_CS even_CS21 when_CS22 saturated_VVD 
they_PPHS2 can_VM not_XX contain_VVI the_AT amounts_NN2 of_IO water_NN1 
that_CST less_RGR dense_JJ soils_NN2 retain_VV0 at_II field_NN1 capacity_NN1 
._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 305+TEXT+J11_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT study_NN1 of_IO sequences_NN2 of_IO annual_JJ 
growth_NN1 rings_VVZ in_II trees_NN2 is_VBZ called_VVN dendrochronology_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS many_DA2 aspects_NN2 of_IO dendrochronology_NN1 have_VH0 
been_VBN dealt_VVN with_IW in_II various_JJ texts_NN2 ,_, notably_RR 
Fritts_NP1 (_( 1976_MC )_) ,_, no_AT overview_NN1 in_II a_AT1 New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 context_NN1 is_VBZ available_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 attempt_VV0 to_TO remedy_VVI this_DD1 deficiency_NN1 here_RL 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II discussing_VVG studies_NN2 using_VVG annual_JJ tree_NN1 
growth_NN1 rings_VVZ it_PPH1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ to_TO distinguish_VVI 
between_II those_DD2 studies_NN2 that_CST use_VV0 strict_JJ 
dendrochronological_JJ techniques_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 crossdating_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC those_DD2 that_CST simply_RR use_VV0 ring_NN1 counts_VVZ to_II age_NN1 
trees_NN2 or_CC date_NN1 events_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Strict_JJ dendrochronological_JJ techniques_NN2 offer_VV0 much_RR 
to_II ecologists_NN2 ,_, as_CSA they_PPHS2 provide_VV0 an_AT1 absolute_JJ 
chronological_JJ basis_NN1 for_IF tree-ring_JJ dates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 review_NN1 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 concentrated_VVN on_II 
studies_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 used_VVN the_AT strict_JJ dendrochronological_JJ 
approach_NN1 ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 also_RR discuss_VV0 other_JJ 
applications_NN2 of_IO tree-ring_JJ measurements_NN2 ,_, as_CSA we_PPIS2 
believe_VV0 that_CST they_PPHS2 can_VM benefit_VVI from_II a_AT1 more_RGR 
precise_JJ dendrochronological_JJ approach_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Methodology_NN1 of_IO Dendrochronology_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT basic_JJ methodology_NN1 of_IO 
dendrochronology_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN reviewed_VVN by_II Stokes_NP1 and_CC 
Smiley_NP1 (_( 1968_MC )_) ,_, Fritts_NP1 (_( 1976_MC )_) and_CC 
Schweingruber_NP1 (_( 1983_MC )_) ,_, and_CC in_II the_AT various_JJ 
papers_NN2 in_II Hughes_NP1 *1_NULL {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL *0_NULL (_( 1982_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 brief_JJ overview_NN1 of_IO the_AT methodology_NN1 is_VBZ 
presented_VVN ,_, emphasizing_VVG those_DD2 aspects_NN2 we_PPIS2 feel_VV0 
are_VBR important_JJ in_II the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 context_NN1 or_CC 
where_RRQ new_JJ developments_NN2 warrant_VV0 more_DAR detail_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Computer_NN1 programs_NN2 are_VBR available_JJ from_II the_AT 
authors_NN2 for_IF some_DD of_IO the_AT statistical_JJ analyses_NN2 
described_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Three_MC methodological_JJ steps_NN2 are_VBR common_JJ to_II 
most_DAT dendrochronological_JJ studies_NN2 :_: collection_NN1 and_CC 
preparation_NN1 of_IO samples_NN2 ;_; crossdating_NN1 and_CC measurement_NN1 
;_; and_CC chronology_NN1 building_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC important_JJ applications_NN2 of_IO dendrochronology_NN1 
are_VBR in_II growth-climate_JJ relations_NN2 and_CC forest_NN1 history_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT methodology_NN1 involved_JJ in_II these_DD2 is_VBZ also_RR 
briefly_RR discussed_VVN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Sample_NN1 collection_NN1 and_CC preparation_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Tree_NN1 growth_NN1 ,_, and_CC hence_RR ring-width_JJ 
,_, is_VBZ dependent_JJ on_II a_AT1 range_NN1 of_IO environmental_JJ and_CC 
biological_JJ factors_NN2 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL climate_NN1 ,_, soils_NN2 
,_, competition_NN1 ,_, browsing_VVG )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Careful_JJ site_NN1 and_CC tree_NN1 selection_NN1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ 
to_TO ensure_VVI that_DD1 specific_JJ influences_NN2 can_VM be_VBI studied_VVN 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT failure_NN1 to_TO achieve_VVI convincing_JJ crossdating_NN1 
,_, leading_VVG to_II a_AT1 lack_NN1 of_IO success_NN1 in_II early_JJ New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 dendrochronological_JJ studies_NN2 ,_, was_VBDZ probably_RR 
due_II21 to_II22 inappropriate_JJ site_NN1 selection_NN1 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX 
}_NULL Bell_NP1 and_CC Bell_NP1 ,_, 1958_MC ;_; Cameron_NP1 ,_, 1960_MC ;_; 
Scott_NP1 ,_, 1964_MC ,_, 1972_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, a_AT1 site_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ suitable_JJ for_IF 
studying_VVG one_MC1 factor_NN1 may_VM not_XX be_VBI suitable_JJ for_IF a_AT1 
second_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, if_CS the_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
study_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO examine_VVI the_AT relationships_NN2 between_II 
ring-width_NN1 and_CC temperature_NN1 ,_, trees_NN2 growing_VVG at_II 
sites_NN2 near_II the_AT alpine_JJ timberline_NN1 are_VBR sampled_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, subalpine_NN1 sites_NN2 are_VBR unlikely_JJ to_TO 
be_VBI suitable_JJ for_IF investigating_VVG relationships_NN2 between_II 
seed_NN1 production_NN1 and_CC growth_NN1 ,_, as_CSA temperature_NN1 
effects_NN2 are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO mask_VVI any_DD seed_NN1 effects_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II North_NP America_NP1 ,_, long_RR tree-ring_JJ 
records_NN2 suitable_JJ for_IF reconstructing_VVG past_II climate_NN1 have_VH0 
been_VBN developed_VVN from_II trees_NN2 growing_VVG at_II the_AT limits_NN2 
of_IO their_APPGE distribution_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA trees_NN2 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL *1_NULL {_NULL Pinus_NP1 
aristata_NN1 }_NULL )_) are_VBR often_RR very_RG old_JJ and_CC gnarled_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, however_RR ,_, tall_JJ ,_, straight_RR 
boled_VVD ,_, dominant_JJ canopy_NN1 trees_NN2 have_VH0 proved_VVN the_AT 
most_RGT suitable_JJ for_IF chronology_NN1 construction_NN1 (_( Norton_NP1 ,_, 
1983b_MC ,_, c_ZZ1 ;_; Ahmed_NP1 and_CC Ogden_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC )_) ,_, 
although_CS in_II some_DD cases_NN2 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL to_TO study_VVI 
avalanche_NN1 events_NN2 )_) damaged_VVD trees_NN2 ,_, often_RR of_IO poor_JJ 
form_NN1 ,_, are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO yield_VVI the_AT most_DAT information_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Field_NP1 sampling_NN1 is_VBZ undertaken_VVN either_RR by_II 
extracting_VVG increment_NN1 cores_NN2 or_CC by_II felling_VVG the_AT tree_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Coring_VVG procedures_NN2 are_VBR described_VVN in_II detail_NN1 
by_II Stokes_NP1 and_CC Smiley_NP1 (_( 1968_MC )_) and_CC Burrows_NP1 and_CC 
Burrows_NP1 (_( 1976_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT number_NN1 of_IO trees_NN2 sampled_VVD depends_VVZ on_II 
the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 ;_; we_PPIS2 have_VH0 found_VVN 15_MC 
to_II 20_MC trees_NN2 adequate_JJ for_IF studying_VVG growth-climate_JJ 
relations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ that_CST the_AT sampled_JJ trees_NN2 
come_VV0 from_II an_AT1 homogenous_JJ site_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II most_DAT dendrochronological_JJ applications_NN2 ,_, 
absolute_JJ measures_NN2 of_IO ring-widths_NN2 are_VBR not_XX needed_VVN (_( 
{_NULL c.f._VV0 }_NULL mensuration_NN1 of_IO living_JJ trees_NN2 )_) and_CC 
samples_NN2 are_VBR dried_VVN before_II further_JJR analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Cores_NN2 are_VBR best_JJT air-dried_JJ rather_II21 than_II22 
oven-dried_JJ ,_, then_RT glued_VVD into_II grooved_JJ wooden_JJ mounts_NN2 
with_IW the_AT transverse_JJ surface_NN1 of_IO the_AT core_NN1 upwards_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Correct_JJ core_NN1 orientation_NN1 is_VBZ essential_JJ if_CSW the_AT 
growth_NN1 rings_NN2 are_VBR to_TO be_VBI clearly_RR seen_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS several_DA2 North_NP American_JJ authors_NN2 
recommend_VV0 that_CST cores_NN2 be_VBI surfaced_VVN using_VVG a_AT1 razor_NN1 
blade_NN1 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL Stokes_NP1 and_CC Smiley_NP1 ,_, 1968_MC 
)_) ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 found_VVN that_CST with_IW the_AT narrow_JJ 
rings_NN2 typical_JJ of_IO many_DA2 New_NP Zealand_NP1 trees_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 
makes_VVZ ring_NN1 identification_NN1 difficult_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II our_APPGE experience_NN1 ,_, the_AT best_JJT surface_NN1 for_IF 
counting_VVG and_CC measuring_VVG the_AT growth_NN1 rings_VVZ is_VBZ 
obtained_VVN by_II sanding_VVG the_AT cores_NN2 and_CC discs_NN2 with_IW 
successively_RR finer_JJR grades_NN2 of_IO sand_NN1 paper_NN1 using_VVG an_AT1 
orbital_JJ sander_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Staining_NP1 of_IO wood_NN1 has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN found_VVN 
necessary_JJ with_IW the_AT species_NN we_PPIS2 have_VH0 examined_VVN but_CCB 
procedures_NN2 for_IF this_DD1 are_VBR outlined_VVN in_II Burrows_NP1 and_CC 
Burrows_NP1 (_( 1976_MC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Crossdating_NN1 and_CC measurement_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL *"_" Crossdating_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT 
important_JJ principle_NN1 of_IO dendrochronology_NN1 **"_" (_( Fritts_NP1 ,_, 
1976_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Crossdating_NN1 involves_VVZ matching_NN1 of_IO similar_JJ 
ring-width_JJ patterns_NN2 between_II different_JJ trees_NN2 and_CC is_VBZ 
possible_JJ because_CS the_AT same_DA or_CC similar_JJ factors_NN2 are_VBR 
limiting_VVG growth_NN1 of_IO several_DA2 trees_NN2 at_II a_AT1 site_NN1 in_II 
a_AT1 similar_JJ way_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA this_DD1 limiting_JJ factor_NN1 varies_VVZ from_II year_NNT1 
to_II year_NNT1 ,_, so_RG too_RR does_VDZ ring-width_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II some_DD years_NNT2 growth_NN1 rings_NN2 may_VM be_VBI 
absent_JJ or_CC more_RR21 than_RR22 one_MC1 ring_NN1 formed_VVN (_( see_VV0 
below_RL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA anomalous_JJ rings_NN2 place_VV0 tree-ring_JJ sequences_NN2 
out_II21 of_II22 chronological_JJ order_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 anomalous_JJ rings_NN2 can_VM ,_, however_RR ,_, be_VBI 
identified_VVN by_II crossdating_NN1 ,_, as_CSA on_II one_MC1 side_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT anomaly_NN1 the_AT ring-width_JJ pattern_NN1 will_VM match_VVI with_IW 
other_JJ trees_NN2 while_CS on_II the_AT other_JJ side_NN1 they_PPHS2 will_VM 
not_XX ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS these_DD2 anomalous_JJ rings_NN2 are_VBR recognized_VVN 
and_CC taken_VVN into_II account_NN1 ,_, the_AT ring-width_JJ series_NN 
from_II several_DA2 trees_NN2 will_VM match_VVI for_IF their_APPGE entire_JJ 
length_NN1 (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 1_MC1 )_) thus_RR providing_VVG an_AT1 
absolute_JJ time_NNT1 base_NN1 for_IF all_DB tree-ring_JJ sequences_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO approaches_NN2 to_II crossdating_NN1 
,_, both_RR subjective_JJ and_CC objective_NN1 ,_, have_VH0 been_VBN 
described_VVN (_( Stokes_NP1 and_CC Smiley_NP1 ,_, 1968_MC ;_; Eckstein_NP1 
and_CC Bauch_NP1 ,_, 1969_MC ;_; Huber_NP1 and_CC Giertz_NP1 ,_, 1970_MC ;_; 
Baillie_NP1 and_CC Pilcher_NP1 ,_, 1973_MC ;_; Wendland_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC ;_; 
Cropper_NP1 ,_, 1979_MC ;_; Munro_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS ring-width_JJ series_NN can_VM be_VBI crossdated_VVN 
objectively_RR ,_, using_VVG computer_NN1 techniques_NN2 ,_, all_DB 
matches_NN2 must_VM be_VBI inspected_VVN visually_RR before_II accepting_VVG 
them_PPHO2 as_RG true_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Furthermore_RR these_DD2 objective_JJ methods_NN2 are_VBR only_RR 
appropriate_JJ when_CS the_AT number_NN1 of_IO anomalous_JJ rings_NN2 is_VBZ 
small_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_II21 of_II22 the_AT large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO absent_JJ 
rings_NN2 in_II many_DA2 New_NP Zealand_NP1 tree-ring_JJ series_NN and_CC 
because_II21 of_II22 the_AT need_NN1 for_IF visual_JJ 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL checking_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 found_VVN 
that_DD1 crossdating_NN1 is_VBZ best_RRT undertaken_VVN visually_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT statistical_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO similarity_NN1 is_VBZ 
assessed_VVN later_RRR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Microcomputer-based_JJ measuring_JJ systems_NN2 (_( 
Robinson_NP1 and_CC Evans_NP1 ,_, 1980_MC )_) are_VBR widely_RR used_VVN 
for_IF measuring_VVG ring-width_NN1 ;_; measurement_NN1 is_VBZ from_II the_AT 
latewood-earlywood_JJ boundary_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ undertaken_VVN after_II 
crossdating_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ring-width_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT only_JJ growth_NN1 ring_NN1 
variable_NN1 that_CST can_VM be_VBI measured_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT size_NN1 and_CC number_NN1 of_IO different_JJ cell_NN1 
types_NN2 and_CC the_AT elemental_JJ concentrations_NN2 in_II the_AT wood_NN1 
of_IO different_JJ growth_NN1 rings_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN used_VVN (_( {_NULL 
e.g._REX }_NULL Hill_NP1 ,_, 1982_MC ;_; Eckstein_NP1 and_CC Frisse_NP1 ,_, 
1982_MC ;_; Stuiver_NP1 ,_, Burk_NP1 and_CC Quay_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC ;_; 
Berish_NP1 and_CC Ragsdale_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, the_AT most_RGT commonly_RR measured_JJ attribute_NN1 
of_IO growth_NN1 rings_VVZ after_II width_NN1 is_VBZ density_NN1 ,_, 
especially_RR latewood_NN1 density_NN1 (_( Polge_NP1 ,_, 1970_MC ;_; 
Schweingruber_NP1 ,_, 1982_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Latewood_NP1 density_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN shown_VVN to_TO be_VBI 
better_RRR related_VVN to_II growing_JJ season_NNT1 climate_NN1 than_CSN 
ring-width_JJ (_( Schweingruber_NP1 *1_NULL {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL 1978_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT only_JJ New_NP Zealand_NP1 use_NN1 of_IO ring_NN1 density_NN1 
that_CST we_PPIS2 are_VBR aware_JJ of_IO has_VHZ been_VBN with_IW *1_NULL 
{_NULL Pinus_NP1 radiata_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL 
Cown_NP1 and_CC Kibblewhite_NP1 ,_, 1980_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Because_CS the_AT growing_JJ season_NNT1 in_II the_AT 
Southern_NP1 Hemisphere_NP1 spans_VVZ two_MC calendar_NN1 years_NNT2 ,_, 
the_AT convention_NN1 used_VVN is_VBZ to_TO date_VVI a_AT1 growth_NN1 ring_NN1 
by_II the_AT year_NNT1 in_II which_DDQ growth_NN1 started_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR ,_, a_AT1 growth_NN1 ring_VV0 that_DD1 was_VBDZ laid_VVN 
down_RP over_II the_AT 1986-87_MCMC season_NNT1 is_VBZ referred_VVN to_II 
as_II the_AT 1986_MC growth_NN1 ring_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Anomalous_JJ growth_NN1 rings_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II some_DD years_NNT2 ,_, environmental_JJ or_CC 
biological_JJ conditions_NN2 are_VBR such_DA that_CST tree_NN1 growth_NN1 
is_VBZ severely_RR reduced_VVN ,_, with_IW radial_JJ growth_NN1 localized_VVD 
to_II certain_JJ radii_NN2 ,_, or_CC not_XX occurring_VVG at_RR21 all_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 rings_NN2 are_VBR said_VVN to_TO be_VBI *'_" partial_JJ 
**'_" ,_, *'_" locally_RR absent_JJ **'_" or_CC *'_" missing_VVG **'_" (_( 
Fritts_NP1 ,_, 1976_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Missing_JJ rings_NN2 appear_VV0 to_TO occur_VVI for_IF two_MC 
reasons_NN2 (_( Norton_NP1 ,_, Palmer_NP1 and_CC Ogden_NP1 ,_, 1987_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Firstly_RR ,_, during_II years_NNT2 in_II which_DDQ 
photosynthesis_NN1 is_VBZ severely_RR reduced_VVN ,_, most_RGT radial_JJ 
growth_NN1 is_VBZ confined_VVN to_II the_AT upper_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
bole_NN1 with_IW little_DA1 growth_NN1 in_II the_AT lower_JJR bole_NN1 (_( 
Farrar_NP1 ,_, 1961_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, in_II *1_NULL {_NULL Nothofagus_NP1 
solandri_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL the_AT percentage_NN1 of_IO missing_JJ rings_NN2 
is_VBZ greatest_JJT closest_JJT to_II the_AT ground_NN1 (_( Norton_NP1 ,_, 
1986_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Secondly_RR ,_, missing_JJ rings_NN2 occur_VV0 because_II21 of_II22 
ring_NN1 wedging_VVG ,_, where_CS a_AT1 single_JJ ring_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 
group_NN of_IO rings_NN2 are_VBR absent_JJ around_II a_AT1 portion_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT circumference_NN1 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL Dunwiddie_NP1 ,_, 1979_MC 
)_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ thought_VVN to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT development_NN1 and_CC death_NN1 of_IO major_JJ branches_NN2 and_CC 
consequent_JJ variations_NN2 in_II food_NN1 and_CC growth_NN1 regulator_NN1 
supplies_NN2 (_( Fritts_NP1 *1_NULL {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL 1965_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Missing_JJ rings_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN identified_VVN in_II 
a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 tree_NN1 species_NN (_( Norton_NP1 
,_, Palmer_NP1 and_CC Ogden_NP1 ,_, 1987_MC )_) and_CC on_II single_JJ 
radii_NN2 can_VM be_VBI as_RG high_JJ as_CSA 10%_NNU of_IO the_AT total_JJ 
number_NN1 of_IO rings_NN2 present_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Missing_JJ rings_NN2 are_VBR potentially_RR a_AT1 serious_JJ 
problem_NN1 in_II tree-ring_JJ studies_NN2 but_CCB can_VM be_VBI detected_VVN 
by_II crossdating_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 second_MD type_NN1 of_IO anomalous_JJ growth_NN1 
ring_NN1 occurs_VVZ as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO changes_NN2 in_II cell_NN1 
structure_NN1 during_II the_AT course_NN1 of_IO the_AT growing_JJ season_NNT1 
causing_VVG the_AT formation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 band_NN1 of_IO narrow_JJ 
cells_NN2 resembling_VVG latewood_NN1 and_CC referred_VVN to_II as_II a_AT1 
*'_" false_JJ ring_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL False_JJ rings_NN2 occur_VV0 when_RRQ growing_JJ season_NNT1 
conditions_NN2 become_VV0 temporarily_RR severe_JJ (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL 
soil_NN1 moisture_NN1 deficits_NN2 or_CC low_JJ temperatures_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS more_RGR favourable_JJ conditions_NN2 resume_VV0 ,_, the_AT 
subsequently_RR formed_JJ cells_NN2 are_VBR larger_JJR and_CC have_VH0 
thinner_JJR walls_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL False_JJ rings_NN2 are_VBR usually_RR easily_RR identified_VVN as_CSA 
there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 gradual_JJ transition_NN1 in_II cell_NN1 size_NN1 on_II 
both_DB2 margins_NN2 of_IO the_AT band_NN1 in_II contrast_NN1 to_II the_AT 
normal_JJ ring_NN1 boundary_NN1 ,_, where_CS there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 
pronounced_JJ change_NN1 in_II cell_NN1 size_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL False_JJ rings_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN observed_VVN in_II a_AT1 
number_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 tree_NN1 species_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II Switzerland_NP1 the_AT occurrence_NN1 of_IO false_JJ rings_NN2 
in_II several_DA2 conifer_NN1 species_NN has_VHZ been_VBN related_VVN to_II 
the_AT number_NN1 of_IO cold_JJ days_NNT2 during_II the_AT growing_JJ 
season_NNT1 (_( Schweingruber_NP1 ,_, 1980_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 third_MD type_NN1 of_IO anomalous_JJ growth_NN1 ring_NN1 
occurs_VVZ as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO frost_NN1 damage_NN1 and_CC can_VM 
be_VBI common_JJ in_II subalpine_NN1 trees_NN2 (_( LaMarche_NP1 ,_, 1970_MC 
)_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II affected_JJ rings_NN2 ,_, severe_JJ distortion_NN1 of_IO 
cells_NN2 occurs_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Frost_NP1 rings_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN identified_VVN in_II *1_NULL 
{_NULL Nothofagus_NP1 solandri_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( Norton_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC 
)_) ,_, and_CC are_VBR probably_RR uncommon_JJ away_II21 from_II22 
temperature_NN1 caused_VVD timberlines_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Frost_NP1 rings_VVZ ,_, if_CS sufficiently_RR widespread_JJ in_II 
occurrence_NN1 ,_, can_VM offer_VVI a_AT1 useful_JJ crossdating_NN1 
parameter_NN1 independent_JJ of_IO ring_NN1 width_NN1 (_( Ogden_NP1 ,_, 
1978_MC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Chronology_NP1 development_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Ring-widths_NN2 often_RR decrease_VV0 with_IW 
increasing_VVG tree_NN1 age_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 biological_JJ growth_NN1 trend_NN1 is_VBZ usually_RR 
independent_JJ of_IO other_JJ factors_NN2 influencing_VVG tree_NN1 growth_NN1 
(_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL climate_NN1 )_) and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ often_RR 
helpful_JJ to_TO remove_VVI it_PPH1 by_II a_AT1 curve-fitting_JJ procedure_NN1 
prior_II21 to_II22 further_JJR analysis_NN1 (_( Fritts_NP1 ,_, 1976_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 *'_" standardization_NN1 **'_" procedure_NN1 ,_, 
the_AT measured_JJ ring-widths_NN2 are_VBR converted_VVN to_II ring-width_JJ 
indices_NN2 by_II dividing_VVG each_DD1 width_NN1 by_II the_AT expected_JJ 
growth_NN1 derived_VVN from_II the_AT fitted_JJ curve_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Traditionally_RR negative_JJ exponential_JJ and_CC polynomial_JJ 
curves_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN used_VVN for_IF standardization_NN1 (_( 
Fritts_NP1 ,_, 1976_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, several_DA2 difficulties_NN2 occur_VV0 with_IW 
these_DD2 ,_, including_II (_( a_ZZ1 )_) the_AT need_NN1 to_TO subjectively_RR 
select_VVI a_AT1 curve_NN1 fitting_JJ procedure_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 
ring-width_JJ sequence_NN1 ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) curve_VV0 distortion_NN1 due_II21 
to_II22 eccentric_JJ data_NN points_NN2 and_CC (_( c_ZZ1 )_) the_AT 
tendency_NN1 to_TO *'_" overfit_VVI **'_" curves_NN2 to_II short_JJ 
ring-width_JJ series_NN (_( Warren_NP1 ,_, 1980_MC ;_; Cook_NP1 and_CC 
Peters_NP1 ,_, 1981_MC ;_; Briffa_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT most_RGT promising_JJ alternative_NN1 involves_VVZ the_AT 
use_NN1 of_IO digital_JJ filters_NN2 (_( Mitchell_NP1 *1_NULL {_NULL et_RA21 
al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL *0_NULL 1966_MC ;_; Briffa_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Filters_NN2 have_VH0 two_MC advantages_NN2 over_II exponential_JJ 
and_CC polynomial_JJ curves_NN2 for_IF standardization_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Firstly_RR ,_, the_AT spectral_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
filter_NN1 can_VM be_VBI precisely_RR defined_VVN and_CC secondly_RR ,_, 
their_APPGE functioning_NN1 is_VBZ independent_JJ of_IO the_AT length_NN1 
of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 series_NN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT approach_NN1 used_VVN by_II Briffa_NP1 (_( 1984_MC )_) 
involves_VVZ setting_VVG the_AT weights_NN2 in_II the_AT filter_NN1 
proportional_JJ to_II the_AT ordinates_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 Gaussian_JJ 
probability_NN1 curve_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_II21 of_II22 the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT Gaussian_JJ 
distribution_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ to_TO precisely_RR define_VVI 
the_AT variations_NN2 removed_VVN by_II the_AT filter_NN1 ,_, and_CC by_II 
altering_VVG the_AT number_NN1 of_IO weights_NN2 in_II the_AT filter_NN1 ,_, 
to_TO change_VVI the_AT amplitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT variation_NN1 retained_VVD 
after_II filtering_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, a_ZZ1 30_MC year_NNT1 filter_NN1 will_VM 
pass_VVI 50%_NNU or_CC less_DAR of_IO the_AT variance_NN1 at_II wave_NN1 
lengths_NN2 of_IO 30_MC years_NNT2 or_CC greater_JJR ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II using_VVG this_DD1 filtering_JJ technique_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
possible_JJ to_TO objectively_RR standardize_VVI ring-width_JJ time-series_NN 
,_, and_CC **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL to_TO define_VVI the_AT spectral_JJ 
characteristics_NN2 of_IO the_AT resultant_JJ indexed_JJ series_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 additional_JJ advantage_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST both_DB2 parts_NN2 
of_IO the_AT filtered_JJ data_NN can_VM be_VBI used_VVN (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 
2_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF climatic_JJ reconstruction_NN1 ,_, the_AT high_JJ 
frequency_NN1 variations_NN2 are_VBR of_IO most_DAT interest_NN1 ,_, so_CS 
the_AT residuals_NN2 from_II the_AT filtered_JJ series_NN are_VBR used_VVN 
to_TO develop_VVI the_AT tree-ring_JJ chronology_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, in_II other_JJ applications_NN2 ,_, the_AT 
low-frequency_JJ part_NN1 might_VM be_VBI of_IO interest_NN1 and_CC can_VM 
be_VBI used_VVN to_TO produce_VVI *'_" reciprocal_JJ chronologies_NN2 **'_" 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Other_JJ approaches_NN2 to_II standardization_NN1 have_VH0 
been_VBN suggested_VVN but_CCB have_VH0 not_XX been_VBN widely_RR used_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, Bathgate_NP1 (_( 1981_MC )_) has_VHZ 
developed_VVN a_AT1 standardization_NN1 procedure_NN1 that_CST assumes_VVZ 
that_CST all_DB trees_NN2 have_VH0 the_AT same_DA underlying_JJ ,_, or_CC *'_" 
universal_JJ **'_" ,_, biological_JJ growth_NN1 trend_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 306+TEXT+J12_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL These_DD2 three_MC geckos_NN2 are_VBR nocturnal_JJ and_CC 
are_VBR agile_JJ climbers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT diurnal_JJ ,_, arboreal_JJ gecko_NN1 *1_NULL {_NULL 
Naultinus_NN1 grayi_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL has_VHZ been_VBN seen_VVN feeding_VVG 
on_II manuka_NN1 nectar_NN1 (_( *1_NULL {_NULL Leptospermum_NP1 scoparium_NN1 
}_NULL :_: *0_NULL Myrtaceae_NP1 )_) (_( \_NULL M._NN1 Bellingham_NP1 {_NULL 
pers.comm_NNU ._. 

^ }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 geckos_NN2 have_VH0 most_RGT often_RR 
been_VBN seen_VVN feeding_VVG on_II pohutukawa_NN1 nectar_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Flowers_NN2 on_II pohutukawa_NN1 trees_NN2 open_VV0 sequentially_RR 
with_IW individual_JJ flowers_NN2 lasting_VVG 6-8_MCMC days_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Inflorescences_NP1 have_VH0 flowers_NN2 open_VVI for_IF up_RG21 
to_RG22 12_MC days_NNT2 ,_, and_CC flowering_NN1 may_VM take_VVI place_NN1 
over_RG six_MC weeks_NNT2 (_( Godley_NP1 1978_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Similarly_RR ,_, individual_JJ trees_NN2 within_II a_AT1 
population_NN1 flower_NN1 at_II different_JJ times_NNT2 over_II a_AT1 
season_NNT1 lasting_VVG 6-10_MCMC weeks_NNT2 (_( Godley_NP1 1978_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL When_CS pohutukawa_NN1 blooms_NN2 ,_, geckos_NN2 (_( *1_NULL 
{_NULL \_NULL H._NP1 duvauceli_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
H._NP1 pacificus_NN1 }_NULL )_) preferentially_RR congregate_VV0 on_II 
flowering_VVG plants_NN2 to_TO feed_VVI on_II nectar_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Whitaker_NP1 (_( 1968_MC )_) reported_VVD over_RG 50_MC *1_NULL 
{_NULL \_NULL H._NP1 pacificus_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL on_II the_AT flowers_NN2 
of_IO a_AT1 small_JJ ,_, isolated_JJ pohutukawa_NN1 which_DDQ had_VHD a_AT1 
canopy_NN1 surface_NN1 of_IO approximately_RR 21_MC \_NULL m_NNU *:_NULL 2_MC 
**:_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Allowing_VVG for_IF approximately_RR 50%_NNU of_IO the_AT canopy_NN1 
surface_NN1 to_TO be_VBI covered_VVN in_II flowers_NN2 (_( pohutukawa_NN1 
flowers_NN2 only_RR on_II the_AT canopy_NN1 )_) ,_, there_EX were_VBDR 
nearly_RR 5_MC geckos_NN2 \_NULL m_ZZ1 *:_NULL -2_MC **:_NULL of_IO 
flowers_NN2 feeding_VVG on_II this_DD1 tree_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II Aorangi_NP Island_NNL1 ,_, Poor_JJ Knights_NP1 group_NN ,_, 
two_MC small_JJ pohutukawa_NN1 trees_NN2 ,_, adjoining_VVG an_AT1 area_NN1 
of_IO larger_JJR pohutukawas_NN2 ,_, were_VBDR observed_VVN to_TO have_VHI 
7-8_MCMC geckos_NN2 \_NULL m_ZZ1 *:_NULL -2_MC **:_NULL of_IO flowers_NN2 
on_II most_DAT nights_NNT2 over_II a_AT1 three_MC week_NNT1 period_NN1 in_II 
November_NPM1 1984_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Geckos_NP1 group_NN around_II the_AT newly_RR opened_JJ 
flowers_NN2 ,_, presumably_RR because_CS these_DD2 have_VH0 the_AT 
greatest_JJT nectar_NN1 production_NN1 ,_, and_CC up_RG21 to_RG22 five_MC 
geckos_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN seen_VVN feeding_VVG together_RL from_II a_AT1 
single_JJ inflorescence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Density_NN1 of_IO geckos_NN2 \_NULL m_ZZ1 *:_NULL -2_MC **:_NULL 
flowers_NN2 at_II the_AT right_JJ stage_NN1 for_IF pollination_NN1 is_VBZ 
therefore_RR probably_RR higher_JJR than_CSN the_AT above_JJ figures_NN2 
indicate_VV0 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT geckos_NN2 emerge_VV0 at_II dusk_NNT1 ,_, usually_RR 
from_II retreats_NN2 on_II the_AT ground_NN1 ,_, and_CC can_VM often_RR be_VBI 
seen_VVN on_II the_AT flowers_NN2 before_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ dark_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ earlier_JJR than_CSN usual_JJ and_CC suggests_VVZ 
there_EX may_VM be_VBI competition_NN1 for_IF the_AT nectar_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT greatest_JJT foraging_JJ activity_NN1 for_IF nectar_NN1 is_VBZ 
in_II the_AT first_MD 2-4_MCMC hours_NNT2 after_II dusk_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS foraging_VVG ,_, the_AT geckos_NN2 climb_VV0 over_II the_AT 
surface_NN1 of_IO the_AT flowers_NN2 and_CC push_VV0 their_APPGE heads_NN2 
down_RP between_II the_AT stamens_NN2 to_TO lap_VVI the_AT nectar_NN1 (_( 
\_NULL Fig._NN1 1_MC1 ;_; see_VV0 also_RR Whitaker_NP1 1987_MC )_) ,_, 
usually_RR working_VVG from_II one_MC1 flower_NN1 to_II the_AT next_MD 
across_II the_AT inflorescence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 then_RT move_VV0 through_II the_AT foliage_NN1 in_II31 
search_II32 of_II33 another_DD1 inflorescence_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Ngaio_NP1 flowers_NN2 are_VBR much_RR smaller_JJR and_CC 
more_RGR scattered_JJ than_CSN those_DD2 of_IO pohutukawa_NN1 but_CCB are_VBR 
nonetheless_RR keenly_RR sought_VVN by_II *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL H._NP1 
pacificus_NN1 }_NULL ;_; *0_NULL only_RR once_RR has_VHZ *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
H._NP1 duvauceli_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL been_VBN seen_VVN feeding_VVG on_II 
ngaio_NN1 nectar_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Geckos_NN2 forage_VV0 amongst_II the_AT foliage_NN1 or_CC along_II 
the_AT stems_NN2 of_IO ngaio_NN1 until_CS a_AT1 flower_NN1 is_VBZ located_VVN 
._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 then_RT arch_VV0 their_APPGE necks_NN2 to_TO push_VVI 
the_AT snout_NN1 well_RR down_RP into_II the_AT flower_NN1 to_TO reach_VVI 
the_AT nectar_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II Aorangi_NP Island_NNL1 in_II November_NPM1 1984_MC each_DD1 
ngaio_NN1 bush_NN1 along_II the_AT shore_NN1 generally_RR had_VHD 2-4_MCMC 
geckos_NN2 each_DD1 night_NNT1 feeding_VVG on_II nectar_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT flowers_NN2 of_IO flax_NN1 are_VBR so_RG robust_JJ 
that_CST only_RR *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL H._NP1 duvauceli_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL 
or_CC adult_NN1 *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL H._NP1 pacificus_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
are_VBR able_JK to_TO force_VVI the_AT petals_NN2 apart_RL to_TO reach_VVI 
the_AT nectar_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 push_VV0 their_APPGE snout_NN1 into_II the_AT open_JJ 
end_NN1 of_IO the_AT flower_NN1 ,_, prise_NN1 the_AT petals_NN2 apart_RL 
along_II one_MC1 side_NN1 and_CC lap_VV0 the_AT nectar_NN1 through_II the_AT 
side_NN1 of_IO the_AT flower_NN1 (_( similar_JJ behaviour_NN1 was_VBDZ 
reported_VVN for_IF *1_NULL {_NULL Phelsuma_NP1 vinsoni_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL 
feeding_VVG on_II the_AT nectar_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL Lomatophyllum_NN1 
*0_NULL \_NULL sp_NNU ._. 

^ (_( Liliaceae_NP1 )_) (_( Vinson_NP1 &_CC Vinson_NP1 1969_MC )_) )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Smaller_JJR geckos_NN2 forage_VV0 over_II the_AT flax_NN1 
inflorescences_NN2 searching_VVG for_IF scattered_JJ droplets_NN2 of_IO 
nectar_NN1 ,_, damaged_JJ flowers_NN2 or_CC other_JJ accessible_JJ nectar_NN1 
sources_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Densities_NN2 of_IO lizards_NN2 taking_VVG flax_NN1 nectar_NN1 
are_VBR not_XX easy_JJ to_TO calculate_VVI but_II Miller_NP1 (_( 1986_MC )_) 
reported_VVD 1-6_MCMC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL H._NP1 pacificus_NN1 }_NULL 
*0_NULL (_( usually_RR 4-6_MCMC )_) feeding_VVG on_II *5_NULL each_DD1 *0_NULL 
flax_NN1 inflorescence_NN1 on_II Whale_NP Island_NNL1 ,_, Moturoa_NP1 group_NN 
,_, in_II November_NPM1 1985_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Three_MC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL H._NP1 pacificus_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
were_VBDR observed_VVN feeding_VVG on_II nectar_NN1 from_II flowers_NN2 on_II 
one_MC1 bract_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 flax_NN1 inflorescence_NN1 on_II Green_NP 
Island_NNL1 ,_, Mercury_NP1 group_NN ,_, in_II November_NPM1 1972_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX has_VHZ been_VBN only_RR one_MC1 observation_NN1 
of_IO a_AT1 gecko_NN1 feeding_VVG on_II *1_NULL {_NULL Hebe_NP1 bollonsii_NN2 
}_NULL *0_NULL flowers_NN2 ;_; an_AT1 adult_NN1 *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL H._NP1 
pacificus_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL was_VBDZ seen_VVN clinging_VVG to_II the_AT 
erect_JJ inflorescence_NN1 and_CC lapping_VVG nectar_NN1 from_II each_DD1 
flower_NN1 in_II turn_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Geckos_NN2 have_VH0 also_RR been_VBN seen_VVN feeding_VVG 
on_II the_AT fluid_NN1 draining_VVG from_II wounds_NN2 on_II the_AT trunks_NN2 
of_IO trees_NN2 ,_, and_CC on_II honey-dew_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II Little_JJ Ohena_NP Island_NNL1 ,_, east_ND1 of_IO Whitianga_NP1 
,_, over_RG 80_MC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL H._NP1 pacificus_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
were_VBDR counted_VVN feeding_VVG on_II honey-dew_NN1 on_II a_AT1 6_MC \_NULL 
m_NNU tall_JJ karo_NN1 *1_NULL {_NULL Pittosporum_NN1 crassifolium_NN1 }_NULL 
:_: *0_NULL Pittosporaceae_NP1 )_) in_II November_NPM1 1972_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL To_TO examine_VVI the_AT potential_NN1 for_IF pollen_NN1 
dispersal_NN1 ,_, smears_NN2 were_VBDR collected_VVN from_II 32_MC geckos_NN2 
(_( 15_MC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL H._NP1 duvauceli_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC 
17_MC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL H._NP1 pacificus_NN1 }_NULL )_) on_II Aorangi_NP 
Island_NNL1 in_II November_NPM1 1984_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT time_NNT1 the_AT samples_NN2 were_VBDR collected_JJ 
pohutukawa_NN1 and_CC ngaio_NN1 were_VBDR in_RR21 full_RR22 flower_NN1 but_CCB 
other_JJ possible_JJ nectar_NN1 sources_NN2 (_( flax_NN1 ;_; ti_NN2 ;_; 
*1_NULL {_NULL Sicyos_NP1 angulata_NN1 }_NULL ;_; *0_NULL puriri_NN2 (_( 
*1_NULL {_NULL Vitex_NP1 lucens_NN2 }_NULL :_: *0_NULL Verbenaceae_NP1 )_) ;_; 
*1_NULL {_NULL Xeronema_NP1 callistemon_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( Liliaceae_NP1 
)_) )_) had_VHD virtually_RR finished_VVN flowering_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL Pollen_NN1 smears_NN2 were_VBDR collected_VVN from_II geckos_NN2 
by_II pressing_VVG transparent_JJ adhesive_JJ tape_NN1 (_( *"_" Sellotape_NP1 
**"_" )_) to_II the_AT undersurface_NN1 of_IO the_AT throat_NN1 and_CC then_RT 
sticking_VVG it_PPH1 to_II a_AT1 glass_NN1 microscope_NN1 slide_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 were_VBDR examined_VVN at_II 100x_MC magnification_NN1 
and_CC identified_VVN by_II comparing_VVG the_AT pollen_NN1 with_IW 
reference_NN1 slides_NN2 made_VVN from_II all_DB the_AT species_NN in_II 
flower_NN1 at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT survey_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT amount_NN1 of_IO pollen_NN1 was_VBDZ scored_VVN on_II an_AT1 
arbitrary_JJ scale_NN1 based_VVN on_II that_DD1 used_VVN by_II Gaze_NP1 &_CC 
Fitzgerald_NP1 (_( 1982_MC )_) where_CS :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
__NULL 0_MC =_FO no_AT pollen_NN1 present_NN1 |_NULL 1_MC1 =_FO very_RG 
few_DA2 pollen_NN1 grains_NN2 present_VV0 |_NULL 2_MC =_FO scatter_NN1 of_IO 
single_JJ grains_NN2 or_CC a_DD221 few_DD222 small_JJ groups_NN2 |_NULL 3_MC 
=_FO scattered_JJ groups_NN2 of_IO grains_NN2 |_NULL 4_MC =_FO pollen_NN1 
always_RR visible_JJ in_II field_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 |_NULL 5_MC =_FO 
continuous_JJ scatter_NN1 of_IO pollen_NN1 across_II the_AT slide_NN1 |_NULL 
^_NULL The_AT geckos_NN2 sampled_VVD included_VVN three_MC captured_VVD 
while_CS feeding_VVG from_II pohutukawa_NN1 flowers_NN2 and_CC one_PN1 
feeding_VVG from_II ngaio_NN1 ;_; these_DD2 samples_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN 
as_II a_AT1 measure_NN1 of_IO pollen_NN1 quantity_NN1 carried_VVD close_RR 
to_II the_AT source_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 included_VVD 20_MC geckos_NN2 
actively_RR foraging_VVG away_II21 from_II22 flowering_VVG trees_NN2 and_CC 
8_MC geckos_NN2 captured_VVD by_II day_NNT1 from_II retreats_NN2 on_II the_AT 
ground_NN1 while_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR inactive_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Twenty-two_MC (_( 68.7%_FO )_) of_IO the_AT geckos_NN2 
were_VBDR carrying_VVG at_RR21 least_RR22 some_DD pohutukawa_NN1 pollen_NN1 
(_( Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ;_; only_RR the_AT gecko_NN1 sampled_VVD while_CS 
feeding_VVG on_II ngaio_NN1 had_VHD ngaio_NN1 pollen_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL No_AT pollen_NN1 from_II other_JJ species_NN was_VBDZ found_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL H._NP1 duvauceli_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL 
carried_VVD huge_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO fungal_JJ spores_NN2 from_II two_MC 
species_NN of_IO sooty_JJ mould_NN1 of_IO the_AT type_NN1 commonly_RR 
found_VVN on_II tree-trunks_NN2 (_( {_NULL A._NP1 E._NP1 }_NULL Bell_NP1 
{_NULL pers._NNU comm_UH ._. 

^ }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nearby_RL ,_, geckos_NN2 were_VBDR frequently_RR observed_VVN 
feeding_VVG on_II exudate_NN1 from_II bark-wounds_NN2 ,_, surrounded_VVN by_II 
sooty_JJ moulds_NN2 ,_, in_II several_DA2 karo_NN1 trees_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Five_MC (_( 62.5%_FO )_) of_IO the_AT inactive_JJ geckos_NN2 
were_VBDR carrying_VVG pohutukawa_NN1 pollen_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA these_DD2 animals_NN2 were_VBDR sampled_VVN just_RR before_II 
dusk_NNT1 ,_, they_PPHS2 must_VM have_VHI been_VBN carrying_VVG pollen_NN1 
for_IF at_RR21 least_RR22 12_MC hours_NNT2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL When_RRQ geckos_NN2 were_VBDR sampled_VVN while_CS actively_RR 
foraging_VVG ,_, no_AT measure_NN1 of_IO the_AT distance_NN1 to_II the_AT 
nearest_JJT nectar_NN1 source_NN1 was_VBDZ made_VVN because_II21 of_II22 
the_AT difficulty_NN1 of_IO doing_VDG so_RG in_II forest_NN1 at_II night_NNT1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, many_DA2 of_IO those_DD2 which_DDQ were_VBDR 
carrying_VVG pohutukawa_NN1 pollen_NN1 were_VBDR collected_VVN in_II an_AT1 
area_NN1 20-25_MCMC \_NULL m_NNU from_II the_AT nearest_JJT pohutukawa_NN1 
trees_NN2 ,_, and_CC some_DD animals_NN2 with_IW pohutukawa_NN1 pollen_NN1 
were_VBDR collected_VVN while_CS foraging_VVG on_II the_AT shore_NN1 over_RG 
50_MC \_NULL m_NNU from_II the_AT nearest_JJT pohutukawa_NN1 trees_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Geckos_NP1 feeding_VVG on_II pohutukawa_NN1 or_CC flax_NN1 
nectar_NN1 have_VH0 visible_JJ amounts_NN2 of_IO pollen_NN1 adhering_VVG to_II 
their_APPGE heads_NN2 ,_, undersurface_NN1 ,_, and_CC feet_NN2 (_( see_VV0 
Whitaker_NP1 1987_MC )_) ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL Geckos_NP1 examined_VVD while_CS 
inactive_JJ ,_, or_CC foraging_VVG somewhere_RL other_II21 than_II22 on_II 
plants_NN2 from_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 could_VM collect_VVI nectar_NN1 
usually_RR had_VHN pollen_NN1 adhering_VVG only_RR to_II their_APPGE 
throats_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Whitaker_NP1 1987_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS nectar_NN1 may_VM stick_VVI the_AT pollen_NN1 to_II 
the_AT skin_NN1 of_IO the_AT gecko_NN1 the_AT behaviour_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
feeding_JJ gecko_NN1 shows_VVZ the_AT throat_NN1 is_VBZ probably_RR the_AT 
best_JJT region_NN1 of_IO the_AT body_NN1 for_IF the_AT transfer_NN1 of_IO 
pollen_NN1 to_II the_AT stigma_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II the_AT throat_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT region_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
body_NN1 where_RRQ most_DAT pollen_NN1 adheres_VVZ there_EX is_VBZ the_AT 
possibility_NN1 that_CST other_JJ mechanisms_NN2 of_IO attachment_NN1 are_VBR 
involved_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Preliminary_JJ examinations_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 scanning_JJ 
electron_NN1 microscope_NN1 of_IO the_AT skin_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
H._NP1 pacificus_NN1 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL the_AT species_NN most_RGT commonly_RR 
observed_VVD feeding_VVG on_II nectar_NN1 ,_, have_VH0 revealed_VVN 
interesting_JJ ultra-structural_JJ differences_NN2 between_II the_AT 
scales_NN2 of_IO the_AT throat_NN1 and_CC those_DD2 of_IO other_JJ parts_NN2 
of_IO the_AT body_NN1 (_( {_NULL M._NN1 B._NP1 }_NULL Thompson_NP1 &_CC {_NULL 
A._NP1 H._NP1 }_NULL Whitaker_NP1 ,_, in_II \_NULL prep_NN1 ._. )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL LIZARDS_NP1 AS_CSA POTENTIAL_JJ SEED_NN1 DISPERSAL_NN1 
VECTORS_NNJ2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT first_MD record_NN1 of_IO frugivory_NN1 in_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 lizards_NN2 was_VBDZ for_IF *1_NULL \_NULL Lygosoma_NP1 *0_NULL 
(_( =_FO *1_NULL \_NULL Leiolopisma_NP1 )_) *1_NULL \_NULL smithi_NN2 *0_NULL 
on_II the_AT Alderman_NP Islands_NNL2 where_RRQ it_PPH1 was_VBDZ reported_VVN 
eating_VVG berries_NN2 (_( Sladden_NP1 &_CC Falla_NP1 1928_MC )_) ,_, 
later_RRR identified_VVD as_II taupata_NN1 (_( *1_NULL {_NULL Coprosma_NP1 
repens_VVZ }_NULL :_: *0_NULL Rubiaceae_NP1 )_) (_( Falla_NP1 1936_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, despite_II the_AT general_JJ acceptance_NN1 now_CS21 
that_CS22 both_DB2 skinks_NN2 and_CC geckos_NN2 commonly_RR include_VV0 
fruit_NN in_II their_APPGE diet_NN1 (_( McCann_NP1 1955_MC ;_; Bull_NP1 &_CC 
Whitaker_NP1 1975_MC ;_; Whitaker_NP1 1976_MC ;_; Gill_NP1 1986_MC ;_; 
Robb_NP1 1986_MC )_) ,_, there_RL have_VH0 been_VBN relatively_RR few_DA2 
observations_NN2 of_IO frugivory_NN1 by_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 lizards_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT lizards_NN2 recorded_VVD taking_VVG fruit_NN and_CC the_AT 
species_NN they_PPHS2 consume_VV0 are_VBR listed_VVN in_II Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT fruits_NN2 of_IO ngaio_NN1 have_VH0 not_XX yet_RR been_VBN 
recorded_VVN in_II the_AT diet_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 lizards_NN2 
but_CCB are_VBR taken_VVN by_II *1_NULL {_NULL Lacerta_NP1 galloti_NN2 }_NULL 
*0_NULL in_II the_AT Canary_NP Islands_NNL2 where_RRQ ngaio_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 
introduced_JJ species_NN (_( Barquin_NP1 &_CC Wildpret_NP1 1975_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Lizards_NP1 observed_VVD feeding_VVG on_II fruit_NN 
include_VV0 nocturnal_JJ (_( *1_NULL \_NULL Hoplodactylus_NP1 )_) and_CC 
diurnal_JJ (_( *1_NULL \_NULL Naultinus_NP1 )_) geckos_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
nocturnal_JJ (_( *1_NULL \_NULL Cyclodina_NP1 )_) and_CC diurnal_JJ (_( 
*1_NULL \_NULL Leiolopisma_NP1 )_) skinks_VVZ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT fruits_NN2 taken_VVN are_VBR mostly_RR drupes_NN2 (_( 
*1_NULL {_NULL Coprosma_NP1 ,_, Corynocarpus_NP1 ,_, Leucopogon_NP1 }_NULL 
*0_NULL (_( =_FO *1_NULL \_NULL Cyathodes_NN2 )_) ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL 
Macropiper_NP1 ,_, Pimelea_NP1 ,_, Rubus_NP1 }_NULL )_) but_CCB also_RR 
include_VV0 soft_JJ berries_NN2 (_( *1_NULL {_NULL Hymenanthera_NP1 ,_, 
Solanum_NP1 }_NULL )_) and_CC other_JJ fleshy_JJ fruits_NN2 (_( *1_NULL {_NULL 
Gaultheria_NP1 ,_, Muehlenbeckia_NP1 }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT are_VBR small_JJ ,_, 3-6_MCMC \_NULL mm_NNU in_II 
diameter_NN1 ,_, and_CC are_VBR swallowed_JJ whole_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Larger_JJR fruits_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 kawakawa_NN1 (_( *1_NULL 
{_NULL Macropiper_NP1 excelsum_NN1 }_NULL :_: *0_NULL Piperaceae_NP1 )_) ,_, 
8-10_MCMC \_NULL mm_NNU diameter_NN1 x_II 40-60_MCMC \_NULL mm_NNU long_RR ,_, 
are_VBR eaten_VVN in_II pieces_NN2 (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ one_MC1 record_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
H._NP1 duvauceli_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL eating_VVG a_AT1 karaka_NN1 (_( *1_NULL 
{_NULL Corynocarpus_NP1 laevigatus_NN1 }_NULL :_: *0_NULL Corynocarpaceae_NP1 
)_) fruit_NN approximately_RR 20_MC \_NULL mm_NNU diameter_NN1 x_II 30_MC 
\_NULL mm_NNU long_JJ (_( see_VV0 Whitaker_NP1 1987_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Geckos_NN2 are_VBR extremely_RR adept_JJ climbers_NN2 and_CC 
have_VH0 no_AT difficulty_NN1 in_II reaching_VVG fruit_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT skinks_NN2 are_VBR largely_RR **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL terrestrial_JJ but_CCB can_VM easily_RR 
scramble_VVI through_II divaricating_VVG shrubs_NN2 (_( *1_NULL {_NULL 
Coprosma_NP1 ,_, Hymenanthera_NP1 }_NULL )_) or_CC tangled_JJ vines_NN2 (_( 
*1_NULL {_NULL Muehlenbeckia_NP1 ,_, Rubus_NP1 }_NULL )_) and_CC have_VH0 
been_VBN found_VVN several_DA2 metres_NNU2 above_II the_AT ground_NN1 in_II 
such_DA situations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II Green_NP Island_NNL1 ,_, Mercury_NP1 group_NN ,_, *1_NULL 
{_NULL Leiolopisma_NP1 smithi_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL individuals_NN2 were_VBDR 
observed_VVN climbing_VVG the_AT smooth_JJ ,_, vertical_JJ stems_NN2 of_IO 
kawakawa_NN1 to_TO reach_VVI fruits_NN2 1.5_MC \_NULL m_NNU above_II the_AT 
ground_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Small_NP1 fruits_NN2 are_VBR generally_RR plucked_VVN from_II 
the_AT plant_NN1 as_CS31 soon_CS32 as_CS33 they_PPHS2 ripen_VV0 and_CC 
before_CS they_PPHS2 fall_VV0 ,_, although_CS fruit_NN that_CST has_VHZ 
fallen_VVN is_VBZ readily_RR consumed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II Macraes_NP1 Flat_NN1 ,_, Otago_NP1 ,_, in_II March_NPM1 1986_MC 
,_, no_AT ripe_JJ fruit_NN was_VBDZ present_JJ on_II (_( or_CC under_II )_) 
plants_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL Hymenanthera_NP1 alpina_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( 
Violaceae_NP1 )_) ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL Muehlenbeckia_NP1 axillaris_NN1 }_NULL 
*0_NULL (_( Polygonaceae_NP1 )_) ,_, or_CC *1_NULL {_NULL Gaultheria_NP1 
antipoda_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( Ericaceae_NP1 )_) on_II outcrops_NN2 
inhabited_VVD by_II *1_NULL {_NULL Leiolopisma_NP1 grande_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
(_( and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL L._NP1 grande_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
droppings_NN2 were_VBDR crammed_VVN with_IW seeds_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 
species_NN )_) ,_, yet_RR plants_NN2 on_II nearby_JJ outcrops_NN2 without_IW 
skinks_NN2 were_VBDR covered_VVN in_II ripe_JJ fruit_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Similarly_RR ,_, on_II outcrops_NN2 occupied_VVN by_II *1_NULL {_NULL 
Leiolopisma_NP1 otagense_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL there_EX were_VBDR no_AT ripe_JJ 
fruit_NN on_II plants_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL Hymenanthera_NP1 alpina_NN1 
}_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Lizards_NP1 seek_VV0 out_RP and_CC consume_VV0 only_RR 
the_AT ripe_JJ portions_NN2 of_IO larger_JJR fruits_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT elongate_NN1 fruit_NN of_IO kawakawa_NN1 ripens_VVZ from_II 
the_AT top_NN1 and_CC lizards_NN2 eat_VV0 only_RR the_AT ripe_JJ part_NN1 ,_, 
moving_VVG round_II the_AT plant_NN1 to_TO take_VVI the_AT soft_JJ pulp_NN1 
as_CS31 soon_CS32 as_CS33 it_PPH1 is_VBZ edible_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT occasions_NN2 when_RRQ they_PPHS2 encounter_VV0 a_AT1 
fruit_NN that_CST is_VBZ wholly_RR ripe_JJ *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL L._NP1 
smithi_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL have_VH0 been_VBN seen_VVN to_TO break_VVI the_AT 
fruit_NN from_II the_AT plant_NN1 and_CC fall_NN1 with_IW it_PPH1 to_II the_AT 
ground_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Most_DAT studies_NN2 where_RRQ New_NP Zealand_NP1 lizards_NN2 
were_VBDR found_VVN to_TO be_VBI eating_VVG fruit_NN either_RR do_VD0 not_XX 
include_VVI monthly_JJ samples_NN2 or_CC have_VH0 not_XX been_VBN analysed_VVN 
clearly_RR to_TO differentiate_VVI months_NNT2 (_( Barwick_NP1 1959_MC ,_, 
1982_MC ;_; Whitaker_NP1 1982_MC ;_; Patterson_NP1 1985_MC ;_; Southey_NP1 
1985_MC )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO fruit_NN ,_, assessed_VVD 
either_RR by_II frequency_NN1 of_IO occurrence_NN1 or_CC by_II volume_NN1 ,_, 
is_VBZ based_VVN on_II the_AT whole_JJ sample_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_CS the_AT fruits_NN2 are_VBR available_JJ generally_RR for_IF 
only_RR a_AT1 short_JJ period_NN1 in_II summer_NNT1 or_CC early_JJ autumn_NNT1 
,_, such_DA studies_NN2 invariably_RR underestimate_VV0 the_AT seasonal_JJ 
importance_NN1 of_IO fruit_NN in_II the_AT diet_NN1 of_IO lizards_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Fruits_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL Gaultheria_NP1 depressa_NN1 
}_NULL *0_NULL (_( Ericaceae_NP1 )_) and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL Leucopogon_NN1 
fraseri_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( Epacridaceae_NP1 )_) are_VBR eaten_VVN by_II 
*1_NULL {_NULL Leiolopisma_NP1 nigriplantare_NN1 maccanni_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL 
and_CC two_MC unnamed_JJ sibling_NN1 species_NN in_II Central_NP Otago_NP1 
tussock_NN1 grasslands_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Gut_NN1 analyses_VVZ on_II a_AT1 sample_NN1 collected_VVD over_RG 
21_MC months_NNT2 showed_VVD 4%_NNU (_( \_NULL n_ZZ1 =_FO 110_MC )_) of_IO 
*1_NULL {_NULL {_NULL L.n_NP1 ._. 

^ }_NULL maccanni_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL contained_VVD berries_NN2 which_DDQ 
comprised_VVD 18%_NNU by_II volume_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE diet_NN1 ;_; 
comparable_JJ figures_NN2 for_IF the_AT other_JJ two_MC taxa_NN1 present_NN1 
were_VBDR 3%_NNU (_( \_NULL n_ZZ1 =_FO 81_MC )_) frequency_NN1 and_CC 15%_NNU 
volume_NN1 ,_, and_CC 0.5%_FO (_( \_NULL n_ZZ1 =_FO 210_MC )_) frequency_NN1 
and_CC 1%_NNU volume_NN1 (_( Patterson_NP1 1985_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Frequencies_NN2 of_IO fruit_NN in_II the_AT diet_NN1 of_IO those_DD2 
skinks_NN2 containing_VVG food_NN1 over_II the_AT period_NN1 that_CST fruit_NN 
was_VBDZ available_JJ were_VBDR 4.4%_FO ,_, 3.6%_FO ,_, and_CC 1.5%_FO 
respectively_RR (_( {_NULL G._NP1 B._NP1 }_NULL Patterson_NP1 {_NULL pers._NNU 
comm_UH ._. 

^ }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Seeds_NN2 (_( 2_MC {_NULL spp_NNU ._. 

^ }_NULL )_) were_VBDR recorded_VVN in_II 5.8%_FO (_( \_NULL n_ZZ1 =_FO 68_MC 
)_) of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL Leiolopisma_NP1 zelandica_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( =_FO 
*1_NULL {_NULL {_NULL L.n_NP1 ._. 

^ }_NULL maccanni_NN2 }_NULL )_) collected_VVD at_II various_JJ sites_NN2 
around_II Wellington_NP1 over_RG 19_MC months_NNT2 (_( Barwick_NP1 1959_MC )_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Seeds_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL Muehlenbeckia_NP1 axillaris_NN1 }_NULL 
*0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL {_NULL Hymenanthera_NP1 alpina_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
occurred_VVD in_II 86%_NNU (_( \_NULL n_ZZ1 =_FO 14_MC )_) of_IO fresh_JJ 
*1_NULL {_NULL Leiolopisma_NN1 grande_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL droppings_NN2 
collected_VVD in_II February_NPM1 1986_MC at_II Macraes_NP1 Flat_NN1 ,_, 
Otago_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Diets_NN2 of_IO three_MC large_JJ *1_NULL \_NULL Cyclodina_NP1 
*0_NULL species_NN on_II Middle_NP Island_NNL1 ,_, Mercury_NP1 group_NN ,_, 
were_VBDR compared_VVN by_II faecal_JJ analysis_NN1 (_( Southey_NP1 1985_MC 
)_) :_: 6.9%_FO of_IO the_AT droppings_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL Cyclodina_NP1 
alani_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( \_NULL n_ZZ1 =_FO 101_MC )_) contained_VVD 
seeds_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL Solanum_NN1 nodiflorum_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( 
Solanaceae_NP1 )_) ,_, 8.9%_FO contained_JJ seeds_NN2 of_IO kawakawa_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC 0.9%_FO contained_JJ seeds_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL Coprosma_NP1 
*0_NULL species_NN ;_; for_IF *1_NULL {_NULL Cyclodina_NP1 whitakeri_NN2 
}_NULL *0_NULL (_( \_NULL n_ZZ1 =_FO 89_MC )_) ,_, 4.5%_FO contained_JJ 
seeds_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL S._NP1 nodiflorum_NN1 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL 
and_CC 3.4%_FO contained_JJ seeds_NN2 of_IO kawakawa_NN1 ;_; and_CC for_IF 
*1_NULL {_NULL Cyclodina_NP1 oliveri_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( \_NULL n_ZZ1 =_FO 
49_MC )_) ,_, 4.0%_FO contained_JJ seeds_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
S._NP1 nodiflorum_NN1 ._. 

^ }_NULL *#_NULL **[_NULL 307+TEXT+J13_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Private_JJ hospitals_NN2 had_VHD very_RG few_DA2 
group_NN outings_NN2 for_IF residents_NN2 ,_, the_AT only_JJ one_PN1 
mentioned_VVD being_VBG a_AT1 Christmas_NNT1 shopping_VVG expedition_NN1 
organised_VVD by_II the_AT local_JJ Lions_NN2 Club_NNJ ,_, which_DDQ one_MC1 
resident_NN1 in_II the_AT survey_NN1 participated_VVD in_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 two_MC people_NN were_VBDR taken_VVN out_RP 
occasionally_RR by_II staff_NN on_II an_AT1 individual_JJ basis_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX were_VBDR no_AT organised_JJ outings_NN2 for_IF 
residents_NN2 living_VVG in_II acute_JJ wards_NN2 ,_, but_CCB in_II all_DB 
hospitals_NN2 there_EX was_VBDZ someone_PN1 prepared_VVN to_TO assist_VVI 
people_NN to_TO make_VVI individual_JJ trips_NN2 for_IF specific_JJ 
purposes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sometimes_RT this_DD1 was_VBDZ as_II part_NN1 of_IO the_AT staff_NN 
member_NN1 's_VHZ duties_NN2 *-_- when_RRQ a_AT1 resident_NN1 needed_VVD to_TO 
visit_VVI a_AT1 dentist_NN1 or_CC optometrist_NN1 for_REX21 example_REX22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Similarly_RR the_AT person_NN1 who_PNQS was_VBDZ planning_VVG to_TO 
live_VVI at_II home_RL with_IW a_AT1 friend_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN 
accompanied_VVN there_RL by_II a_AT1 staff_NN member_NN1 several_DA2 
times_NNT2 to_TO assess_VVI the_AT situation_NN1 and_CC arrange_VVI for_IF 
modifications_NN2 to_TO be_VBI made_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, other_JJ outings_NN2 were_VBDR arranged_VVN on_II 
a_AT1 purely_RR personal_JJ level_NN1 in_II the_AT staff_NN 's_GE own_DA 
time_NNT1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL Holidays_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Holidays_NN2 away_II21 from_II22 the_AT hospital_NN1 were_VBDR 
rare_JJ or_CC non-existent_JJ luxuries_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Only_RR 15_MC people_NN had_VHD spent_VVN more_RRR than_CSN a_AT1 
day_NNT1 away_II21 from_II22 hospital_NN1 since_CS their_APPGE last_MD 
admission_NN1 and_CC three_MC of_IO these_DD2 had_VHD been_VBN holiday_NN1 
transfers_VVZ to_II other_JJ hospitals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 person_NN1 went_VVD to_II a_AT1 different_JJ hospital_NN1 
every_AT1 year_NNT1 for_IF a_AT1 three_MC week_NNT1 break_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
other_JJ two_MC had_VHD only_RR been_VBN once_RR or_CC twice_RR to_TO be_VBI 
near_JJ adult_NN1 children_NN2 who_PNQS lived_VVD in_II different_JJ parts_NN2 
of_IO the_AT country_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Five_MC people_NN had_VHD attended_VVN the_AT yearly_JJ 
week-long_JJ camps_NN2 organised_VVD by_II the_AT Paraplegic_JJ and_CC 
Physically_RR Disabled_JJ Association_NNJ at_II Otaki_NP1 and_CC enjoyed_VVD 
it_PPH1 enormously_RR ,_, but_CCB only_RR one_PN1 went_VVD regularly_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unfortunately_RR ,_, these_DD2 camps_NN2 became_VVD too_RG costly_JJ 
for_IF the_AT Association_NNJ and_CC have_VH0 now_RT been_VBN discontinued_VVN 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT remaining_JJ seven_MC residents_NN2 had_VHD all_RR been_VBN 
to_TO stay_VVI with_IW relatives_NN2 or_CC friends_NN2 ,_, but_CCB none_PN 
went_VVD regularly_RR or_CC often_RR and_CC two_MC in_II Group_NNJ B_ZZ1 
had_VHD now_RT become_VVN so_RG forgetful_JJ that_CST it_PPH1 was_VBDZ 
unlikely_JJ that_CST there_EX would_VM be_VBI any_DD more_RGR overnight_JJ 
visits_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Even_RR for_IF the_AT fully_RR aware_JJ home_NN1 visits_NN2 
could_VM be_VBI highly_RR problematical_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 resident_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, was_VBDZ 
planning_VVG to_TO attend_VVI an_AT1 important_JJ family_NN event_NN1 
which_DDQ would_VM involve_VVI at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 overnight_JJ 
stay_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL She_PPHS1 was_VBDZ independently_RR mobile_JJ in_II a_AT1 
wheelchair_NN1 but_CCB dependent_JJ on_II others_NN2 for_IF most_DAT 
personal_JJ care_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT outing_NN1 consequently_RR took_VVD 
on_RP the_AT proportions_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 major_JJ expedition_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 person_NN1 had_VHD had_VHN the_AT opportunity_NN1 to_TO 
stay_VVI with_IW relatives_NN2 before_RT but_CCB had_VHD always_RR 
declined_VVN because_II21 of_II22 concern_NN1 about_II the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO 
care_NN1 she_PPHS1 required_VVD and_CC embarrassment_NN1 about_II adult_NN1 
children_NN2 providing_VVG such_DA intimate_JJ care_NN1 ,_, including_II 
toileting_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX was_VBDZ therefore_RR considerable_JJ apprehension_NN1 
about_II the_AT outing_NN1 ,_, but_CCB also_RR a_AT1 strong_JJ desire_NN1 
for_IF it_PPH1 to_TO be_VBI successful_JJ as_CSA it_PPH1 would_VM then_RT 
boost_VVI her_APPGE confidence_NN1 to_TO accept_VVI other_JJ invitations_NN2 
._. 

^ *<_NULL *3_NULL CONTROL_NN1 OVER_II EVENTS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL *0_NULL Only_RR two_MC aspects_NN2 of_IO control_NN1 were_VBDR 
explored_VVN in_II the_AT survey_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 concerned_JJ control_NN1 over_RP how_RRQ time_NNT1 was_VBDZ 
spent_VVN ,_, and_CC the_AT other_JJ concerned_JJ who_PNQS residents_NN2 
could_VM talk_VVI to_II if_CSW they_PPHS2 wanted_VVD to_TO make_VVI a_AT1 
suggestion_NN1 or_CC complaint_NN1 about_II the_AT care_NN1 they_PPHS2 
received_VVD ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Control_NN1 Over_RP How_RRQ Time_NNT1 is_VBZ Spent_VVN 
*>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL People_NN 's_GE perceptions_NN2 of_IO how_RGQ much_DA1 
control_NN1 they_PPHS2 had_VHD over_II occupying_VVG their_APPGE day_NNT1 
varied_VVD depending_II21 on_II22 their_APPGE physical_JJ abilities_NN2 ,_, 
their_APPGE level_NN1 of_IO awareness_NN1 and_CC the_AT extent_NN1 to_II 
which_DDQ they_PPHS2 saw_VVD themselves_PPX2 being_VBG governed_VVN by_II 
the_AT ward_NN1 or_CC hospital_NN1 routine_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, 12_MC people_NN felt_VVD that_CST 
they_PPHS2 had_VHD no_AT control_NN1 over_II what_DDQ they_PPHS2 did_VDD ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB required_JJ others_NN2 to_TO perform_VVI personal_JJ care_NN1 
activities_NN2 for_IF them_PPHO2 :_: eight_MC were_VBDR chair-_JJ or_CC 
bed-fast_RR ,_, and_CC only_RR two_MC of_IO the_AT others_NN2 were_VBDR 
independently_RR mobile_JJ in_II wheelchairs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 two_MC also_RR had_VHN slight_JJ memory_NN1 loss_NN1 
but_CCB none_PN of_IO the_AT others_NN2 had_VHD any_DD mental_JJ 
impairment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB saw_VVD their_APPGE heavy_JJ reliance_NN1 on_II others_NN2 
as_II a_AT1 major_JJ factor_NN1 inhibiting_VVG their_APPGE control_NN1 over_II 
what_DDQ they_PPHS2 did_VDD ,_, but_CCB several_DA2 of_IO the_AT more_RGR 
articulate_JJ and_CC aware_JJ commented_JJ on_II the_AT extent_NN1 to_II 
which_DDQ ward_NN1 routines_NN2 restricted_VVD choices_NN2 about_II 
activities_NN2 ,_, with_IW one_MC1 person_NN1 noting_VVG that_CST *'_" you_PPY 
have_VH0 to_TO run_VVI to_II time_NNT1 here_RL **'_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Ward_NP1 routine_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX seen_VVN as_II a_AT1 
problem_NN1 for_IF six_MC people_NN who_PNQS were_VBDR not_XX greatly_RR 
concerned_JJ about_II controlling_VVG their_APPGE daily_JJ activities_NN2 
and_CC simply_RR fitted_VVD in_RP with_IW what_DDQ the_AT staff_NN 
organised_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC had_VHD some_DD memory_NN1 loss_NN1 but_CCB all_DB were_VBDR 
generally_RR less_RGR dependent_JJ than_CSN those_DD2 who_PNQS experienced_VVD 
a_AT1 lack_NN1 of_IO control_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Also_RR less_RGR dependent_JJ were_VBDR the_AT 15_MC people_NN 
who_PNQS felt_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 did_VDD have_VHI some_DD control_NN1 
over_II events_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_RR21 but_RR22 one_PN1 were_VBDR independently_RR mobile_JJ ,_, 
at_RR21 least_RR22 indoors_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT fifteenth_MD was_VBDZ chair-fast_JJ by_II choice_NN1 as_CSA 
he_PPHS1 found_VVD a_AT1 wheelchair_NN1 too_RG uncomfortable_JJ ,_, but_CCB 
within_II these_DD2 confines_NN2 he_PPHS1 organised_VVD his_APPGE own_DA 
activities_NN2 ,_, only_RR requiring_VVG someone_PN1 else_RR to_TO set_VVI 
up_RP the_AT necessary_JJ equipment_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT others_NN2 had_VHD wider_JJR ranging_JJ choices_NN2 
to_TO consider_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE mobility_NN1 meant_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 could_VM 
determine_VVI their_APPGE company_NN1 to_II some_DD extent_NN1 ,_, as_CSA 
they_PPHS2 were_VBDR free_JJ to_TO decide_VVI when_RRQ to_TO stop_VVI and_CC 
talk_NN1 ,_, when_RRQ to_TO move_VVI away_RP and_CC when_RRQ to_TO be_VBI 
alone_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Several_DA2 of_IO these_DD2 15_MC people_NN commented_VVD that_CST 
they_PPHS2 attended_VVD scheduled_JJ physiotherapy_NN1 and_CC occupational_JJ 
therapy_NN1 sessions_NNT2 by_II choice_NN1 rather_CS21 than_CS22 dictate_VVI 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Those_DD2 in_II Group_NNJ A_ZZ1 also_RR felt_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 
had_VHD some_DD input_NN1 into_II deciding_VVG what_DDQ they_PPHS2 did_VDD 
when_RRQ they_PPHS2 got_VVD there_RL and_CC how_RGQ long_RR they_PPHS2 
stayed_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, only_RR four_MC people_NN in_II Group_NNJ B_ZZ1 
felt_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 had_VHD this_DD1 degree_NN1 of_IO control_NN1 
and_CC they_PPHS2 all_DB suffered_VVD some_DD memory_NN1 loss_NN1 or_CC 
confusion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Three_MC others_NN2 in_II Group_NNJ B_ZZ1 commented_VVD that_CST 
while_CS they_PPHS2 could_VM choose_VVI whether_CSW to_TO attend_VVI 
occupational_JJ therapy_NN1 or_CC not_XX ,_, they_PPHS2 really_RR had_VHD 
very_RG little_DA1 influence_NN1 over_II what_DDQ they_PPHS2 did_VDD there_RL 
._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 difference_NN1 could_VM at_RR21 least_RR22 partly_RR be_VBI 
attributed_VVN to_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST people_NN in_II Group_NNJ B_ZZ1 
were_VBDR usually_RR assigned_VVN to_II established_JJ group_NN activities_NN2 
while_CS the_AT more_RGR articulate_JJ members_NN2 of_IO Group_NNJ A_ZZ1 
were_VBDR able_JK to_TO negotiate_VVI programmes_NN2 which_DDQ best_RRT 
met_VVN their_APPGE individual_JJ preferences_NN2 as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 
their_APPGE physical_JJ abilities_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Residents_NN2 who_PNQS saw_VVD themselves_PPX2 as_CSA 
being_VBG able_JK to_TO exert_VVI some_DD control_NN1 over_II their_APPGE 
daily_JJ activities_NN2 usually_RR spent_VVN more_DAR of_IO their_APPGE 
time_NNT1 socialising_NN1 than_CSN did_VDD the_AT others_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 included_VVD talking_VVG to_II other_JJ residents_NN2 ,_, 
staff_NN or_CC visitors_NN2 and_CC going_VVG on_II outings_NN2 with_IW 
relatives_NN2 and_CC friends_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II consequence_NN1 they_PPHS2 tended_VVD to_TO find_VVI that_DD1 
time_NNT1 passed_VVD more_RGR quickly_RR than_CSN did_VDD those_DD2 who_PNQS 
saw_VVD themselves_PPX2 as_CSA having_VHG little_JJ or_CC no_AT control_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 also_RR felt_VVD less_RRR restricted_VVD by_II ward_NN1 
routine_NN1 ,_, although_CS physical_JJ limitations_NN2 could_VM still_RR 
be_VBI a_AT1 major_JJ barrier_NN1 to_II independent_JJ control_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT inability_NN1 of_IO some_DD patients_NN2 in_II multi-storey_JJ 
hospitals_NN2 to_TO reach_VVI lift_NN1 control_NN1 buttons_NN2 from_II a_AT1 
wheelchair_NN1 provides_VVZ one_MC1 example_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Suggestions_NN2 or_CC Complaints_NN2 About_II Care_NN1 
*>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT majority_NN of_IO people_NN felt_VVD that_CST 
it_PPH1 was_VBDZ most_RGT appropriate_JJ to_TO talk_VVI to_II the_AT 
person_NN1 who_PNQS was_VBDZ responsible_JJ for_IF the_AT day-to-day_JJ 
management_NN of_IO the_AT facility_NN1 if_CS they_PPHS2 wanted_VVD to_TO 
make_VVI a_AT1 suggestion_NN1 or_CC complaint_NN1 about_II the_AT care_NN1 
they_PPHS2 received_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II Hospital_NN1 Board_NNJ facilities_NN2 this_DD1 was_VBDZ the_AT 
charge_NN1 nurse_NN1 ,_, but_CCB as_CSA private_JJ hospitals_NN2 were_VBDR 
smaller_JJR it_PPH1 was_VBDZ usually_RR the_AT principal_JJ nurse_NN1 or_CC 
owner_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Patients_NN2 also_RR occasionally_RR mentioned_VVN a_AT1 nursing_JJ 
supervisor_NN1 ,_, occupational_JJ therapist_NN1 or_CC physiotherapist_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL One_MC1 or_CC two_MC residents_NN2 had_VHD offered_VVN 
suggestions_NN2 or_CC expressed_VVD opinions_NN2 about_II aspects_NN2 of_IO 
their_APPGE care_NN1 ,_, but_CCB very_RG few_DA2 had_VHD openly_RR 
complained_VVN *-_- although_CS most_DAT believed_VVD that_CST if_CS this_DD1 
became_VVD necessary_JJ ,_, then_RT their_APPGE complaint_NN1 would_VM be_VBI 
listened_VVN to_II and_CC acted_VVN on_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL Others_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX so_RG sure_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 resident_NN1 commented_VVD that_CST in_II theory_NN1 
suggestions_NN2 should_VM be_VBI made_VVN to_II the_AT charge_NN1 nurse_NN1 
but_CCB in_II reality_NN1 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ necessary_JJ to_TO go_VVI 
higher_JJR because_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ so_RG difficult_JJ to_TO get_VVI 
suggestions_NN2 actioned_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 would_VM write_VVI to_II the_AT Minister_NN1 of_IO 
Health_NN1 if_CS a_AT1 complaint_NN1 could_VM not_XX be_VBI rectified_VVN 
at_II the_AT local_JJ level_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS most_DAT patients_NN2 felt_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 could_VM 
and_CC would_VM make_VVI suggestions_NN2 or_CC voice_NN1 complaints_NN2 if_CS 
they_PPHS2 considered_VVD it_PPH1 necessary_JJ ,_, four_MC said_VVD that_CST 
they_PPHS2 would_VM not_XX do_VDI so_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC felt_VVD that_CST there_EX was_VBDZ little_JJ point_NN1 as_CSA 
no_PN121 one_PN122 would_VM take_VVI any_DD notice_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_PN1 indicated_VVD that_DD1 staff_NN sometimes_RT asked_VVN for_IF 
opinions_NN2 but_CCB never_RR took_VVD them_PPHO2 up_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 was_VBDZ aware_JJ of_IO someone_PN1 in_II the_AT 
hospital_NN1 administration_NN who_PNQS handled_VVD complaints_NN2 and_CC 
who_PNQS was_VBDZ approachable_JJ ,_, but_CCB asked_VVD ,_, *'_" ^_NULL 
How_RRQ can_VM you_PPY complain_VVI in_II a_AT1 situation_NN1 like_II this_DD1 
?_? 

^ **'_" ^_NULL She_PPHS1 was_VBDZ acutely_RR aware_JJ of_IO her_APPGE own_DA 
physical_JJ dependence_NN1 on_II others_NN2 and_CC of_IO the_AT demands_NN2 
placed_VVN on_II care-givers_NN2 ,_, hence_RR she_PPHS1 only_RR felt_VVD 
justified_JJ in_II complaining_VVG if_CSW it_PPH1 was_VBDZ on_II31 behalf_II32 
of_II33 other_JJ residents_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR unable_JJ to_TO speak_VVI 
up_RP for_IF themselves_PPX2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *3_NULL THE_AT MOST_RGT APPROPRIATE_JJ ACCOMMODATION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Group_NNJ A_ZZ1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Residents_NN2 were_VBDR asked_VVN what_DDQ they_PPHS2 
thought_VVD was_VBDZ the_AT most_RGT appropriate_JJ accommodation_NN1 for_IF 
them_PPHO2 given_VVN their_APPGE particular_JJ set_NN1 of_IO circumstances_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Staff_NN were_VBDR also_RR asked_VVN their_APPGE opinions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC residents_NN2 and_CC three_MC staff_NN members_NN2 said_VVD 
that_CST there_EX was_VBDZ no_AT easy_JJ answer_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR not_XX 
prepared_VVN to_TO state_VVI a_AT1 preference_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF the_AT rest_NN1 ,_, most_DAT residents_NN2 clearly_RR 
answered_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 what_DDQ they_PPHS2 knew_VVD to_TO 
be_VBI available_JJ in_II the_AT area_NN1 ,_, but_CCB over_RG half_DB of_IO 
the_AT staff_NN suggested_VVD other_JJ alternatives_NN2 *-_- the_AT most_RGT 
common_JJ being_NN1 a_AT1 special_JJ unit_NN1 for_IF the_AT younger_JJR 
physically_RR disabled_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX was_VBDZ nevertheless_RR a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO 
responses_NN2 ,_, with_IW staff_NN and_CC residents_NN2 often_RR holding_VVG 
different_JJ views_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, only_RR two_MC residents_NN2 
suggested_VVD a_AT1 special_JJ unit_NN1 for_IF younger_JJR physically_RR 
disabled_JJ adults_NN2 (_( one_MC1 had_VHD previously_RR spent_VVN a_AT1 
short_JJ time_NNT1 in_II a_AT1 unit_NN1 providing_CS such_DA care_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II contrast_NN1 staff_NN felt_VVD that_CST this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO 
unit_NN1 could_VM benefit_VVI seven_MC residents_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX were_VBDR reservations_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, about_II 
whether_CSW three_MC would_VM be_VBI eligible_JJ because_II21 of_II22 
their_APPGE age_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC were_VBDR over_RG 60_MC years_NNT2 of_IO age_NN1 and_CC 
one_PN1 was_VBDZ in_II his_APPGE mid_NN1 50_MC 's_GE ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Most_RRT staff_VV0 based_VVN their_APPGE opinion_NN1 on_II 
the_AT resident_NN1 's_VBZ age_NN1 and_CC intellectual_JJ level_NN1 ,_, 
saying_VVG that_CST it_PPH1 was_VBDZ to_II the_AT resident_NN1 's_VBZ 
detriment_NN1 to_TO live_VVI with_IW elderly_JJ confused_JJ people_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, one_PN1 offered_VVD a_AT1 different_JJ slant_NN1 ,_, 
suggesting_VVG that_CST physically_RR disabled_JJ people_NN tended_VVD to_TO 
have_VHI rigid_JJ routines_NN2 which_DDQ full-time_JJ staff_NN sometimes_RT 
found_VVD difficult_JJ to_TO cope_VVI with_IW (_( although_CS part-time_JJ 
staff_NN had_VHD less_DAR of_IO a_AT1 problem_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 also_RR required_VVD a_AT1 lot_NN of_IO personal_JJ 
attention_NN1 and_CC unless_CS there_EX were_VBDR plenty_PN of_IO staff_NN 
available_JJ this_DD1 could_VM only_RR be_VBI provided_VVN if_CS the_AT 
elderly_JJ were_VBDR neglected_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT physically_RR disabled_JJ should_VM therefore_RR be_VBI 
cared_VVN for_IF in_II a_AT1 special_JJ unit_NN1 with_IW adequate_JJ staff_NN 
who_PNQS had_VHD a_AT1 particular_JJ interest_NN1 in_II this_DD1 type_NN1 
of_IO work_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT five_MC residents_NN2 in_II this_DD1 group_NN who_PNQS 
had_VHD not_XX suggested_VVN a_AT1 special_JJ unit_NN1 all_DB said_VVD 
that_CST they_PPHS2 needed_VVD a_AT1 hospital_NN1 or_CC continuing_VVG 
care_NN1 type_NN1 of_IO environment_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT amount_NN1 
of_IO care_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 required_VVD ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Another_DD1 three_MC patients_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR in_II 
continuing_VVG care_NN1 facilities_NN2 felt_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 were_VBDR 
in_II the_AT most_RGT suitable_JJ place_NN1 ,_, but_CCB only_RR in_II one_MC1 
instance_NN1 did_VDD a_AT1 staff_NN member_NN1 agree_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT other_JJ two_MC staff_NN ,_, however_RR ,_, were_VBDR 
uncertain_JJ what_DDQ would_VM be_VBI most_RGT appropriate_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 suggested_VVD that_CST the_AT residents_NN2 concerned_JJ 
needed_VVD the_AT stimulation_NN1 of_IO more_DAR contact_NN1 with_IW people_NN 
their_APPGE own_DA age_NN1 and_CC interests_NN2 ,_, but_CCB one_PN1 went_VVD 
on_RP to_TO add_VVI that_CST she_PPHS1 did_VDD not_XX think_VVI that_CST a_AT1 
ward_NN1 solely_RR for_IF people_NN with_IW {_NULL MS_NN1 }_NULL would_VM 
work_VVI ,_, because_II21 of_II22 the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO physical_JJ care_NN1 
and_CC emotional_JJ and_CC social_JJ support_NN1 that_CST many_DA2 people_NN 
with_IW this_DD1 condition_NN1 needed_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL From_II her_APPGE experience_NN1 {_NULL MS_NN1 }_NULL sufferers_NN2 
were_VBDR not_XX able_JK to_TO provide_VVI each_PPX221 other_PPX222 with_IW 
much_DA1 mutual_JJ help_NN1 or_CC support_NN1 and_CC consequently_RR 
placed_VVN heavy_JJ demands_NN2 on_II the_AT nursing_JJ staff_NN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Two_MC residents_NN2 also_RR expressed_VVN reservations_NN2 
about_II living_VVG in_II a_AT1 special_JJ unit_NN1 for_IF the_AT young_JJ 
disabled_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_PN1 was_VBDZ concerned_JJ that_CST there_EX would_VM be_VBI 
an_AT1 even_RR bigger_JJR gap_NN1 in_II attitudes_NN2 and_CC interests_NN2 
between_II his_APPGE age_NN1 group_NN (_( 50-59_MCMC years_NNT2 )_) and_CC 
people_NN in_II their_APPGE 30_MC 's_GE or_CC younger_JJR ,_, than_CSN 
he_PPHS1 currently_RR found_VVN with_IW the_AT elderly_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT other_NN1 was_VBDZ averse_JJ to_II the_AT assumption_NN1 
that_CST younger_JJR disabled_JJ people_NN could_VM be_VBI grouped_VVN 
together_RL because_CS they_PPHS2 had_VHD things_NN2 in_RR21 common_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 had_VHD not_XX found_VVN this_DD1 to_TO be_VBI the_AT 
case_NN1 ,_, and_CC would_VM prefer_VVI to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 general_JJ 
social_JJ area_NN1 available_JJ in_II the_AT hospital_NN1 where_CS anyone_PN1 
could_VM go_VVI ,_, regardless_RR of_IO age_NN1 or_CC whether_CSW they_PPHS2 
were_VBDR long-stay_JJ ,_, short-stay_JJ or_CC outpatients_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ adamant_JJ that_CST such_DA a_AT1 place_NN1 
should_VM be_VBI entirely_RR informal_JJ ,_, there_EX being_VBG no_AT need_NN1 
for_IF staff_NN to_TO organise_VVI it_PPH1 as_II a_AT1 social_JJ event_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT staff_NN also_RR felt_VVD that_CST this_DD1 person_NN1 
needed_VVD the_AT stimulation_NN1 of_IO more_RRR one-to-one_MC contact_NN1 
with_IW people_NN of_IO similar_JJ intellect_NN1 and_CC interests_NN2 ,_, 
as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 more_DAR outings_NN2 on_II an_AT1 individual_JJ 
basis_NN1 ;_; but_CCB the_AT problem_NN1 was_VBDZ arranging_VVG this_DD1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL One_MC1 resident_NN1 in_II a_AT1 continuing_JJ care_NN1 
ward_NN1 wanted_VVD to_TO move_VVI to_II an_AT1 acute_JJ ward_NN1 ,_, but_CCB 
the_AT staff_NN felt_VVD that_CST he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ appropriately_RR 
placed_VVN given_VVN what_DDQ was_VBDZ available_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 resident_NN1 would_VM have_VHI liked_VVN a_AT1 small_JJ 
establishment_NN offering_NN1 bed_NN1 sitting-rooms_NN2 with_IW communal_JJ 
dining_JJ facilities_NN2 ,_, if_CS residents_NN2 wanted_VVD this_DD1 ,_, 
and_CC easy_JJ access_NN1 to_II a_AT1 flat_JJ garden_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL She_PPHS1 felt_VVD that_CST this_DD1 sort_NN1 of_IO arrangement_NN1 
would_VM best_RRT meet_VVI different_JJ individual_JJ needs_NN2 ,_, as_CSA 
the_AT level_NN1 and_CC type_NN1 of_IO care_NN1 could_VM be_VBI 
individually_RR tailored_VVN for_IF each_DD1 person_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 308+TEXT+J14_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Table_NN1 63_MC shows_VVZ the_AT daily_JJ intakes_NN2 
of_IO sugar_NN1 ,_, cholesterol_NN1 ,_, saturated_VVD and_CC 
poly-unsaturated_JJ fats_NN2 in_II Maori_NP1 and_CC non-Maori_JJ people_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, Maori_JJ males_NN2 and_CC females_NN2 
consume_VV0 less_DAR sugar_NN1 than_CSN non-Maori_JJ and_CC in_II both_DB2 
groups_NN2 consumption_NN1 falls_VVZ with_IW age_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT consumption_NN1 of_IO cholesterol_NN1 is_VBZ variable_JJ 
with_IW a_AT1 tendency_NN1 for_IF younger_JJR Maori_JJ males_NN2 (_( 
20-49_MCMC years_NNT2 )_) to_TO consume_VVI more_RGR saturated_JJ fat_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT consumption_NN1 of_IO poly-unsaturated_JJ fat_NN1 is_VBZ 
similar_JJ at_II all_DB age-groups_NN2 for_IF both_DB2 the_AT Maori_JJ and_CC 
non-Maori_JJ populations_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT principal_JJ sources_NN2 of_IO sugar_NN1 in_II the_AT 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 diet_NN1 are_VBR sugar_NN1 itself_PPX1 ,_, soft_JJ 
drinks_NN2 ,_, fruit_NN and_CC baked_JJ goods_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT most_RGT important_JJ contributions_NN2 to_II saturated_JJ 
fat_NN1 come_VV0 from_II animal_NN1 meats_NN2 (_( particularly_RR beef_NN1 )_) 
and_CC dairy_NN1 products_NN2 (_( particularly_RR butter_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Poly-unsaturated_JJ fats_NN2 on_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 come_VV0 
from_II a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO sources_NN2 ,_, the_AT most_RGT important_JJ 
of_IO these_DD2 being_VBG meat_NN1 (_( pork_NN1 and_CC beef_NN1 )_) ,_, 
margarine_NN1 ,_, vegetable_NN1 oils_NN2 ,_, sauces_NN2 and_CC dressings_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT principal_JJ sources_NN2 of_IO cholesterol_NN1 are_VBR 
eggs_NN2 ,_, dairy_NN1 products_NN2 and_CC beef_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Table_NN1 64_MC shows_VVZ the_AT 
daily_JJ intakes_NN2 of_IO calcium_NN1 ,_, calciferol_NN1 (_( Vitamin_NN1 
D_ZZ1 )_) ,_, ascorbate_NN1 (_( Vitamin_NN1 C_ZZ1 )_) and_CC iron_NN1 in_II 
Maori_NP1 and_CC non-Maori_JJ people_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II all_DB ages_NN2 Maori_JJ males_NN2 and_CC females_NN2 
consume_VV0 less_DAR calcium_NN1 and_CC females_NN2 less_RRR calciferol_VV0 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Ascorbate_JJ intakes_NN2 are_VBR also_RR less_RRR in_II both_DB2 
Maori_JJ males_NN2 and_CC females_NN2 whilst_CS the_AT intakes_NN2 of_IO 
iron_NN1 are_VBR generally_RR much_RR the_AT same_DA in_II Maori_NP1 and_CC 
non-Maori_JJ people_NN ,_, apart_II21 from_II22 the_AT 50-64_MCMC year_NNT1 
age-group_JJ where_CS the_AT intake_NN1 is_VBZ somewhat_RR less_RRR in_II 
both_DB2 Maori_JJ males_NN2 and_CC females_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT principal_JJ source_NN1 of_IO calcium_NN1 in_II the_AT 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 diet_NN1 is_VBZ milk_NN1 products_NN2 ,_, milk_NN1 and_CC 
cheese_NN1 contributing_VVG almost_RR half_DB the_AT total_JJ calcium_NN1 
intake_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Bread_NN1 also_RR makes_VVZ a_AT1 significant_JJ contribution_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 iron_NN1 ,_, the_AT single_JJ most_RGT 
important_JJ source_NN1 is_VBZ beef_NN1 meat_NN1 (_( 26-34%_FO )_) ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Whilst_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
accepted_VVN that_CST the_AT data_NN presented_VVD here_RL ,_, particularly_RR 
for_IF Maori_JJ people_NN ,_, is_VBZ derived_VVN from_II a_AT1 small_JJ 
number_NN1 of_IO studies_NN2 ,_, nevertheless_RR there_EX are_VBR notable_JJ 
differences_NN2 in_II dietary_JJ intakes_NN2 between_II Maori_NP1 and_CC 
non-Maori_JJ people_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 may_VM well_RR be_VBI important_JJ when_CS one_PN1 
considers_VVZ the_AT excess_JJ mortality_NN1 from_II both_DB2 cancer_NN1 
and_CC heart_NN1 disease_NN1 generally_RR experienced_VVN by_II Maori_JJ 
people_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL National_JJ nutrition_NN1 guidelines_NN2 suggest_VV0 we_PPIS2 
should_VM reduce_VVI our_APPGE energy_NN1 intakes_NN2 ,_, eat_VV0 more_DAR 
complex_JJ carbohydrates_NN2 and_CC fibre_NN1 ,_, and_CC eat_VV0 less_DAR 
fat_NN1 (_( 92_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_CST these_DD2 small_JJ studies_NN2 have_VH0 shown_VVN Maori_JJ 
people_NN consume_VV0 more_DAR energy_NN1 and_CC fat_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR 
saturated_JJ fat_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ not_XX previously_RR been_VBN highlighted_VVN 
,_, though_CS in_II studies_NN2 undertaken_VVN in_II 1941_MC ,_, Maori_JJ 
families_NN2 consumed_VVD about_II 50%_NNU more_DAR energy_NN1 from_II 
meat_NN1 (_( the_AT most_RGT important_JJ source_NN1 of_IO fat_NN1 )_) 
than_CSN non-Maori_JJ ,_, and_CC 70%_NNU less_DAR fruit_NN and_CC 
vegetables_NN2 (_( 73_MC ,_, 74_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CSW these_DD2 findings_NN2 are_VBR substantiated_VVN ,_, 
they_PPHS2 could_VM form_VVI the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO preventive_JJ 
educational_JJ initiatives_NN2 for_IF both_RR cancer_NN1 and_CC heart_NN1 
disease_NN1 in_II Maori_JJ people_NN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX has_VHZ been_VBN much_RR recent_JJ attention_NN1 
paid_VVN to_II osteoporosis_NN1 in_II post-menopausal_JJ women_NN2 and_CC 
if_CSW calcium_NN1 and_CC calciferol_NN1 intakes_NN2 are_VBR important_JJ ,_, 
then_RT Maori_JJ women_NN2 would_VM seem_VVI especially_RR prone_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ an_AT1 urgent_JJ need_NN1 to_TO update_VVI 
the_AT dietary_JJ information_NN1 in_II New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 which_DDQ is_VBZ 
now_RT 10_MC years_NNT2 old_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ideally_RR the_AT study_NN1 should_VM be_VBI a_AT1 large_JJ one_PN1 
and_CC include_VV0 a_AT1 greater_JJR number_NN1 of_IO Maori_JJ people_NN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL EXERCISE_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Physical_JJ activity_NN1 reduces_VVZ the_AT risk_NN1 
of_IO coronary_JJ heart_NN1 disease_NN1 and_CC has_VHZ a_AT1 beneficial_JJ 
effect_NN1 on_II coronary_JJ disease_NN1 risk_NN1 factors_NN2 ,_, such_II21 
as_II22 blood_NN1 pressure_NN1 and_CC blood_NN1 fats_NN2 (_( 55_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, those_DD2 who_PNQS exercise_VV0 are_VBR 
more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI lean_JJ and_CC non-smokers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Exercise_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR an_AT1 important_JJ means_NN for_IF 
weight_NN1 control_NN1 for_IF those_DD2 with_IW sedentary_JJ occupations_NN2 
,_, and_CC can_VM improve_VVI general_JJ health_NN1 and_CC well-being_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX has_VHZ always_RR been_VBN a_AT1 tradition_NN1 in_II 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, especially_RR amongst_II the_AT young_JJ ,_, of_IO 
participation_NN1 in_II sporting_JJ activities_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 respect_NN1 ,_, Maori_JJ children_NN2 and_CC 
adolescents_NN2 have_VH0 often_RR performed_VVN with_IW great_JJ 
distinction_NN1 and_CC there_EX is_VBZ much_DA1 to_TO be_VBI said_VVN for_IF 
the_AT promotion_NN1 of_IO sport_NN1 and_CC recreation_NN1 amongst_II Maori_JJ 
people_NN as_II a_AT1 means_NN of_IO promoting_VVG self-esteem_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR many_DA2 excellent_JJ programmes_NN2 that_CST 
encourage_VV0 Maori_JJ youth_NN1 to_TO play_VVI netball_NN1 ,_, rugby_NN1 
and_CC to_TO participate_VVI in_II the_AT martial_JJ arts_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Department_NNJ of_IO Health_NN1 has_VHZ provided_VVN 
funding_VVG to_II the_AT Maori_JJ Women_NN2 's_GE Welfare_NN1 League_NNJ to_TO 
encourage_VVI Maori_JJ women_NN2 to_TO adopt_VVI a_AT1 healthy_JJ 
lifestyle_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT strategy_NN1 the_AT League_NNJ is_VBZ taking_VVG is_VBZ 
through_II netball_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ room_NN1 for_IF the_AT whole_JJ 
concept_NN1 of_IO exercise_NN1 to_TO be_VBI expanded_VVN and_CC to_TO 
include_VVI older_JJR Maori_JJ people_NN *-_- hikoi_NN2 (_( walking_VVG )_) 
is_VBZ an_AT1 example_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Data_NN on_II levels_NN2 of_IO activity_NN1 and_CC fitness_NN1 
in_II New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 is_VBZ negligible_JJ ,_, though_CS anecdotally_RR 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ believed_VVN that_CST the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO adults_NN2 
now_RT engaging_VVG in_II a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO regular_JJ physical_JJ 
activities_NN2 has_VHZ increased_VVN steadily_RR in_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 
(_( 93_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 recent_JJ survey_NN1 in_II Auckland_NP1 showed_VVD that_CST 
approximately_RR one-third_MF of_IO people_NN aged_II 35-64_MCMC years_NNT2 
take_VV0 regular_JJ physical_JJ exercise_NN1 (_( 94_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ proportion_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 exercisers_NN2 were_VBDR 
Maori_JJ is_VBZ unknown_JJ ,_, but_CCB likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI small_JJ as_CSA 
exercising_VVG by_II the_AT health_NN1 conscious_JJ is_VBZ more_RRR a_AT1 
middle_JJ class_NN1 activity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT recently_RR commissioned_JJ lifestyle_NN1 survey_NN1 by_II 
the_AT Hillary_NP1 Commission_NNJ will_VM provide_VVI much_RR needed_VVN 
information_NN1 on_II the_AT levels_NN2 of_IO fitness_NN1 in_II all_DB New_JJ 
Zealanders_NP1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL SMOKING_VVG *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL A_AT1 greater_JJR proportion_NN1 of_IO the_AT Maori_JJ 
population_NN1 reported_VVD being_VBG regular_JJ cigarette_NN1 smokers_NN2 
at_II the_AT 1981_MC Census_NP1 than_CSN did_VDD the_AT non-Maori_JJ 
population_NN1 (_( 95_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Of_IO the_AT total_JJ respondents_NN2 aged_II 15_MC years_NNT2 
and_CC over_RP ,_, 53.5%_FO of_IO Maori_JJ males_NN2 and_CC 58.5%_FO of_IO 
Maori_JJ females_NN2 were_VBDR regular_JJ smokers_NN2 compared_VVN with_IW 
33.1%_FO of_IO non-Maori_JJ males_NN2 and_CC 27.3%_FO of_IO non-Maori_JJ 
females_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Figure_NN1 40_MC shows_VVZ the_AT percentage_NN1 of_IO smokers_NN2 
by_II age-group_NN ,_, sex_NN1 and_CC race_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Of_IO special_JJ significance_NN1 
is_VBZ the_AT high_JJ percentage_NN1 of_IO Maori_JJ women_NN2 smokers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II ages_NN2 15-44_MCMC years_NNT2 ,_, 63%_NNU reported_VVN 
that_CST they_PPHS2 were_VBDR regular_JJ smokers_NN2 compared_VVN to_II 
31%_NNU of_IO non-Maori_JJ women_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Maori_JJ women_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 lung_NN1 cancer_NN1 death_NN1 
rate_NN1 3.6_MC times_NNT2 higher_RRR than_CSN non-Maori_JJ women_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Maternal_JJ smoking_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN linked_VVN to_II low_JJ 
birthweight_NN1 infants_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 higher_JJR percentage_NN1 of_IO 
Maori_JJ infants_NN2 are_VBR born_VVN at_II weights_NN2 less_RR21 than_RR22 
2,500_MC grams_NNU2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL INFECTIONS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Maori_JJ people_NN have_VH0 significantly_RR 
higher_JJR rates_NN2 of_IO death_NN1 and_CC admissions_NN2 to_II hospital_NN1 
for_IF infectious_JJ diseases_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 significant_JJ 
reduction_NN1 in_II the_AT death_NN1 rates_NN2 in_II both_DB2 the_AT Maori_JJ 
and_CC non-Maori_JJ population_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 infectious_JJ diseases_NN2 
in_II the_AT past_JJ decade_NNT1 ,_, though_CS Maori_JJ people_NN are_VBR 
still_RR nearly_RR 4_MC times_NNT2 as_RG likely_JJ to_TO die_VVI ,_, 
whatever_DDQV the_AT age_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Respiratory_JJ infections_NN2 are_VBR the_AT major_JJ problem_NN1 
whether_CSW it_PPH1 be_VBI an_AT1 infant_NN1 with_IW bronchiolitis_NN1 or_CC 
an_AT1 elderly_JJ person_NN1 with_IW pneumonia_NN1 or_CC bronchitis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1984_MC ,_, acute_JJ respiratory_JJ infections_NN2 and_CC 
influenza_NN1 accounted_VVD for_IF 1,458_MC admissions_NN2 of_IO Maori_JJ 
people_NN to_II hospital_NN1 or_CC 2.5%_FO of_IO the_AT total_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Diarrhoea_NP1 and_CC gastroenteritis_NN1 were_VBDR also_RR notably_RR 
higher_JJR in_II Maori_JJ infants_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT illness_NN1 and_CC death_NN1 in_II Maori_JJ people_NN due_II21 
to_II22 tuberculosis_NN1 (_( 96_MC )_) and_CC rheumatic_JJ fever_NN1 (_( 
96a_MC )_) still_RR remains_VVZ disproportionately_RR high_JJ whilst_CS 
diseases_NN2 of_IO the_AT ear_NN1 are_VBR the_AT second_MD most_RGT common_JJ 
cause_NN1 for_IF admission_NN1 of_IO Maori_JJ children_NN2 to_II hospital_NN1 
in_II the_AT ages_NN2 5-14_MCMC years_NNT2 (_( Table_NN1 46_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR worrying_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
excess_JJ morbidity_NN1 and_CC mortality_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 common_JJ 
infectious_JJ diseases_NN2 in_II Maori_JJ people_NN as_II most_DAT are_VBR 
readily_RR treatable_JJ providing_CS there_EX is_VBZ appropriate_JJ 
treatment_NN1 in_II good_JJ time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN suggested_VVN previously_RR that_DD1 
access_NN1 to_II medical_JJ care_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ factor_NN1 
here_RL and_CC there_EX is_VBZ evidence_NN1 that_CST this_DD1 occurs_VVZ in_II 
Maori_JJ adults_NN2 but_CCB interestingly_RR not_XX in_II infants_NN2 (_( 
13_MC ,_, 39_MC ,_, 40_MC ,_, 97_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 should_VM not_XX be_VBI forgotten_VVN however_RR ,_, that_CST 
there_EX may_VM be_VBI familial_JJ or_CC genetic_JJ factors_NN2 which_DDQ 
are_VBR operating_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 has_VHZ previously_RR been_VBN suggested_VVN by_II Glass_NN1 
and_CC others_NN2 (_( 98_MC )_) who_PNQS noted_VVD that_DD1 lung_NN1 
function_NN1 of_IO Maori_JJ people_NN was_VBDZ lower_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 
of_IO European_NN1 and_CC that_CST this_DD1 seemed_VVD to_TO be_VBI 
independent_JJ of_IO smoking_VVG ,_, occupational_JJ and_CC environmental_JJ 
factors_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II a_AT1 generalisation_NN1 however_RR ,_, infectious_JJ 
diseases_NN2 are_VBR notably_RR more_RGR common_JJ in_II the_AT lower_JJR 
social_JJ classes_NN2 and_CC in_II third_MD world_NN1 countries_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR obviously_RR many_DA2 factors_NN2 which_DDQ could_VM 
be_VBI considered_VVN as_CSA being_VBG relevant_JJ here_RL but_CCB the_AT 
possibility_NN1 of_IO disordered_JJ immunity_NN1 requires_VVZ comment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Alcohol_NN1 and_CC cigarette_NN1 smoking_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN 
associated_VVN with_IW depressed_JJ immune_JJ function_NN1 and_CC these_DD2 
factors_NN2 are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI most_RGT relevant_JJ in_II 
those_DD2 Maori_JJ people_NN who_PNQS both_DB2 smoke_VV0 and_CC drink_NN1 
alcohol_NN1 excessively_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT effects_NN2 of_IO passive_JJ smoking_NN1 in_II children_NN2 
are_VBR unknown_JJ but_CCB conceivably_RR may_VM be_VBI of_IO some_DD 
significance_NN1 given_VVN Maori_JJ women_NN2 (_( mothers_NN2 )_) have_VH0 
a_AT1 high_JJ prevalence_NN1 of_IO smoking_VVG ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT high_JJ prevalence_NN1 of_IO ear_NN1 disease_NN1 in_II 
children_NN2 is_VBZ of_IO concern_NN1 ,_, especially_RR since_CS deafness_NN1 
delays_VVZ the_AT acquisition_NN1 of_IO all_DB language_NN1 skills_NN2 and_CC 
impedes_VVZ subsequent_JJ educational_JJ progress_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Indeed_RR ,_, the_AT consequences_NN2 of_IO childhood_NN1 ear_NN1 
disease_NN1 have_VH0 more_DAR serious_JJ implications_NN2 given_VVN the_AT 
disproportionately_RR high_JJ rates_NN2 of_IO hearing_VVG disability_NN1 in_II 
Maori_JJ prisoners_NN2 compared_VVN with_IW non-Maori_JJ (_( 99_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II a_AT1 study_NN1 of_IO predominantly_RR Maori_JJ children_NN2 
in_II Whangarei_NP1 (_( 48_MC )_) ,_, ear_NN1 disease_NN1 and_CC hearing_NN1 
loss_NN1 were_VBDR common_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Perhaps_RR more_RGR telling_JJ ,_, was_VBDZ the_AT teacher_NN1 's_VBZ 
assessment_NN1 that_CST 44%_NNU of_IO the_AT study_NN1 group_NN were_VBDR 
below_II average_JJ attainers_NN2 and_CC in_II all_DB of_IO these_DD2 
children_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 hearing_NN1 loss_NN1 was_VBDZ demonstrated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, most_DAT of_IO the_AT children_NN2 
came_VVD from_II families_NN2 who_PNQS lived_VVD in_II state_NN1 rental_NN1 
units_NN2 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO them_PPHO2 over-crowded_VVD and_CC with_IW no_AT 
general_JJ practitioner_NN1 's_VBZ surgery_NN1 in_II the_AT area_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Access_NN1 to_II medical_JJ services_NN2 was_VBDZ therefore_RR 
difficult_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CS31 far_CS32 as_CS33 the_AT overall_JJ picture_NN1 of_IO aural_JJ 
health_NN1 was_VBDZ concerned_JJ ,_, 75-80%_FO of_IO children_NN2 greater_JJR 
than_CSN 2_MC years_NNT2 of_IO age_NN1 had_VHD evidence_NN1 of_IO ear_NN1 
disease_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II a_AT1 small_JJ study_NN1 in_II Te_AT Teko_NP1 ,_, ear_NN1 
disease_NN1 was_VBDZ found_VVN to_TO be_VBI the_AT major_JJ health_NN1 
problem_NN1 in_II children_NN2 ,_, increasing_VVG with_IW age_NN1 to_II 
adolescence_NN1 (_( 100_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT incidence_NN1 and_CC mortality_NN1 from_II rheumatic_JJ 
heart_NN1 disease_NN1 remains_VVZ unacceptably_RR high_RR given_VVN that_CST 
methods_NN2 of_IO prevention_NN1 and_CC treatment_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN 
available_JJ in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 for_IF many_DA2 years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II Rotorua_NP1 Hospital_NNL1 for_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, 
between_II 1971_MC and_CC 1982_MC the_AT average_JJ annual_JJ incidence_NN1 
for_IF rheumatic_JJ fever_NN1 was_VBDZ over_RG 7_MC times_NNT2 greater_JJR 
in_II young_JJ Maori_JJ people_NN than_CSN non-Maori_JJ in_II the_AT 5-19_MCMC 
year_NNT1 age-group_JJ (_( 101_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Data_NN from_II the_AT Northland_NP1 rheumatic_JJ fever_NN1 
register_NN1 (_( 102_MC )_) is_VBZ similar_JJ and_CC furthermore_RR ,_, 
indicate_VV0 that_DD1 recurrent_JJ attacks_NN2 of_IO rheumatic_JJ fever_NN1 
are_VBR appreciably_RR more_RGR common_JJ in_II Maori_JJ people_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Indeed_RR ,_, the_AT high_JJ recurrence_NN1 rates_NN2 of_IO 
rheumatic_JJ fever_NN1 experienced_VVN in_II the_AT Gisborne_NP1 area_NN1 
have_VH0 been_VBN taken_VVN as_II evidence_NN1 of_IO substantial_JJ 
failure_NN1 of_IO rheumatic_JJ fever_NN1 prophylaxis_NN1 in_II the_AT 
Gisborne_NP1 area_NN1 (_( 103_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ an_AT1 urgent_JJ need_NN1 to_TO determine_VVI the_AT 
precise_JJ reasons_NN2 for_IF the_AT continuing_JJ unacceptable_JJ 
discrepancy_NN1 in_II morbidity_NN1 and_CC mortality_NN1 from_II rheumatic_JJ 
heart_NN1 disease_NN1 in_II Maori_JJ people_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Current_JJ programmes_NN2 are_VBR either_RR nonexistent_JJ or_CC 
ineffective_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Hepatitis_NP1 B_NP1 infections_NN2 are_VBR endemic_JJ in_II 
many_DA2 parts_NN2 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 and_CC several_DA2 studies_NN2 
have_VH0 shown_VVN high_JJ rates_NN2 of_IO carriage_NN1 and_CC previous_JJ 
infection_NN1 in_II Maori_JJ people_NN (_( 104_MC ,_, 105_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT prevalence_NN1 of_IO markers_NN2 of_IO 
previous_JJ infection_NN1 is_VBZ more_RR21 than_RR22 twice_RR as_CSA high_JJ 
in_II Maori_JJ people_NN than_CSN in_II non-Maori_JJ and_CC hepatitis_NN1 
B_ZZ1 carriage_NN1 rate_NN1 nearly_RR 4_MC times_NNT2 the_AT non-Maori_JJ 
rate_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR not_XX only_RR are_VBR Maori_JJ people_NN more_RGR likely_JJ 
to_TO become_VVI infected_JJ but_CCB they_PPHS2 are_VBR also_RR more_RRR at_II 
risk_NN1 of_IO becoming_VVG carriers_NN2 following_VVG acute_JJ infection_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 marked_JJ north/_FO south_ND1 
gradient_NN1 in_II infection_NN1 risk_NN1 (_( 3:1_MC )_) and_CC areas_NN2 
where_RRQ the_AT Maori_JJ population_NN1 is_VBZ high_JJ are_VBR also_RR 
areas_NN2 of_IO high_JJ hepatitis_NN1 B_ZZ1 infection_NN1 (_( 105_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, the_AT highest_JJT rates_NN2 are_VBR 
found_VVN in_II the_AT Eastern_NP1 Bay_NP1 of_IO Plenty_NN1 and_CC East_NP 
Coast_NP1 region_NN1 and_CC Northland_NP1 ,_, whilst_CS low_JJ rates_NN2 
are_VBR recorded_VVN in_II the_AT South_NP Island_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Acquisition_NN1 of_IO hepatitis_NN1 B_ZZ1 seems_VVZ to_TO occur_VVI 
most_RGT readily_RR when_RRQ children_NN2 start_VV0 primary_JJ school_NN1 
but_CCB this_DD1 should_VM not_XX detract_VVI from_II the_AT importance_NN1 
of_IO hepatitis_NN1 B_ZZ1 acquired_VVD at_II birth_NN1 from_II a_AT1 
carrier_NN1 mother_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA acquisition_NN1 (_( vertical_JJ transmission_NN1 )_) is_VBZ 
associated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 high_JJ incidence_NN1 of_IO hepatitis_NN1 B_ZZ1 
carriage_NN1 and_CC chronic_JJ disease_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 may_VM seem_VVI amazing_JJ to_II some_DD ,_, but_CCB there_EX 
are_VBR large_JJ communities_NNJ2 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 where_CS 
three-quarters_MF of_IO the_AT children_NN2 have_VH0 evidence_NN1 of_IO 
hepatitis_NN1 B_ZZ1 infection_NN1 at_II the_AT time_NNT1 they_PPHS2 leave_VV0 
school_NN1 (_( 105_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT importance_NN1 of_IO hepatitis_NN1 B_ZZ1 would_VM 
be_VBI questionable_JJ if_CSW it_PPH1 were_VBDR a_AT1 benign_JJ disorder_NN1 
but_CCB this_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT case_NN1 (_( 106_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN estimated_VVN that_CST up_II21 to_II22 
10%_NNU of_IO hepatitis_NN1 B_ZZ1 infections_NN2 result_VV0 in_II chronic_JJ 
illness_NN1 which_DDQ may_VM lead_VVI to_II irreversible_JJ destruction_NN1 
of_IO the_AT liver_NN1 (_( cirrhosis_NN1 )_) or_CC the_AT development_NN1 
of_IO liver_NN1 cancer_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 should_VM not_XX be_VBI surprising_JJ then_RT ,_, given_VVN 
the_AT1 high_JJ incidence_NN1 of_IO hepatitis_NN1 B_ZZ1 in_II the_AT Maori_JJ 
community_NNJ ,_, that_DD1 liver_NN1 cancer_NN1 is_VBZ approximately_RR 3_MC 
times_NNT2 that_DD1 seen_VVN in_II non-Maori_JJ people_NN and_CC there_EX 
is_VBZ a_ZZ1 north/_FO south_ND1 gradient_NN1 to_II this_DD1 risk_NN1 (_( 
76_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Each_DD1 year_NNT1 approximately_RR 100_MC New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 
die_VV0 from_II complications_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 hepatitis_NN1 B_ZZ1 and_CC 
a_AT1 disproportionate_JJ number_NN1 will_VM be_VBI Maori_JJ people_NN (_( 
106_MC )_) ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 309+TEXT+J15_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ several_DA2 years_NNT2 since_CS 
vesicoureteric_JJ reflux_NN1 and_CC reflux_NN1 nephropathy_NN1 were_VBDR 
discussed_VVN in_II these_DD2 columns_NN2 [_( 1_MC1 ]_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Despite_II the_AT extent_NN1 of_IO the_AT clinical_JJ problem_NN1 
the_AT subject_NN1 continues_VVZ to_TO generate_VVI relatively_RR little_JJ 
research_NN1 interest_NN1 when_RRQ compared_VVN with_IW glomerulonephritis_NN1 
or_CC the_AT renal_JJ mechanisms_NN2 involved_JJ in_II hypertension_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR advances_VVZ in_II knowledge_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN 
relatively_RR slow_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL No_PN121 one_PN122 has_VHZ contributed_VVN more_RRR to_II 
our_APPGE understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II 
vesicoureteric_JJ reflux_NN1 and_CC renal_JJ damage_NN1 than_CSN the_AT 
late_JJ John_NP1 Hodson_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE initial_JJ description_NN1 of_IO the_AT radiological_JJ 
features_NN2 of_IO the_AT renal_JJ damage_NN1 [_( 2_MC ]_) and_CC the_AT 
workshops_NN2 he_PPHS1 organised_VVD in_II 1978_MC [_( 3_MC ]_) and_CC 1982_MC 
[_( 4_MC ]_) have_VH0 contributed_VVN enormously_RR to_II current_JJ 
knowledge_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 subject_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II a_AT1 tribute_NN1 to_II Hodson_NP1 's_GE work_NN1 a_AT1 
symposium_NN1 was_VBDZ held_VVN in_II Melbourne_NP1 in_II early_JJ March_NPM1 
1987_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 commendable_JJ move_NN1 
towards_II using_VVG less_RGR invasive_JJ and_CC more_RGR quantitative_JJ 
methods_NN2 for_IF assessing_VVG renal_JJ function_NN1 and_CC structure_NN1 
in_II children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS the_AT intravenous_JJ urogram_NN1 remains_VVZ the_AT 
gold_NN1 standard_NN1 for_IF the_AT assessment_NN1 of_IO the_AT renal_JJ 
parenchyma_NN1 there_EX is_VBZ now_RT considerable_JJ enthusiasm_NN1 for_IF 
scanning_VVG using_VVG labelled_JJ {_NULL DMSA_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD investigators_NN2 [_( 5,6_MC ]_) consider_VV0 the_AT 
latter_DA is_VBZ more_RGR sensitive_JJ for_IF detecting_VVG small_JJ focal_JJ 
polar_JJ scars_NN2 ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN the_AT 
experience_NN1 of_IO the_AT International_JJ Reflux_NN1 Study_NN1 in_II 
Children_NN2 where_RRQ 20%_NNU of_IO kidneys_NN2 considered_VVD to_TO have_VHI 
a_AT1 single_JJ scar_NN1 on_II intravenous_JJ urography_NN1 had_VHD a_AT1 
normal_JJ scintigram_NNU1 [_( 7_MC ]_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT {_NULL DMSA_NN1 }_NULL scan_NN1 has_VHZ an_AT1 additional_JJ 
use_NN1 in_II enabling_VVG differential_JJ renal_JJ function_NN1 to_TO be_VBI 
measured_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT findings_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, may_VM be_VBI difficult_JJ 
to_TO interpret_VVI in_II patients_NN2 with_IW bilateral_JJ renal_JJ 
scarring_NN1 where_RRQ a_AT1 change_NN1 in_II the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO 
{_NULL DMSA_NN1 }_NULL uptake_NN1 on_II one_MC1 side_NN1 over_II a_AT1 
period_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 could_VM reflect_VVI either_DD1 a_AT1 
deterioration_NN1 in_II renal_JJ function_NN1 in_II that_DD1 kidney_NN1 or_CC 
alternatively_RR compensatory_JJ hypertrophy_NN1 in_II the_AT contralateral_JJ 
kidney_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 problem_NN1 can_VM be_VBI overcome_VVN by_II also_RR 
measuring_VVG the_AT total_JJ glomerular_JJ filtration_NN1 rate_NN1 {_NULL 
e.g._REX }_NULL using_VVG the_AT single_JJ shot_NN1 *:_NULL 99m_NNU **:_NULL 
{_NULL Tc-DTPA_JJ }_NULL method_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Experienced_JJ ultrasonographers_NN2 using_VVG sophisticated_JJ 
equipment_NN1 believe_VV0 that_CST they_PPHS2 can_VM reliably_RR detect_VVI 
renal_JJ cortical_JJ scarring_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT clinician_NN1 ,_, generally_RR unskilled_JJ in_II the_AT 
interpretation_NN1 of_IO static_JJ ultrasound_NN1 pictures_NN2 must_VM 
depend_VVI on_II the_AT operator_NN1 's_VBZ interpretation_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ now_RT considerable_JJ enthusiasm_NN1 for_IF 
grading_VVG the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO renal_JJ scarring_NN1 demonstrated_VVD 
on_II intravenous_JJ urography_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT simple_JJ classification_NN1 proposed_VVN by_II Smellie_NN1 
{_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 }_NULL [_( 8_MC ]_) is_VBZ popular_JJ and_CC allows_VVZ 
more_RGR precise_JJ data_NN presentation_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Voiding_NP1 (_( micturating_NN1 )_) cystourethrography_NN1 
remains_VVZ the_AT gold_NN1 standard_NN1 for_IF demonstrating_VVG and_CC 
grading_VVG the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO vesicoureteric_JJ reflux_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nevertheless_RR ,_, some_DD workers_NN2 believe_VV0 that_DD1 
quantitative_JJ radionuclide_NN1 micturating_VVG cystography_NN1 [_( 9_MC ]_) 
is_VBZ a_AT1 more_RGR sensitive_JJ and_CC reliable_JJ method_NN1 of_IO 
detecting_VVG reflux_NN1 and_CC associated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 lower_JJR 
radiation_NN1 dose_NN1 than_CSN conventional_JJ cystography_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Certainly_RR the_AT radionuclide_NN1 micturating_VVG cystogram_NN1 
has_VHZ advantages_NN2 for_IF followup_NN1 studies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ultrasonography_NN1 of_IO the_AT bladder_NN1 and_CC lower_JJR 
ureters_NN2 by_II a_AT1 skilled_JJ operator_NN1 is_VBZ able_JK to_TO 
detect_VVI the_AT dilating_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO reflux_NN1 in_II infants_NN2 
and_CC young_JJ children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 full_JJ urodynamic_JJ evaluation_NN1 of_IO the_AT bladder_NN1 
to_TO exclude_VVI associated_JJ bladder_NN1 neck_NN1 or_CC detrusor_NN1 
abnormalities_NN2 is_VBZ considered_VVN by_II some_DD to_TO be_VBI 
essential_JJ in_II the_AT modern_JJ workup_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 patient_NN1 with_IW 
vesicoureteric_JJ reflux_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT original_JJ classification_NN1 of_IO the_AT degree_NN1 
of_IO vesicoureteric_JJ reflux_NN1 proposed_VVN by_II Rolleston_NN1 {_NULL 
et_RA21 al_RA22 }_NULL [_( 10,11_MC ]_) was_VBDZ of_IO enormous_JJ value_NN1 
because_CS it_PPH1 first_MD drew_VVD attention_NN1 to_II the_AT fact_NN1 
that_CST there_EX were_VBDR different_JJ degrees_NN2 of_IO severity_NN1 of_IO 
reflux_NN1 and_CC ,_, more_RGR importantly_RR ,_, that_CST those_DD2 
infants_NN2 found_VVD to_TO have_VHI gross_JJ reflux_NN1 under_II the_AT 
age_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 year_NNT1 were_VBDR those_DD2 most_RRT at_II risk_NN1 
of_IO developing_VVG renal_JJ parenchymal_JJ damage_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ now_RT strong_JJ support_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 
uniform_JJ classification_NN1 of_IO the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO vesicoureteric_JJ 
reflux_NN1 and_CC most_DAT investigators_NN2 are_VBR now_RT using_VVG the_AT 
international_JJ classification_NN1 [_( 12_MC ]_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT latter_DA subdivides_NN2 gross_JJ or_CC grade_NN1 *=_NULL 
III_MC *0_NULL reflux_NN1 on_II the_AT Rolleston_NP1 classification_NN1 [_( 
10_MC ]_) into_II three_MC subgroups_NN2 according_II21 to_II22 the_AT 
degree_NN1 of_IO dilatation_NN1 of_IO the_AT collecting_JJ system_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 believe_VV0 the_AT international_JJ classification_NN1 
should_VM now_RT be_VBI adopted_VVN throughout_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL No_AT classification_NN1 has_VHZ yet_RR considered_VVN the_AT 
presence_NN1 of_IO intrarenal_JJ reflux_NN1 [_( 13_MC ]_) ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 
is_VBZ uncommonly_RR seen_VVN except_CS in_II very_RG young_JJ children_NN2 
,_, and_CC if_CSW observed_VVN should_VM be_VBI mentioned_VVN separately_RR 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT prevalence_NN1 of_IO primary_JJ vesicoureteric_JJ 
reflux_NN1 in_II Asian_JJ countries_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN difficult_JJ to_TO 
assess_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT author_NN1 recently_RR sent_VVN a_AT1 questionnaire_NN1 to_II 
leading_JJ nephrologists_NN2 in_II all_DB Asian_JJ countries_NN2 and_CC 
from_II the_AT replies_NN2 it_PPH1 seemed_VVD as_CS21 if_CS22 the_AT 
disorder_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX frequently_RR recognised_VVN by_II them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR in_II Japan_NP1 ,_, paediatric_JJ and_CC adult_JJ 
nephrologists_NN2 appeared_VVD to_TO see_VVI little_RR vesicoureteric_JJ 
reflux_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE complications_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, if_CS the_AT recently_RR reported_JJ experience_NN1 
of_IO Ikoma_NP1 and_CC Shimada_NP1 [_( 14_MC ]_) ,_, urologists_NN2 in_II 
Nishinomiya_NP1 ,_, is_VBZ typical_JJ then_JJ reflux_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX 
uncommon_JJ in_II Japan_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 urology_NN1 group_NN reported_VVD details_NN2 of_IO 711_MC 
children_NN2 (_( 348_MC boys_NN2 )_) seen_VVN with_IW primary_JJ reflux_NN1 
over_II the_AT past_NN1 12_MC 1/2_MF years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_IO this_DD1 group_NN of_IO 711_MC ,_, 40_MC (_( 5.6%_FO )_) 
had_VHD developed_VVN proteinuria_NN1 ,_, 17_MC (_( 2.3%_FO )_) renal_JJ 
insufficiency_NN1 and_CC 4_MC (_( 0.6%_FO )_) had_VHD started_VVN 
haemodialysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Until_CS the_AT end_NN1 of_IO December_NPM1 1985_MC ,_, 303_MC 
children_NN2 have_VH0 had_VHN a_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO 321_MC renal_JJ 
transplants_NN2 in_II Japan_NP1 [_( 15_MC ]_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_IO these_DD2 303_MC children_NN2 ,_, 15-39_MCMC (_( 5-13%_FO )_) 
probably_RR had_VHN reflux_NN1 nephropathy_NN1 ,_, although_CS many_DA2 of_IO 
these_DD2 were_VBDR listed_VVN as_CSA having_VHG chronic_JJ pyelonephritis_NN1 
,_, hypoplasia_NN1 or_CC dysplasia_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Primary_JJ vesicoureteric_JJ reflux_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 
congenital_JJ lesion_NN1 that_CST may_VM be_VBI inherited_VVN as_II an_AT1 
autosomal_JJ dominant_JJ with_IW variable_JJ clinical_JJ expression_NN1 [_( 
16_MC ]_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ideally_NP1 ,_, therefore_RR the_AT condition_NN1 should_VM be_VBI 
detected_VVN shortly_RR after_II birth_NN1 ,_, or_CC even_RR in_II utero_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 would_VM enable_VVI patients_NN2 with_IW severe_JJ 
reflux_NN1 to_TO undergo_VVI early_RR corrective_JJ surgery_NN1 and_CC for_IF 
antimicrobial_JJ prophylaxis_NN1 to_TO be_VBI instituted_VVN early_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL No_AT definite_JJ or_CC reliable_JJ genetic_JJ marker_NN1 has_VHZ 
yet_RR been_VBN identified_VVN ,_, but_CCB the_AT search_NN1 must_VM 
continue_VVI for_IF such_DA a_AT1 marker_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 simple_JJ screening_NN1 test_NN1 
for_IF reflux_NN1 the_AT policy_NN1 of_IO investigating_VVG the_AT urinary_JJ 
tract_NN1 of_IO newborn_JJ infants_NN2 or_CC children_NN2 of_IO parents_NN2 
or_CC siblings_NN2 with_IW vesicoureteric_JJ reflux_NN1 or_CC reflux_NN1 
nephropathy_NN1 ,_, regardless_RR of_IO symptoms_NN2 ,_, should_VM be_VBI 
continued_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Any_DD fetus_NN1 shown_VVN on_II ultrasonography_NN1 to_TO 
have_VHI a_AT1 dilated_JJ urinary_JJ tract_NN1 should_VM be_VBI reviewed_VVN 
within_II 24_MC hours_NNT2 of_IO birth_NN1 [_( 17_MC ]_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Portman_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 }_NULL [_( 18_MC ]_) have_VH0 
shown_VVN that_CST an_AT1 increased_JJ concentration_NN1 of_IO urinary_NN1 
*1_NULL \_NULL b_ZZ1 *;_NULL 2_MC **;_NULL -microglobulin_NN1 (_( 
indicating_VVG abnormal_JJ proximal_JJ renal_JJ tubular_JJ function_NN1 )_) 
correlates_VVZ well_RR with_IW the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO tubulointerstitial_JJ 
renal_JJ lesions_NN2 in_II children_NN2 and_CC may_VM have_VHI promise_NN1 
as_II a_AT1 screening_NN1 test_NN1 for_IF reflux_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Careful_JJ ultrasonography_NN1 of_IO the_AT lower_JJR 
ureters_NN2 in_II infants_NN2 can_VM reliably_RR detect_VVI ureteric_JJ 
dilatation_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW vesicoureteric_JJ reflux_NN1 [_( 19_MC 
]_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 would_VM clearly_RR be_VBI impossible_JJ to_TO examine_VVI 
all_DB newborn_JJ infants_NN2 using_VVG this_DD1 technique_NN1 ,_, but_CCB 
ultrasonography_NN1 could_VM be_VBI of_IO value_NN1 as_II a_AT1 screening_NN1 
test_NN1 for_IF those_DD2 in_II high_JJ risk_NN1 categories_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II search_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 simple_JJ screening_NN1 test_NN1 for_IF 
reflux_NN1 a_AT1 Japanese_JJ worker_NN1 [_( 20_MC ]_) has_VHZ advocated_VVN 
a_AT1 simple_JJ test_NN1 that_CST assesses_VVZ the_AT volume_NN1 of_IO 
urine_NN1 that_CST refluxes_NN2 into_II the_AT upper_JJ urinary_JJ tract_NN1 
during_II micturition_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Kouno_NP1 [_( 20_MC ]_) has_VHZ shown_VVN that_CST healthy_JJ 
Japanese_JJ boys_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 emptied_VVN their_APPGE bladder_NN1 
can_VM then_RT pass_VVI a_AT1 mean_NN1 of_IO 7.2_MC \_NULL ml_NNU of_IO 
urine_NN1 if_CSW asked_VVN to_TO void_VVI a_AT1 second_MD time_NNT1 three_MC 
to_II five_MC minutes_NNT2 later_RRR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT corresponding_JJ mean_JJ for_IF normal_JJ girls_NN2 is_VBZ 
5.0_MC \_NULL ml_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II children_NN2 aged_II 4-10_MCMC years_NNT2 with_IW dilating_VVG 
degrees_NN2 of_IO reflux_NN1 (_( grade_NN1 *=_NULL III-V_JJ using_VVG 
international_JJ classification_NN1 )_) the_AT morning_NNT1 twice_RR 
voiding_VVG test_NN1 was_VBDZ 14-100_MCMC \_NULL ml_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 test_NN1 would_VM have_VHI little_JJ value_NN1 as_II a_AT1 
screening_NN1 test_NN1 in_II the_AT newborn_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT female_JJ mini-pig_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT best_JJT 
experimental_JJ model_NN1 for_IF vesicoureteric_JJ reflux_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sterile_JJ high_JJ pressure_NN1 reflux_NN1 in_II this_DD1 model_NN1 
has_VHZ been_VBN shown_VVN to_TO result_VVI in_II areas_NN2 of_IO renal_JJ 
parenchymal_JJ damage_NN1 occurring_VVG at_II the_AT site_NN1 of_IO 
intrarenal_JJ reflux_NN1 [_( 21,22_MC ]_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 superimposed_JJ urinary_JJ tract_NN1 infection_NN1 
increases_VVZ the_AT rapidity_NN1 and_CC severity_NN1 of_IO scar_NN1 
formation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT monkey_NN1 model_NN1 has_VHZ also_RR provided_VVN useful_JJ 
supporting_JJ data_NN [_( 23_MC ]_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT initial_JJ two-year_JJ followup_NN1 report_NN1 [_( 
24_MC ]_) on_II the_AT Birmingham_NP1 reflux_NN1 study_NN1 has_VHZ now_RT 
been_VBN extended_VVN to_II 161_MC children_NN2 observed_VVN for_IF two_MC 
years_NNT2 ,_, of_IO whom_PNQO 104_MC have_VH0 been_VBN followed_VVN for_IF 
five_MC years_NNT2 [_( 25_MC ]_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 study_NN1 has_VHZ compared_VVN operative_JJ with_IW 
nonoperative_JJ treatment_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 with_IW gross_JJ 
vesicoureteric_JJ reflux_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB children_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN treated_VVN with_IW 
long-term_JJ ,_, low-dose_JJ antimicrobial_JJ prophylaxis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Between_II the_AT treatment_NN1 groups_NN2 no_AT significant_JJ 
differences_NN2 have_VH0 emerged_VVN in_II the_AT incidence_NN1 of_IO 
breakthrough_NN1 urinary_JJ tract_NN1 infections_NN2 ,_, glomerular_JJ 
filtration_NN1 rate_NN1 ,_, renal_JJ concentrating_JJ ability_NN1 ,_, renal_JJ 
growth_NN1 ,_, the_AT progression_NN1 of_IO existing_JJ scars_NN2 or_CC new_JJ 
scar_NN1 formation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unfortunately_RR this_DD1 included_VVD relatively_RR few_DA2 
children_NN2 under_II the_AT age_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 year_NNT1 and_CC the_AT 
majority_NN of_IO them_PPHO2 already_RR had_VHN renal_JJ scarring_NN1 at_II 
entry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT authors_NN2 have_VH0 concluded_VVN that_CST neither_DD1 
treatment_NN1 can_VM claim_VVI superiority_NN1 ,_, nor_CC can_VM they_PPHS2 
fully_RR protect_VVI the_AT kidneys_NN2 from_II further_JJR damage_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC have_VH0 stressed_VVN that_CST efforts_NN2 must_VM continue_VVI to_TO 
be_VBI directed_VVN towards_II identifying_VVG those_DD2 infants_NN2 at_II 
risk_NN1 before_II scarring_VVG develops_VVZ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 London_NP1 study_NN1 which_DDQ started_VVD in_II 1976_MC 
included_JJ infants_NN2 under_II the_AT age_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 year_NNT1 
with_IW bilateral_JJ gross_JJ (_( Rolleston_NP1 classification_NN1 )_) 
vesicoureteric_JJ reflux_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ designed_VVN to_TO compare_VVI 
successful_JJ antimicrobial_JJ prophylaxis_NN1 with_IW successful_JJ 
antireflux_NN1 surgery_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Five_MC year_NNT1 followup_NN1 of_IO 12_MC infants_NN2 enrolled_VVN 
in_II each_DD1 group_NN has_VHZ shown_VVN a_AT1 significantly_RR higher_JJR 
mean_JJ glomerular_JJ filtration_NN1 rate_NN1 in_II the_AT surgically_RR 
treated_JJ group_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RRQV the_AT mean_JJ renal_JJ function_NN1 of_IO the_AT two_MC 
groups_NN2 at_II enrolment_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX comparable_JJ (_( {_NULL J_ZZ1 
M_NNO }_NULL Smellie_NP1 ,_, personal_JJ communication_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT International_JJ Reflux_NN1 Study_NN1 in_II 
Children_NN2 started_VVD in_II 1980_MC [_( 12_MC ]_) and_CC enrolment_NN1 
was_VBDZ completed_VVN in_II 1985_MC [_( 26_MC ]_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT European_JJ arm_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 402_MC 
children_NN2 were_VBDR entered_VVN from_II eight_MC paediatric_JJ 
nephrology_NN1 units_NN2 ,_, but_CCB only_RR 142_MC from_II the_AT eight_MC 
collaborating_JJ units_NN2 in_II the_AT United_NP States_NP1 of_IO America_NP1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT children_NN2 entered_VVN in_II the_AT study_NN1 were_VBDR 
under_RG 11_MC years_NNT2 of_IO age_NN1 and_CC had_VHD grade_NN1 *=_NULL 
III_MC or_CC *=_NULL IV_MC reflux_NN1 (_( international_JJ classification_NN1 
)_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unfortunately_RR children_NN2 with_IW grade_NN1 *=_NULL V_ZZ1 
reflux_NN1 were_VBDR not_XX included_VVN because_CS most_DAT clinicians_NN2 
were_VBDR agreed_VVN that_CST this_DD1 severe_JJ form_NN1 of_IO reflux_NN1 
in_II an_AT1 infant_NN1 or_CC young_JJ child_NN1 warranted_VVD antireflux_NN1 
surgery_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT European_JJ arm_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 the_AT 
children_NN2 had_VHD a_AT1 repeat_NN1 voiding_VVG cystourethrogram_NN1 
three_MC months_NNT2 after_II enrolment_NN1 and_CC if_CSW they_PPHS2 still_RR 
had_VHN dilating_JJ reflux_NN1 (_( {_NULL ie_REX }_NULL ,_, grade_NN1 *=_NULL 
III_MC or_CC more_DAR )_) they_PPHS2 were_VBDR then_RT considered_VVN to_TO 
have_VHI stable_JJ reflux_NN1 ,_, entered_VVN in_II the_AT main_JJ study_NN1 
and_CC randomised_VVN to_II either_RR surgery_NN1 or_CC no_AT surgery_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB children_NN2 received_VVD antimicrobial_JJ prophylaxis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 preallocation_NN1 period_NN1 resulted_VVD in_II 80_MC 
children_NN2 in_II the_AT European_JJ arm_NN1 being_VBG excluded_VVN 
because_II21 of_II22 unstable_JJ reflux_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 80_MC children_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG followed_VVN as_II 
a_AT1 separate_JJ group_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR there_EX are_VBR 322_MC children_NN2 in_II the_AT European_JJ 
arm_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 who_PNQS are_VBR now_RT under_RG long_JJ 
term_NN1 followup_NN1 in_II the_AT main_JJ study_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II entry_NN1 ,_, one-third_MF of_IO these_DD2 children_NN2 
already_RR had_VHN renal_JJ scars_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX was_VBDZ no_AT preallocation_NN1 phase_NN1 in_II 
the_AT United_NP States_NP1 arm_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 which_DDQ 
definitely_RR had_VHN problems_NN2 with_IW recruitment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO 
explain_VVI why_RRQ in_II this_DD1 group_NN there_EX were_VBDR only_RR 13_MC 
boys_NN2 (_( 9.2%_FO of_IO total_NN1 )_) ,_, compared_VVN with_IW 87_MC 
boys_NN2 (_( 21.6%_FO of_IO total_NN1 )_) in_II the_AT European_JJ group_NN 
._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 difference_NN1 was_VBDZ statistically_RR significant_JJ 
and_CC was_VBDZ not_XX explained_VVN by_II an_AT1 older_JJR age_NN1 group_NN 
of_IO the_AT American_JJ children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT latter_DA was_VBDZ true_RR fewer_DAR boys_NN2 would_VM 
be_VBI expected_VVN as_CSA they_PPHS2 tend_VV0 to_TO present_VVI within_II 
the_AT first_MD year_NNT1 of_IO life_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN shown_VVN recently_RR that_CST the_AT 
risk_NN1 of_IO urinary_JJ tract_NN1 infections_NN2 in_II boys_NN2 is_VBZ 
higher_JJR in_II those_DD2 who_PNQS are_VBR uncircumcised_JJ [_( 27_MC ]_) ,_, 
and_CC it_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN postulated_VVN that_CST the_AT practise_NN1 
of_IO widespread_JJ circumcision_NN1 in_II America_NP1 may_VM be_VBI 
responsible_JJ for_IF the_AT small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO boys_NN2 enrolled_VVN 
in_II this_DD1 trial_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 prospective_JJ study_NN1 is_VBZ in_II progress_NN1 in_II 
Auckland_NP1 enrolling_VVG children_NN2 aged_II six_MC months_NNT2 to_II 10_MC 
years_NNT2 with_IW grade_NN1 *=_NULL III_MC or_CC *=_NULL IV_MC reflux_NN1 (_( 
international_JJ classification_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO date_VVI over_RG 100_MC children_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN 
randomised_VVN to_II either_RR conservative_JJ treatment_NN1 or_CC to_II 
antireflux_NN1 surgery_NN1 ,_, but_CCB no_AT followup_NN1 data_NN is_VBZ 
yet_RR available_JJ (_( Morris_NP1 and_CC Rothwell_NP1 ,_, personal_JJ 
communication_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT South-West_ND1 Pediatric_JJ Nephrology_NN1 Study_NN1 
Group_NNJ in_II Dallas_NP1 have_VH0 a_AT1 prospective_JJ study_NN1 in_II 
progress_NN1 to_TO follow_VVI children_NN2 with_IW grade_NN1 *=_NULL I_ZZ1 ,_, 
*=_NULL II_MC and_CC *=_NULL III_MC reflux_NN1 (_( international_JJ 
classification_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB children_NN2 will_VM be_VBI followed_VVN for_IF at_RR21 
least_RR22 five_MC years_NNT2 while_CS receiving_VVG low-dose_JJ 
cotrimoxazole_NN1 (_( Arant_NP1 {_NULL BS_NP1 }_NULL ,_, personal_JJ 
communication_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 American_JJ study_NN1 is_VBZ similar_JJ to_II the_AT 
initial_JJ study_NN1 by_II Rolleston_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 }_NULL [_( 
10,11_MC ]_) but_CCB the_AT former_DA includes_VVZ children_NN2 under_II 
the_AT age_NN1 of_IO five_MC years_NNT2 rather_II21 than_II22 just_JJ 
infants_NN2 and_CC excludes_VVZ those_DD2 with_IW the_AT most_RGT severe_JJ 
degrees_NN2 of_IO reflux_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Although_CS the_AT commonest_JJT 
clinical_JJ presentation_NN1 of_IO vesicoureteric_JJ reflux_NN1 or_CC 
reflux_NN1 nephropathy_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 complicating_JJ urinary_JJ tract_NN1 
infection_NN1 the_AT disorder_NN1 may_VM present_VVI in_II several_DA2 
other_JJ ways_NN2 (_( Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II Australasia_NP1 ,_, and_CC probably_RR in_II other_JJ 
western_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, reflux_NN1 nephropathy_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT 
commonest_JJT cause_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 malignant_JJ hypertension_NN1 and_CC 
endstage_VV0 renal_JJ failure_NN1 in_II children_NN2 [_( 28_MC ]_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Persistent_JJ proteinuria_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 bad_JJ prognostic_JJ 
feature_NN1 and_CC indicates_VVZ a_AT1 complicating_JJ glomerulopathy_NN1 
with_IW the_AT features_NN2 of_IO focal_JJ and_CC segmental_JJ 
glomerulosclerosis_NN1 and_CC hyalinosis_NN1 [_( 29,30_MC ]_) ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 310+TEXT+J16_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Paget_NP1 's_GE disease_NN1 of_IO bone_NN1 is_VBZ 
principally_RR a_AT1 disorder_NN1 of_IO osteoclasts_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ excessive_JJ bone_NN1 dissolution_NN1 followed_VVN 
by_II disordered_JJ reconstitution_NN1 with_IW typical_JJ radiological_JJ 
features_NN2 of_IO lysis_NN1 ,_, sclerosis_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 disordered_JJ 
trabecular_JJ pattern_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II bone_NN1 volume_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Activity_NN1 in_II individual_JJ bones_NN2 can_VM be_VBI 
predominantly_RR lytic_JJ ;_; then_RT mixed_VVN with_IW an_AT1 increase_NN1 
in_II bone_NN1 osteoblastic_JJ activity_NN1 ;_; and_CC finally_RR ,_, on_II 
occasions_NN2 ,_, becoming_VVG quiescent_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 lytic_JJ area_NN1 may_VM be_VBI present_JJ for_IF months_NNT2 
or_CC years_NNT2 and_CC may_VM progress_VVI along_RP a_AT1 bone_NN1 shaft_NN1 
,_, linked_VVD to_II a_AT1 change_NN1 in_II bone_NN1 architecture_NN1 (_( 
\_NULL fig._NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT condition_NN1 involves_VVZ single_JJ bones_NN2 ,_, although_CS 
often_RR at_II multiple_JJ sites_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT axial_JJ skeleton_NN1 (_( skull_NN1 ,_, thoracic_JJ and_CC 
lumbar_NN1 spine_NN1 ,_, pelvis_NN1 and_CC long_JJ bones_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
legs_NN2 )_) is_VBZ particularly_RR affected_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Overall_JJ disease_NN1 activity_NN1 can_VM be_VBI measured_VVN 
with_IW 24-hour_JJ urinary_JJ hydroxyproline_NN1 levels_NN2 (_( monitoring_NN1 
osteoclastic_JJ activity_NN1 )_) and_CC serum_NN1 alkaline_JJ phosphatase_NN1 
(_( monitoring_NN1 osteoblastic_JJ activity_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Actively_RR involved_JJ bone_NN1 has_VHZ increased_VVN 
vascularity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Local_JJ blood_NN1 flow_NN1 can_VM cause_VVI an_AT1 increase_NN1 
in_II the_AT cardiac_JJ output_NN1 ,_, and_CC predispose_VV0 to_II bone_NN1 
pain_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT condition_NN1 is_VBZ common_JJ ,_, possibly_RR 
involving_VVG 2_MC to_II 5%_NNU of_IO New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 over_II the_AT 
age_NN1 of_IO 50_MC (_( Ibbertson_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1979_MC ;_; Reasbeck_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1983_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Studies_NN2 in_II the_AT United_NP States_NP1 and_CC United_NP 
Kingdom_NP1 have_VH0 suggested_VVN a_AT1 patchy_JJ distribution_NN1 between_II 
geographical_JJ areas_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Paget_NP1 's_GE disease_NN1 is_VBZ frequently_RR 
asymptomatic_JJ ;_; it_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 common_JJ incidental_JJ finding_NN1 
on_II x-ray_NN1 or_CC cause_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 raised_JJ alkaline_JJ 
phosphatase_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT Pagetic_JJ bones_NN2 can_VM be_VBI demonstrated_VVN by_II 
bone_NN1 scan_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_RRQ problems_NN2 occur_VV0 ,_, they_PPHS2 can_VM result_VVI 
from_II bone_NN1 pain_NN1 ,_, deformity_NN1 ,_, osteoarthritis_NN1 in_II 
adjacent_JJ joints_NN2 ,_, fracture_NN1 ,_, nerve_NN1 compression_NN1 or_CC 
ischaemia_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Very_RG occasionally_RR extensive_JJ Paget_NP1 's_GE disease_NN1 
can_VM contribute_VVI towards_II congestive_JJ heart_NN1 failure_NN1 and_CC 
very_RG occasionally_RR Pagetic_JJ bone_NN1 can_VM undergo_VVI sarcomatous_JJ 
change_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT trigger_NN1 to_II the_AT altered_JJ osteoclast_NN1 
morphology_NN1 and_CC increased_VVD bony_JJ activity_NN1 is_VBZ thought_VVN 
to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 viral_JJ infection_NN1 of_IO the_AT measles_NN2 or_CC 
respiratory_JJ syncytial_JJ virus_NN1 types_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Inclusion_NN1 particles_NN2 suggestive_JJ of_IO such_DA viruses_NN2 
have_VH0 been_VBN found_VVN in_II osteoclasts_NN2 in_II most_DAT cases_NN2 
in_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 have_VH0 been_VBN sought_VVN by_II 
electronmicroscopy_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_RL have_VH0 been_VBN several_DA2 useful_JJ symposia_NN1 
and_CC reviews_VVZ on_II the_AT subject_NN1 (_( Altman_NP1 and_CC Singer_NP1 
1980_MC ;_; Hosking_NP1 1985_MC ;_; Ibbertson_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1979_MC ;_; Wallach_NP1 1977_MC ;_; Williams_NP1 1981_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 article_NN1 references_NN2 are_VBR quoted_VVN only_RR 
for_IF information_NN1 additional_JJ to_II these_DD2 reviews_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ Therapeutic_JJ Agents_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT condition_NN1 is_VBZ readily_RR treated_VVN ,_, 
usually_RR with_IW a_AT1 diphosphonate_NN1 ,_, calcitonin_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 
combination_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, at_RR21 present_RR22 ,_, each_DD1 requires_VVZ a_AT1 
specialist_JJ prescription_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT current_JJ New_NP Zealand_NP1 drug_NN1 cost_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 
average_JJ 6-month_JJ course_NN1 of_IO etidronate_JJ disodium_NN1 (_( the_AT 
only_JJ approved_JJ diphosphonate_NN1 )_) is_VBZ about_II *+_NULL $750_NNU 
and_CC of_IO calcitonin_NN1 about_II *+_NULL $1400_NNU ._. 

^ *<_NULL 1.1_MC Etidronate_NP1 disodium_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Diphosphonates_NP1 (_( biphosphonates_NN2 )_) are_VBR 
pyrophosphate-like_JJ agents_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR readily_RR adsorbed_VVN 
to_II bone_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT major_JJ mechanism_NN1 of_IO action_NN1 of_IO etidronate_JJ 
disodium_NN1 is_VBZ probably_RR through_II inhibition_NN1 of_IO 
intracellular_JJ metabolic_JJ activities_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ poor_JJ cellular_JJ penetration_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI that_CST osteoclasts_NN2 have_VH0 increased_VVN 
vulnerability_NN1 to_II the_AT agent_NN1 as_CSA they_PPHS2 mobilise_VV0 
bone_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ administered_VVN 
orally_RR on_II an_AT1 empty_JJ stomach_NN1 and_CC has_VHZ a_AT1 low_JJ 
absorption_NN1 ,_, between_II 1_MC1 to_II 10%_NNU of_IO the_AT dose_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Extracellular_JJ fluid_NN1 levels_NN2 equilibrate_VV0 between_II 
bone_NN1 adsorption_NN1 and_CC renal_JJ excretion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT usual_JJ recommended_JJ dose_NN1 is_VBZ 5_MC {_NULL 
mg/kg/day_FO }_NULL ,_, although_CS 10_MC {_NULL mg/kg/day_FO }_NULL is_VBZ 
at_RR21 least_RR22 as_CSA effective_JJ and_CC probably_RR has_VHZ no_AT 
increase_NN1 in_II toxicity_NN1 in_II31 comparison_II32 with_II33 the_AT 
lower_JJR dose_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Initial_JJ studies_NN2 used_JJ doses_NN2 of_IO 20_MC {_NULL 
mg/kg/day_FO }_NULL for_IF prolonged_JJ periods_NN2 but_CCB these_DD2 
levels_NN2 were_VBDR found_VVN to_TO interfere_VVI with_IW bone_NN1 
formation_NN1 ,_, giving_VVG a_AT1 form_NN1 of_IO osteomalacia_NN1 and_CC 
an_AT1 increased_JJ fracture_NN1 rate_NN1 in_II both_DB2 Pagetic_JJ and_CC 
non-Pagetic_JJ bone_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT lower_JJR doses_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX cause_VVI this_DD1 
problem_NN1 if_CSW courses_NN2 are_VBR restricted_VVN to_II 6_MC months_NNT2 
or_CC less_RRR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT presence_NN1 of_IO predominantly_RR osteolytic_JJ bone_NN1 
is_VBZ a_AT1 contraindication_NN1 to_II beginning_VVG treatment_NN1 with_IW 
etidronate_JJ disodium_NN1 ,_, in_CS21 case_CS22 a_AT1 fracture_NN1 
supervenes_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Those_DD2 subjects_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 plasma_NN1 alkaline_JJ 
phosphatase_NN1 less_RRR than_CSN about_RG 600_MC to_II 800_MC {_NULL U/L_FO 
}_NULL (_( normal_JJ less_RRR than_CSN about_RG 100_MC {_NULL U/L_FO }_NULL 
)_) commonly_RR respond_VV0 with_IW a_AT1 fall_NN1 in_II level_NN1 over_RG 
3_MC to_II 6_MC months_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Values_NN2 often_RR plateau_NN1 at_II about_II one-third_MF to_II 
one-half_MF of_IO the_AT initial_JJ value_NN1 (_( \_NULL fig._NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 of_IO these_DD2 patients_NN2 have_VH0 falls_NN2 to_TO 
near_VVI normal_JJ levels_NN2 and_CC experience_VVI a_AT1 long_JJ term_NN1 
remission_NN1 (_( Altman_NP1 1985_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II others_NN2 the_AT biochemistry_NN1 relapses_VVZ after_II a_AT1 
period_NN1 of_IO months_NNT2 or_CC years_NNT2 (_( \_NULL fig._NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR few_DA2 side_NN1 effects_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Occasionally_RR there_EX is_VBZ mild_JJ nausea_NN1 ,_, or_CC an_AT1 
alteration_NN1 in_II bowel_NN1 habit_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Occasionally_NP1 ,_, especially_RR with_IW active_JJ Paget_NP1 's_GE 
disease_NN1 ,_, there_EX can_VM be_VBI an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II bone_NN1 
pain_NN1 for_IF a_DD221 few_DD222 weeks_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Progressive_JJ bone_NN1 pain_NN1 may_VM herald_NN1 a_AT1 
developing_JJ fracture_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Care_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR required_VVN in_II subjects_NN2 with_IW 
clearly_RR reduced_VVN renal_JJ function_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 1.2_MC Calcitonin_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Calcitonin_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 peptide_NN1 hormone_NN1 which_DDQ 
acts_VVZ on_II osteoclasts_NN2 to_TO reduce_VVI cell_NN1 number_NN1 and_CC 
activity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Long_JJ term_NN1 treatment_NN1 supports_VVZ normal_JJ remodelling_NN1 
of_IO bone_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Human_NN1 ,_, salmon_NN and_CC 
porcine_NN1 preparations_NN2 are_VBR available_JJ ,_, each_DD1 
administered_VVD subcutaneously_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Salmon_NP1 calcitonin_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR potent_JJ than_CSN the_AT 
homologous_JJ hormone_NN1 in_II various_JJ species_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT porcine_NN1 form_NN1 is_VBZ less_RGR potent_JJ than_CSN the_AT 
other_JJ forms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT usual_JJ dose_NN1 is_VBZ 100_MC {_NULL MRC_NP }_NULL units_NN2 
for_IF salmon_NN or_CC porcine_NN1 calcitonin_NN1 and_CC 0.5_MC \_NULL mg_NNU 
for_IF human_JJ calcitonin_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Salmon_NP1 calcitonin_NN1 can_VM be_VBI given_VVN daily_RR for_IF 
about_RG 6_MC weeks_NNT2 ,_, subsequently_RR reducing_VVG to_II 3_MC days_NNT2 
a_AT1 week_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Human_JJ calcitonin_NN1 may_VM be_VBI given_VVN on_II a_AT1 
similar_JJ regimen_NN1 but_CCB should_VM probably_RR be_VBI continued_VVN 
at_II a_AT1 daily_JJ dosage_NN1 schedule_NN1 until_CS the_AT biochemical_JJ 
response_NN1 has_VHZ plateaued_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II these_DD2 doses_NN2 there_EX is_VBZ no_AT proven_JJ benefit_NN1 
for_IF one_MC1 hormone_NN1 over_II the_AT other_JJ ,_, although_CS formal_JJ 
comparisons_NN2 have_VH0 not_XX been_VBN performed_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Calcitonin_NP1 therapy_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 comparable_JJ 
biochemical_JJ effect_NN1 to_TO etidronate_VVI disodium_NN1 ,_, although_CS 
the_AT fall_NN1 in_II hydroxyproline_NN1 values_NN2 may_VM not_XX be_VBI as_RG 
rapid_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT reduction_NN1 in_II alkaline_JJ phosphatase_NN1 again_RT 
occurs_VVZ particularly_RR in_II the_AT first_MD few_DA2 weeks_NNT2 of_IO 
therapy_NN1 ,_, with_IW progressive_JJ change_NN1 for_IF 3_MC to_II 6_MC 
months_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Levels_NN2 fall_VV0 to_RP about_RG half_DB of_IO the_AT initial_JJ 
values_NN2 (_( \_NULL fig._NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Symptomatic_JJ improvement_NN1 is_VBZ usually_RR seen_VVN within_II 
2_MC to_II 6_MC weeks_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Relapse_NP1 is_VBZ common_JJ within_II months_NNT2 of_IO stopping_VVG 
therapy_NN1 (_( \_NULL fig._NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD patients_NN2 on_II human_JJ calcitonin_NN1 may_VM have_VHI 
a_AT1 further_JJR response_NN1 when_RRQ treatment_NN1 is_VBZ continued_VVN 
at_II increasing_VVG dose_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Calcitonin_NP1 reduces_VVZ the_AT bone_NN1 pain_NN1 of_IO 
Paget_NP1 's_GE disease_NN1 over_II days_NNT2 or_CC weeks_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II part_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ associated_VVN with_IW a_AT1 
reduction_NN1 in_II bone_NN1 vascularity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 there_EX may_VM be_VBI a_AT1 direct_JJ 
analgesic_NN1 effect_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Pain_NN1 from_II boney_JJ metastases_NN2 may_VM also_RR be_VBI 
ameliorated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Calcitonin_NP1 is_VBZ specifically_RR indicated_VVN with_IW 
extensive_JJ lytic_JJ Paget_NP1 's_GE disease_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Side_NN1 effects_NN2 are_VBR common_JJ on_II treatment_NN1 ,_, 
occurring_VVG in_RP over_II one-third_MF of_IO patients_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nausea_NP1 is_VBZ frequent_JJ ,_, starting_VVG 30_MC minutes_NNT2 
to_II 2_MC hours_NNT2 after_II injection_NN1 and_CC sometimes_RT 
persisting_VVG for_IF several_DA2 hours_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT nausea_NN1 can_VM be_VBI preceded_VVN by_II an_AT1 
uncomfortable_JJ facial_JJ flushing_NN1 or_CC sweating_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 symptoms_NN2 commonly_RR reduce_VV0 after_II days_NNT2 
or_CC weeks_NNT2 of_IO therapy_NN1 but_CCB may_VM not_XX clear_VVI 
completely_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 can_VM be_VBI ameliorated_VVN by_II starting_VVG on_II 
lower_JJR doses_NN2 ,_, by_II using_VVG a_AT1 subcutaneous_JJ rather_II21 
than_II22 an_AT1 intramuscular_JJ injection_NN1 and_CC by_II having_VHG the_AT 
patient_JJ rest_NN1 after_II injection_NN1 *-_- all_DB simple_JJ practices_NN2 
which_DDQ reduce_VV0 the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO absorption_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Symptomatic_JJ therapy_NN1 for_IF flushing_VVG (_( {_NULL e.g._REX 
}_NULL clonidine_NN1 )_) or_CC nausea_NN1 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL 
metoclopramide_NN1 )_) taken_VVN before_II an_AT1 injection_NN1 ,_, can_VM 
also_RR help_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Calcitonin_NP1 also_RR induces_VVZ a_AT1 mild_JJ diuresis_NN1 ;_; 
this_DD1 may_VM be_VBI noticed_VVN by_II the_AT patient_NN1 but_CCB rarely_RR 
causes_VVZ difficulties_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 reduction_NN1 in_II gastric_JJ acid_NN1 
secretion_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ symptomless_JJ ._. 

^ *<_NULL 1.3_MC Mithramycin_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Mithramycin_NP1 is_VBZ an_AT1 antineoplastic_JJ agent_NN1 
with_IW potent_JJ effects_NN2 on_II osteoclasts_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ given_VVN by_II infusion_NN1 in_II a_DD221 few_DD222 
daily_JJ treatments_NN2 for_IF 5_MC to_II 10_MC days_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 can_VM produce_VVI a_AT1 rapid_JJ reduction_NN1 in_II 
bone_NN1 pain_NN1 (_( within_II days_NNT2 )_) and_CC a_AT1 rapid_JJ and_CC 
deep_JJ fall_NN1 in_II the_AT biochemistry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 risk_NN1 of_IO renal_JJ ,_, hepatic_JJ or_CC 
bone_NN1 marrow_NN1 toxicity_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ minimal_JJ provided_CS 
doses_NN2 are_VBR kept_VVN at_II 10_MC {_NULL *1_NULL \_NULL mg/kg/day_FO 
}_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Treatment_NP1 is_VBZ best_RRT administered_VVN on_II an_AT1 in_II 
patient_JJ basis_NN1 with_IW detailed_JJ supervision_NN1 including_II renal_JJ 
and_CC liver_NN1 function_NN1 tests_NN2 and_CC blood_NN1 counts_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Mithramycin_NP1 is_VBZ usually_RR employed_VVN as_II a_AT1 
second-line_JJ agent_NN1 in_II a_AT1 subject_NN1 with_IW serious_JJ 
problems_NN2 after_II an_AT1 inadequate_JJ response_NN1 to_II calcitonin_NN1 
and_CC diphosphonates_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 1.4_MC Combined_JJ Therapy_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT effects_NN2 of_IO calcitonin_NN1 are_VBR 
complementary_JJ to_II the_AT diphosphonates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT use_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 agents_NN2 simultaneously_RR will_VM 
commonly_RR reduce_VVI the_AT alkaline_JJ phosphatase_NN1 to_II normal_JJ 
over_II a_AT1 4-_NN1 to_II 6-month_JJ period_NN1 ,_, even_RR in_II 
subjects_NN2 with_IW particularly_RR high_JJ enzyme_NN1 levels_NN2 (_( \_NULL 
fig._NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Combination_NN1 with_IW mithramycin_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR 
experimental_JJ but_CCB in_II specialist_JJ units_NN2 may_VM be_VBI worth_II 
using_VVG with_IW a_AT1 defined_JJ protocol_NN1 to_TO allow_VVI proper_JJ 
evaluation_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 1.5_MC Other_JJ Therapies_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO calcium_NN1 (_( 1_MC1 \_NULL g_NNU 
daily_JJ )_) and_CC a_AT1 thiazide_NN1 diuretic_NN1 in_II moderate_JJ 
dosage_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN shown_VVN to_TO reduce_VVI Pagetic_JJ activity_NN1 
,_, with_IW a_AT1 fall_NN1 in_II alkaline_JJ phosphatase_NN1 and_CC 
frequently_RR a_AT1 reduction_NN1 in_II bone_NN1 pain_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ presumed_VVN that_CST the_AT diuretic-induced_JJ 
retention_NN1 of_IO calcium_NN1 combines_VVZ with_IW the_AT oral_JJ load_NN1 
to_TO stimulate_VVI endogenous_JJ calcitonin_NN1 and/or_CC inhibit_VV0 
parathyroid_JJ hormone_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Treatment_NP1 is_VBZ cheap_JJ and_CC readily_RR prescribed_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 rarely_RR reduces_VVZ alkaline_JJ 
phosphatase_NN1 to_II normal_JJ levels_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS it_PPH1 can_VM induce_VVI a_AT1 further_JJR fall_NN1 in_II 
biochemistry_NN1 after_II treatment_NN1 with_IW the_AT first-line_JJ 
agents_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ not_XX yet_RR been_VBN shown_VVN to_TO 
prolong_VVI a_AT1 medical_JJ remission_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL High_RR dose_VV0 etidronate_JJ disodium_NN1 ,_, 20_MC {_NULL 
mg/kg/day_FO }_NULL ,_, has_VHZ been_VBN shown_VVN to_TO have_VHI similar_JJ 
biochemical_JJ effects_NN2 after_II a_AT1 monthly_JJ course_NN1 as_II a_AT1 
5_MC {_NULL mg/kg/day_FO }_NULL course_NN1 for_IF 6_MC months_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT studies_NN2 investigating_VVG this_DD1 dosage_NN1 regimen_NN1 
treated_VVD patients_NN2 with_IW moderate_JJ disease_NN1 activity_NN1 and_CC 
alkaline_JJ phosphatase_NN1 up_II21 to_II22 about_II 600_MC {_NULL U/L_FO 
}_NULL (_( Gibbs_NP1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1986_MC ;_; Preston_NP1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1986_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Its_APPGE place_NN1 as_II a_AT1 standard_JJ therapy_NN1 has_VHZ 
not_XX yet_RR been_VBN defined_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Calcium_NP1 supplementation_NN1 may_VM be_VBI considered_VVN 
in_II patients_NN2 on_II treatment_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR in_II those_DD2 
with_IW coincidental_JJ osteopaenia_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 low_JJ calcium_NN1 
intake_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Patients_NN2 usually_RR develop_VV0 hypocalciuria_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 
minor_JJ fall_NN1 in_II the_AT serum_NN1 calcium_NN1 during_II effective_JJ 
treatment_NN1 of_IO Paget_NP1 's_GE disease_NN1 ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 rarely_RR 
causes_VVZ symptoms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT calcium_NN1 should_VM not_XX be_VBI taken_VVN at_II the_AT 
same_DA time_NNT1 as_CSA the_AT etidronate_JJ disodium_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ Treating_VVG Pagetic_JJ Symptoms_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *0_NULL 2.1_MC Bone_NN1 Pain_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT usual_JJ indication_NN1 for_IF 
treatment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Typical_JJ Pagetic_JJ pain_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 deep_JJ ,_, diffuse_JJ 
,_, throbbing_VVG or_CC aching_VVG ,_, constant_JJ pain_NN1 ,_, increasing_VVG 
after_II exercise_NN1 or_CC at_II night_NNT1 (_( Harinck_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 
al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1986_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 diagnostic_JJ presentation_NN1 and_CC 
it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI difficult_JJ to_TO distinguish_VVI Pagetic_JJ 
symptoms_NN2 from_II those_DD2 of_IO degenerative_JJ disease_NN1 in_II an_AT1 
adjacent_JJ joint_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Low_JJ back_NN1 and_CC hip_JJ pain_NN1 cause_VV0 particular_JJ 
difficulty_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II other_JJ sites_NN2 there_EX are_VBR often_RR local_JJ signs_NN2 
of_IO disease_NN1 activity_NN1 with_IW warmth_NN1 of_IO 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL the_AT overlying_JJ skin_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 
increased_JJ volume_NN1 in_II the_AT adjacent_JJ superficial_JJ pulses_NN2 
and_CC ,_, occasionally_RR ,_, bone_NN1 tenderness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS there_EX is_VBZ doubt_NN1 as_II21 to_II22 whether_CSW pain_NN1 
is_VBZ osteoarthritic_JJ in_II type_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 trial_NN1 injection_NN1 
of_IO lignocaine_NN1 in_II the_AT joint_NN1 will_VM relieve_VVI arthritic_JJ 
pain_NN1 for_IF some_DD hours_NNT2 without_IW affecting_VVG a_AT1 Pagetic_JJ 
component_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 trial_NN1 of_IO calcitonin_NN1 therapy_NN1 for_IF up_RG21 
to_RG22 6_MC weeks_NNT2 is_VBZ useful_JJ *-_- almost_RR all_DB Pagetic_JJ 
pain_NN1 will_VM settle_VVI over_II this_DD1 time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Any_DD new_JJ ,_, more_RGR acute_JJ symptoms_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR 
in_II a_AT1 deformed_JJ bone_NN1 ,_, can_VM represent_VVI a_AT1 developing_JJ 
pathological_JJ fracture_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Mild_JJ bone_NN1 pain_NN1 may_VM be_VBI treated_VVN with_IW 
analgesics_NN2 until_CS there_EX is_VBZ clear_JJ progression_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
disease_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Often_RR ,_, however_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ reasonable_JJ to_TO 
provide_VVI either_DD1 a_AT1 therapeutic_JJ trial_NN1 of_IO calcitonin_NN1 
or_CC a_AT1 complete_JJ course_NN1 of_IO either_RR (_( or_CC both_DB2 )_) 
first-line_JJ agents_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Commonly_RR the_AT pain_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX recur_VVI until_CS 
well_RR after_II the_AT biochemistry_NN1 has_VHZ relapsed_VVN ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2.2_MC Progressive_JJ Boney_JJ Deformity_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Any_DD deformity_NN1 is_VBZ generally_RR slowly_RR 
progressive_JJ over_II years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 occurs_VVZ particularly_RR in_II the_AT weight-bearing_JJ 
bones_NN2 ,_, the_AT tibia_NN1 and_CC the_AT femur_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ bend_VV0 
anteriorly_RR and_CC laterally_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX can_VM also_RR be_VBI change_NN1 in_II the_AT shape_NN1 
of_IO the_AT femoral_JJ neck_NN1 (_( a_ZZ1 relative_JJ rise_NN1 in_II the_AT 
greater_JJR trochanter_NN1 )_) ,_, in_II the_AT pelvis_NN1 (_( with_IW 
protrusio_NN1 acetabuli_NN2 )_) or_CC at_II the_AT base_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
skull_NN1 (_( platybasia_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Therapy_NN1 can_VM be_VBI expected_VVN to_TO arrest_VVI 
progressive_JJ change_NN1 ,_, although_CS this_DD1 occurs_VVZ so_RG slowly_RR 
it_PPH1 requires_VVZ some_DD care_NN1 and_CC objective_JJ assessment_NN1 to_TO 
show_VVI the_AT effects_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2.3_MC Very_RG Active_JJ Disease_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 case_NN1 to_TO be_VBI made_VVN for_IF 
the_AT treatment_NN1 of_IO all_DB subjects_NN2 whose_DDQGE alkaline_JJ 
phosphatase_NN1 is_VBZ greater_JJR than_CSN 1000_MC {_NULL U/L_FO }_NULL ,_, 
even_RR in_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO symptoms_NN2 (_( Ibbertson_NP1 1979_MC 
)_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ particularly_RR so_RG in_II subjects_NN2 less_RR21 
than_RR22 50_MC years_NNT2 of_IO age_NN1 ,_, as_CSA they_PPHS2 may_VM be_VBI 
more_DAR at_II risk_NN1 of_IO complications_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 good_JJ fall_NN1 in_II biochemistry_NN1 ,_, 
often_RR into_II the_AT normal_JJ range_NN1 ,_, when_CS calcitonin_NN1 and_CC 
etidronate_JJ disodium_NN1 are_VBR combined_VVN in_II a_AT1 6-month_JJ 
course_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA patients_NN2 frequently_RR report_VV0 a_AT1 nonspecific_JJ 
improvement_NN1 in_II well-being_NN1 ,_, with_IW improved_JJ concentration_NN1 
or_CC cerebration_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 improved_JJ exercise_NN1 tolerance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Once_RR admitted_VVN to_II this_DD1 treatment_NN1 ,_, intermittent_JJ 
courses_NN2 of_IO one_MC1 or_CC both_DB2 agents_NN2 over_RG 6_MC months_NNT2 
every_AT1 year_NNT1 may_VM well_RR be_VBI justified_VVN if_CS the_AT 
biochemistry_NN1 relapses_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ useful_JJ to_TO use_VVI a_AT1 combined_JJ 
regimen_NN1 in_II the_AT initial_JJ course_NN1 of_IO therapy_NN1 in_II 
subjects_NN2 with_IW alkaline_JJ phosphatase_NN1 values_VVZ over_RP about_RG 
800_MC {_NULL U/L_FO }_NULL ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 311+TEXT+J17_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Adolescents_NN2 are_VBR experiencing_VVG sexual_JJ 
relationships_NN2 at_II an_AT1 earlier_JJR age_NN1 and_CC all_DB too_RG 
frequently_RR this_DD1 is_VBZ resulting_VVG in_II unplanned_JJ pregnancies_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT contraceptive_JJ needs_NN2 of_IO adolescents_NN2 are_VBR 
not_XX being_VBG met_VVN and_CC doctors_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 responsibility_NN1 
to_TO improve_VVI this_DD1 important_JJ area_NN1 of_IO health_NN1 care_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Adolescence_NP1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO define_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Taking_VVG a_AT1 biological_JJ approach_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI 
said_VVN to_TO commence_VVI at_II puberty_NN1 but_CCB there_EX is_VBZ no_AT 
agreement_NN1 on_II the_AT end_NN1 point_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Socially_RR it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI defined_VVN as_II the_AT 
transition_NN1 period_NN1 from_II childhood_NN1 to_II adulthood_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Chronologically_RR a_AT1 {_NULL WHO_NP1 }_NULL expert_NN1 
committee_NNJ (_( 1965_MC )_) proposed_VVD the_AT age_NN1 limits_NN2 of_IO 
10_MC to_II 20_MC years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 broad_JJ definition_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN assumed_VVN in_II 
this_DD1 paper_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sexually_NP1 ,_, adolescence_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT period_NN1 of_IO 
attainment_NN1 of_IO sexual_JJ maturity_NN1 and_CC most_RGT young_JJ 
persons_NN2 will_VM have_VHI experienced_VVN a_AT1 sexual_JJ relationship_NN1 
,_, either_RR heterosexual_JJ or_CC homosexual_JJ ,_, by_II the_AT age_NN1 
of_IO 20_MC years_NNT2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 recent_JJ study_NN1 (_( 1_MC1 )_) of_IO 389_MC 
15-year-old_JJ girls_NN2 attending_VVG secondary_JJ school_NN1 in_II the_AT 
Hutt_NP Valley_NNL1 ,_, found_VVD 29%_NNU had_VHD already_RR experienced_VVN 
sexual_JJ intercourse_NN1 at_RR21 least_RR22 once_RR and_CC 10_MC had_VHD 
been_VBN pregnant_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Knowledge_NN1 of_IO reproductive_JJ health_NN1 was_VBDZ poor_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT condom_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT most_RGT frequent_JJ method_NN1 
of_IO contraception_NN1 used_VVD ,_, followed_VVN by_II the_AT pill_NN1 and_CC 
withdrawal_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL 15%_NNU of_IO the_AT sexually_RR experienced_JJ girls_NN2 used_VVD 
no_AT contraception_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Providing_CS contraception_NN1 for_IF adolescents_NN2 
raises_VVZ a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO issues_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Is_VBZ it_PPH1 legal_JJ ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Is_VBZ it_PPH1 ethical_JJ ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Is_VBZ it_PPH1 practical_JJ ?_? 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 paper_NN1 discusses_VVZ these_DD2 issues_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *5_NULL Is_VBZ It_PPH1 Legal_JJ ?_? 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ now_RT 
lawful_JJ for_IF doctors_NN2 to_TO prescribe_VVI contraception_NN1 for_IF 
under-16-year-olds_NN2 (_( Contraception_NN1 ,_, Sterilisation_NN1 and_CC 
Abortion_NN1 Act_NN1 1977_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Prior_II21 to_II22 1977_MC the_AT legal_JJ position_NN1 was_VBDZ 
unclear_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 under-16-year-old_NN1 may_VM consent_VVI to_II an_AT1 
abortion_NN1 without_IW parental_JJ consent_NN1 ,_, (_( Guardianship_NN1 
Amendment_NN1 1977_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ no_AT legislation_NN1 covering_VVG the_AT 
sterilisation_NN1 of_IO minors_NN2 ,_, nor_CC of_IO mentally_RR handicapped_JJ 
persons_NN2 ,_, although_CS this_DD1 is_VBZ being_NN1 reviewed_VVD at_II 
the_AT present_JJ time_NNT1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL For_IF males_NN2 there_EX is_VBZ no_AT age_NN1 of_IO 
consent_NN1 to_II heterosexual_JJ intercourse_NN1 but_II21 for_II22 
females_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ 16_MC years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL After_CS a_AT1 stormy_JJ and_CC lengthy_JJ passage_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
Homosexual_JJ Law_NN1 Reform_NN1 Act_NN1 was_VBDZ passed_VVN in_II August_NPM1 
1986_MC ,_, decriminalising_VVG homosexual_JJ acts_NN2 at_II 16_MC years_NNT2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT age_NN1 of_IO consent_NN1 to_II marriage_NN1 for_IF 
both_DB2 sexes_NN2 is_VBZ 16_MC years_NNT2 with_IW parental_JJ consent_NN1 
and_CC 20_MC years_NNT2 without_IW parental_JJ consent_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Prior_II21 to_II22 1933_MC the_AT age_NN1 of_IO consent_NN1 for_IF 
females_NN2 was_VBDZ 12_MC years_NNT2 and_CC for_IF males_NN2 14_MC years_NNT2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Many_DA2 doctors_NN2 are_VBR unsure_JJ about_II the_AT 
legality_NN1 of_IO providing_VVG contraception_NN1 for_IF an_AT1 
under-16-year-old_JJ girl_NN1 when_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ clearly_RR unlawful_JJ 
for_IF any_DD male_JJ to_TO be_VBI having_VHG intercourse_NN1 with_IW 
her_PPHO1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Is_VBZ the_AT doctor_NN1 guilty_JJ of_IO aiding_VVG and_CC 
abetting_VVG a_AT1 criminal_JJ offence_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Providing_CS contraception_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX enable_VVI the_AT 
act_NN1 of_IO intercourse_NN1 to_TO take_VVI place_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 merely_RR 
protects_VVZ against_II a_AT1 possible_JJ outcome_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT intention_NN1 of_IO the_AT law_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO protect_VVI 
under-16-year-olds_NN2 and_CC reporting_VVG an_AT1 offence_NN1 would_VM be_VBI 
a_AT1 breach_NN1 of_IO confidentiality_NN1 unless_CS the_AT girl_NN1 
required_VVD protection_NN1 from_II incest_NN1 ,_, violence_NN1 or_CC 
sexual_JJ abuse_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *5_NULL It_PPH1 May_VM Be_VBI Legal_JJ But_CCB Is_VBZ It_PPH1 
Ethical_JJ ?_? 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Doctors_NN2 providing_VVG contraceptive_JJ care_NN1 for_IF 
adolescents_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI clear_JJ about_II legal_JJ issues_NN2 
in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO deal_VVI constructively_RR with_IW the_AT 
inevitable_JJ phone_NN1 call_NN1 from_II an_AT1 angry_JJ parent_NN1 who_PNQS 
has_VHZ discovered_VVN their_APPGE daughter_NN1 's_VHZ pills_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *'_" You_PPY have_VH0 no_AT right_JJ to_TO do_VDI this_DD1 without_IW 
informing_VVG me_PPIO1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 am_VBM legally_RR responsible_JJ for_IF my_APPGE daughter_NN1 
's_VBZ welfare_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ about_II the_AT rights_NN2 of_IO parents_NN2 ?_? 

^ **'_" |_NULL ^_NULL These_DD2 are_VBR issues_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR 
raised_VVN ,_, in_II the_AT end_NN1 unsuccessfully_RR ,_, by_II \_NULL Mrs_NNB 
Gillick_NP1 in_II the_AT {_NULL UK_NP }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ no_AT requirement_NN1 to_TO inform_VVI parents_NN2 
if_CS contraception_NN1 is_VBZ provided_VVN for_IF an_AT1 
under-16-year-old_NN1 ,_, even_CS21 if_CS22 this_DD1 information_NN1 is_VBZ 
demanded_VVN by_II parents_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 would_VM be_VBI considered_VVN a_AT1 breach_NN1 of_IO 
confidentiality_NN1 if_CS done_VDN without_IW the_AT consent_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
young_JJ person_NN1 and_CC would_VM destroy_VVI the_AT trust_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
doctor/_FO patient_JJ relationship_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS parental_JJ involvement_NN1 should_VM be_VBI encouraged_VVN 
,_, it_PPH1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI enforced_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Listening_VVG to_II the_AT parent_NN1 's_VBZ point_NN1 of_IO 
view_NN1 ,_, acknowledging_VVG the_AT conflicts_NN2 and_CC discussing_VVG 
the_AT issues_NN2 fully_RR ,_, will_VM in_II most_DAT cases_NN2 enable_VV0 
a_AT1 satisfactory_JJ resolution_NN1 to_TO occur_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT parents_NN2 can_VM understand_VVI that_DD1 prevention_NN1 
of_IO an_AT1 unplanned_JJ pregnancy_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ 
priority_NN1 and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ to_TO help_VVI parents_NN2 
to_TO see_VVI the_AT issues_NN2 more_RGR clearly_RR without_IW betraying_VVG 
the_AT trust_NN1 of_IO the_AT adolescent_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT parents_NN2 may_VM feel_VVI rejected_JJ because_CS their_APPGE 
daughter_NN1 has_VHZ confided_VVN in_II someone_PN1 else_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 may_VM feel_VVI guilty_JJ because_CS she_PPHS1 has_VHZ 
chosen_VVN to_TO be_VBI sexually_RR active_JJ *-_- *'_" ^_NULL Where_RRQ 
did_VDD we_PPIS2 go_VVI wrong_RR ?_? 

^ **'_" ^_NULL They_PPHS2 may_VM feel_VVI protective_JJ and_CC find_VVI 
it_PPH1 difficult_JJ not_XX to_TO interfere_VVI when_RRQ ,_, in_II their_APPGE 
eyes_NN2 ,_, the_AT adolescent_NN1 is_VBZ making_VVG a_AT1 grave_JJ 
mistake_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 may_VM feel_VVI resentful_JJ that_CST they_PPHS2 have_VH0 
so_RG much_DA1 responsibility_NN1 and_CC so_RG little_DA1 control_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF parents_NN2 who_PNQS find_VV0 reading_VVG helpful_JJ ,_, 
books_NN2 can_VM be_VBI recommended_VVN (_( 3,4_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT doctor_NN1 finds_VVZ it_PPH1 difficult_JJ to_TO act_VVI 
in_II this_DD1 intermediary_JJ role_NN1 ,_, {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL when_RRQ 
the_AT parents_NN2 are_VBR also_RR patients_NN2 and_CC there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 
conflict_NN1 of_IO loyalties_NN2 ,_, then_RT the_AT doctor_NN1 should_VM 
explain_VVI the_AT difficulty_NN1 and_CC suggest_VVI that_CST the_AT young_JJ 
person_NN1 consult_VV0 another_DD1 doctor_NN1 or_CC Family_NN Planning_NN1 
Clinic_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Honesty_NP1 is_VBZ the_AT best_JJT policy_NN1 and_CC this_DD1 
also_RR applies_VVZ in_II other_JJ areas_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 have_VH0 seen_VVN patients_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 been_VBN 
prescribed_VVN oral_JJ contraceptive_JJ pills_NN2 for_IF menstrual_JJ 
problems_NN2 and_CC they_PPHS2 have_VH0 been_VBN told_VVN that_CST this_DD1 
is_VBZ not_XX for_IF contraception_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 have_VH0 seen_VVN patients_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 been_VBN 
given_VVN a_AT1 *'_" Depo-Provera_NP1 **'_" injection_NN1 without_IW an_AT1 
explanation_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ this_DD1 was_VBDZ for_IF ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ for_IF doctors_NN2 to_TO be_VBI 
aware_JJ of_IO their_APPGE own_DA attitudes_NN2 and_CC feelings_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 doctors_NN2 feel_VV0 uncomfortable_JJ if_CSW a_AT1 
virgin_NN1 asks_VVZ for_IF contraception_NN1 ,_, as_CS21 if_CS22 they_PPHS2 
are_VBR somehow_RR responsible_JJ for_IF removing_VVG the_AT final_JJ 
barrier_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Our_APPGE attitudes_NN2 are_VBR probably_RR responsible_JJ to_II 
some_DD extent_NN1 ,_, for_IF the_AT finding_NN1 that_CST first_MD 
intercourse_NN1 is_VBZ so_RG frequently_RR unprotected_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO tell_VVI a_AT1 young_JJ woman_NN1 to_TO come_VVI back_RP 
when_RRQ she_PPHS1 really_RR needs_VVZ it_PPH1 ,_, may_VM mean_VVI that_CST 
she_PPHS1 will_VM come_VVI back_RP pregnant_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS an_AT1 adolescent_NN1 takes_VVZ the_AT responsible_JJ step_NN1 
of_IO asking_VVG for_IF contraception_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 deserve_VV0 more_DAR 
than_CSN a_AT1 lecture_NN1 on_II the_AT dangers_NN2 of_IO sex_NN1 ,_, 
although_CS this_DD1 must_VM be_VBI discussed_VVN ,_, along_II21 with_II22 
other_JJ issues_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Many_DA2 adolescents_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX understand_VVI the_AT 
risks_NN2 of_IO pregnancy_NN1 ,_, birth_NN1 ,_, abortion_NN1 or_CC the_AT 
risk_NN1 of_IO contracting_VVG a_AT1 sexually_RR transmissible_JJ 
infection_NN1 and_CC therefore_RR the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO impairment_NN1 
of_IO future_JJ fertility_NN1 or_CC the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO developing_JJ 
carcinoma_NN1 of_IO the_AT cervix_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT facts_NN2 must_VM be_VBI presented_VVN so_CS21 that_CS22 
adolescents_NN2 can_VM make_VVI their_APPGE own_DA decisions_NN2 and_CC be_VBI 
responsible_JJ for_IF the_AT consequences_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL I_PPIS1 believe_VV0 that_CST if_CS more_RGR young_JJ people_NN 
were_VBDR presented_VVN with_IW all_DB the_AT facts_NN2 ,_, there_EX would_VM 
be_VBI less_RGR sexual_JJ activity_NN1 and_CC more_RGR responsible_JJ 
behaviour_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Adolescence_NP1 ,_, however_RR ,_, is_VBZ a_AT1 time_NNT1 
for_IF unpredictable_JJ behaviour_NN1 as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 responsible_JJ 
decision-making_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR often_RR one_PN1 hears_VVZ *'_" ^_NULL I_PPIS1 did_VDD n't_XX 
think_VVI it_PPH1 would_VM happen_VVI to_II me_PPIO1 **'_" or_CC *'_" ^_NULL 
I_PPIS1 knew_VVD I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ taking_VVG a_AT1 risk_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT consequences_NN2 of_IO behaviour_NN1 can_VM not_XX always_RR 
be_VBI appreciated_VVN and_CC this_DD1 depends_VVZ on_II the_AT level_NN1 
of_IO maturity_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Sometimes_RT parents_NN2 are_VBR overconcerned_VVN about_II 
the_AT risks_NN2 that_CST daughters_NN2 may_VM be_VBI exposed_VVN to_II ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 demand_VV0 that_CST their_APPGE daughter_NN1 be_VBI 
put_VVN on_II the_AT pill_NN1 for_IF protection_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA requests_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI handled_VVN sensitively_RR 
but_CCB in_II most_DAT cases_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 frank_JJ discussion_NN1 about_II 
possible_JJ situations_NN2 and_CC information_NN1 on_II emergency_NN1 
methods_NN2 ,_, will_VM give_VVI both_RR mother_NN1 and_CC daughter_NN1 a_AT1 
greater_JJR sense_NN1 of_IO control_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *5_NULL Asking_VVG for_IF Contraception_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL The_AT Interview_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Adolescents_NN2 often_RR feel_VV0 more_DAR comfortable_JJ 
with_IW a_AT1 supportive_JJ friend_NN1 or_CC relative_JJ ,_, for_IF the_AT 
whole_NN1 or_CC part_NN1 of_IO the_AT consultation_NN1 ,_, especially_RR if_CS 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 first_MD visit_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 flexible_JJ approach_NN1 should_VM be_VBI adopted_VVN 
depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT circumstances_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Boyfriends_NN2 should_VM be_VBI made_VVN to_TO feel_VVI welcome_JJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS a_AT1 mother_NN1 accompanies_VVZ a_AT1 daughter_NN1 it_PPH1 
is_VBZ often_RR appropriate_VV0 to_TO see_VVI them_PPHO2 together_RL ,_, 
then_RT separately_RR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Time_NNT1 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI spent_VVN discussing_VVG 
what_DDQ is_VBZ important_JJ for_IF them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 may_VM include_VVI :_: |_NULL __NULL Their_APPGE 
knowledge_NN1 of_IO the_AT body_NN1 ,_, male_JJ and_CC female_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
how_RRQ it_PPH1 works_VVZ |_NULL Menstruation_NN1 |_NULL Masturbation_NN1 
|_NULL Sexual_JJ relationships_NN2 |_NULL Having_VHG sexual_JJ intercourse_NN1 
for_IF the_AT first_MD time_NNT1 ,_, virginity_NN1 |_NULL Enjoying_VVG or_CC 
not_XX enjoying_VVG sexual_JJ intercourse_NN1 |_NULL Pressures_NN2 to_TO 
have_VHI or_CC not_XX have_VHI intercourse_NN1 |_NULL Their_APPGE feelings_NN2 
and_CC emotions_NN2 |_NULL Their_APPGE relationships_NN2 with_IW 
boyfriends_NN2 ,_, girlfriends_NN2 and_CC family_NN members_NN2 |_NULL 
Information_NN1 on_II sexually_RR transmissible_JJ diseases_NN2 |_NULL ^_NULL 
A_AT1 nurse_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 social_JJ worker_NN1 will_VM often_RR have_VHI 
more_DAR time_NNT1 than_CSN the_AT doctor_NN1 to_TO discuss_VVI these_DD2 
issues_NN2 and_CC they_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX need_VVI to_TO be_VBI done_VDN 
at_II one_MC1 session_NNT1 !_! 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Confidentiality_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Adolescents_NN2 need_VV0 assurance_NN1 that_CST any_DD 
information_NN1 is_VBZ strictly_RR confidential_JJ and_CC will_VM not_XX 
be_VBI passed_VVN on_II21 to_II22 anyone_PN1 ,_, including_II their_APPGE 
parents_NN2 ,_, without_IW their_APPGE consent_NN1 (_( \_NULL fig._NN1 1_MC1 
)_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR under_RG 16_MC years_NNT2 they_PPHS2 are_VBR 
often_RR confused_VVN about_II the_AT law_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Reassurance_NP1 is_VBZ needed_VVN that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ quite_RG 
legal_JJ to_TO prescribe_VVI contraception_NN1 for_IF under_RG 16_MC 's_GE 
and_CC the_AT doctor_NN1 is_VBZ only_RR concerned_JJ for_IF their_APPGE 
welfare_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL The_AT Examination_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Many_DA2 young_JJ women_NN2 are_VBR anxious_JJ 
about_II having_VHG an_AT1 internal_JJ examination_NN1 and_CC doctors_NN2 
should_VM be_VBI aware_JJ of_IO ways_NN2 and_CC means_NN of_IO making_VVG 
this_DD1 a_AT1 more_RGR positive_JJ experience_NN1 [_( 5_MC ]_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Vaginal_JJ examination_NN1 can_VM be_VBI offered_VVN at_II the_AT 
first_MD visit_NN1 and_CC many_DA2 appreciate_NN1 the_AT reassurance_NN1 
that_CST they_PPHS2 are_VBR normal_JJ and_CC healthy_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 mirror_NN1 can_VM be_VBI offered_VVN for_IF those_DD2 
interested_JJ in_II seeing_VVG for_IF themselves_PPX2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 explanation_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ is_VBZ done_VDN and_CC why_RRQ 
,_, is_VBZ reassuring_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, examination_NN1 on_II the_AT first_MD contraceptive_JJ 
consultation_NN1 should_VM not_XX be_VBI obligatory_JJ and_CC having_VHG 
an_AT1 examination_NN1 should_VM not_XX be_VBI used_VVN as_II a_AT1 reason_NN1 
for_IF withholding_VVG contraception_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unless_CS there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 particular_JJ reason_NN1 for_IF 
conducting_VVG an_AT1 examination_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI deferred_VVN 
until_II a_AT1 return_JJ visit_NN1 ,_, when_CS the_AT young_JJ woman_NN1 
feels_VVZ more_RGR prepared_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 will_VM also_RR be_VBI done_VDN if_CS she_PPHS1 is_VBZ a_AT1 
virgin_JJ or_CC if_CSW she_PPHS1 is_VBZ menstruating_VVG on_II the_AT first_MD 
visit_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Choice_NN1 of_IO Contraception_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL There_EX is_VBZ no_AT ideal_JJ method_NN1 for_IF 
adolescents_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT perfect_JJ contraceptive_NN1 would_VM be_VBI 100%_NNU safe_JJ 
,_, free_JJ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL from_II side_NN1 effects_NN2 ,_, 
readily_RR available_JJ without_IW the_AT need_NN1 for_IF medical_JJ 
supervision_NN1 ,_, unrelated_JJ to_II coitus_NN1 ,_, inexpensive_JJ and_CC 
pleasant_JJ to_TO use_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT choice_NN1 depends_VVZ on_II age_NN1 ,_, health_NN1 ,_, 
lifestyle_NN1 and_CC frequency_NN1 of_IO intercourse_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT advantages_NN2 and_CC disadvantages_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
various_JJ methods_NN2 will_VM determine_VVI the_AT choice_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL Abstinence_NN1 :_: ^_NULL *0_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ 
often_RR said_VVN that_CST *'_" no_NN1 **'_" is_VBZ the_AT best_JJT 
contraceptive_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS abstinence_NN1 as_II a_AT1 choice_NN1 should_VM be_VBI 
encouraged_VVN ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX without_IW problems_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 adolescents_NN2 find_VV0 it_PPH1 difficult_JJ to_TO 
adhere_VVI when_CS sexually_RR aroused_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Neither_DD1 does_VDZ it_PPH1 protect_VVI the_AT adolescent_NN1 
when_CS under_II the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO drugs_NN2 or_CC alcohol_NN1 or_CC 
in_II situations_NN2 of_IO violent_JJ or_CC sexual_JJ abuse_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Programmes_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN developed_VVN to_TO help_VVI 
adolescents_NN2 say_VVI *'_" no_UH **'_" and_CC postpone_VV0 sexual_JJ 
involvement_NN1 by_II an_AT1 understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT pressures_NN2 
in_II society_NN which_DDQ influence_VV0 behaviour_NN1 (_( \_NULL fig._NN1 
2_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Pressures_NN2 frequently_RR result_VV0 in_II adolescents_NN2 
engaging_VVG in_II intercourse_NN1 without_IW enjoyment_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL Sex_NN1 Without_IW Penetration_NN1 :_: ^_NULL *0_NULL 
This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 variation_NN1 of_IO abstinence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT many_DA2 ways_NN2 of_IO sexual_JJ pleasuring_NN1 other_II21 
than_II22 penile-vaginal_JJ intercourse_NN1 should_VM be_VBI presented_VVN 
as_II a_AT1 positive_JJ alternative_NN1 because_CS they_PPHS2 will_VM be_VBI 
used_VVN by_II all_DB couples_NN2 at_II some_DD time_NNT1 or_CC another_DD1 
,_, for_IF a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO reasons_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 continuum_NN1 of_IO activities_NN2 from_II 
holding_VVG hands_NN2 ,_, dancing_VVG ,_, hugging_VVG ,_, kissing_VVG ,_, 
fondling_VVG breasts_NN2 ,_, and_CC massage_NN1 to_II masturbation_NN1 by_II 
self_NN1 or_CC partner_NN1 ,_, oral-genital_JJ sex_NN1 and_CC the_AT use_NN1 
of_IO stimulating_JJ devices_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS there_EX is_VBZ close_JJ and_CC moist_JJ apposition_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT penis_NN1 and_CC vagina_NN1 ,_, conception_NN1 can_VM occur_VVI even_RR 
without_IW full_JJ ejaculation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS ejaculation_NN1 occurs_VVZ it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ that_CST 
semen_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX deposited_VVN at_II the_AT entrance_NN1 to_II the_AT 
vagina_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL Condoms_NP1 :_: ^_NULL *0_NULL These_DD2 have_VH0 
many_DA2 advantages_NN2 for_IF adolescents_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 are_VBR available_JJ from_II chemists_NN2 ,_, other_JJ 
retail_JJ outlets_NN2 and_CC mail_NN1 order_NN1 ,_, without_IW the_AT need_NN1 
for_IF a_AT1 doctor_NN1 's_VBZ visit_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 are_VBR easy_JJ to_TO use_VVI and_CC provide_VV0 the_AT 
best_JJT protection_NN1 against_II sexually_RR transmissible_JJ infections_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Time_NNT1 should_VM be_VBI spent_VVN discussing_VVG how_RRQ to_TO 
use_VVI a_AT1 condom_NN1 properly_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Coloured_JJ and_CC textured_JJ condoms_NN2 may_VM have_VHI more_DAR 
appeal_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF adolescents_NN2 having_VHG irregular_JJ or_CC infrequent_JJ 
sexual_JJ relations_NN2 condoms_NN2 are_VBR the_AT first_MD choice_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 also_RR allow_VV0 males_NN2 to_TO share_VVI in_II the_AT 
responsibility_NN1 of_IO contraception_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 must_VM be_VBI put_VVN on_II *1_NULL 
every_AT1 *0_NULL time_NNT1 ,_, not_XX just_RR most_DAT times_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 girl_NN1 may_VM feel_VVI it_PPH1 is_VBZ improper_JJ to_TO 
be_VBI prepared_VVN and_CC carry_VV0 condoms_NN2 but_CCB she_PPHS1 should_VM 
be_VBI reassured_VVN that_CST this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT responsible_JJ thing_NN1 
to_TO do_VDI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Adolescents_NN2 often_RR feel_VV0 embarrassed_JJ buying_JJ 
condoms_NN2 ,_, carrying_VVG condoms_NN2 and_CC using_VVG them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD young_JJ men_NN2 refuse_VV0 to_TO wear_VVI them_PPHO2 ,_, 
especially_RR if_CS there_EX is_VBZ anxiety_NN1 about_II maintaining_VVG 
an_AT1 erection_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 first_MD time_NNT1 user_NN1 can_VM gain_VVI confidence_NN1 
by_II practising_VVG in_RR21 private_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT condom_NN1 bursts_NN2 or_CC leaks_NN2 or_CC is_VBZ 
not_XX used_VVN with_IW care_NN1 ,_, young_JJ people_NN should_VM know_VVI 
about_II postcoital_JJ methods_NN2 ,_, especially_RR the_AT *'_" morning_NNT1 
after_II **'_" pill_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Condoms_NP1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN with_IW spermicides_NN2 for_IF 
greater_JJR reliability_NN1 although_CS some_DD people_NN do_VD0 not_XX 
like_VVI the_AT messiness_NN1 or_CC taste_NN1 of_IO spermicides_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD brands_NN2 of_IO condom_NN1 are_VBR now_RT available_JJ 
which_DDQ are_VBR spermicidally_RR lubricated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 *'_" his_PPGE **'_" and_CC *'_" hers_PPGE **'_" pack_NN1 of_IO 
condoms_NN2 and_CC pessaries_NN2 reinforces_VVZ the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO joint_JJ 
responsibility_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL Postcoital_JJ contraception_NN1 :_: ^_NULL *0_NULL 
Yuzpe_NP1 's_GE regimen_NN1 of_IO 2_MC tablets_NN2 of_IO ethinyloestradiol_NN1 
0.05_MC \_NULL mg_NNU plus_II levonorgestrel_NN1 0.25_MC \_NULL mg_NNU 
followed_VVN in_II 12_MC hours_NNT2 by_II another_DD1 2_MC tablets_NN2 ,_, 
is_VBZ an_AT1 effective_JJ emergency_NN1 method_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 failure_NN1 
rate_NN1 of_IO 2_MC to_II 3%_NNU ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 312+TEXT+J18_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 paper_NN1 is_VBZ concerned_JJ with_IW the_AT 
comparison_NN1 of_IO two_MC database_NN1 packages_NN2 *"_" R:base_FO 5000_MC 
**"_" and_CC *"_" dBase_NN1 *=_NULL III_MC Plus_II **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT reader_NN1 should_VM note_VVI the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO *"_" 
R:base_FO system_NN1 *=_NULL V_ZZ1 **"_" ,_, a_AT1 significant_JJ 
improvement_NN1 on_II *"_" R:base_FO 5000_MC **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 are_VBR not_XX concerned_JJ with_IW *"_" R:base_FO 
System_NN1 *=_NULL V_ZZ1 **"_" here_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT remainder_NN1 of_IO the_AT report_NN1 ,_, *"_" R:base_FO 
5000_MC **"_" will_VM be_VBI refered_VVN to_RP as_CSA R:base_FO ,_, and_CC 
*"_" dBase_NN1 *=_NULL III_MC Plus_II **"_" as_II dBase_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT comparison_NN1 is_VBZ considered_VVN under_II the_AT 
following_JJ headings_NN2 :_: *"_" An_AT1 Overview_NN1 of_IO the_AT Two_MC 
Packages_NN2 **"_" ,_, *"_" Language_NN1 features_NN2 **"_" ,_, *"_" 
Datatypes_NN2 **"_" ,_, *"_" User_NN1 Interface_NN1 **"_" ,_, and_CC *"_" 
Summary_NN1 **"_" *-_- a_AT1 table_NN1 summarising_VVG the_AT main_JJ 
features_NN2 of_IO the_AT two_MC packages_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL My_APPGE conclusions_NN2 ,_, briefly_RR ,_, are_VBR that_CST 
the_AT major_JJ advantages_NN2 of_IO dBase_NN1 over_II R:base_FO appear_VV0 
to_TO be_VBI its_APPGE rich_JJ selection_NN1 of_IO functions_NN2 ,_, its_APPGE 
access_NN1 to_II assembly_NN1 language_NN1 and_CC C_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC its_APPGE 
complete_JJ control_NN1 of_IO {_NULL DOS_NN1 }_NULL commands_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Conversely_NP1 ,_, the_AT advantages_NN2 of_IO R:base_FO over_II 
dBase_NN1 are_VBR that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ easier_JJR to_TO set_VVI up_RP 
relations_NN2 *-_- which_DDQ goes_VVZ hand_NN1 in_II hand_NN1 with_IW 
understandability_NN1 *-_- and_CC its_APPGE greater_JJR range_NN1 of_IO 
datatypes_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL INTRODUCTION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL A_AT1 database_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 collection_NN1 of_IO 
related_JJ information_NN1 about_II a_AT1 subject_NN1 or_CC subjects_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 can_VM be_VBI stored_VVN electronically_RR (_( for_REX21 
example_REX22 on_II a_AT1 computer_NN1 )_) ,_, on_II paper_NN1 in_II 
filing_VVG cabinets_NN2 ,_, or_CC in_II any_DD other_JJ form_NN1 ;_; for_REX21 
example_REX22 ,_, a_AT1 crate_NN1 of_IO fruit_NN ,_, each_DD1 of_IO which_DDQ 
has_VHZ a_AT1 certain_JJ number_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 type_NN1 of_IO bug_NN1 in_RP 
or_CC on_II it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Obviously_RR this_DD1 last_MD method_NN1 is_VBZ clumsy_JJ and_CC 
takes_VVZ up_RP rather_RR a_AT1 lot_NN of_IO space_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS someone_PN1 were_VBDR to_TO count_VVI the_AT number_NN1 of_IO 
bugs_NN2 on_II each_DD1 fruit_NN the_AT information_NN1 could_VM be_VBI 
placed_VVN on_II paper_NN1 and_CC filed_VVN somewhere_RL (_( in_II a_AT1 
filing_JJ cabinet_NN1 perhaps_RR )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Though_CS this_DD1 method_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 great_JJ improvement_NN1 
on_II our_APPGE bulk_NN1 storage_NN1 method_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ nowhere_RL 
near_II as_RG efficient_JJ as_CSA our_APPGE first_MD method_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 
of_IO electronic_JJ storage_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL At_II this_DD1 point_NN1 it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI fruitful_JJ 
to_TO introduce_VVI some_DD jargon_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Strictly_RR speaking_VVG ,_, a_AT1 *"_" database_NN1 **"_" is_VBZ 
a_AT1 list_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 *"_" database_NN1 
scheme_NN1 **"_" is_VBZ the_AT structure_NN1 containing_VVG it_PPH1 ,_, 
but_CCB we_PPIS2 will_VM refer_VVI to_II the_AT database_NN1 as_CSA being_VBG 
both_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT *"_" application_NN1 **"_" is_VBZ the_AT database_NN1 
together_II21 with_II22 menus_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 program_NN1 to_II access_NN1 
and_CC manipulate_VV0 the_AT information_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Some_DD concepts_NN2 would_VM also_RR be_VBI useful_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR three_MC basic_JJ models_NN2 from_II which_DDQ 
databases_NN2 are_VBR constructed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 will_VM discuss_VVI two_MC of_IO these_DD2 *-_- 
Relational_JJ and_CC Network_NN1 (_( do_VD0 not_XX confuse_VVI this_DD1 
with_IW dBase_NN1 's_VBZ *2_NULL \_NULL NETWORKING_VVG ,_, *0_NULL or_CC 
multiuser_NN1 capability_NN1 *-_- mentioned_VVD later_RRR )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT third_MD is_VBZ Hierarchical_JJ ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 shall_VM 
not_XX concern_VVI ourselves_PPX2 with_IW it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 relational_JJ database_NN1 stores_VVZ its_APPGE data_NN in_II 
the_AT form_NN1 of_IO *"_" relations_NN2 **"_" ,_, or_CC tables_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 represent_VV0 both_RR the_AT entities_NN2 (_( {_NULL ie_REX 
}_NULL the_AT table_NN1 )_) and_CC the_AT relationships_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Networks_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, store_NN1 data_NN as_CSA separate_JJ 
entities_NN2 and_CC we_PPIS2 define_VV0 links_NN2 or_CC relationships_NN2 
between_II them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Relational_JJ models_NN2 are_VBR much_RR easier_JJR to_TO 
understand_VVI and_CC generally_RR have_VH0 better_JJR *"_" query_NN1 
languages_NN2 **"_" {_NULL ie_REX }_NULL complex_JJ ad_JJ21 hoc_JJ22 
queries_NN2 are_VBR supported_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Network_NN1 models_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, are_VBR more_RGR 
efficient_JJ {_NULL ie_REX }_NULL searches_NN2 are_VBR faster_JJR ,_, but_CCB 
generally_RR are_VBR more_RGR difficult_JJ to_TO understand_VVI and_CC use_NN1 
,_, with_IW more_RGR restricted_JJ query_NN1 languages_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT two_MC packages_NN2 we_PPIS2 look_VV0 at_II are_VBR 
designed_VVN for_IF use_NN1 on_II microcomputers_NN2 ,_, though_CS 
databases_NN2 and_CC database_NN1 packages_NN2 are_VBR certainly_RR not_XX 
limited_VVN to_II micros_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT major_JJ advantage_NN1 that_DD1 mainframe_NN1 packages_NN2 ,_, 
such_II21 as_II22 *2_NULL \_NULL INGRES_NP1 ,_, *0_NULL have_VH0 over_II 
their_APPGE micro_NN1 counterparts_VVZ is_VBZ that_DD1 of_IO resources_NN2 ,_, 
including_II larger_JJR memory_NN1 and_CC more_RGR peripheral_JJ storage_NN1 
devices_NN2 ,_, hence_RR much_RR larger_JJR databases_NN2 can_VM be_VBI 
supported_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR common_JJ for_IF mainframe_NN1 packages_NN2 
to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 *"_" logging_JJ **"_" facility_NN1 or_CC audit_NN1 
trail_VV0 *-_- a_AT1 record_NN1 of_IO all_DB changes_NN2 made_VVN over_II 
a_AT1 certain_JJ time_NNT1 period_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 day_NNT1 say_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT ,_, in_II the_AT event_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 disaster_NN1 such_II21 
as_II22 a_AT1 disk_NN1 crash_NN1 ,_, any_DD previous_JJ work_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX 
lost_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 also_RR enables_VVZ the_AT *"_" manager_NN1 **"_" to_TO 
keep_VVI a_AT1 watch_NN1 on_II actions_NN2 of_IO users_NN2 ,_, {_NULL ie_REX 
}_NULL who_PNQS is_VBZ doing_VDG what_DDQ and_CC when_RRQ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Note_NN1 that_CST neither_RR R:base_FO nor_CC dBase_NN1 has_VHZ 
this_DD1 feature_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Both_DB2 our_APPGE databases_NN2 have_VH0 several_DA2 
facilities_NN2 for_IF data_NN entry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 include_VV0 from_II keyboard_NN1 (_( via_II a_AT1 
user-defined_JJ form_NN1 ,_, or_CC through_II a_AT1 simple_JJ command_NN1 )_) 
,_, and_CC from_II disk_NN1 files_NN2 (_( including_II conversion_NN1 
capabilities_NN2 from_II other_JJ databases_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR certain_JJ restrictions_NN2 on_II the_AT format_NN1 
of_IO disk_NN1 files_NN2 ,_, but_CCB these_DD2 can_VM easily_RR be_VBI 
accommodated_VVN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL AN_AT1 OVERVIEW_NN1 OF_IO THE_AT TWO_MC PACKAGES_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Conceptually_RR ,_, our_APPGE two_MC databases_NN2 
are_VBR quite_RG different_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL R:base_FO is_VBZ a_AT1 relational_JJ database_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS 
dBase_NN1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II the_AT Network_NN1 model_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL R:base_FO ,_, hence_RR ,_, consists_VVZ of_IO a_AT1 series_NN of_IO 
tables_NN2 together_RL in_II one_MC1 file_NN1 (_( this_DD1 is_VBZ actually_RR 
stored_VVN as_II three_MC files_NN2 ,_, but_CCB can_VM be_VBI considered_VVN 
as_CSA one_MC1 )_) ,_, each_DD1 table_NN1 consisting_NN1 of_IO columns_NN2 
and_CC rows_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT relationships_NN2 between_II tables_NN2 are_VBR implicit_JJ 
and_CC are_VBR determined_VVN by_II columns_NN2 of_IO the_AT same_DA name_NN1 
occurring_VVG in_II different_JJ tables_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL dBase_NN1 however_RR ,_, keeps_VVZ things_NN2 modular_JJ by_II 
having_VHG a_AT1 file_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 structure_NN1 ,_, each_DD1 
consisting_NN1 of_IO records_NN2 and_CC fields_NN2 ,_, with_IW 
relationships_NN2 defined_VVD explicitly_RR using_VVG the_AT *2_NULL {_NULL 
SET_NN1 RELATION_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL command_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT different_JJ concepts_NN2 greatly_RR affect_VV0 the_AT 
language_NN1 structures_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL dBase_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 complex_JJ language_NN1 ,_, and_CC R:base_FO 
much_RR less_DAR so_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Though_CS dBase_NN1 does_VDZ appear_VVI to_TO be_VBI more_RGR 
powerful_JJ ,_, R:base_FO is_VBZ far_RG more_RGR subtle_JJ in_II its_APPGE 
abilities_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL dBase_NN1 has_VHZ at_RR21 least_RR22 two_MC ways_NN2 of_IO doing_VDG 
everything_PN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ sometimes_RT difficult_JJ to_TO 
tell_VVI the_AT difference_NN1 between_II commands_NN2 ,_, for_REX21 
example_REX22 *2_NULL {_NULL RTRIM()_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *2_NULL {_NULL 
TRIM()_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL are_VBR both_DB2 described_VVD :_: *"_" ^_NULL 
Remove_VV0 trailing_VVG blanks_NN2 **"_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL When_CS working_VVG with_IW dBase_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 sets_VVZ 
up_RP an_AT1 environment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS this_DD1 is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI used_VVN repeatedly_RR ,_, it_PPH1 
may_VM be_VBI saved_VVN as_II a_AT1 view_NN1 (_( {_NULL ._. vue_NN1 }_NULL )_) 
file_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT environment_NN1 includes_VVZ any_DD relationships_NN2 that_CST 
have_VH0 been_VBN defined_VVN ,_, and_CC the_AT order_NN1 in_II which_DDQ 
the_AT information_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI accessed_VVN ,_, {_NULL ie_REX 
}_NULL the_AT indexing_NN1 (_( {_NULL ._. ndx_NNU }_NULL file_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT environment_NN1 also_RR includes_VVZ the_AT 
contents_NN2 of_IO the_AT work_NN1 areas_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR ten_MC of_IO these_DD2 ,_, though_CS the_AT tenth_MD 
is_VBZ used_VVN for_IF the_AT catalog_NN1 file_NN1 which_DDQ contains_VVZ 
the_AT list_NN1 of_IO files_NN2 available_JJ to_II the_AT program_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II a_AT1 file_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN ,_, a_AT1 work_NN1 area_NN1 
is_VBZ selected_VVN and_CC the_AT file_NN1 opened_VVD ,_, if_CS a_AT1 file_NN1 
is_VBZ already_RR open_JJ in_II that_DD1 work_NN1 area_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 will_VM 
automatically_RR be_VBI closed_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL R:base_FO is_VBZ somewhat_RR different_JJ in_II that_DD1 
it_PPH1 only_RR allows_VVZ one_MC1 file_NN1 to_TO be_VBI open_JJ at_II one_MC1 
time_NNT1 ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 file_NN1 can_VM contain_VVI up_RG21 to_RG22 
40_MC tables_NN2 ,_, hence_RR the_AT concept_NN1 of_IO work_NN1 areas_NN2 
is_VBZ meaningless_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR no_AT index_NN1 files_NN2 ,_, instead_RR ,_, a_AT1 
*"_" *2_NULL {_NULL SORTED_JJ BY_II }_NULL **"_" *0_NULL clause_NN1 is_VBZ 
used_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT concept_NN1 of_IO environment_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX required_VVN 
as_CSA relationships_NN2 are_VBR implied_VVN ,_, not_XX defined_VVN ._. 

^ *<_NULL example_NN1 :_: *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Consider_VV0 our_APPGE previous_JJ fruit_NN and_CC bug_NN1 
example_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 may_VM want_VVI to_TO store_VVI the_AT following_JJ 
information_NN1 :_: |_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL \_NULL FRUITINF_NP :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL __NULL *0_NULL crate_NN1 code_VV0 *-_- 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL a_AT1 number_NN1 uniquely_RR identifying_VVG the_AT 
crate_NN1 being_VBG used_JJ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL fruit_NN 
code_VV0 *-_- **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL a_AT1 number_NN1 uniquely_RR 
identifying_VVG the_AT particular_JJ fruit_NN being_VBG used_VVN (_( say_NN1 
4_MC if_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ the_AT 4th_MD fruit_NN to_TO be_VBI taken_VVN 
out_II21 of_II22 the_AT crate_NN1 )_) **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
number_NN1 of_IO bugs_NN2 alive_JJ |_NULL number_NN1 of_IO bugs_NN2 found_VVN 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL As_CSA this_DD1 is_VBZ undoubtedly_RR 
a_AT1 part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 larger_JJR experiment_NN1 ,_, involving_VVG 
several_DA2 crates_NN2 ,_, another_DD1 table_NN1 containing_VVG the_AT 
following_JJ information_NN1 may_VM also_RR be_VBI useful_JJ :_: |_NULL ^_NULL 
*2_NULL \_NULL CRATEINF_NN1 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL __NULL *0_NULL 
crate_NN1 code_VV0 |_NULL where_RRQ picked_JJ |_NULL treatment_NN1 used_JJ 
|_NULL position_NN1 in_II storage_NN1 |_NULL time_NNT1 in_II storage_NN1 
|_NULL recorder_NN1 *-_- **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL the_AT initials_NN2 ,_, 
say_VV0 ,_, of_IO the_AT person_NN1 doing_VDG the_AT counting_NN1 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL 
Obviously_RR the_AT two_MC tables_NN2 can_VM be_VBI related_VVN by_II the_AT 
field_NN1 *"_" crate_NN1 code_NN1 **"_" ,_, and_CC there_EX will_VM be_VBI 
several_DA2 of_IO *2_NULL \_NULL FRUITINF_NP *0_NULL for_IF each_DD1 of_IO 
*2_NULL \_NULL CRATEINF_NN1 *0_NULL (_( a_ZZ1 many_DA2 to_II one_MC1 
relation_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS we_PPIS2 find_VV0 that_CST the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO live_JJ 
bugs_NN2 is_VBZ unusually_RR high_JJ for_IF crate_NN1 10_MC ,_, say_VV0 ,_, 
we_PPIS2 go_VV0 to_TO *2_NULL \_NULL CRATEINF_VVI *0_NULL and_CC look_VVI 
up_RP relevant_JJ details_NN2 to_TO try_VVI and_CC see_VVI why_RRQ ,_, 
perhaps_RR the_AT treatment_NN1 was_VBDZ ineffective_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Note_NN1 that_CST we_PPIS2 can_VM create_VVI more_DAR 
tables_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 details_NN2 of_IO treatments_NN2 ,_, *2_NULL 
\_NULL TREATINF_NP ;_; *0_NULL and_CC details_NN2 of_IO recorders_NN2 ,_, 
*2_NULL \_NULL RECINF_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL If_CS we_PPIS2 want_VV0 to_TO find_VVI ,_, say_VV0 the_AT 
treatment_NN1 used_VVN on_II crates_NN2 found_VVD to_TO have_VHI unusually_RR 
high_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO bugs_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 to_TO access_VVI 
the_AT three_MC tables_NN2 ,_, *2_NULL {_NULL FRUITINF_NP ,_, CRATEINF_NN1 
}_NULL ,_, *0_NULL and_CC then_RT *2_NULL \_NULL TREATINF_NP ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II R:base_FO ,_, because_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II 
the_AT relational_JJ model_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ relatively_RR easy_JJ ,_, 
using_VVG only_RR a_AT1 few_DA2 statements_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_CS dBase_NN1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II the_AT Network_NN1 
model_NN1 ,_, links_VVZ must_NN1 first_MD be_VBI set_VVN up_RP between_II 
each_DD1 of_IO the_AT tables_NN2 before_II any_DD searching_NN1 can_VM be_VBI 
done_VDN *-_- quite_RR a_PN21 lot_PN22 more_RRR work_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Note_NN1 that_CST if_CS another_DD1 search_NN1 path_NN1 was_VBDZ 
to_TO be_VBI initiated_VVN ,_, all_DB the_AT relations_NN2 would_VM have_VHI 
to_TO be_VBI redefined_VVN as_CSA only_RR one_MC1 relation_NN1 is_VBZ 
allowed_VVN per_II work_NN1 area_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL dBase_NN1 assigns_VVZ each_DD1 record_NN1 a_AT1 number_NN1 ,_, 
R:base_FO does_VDZ not_XX ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT use_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 may_VM not_XX be_VBI immediately_RR 
obvious_JJ ,_, as_CSA inside_II a_AT1 program_NN1 we_PPIS2 are_VBR unlikely_JJ 
to_TO know_VVI the_AT value_NN1 of_IO the_AT record_NN1 we_PPIS2 seek_VV0 ,_, 
but_CCB pseudo-random_JJ reads_NN2 are_VBR facilitated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 are_VBR able_JJ to_TO access_NN1 say_VV0 every_AT1 ninth_MD 
record_NN1 by_II *2_NULL {_NULL GOTO_NN1 RECNO()_NN1 +_II 9_MC }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL However_RR R:base_FO allows_VVZ similar_JJ actions_NN2 by_II 
use_NN1 of_IO the_AT *"_" *2_NULL {_NULL WHERE_RRQ COUNT_NN1 ..._... 

^ }_NULL **"_" *0_NULL clause_NN1 ,_, without_IW use_NN1 of_IO record_NN1 
numbers_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL dBase_NN1 's_GE whole_JJ philosophy_NN1 appears_VVZ to_TO 
be_VBI *"_" *2_NULL THINK_VV0 BIG_JJ **"_" ._. 

^ *0_NULL It_PPH1 requires_VVZ 384_MC \_NULL k_ZZ1 as_II31 opposed_II32 
to_II33 the_AT minimum_NN1 of_IO 237_MC \_NULL k_ZZ1 required_VVN by_II 
R:base_FO ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 allows_VVZ us_PPIO2 a_AT1 maximum_NN1 of_IO 1_MC1 *2_NULL 
BILLION_NNO *0_NULL records_NN2 per_II database_NN1 file_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 
maximum_NN1 of_IO 2_MC *2_NULL BILLION_NNO *0_NULL bytes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 kind_NN1 of_IO space_NN1 is_VBZ certainly_RR not_XX 
available_JJ to_II floppy_JJ disk_NN1 users_NN2 ,_, but_CCB in_II the_AT (_( 
perhaps_RR near_RL )_) future_NN1 ,_, may_VM be_VBI available_JJ to_TO 
compact_VVI disk_NN1 users_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL R:base_FO modestly_RR limits_VVZ the_AT user_NN1 to_II the_AT 
maximum_NN1 allowed_VVN by_II {_NULL DOS_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL dBase_NN1 's_VHZ commands_NN2 appear_VV0 to_TO be_VBI oriented_VVN 
around_II these_DD2 huge_JJ mythical_JJ files_NN2 (_( see_VV0 duplicates_NN2 
below_RL )_) with_IW their_APPGE seeming_JJ disregard_NN1 for_IF space_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II resetting_NN1 of_IO defaults_NN2 ,_, you_PPY can_VM recall_VVI 
up_RG21 to_RG22 16000_MC previously_RR entered_VVN commands_VVZ *-_- that_DD1 
is_VBZ approximately_RR 640_MC pages_NN2 !_! 

^ ^_NULL You_PPY are_VBR also_RR allowed_VVN to_II typeahead_NN1 up_RG21 
to_RG22 32000_MC characters_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ around_RG 16_MC pages_NN2 
of_IO 80_MC character_NN1 lines_NN2 *-_- perhaps_RR useful_JJ if_CS you_PPY 
're_VBR reading_VVG off_RP a_AT1 peripheral_JJ device_NN1 ,_, but_CCB not_XX 
many_DA2 of_IO us_PPIO2 can_VM type_NN1 that_CST fast_RR !_! 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL When_RRQ R:base_FO reads_VVZ in_II an_AT1 external_JJ 
ascii_NN1 data_NN file_VV0 it_PPH1 expands_VVZ it_PPH1 by_II approximately_RR 
1.6_MC times_NNT2 (_( this_DD1 is_VBZ an_AT1 empirical_JJ figure_NN1 only_RR 
)_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL No_AT equivalent_JJ testing_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN done_VDN with_IW 
dBase_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL For_IF the_AT security_NN1 conscious_JJ ,_, dBase_NN1 has_VHZ 
no_AT password_NN1 facility_NN1 except_II21 for_II22 multiuser_NN1 
environments_NN2 (_( *2_NULL \_NULL NETWORKING_NN1 )_) ,_, *0_NULL whereas_CS 
R:base_FO does_VDZ (_( but_CCB does_VDZ not_XX cater_VVI for_IF multiuser_NN1 
environments_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL LANGUAGE_NN1 FEATURES_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Each_DD1 of_IO our_APPGE languages_NN2 is_VBZ 
obviously_RR influenced_VVN by_II the_AT structure_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
database_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Functions_NN2 and_CC commands_VVZ that_DD1 dBase_NN1 relies_VVZ on_RP 
are_VBR not_XX necessary_JJ in_II R:base_FO ,_, and_CC similarly_RR 
commands_VVZ and_CC clauses_NN2 indispensible_JJ in_II R:base_FO are_VBR 
not_XX required_VVN by_II dBase_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL dBase_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO useful_JJ 
mathematical_JJ functions_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 *2_NULL {_NULL ABS()_JJ ,_, 
INT()_NN1 ,_, MOD()_NN1 ,_, LOG()_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *2_NULL {_NULL 
EXP()_JJ }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL even_CS21 though_CS22 it_PPH1 has_VHZ no_AT 
real_JJ *2_NULL \_NULL REAL_JJ *0_NULL datatype_NN1 (_( see_VV0 below_RL )_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL R:base_FO does_VDZ have_VHI a_AT1 properly_RR handled_VVD *2_NULL 
\_NULL REAL_JJ *0_NULL data_NN type_NN1 ,_, but_CCB virtually_RR no_AT 
mathematical_JJ functions_NN2 ,_, just_RR the_AT clauses_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
compute_VV0 command_NN1 :_: *2_NULL {_NULL AVE_NP1 ,_, COUNT_NN1 ,_, MAX_NP1 
,_, MIN_NNU ,_, }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *2_NULL \_NULL SUM_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL As_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 mathematical_JJ 
functions_NN2 ,_, dBase_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 good_JJ range_NN1 for_IF strings_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 include_VV0 *2_NULL {_NULL CHR()_NP1 }_NULL *0_NULL for_IF 
*2_NULL ASCII_NN1 *0_NULL to_II character_NN1 conversion_NN1 ,_, *2_NULL 
{_NULL VAL()_NP1 }_NULL *0_NULL for_IF string_NN1 to_II number_NN1 
conversion_NN1 ,_, *2_NULL {_NULL SUBSTR()_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL etc_RA ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 also_RR includes_VVZ *2_NULL {_NULL RTRIM()_NN1 }_NULL 
*0_NULL and_CC *2_NULL \_NULL TRIM_NN1 *0_NULL which_DDQ both_DB2 remove_VV0 
trailing_VVG blanks_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ because_II21 of_II22 what_DDQ I_PPIS1 
consider_VV0 a_AT1 fault_NN1 in_II dBase_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS a_AT1 string_NN1 of_IO length_NN1 10_MC ,_, say_NN1 is_VBZ 
entered_VVN into_II a_AT1 *2_NULL \_NULL CHARACTER_NN1 *0_NULL field_NN1 of_IO 
length_NN1 20_MC say_VV0 ,_, dBase_NN1 pads_VVZ out_RP the_AT end_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT string_NN1 with_IW trailing_VVG blanks_NN2 to_TO make_VVI it_PPH1 
up_RG21 to_RG22 20_MC characters_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 wo_VM n't_XX recognise_VVI variability_NN1 of_IO string_NN1 
lengths_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL R:base_FO does_VDZ not_XX have_VHI this_DD1 problem_NN1 ,_, but_CCB 
is_VBZ frustrating_JJ in_II its_APPGE lack_NN1 of_IO string_NN1 handling_VVG 
capabilities_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT two_MC packages_NN2 handle_VV0 duplicates_NN2 
differently_RR also_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 ,_, R:base_FO appears_VVZ to_TO have_VHI the_AT 
upper_JJ hand_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL R:base_FO has_VHZ the_AT statement_NN1 *"_" *2_NULL {_NULL DELETE_VV0 
DUPLICATES_NN2 }_NULL **"_" *0_NULL which_DDQ removes_VVZ all_DB copies_NN2 
of_IO any_DD records_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL dBase_NN1 allows_VVZ suppression_NN1 of_IO duplicates_NN2 ,_, but_CCB 
does_VDZ not_XX have_VHI an_AT1 easy_JJ facility_NN1 for_IF deletion_NN1 of_IO 
said_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA we_PPIS2 have_VH0 mentioned_VVN previously_RR ,_, space_NN1 
may_VM be_VBI of_IO the_AT essence_NN1 ,_, and_CC hence_RR something_PN1 
we_PPIS2 will_VM not_XX want_VVI to_TO waste_VVI with_IW multiple_JJ 
copies_NN2 of_IO information_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Note_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, that_CST once_CS R:base_FO contains_VVZ 
more_DAR than_CSN an_AT1 hundred_NNO or_CC so_CS records_NN2 ,_, the_AT *"_" 
*2_NULL {_NULL DELETE_VV0 DUPLICATES_NN2 }_NULL **"_" *0_NULL command_VV0 
becomes_VVZ frustratingly_RR slow_JJ ,_, and_CC should_VM only_RR be_VBI 
used_VVN when_CS absolutely_RR necessary_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Because_CS dBase_NN1 considers_VVZ a_AT1 database_NN1 as_II 
a_AT1 file_NN1 of_IO records_NN2 ,_, each_DD1 record_NN1 is_VBZ treated_VVN 
as_II an_AT1 individual_NN1 ,_, with_IW its_APPGE own_DA record_NN1 number_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL R:base_FO ,_, however_RR ,_, considers_VVZ its_APPGE databases_NN2 
as_II a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO tables_NN2 ,_, each_DD1 made_VVD up_RP of_IO 
rows_NN2 and_CC columns_NN2 ,_, and_CC hence_RR treats_VVZ the_AT 
information_NN1 as_CSA being_VBG grouped_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_II21 of_II22 this_DD1 ,_, R:base_FO has_VHZ easy_JJ 
access_NN1 to_II whole_JJ columns_NN2 ,_, or_CC selected_JJ portions_NN2 
thereof_RR ,_, and_CC with_IW one_MC1 statement_NN1 can_VM do_VDI what_DDQ 
requires_VVZ a_AT1 loop_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 series_NN of_IO statements_NN2 
with_IW dBase_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 313+TEXT+J19_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 report_NN1 surveys_VVZ recent_JJ work_NN1 
on_II the_AT Inverse_JJ Problem_NN1 in_II saturated_JJ ,_, single-phase_JJ 
reservoirs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL After_CS briefly_RR outlining_VVG some_DD relevant_JJ historical_JJ 
developments_NN2 ,_, the_AT Inverse_JJ Problem_NN1 is_VBZ subdivided_VVN 
into_II the_AT Direct_JJ Inverse_JJ Problem_NN1 and_CC the_AT Indirect_JJ 
Inverse_JJ Problem_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT classical_JJ formulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT Direct_JJ Inverse_JJ 
Problem_NN1 for_IF steady_JJ isotropic_JJ reservoirs_NN2 leads_VVZ to_II a_AT1 
linear_JJ Cauchy_NP1 Problem_NN1 ,_, while_CS a_AT1 weak_JJ formulation_NN1 
of_IO the_AT Direct_JJ Inverse_JJ Problem_NN1 utilising_VVG Galerkin_NP1 's_GE 
method_NN1 can_VM lead_VVI to_II a_AT1 non-linear_JJ weighted_VVD least_DAT 
squares_NN2 problem_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Some_DD of_IO the_AT techniques_NN2 available_JJ for_IF 
treating_VVG the_AT Indirect_JJ Inverse_JJ Problem_NN1 are_VBR the_AT 
trial_NN1 and_CC error_NN1 approach_NN1 ;_; time-honoured_JJ approach_NN1 ;_; 
sensitivity_NN1 matrix_NN1 approach_NN1 ;_; variational_JJ approach_NN1 ;_; 
and_CC the_AT maximum_JJ likelihood_NN1 approach_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL After_CS briefly_RR describing_VVG each_DD1 of_IO these_DD2 
approaches_NN2 ,_, our_APPGE conclusions_NN2 are_VBR listed_VVN in_II the_AT 
Summary_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL INTRODUCTION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Quantitative_JJ modelling_NN1 of_IO fluid_NN1 flow_NN1 
in_II porous_JJ reservoirs_NN2 began_VVD in_II 1856_MC ,_, when_RRQ the_AT 
French_JJ engineer_NN1 Henry_NP1 Darcy_NP1 investigated_VVD the_AT flow_NN1 
of_IO water_NN1 in_II vertical_JJ homogeneous_JJ sand_NN1 filters_VVZ in_II31 
relation_II32 to_II33 the_AT fountains_NN2 of_IO the_AT city_NN1 of_IO 
Dijon_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Darcy_NP1 concluded_VVD that_CST for_IF steady_JJ flows_NN2 the_AT 
volumetric_JJ flux_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 was_VBDZ proportional_JJ to_II the_AT 
spatial_JJ gradient_NN1 of_IO pressure_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 empirical_JJ result_NN1 ,_, and_CC its_APPGE subsequent_JJ 
generalisations_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ referred_VVN to_II as_II Darcy_NP1 's_GE 
law_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Formulation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 transient_JJ model_NN1 of_IO 
unsaturated_JJ flow_NN1 in_II porous_JJ reservoirs_NN2 was_VBDZ achieved_VVN 
in_II 1911_MC by_II the_AT English_JJ physicist_NN1 Buckingham_NP1 (_( of_IO 
dimensional_JJ analysis_NN1 fame_NN1 )_) ,_, who_PNQS derived_VVD a_AT1 
non-linear_JJ parabolic_JJ equation_NN1 which_DDQ generalises_VVZ the_AT 
heat_NN1 equation_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ noted_VVN that_CST the_AT equation_NN1 for_IF 
steady_JJ flow_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 in_II hydrologic_JJ reservoirs_NN2 was_VBDZ 
directly_RR analogous_JJ to_II the_AT equation_NN1 for_IF electrical_JJ 
potential_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW steady_JJ current_JJ flow_NN1 through_II 
a_AT1 resistive_JJ medium_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Consequently_NP1 ,_, electrical_JJ analogues_NN2 of_IO hydrologic_JJ 
reservoirs_NN2 were_VBDR constructed_VVN ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ 
deduced_JJ reservoir_NN1 parameters_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 permeability_NN1 
or_CC transmissivity_NN1 usually_RR had_VHN to_TO vary_VVI spatially_RR 
across_II the_AT reservoir_NN1 (_( or_CC aquifer_NN1 )_) if_CSW electrical_JJ 
model_NN1 predictions_NN2 were_VBDR to_TO match_VVI head_JJ measurements_NN2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT first_MD attempt_NN1 to_TO derive_VVI the_AT spatial_JJ 
structure_NN1 of_IO reservoir_NN1 transmissivity_NN1 from_II head_NN1 
measurements_NN2 is_VBZ credited_VVN to_II Bennett_NP1 and_CC Meyer_NP1 in_II 
1952_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE approach_NN1 was_VBDZ followed_VVN by_II Stallman_NP1 (_( 
1956_MC )_) ,_, who_PNQS utilised_VVD a_AT1 computer_NN1 in_II his_APPGE 
solution_NN1 technique_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Numerical_JJ results_NN2 showed_VVD that_CST the_AT inverse_JJ 
problem_NN1 ,_, namely_REX determining_JJ reservoir_NN1 parameters_NN2 from_II 
head_NN1 measurements_NN2 ,_, was_VBDZ numerically_RR unstable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Stallman_NP1 partially_RR overcame_VVD this_DD1 instability_NN1 
problem_NN1 by_II using_VVG larger_JJR grids_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ constituted_VVD 
the_AT earliest_JJT application_NN1 of_IO regularisation_NN1 to_II the_AT 
Inverse_JJ Problem_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT first_MD theoretical_JJ treatment_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
Direct_JJ Inverse_JJ Problem_NN1 occurred_VVD in_II 1960_MC by_II Nelson_NP1 
(_( Nelson_NP1 ,_, 1968_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Steady_JJ fluid_NN1 flow_NN1 in_II an_AT1 isotropic_JJ aquifer_NN1 
was_VBDZ assumed_VVN ,_, with_IW head_JJ measurements_NN2 being_VBG 
assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI known_VVN exactly_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 produced_VVD a_AT1 hyperbolic_JJ equation_NN1 leading_VVG 
to_II a_AT1 standard_JJ Cauchy_NP1 problem_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO solve_VVI the_AT problem_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 value_NN1 of_IO 
transmissivity_NN1 was_VBDZ required_VVN along_II each_DD1 streamline_NN1 ,_, 
after_II which_DDQ the_AT transmissivity_NN1 distribution_NN1 could_VM be_VBI 
determined_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT formal_JJ solution_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 Direct_JJ 
Inverse_JJ Problem_NN1 showed_VVD that_CST transmissivities_NN2 depend_VV0 
on_II spatial_JJ gradients_NN2 of_IO heads_NN2 ,_, rather_CS21 than_CS22 
directly_RR on_II the_AT heads_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Since_CS in_RR21 general_RR22 two_MC functions_NN2 can_VM be_VBI 
arbitrarily_RR close_VV0 together_RL ,_, yet_RR their_APPGE derivatives_NN2 
can_VM be_VBI arbitrarily_RR far_RR apart_RL ,_, the_AT Inverse_JJ Problem_NN1 
is_VBZ ill-posed_JJ in_II the_AT classical_JJ sense_NN1 of_IO Hadamard_NP1 (_( 
1932_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ generally_RR acknowledged_VVN by_II 
groundwater_JJR modellers_NN2 that_CST the_AT Inverse_JJ Problem_NN1 may_VM 
occasionally_RR yield_VVI meaningless_JJ answers_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 
negative_JJ and_CC highly_RR oscillatory_JJ transmissivity_NN1 values_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sometimes_RT it_PPH1 is_VBZ claimed_VVN that_CST the_AT Inverse_JJ 
Problem_NN1 is_VBZ hopelessly_RR ill-posed_JJ ,_, and_CC hence_RR 
intrinsically_RR unsolvable_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT Inverse_JJ Problem_NN1 is_VBZ ill-posed_JJ in_II the_AT 
sense_NN1 of_IO Hadamard_NP1 (_( 1932_MC )_) ,_, when_CS traditional_JJ 
methods_NN2 of_IO solution_NN1 are_VBR used_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL According_II21 to_II22 Allison_NP1 (_( 1979_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 
10_MC )_) ,_, Hadamard_NP1 claimed_VVD that_CST any_DD meaningful_JJ 
mathematical_JJ problem_NN1 should_VM be_VBI *"_" correctly_RR posed_VVN **"_" 
in_II that_DD1 its_APPGE solution_NN1 must_VM exist_VVI and_CC be_VBI 
unique_JJ and_CC stable_NN1 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 small_JJ 
variations_NN2 in_II the_AT input_NN1 data_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN suggested_VVN that_CST the_AT 
Inverse_JJ Problems_NN2 are_VBR meaningful_JJ ,_, although_CS these_DD2 may_VM 
not_XX have_VHI unique_JJ solutions_NN2 ,_, nor_CC may_VM they_PPHS2 be_VBI 
stable_JJ with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 fluctuations_NN2 in_II input_NN1 
data_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Essentially_NP1 ,_, the_AT completely_RR deterministic_JJ 
approach_NN1 of_IO Hadamard_NP1 must_VM be_VBI replaced_VVN by_II 
statistical_JJ methods_NN2 using_VVG random_JJ variables_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Whether_CSW this_DD1 is_VBZ so_RG still_RR remains_VVZ to_TO be_VBI 
clearly_RR resolved_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL During_II the_AT 1980s_MC2 an_AT1 active_JJ research_NN1 
effort_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN directed_VVN towards_II treating_VVG the_AT 
Inverse_JJ Problem_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 review_VV0 some_DD of_IO the_AT popular_JJ approaches_NN2 
below_RL ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL MATHEMATICAL_JJ PRELIMINARIES_NNJ2 FOR_IF A_AT1 CONFINED_JJ 
AQUIFER_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 section_NN1 briefly_RR derives_VVZ the_AT 
flow_NN1 equations_NN2 needed_VVN in_II later_JJR sections_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 shall_VM consider_VVI saturated_JJ flows_NN2 of_IO (_( 
single_JJ phase_NN1 )_) water_NN1 through_II a_AT1 heterogeneous_JJ porous_JJ 
medium_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Darcy_NP1 's_GE Law_NN1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN to_TO satisfy_VVI 
|_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL where_CS *1_NULL V_II *;_NULL 
a_ZZ1 **;_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ volumetric_JJ flux_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 in_II 
the_AT *1_NULL ath_NN1 direction_NN1 ;_; *1_NULL k_ZZ1 *;_NULL ab_VV0 **;_NULL 
*0_NULL the_AT permeability_NN1 tensor_NN1 ;_; *1_NULL \_NULL m_MC *0_NULL 
dynamic_JJ viscosity_NN1 of_IO water_NN1 ;_; *1_NULL \_NULL r_ZZ1 *0_NULL 
water_NN1 density_NN1 ;_; *1_NULL g_ZZ1 *0_NULL gravitational_JJ 
acceleration_NN1 ;_; *1_NULL \_NULL R_NP1 *0_NULL fluid_NN1 pressure_NN1 ;_; 
*1_NULL \_NULL Z_NP1 *0_NULL is_VBZ a_AT1 vertical_JJ coordinate_NN1 ,_, 
directed_VVD vertically_RR upwards_RL ;_; and_CC {_NULL *1_NULL x_II *;_NULL 
b_ZZ1 **;_NULL }_NULL is_VBZ a_AT1 Cartesian_JJ coordinate_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, 
with_IW **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT equation_NN1 of_IO mass_JJ conservation_NN1 is_VBZ 
|_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, 
|_NULL where_CS *1_NULL c_ZZ1 *0_NULL is_VBZ water_NN1 compressibility_NN1 ;_; 
*1_NULL \_NULL F_NP1 *0_NULL is_VBZ the_AT time_NNT1 independent_JJ 
porosity_NN1 ;_; the_AT summation_NN1 over_II *1_NULL w_ZZ1 *0_NULL refers_VVZ 
to_II summation_NN1 over_II all_DB wells_NN2 ,_, located_VVN at_II 
position_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ;_; *1_NULL \_NULL d_MC */_FO (_( ._. 
)_) 

^ *0_NULL is_VBZ the_AT three-dimensional_JJ Dirac_NP1 delta_NN1 function_NN1 
;_; and_CC *1_NULL Q_ZZ1 *;_NULL w_NNU **;_NULL (_( t_ZZ1 )_) *0_NULL is_VBZ 
the_AT volumetric_JJ discharge_NN1 rate_NN1 from_II well_NN1 *1_NULL w_ZZ1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II groundwater_JJR applications_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
usual_JJ to_TO use_VVI the_AT hydraulic_JJ conductivity_NN1 tensor_NN1 ,_, 
*1_NULL K_ZZ1 *;_NULL ab_NN1 **;_NULL ,_, |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
,_, |_NULL *0_NULL instead_CC21 of_CC22 the_AT permeability_NN1 tensor_NN1 ,_, 
*1_NULL k_ZZ1 *;_NULL ab_NN1 **;_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR usual_JJ to_TO linearise_VVI (_( 2_MC 
)_) by_II cancelling_VVG out_RP the_AT density_NN1 term_NN1 in_II (_( 2_MC )_) 
,_, and_CC then_RT to_TO integrate_VVI vertically_RR over_II the_AT 
confined_JJ aquifer_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 (_( 2_MC )_) becomes_VVZ |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL where_CS the_AT aquifer_NN1 has_VHZ 
thickness_NN1 *1_NULL H_ZZ1 ;_; x_II *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL y_ZZ1 *0_NULL 
are_VBR horizontal_JJ coordinates_NN2 ;_; *1_NULL V_MC *:_NULL +_II **:_NULL 
,_, V_ZZ1 *:_NULL -_- **:_NULL *0_NULL denote_VV0 volumetric_JJ fluxes_NN2 
of_IO water_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 the_AT upper_JJ and_CC lower_JJR aquifer_NN1 
surfaces_NN2 ;_; and_CC *1_NULL \_NULL d_ZZ1 (_( ._. )_) 

^ *0_NULL is_VBZ the_AT two-dimensional_JJ delta_NN1 function_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Next_MD ,_, if_CS pressures_NN2 are_VBR approximately_RR 
hydrostatic_JJ in_II the_AT vertical_JJ ,_, with_IW fluid_JJ flows_NN2 
being_VBG primarily_RR horizontal_JJ ,_, we_PPIS2 may_VM assume_VVI |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL where_CS *1_NULL h_ZZ1 (_( x_ZZ1 ,_, 
y_ZZ1 )_) *0_NULL denotes_VVZ the_AT head_NN1 within_II the_AT aquifer_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC is_VBZ defined_VVN to_RP within_II an_AT1 additive_JJ constant_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT (_( 5_MC )_) becomes_VVZ |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
,_, |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
,_, |_NULL where_RRQ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ;_; *1_NULL S_NP1 *0_NULL 
is_VBZ storativity_NN1 ;_; *1_NULL T_NP1 *;_NULL ij_JJ **;_NULL *0_NULL 
transmissivity_NN1 tensor_NN1 ;_; *1_NULL i_MC1 *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL j_ZZ1 
*0_NULL denote_VV0 horizontal_JJ indices_NN2 ;_; and_CC we_PPIS2 have_VH0 
ignored_VVN horizontal_JJ derivatives_NN2 of_IO the_AT aquifer_NN1 
thickness_NN1 ,_, *1_NULL H._NP1 ^_NULL *0_NULL Equation_NN1 (_( 7_MC )_) 
is_VBZ a_AT1 basic_JJ equation_NN1 for_IF hydrologic_JJ reservoirs_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL DIRECT_JJ AND_CC INDIRECT_JJ CLASSIFICATION_NN1 OF_IO THE_AT 
INVERSE_JJ PROBLEM_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Reservoir_NN1 parameters_NN2 are_VBR parameters_NN2 
associated_VVN with_IW storativity_NN1 ,_, transmissivity_NN1 ,_, recharge_NN1 
(_( those_DD2 terms_NN2 in_II (_( 7_MC )_) involving_VVG *1_NULL V_ZZ1 *:_NULL 
+_II **:_NULL *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL V_ZZ1 *:_NULL -_- **:_NULL )_) ,_, and_CC 
initial_JJ and_CC boundary_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Existing_JJ methods_NN2 for_IF determining_VVG reservoir_NN1 
parameters_NN2 can_VM be_VBI classified_VVN as_CSA either_RR direct_JJ 
methods_NN2 ,_, or_CC indirect_JJ methods_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Direct_JJ methods_NN2 treat_VV0 the_AT time_NNT1 and_CC 
spatial_JJ derivatives_NN2 of_IO head_NN1 in_II (_( 7_MC )_) as_CSA known_VVN 
,_, which_DDQ results_VVZ in_II a_AT1 relationship_NN1 connecting_VVG the_AT 
reservoir_NN1 parameters_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Conversely_NP1 ,_, indirect_JJ methods_NN2 initially_RR assume_VV0 
that_CST all_DB of_IO the_AT reservoir_NN1 parameters_NN2 are_VBR known_VVN 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT partial_JJ differential_JJ equation_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
heads_NN2 in_II (_( 7_MC )_) is_VBZ then_RT solved_VVN ,_, and_CC after_II 
comparing_VVG the_AT resulting_JJ model_NN1 predicted_VVD heads_NN2 with_IW 
field_NN1 measurements_NN2 of_IO heads_NN2 ,_, new_JJ reservoir_NN1 
parameters_NN2 are_VBR selected_VVN which_DDQ better_RRR match_VVI the_AT 
available_JJ data_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ shown_VVN schematically_RR in_II Figure_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *2_NULL THE_AT CLASSICAL_JJ DIRECT_JJ 
PROBLEM_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II this_DD1 section_NN1 we_PPIS2 briefly_RR 
outline_VV0 the_AT classical_JJ direct_JJ solution_NN1 to_II the_AT Inverse_JJ 
Problem_NN1 for_IF isotropic_JJ steady_JJ reservoirs_NN2 (_( see_VV0 
Nelson_NP1 (_( 1968_MC )_) )_) ,_, which_DDQ lack_VV0 producing_VVG wells_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT (_( 7_MC )_) becomes_VVZ |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
,_, |_NULL where_CS spatial_JJ gradients_NN2 are_VBR horizontal_JJ 
gradients_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT characteristic_JJ equation_NN1 |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL allows_VVZ (_( 10_MC )_) to_TO be_VBI 
rewritten_VVN as_CSA |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL and_CC so_RR 
|_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Consequently_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 solution_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
distribution_NN1 of_IO transmissivities_NN2 requires_VVZ knowledge_NN1 of_IO 
transmissivities_NN2 at_II some_DD point_NN1 along_II each_DD1 
characteristic_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT characteristics_NN2 in_II (_( 11_MC )_) are_VBR 
directed_VVN along_II the_AT gradients_NN2 of_IO head_NN1 ,_, and_CC since_CS 
the_AT reservoir_NN1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI isotropic_JJ ,_, 
characteristics_NN2 are_VBR streamlines_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Positions_NN2 where_RRQ *?_NULL 20_MC *1_NULL h_ZZ1 *0_NULL is_VBZ 
zero_NN1 will_VM not_XX allow_VVI characteristics_NN2 to_TO enter_VVI ,_, 
and_CC so_CS transmissivity_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX determined_VVN there_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Note_NN1 that_CST (_( 13_MC )_) shows_VVZ the_AT classical_JJ 
Inverse_JJ Problem_NN1 to_TO be_VBI well_RR posed_VVN provided_CS the_AT 
appropriate_JJ Cauchy_NP1 data_NN for_IF *1_NULL T_ZZ1 *0_NULL is_VBZ 
defined_VVN ,_, and_CC provided_VVN *?_NULL 20_MC *1_NULL h_ZZ1 *0_NULL and_CC 
*?_NULL 20_MC *:_NULL 2_MC **:_NULL *1_NULL h_ZZ1 *0_NULL are_VBR given_VVN 
(_( and_CC non-zero_NN1 almost_RR everywhere_RL )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT same_DA approach_NN1 applies_VVZ in_II principle_NN1 
for_IF transient_JJ reservoirs_NN2 ,_, but_CCB then_RT the_AT domain_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT Cauchy_NP1 data_NN may_VM be_VBI time_NNT1 dependent_JJ ,_, which_DDQ 
motivates_VVZ the_AT method_NN1 in_II the_AT next_MD section_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL WEAK_JJ FORMULATION_NN1 FOR_IF THE_AT DIRECT_JJ PROBLEM_NN1 
*>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Gradients_NN2 of_IO transmissivities_NN2 in_II the_AT 
equation_NN1 for_IF the_AT Direct_JJ Problem_NN1 show_NN1 that_CST 
transmissivities_NN2 satisfy_VV0 a_AT1 first-order_JJ equation_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
so_CS some_DD *"_" boundary_NN1 values_NN2 **"_" of_IO transmissivity_NN1 
are_VBR required_VVN in_II the_AT classical_JJ formulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
Direct_JJ Problem_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA values_NN2 will_VM not_XX be_VBI available_JJ ,_, usually_RR 
,_, which_DDQ motivates_VVZ consideration_NN1 of_IO the_AT weak_JJ 
formulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT Direct_JJ Problem_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL We_PPIS2 shall_VM assume_VVI that_CST the_AT reservoir_NN1 
is_VBZ discretised_VVN using_VVG finite_JJ elements_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, a_ZZ1 10_MC node_NN1 ,_, 12_MC 
element_NN1 discretisation_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 2_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Triangular_JJ elements_NN2 are_VBR depicted_VVN ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 
is_VBZ obviously_RR immaterial_JJ to_II the_AT following_JJ development_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 basis_NN1 function_NN1 ,_, **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
is_VBZ defined_VVN for_IF each_DD1 node_NN1 ,_, *1_NULL i_ZZ1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT basis_NN1 function_NN1 is_VBZ chosen_VVN to_TO be_VBI 
unity_NN1 at_II node_NN1 *1_NULL i_ZZ1 ,_, *0_NULL and_CC to_TO decrease_VVI 
to_TO zero_VVI at_II the_AT outer_JJ boundary_NN1 of_IO the_AT elements_NN2 
contacting_VVG node_NN1 *1_NULL i_ZZ1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL \_NULL ps_NNU2 *;_NULL i_ZZ1 **;_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ zero_NN1 for_IF 
all_DB elements_NN2 not_XX in_II31 contact_II32 with_II33 node_NN1 *1_NULL 
i_ZZ1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT basis_NN1 function_NN1 
at_II node_NN1 *1_NULL f_ZZ1 *0_NULL in_II Figure_NN1 2_MC is_VBZ non-zero_JJ 
over_II elements_NN2 8_MC ,_, 9_MC ,_, 10_MC ,_, 11_MC ,_, 12_MC ;_; is_VBZ 
unity_NN1 at_II node_NN1 *1_NULL f_ZZ1 ;_; *0_NULL and_CC is_VBZ zero_NN1 
for_IF elements_NN2 less_RRR than_CSN number_NN1 8_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL Similarly_RR ,_, the_AT basis_NN1 
function_NN1 at_II node_NN1 *1_NULL j_ZZ1 *0_NULL is_VBZ only_JJ non-zero_NN1 
over_II elements_NN2 4_MC and_CC 5_MC ;_; is_VBZ unity_NN1 at_II node_NN1 
*1_NULL j_ZZ1 ;_; *0_NULL and_CC is_VBZ zero_MC along_II lines_NN2 *1_NULL 
b-e-i_ZZ1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT weak_JJ formulation_NN1 for_IF (_( 7_MC )_) ,_, 
utilising_VVG Galerkin_NP1 's_GE method_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ obtained_VVN by_II 
multiplying_VVG (_( 7_MC )_) by_II **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, for_IF 
each_DD1 node_NN1 *1_NULL k_ZZ1 ,_, *0_NULL and_CC integrating_VVG over_II 
the_AT whole_JJ area_NN1 of_IO the_AT reservoir_NN1 to_TO yield_VVI |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL where_CS *1_NULL \_NULL G_ZZ1 *0_NULL 
denotes_VVZ the_AT boundary_NN1 of_IO the_AT reservoir_NN1 ,_, and_CC *1_NULL 
ds_MC2 *;_NULL i_ZZ1 **;_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ directed_VVN around_II the_AT 
boundary_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Next_MD ,_, all_DB unknown_JJ reservoir_NN1 parameters_NN2 
are_VBR transferred_VVN to_II the_AT left-hand_JJ side_NN1 of_IO (_( 14_MC )_) 
,_, while_CS known_JJ parameters_NN2 are_VBR moved_VVN to_II the_AT 
right-hand_JJ side_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, suppose_VV0 that_DD1 *1_NULL S_ZZ1 ,_, 
T_ZZ1 *;_NULL ij_NN1 **;_NULL ,_, V_ZZ1 *:_NULL +_II **:_NULL *0_NULL +_II 
*1_NULL V_ZZ1 *:_NULL -_- **:_NULL *0_NULL are_VBR unknown_JJ ;_; whereas_CS 
*1_NULL Q_NN1 *;_NULL w_ZZ1 **;_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ known_VVN ,_, and_CC 
values_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL V_MC *;_NULL i_ZZ1 **;_NULL *0_NULL around_II the_AT 
boundary_NN1 are_VBR also_RR assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI known_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT ,_, all_DB unknown_JJ reservoir_NN1 parameters_NN2 are_VBR 
expanded_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT basis_NN1 functions_NN2 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL 
where_CS the_AT summation_NN1 over_II *1_NULL l_ZZ1 *0_NULL contains_VVZ 
the_AT same_DA number_NN1 of_IO terms_NN2 as_CSA there_EX are_VBR nodes_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Substitution_NN1 of_IO (_( 15_MC )_) into_II (_( 14_MC )_) then_RT 
yields_VVZ |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL By_II assumption_NN1 ,_, the_AT parameters_NN2 *1_NULL S_ZZ1 
*:_NULL l_NNU **:_NULL *0_NULL and_CC **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL are_VBR 
time_NNT1 independent_JJ (_( being_NN1 the_AT values_NN2 of_IO storativity_NN1 
and_CC transmissivity_NN1 at_II node_NN1 *1_NULL l_ZZ1 )_) ,_, but_CCB the_AT 
parameters_NN2 *1_NULL V_II *:_NULL l_ZZ1 **:_NULL *0_NULL may_VM be_VBI 
time_NNT1 dependent_JJ ,_, in_II which_DDQ case_NN1 (_( 16_MC )_) is_VBZ 
indeterminant_JJ since_II then_RT there_EX are_VBR more_DAR unknowns_NN2 
than_CSN equations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL (_( The_AT number_NN1 of_IO unknowns_NN2 *1_NULL V_MC *:_NULL l_NNU 
**:_NULL *0_NULL precisely_RR equals_VVZ the_AT number_NN1 of_IO equations_NN2 
in_II (_( 16_MC )_) ._. )_) 

^ ^_NULL In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO proceed_VVI ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
necessary_JJ to_TO reparametrise_VVI the_AT parameters_NN2 associated_VVN 
with_IW *1_NULL V_ZZ1 *:_NULL +_II **:_NULL *0_NULL +_II *1_NULL V_ZZ1 *:_NULL 
-_- **:_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL One_MC1 possible_JJ approach_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO 
assume_VVI that_DD1 recharge_NN1 (_( or_CC discharge_NN1 ?_? )_) occurs_VVZ 
from_II leaky_JJ aquifers_NN2 bounding_VVG our_APPGE confined_JJ aquifer_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, if_CS the_AT head_NN1 *1_NULL h_ZZ1 */_FO 
*0_NULL in_II the_AT leaky_JJ region_NN1 above_II the_AT aquifer_NN1 
satisfies_VVZ |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL then_RT 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL for_IF some_DD function_NN1 *1_NULL 
f_ZZ1 *:_NULL +_II **:_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL From_II (_( 17_MC )_) ,_, *1_NULL V_ZZ1 *:_NULL +_II 
**:_NULL *0_NULL depends_VVZ linearly_RR on_II *1_NULL K_ZZ1 */_FO /l_FO */_FO 
,_, *0_NULL but_CCB non-linearly_RR on_RP **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, 
and_CC so_CS reparametrising_VVG the_AT linear_JJ equation_NN1 (_( 16_MC )_) 
can_VM lead_VVI to_II non-linear_JJ equations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF simplicity_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 shall_VM assume_VVI that_CST 
the_AT recharge_NN1 term_NN1 can_VM be_VBI simplified_VVN to_II |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL where_CS the_AT parameters_NN2 *1_NULL 
V_II */_FO *:_NULL l_ZZ1 **:_NULL *0_NULL are_VBR assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI 
time_NNT1 independent_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Alternatively_NP1 ,_, if_CS boundary_NN1 conditions_NN2 
associated_VVN with_IW the_AT boundary_NN1 fluxes_NN2 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL were_VBDR to_TO be_VBI estimated_VVN ,_, then_RT 
one_MC1 approach_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO assume_VVI |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
,_, |_NULL where_CS *1_NULL n_ZZ1 *;_NULL i_ZZ1 **;_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ 
directed_VVN along_II the_AT reservoir_NN1 boundary_NN1 ,_, and_CC *1_NULL 
\_NULL a_ZZ1 *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL \_NULL b_ZZ1 *0_NULL are_VBR assumed_VVN 
to_TO be_VBI time_NNT1 independent_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT value_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL h_ZZ1 *?_NULL 7_MC *0_NULL may_VM 
or_CC may_VM not_XX be_VBI known_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT parameters_NN2 *1_NULL \_NULL a_ZZ1 ,_, \_NULL ah_UH *?_NULL 
7_MC *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL \_NULL b_ZZ1 *0_NULL can_VM then_RT be_VBI 
approximated_VVN by_II using_VVG the_AT finite_JJ element_NN1 basis_NN1 
functions_NN2 ,_, |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL where_CS 
*1_NULL l_ZZ1 *?_NULL 7_MC *0_NULL is_VBZ summed_VVN over_II all_DB 
boundary_NN1 nodes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ always_RR necessary_JJ ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 
,_, that_CST there_EX be_VBI at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 non-zero_JJ 
contribution_NN1 on_II the_AT right-hand_JJ side_NN1 of_IO (_( 16_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Suppose_VV0 there_RL are_VBR *1_NULL N_ZZ1 *0_NULL nodes_VVZ 
,_, and_CC (_( 16_MC )_) is_VBZ defined_VVN for_IF *1_NULL M_ZZ1 */_FO *0_NULL 
distinct_JJ values_NN2 of_IO time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT (_( 16_MC )_) comprises_VVZ *1_NULL NM_NP */_FO *0_NULL 
equations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT number_NN1 of_IO unknowns_NN2 in_II (_( 16_MC )_) and_CC (_( 
18_MC )_) is_VBZ *1_NULL NM_NP ,_, *0_NULL where_CS *1_NULL M_ZZ1 *0_NULL 
is_VBZ 3_MC for_IF isotropic_JJ media_NN (_( *1_NULL S_ZZ1 ,_, T_ZZ1 ,_, V_ZZ1 
*/_FO *0_NULL are_VBR the_AT reservoir_NN1 parameters_NN2 )_) ,_, and_CC 5_MC 
for_IF non-isotropic_JJ media_NN (_( *1_NULL S_ZZ1 ,_, T_ZZ1 *;_NULL xx_MC 
**;_NULL ,_, T_ZZ1 *;_NULL xy_NN1 **;_NULL ,_, T_ZZ1 *;_NULL yy_NNU **;_NULL 
,_, V_ZZ1 */_FO *0_NULL are_VBR the_AT reservoir_NN1 parameters_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Consequently_NP1 ,_, if_CS sufficient_JJ transient_JJ 
measurements_NN2 of_IO heads_NN2 are_VBR available_JJ ,_, the_AT reservoir_NN1 
parameters_NN2 can_VM be_VBI determined_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL From_II (_( 16_MC )_) ,_, storativity_NN1 is_VBZ 
associated_VVN with_IW rates_NN2 of_IO change_NN1 in_II head_NN1 ;_; 
transmissivity_NN1 with_IW spatial_JJ gradients_NN2 in_II head_NN1 ;_; 
whereas_CS additional_JJ parameters_NN2 depend_VV0 on_II how_RRQ the_AT 
recharge_NN1 terms_NN2 are_VBR defined_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, if_CS rates_NN2 of_IO change_NN1 of_IO 
head_NN1 averaged_VVD over_II each_DD1 element_NN1 contiguous_JJ with_IW 
node_NN1 *1_NULL l_ZZ1 *0_NULL (_( and_CC weighted_VVD by_II 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL )_) is_VBZ zero_MC ,_, then_RT it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
not_XX possible_JJ to_TO determine_VVI storativity_NN1 at_II node_NN1 *1_NULL 
l_ZZ1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL (_( This_DD1 seems_VVZ unlikely_JJ ,_, unless_CS *1_NULL 
h_ZZ1 *0_NULL is_VBZ time_NNT1 independent_JJ ._. )_) 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, (_( 16_MC )_) and_CC (_( 18_MC )_) will_VM 
be_VBI an_AT1 overdetermined_JJ systems_NN2 **[_NULL sic_RR **]_NULL of_IO 
equations_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI solved_VVN ,_, for_REX21 
example_REX22 ,_, by_II least_DAT squares_NN2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 314+TEXT+J20_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL We_PPIS2 wish_VV0 to_TO test_VVI a_AT1 simple_JJ 
hypothesis_NN1 against_II a_AT1 family_NN of_IO alternatives_NN2 indexed_VVD 
by_II a_AT1 one-dimensional_JJ parameter_NN1 ,_, *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL We_PPIS2 use_VV0 a_AT1 test_NN1 derived_VVN from_II the_AT 
corresponding_JJ family_NN of_IO test_NN1 statistics_NN appropriate_VV0 for_IF 
the_AT case_NN1 when_RRQ *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP *0_NULL is_VBZ given_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Davies_NP1 (_( 1977_MC )_) introduced_VVD this_DD1 problem_NN1 
when_RRQ these_DD2 test_VV0 statistics_NN had_VHD normal_JJ distributions_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT present_JJ paper_NN1 considers_VVZ the_AT case_NN1 when_RRQ 
their_APPGE distribution_NN1 is_VBZ chi-squared_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT results_NN2 are_VBR applied_VVN to_II the_AT detection_NN1 
of_IO a_AT1 discrete_JJ frequency_NN1 component_NN1 of_IO unknown_JJ 
frequency_NN1 in_II a_AT1 time_NNT1 series_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 quick_JJ methods_NN2 for_IF finding_VVG 
approximate_JJ significance_NN1 probabilities_NN2 are_VBR given_VVN for_IF 
both_DB2 the_AT normal_JJ and_CC chi-squared_JJ cases_NN2 and_CC applied_VVN 
to_II the_AT two-phase_JJ regression_NN1 problem_NN1 in_II the_AT normal_JJ 
case_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ *2_NULL INTRODUCTION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL We_PPIS2 wish_VV0 to_TO test_VVI a_AT1 hypothesis_NN1 
in_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 nuisance_NN1 parameter_NN1 ,_, *1_NULL 
\_NULL TH_NP ,_, *0_NULL which_DDQ enters_VVZ the_AT model_NN1 only_RR 
under_II the_AT alternative_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP *0_NULL is_VBZ 
meaningless_JJ under_II the_AT null_JJ hypothesis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Traditional_JJ methods_NN2 for_IF deriving_VVG hypothesis_NN1 
tests_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX work_VVI in_II this_DD1 situation_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL Example_NN1 *0_NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Suppose_VV0 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL are_VBR independent_JJ 
normal_JJ random_JJ variables_NN2 with_IW constant_JJ known_JJ variance_NN1 
,_, or_CC else_RR *1_NULL n_ZZ1 *0_NULL is_VBZ very_RG large_JJ so_CS the_AT 
variance_NN1 can_VM be_VBI estimated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Suppose_VV0 under_II the_AT hypothesis_NN1 there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 
constant_JJ linear_JJ trend_NN1 ,_, but_CCB under_II the_AT alternative_NN1 
the_AT linear_JJ trend_NN1 changes_NN2 at_II some_DD unknown_JJ point_NN1 ,_, 
*1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP ,_, *0_NULL but_CCB with_IW the_AT composite_JJ 
regression_NN1 line_NN1 remaining_VVG continuous_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 is_VBZ there_EX is_VBZ no_AT jump_NN1 at_II the_AT point_NN1 
*1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP *0_NULL but_CCB there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 jump_NN1 in_II 
the_AT derivative_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT two-phase_JJ problem_NN1 of_IO Hinkley_NP1 (_( 
1969_MC )_) and_CC the_AT continuous_JJ case_NN1 of_IO Hawkins_NP1 (_( 1980_MC 
)_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL See_VV0 Worsley_NP1 (_( 1983_MC )_) for_IF a_AT1 discussion_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT discontinuous_JJ case_NN1 and_CC other_JJ references_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Naturally_NP1 ,_, the_AT parameter_NN1 *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP *0_NULL 
is_VBZ meaningless_JJ under_II the_AT hypothesis_NN1 of_IO no_AT change_NN1 
in_II slope_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL Example_NN1 *0_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT same_DA as_CSA Example_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, 
except_CS21 that_CS22 we_PPIS2 observe_VV0 several_DA2 series_NN subject_II21 
to_II22 linear_JJ trend_NN1 and_CC the_AT alternative_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST 
at_RR21 least_RR22 one_PN1 changes_VVZ its_APPGE trend_NN1 at_II some_DD 
unknown_JJ time_NNT1 ,_, *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Example_NN1 *0_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Here_RL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL are_VBR as_RG in_II Example_NN1 
1_MC1 ,_, except_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT expectations_NN2 are_VBR given_VVN 
by_II |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT hypothesis_NN1 is_VBZ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL and_CC 
the_AT alternative_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 of_IO 
*1_NULL \_NULL x_II *;_NULL 1_MC1 **;_NULL and_CC *1_NULL \_NULL x_II *;_NULL 
2_MC **;_NULL is_VBZ nonzero_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 corresponds_VVZ to_II a_AT1 discrete_JJ frequency_NN1 
component_NN1 at_II an_AT1 unknown_JJ frequency_NN1 ,_, *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP 
._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Again_RT *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP *0_NULL is_VBZ meaningless_JJ 
under_II the_AT hypothesis_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Other_JJ examples_NN2 are_VBR given_VVN by_II Davies_NP1 (_( 
1977_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_CS *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP *0_NULL can_VM not_XX be_VBI 
estimated_VVN under_II the_AT hypothesis_NN1 ,_, traditional_JJ large_JJ 
sample_NN1 theory_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX applicable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, if_CS *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP *0_NULL were_VBDR known_VVN 
it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI easy_JJ to_TO find_VVI an_AT1 appropriate_JJ test_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Suppose_VV0 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL is_VBZ the_AT appropriate_JJ 
test_NN1 statistic_NN1 ,_, with_IW large_JJ values_NN2 corresponding_VVG to_II 
the_AT alternative_NN1 being_VBG true_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT the_AT test_NN1 statistic_NN1 we_PPIS2 suggest_VV0 for_IF 
the_AT case_NN1 when_RRQ *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP *0_NULL is_VBZ unknown_JJ is_VBZ 
|_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL where_CS [_( *8_NULL L_ZZ1 ,_, 
U_ZZ1 ]_) is_VBZ the_AT range_NN1 of_IO possible_JJ values_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL 
\_NULL TH_NP ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT test_NN1 would_VM be_VBI to_TO reject_VVI the_AT 
hypothesis_NN1 for_IF large_JJ values_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL M._NN1 ^_NULL *0_NULL 
Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI 
normalized_VVN in_II some_DD way_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 by_II 
having_VHG mean_JJ and_CC variance_NN1 independent_JJ of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL 
TH_NP *0_NULL under_II the_AT null_JJ hypothesis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT problem_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO find_VVI the_AT significance_NN1 
probability_NN1 of_IO the_AT resulting_JJ test_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Davies_NP1 (_( 1977_MC )_) studied_VVD the_AT case_NN1 when_RRQ 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL had_VHN a_AT1 normal_JJ distribution_NN1 for_IF 
each_DD1 value_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP *0_NULL and_CC gave_VVD a_AT1 
sharp_JJ bound_NN1 on_II the_AT significance_NN1 probability_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 bound_NN1 was_VBDZ calculated_VVN from_II the_AT 
autocorrelation_NN1 function_NN1 of_IO **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL One_MC1 problem_NN1 with_IW this_DD1 procedure_NN1 is_VBZ 
that_DD1 of_IO finding_VVG the_AT autocorrelation_NN1 function_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 would_VM not_XX usually_RR be_VBI realistic_JJ to_TO do_VDI 
this_DD1 in_II a_AT1 *'_" once-off_JJ **'_" problem_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR 
where_RRQ the_AT test_NN1 is_VBZ only_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT overall_JJ 
analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II *?_NULL 13_MC 2_MC we_PPIS2 describe_VV0 a_AT1 very_RG 
simple_JJ way_NN1 of_IO finding_VVG an_AT1 approximation_NN1 to_II the_AT 
significance_NN1 probability_NN1 from_II the_AT graph_NN1 of_IO 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL itself_PPX1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II *?_NULL 13_MC 3_MC we_PPIS2 consider_VV0 the_AT case_NN1 
when_RRQ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL has_VHZ a_AT1 chi-squared_JJ 
distribution_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 a_AT1 normal_JJ distribution_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 arises_VVZ when_CS testing_VVG the_AT hypothesis_NN1 
that_CST a_AT1 vector_NN1 is_VBZ zero_MC against_II the_AT alternative_NN1 
that_CST at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 component_NN1 is_VBZ nonzero_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Examples_NN2 2_MC and_CC 3_MC are_VBR instances_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 derive_VV0 a_AT1 bound_NN1 corresponding_VVG to_II that_DD1 
found_VVN by_II Davies_NP1 (_( 1977_MC )_) for_IF the_AT normal_JJ case_NN1 
and_CC an_AT1 approximation_NN1 corresponding_VVG to_II that_DD1 found_VVN 
in_II *?_NULL 13_MC 2_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT chi-squared_JJ process_NN1 
used_VVN in_II this_DD1 section_NN1 are_VBR derived_VVN in_II Appendix_NN1 
1_MC1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL An_AT1 important_JJ time_NNT1 series_NN example_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT chi-squared_JJ case_NN1 is_VBZ Example_NN1 3_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT appropriate_JJ test_NN1 is_VBZ introduced_VVN in_II *?_NULL 
13_MC 4_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT derivation_NN1 of_IO the_AT main_JJ formula_NN1 is_VBZ 
given_VVN in_II Appendix_NN1 2_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Our_APPGE significance_NN1 levels_NN2 are_VBR either_RR 
bounds_VVZ or_CC approximations_NN2 to_II the_AT bounds_NN2 and_CC it_PPH1 
is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO know_VVI how_RGQ accurate_JJ they_PPHS2 are_VBR ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 series_NN of_IO computer_NN1 simulations_NN2 for_IF 
Examples_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 3_MC are_VBR reported_VVN in_II *?_NULL 13_MC 5_MC 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II most_DAT instances_NN2 our_APPGE methods_NN2 perform_VV0 
very_RG well_RR ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ *2_NULL QUICK_JJ CALCULATION_NN1 OF_IO SIGNIFICANCE_NN1 :_: NORMAL_JJ 
CASE_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL We_PPIS2 test_VV0 the_AT hypothesis_NN1 *1_NULL \_NULL 
x_ZZ1 *0_NULL =_FO 0_MC against_II the_AT alternative_NN1 *1_NULL \_NULL x_ZZ1 
*0_NULL >_FO 0_MC in_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 nuisance_NN1 
parameter_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL which_DDQ enters_VVZ the_AT model_NN1 
only_RR when_RRQ *1_NULL \_NULL x_ZZ1 *0_NULL >_FO 0_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Suppose_VV0 that_CST an_AT1 appropriate_JJ test_NN1 ,_, if_CS *1_NULL 
\_NULL TH_NP *0_NULL was_VBDZ known_VVN would_VM be_VBI to_TO reject_VVI 
the_AT hypothesis_NN1 for_IF large_JJ values_NN2 of_IO 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL where_RRQ ,_, for_IF each_DD1 *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP 
,_, **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL has_VHZ a_AT1 standard_JJ normal_JJ 
distribution_NN1 under_II the_AT hypothesis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 suppose_VV0 further_RRR that_DD1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
is_VBZ continuous_JJ on_II [_( *8_NULL L_ZZ1 ,_, U_ZZ1 ]_) with_IW a_AT1 
continuous_JJ derivative_NN1 except_CS possibly_RR for_IF a_AT1 finite_JJ 
number_NN1 of_IO jumps_NN2 in_II the_AT derivative_NN1 ,_, and_CC forms_VVZ 
a_AT1 Gaussian_JJ process_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Davies_NP1 (_( 1977_MC )_) recommends_VVZ rejecting_VVG the_AT 
hypothesis_NN1 for_IF large_JJ values_NN2 of_IO (_( 1.2_MC )_) and_CC 
provides_VVZ the_AT bound_NN1 |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL 
where_CS \_NULL F_ZZ1 denotes_VVZ the_AT cumulative_JJ normal_JJ 
distribution_NN1 function_NN1 ,_, |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT continuity_NN1 condition_NN1 given_VVN here_RL is_VBZ 
weaker_JJR than_CSN the_AT one_MC1 originally_RR given_VVN by_II Davies_NP1 
(_( 1977_MC )_) ;_; see_VV0 Marcus_NP1 (_( 1977_MC )_) and_CC Sharpe_NP1 (_( 
1978_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II some_DD cases_NN2 it_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI reasonable_JJ 
to_TO calculate_VVI (_( 2.1_MC )_) analytically_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II others_NN2 ,_, one_PN1 would_VM prefer_VVI a_AT1 quick_JJ 
rule_NN1 for_IF deciding_VVG whether_CSW the_AT result_NN1 is_VBZ 
significant_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Let_VVN **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, so_CS that_DD1 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Our_APPGE proposal_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO estimate_VVI |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL from_II the_AT total_JJ variation_NN1 |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL where_RRQ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
are_VBR the_AT successive_JJ turning_JJ points_NN2 of_IO 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 presume_VV0 *1_NULL n_ZZ1 *0_NULL will_VM be_VBI finite_JJ 
in_II practical_JJ problems_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Hence_RR if_CS *1_NULL M_ZZ1 *0_NULL denotes_VVZ the_AT 
maximum_NN1 of_IO **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, then_RT our_APPGE 
estimate_NN1 of_IO the_AT significance_NN1 probability_NN1 is_VBZ |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL Naturally_NP1 ,_, (_( 2.4_MC )_) is_VBZ only_JJ approximate_NN1 ,_, 
but_CCB one_PN1 would_VM expect_VVI it_PPH1 to_TO be_VBI much_RR better_RRR 
than_CSN just_JJ \_NULL F(-M)_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT second_MD term_NN1 in_II (_( 2.4_MC )_) will_VM be_VBI 
important_JJ when_RRQ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL scans_NN2 across_II a_AT1 
range_NN1 of_IO widely_RR differing_VVG hypotheses_NN2 and_CC then_RT 
values_NN2 of_IO **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL might_VM tend_VVI to_TO be_VBI 
independent_JJ for_IF separated_JJ values_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 we_PPIS2 would_VM expect_VVI the_AT 
law_NN1 of_IO large_JJ numbers_NN2 to_TO apply_VVI so_CS21 that_CS22 *1_NULL 
V_ZZ1 *0_NULL would_VM give_VVI a_AT1 good_JJ estimate_NN1 of_IO (_( 2.2_MC 
)_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Simulations_NN2 in_II *?_NULL 13_MC 5_MC bear_VV0 this_DD1 out_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL Formula_NN1 (_( 2.4_MC )_) is_VBZ for_IF the_AT one-sided_JJ case_NN1 
;_; for_IF the_AT two-sided_JJ case_NN1 let_VV0 *1_NULL M_ZZ1 *0_NULL 
denote_VVI the_AT maximum_NN1 of_IO **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL and_CC then_RT 
double_NN1 (_( 2.4_MC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ *2_NULL CHI-SQUARED_JJ CASE_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL We_PPIS2 suppose_VV0 that_DD1 for_IF each_DD1 
value_NN1 of_IO **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, the_AT test_NN1 statistic_NN1 
appropriate_JJ for_IF that_DD1 value_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP *0_NULL 
is_VBZ of_IO the_AT form_NN1 |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, where_CS 
the_AT **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL are_VBR continuous_JJ with_IW continuous_JJ 
first_MD derivatives_NN2 ,_, except_CS possibly_RR for_IF a_AT1 finite_JJ 
number_NN1 of_IO jumps_NN2 in_II the_AT derivatives_NN2 ,_, and_CC form_VV0 
a_AT1 vector_NN1 Gaussian_JJ process_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Suppose_VV0 further_RRR that_CST under_II the_AT hypothesis_NN1 
the_AT **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL have_VH0 zero_MC expectations_NN2 and_CC 
for_IF each_DD1 *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP *0_NULL the_AT random_JJ variables_NN2 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL are_VBR independent_JJ with_IW unit_NN1 
variance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 will_VM say_VVI that_DD1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL is_VBZ 
a_AT1 chi-squared_JJ process_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 generalization_NN1 of_IO the_AT definition_NN1 
of_IO Sharpe_NP1 (_( 1978_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II vector_NN1 notation_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, 
where_RRQ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL is_VBZ the_AT column_NN1 vector_NN1 
composed_VVD of_IO the_AT **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Here_RL and_CC elsewhere_RL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL denotes_VVZ 
the_AT *1_NULL L_ZZ1 *;_NULL 2_MC **;_NULL norm_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 vector_NN1 ,_, 
*1_NULL Z_ZZ1 ,_, *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL Z_ZZ1 *?_NULL 7_MC *0_NULL 
denotes_VVZ the_AT transpose_VV0 of_IO a_AT1 vector_NN1 or_CC matrix_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Let_VVN **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL and_CC **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
are_VBR jointly_RR normally_RR distributed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Suppose_VV0 that_DD1 |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Let_VVN **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL be_VBI the_AT 
eigenvalues_NN2 of_IO **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL and_CC 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL be_VBI independent_JJ centred_JJ normal_JJ 
random_JJ variables_NN2 with_IW variances_NN2 given_VVN by_II the_AT 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Then_RT ,_, according_II21 to_II22 Corollary_NN1 A.1_FO in_II 
Appendix_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL where_CS 
|_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL and_CC **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
denotes_VVZ a_AT1 chi-squared_JJ random_JJ variable_NN1 with_IW *1_NULL s_ZZ1 
*0_NULL degrees_NN2 of_IO freedom_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Sharpe_NP1 (_( 1978_MC )_) shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT 
number_NN1 of_IO high_JJ level_JJ upcrossings_NN2 in_II the_AT stationary_JJ 
independent_JJ case_NN1 is_VBZ approximately_RR Poisson_NP1 and_CC we_PPIS2 
would_VM expect_VVI the_AT same_DA to_TO be_VBI true_JJ here_RL and_CC 
consequently_RR the_AT bound_NN1 (_( 3.2_MC )_) should_VM be_VBI sharp_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 alternative_JJ definition_NN1 of_IO **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
is_VBZ given_VVN in_II Appendix_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL To_TO find_VVI the_AT approximate_JJ form_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
significance_NN1 probability_NN1 ,_, let_VVD |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
,_, |_NULL where_RRQ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL are_VBR the_AT turning_JJ 
points_NN2 of_IO **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Let_VVN *1_NULL M_ZZ1 *0_NULL denote_VVI the_AT maximum_NN1 of_IO 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT it_PPH1 follows_VVZ from_II Theorem_NN1 A.2_FO that_CST 
the_AT estimate_NN1 of_IO the_AT significance_NN1 level_NN1 corresponding_VVG 
to_II (_( 2.4_MC )_) is_VBZ |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Alternatively_NP1 ,_, {_NULL J._NP1 R._NP1 }_NULL Harvey_NP1 
in_II a_AT1 North_NP Carolina_NP1 State_NP1 University_NP1 {_NULL Ph.D_NNA ._. 

^ }_NULL thesis_NN1 gives_VVZ a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO analytic_JJ and_CC 
approximate_JJ expressions_NN2 for_IF **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO these_DD2 reduces_VVZ to_TO |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Look_VV0 at_II two_MC special_JJ cases_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Suppose_VV0 all_DB the_AT \_NULL l_MC *;_NULL i_ZZ1 **;_NULL *0_NULL 
are_VBR all_DB equal_JJ with_IW common_JJ value_NN1 \_NULL l_ZZ1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL in_II 
agreement_NN1 with_IW Sharpe_NP1 's_GE (_( 1978_MC ,_, formula_NN1 (_( 3.2_MC 
)_) )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS *1_NULL s_ZZ1 *0_NULL =_FO 2_MC then_RT ,_, again_RT 
following_VVG Harvey_NP1 ,_, |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL 
where_CS **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL and_CC *8_NULL E_ZZ1 *0_NULL denotes_VVZ 
a_AT1 complete_JJ elliptic_JJ integral_NN1 of_IO the_AT second_MD kind_NN1 (_( 
Abramowitz_NP1 &_CC Stegun_NP1 ,_, 1972_MC ,_, formula_NN1 (_( 17.3.3_MC )_) 
)_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 ends_VVZ our_APPGE derivation_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
extensions_NN2 of_IO the_AT results_NN2 of_IO Davies_NP1 (_( 1977_MC )_) 
and_CC *?_NULL 13_MC 2_MC for_IF the_AT chi-squared_JJ situation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 now_RT carry_VV0 out_RP some_DD matrix_NN1 manipulation_NN1 
which_DDQ simplifies_VVZ the_AT evaluation_NN1 of_IO the_AT eigenvalues_NN2 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL for_IF a_AT1 class_NN1 of_IO problems_NN2 which_DDQ 
includes_VVZ the_AT time_NNT1 series_NN example_NN1 of_IO *?_NULL 13_MC 4_MC 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Suppose_VV0 we_PPIS2 observe_VV0 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
denoted_VVN collectively_RR by_II the_AT column_NN1 vector_NN1 *1_NULL X_ZZ1 
,_, *0_NULL where_CS the_AT *1_NULL X_MC *;_NULL i_ZZ1 **;_NULL *0_NULL 
are_VBR independently_RR normally_RR distributed_VVN with_IW unit_NN1 
variances_NN2 and_CC **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL and_CC where_RRQ 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL is_VBZ an_AT1 *1_NULL s_ZZ1 *0_NULL x_II *1_NULL 
n_ZZ1 *0_NULL matrix_NN1 of_IO rank_NN1 *1_NULL s_ZZ1 ,_, *0_NULL and_CC 
*1_NULL \_NULL x_ZZ1 *0_NULL is_VBZ an_AT1 *1_NULL s-dimensional_JJ vector_NN1 
of_IO unknown_JJ parameters_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP *0_NULL were_VBDR known_VVN ,_, the_AT 
most_RGT stringent_JJ test_NN1 for_IF testing_VVG *1_NULL \_NULL x_ZZ1 *0_NULL 
=_FO 0_MC against_II the_AT alternative_NN1 *1_NULL \_NULL x_ZZ1 *0_NULL =_FO 
*?_NULL 11_MC 0_MC rejects_VVZ the_AT hypothesis_NN1 for_IF large_JJ 
values_NN2 of_IO |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL where_RRQ 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Write_VV0 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, where_RRQ 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL is_VBZ an_AT1 *1_NULL s_ZZ1 *0_NULL x_II *1_NULL 
n_ZZ1 matrix_NN1 with_IW **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT setting_VVG **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL puts_VVZ the_AT 
problem_NN1 in_II the_AT form_NN1 already_RR discussed_VVN and_CC 
identifies_VVZ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL as_CSA being_VBG a_AT1 
chi-squared_JJ process_NN1 under_II the_AT null_JJ hypothesis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL and_CC so_CS 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, where_CS for_IF 
simplicity_NN1 we_PPIS2 are_VBR dropping_VVG references_NN2 to_II *1_NULL 
\_NULL TH_NP ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Write_VV0 *1_NULL F_ZZ1 *?_NULL 27_MC G_ZZ1 *0_NULL 
if_CSW matrices_NN2 *1_NULL F_ZZ1 *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL G_NP1 *0_NULL 
have_VH0 the_AT same_DA nonzero_NN1 eigenvalues_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Note_NN1 that_CST *1_NULL FG_NP *?_NULL 27_MC GF_NP *0_NULL if_CS 
both_DB2 products_NN2 are_VBR defined_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Also_RR note_VV0 that_CST *1_NULL A_ZZ1 *0_NULL defined_VVN in_II (_( 
3.1_MC )_) is_VBZ skew-symmetric_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 need_VV0 to_TO find_VVI the_AT eigenvalues_NN2 of_IO |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Let_VVN **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Thus_RR **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL can_VM be_VBI found_VVN 
as_II the_AT nonzero_NN1 eigenvalues_NN2 of_IO (_( 3.7_MC )_) ,_, (_( 3.8_MC 
)_) or_CC (_( 3.9_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Formula_NN1 (_( 3.9_MC )_) is_VBZ particularly_RR convenient_JJ if_CS 
|_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL are_VBR all_DB diagonal_JJ because_CS 
then_RT (_( 3.9_MC )_) reduces_VVZ to_TO |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ *<_NULL 4_MC ._. 

^ *2_NULL DETECTION_NN1 OF_IO A_AT1 DISCRETE_JJ FREQUENCY_NN1 COMPONENT_NN1 
*>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL We_PPIS2 observe_VV0 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, 
where_CS the_AT *1_NULL X_MC *;_NULL j_ZZ1 **;_NULL *0_NULL are_VBR 
independently_RR normally_RR distributed_VVN with_IW unit_NN1 variances_NN2 
and_CC with_IW |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL is_VBZ 
a_AT1 sequence_NN1 of_IO independent_JJ standard_JJ normal_JJ variables_NN2 
on_II21 to_II22 which_DDQ has_VHZ been_VBN superimposed_VVN a_AT1 cyclic_JJ 
effect_NN1 with_IW period_NN1 2_MC *1_NULL \_NULL p/_FO \_NULL TH_NP ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Formula_NN1 (_( 4.1_MC )_) is_VBZ just_RR a_AT1 change_NN1 
of_IO parameterization_NN1 of_IO (_( 1.1_MC )_) to_TO simplify_VVI the_AT 
calculation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Now_RT suppose_VV0 we_PPIS2 wish_VV0 to_TO test_VVI the_AT 
hypothesis_NN1 ,_, **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, 
there_EX is_VBZ no_AT frequency_NN1 component_NN1 ,_, against_II the_AT 
alternative_NN1 that_CST at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL x_II 
*;_NULL 1_MC1 **;_NULL and_CC *1_NULL \_NULL x_II *;_NULL 2_MC **;_NULL is_VBZ 
nonzero_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Traditionally_NP1 (_( Hannan_NP1 ,_, 1960_MC ,_, \_NULL pp._NNU2 
76-83_MCMC )_) ,_, this_DD1 problem_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN handled_VVN by_II 
looking_VVG at_II only_RR the_AT values_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP *0_NULL 
of_IO the_AT form_NN1 2_MC *1_NULL \_NULL pk/n_FO ,_, *0_NULL for_IF 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF these_DD2 values_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL \_NULL TH_NP *0_NULL the_AT 
corresponding_JJ values_NN2 of_IO (_( 3.6_MC )_) will_VM be_VBI independent_JJ 
and_CC so_CS significance_NN1 levels_NN2 can_VM be_VBI calculated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RRQV a_AT1 loss_NN1 of_IO power_NN1 occurs_VVZ if_CS the_AT 
true_JJ value_NN1 falls_VVZ between_II these_DD2 values_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 should_VM emphasise_VVI that_CST we_PPIS2 are_VBR 
concerned_JJ with_IW discrete_JJ frequency_NN1 components_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT method_NN1 considered_VVD here_RL has_VHZ little_DA1 
relevance_NN1 to_II the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO detecting_VVG peaks_NN2 in_II 
the_AT frequency_NN1 spectrum_NN1 which_DDQ have_VH0 bandwidth_NN1 greater_JJR 
than_CSN 2_MC *1_NULL \_NULL p/n_FO *0_NULL cycles_NN2 per_II sampling_VVG 
interval_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Now_RT apply_VV0 the_AT theory_NN1 of_IO the_AT previous_JJ 
section_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT matrices_NN2 (_( 3.10_MC )_) are_VBR derived_VVN in_II 
Appendix_NN1 2_MC and_CC all_DB turn_VV0 out_RP to_TO be_VBI diagonal_JJ so_CS 
(_( 3.11_MC )_) is_VBZ applicable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Applying_NP1 (_( 3.6_MC )_) and_CC (_( 4.1_MC )_) we_PPIS2 find_VV0 
|_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL where_RRQ 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL For_IF the_AT moment_NN1 suppose_VV0 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
is_VBZ defined_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT it_PPH1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II Appendix_NN1 2_MC that_CST 
the_AT eigenvalues_NN2 \_NULL l_NNU *;_NULL 1_MC1 **;_NULL and_CC \_NULL l_ZZ1 
*;_NULL 2_MC **;_NULL can_VM be_VBI expressed_VVN |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL where_CS **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL to_TO give_VVI 
\_NULL l_NNU *;_NULL 1_MC1 **;_NULL and_CC -1_MC to_TO give_VVI \_NULL l_ZZ1 
*;_NULL 2_MC **;_NULL ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 315+TEXT+J21_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Many_DA2 bacterial_JJ groups_NN2 are_VBR 
characterized_VVN by_II their_APPGE serological_JJ reactions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, when_CS the_AT serological_JJ reactions_NN2 
between_II different_JJ members_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 group_NN are_VBR tested_VVN 
against_II each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ,_, there_EX are_VBR some_DD ,_, but_CCB 
not_XX many_DA2 ,_, cross-reactions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO such_DA a_AT1 group_NN is_VBZ *1_NULL {_NULL 
Escherichia_NP1 coli_NN2 }_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT pioneering_JJ work_NN1 of_IO Kauffmann_NP1 
in_II the_AT 1940s_MC2 first_MD led_VVD to_II the_AT establishment_NN of_IO 
an_AT1 internationally_RR accepted_VVD serotyping_VVG scheme_NN1 for_IF 
strains_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL E._NP1 coli_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( 
8-11_MCMC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS initially_RR only_RR 20_MC different_JJ O_ZZ1 antigens_NN2 
were_VBDR described_VVN ,_, the_AT number_NN1 has_VHZ subsequently_RR 
increased_VVN to_RP over_RG 160_MC ,_, with_IW new_JJ types_NN2 being_VBG 
described_VVN from_RR41 time_RR42 to_RR43 time_RR44 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT serology_NN1 ,_, chemistry_NN1 ,_, and_CC genetics_NN of_IO 
these_DD2 were_VBDR reviewed_VVN by_II O_ZZ1 *?_NULL 11rskov_FO {_NULL et_RA21 
al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL (_( 14_MC )_) ,_, who_PNQS brought_VVD together_RL most_DAT of_IO 
the_AT recent_JJ studies_NN2 on_II these_DD2 antigens_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL While_CS *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL E._NP1 coli_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL 
organisms_NN2 are_VBR present_JJ in_II the_AT bowels_NN2 of_IO humans_NN2 
and_CC most_RGT other_JJ warm-blooded_JJ animals_NN2 ,_, some_DD types_NN2 
can_VM also_RR cause_VVI diseases_NN2 including_II infantile_JJ 
gastroenteritis_NN1 ,_, traveler_NN1 's_VBZ diarrhea_NN1 ,_, and_CC various_JJ 
similar_JJ illnesses_NN2 of_IO domestic_JJ animals_NN2 (_( 18_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, nonenteric_JJ human_JJ infections_NN2 
including_II urinary_JJ tract_NN1 infections_NN2 ,_, meningitis_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
wound_VVD infections_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN documented_VVN (_( 2_MC ,_, 7_MC 
)_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO differentiate_VVI the_AT pathogenic_JJ types_NN2 from_II the_AT 
nonpathogens_NN2 ,_, serotyping_VVG has_VHZ been_VBN used_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, during_II outbreaks_NN2 ,_, serotyping_VVG 
is_VBZ an_AT1 invaluable_JJ tool_NN1 for_IF demonstrating_VVG the_AT 
relationship_NN1 between_II the_AT different_JJ strains_NN2 in_II the_AT 
environment_NN1 and_CC the_AT infected_JJ hosts_NN2 (_( 3_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 streamlined_JJ method_NN1 for_IF identifying_VVG the_AT 
serotype_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 unknown_JJ strain_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
E._NP1 coli_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL was_VBDZ sought_VVN because_CS large_JJ 
costs_NN2 are_VBR involved_JJ in_II the_AT production_NN1 and_CC 
maintenance_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 serum_NN1 collection_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS significantly_RR less_DAR serum_NN1 were_VBDR used_VVN in_II 
the_AT serotyping_JJ process_NN1 ,_, these_DD2 costs_NN2 could_VM be_VBI 
substantially_RR reduced_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT methods_NN2 currently_RR in_II 
use_NN1 are_VBR relatively_RR time-consuming_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 paper_NN1 describes_VVZ how_RRQ a_AT1 new_JJ ,_, 
faster_RRR serotyping_VVG routine_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ uses_VVZ on_II average_NN1 
one-fifth_MF of_IO the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO serum_NN1 used_VVN in_II the_AT 
current_JJ routine_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ devised_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT investigations_NN2 which_DDQ led_VVD to_II the_AT 
establishment_NN of_IO this_DD1 new_JJ method_NN1 and_CC the_AT steps_NN2 
which_DDQ are_VBR required_VVN to_TO implement_VVI it_PPH1 for_IF a_AT1 
specific_JJ serum_NN1 collection_NN1 are_VBR detailed_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 companion_NN1 paper_NN1 (_( 4_MC )_) describes_VVZ 
the_AT implementation_NN1 and_CC verification_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 serotyping_JJ 
method_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL MATERIALS_NN2 AND_CC METHODS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT current_JJ method_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL 
\_NULL E._NP1 coli_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL identification_NN1 involves_VVZ the_AT 
use_NN1 of_IO pools_NN2 of_IO sera_NN1 to_II narrow_JJ the_AT field_NN1 of_IO 
possible_JJ serogroups_NN2 for_IF the_AT unknown_JJ strain_NN1 (_( 12_MC ;_; 
{_NULL K._NP1 A._NP1 }_NULL Bettelheim_NP1 ,_, {_NULL Ph.D_NNA ._. 

^ }_NULL thesis_NN1 ,_, University_NN1 of_IO London_NP1 ,_, London_NP1 ,_, 
England_NP1 ,_, 1969_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL The_AT data_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT data_NN used_VVN were_VBDR those_DD2 pertaining_II21 
to_II22 the_AT 159_MC standard_JJ O_ZZ1 antigens_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL 
\_NULL E._NP1 coli_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC the_AT 159_MC rabbit_NN1 
antisera_NN1 raised_VVN against_II them_PPHO2 which_DDQ make_VV0 up_RP the_AT 
*1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL E._ND1 coli_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL O_ZZ1 serum_NN1 
collection_NN1 held_VVN at_II the_AT National_JJ Health_NN1 Institute_NNJ ,_, 
Wellington_NP1 ,_, New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT levels_NN2 of_IO all_DB possible_JJ agglutination_NN1 
reactions_NN2 between_II these_DD2 159_MC O_ZZ1 antigens_NN2 and_CC 
their_APPGE 159_MC antisera_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN determined_VVN in_II 
extensive_JJ laboratory_NN1 experiments_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS the_AT result_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 individual_JJ experiment_NN1 
was_VBDZ positive_JJ ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ given_VVN as_II the_AT titer_NN1 
of_IO the_AT agglutination_NN1 reaction_NN1 ,_, {_NULL i.e._REX }_NULL ,_, 
the_AT highest_JJT dilution_NN1 at_II which_DDQ a_AT1 positive_JJ reaction_NN1 
could_VM be_VBI detected_VVN ,_, when_CS the_AT dilutions_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN 
successively_RR doubled_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT lowest_JJT level_NN1 of_IO dilution_NN1 used_VVD was_VBDZ 
1:100_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Weaker_JJR reactions_NN2 were_VBDR deemed_VVN to_TO be_VBI 
negative_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 159-by-159_JJ response_NN1 matrix_NN1 was_VBDZ 
formed_VVN with_IW a_AT1 blank_JJ for_IF a_AT1 negative_JJ result_NN1 and_CC 
the_AT reciprocal_JJ titer_NN1 of_IO the_AT reaction_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 
positive_JJ result_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Each_DD1 column_NN1 of_IO the_AT response_NN1 matrix_NN1 
represents_VVZ one_MC1 serum_NN1 ,_, and_CC nonblank_NN1 entries_NN2 are_VBR 
the_AT reciprocal_JJ titer_NN1 values_NN2 for_IF reactions_NN2 between_II 
that_DD1 serum_NN1 and_CC each_DD1 antigen_NN1 which_DDQ reacts_VVZ in_II 
it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Each_DD1 row_NN1 of_IO the_AT response_NN1 matrix_NN1 represents_VVZ 
one_MC1 antigen_NN1 ,_, and_CC nonblank_NN1 entries_NN2 are_VBR the_AT 
reciprocal_JJ titer_NN1 values_NN2 for_IF reactions_NN2 between_II the_AT 
given_JJ antigen_NN1 and_CC each_DD1 serum_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Table_NN1 1_MC1 gives_VVZ an_AT1 8-by-8_JJ subset_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
data_NN matrix_NN1 used_VVN in_II the_AT early_JJ stages_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
investigation_NN1 ,_, showing_VVG the_AT reactions_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
standard_JJ antigens_NN2 O1_FU to_TO O8_FU in_II the_AT sera_NN1 O1_FU to_TO 
O8_FU ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ simply_RR the_AT top_JJ left_JJ hand_NN1 corner_NN1 
of_IO the_AT response_NN1 matrix_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT 159-by-159_JJ matrix_NN1 of_IO the_AT revised_JJ 
data_NN to_II which_DDQ our_APPGE final_JJ solution_NN1 applies_VVZ had_VHN 
the_AT following_JJ characteristics_NN2 :_: (_( **=_NULL i_ZZ1 )_) it_PPH1 
was_VBDZ sparse_JJ (_( only_RR 646_MC of_IO the_AT 25,281_MC positions_NN2 
were_VBDR filled_VVN )_) ;_; (_( **=_NULL ii_MC )_) the_AT leading_JJ 
diagonal_NN1 was_VBDZ full_JJ ;_; and_CC (_( **=_NULL iii_MC )_) it_PPH1 
was_VBDZ nonsymmetric_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Other_JJ approaches_NN2 considered_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Before_II arriving_VVG at_II the_AT final_JJ solution_NN1 ,_, 
I_PPIS1 tried_VVD two_MC other_JJ methods_NN2 of_IO analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS these_DD2 did_VDD not_XX solve_VVI the_AT problem_NN1 ,_, 
their_APPGE performance_NN1 in_II this_DD1 context_NN1 is_VBZ worth_II 
noting_VVG ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL (_( **=_NULL i_ZZ1 )_) Cluster_VV0 analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT data_NN were_VBDR studied_VVN by_II cluster_NN1 
analysis_NN1 to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT taxonomic_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT current_JJ set_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL E._NP1 coli_NN2 }_NULL 
*0_NULL sera_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT cluster_NN1 analysis_NN1 routines_NN2 available_JJ in_II 
the_AT statistical_JJ package_NN1 Genstat_NN1 (_( 19_MC )_) were_VBDR used_VVN 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Any_DD clusters_NN2 which_DDQ may_VM have_VHI emerged_VVN would_VM 
not_XX ,_, however_RR ,_, provide_VV0 a_AT1 basis_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 simple_JJ 
identification_NN1 scheme_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Further_JJR studies_NN2 of_IO taxonomic_JJ interpretations_NN2 
after_II using_VVG cluster_NN1 analysis_NN1 on_II the_AT *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL 
E._ND1 coli_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL data_NN set_VV0 are_VBR in_II progress_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL (_( **=_NULL ii_MC )_) 
Dissimilar_JJ pools_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ considered_VVN that_CST the_AT current_JJ 
pooling_JJ method_NN1 could_VM be_VBI improved_VVN by_II making_VVG use_NN1 
of_IO the_AT cross-reaction_JJ information_NN1 presently_RR ignored_VVD ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Consider_VV0 the_AT serum_NN1 material_NN1 to_TO be_VBI 
divided_VVN into_II *1_NULL g_ZZ1 *0_NULL pools_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Each_DD1 pool_NN1 will_VM yield_VVI either_RR a_AT1 positive_JJ or_CC 
a_AT1 negative_JJ result_NN1 after_II incubation_NN1 with_IW the_AT unknown_JJ 
strain_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR 2_MC *1_NULL *:_NULL g_NNU **:_NULL *0_NULL 
possible_JJ outcomes_NN2 of_IO the_AT experiment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT pools_NN2 were_VBDR chosen_VVN such_CS21 that_CS22 
each_DD1 of_IO these_DD2 2_MC *1_NULL *:_NULL g_NNU **:_NULL *0_NULL 
experimental_JJ outcomes_NN2 indicated_VVD a_AT1 minimal_JJ set_NN1 of_IO 
possible_JJ antigens_NN2 for_IF the_AT unknown_JJ strain_NN1 ,_, serum_NN1 
would_VM be_VBI saved_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Owing_II21 to_II22 the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO cross-reactions_NN2 ,_, 
some_DD sera_NN1 could_VM be_VBI dropped_VVN from_II the_AT pools_NN2 ,_, 
saving_VVG further_JJR serum_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 program_NN1 was_VBDZ written_VVN in_II Burroughs_NP1 Algol_NN1 
for_IF use_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 \_NULL B6700_FU computer_NN1 to_TO sift_VVI 
through_II the_AT possibilities_NN2 for_IF pool_NN1 membership_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT 159_MC sera_NN1 were_VBDR initially_RR assigned_VVN to_II 
*1_NULL g_ZZ1 *0_NULL =_FO 8_MC pools_NN2 in_II order_NN1 of_IO serum_NN1 
number_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF each_DD1 of_IO the_AT 256_MC theoretically_RR possible_JJ 
outcomes_NN2 ,_, the_AT program_NN1 sifted_VVD through_II the_AT data_NN ,_, 
finding_VVG (_( if_CSW possible_JJ )_) the_AT set_NN1 of_IO antigens_NN2 
which_DDQ could_VM yield_VVI the_AT result_NN1 being_VBG considered_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT number_NN1 of_IO such_DA possible_JJ antigens_NN2 *1_NULL 
n_ZZ1 *;_NULL i_ZZ1 **;_NULL *0_NULL was_VBDZ found_VVN (_( for_IF *1_NULL 
i_ZZ1 *0_NULL =_FO 1_MC1 to_II 256_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT quantity_NN1 |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
being_VBG a_AT1 measure_NN1 of_IO the_AT efficiency_NN1 of_IO the_AT given_JJ 
pools_NN2 arrangement_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ calculated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Within_II the_AT program_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 at_II a_AT1 time_NNT1 ,_, 
sera_NN1 were_VBDR dropped_VVN from_II the_AT pools_NN2 and_CC *1_NULL D_ZZ1 
*0_NULL was_VBDZ recalculated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT new_JJ value_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL D_ZZ1 *0_NULL was_VBDZ 
less_DAR than_CSN or_CC equal_JJ to_II the_AT previous_JJ value_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
dropped_JJ serum_NN1 was_VBDZ left_VVN out_II21 of_II22 the_AT pools_NN2 ;_; 
otherwise_RR it_PPH1 was_VBDZ returned_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Following_VVG the_AT dropping_JJ procedure_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 
exchange_NN1 procedure_NN1 was_VBDZ undertaken_VVN ,_, shifting_VVG 
members_NN2 from_II one_MC1 pool_NN1 to_II another_DD1 to_TO achieve_VVI a_AT1 
minimum_JJ *1_NULL D._NP1 |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL A_AT1 result_NN1 was_VBDZ 
produced_VVN for_IF 84_MC sera_NN1 in_II eight_MC pools_NN2 ,_, with_IW the_AT 
largest_JJT endpoint_NN1 for_IF the_AT experimental_JJ outcomes_NN2 having_VHG 
five_MC members_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Further_JJR computing_NN1 yielded_VVD a_AT1 solution_NN1 with_IW 
85_MC sera_NN1 in_II seven_MC pools_NN2 ,_, with_IW the_AT largest_JJT 
endpoint_NN1 having_VHG only_RR four_MC members_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ subjected_VVN to_II laboratory_NN1 trials_NN2 ,_, 
but_CCB the_AT results_NN2 were_VBDR disappointing_VVG ,_, because_CS 
reactions_NN2 which_DDQ had_VHD not_XX been_VBN anticipated_VVN were_VBDR 
appearing_VVG in_II mixtures_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 possible_JJ explanation_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST a_AT1 
low-level_JJ reaction_NN1 ,_, perhaps_RR present_JJ in_II an_AT1 individual_JJ 
serum_NN1 at_II 1:50_MC dilution_NN1 ,_, could_VM be_VBI adding_VVG with_IW 
another_DD1 low-level_JJ reaction_NN1 to_TO show_VVI a_AT1 positive_JJ 
reaction_NN1 in_II the_AT 1:100_MC dilution_NN1 mixture_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 further_JJR possibility_NN1 could_VM be_VBI interference_NN1 
of_IO cross-reactions_NN2 between_II sera_NN1 of_IO which_DDQ very_RG 
little_DA1 is_VBZ known_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT current_JJ pooling_JJ method_NN1 ,_, such_DA 
misleading_JJ reactions_NN2 were_VBDR swamped_VVN by_II the_AT presence_NN1 
of_IO self-titer_JJ information_NN1 in_II one_MC1 of_IO the_AT pools_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX was_VBDZ also_RR the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO some_DD 
inaccuracies_NN2 in_II the_AT data_NN set_VVD ,_, since_CS the_AT data_NN 
had_VHD been_VBN gathered_VVN over_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO years_NNT2 and_CC 
different_JJ operators_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN used_VVN at_II different_JJ 
times_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT method_NN1 did_VDD not_XX ,_, however_RR ,_, look_NN1 
sufficiently_RR promising_VVG to_TO justify_VVI retesting_VVG all_DB the_AT 
sera_NN1 against_II all_DB the_AT antigens_NN2 at_II this_DD1 stage_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL The_AT approach_NN1 used_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT problems_NN2 encountered_VVD with_IW pools_NN2 
would_VM be_VBI avoided_VVN by_II testing_VVG the_AT unknown_JJ strain_NN1 
against_II individual_JJ sera_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Therefore_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 sought_VVD a_AT1 method_NN1 to_TO find_VVI 
the_AT sera_NN1 which_DDQ had_VHD the_AT most_DAT information_NN1 to_TO 
discriminate_VVI amongst_II the_AT antigens_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Positive_JJ use_NN1 could_VM be_VBI made_VVN of_IO the_AT 
cross-reaction_JJ information_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ until_II now_RT been_VBN 
considered_VVN a_AT1 major_JJ source_NN1 of_IO difficulty_NN1 in_II such_DA 
studies_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT serotyping_JJ process_NN1 can_VM be_VBI considered_VVN 
a_AT1 taxonomic_JJ identification_NN1 process_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ the_AT 
antigens_NN2 are_VBR the_AT taxa_NN1 and_CC the_AT tests_NN2 comprise_VV0 
observations_NN2 of_IO agglutination_NN1 reactions_NN2 in_II the_AT sera_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT 159_MC sera_NN1 are_VBR the_AT reagents_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT 
serological_JJ reactions_NN2 are_VBR the_AT test_NN1 results_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Several_DA2 computer_NN1 programs_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN devised_VVN 
for_IF constructing_VVG diagnostic_JJ keys_NN2 to_II taxa_NN1 (_( 6_MC ,_, 
13_MC ,_, 15-_JJ 17_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT program_NN1 Genkey_NP1 (_( 17_MC )_) is_VBZ a_AT1 computer_NN1 
program_NN1 for_IF constructing_VVG and_CC printing_VVG diagnostic_JJ keys_NN2 
and_CC tables_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Genkey_NP1 was_VBDZ chosen_VVN for_IF further_JJR investigation_NN1 
because_CS it_PPH1 allowed_VVD a_AT1 great_JJ deal_NN1 of_IO flexibility_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Genkey_NP1 can_VM classify_VVI responses_NN2 to_II tests_NN2 
as_CSA positive_JJ ,_, negative_JJ ,_, not_XX applicable_JJ ,_, and_CC 
variable_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, there_EX were_VBDR no_AT 
not-applicable_JJ tests_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Low-level_JJ reactions_NN2 (_( 100_MC and_CC 200_MC reciprocal_JJ 
titer_NN1 )_) were_VBDR defined_VVN as_CSA variable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Reactions_NN2 with_IW reciprocal_JJ titers_NN2 of_IO 400_MC and_CC 
greater_JJR were_VBDR considered_VVN definitely_RR positive_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT application_NN1 of_IO Genkey_NP1 to_II the_AT 
identification_NN1 of_IO the_AT yeasts_NN2 (_( 1_MC1 )_) ,_, the_AT 
response_NN1 matrix_NN1 had_VHD 14,520_MC definitely_RR positive_JJ 
responses_NN2 out_II21 of_II22 a_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO 45,493_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Our_APPGE response_NN1 matrix_NN1 had_VHD only_RR 329_MC 
definitely_RR positive_JJ responses_NN2 out_II21 of_II22 25,281_MC test_NN1 
results_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Table_NN1 2_MC gives_VVZ a_AT1 comparison_NN1 of_IO the_AT two_MC 
data_NN sets_VVZ in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT response_NN1 matrices_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR ,_, given_VVN the_AT1 nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT data_NN set_VVD 
,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ considered_VVN unlikely_JJ that_CST the_AT Genkey_NP1 
approach_VV0 alone_RR would_VM solve_VVI the_AT problem_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 would_VM ,_, however_RR ,_, provide_VVI a_AT1 starting_NN1 
point_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT program_NN1 selects_VVZ a_AT1 sequence_NN1 of_IO 
tests_NN2 which_DDQ divide_VV0 the_AT data_NN into_II subsets_NN2 
successively_RR until_CS the_AT subsets_NN2 each_DD1 contain_VV0 only_RR 
one_MC1 taxon_NN1 or_CC until_CS all_DB the_AT tests_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN 
used_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT best_JJT test_NN1 is_VBZ taken_VVN as_CSA that_DD1 with_IW 
a_AT1 minimum_JJ value_NN1 of_IO some_DD selection_NN1 criterion_NN1 
function_NN1 (_( 16_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO such_DA functions_NN2 are_VBR 
provided_VVN in_II the_AT Genkey_NP1 program_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_CS unequal_JJ input_NN1 probabilities_NN2 were_VBDR being_VBG 
used_VVN ,_, the_AT appropriate_JJ selection_NN1 criterion_NN1 function_NN1 
was_VBDZ the_AT Shannon_NP1 entropy_NN1 criterion_NN1 function_NN1 given_VVN 
by_II the_AT following_JJ equation_NN1 :_: |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
|_NULL where_CS the_AT current_JJ subset_NN1 is_VBZ considered_VVN to_TO 
be_VBI numbered_VVN from_II 1_MC1 to_II *1_NULL m_ZZ1 ,_, n_ZZ1 *0_NULL is_VBZ 
the_AT number_NN1 of_IO levels_NN2 of_IO the_AT test_NN1 ,_, and_CC *1_NULL 
p_ZZ1 *;_NULL ij_NN1 **;_NULL *0_NULL =_FO *1_NULL s_ZZ1 *;_NULL i_MC1 
**;_NULL q_ZZ1 *;_NULL ij_NN1 **;_NULL ,_, **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *0_NULL where_CS *1_NULL s_ZZ1 *;_NULL i_ZZ1 
**;_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ the_AT probability_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 specimen_NN1 
at_II that_DD1 node_NN1 belongs_VVZ to_II taxon_NN1 *1_NULL i_ZZ1 *0_NULL 
and_CC *1_NULL q_ZZ1 *;_NULL ij_NN1 **;_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ the_AT 
probability_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 specimen_NN1 of_IO taxon_NN1 *1_NULL i_ZZ1 
*0_NULL would_VM give_VVI response_NN1 *1_NULL j_ZZ1 *0_NULL to_II the_AT 
test_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT expected_JJ entropy_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
probabilities_NN2 of_IO the_AT taxa_NN1 after_II the_AT test_NN1 has_VHZ 
been_VBN used_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 pilot_NN1 study_NN1 was_VBDZ done_VDN by_II using_VVG 
Genkey_NP1 to_TO construct_VVI a_AT1 diagnostic_JJ key_NN1 to_II the_AT 
8-by-8_JJ subset_NN1 of_IO the_AT response_NN1 matrix_NN1 given_VVN in_II 
Table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Reactions_NN2 with_IW reciprocal_JJ titers_NN2 of_IO 100_MC were_VBDR 
assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI 50%_NNU repeatable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Reactions_NN2 with_IW reciprocal_JJ titers_NN2 of_IO 200_MC were_VBDR 
assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI 75%_NNU repeatable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT resulting_JJ key_NN1 ,_, as_CSA produced_VVN by_II Genkey_NP1 
,_, is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II \_NULL Fig._NN1 1a_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 binary_JJ tree_NN1 diagram_NN1 of_IO the_AT same_DA 
information_NN1 is_VBZ given_VVN in_II \_NULL Fig._NN1 1b_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Since_CS each_DD1 test_NN1 requires_VVZ 24_MC \_NULL h_ZZ1 
of_IO elapsed_JJ time_NNT1 ,_, sequential_JJ testing_NN1 would_VM not_XX 
be_VBI appropriate_JJ in_II this_DD1 application_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, the_AT information_NN1 given_VVN in_II this_DD1 
key_NN1 can_VM be_VBI presented_VVN as_II a_AT1 table_NN1 giving_VVG all_DB 
possible_JJ reactions_NN2 of_IO the_AT data_NN to_II the_AT test_NN1 sera_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT tests_NN2 can_VM then_RT all_DB be_VBI performed_VVN at_RR21 
once_RR22 ,_, and_CC the_AT results_NN2 can_VM be_VBI compared_VVN with_IW 
the_AT entries_NN2 in_II the_AT table_NN1 to_TO find_VVI the_AT 
corresponding_JJ endpoint_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II31 keeping_II32 with_II33 standard_JJ practice_NN1 ,_, all_DB 
identifications_NN2 are_VBR then_RT confirmed_VVN by_II direct_JJ 
titration_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO illustrate_VVI this_DD1 ,_, Table_NN1 3_MC is_VBZ the_AT 
diagnostic_JJ table_NN1 for_IF the_AT pilot_NN1 study_NN1 data_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Note_NN1 that_CST the_AT third_MD pattern_NN1 from_II the_AT top_NN1 
in_II this_DD1 table_NN1 has_VHZ two_MC serogroups_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW 
it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT case_NN1 for_IF which_DDQ the_AT diagnostic_JJ table_NN1 
indicates_VVZ two_MC possible_JJ serogroups_NN2 ,_, two_MC direct_JJ 
titrations_NN2 are_VBR required_VVN for_IF the_AT final_JJ identification_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Laboratory_NN1 trials_NN2 were_VBDR performed_VVN to_TO 
identify_VVI samples_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL \_NULL E._NP1 coli_NN2 }_NULL 
*0_NULL antigens_NN2 O1_FU to_TO O8_FU by_II using_VVG the_AT pilot_NN1 
study_NN1 diagnostic_JJ table_NN1 given_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO use_VVI this_DD1 table_NN1 ,_, the_AT line_NN1 which_DDQ 
gives_VVZ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL the_AT exact_JJ pattern_NN1 of_IO 
positive_JJ and_CC negative_JJ reactions_NN2 obtained_VVN by_II the_AT 
unknown_JJ strain_NN1 in_II the_AT test_NN1 sera_NN1 is_VBZ located_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 line_NN1 then_RT provides_VVZ the_AT possible_JJ 
serogroup(s)_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Once_RR the_AT possible_JJ antigen_NN1 or_CC antigens_NN2 for_IF 
the_AT unknown_JJ strain_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN ascertained_VVN from_II the_AT 
table_NN1 ,_, direct_JJ titration(s)_NN2 of_IO the_AT unknown_JJ strain_NN1 
against_II the_AT serum_NN1 or_CC sera_NN1 corresponding_VVG to_II the_AT 
antigen(s)_NN2 indicated_VVN by_II the_AT diagnostic_JJ table_NN1 are_VBR 
performed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ done_VDN on_II a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO known_JJ 
strains_NN2 which_DDQ had_VHD been_VBN stripped_VVN of_IO their_APPGE true_JJ 
identity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II all_DB cases_NN2 ,_, the_AT diagnostic_JJ table_NN1 pointed_VVD 
correctly_RR to_II the_AT one_MC1 (_( or_CC two_MC )_) possible_JJ 
antigen(s)_NN2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 316+TEXT+J22_FO **]_NULL 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL 
Sexual_JJ problems_NN2 ,_, too_RR ,_, are_VBR largely_RR defined_VVN in_II 
male_JJ terms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Failure_NN1 to_TO arouse_VVI the_AT woman_NN1 to_II orgasm_NN1 
during_II intercourse_NN1 is_VBZ seen_VVN as_II a_AT1 problem_NN1 ,_, 
either_RR because_II21 of_II22 *"_" premature_JJ ejaculation_NN1 **"_" in_II 
the_AT male_NN1 or_CC because_CS the_AT woman_NN1 is_VBZ *"_" frigid_JJ **"_" 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 *"_" sexual_JJ problems_NN2 **"_" would_VM simply_RR 
disappear_VVI if_CSW stereotypes_NN2 about_II what_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 good_JJ 
sexual_JJ performance_NN1 disappeared_VVD and_CC were_VBDR replaced_VVN by_II 
more_RGR realistic_JJ ideas_NN2 based_VVN on_II an_AT1 understanding_NN1 of_IO 
female_JJ sexuality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD sex_NN1 therapies_NN2 unfortunately_RR still_RR have_VH0 
stereotyped_VVN goals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Women_NN2 sex_NN1 therapists_NN2 ,_, though_CS ,_, usually_RR 
place_VV0 a_AT1 high_JJ importance_NN1 on_II *1_NULL owning_VVG your_APPGE 
own_DA sexuality_NN1 *0_NULL as_II a_AT1 precondition_NN1 for_IF 
developing_VVG a_AT1 more_RGR active_JJ ,_, fulfilling_VVG sexuality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sexual_JJ experience_NN1 is_VBZ about_II your_APPGE own_DA 
feelings_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX just_RR something_PN1 someone_PN1 
else_RR does_VDZ to_II you_PPY ._. 

^ ^_NULL Women_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 never_RR orgasmed_VVN may_VM have_VHI 
never_RR learned_VVN to_TO take_VVI control_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE own_DA 
sexuality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 women_NN2 who_PNQS never_RR orgasm_NN1 have_VH0 never_RR 
masturbated_VVN ,_, and_CC if_CSW they_PPHS2 learn_VV0 to_TO overcome_VVI 
feelings_NN2 of_IO guilt_NN1 or_CC distaste_NN1 at_II the_AT idea_NN1 and_CC 
teach_NN1 themselves_PPX2 to_TO masturbate_VVI ,_, then_RT they_PPHS2 can_VM 
teach_VVI someone_PN1 else_RR to_TO make_VVI love_NN1 with_IW them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Learning_VVG to_TO communicate_VVI with_IW your_APPGE 
partner_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR important_JJ for_IF a_AT1 satisfying_JJ sex_NN1 
life_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Your_APPGE partner_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX know_VVI what_DDQ you_PPY 
like_VV0 until_CS you_PPY tell_VV0 him_PPHO1 or_CC her_PPHO1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Also_RR ,_, learning_VVG to_TO communicate_VVI your_APPGE own_DA 
expectations_NN2 is_VBZ important_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX your_APPGE partner_NN1 's_VBZ 
responsibility_NN1 to_TO give_VVI you_PPY an_AT1 orgasm_NN1 ;_; if_CS you_PPY 
want_VV0 one_PN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ up_II21 to_II22 you_PPY to_II help_NN1 
make_VVI it_PPH1 happen_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 men_NN2 take_VV0 all_DB the_AT credit_NN1 for_IF their_APPGE 
partner_NN1 's_VBZ orgasm_NN1 and_CC feel_VV0 inadequate_JJ if_CSW it_PPH1 
does_VDZ not_XX happen_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 results_VVZ in_II a_AT1 power_NN1 imbalance_NN1 in_II the_AT 
relationship_NN1 where_RRQ the_AT woman_NN1 has_VHZ little_RR control_VV0 
over_RP how_RRQ the_AT sex_NN1 goes_VVZ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Many_DA2 sexual_JJ relationships_NN2 are_VBR ,_, or_CC 
become_VV0 ,_, unfulfilling_VVG because_II21 of_II22 lack_NN1 of_IO trust_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT chapter_NN1 on_II violence_NN1 towards_II women_NN2 
documented_VVD male_JJ attitudes_NN2 towards_II women_NN2 as_II property_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ impossible_JJ to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 good_JJ sexual_JJ 
relationship_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 man_NN1 who_PNQS rapes_VVZ you_PPY ;_; and_CC 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ hard_JJ to_TO maintain_VVI sexual_JJ feelings_NN2 for_IF 
someone_PN1 when_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR always_RR pressuring_VVG you_PPY to_TO 
have_VHI sex_NN1 with_IW them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Women_NN2 are_VBR not_XX objects_NN2 there_RL for_IF men_NN2 to_TO 
use_VVI and_CC are_VBR under_II no_AT obligation_NN1 to_TO have_VHI sex_NN1 
with_IW a_AT1 man_NN1 ,_, even_CS21 if_CS22 he_PPHS1 is_VBZ their_APPGE 
husband_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO have_VHI sex_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 obligation_NN1 helps_NN2 
kill_VVI sexual_JJ feelings_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Some_DD of_IO the_AT books_NN2 on_II sex_NN1 described_VVN 
in_II the_AT resource_NN1 list_NN1 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 
book_NN1 contain_VV0 exercises_NN2 on_II sexuality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO improve_VVI a_AT1 sexual_JJ relationship_NN1 and_CC to_TO 
learn_VVI better_JJR communication_NN1 skills_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ often_RR 
good_JJ to_TO spend_VVI a_AT1 while_NNT1 with_IW your_APPGE partner_NN1 
learning_VVG to_TO touch_VVI each_PPX221 other_PPX222 without_IW having_VHG 
sexual_JJ intercourse_NN1 ,_, through_II massage_NN1 and_CC *"_" sensate_JJ 
focus_NN1 **"_" ,_, which_DDQ involves_VVZ concentrating_VVG on_II the_AT 
sensations_NN2 of_IO the_AT moment_NN1 and_CC not_XX having_VHG to_TO 
worry_VVI about_II performance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 can_VM remove_VVI anxieties_NN2 which_DDQ have_VH0 built_VVN 
up_RP around_II sexual_JJ intercourse_NN1 and_CC orgasm_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD of_IO these_DD2 books_NN2 also_RR teach_VV0 you_PPY how_RRQ 
to_TO explore_VVI sexuality_NN1 on_II your_APPGE own_DA ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO end_VVI with_IW Sheila_NP1 Kitzinger_NP1 again_RT :_: *"_" 
^_NULL Each_DD1 woman_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 right_JJ to_TO define_VVI her_APPGE 
own_DA sexual_JJ identity_NN1 and_CC the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO her_APPGE 
sexual_JJ fulfilment_NN1 ._. **"_" 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *1_NULL Women_NN2 's_GE friendships_NN2 
*>_NULL 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Women_NN2 's_GE 
friendships_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI undervalued_JJ in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 
society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Men_NN2 have_VH0 *"_" mates_NN2 **"_" and_CC the_AT virtues_NN2 of_IO 
*"_" mateship_NN1 **"_" are_VBR extolled_VVN ,_, but_CCB women_NN2 in_II 
groups_NN2 are_VBR often_RR referred_VVN to_II contemptuously_RR :_: a_AT1 
hen_NN1 party_NN does_VDZ not_XX have_VHI quite_RR the_AT same_DA ring_NN1 
to_II it_PPH1 as_CSA a_AT1 stag_NN1 party_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Women_NN2 are_VBR said_VVN to_TO gossip_VVI ,_, or_CC yack_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC their_APPGE conversations_NN2 are_VBR ridiculed_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Our_APPGE needs_NN2 for_IF intimacy_NN1 are_VBR expected_VVN 
to_TO be_VBI met_VVN by_II a_AT1 husband_NN1 or_CC boyfriend_NN1 ;_; at_RR21 
least_RR22 that_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT ideal_NN1 presented_VVN to_II us_PPIO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Becoming_VVG part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 couple_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 woman_NN1 
may_VM leave_VVI many_DA2 of_IO her_APPGE woman_NN1 friends_NN2 behind_RL ,_, 
especially_RR if_CS her_APPGE partner_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX like_VVI them_PPHO2 
,_, and_CC may_VM instead_RR start_VVI socialising_VVG with_IW other_JJ 
couples_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Jennifer_NP1 Crichton_NP1 ,_, 
an_AT1 American_JJ college_NN1 student_NN1 ,_, writes_VVZ about_II her_APPGE 
chief_JJ romantic_JJ notion_NN1 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Women_NN2 's_GE friendships_NN2 
have_VH0 not_XX always_RR been_VBN undervalued_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II earlier_JJR days_NNT2 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ expected_VVN that_CST 
women_NN2 would_VM be_VBI close_JJ to_II each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ,_, 
especially_RR to_II their_APPGE sisters_NN2 and_CC to_II women_NN2 friends_NN2 
of_IO the_AT family_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Research_NN1 into_II women_NN2 's_GE lives_NN2 in_II the_AT 
nineteenth_MD century_NNT1 has_VHZ emphasised_VVN the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO 
friendship_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 know_VV0 most_RRT about_II the_AT personal_JJ lives_NN2 
of_IO middle-class_JJ women_NN2 because_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR more_RGR 
likely_JJ than_CSN others_NN2 to_TO keep_VVI diaries_NN2 ,_, write_VV0 
letters_NN2 ,_, and_CC write_VV0 fiction_NN1 which_DDQ preserved_VVD 
their_APPGE own_DA attitudes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT intimacy_NN1 and_CC warmth_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE letters_NN2 
to_II women_NN2 friends_NN2 is_VBZ noticeable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 women_NN2 had_VHD romantic_JJ feelings_NN2 for_IF 
their_APPGE friends_NN2 and_CC in_II an_AT1 age_NN1 when_RRQ women_NN2 's_GE 
sexuality_NN1 was_VBDZ often_RR denied_VVN ,_, the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST 
romantic_JJ friendships_NN2 might_VM have_VHI a_AT1 sexual_JJ component_NN1 
did_VDD not_XX ,_, as_CS31 far_CS32 as_CS33 we_PPIS2 know_VV0 ,_, arise_VV0 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Women_NN2 freely_RR described_VVD hugging_VVG and_CC kissing_VVG 
each_PPX221 other_PPX222 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ not_XX unusual_JJ for_IF 
the_AT husband_NN1 to_TO remove_VVI himself_PPX1 to_II another_DD1 room_NN1 
for_IF the_AT night_NNT1 when_RRQ the_AT wife_NN1 's_GE best_JJT friend_NN1 
came_VVD to_TO stay_VVI so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT two_MC of_IO them_PPHO2 
could_VM sleep_VVI together_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT ideals_NN2 of_IO marriage_NN1 then_RT were_VBDR different_JJ 
from_II now_RT ._. 

^ ^_NULL Arranged_JJ marriages_NN2 were_VBDR the_AT norm_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
these_DD2 were_VBDR more_RGR formal_JJ and_CC based_VVN less_RRR on_II 
notions_NN2 of_IO equality_NN1 ,_, love_NN1 ,_, and_CC friendship_NN1 than_CSN 
they_PPHS2 are_VBR today_RT ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ only_RR in_II the_AT twentieth_MD century_NNT1 
that_CST romantic_JJ ideals_NN2 surrounding_VVG marriage_NN1 became_VVD so_RG 
universally_RR popular_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Arranged_JJ marriages_NN2 may_VM have_VHI functioned_VVN in_II 
many_DA2 respects_NN2 just_RR as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 marriages_NN2 
based_VVN on_II romantic_JJ love_NN1 because_CS not_XX so_RG much_DA1 was_VBDZ 
expected_VVN of_IO them_PPHO2 *-_- there_RL were_VBDR fewer_DAR ideals_NN2 
to_TO shatter_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Some_DD women_NN2 have_VH0 always_RR valued_VVN 
friendships_NN2 with_IW other_JJ women_NN2 ,_, even_CS21 when_CS22 these_DD2 
friendships_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN downgraded_VVN by_II society_NN and_CC 
the_AT ideal_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO seek_VVI everything_PN1 in_II a_AT1 
husband_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Especially_RR for_IF the_AT woman_NN1 working_VVG at_II home_NN1 
alone_JJ with_IW her_APPGE children_NN2 in_II her_APPGE house_NN1 in_II the_AT 
suburbs_NN2 during_II the_AT day_NNT1 ,_, friendships_NN2 with_IW other_JJ 
women_NN2 have_VH0 at_II times_NNT2 been_VBN life-saving_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Today_RT ,_, many_DA2 women_NN2 are_VBR re-experiencing_VVG the_AT 
value_NN1 of_IO friendships_NN2 with_IW women_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Friends_NN2 are_VBR valuable_JJ for_IF your_APPGE mental_JJ 
health_NN1 ,_, as_CSA the_AT literature_NN1 on_II loneliness_NN1 showed_VVD 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Yet_RR how_RGQ often_RR do_VD0 we_PPIS2 see_VVI advice_NN1 on_II 
making_VVG and_CC keeping_VVG women_NN2 friends_NN2 ,_, compared_VVN with_IW 
the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO material_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ written_VVN about_II 
sexual_JJ relationships_NN2 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Indeed_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 usually_RR use_VV0 the_AT word_NN1 *"_" 
relationship_NN1 **"_" to_TO indicate_VVI a_AT1 sexual_JJ relationship_NN1 ,_, 
which_DDQ seems_VVZ to_TO imply_VVI that_CST friendships_NN2 are_VBR not_XX 
really_RR relationships_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Some_DD writers_NN2 on_II the_AT psychology_NN1 of_IO 
women_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 Jessie_NP1 Bernard_NP1 ,_, Jean_NP1 Baker_NP1 
Miller_NP1 and_CC Carol_NP1 Gilligan_NP1 )_) have_VH0 pointed_VVN to_II the_AT 
ways_NN2 in_II which_DDQ friendships_NN2 between_II women_NN2 differ_VV0 
from_II those_DD2 between_II men_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Women_NN2 's_GE greater_JJR capacity_NN1 for_IF showing_VVG 
intimacy_NN1 has_VHZ already_RR been_VBN mentioned_VVN ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 
bring_VV0 this_DD1 capacity_NN1 to_II their_APPGE friendships_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Jessie_NP1 Bernard_NP1 maintains_VVZ that_CST many_DA2 women_NN2 
suffer_VV0 from_II *"_" relational_JJ deficit_NN1 **"_" ,_, that_REX21 
is_REX22 ,_, their_APPGE needs_NN2 for_IF intimacy_NN1 are_VBR not_XX fully_RR 
met_VVN because_CS their_APPGE relationships_NN2 with_IW men_NN2 are_VBR 
mostly_RR a_AT1 poor_JJ substitute_NN1 for_IF the_AT richness_NN1 and_CC 
intimacy_NN1 of_IO friendships_NN2 with_IW women_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Men_NN2 are_VBR not_XX as_RR31 good_RR32 as_RR33 women_NN2 at_II 
offering_VVG emotional_JJ support_NN1 or_CC expressing_VVG affection_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL She_PPHS1 cites_VVZ a_AT1 study_NN1 which_DDQ showed_VVD that_CST 
about_II one-third_MF of_IO husbands_NN2 responded_VVD to_II their_APPGE 
wives_NN2 expressing_VVG feelings_NN2 of_IO stress_NN1 by_II criticising_VVG 
,_, rejecting_VVG ,_, saying_VVG that_CST the_AT problems_NN2 were_VBDR 
unimportant_JJ ,_, or_CC listening_VVG passively_RR ;_; another_DD1 common_JJ 
tactic_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO give_VVI advice_NN1 of_IO the_AT *"_" forget_VV0 
about_II it_PPH1 **"_" sort_VV0 *-_- all_DB unhelpful_JJ responses_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Jean_NP1 Baker_NP1 Miller_NP1 argues_VVZ that_CST our_APPGE 
Western_JJ society_NN has_VHZ placed_VVN an_AT1 undue_JJ emphasis_NN1 on_II 
male_JJ styles_NN2 of_IO relating_VVG ,_, and_CC this_DD1 has_VHZ led_VVN ,_, 
not_XX only_RR to_II women_NN2 's_GE friendships_NN2 being_VBG undervalued_JJ 
,_, but_CCB also_RR to_II men_NN2 's_GE intimacy_NN1 needs_NN2 being_VBG 
unfulfilled_JJ and_CC to_II problems_NN2 of_IO male_JJ aggression_NN1 and_CC 
striving_VVG for_IF power_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL She_PPHS1 says_VVZ :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *1_NULL Lesbian_JJ sexuality_NN1 and_CC 
relationships_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *2_NULL HOMOPHOBIA_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Lesbian_JJ relationships_NN2 are_VBR widely_RR 
disapproved_VVN of_IO in_II our_APPGE society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT strength_NN1 of_IO feeling_VVG against_II homosexuality_NN1 
became_VVD evident_JJ during_II the_AT 1985-86_MCMC debate_NN1 on_II the_AT 
Homosexual_JJ Law_NN1 Reform_NN1 Bill_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS most_DAT of_IO the_AT Bill_NP1 's_GE provisions_NN2 
concerned_JJ male_JJ homosexual_JJ activities_NN2 ,_, the_AT clause_NN1 (_( 
now_RT lost_VVN )_) which_DDQ would_VM make_VVI it_PPH1 illegal_JJ to_TO 
discriminate_VVI in_II various_JJ ways_NN2 against_II lesbians_NN2 and_CC 
gay_JJ men_NN2 on_II grounds_NN2 of_IO sexual_JJ preference_NN1 has_VHZ 
meant_VVN that_CST lesbian_JJ issues_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN aired_VVN as_CC31 
well_CC32 as_CC33 issues_NN2 concerning_II male_JJ homosexuality_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Homophobia_NP1 ,_, or_CC the_AT irrational_JJ hatred_NN1 of_IO 
homosexuality_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ rooted_VVN in_II traditional_JJ social_JJ 
prohibitions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ours_PPGE is_VBZ a_AT1 society_NN where_RRQ heterosexuality_NN1 
is_VBZ virtually_RR compulsory_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 young_JJ teenage_JJ woman_NN1 is_VBZ expected_VVN to_TO 
start_VVI showing_VVG an_AT1 interest_NN1 in_II men_NN2 ,_, though_CS too_RG 
much_DA1 ,_, as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 too_RG little_DA1 ,_, is_VBZ 
frowned_VVN on_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL She_PPHS1 learns_VVZ that_CST she_PPHS1 is_VBZ expected_VVN to_TO 
marry_VVI ,_, and_CC women_NN2 who_PNQS do_VD0 not_XX marry_VVI are_VBR 
often_RR thought_VVN of_IO as_RG inadequate_JJ or_CC still_RR childish_VV0 
in_II some_DD way_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Not_XX every_AT1 woman_NN1 is_VBZ expected_VVN to_TO engage_VVI in_II 
heterosexual_JJ activity_NN1 ;_; certain_JJ groups_NN2 of_IO women_NN2 are_VBR 
excused_VVN but_CCB tend_VV0 to_TO be_VBI pitied_VVN (_( for_REX21 
example_REX22 ,_, widows_NN2 ,_, nuns_NN2 ,_, and_CC *"_" spinsters_NN2 **"_" 
)_) because_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN that_CST they_PPHS2 have_VH0 
heterosexual_JJ feelings_NN2 which_DDQ they_PPHS2 repress_VV0 ,_, perhaps_RR 
having_VHG failed_VVN to_TO find_VVI anyone_PN1 to_TO express_VVI them_PPHO2 
with_IW ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Homophobia_NP1 ,_, where_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ strongly_RR 
felt_VVN ,_, is_VBZ probably_RR rooted_VVN in_II a_AT1 person_NN1 's_VBZ 
inability_NN1 to_TO cope_VVI with_IW their_APPGE own_DA sexuality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sexual_JJ feelings_NN2 towards_II a_AT1 member_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE 
own_DA sex_NN1 are_VBR extremely_RR common_JJ ,_, and_CC many_DA2 women_NN2 
find_VV0 it_PPH1 threatening_VVG to_TO acknowledge_VVI them_PPHO2 in_II 
themselves_PPX2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Psychologists_NN2 and_CC psychiatrists_NN2 in_II the_AT 
past_NN1 wrote_VVD much_RR about_II homosexuality_NN1 from_II an_AT1 
uninformed_JJ and_CC prejudiced_JJ perspective_NN1 since_CS ,_, being_NN1 
people_NN of_IO their_APPGE own_DA era_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 shared_VVD social_JJ 
prejudices_NN2 against_II homosexuality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 professionals_NN2 gained_VVD a_AT1 distorted_JJ view_NN1 
since_CS they_PPHS2 did_VDD not_XX see_VVI the_AT average_JJ homosexual_JJ 
person_NN1 ,_, but_CCB those_DD2 who_PNQS were_VBDR sent_VVN unwillingly_RR 
by_II parents_NN2 or_CC courts_NN2 and_RR31 so_RR32 on_RR33 to_TO be_VBI *"_" 
cured_VVN **"_" and_CC those_DD2 who_PNQS sought_VVD help_NN1 because_II21 
of_II22 their_APPGE own_DA distress_NN1 at_II recognising_VVG how_RGQ 
socially_RR unacceptable_JJ their_APPGE sexuality_NN1 was_VBDZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Also_RR ,_, homosexual_JJ clients_NN2 who_PNQS came_VVD to_II 
therapists_NN2 with_IW many_DA2 ordinary_JJ problems_NN2 of_IO living_NN1 
had_VHD these_DD2 problems_NN2 attributed_VVN to_II their_APPGE 
homosexuality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT common_JJ view_NN1 used_VMK to_TO be_VBI that_DD1 
homosexuality_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 neurosis_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ may_VM have_VHI 
been_VBN a_AT1 faint_JJ improvement_NN1 on_II the_AT older_JJR idea_NN1 
that_CST it_PPH1 was_VBDZ just_RR plain_JJ evil_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL But_CCB over_II the_AT years_NNT2 mental_JJ health_NN1 
professionals_NN2 '_GE attitudes_NN2 have_VH0 changed_VVN and_CC now_RT 
most_DAT investigators_NN2 of_IO human_JJ behaviour_NN1 acknowledge_VV0 
that_DD1 homosexuality_NN1 is_VBZ just_RR as_RG natural_JJ as_CSA 
heterosexuality_NN1 and_CC that_CST lesbians_NN2 and_CC gay_JJ men_NN2 are_VBR 
just_RR as_RG mentally_RR healthy_JJ as_CSA heterosexuals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Gay_JJ rights_NN2 activists_NN2 have_VH0 played_VVN an_AT1 
important_JJ role_NN1 in_II criticising_VVG traditional_JJ attitudes_NN2 of_IO 
therapists_NN2 ,_, but_CCB unfortunately_RR there_EX is_VBZ still_RR a_AT1 
long_JJ way_NN1 to_TO go_VVI ,_, especially_RR with_IW some_DD die-hards_NN2 
._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL SEXUAL_JJ IDENTITY_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Sexual_JJ identity_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 complex_JJ and_CC 
individual_JJ matter_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Alfred_NP1 Kinsey_NP1 ,_, the_AT American_JJ biologist_NN1 who_PNQS 
conducted_VVD comprehensive_JJ surveys_NN2 of_IO the_AT sexual_JJ 
behaviour_NN1 of_IO ordinary_JJ people_NN during_II the_AT 1940s_MC2 ,_, 
popularised_VVD the_AT idea_NN1 that_CST women_NN2 's_GE and_CC men_NN2 's_GE 
sexual_JJ preferences_NN2 lie_VV0 on_II a_AT1 continuum_NN1 ,_, from_II the_AT 
people_NN who_PNQS are_VBR entirely_RR heterosexual_JJ to_II the_AT people_NN 
who_PNQS are_VBR entirely_RR homosexual_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT people_NN are_VBR somewhere_RL between_II the_AT two_MC 
extremes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT heterosexual_JJ women_NN2 can_VM remember_VVI having_VHG 
some_DD sexual_JJ feelings_NN2 towards_II women_NN2 ,_, perhaps_RR in_II 
dreams_NN2 or_CC fantasies_NN2 or_CC towards_II a_AT1 real_JJ person_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 women_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR usually_RR heterosexual_JJ 
have_VH0 had_VHN occasional_JJ sexual_JJ experiences_NN2 with_IW women_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, many_DA2 lesbian_JJ women_NN2 
have_VH0 had_VHN heterosexual_JJ experiences_NN2 ,_, although_CS in_II a_AT1 
lot_NN of_IO cases_NN2 ,_, these_DD2 occurred_VVD because_CS the_AT woman_NN1 
refused_VVD to_TO accept_VVI her_APPGE own_DA sexuality_NN1 and_CC thought_VVD 
she_PPHS1 should_VM give_VVI heterosexuality_NN1 a_AT1 go_NN1 (_( or_CC 
sometimes_RT as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO rape_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Kinsey_NP1 's_GE continuum_NN1 acknowledges_NN2 ,_, from_II 
a_AT1 sound_JJ basis_NN1 in_II research_NN1 ,_, how_RRQ ordinary_JJ and_CC 
normal_JJ homosexual_JJ feelings_NN2 and_CC behaviours_NN2 are_VBR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_CS it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI criticised_VVN is_VBZ in_II its_APPGE 
implication_NN1 that_CST people_NN are_VBR somehow_RR fixed_VVN at_II one_MC1 
particular_JJ point_NN1 on_II the_AT continuum_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 may_VM be_VBI more_RGR true_JJ for_IF male_JJ sexual_JJ 
than_CSN for_IF female_JJ sexual_JJ behaviour_NN1 ,_, and_CC of_RR21 
course_RR22 most_DAT theories_NN2 about_II psychology_NN1 are_VBR devised_VVN 
by_II men_NN2 and_CC have_VH0 men_NN2 in_II mind_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF women_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 fixed_JJ continuum_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX 
seem_VVI to_TO fit_VVI ,_, because_CS sexual_JJ preferences_NN2 seem_VV0 to_TO 
change_VVI over_RP time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD have_VH0 had_VHN lesbian_JJ feelings_NN2 as_RG far_JJ 
back_NN1 as_CSA they_PPHS2 can_VM remember_VVI and_CC have_VHI never_RR 
shown_VVN any_DD interest_NN1 in_II sexual_JJ relationships_NN2 with_IW 
men_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ lesbian_JJ women_NN2 have_VH0 always_RR known_VVN that_CST 
they_PPHS2 were_VBDR different_JJ ,_, but_CCB refused_VVD to_TO 
acknowledge_VVI their_APPGE lesbianism_NN1 and_CC went_VVD ahead_RL and_CC 
got_VVD married_VVN ,_, only_RR to_TO realise_VVI that_CST they_PPHS2 had_VHD 
made_VVN a_AT1 big_JJ mistake_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ lesbian_JJ women_NN2 have_VH0 enjoyed_VVN heterosexual_JJ 
experiences_NN2 in_II the_AT past_NN1 and_CC then_RT have_VH0 decided_VVN 
that_CST ,_, although_CS both_DB2 can_VM be_VBI appealing_VVG ,_, lesbian_JJ 
sexuality_NN1 feels_VVZ best_RRT to_II them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD women_NN2 choose_VV0 to_TO become_VVI lesbians_NN2 because_CS 
they_PPHS2 have_VH0 a_AT1 strong_JJ feminist_NN1 commitment_NN1 to_II 
building_VVG close_JJ ties_NN2 to_II women_NN2 and_CC they_PPHS2 feel_VV0 
that_DD1 heterosexual_JJ women_NN2 put_VV0 their_APPGE first_MD loyalties_NN2 
with_IW men_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT interesting_JJ thing_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST some_DD 
lesbian_JJ women_NN2 feel_VV0 that_CST they_PPHS2 made_VVD a_AT1 choice_NN1 
about_II their_APPGE sexual_JJ preference_NN1 and_CC some_DD lesbian_JJ 
women_NN2 feel_VV0 that_CST they_PPHS2 had_VHD no_AT choice_NN1 at_RR21 
all_RR22 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 317+TEXT+J23_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Abstract_JJ :_: ^_NULL *0_NULL Personnel_NNJ 
practitioners_NN2 use_VV0 a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO methods_NN2 to_TO 
improve_VVI the_AT accuracy_NN1 of_IO selection_NN1 decisions_NN2 amongst_II 
which_DDQ the_AT weighted_JJ application_NN1 form_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO 
the_AT best_JJT available_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Predictive_JJ studies_NN2 using_VVG application_NN1 form_NN1 
information_NN1 involve_VV0 either_DD1 differential_JJ item_NN1 weighting_VVG 
,_, which_DDQ ignores_VVZ relationships_NN2 between_II items_NN2 ,_, or_CC 
multivariate_NN1 techniques_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ weight_NN1 items_NN2 
according_II21 to_II22 the_AT unique_JJ contribution_NN1 they_PPHS2 make_VV0 
to_II prediction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO evidence_NN1 indicating_VVG which_DDQ 
approach_VV0 is_VBZ better_JJR ,_, the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 compared_VVD 
the_AT efficiency_NN1 of_IO the_AT horizontal_JJ percent_NNU method_NN1 and_CC 
linear_JJ discriminant_JJ analysis_NN1 in_II an_AT1 applied_JJ setting_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Application_NN1 forms_NN2 completed_VVN by_II 159_MC nurse_NN1 
trainees_NN2 were_VBDR weighted_VVN using_VVG both_DB2 methods_NN2 to_TO 
predict_VVI success_NN1 in_II the_AT first_MD year_NNT1 of_IO a_AT1 
training_NN1 course_NN1 leading_VVG to_II comprehensive_JJ registration_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Results_NN2 showed_VVD that_CST linear_JJ discriminant_JJ 
analysis_NN1 was_VBDZ more_RGR accurate_JJ than_CSN the_AT horizontal_JJ 
percent_NNU method_NN1 in_II classifying_VVG cases_NN2 in_II the_AT 
validation_NN1 sample_NN1 ,_, but_CCB on_II cross_NN1 validation_NN1 there_EX 
was_VBDZ no_AT significant_JJ difference_NN1 in_II classification_NN1 
accuracy_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Introduction_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Selecting_VVG the_AT right_JJ person_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 
particular_JJ job_NN1 means_VVZ making_VVG decisions_NN2 about_II people_NN 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT task_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO decide_VVI who_PNQS of_IO those_DD2 
available_JJ for_IF a_AT1 position_NN1 best_RRT suit_VV0 organizational_JJ 
requirements_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO improve_VVI the_AT accuracy_NN1 of_IO selection_NN1 
decisions_NN2 ,_, personnel_NN2 practitioners_NN2 use_VV0 a_AT1 variety_NN1 
of_IO approaches_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 psychological_JJ tests_NN2 ,_, 
reference_NN1 reports_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT interview_NN1 ,_, usually_RR 
in_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 an_AT1 application_NN1 form_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT application_NN1 form_NN1 can_VM act_VVI as_II a_AT1 
screening_NN1 device_NN1 ,_, providing_CS information_NN1 to_TO determine_VVI 
whether_CSW applicants_NN2 meet_VV0 minimum_JJ hiring_JJ requirements_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 gives_VVZ a_AT1 biographical_JJ picture_NN1 which_DDQ can_VM 
act_VVI as_II a_AT1 supplement_NN1 to_II and_CC as_CSA preparation_NN1 for_IF 
an_AT1 interview_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ able_JK to_TO provide_VVI 
biographical_JJ data_NN which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI weighted_VVN and_CC 
combined_VVN to_TO predict_VVI some_DD form_NN1 of_IO job_NN1 success_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT weighted_JJ application_NN1 form_NN1 literature_NN1 
is_VBZ extensive_JJ ,_, involving_VVG a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO 
occupations_NN2 from_II unskilled_JJ to_II professional_JJ workers_NN2 ,_, 
part-time_JJ and_CC full-time_JJ positions_NN2 in_II a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 
of_IO occupational_JJ settings_NN2 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL ,_, Biersner_NP1 
&_CC Ryman_NP1 ,_, 1974_MC ;_; Cascio_NP1 ,_, 1976_MC ;_; Colson_NP1 ,_, 
1977_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS compared_VVN to_II other_JJ selection_NN1 tools_NN2 such_II21 
as_II22 interviews_NN2 and_CC psychological_JJ tests_NN2 ,_, research_NN1 
suggests_VVZ weighted_JJ application_NN1 forms_NN2 are_VBR better_JJR 
predictors_NN2 of_IO tenure_NN1 (_( Muchinsky_NP1 &_CC Tuttle_NP1 ,_, 1979_MC 
)_) and_CC job_NN1 performance_NN1 (_( Tenopyr_NP1 &_CC Oeltjen_NP1 ,_, 
1982_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Reilly_NP1 and_CC Chao_NP1 (_( 1982_MC )_) reported_VVD a_AT1 
range_NN1 of_IO cross-validated_JJ coefficients_NN2 for_IF five_MC types_NN2 
of_IO criteria_NN2 (_( tenure_NN1 ,_, training_VVG ,_, ratings_NN2 ,_, 
productivity_NN1 ,_, and_CC salary_NN1 )_) between_II .32_MC and_CC .46_MC 
with_IW an_AT1 average_NN1 over_II all_DB criteria_NN2 and_CC occupations_NN2 
of_IO .35_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT methods_NN2 used_VVN to_II weight_NN1 application_NN1 
form_NN1 information_NN1 are_VBR many_DA2 and_CC varied_VVD (_( Freeburg_NP1 
,_, 1967_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Earlier_RRR differential_JJ weighting_JJ approaches_NN2 such_II21 
as_II22 the_AT horizontal_JJ percent_NNU method_NN1 (_( {_NULL HPM_NP }_NULL 
)_) and_CC correlational_JJ analysis_NN1 weight_NN1 items_NN2 individually_RR 
without_IW considering_VVG other_JJ items_NN2 on_II the_AT form_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL {_NULL HPM_NP }_NULL as_CSA described_VVN by_II England_NP1 (_( 
1961_MC )_) involves_VVZ a_AT1 comparison_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 item_NN1 on_II 
the_AT application_NN1 form_NN1 with_IW the_AT criterion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS a_AT1 difference_NN1 in_II the_AT type_NN1 of_IO response_NN1 
between_II past_JJ successful_JJ and_CC unsuccessful_JJ job_NN1 holders_NN2 
is_VBZ noted_VVN ,_, a_AT1 weight_NN1 relative_II21 to_II22 the_AT 
percentage_NN1 difference_NN1 is_VBZ applied_VVN to_II that_DD1 item_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 applicant_NN1 's_VBZ score_NN1 is_VBZ obtained_VVN by_II 
the_AT summing_NN1 of_IO scores_NN2 on_II all_DB items_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 approach_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX make_VVI any_DD assumptions_NN2 
about_II the_AT linearity_NN1 of_IO the_AT items_NN2 used_VVN nor_CC does_VDZ 
it_PPH1 take_VVI into_II account_NN1 the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II 
items_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Correlational_JJ weighting_NN1 has_VHZ also_RR been_VBN used_VVN 
and_CC involves_VVZ assigning_VVG weights_NN2 on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO 
item_NN1 criterion_NN1 correlations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 method_NN1 of_IO weighting_VVG application_NN1 forms_VVZ 
is_VBZ rare_JJ response_NN1 scoring_VVG ,_, an_AT1 approach_NN1 common_NN1 
in_II clinical_JJ diagnostic_JJ instruments_NN2 (_( Telenson_NP1 ,_, 
Alexander_NP1 ,_, &_CC Barrett_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Weights_NN2 are_VBR assigned_VVN to_II items_NN2 based_VVN on_II 
the_AT frequency_NN1 with_IW which_DDQ they_PPHS2 are_VBR responded_VVN to_RP 
by_II the_AT sample_NN1 of_IO applicants_NN2 being_VBG studied_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT less_RGR often_RR responses_NN2 to_II an_AT1 item_NN1 are_VBR 
made_VVN ,_, the_AT greater_JJR the_AT weight_NN1 assigned_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT rare_JJ response_NN1 technique_NN1 was_VBDZ superior_JJ to_II 
other_JJ methods_NN2 ,_, but_CCB the_AT group_NN (_( \_NULL N_ZZ1 =_FO 35_MC 
)_) used_VMK to_TO develop_VVI the_AT criterion-related_JJ keys_NN2 *"_" 
was_VBDZ not_XX large_JJ enough_RR to_TO produce_VVI stable_JJ weights_NN2 
and_CC this_DD1 is_VBZ one_MC1 likely_JJ reason_NN1 for_IF their_APPGE 
failure_NN1 to_TO validate_VVI **"_" (_( Telenson_NP1 ,_, {_NULL et_RA21 
al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, 1983_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 79_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Weighting_VVG methods_NN2 which_DDQ explore_VV0 between_II 
item_NN1 and_CC item-criterion_JJ relationships_NN2 typically_RR involve_VV0 
multivariate_NN1 analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Linear_JJ discriminate_JJ function_NN1 (_( {_NULL LDF_NP }_NULL )_) 
analysis_NN1 and_CC multiple_JJ regression_NN1 are_VBR used_VVN most_RGT 
often_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS these_DD2 multivariate_VV0 techniques_NN2 are_VBR 
statistically_RR similar_JJ ,_, their_APPGE aims_NN2 are_VBR slightly_RR 
different_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Regression_NN1 analysis_NN1 is_VBZ designed_VVN to_TO predict_VVI 
a_AT1 position_NN1 on_II a_AT1 criterion_NN1 scale_NN1 whereas_CS {_NULL 
LDF_NP }_NULL is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO classify_VVI cases_NN2 into_II 
categories_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA selection_NN1 decisions_NN2 essentially_RR involve_VV0 
separating_VVG applicants_NN2 into_II successful_JJ and_CC unsuccessful_JJ 
groups_NN2 ,_, the_AT classification_NN1 function_NN1 of_IO {_NULL LDF_NP 
}_NULL is_VBZ particularly_RR useful_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Its_APPGE objective_NN1 is_VBZ to_II weight_NN1 and_CC linearly_RR 
combine_VV0 a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO variables_NN2 so_CS the_AT criterion_NN1 
groups_NN2 are_VBR as_RG statistically_RR distinct_JJ as_CSA possible_JJ (_( 
Klecka_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL {_NULL LDF_NP }_NULL procedures_NN2 give_VV0 statistical_JJ 
descriptions_NN2 of_IO the_AT discriminating_JJ power_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
function_NN1 ,_, describing_VVG which_DDQ independent_JJ variables_NN2 are_VBR 
being_VBG used_VVN and_CC what_DDQ contribution_NN1 they_PPHS2 are_VBR 
making_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL Once_RR a_AT1 function_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN formed_VVN it_PPH1 can_VM 
be_VBI used_VVN to_TO classify_VVI both_RR the_AT cases_NN2 used_VVN in_II 
the_AT analysis_NN1 and_CC new_JJ cases_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT efficiency_NN1 of_IO classification_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 
further_JJR indication_NN1 of_IO the_AT function_NN1 's_VBZ usefulness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II comparison_NN1 to_II {_NULL HPM_NP }_NULL and_CC 
correlational_JJ approaches_NN2 ,_, {_NULL LDF_NP }_NULL optimally_RR 
weights_VVZ each_DD1 discriminating_JJ variable_NN1 according_II21 to_II22 
its_APPGE unique_JJ contribution_NN1 to_II separation_NN1 of_IO successful_JJ 
and_CC unsuccessful_JJ groups_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Each_DD1 item_NN1 is_VBZ considered_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 
its_APPGE relationship_NN1 with_IW the_AT criterion_NN1 and_CC other_JJ 
items_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Those_DD2 items_NN2 which_DDQ offer_VV0 redundant_JJ information_NN1 
are_VBR discarded_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_CSA there_EX are_VBR substantial_JJ differences_NN2 
between_II weighting_VVG approaches_NN2 it_PPH1 seems_VVZ both_RR the_AT 
predictive_JJ efficiency_NN1 and_CC the_AT descriptive_JJ information_NN1 
gained_VVD in_II an_AT1 application_NN1 form_NN1 study_NN1 may_VM be_VBI 
dependent_JJ on_II the_AT weighting_JJ methodology_NN1 used_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Research_NN1 appears_VVZ to_TO offer_VVI little_RR in_II the_AT 
way_NN1 of_IO comparative_JJ investigation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Results_NN2 obtained_VVN through_II various_JJ approaches_NN2 are_VBR 
assumed_VVN equivalent_JJ in_II both_DB2 efficiency_NN1 and_CC nature_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Only_RR two_MC studies_NN2 of_IO those_DD2 reviewed_VVD 
considered_VVN different_JJ weighting_JJ methods_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_PN1 was_VBDZ based_VVN on_II a_AT1 sample_NN1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ 
too_RG small_JJ to_TO give_VVI stable_JJ cross-validation_JJ results_NN2 (_( 
Telenson_NP1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, 1983_MC )_) ,_, the_AT other_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II the_AT form_NN1 
of_IO a_AT1 pilot_NN1 study_NN1 with_IW only_RR a_AT1 conclusion_NN1 and_CC 
no_AT results_NN2 reported_VVN (_( Sands_NP1 ,_, 1978_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS the_AT predictive_JJ value_NN1 of_IO weighted_JJ 
application_NN1 form_NN1 information_NN1 is_VBZ generally_RR accepted_VVN ,_, 
investigation_NN1 of_IO the_AT best_JJT way_NN1 of_IO weighting_VVG this_DD1 
information_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN neglected_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT aim_NN1 of_IO the_AT present_JJ study_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO 
investigate_VVI the_AT comparative_JJ utility_NN1 of_IO weighting_VVG 
methods_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC approaches_NN2 were_VBDR chosen_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL First_MD ,_, {_NULL HPM_NP }_NULL was_VBDZ used_VVN as_II the_AT 
most_RGT common_JJ of_IO the_AT traditional_JJ weighting_JJ methods_NN2 
which_DDQ ignore_VV0 inter-item_JJ relationships_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN used_VVN extensively_RR in_II applied_JJ 
settings_NN2 (_( Owens_NP1 ,_, 1976_MC )_) ,_, is_VBZ well_RR described_VVN 
,_, and_CC the_AT procedures_NN2 applied_VVD consistently_RR compared_VVN 
to_II the_AT confusing_JJ range_NN1 of_IO approaches_NN2 using_VVG 
correlational_JJ analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT second_MD method_NN1 chosen_VVN was_VBDZ {_NULL LDF_NP }_NULL 
._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ an_AT1 appropriate_JJ multivariate_NN1 technique_NN1 
as_CSA it_PPH1 predicts_VVZ membership_NN of_IO categories_NN2 (_( 
successful_JJ ,_, unsuccessful_JJ )_) as_CSA in_II personnel_NN2 selection_NN1 
decisions_NN2 (_( Sands_NP1 ,_, 1978_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT present_JJ investigation_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO be_VBI 
carried_VVN out_RP using_VVG a_AT1 nurse-training_JJ program_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT head_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 polytechnic_NN1 nurse_NN1 training_NN1 
department_NNJ wished_VVD to_TO develop_VVI a_AT1 weighted_JJ application_NN1 
form_NN1 for_IF student_NN1 selection_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA most_DAT students_NN2 who_PNQS dropped_VVD out_II21 of_II22 
the_AT course_NN1 did_VDD so_CS in_II the_AT first_MD year_NNT1 ,_, 
successful_JJ completion_NN1 of_IO year_NNT1 one_PN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN as_II 
a_AT1 criterion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Given_VVN the_AT statistical_JJ efficiency_NN1 with_IW which_DDQ 
{_NULL LDF_NP }_NULL utilizes_VVZ available_JJ variance_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
present_JJ comparative_JJ study_NN1 was_VBDZ based_VVN on_II the_AT 
following_JJ hypothesis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Application_NN1 form_NN1 data_NN weighted_VVD using_VVG {_NULL LDF_NP 
}_NULL will_VM classify_VVI selected_JJ and_CC unselected_JJ cases_NN2 
more_RGR accurately_RR than_CSN those_DD2 when_CS the_AT same_DA data_NN 
is_VBZ weighted_VVN using_VVG the_AT {_NULL HPM_NP }_NULL ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Method_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Subjects_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Subjects_NN2 were_VBDR 159_MC student_NN1 nurses_NN2 
admitted_VVN to_II a_AT1 three-year_JJ comprehensive_JJ nurse_NN1 training_NN1 
program_NN1 at_II a_AT1 polytechnic_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ages_NN2 ranged_VVD from_II 17_MC to_II 47_MC years_NNT2 with_IW 
80%_NNU of_IO the_AT subjects_NN2 falling_VVG into_II the_AT 16_MC to_II 
19-year-old_JJ age_NN1 group_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Four_MC were_VBDR male_JJ ,_, 155_MC were_VBDR female_JJ ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Materials_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL *0_NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT application_NN1 form_NN1 was_VBDZ filled_VVN out_RP by_II 
people_NN applying_VVG to_II the_AT comprehensive_JJ nursing_JJ course_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT form_NN1 required_VVD biographical_JJ ,_, educational_JJ ,_, 
and_CC health-related_JJ information_NN1 as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 
responses_NN2 to_II general_JJ questions_NN2 on_II nursing_VVG ._. 

^ |_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 coding_JJ form_NN1 developed_VVN by_II polytechnic_NN1 staff_NN 
was_VBDZ used_VVN to_TO categorize_VVI application_NN1 form_NN1 items_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT form_NN1 assigned_VVN numbers_NN2 to_II each_DD1 level_NN1 
of_IO each_DD1 item_NN1 ,_, so_CS allowing_VVG statistical_JJ analysis_NN1 
of_IO the_AT information_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Procedure_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT criterion_NN1 measure_NN1 consisted_VVD of_IO 
two_MC categories_NN2 ,_, unsuccessful_JJ and_CC successful_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Successful_JJ cases_NN2 were_VBDR those_DD2 who_PNQS completed_VVD 
all_DB course_NN1 and_CC practical_JJ requirements_NN2 successfully_RR in_II 
year_NNT1 one_MC1 of_IO the_AT Comprehensive_JJ Nursing_JJ Course_NN1 and_CC 
were_VBDR eligible_JJ to_TO begin_VVI year_NNT1 two_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unsuccessful_JJ cases_NN2 were_VBDR those_DD2 who_PNQS had_VHD 
failed_VVN these_DD2 requirements_NN2 during_II their_APPGE first_MD year_NNT1 
and_CC were_VBDR not_XX eligible_JJ to_TO begin_VVI year_NNT1 two_MC of_IO 
the_AT course_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT head_NN1 of_IO the_AT nursing_JJ department_NNJ at_II 
the_AT polytechnic_NN1 from_II which_DDQ the_AT cases_NN2 were_VBDR drawn_VVN 
was_VBDZ asked_VVN ,_, based_VVN on_II her_APPGE experience_NN1 ,_, to_TO 
nominate_VVI those_DD2 application_NN1 form_NN1 items_NN2 she_PPHS1 felt_VVD 
would_VM show_VVI a_AT1 difference_NN1 between_II successful_JJ and_CC 
unsuccessful_JJ first-year_JJ students_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ done_VDN to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT number_NN1 of_IO 
variables_NN2 used_VVN in_II the_AT analysis_NN1 as_II a_AT1 ratio_NN1 of_IO 
five_MC subjects_NN2 per_II variable_NN1 is_VBZ suggested_VVN as_CSA 
appropriate_JJ for_IF multivariate_NN1 analysis_NN1 (_( Gorsuch_NP1 ,_, 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 1974_MC ;_; Kerlinger_NP1 &_CC Pedhazur_NP1 ,_, 
1973_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO use_VVI the_AT full_JJ set_NN1 of_IO 84_MC items_NN2 
contained_VVN in_II the_AT application_NN1 form_NN1 would_VM have_VHI 
required_VVN a_AT1 sample_NN1 far_RG larger_JJR than_CSN that_RG available_JJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT 19_MC items_NN2 nominated_VVD formed_VVN the_AT set_NN1 of_IO 
variables_NN2 used_VVN in_II the_AT analyses_NN2 to_TO create_VVI the_AT 
weighted_JJ application_NN1 forms_NN2 (_( Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Application_NN1 form_NN1 data_NN was_VBDZ coded_VVN using_VVG the_AT 
nursing_JJ department_NNJ coding_VVG form_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Subjects_NN2 were_VBDR randomly_RR allocated_VVN to_II two_MC 
groups_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 validation_NN1 sample_NN1 of_IO 108_MC subjects_NN2 
and_CC a_AT1 cross-validation_JJ sample_NN1 of_IO 51_MC subjects_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_IO the_AT 108_MC in_II the_AT validation_NN1 sample_NN1 93_MC (_( 
86%_NNU )_) were_VBDR successful_JJ cases_NN2 and_CC 15_MC (_( 14%_NNU )_) 
were_VBDR unsuccessful_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT cross-validation_JJ sample_NN1 42_MC (_( 82%_NNU )_) 
cases_NN2 were_VBDR successful_JJ and_CC 9_MC (_( 18%_NNU )_) cases_VVZ 
unsuccessful_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT {_NULL HPM_NP }_NULL weights_NN2 and_CC the_AT {_NULL LDF_NP 
}_NULL weights_NN2 developed_VVN on_II the_AT first_MD sample_NN1 will_VM 
be_VBI applied_VVN to_II the_AT second_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 procedure_NN1 will_VM give_VVI an_AT1 indication_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT accuracy_NN1 with_IW which_DDQ the_AT weighting_JJ procedures_NN2 
can_VM predict_VVI group_NN membership_NN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Weighting_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Before_II applying_VVG {_NULL HPM_NP }_NULL 
weighting_VVG procedures_NN2 the_AT response_NN1 categories_NN2 of_IO all_DB 
items_NN2 were_VBDR examined_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Items_NN2 1_MC1 ,_, 8_MC and_CC 13_MC (_( Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) 
each_DD1 had_VHD a_AT1 large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO categories_NN2 which_DDQ 
when_CS cross-tabulated_NN1 resulted_VVD in_II many_DA2 empty_JJ cells_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA a_AT1 lack_NN1 of_IO data_NN does_VDZ not_XX allow_VVI a_AT1 
weight_NN1 to_TO be_VBI calculated_VVN for_IF a_AT1 particular_JJ category_NN1 
so_CS no_AT weight_NN1 can_VM be_VBI allocated_VVN on_II that_DD1 item_NN1 
for_IF individuals_NN2 who_PNQS exhibit_VV0 that_DD1 characteristic_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO avoid_VVI this_DD1 problem_NN1 England_NP1 (_( 1971_MC )_) 
suggests_VVZ either_DD1 combining_NN1 weighting_VVG groups_NN2 into_II 
classes_NN2 with_IW approximately_RR equal_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO 
individuals_NN2 in_II each_DD1 class_NN1 (_( method_NN1 of_IO equal_JJ 
frequency_NN1 )_) ,_, dividing_VVG the_AT continuous_JJ variable_NN1 into_II 
equal_JJ intervals_NN2 (_( method_NN1 of_IO equal_JJ intervals_NN2 )_) ,_, 
or_CC depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT responses_NN2 or_CC scores_NN2 ,_, 
dividing_VVG the_AT item_NN1 into_II broad_JJ categories_NN2 that_CST are_VBR 
meaningful_JJ (_( method_NN1 of_IO maximum_JJ weight_NN1 classes_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Yearly_JJ age_NN1 categories_NN2 in_II item_NN1 one_MC1 for_IF 
the_AT first_MD four_MC year_NNT1 groups_NN2 were_VBDR retained_VVN while_CS 
the_AT remaining_JJ 20%_NNU of_IO the_AT sample_NN1 were_VBDR combined_VVN 
into_II two_MC categories_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 use_NN1 of_IO the_AT method_NN1 of_IO equal_JJ frequency_NN1 
was_VBDZ considered_VVN to_TO be_VBI the_AT most_RGT appropriate_JJ 
division_NN1 of_IO cases_NN2 ,_, given_VVN the_AT1 spread_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
sample_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II items_NN2 8_MC and_CC 13_MC ,_, examination_NN1 marks_NN2 
were_VBDR combined_VVN into_II grade_NN1 categories_NN2 as_CSA used_VVN by_II 
the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 Education_NN1 Department_NNJ for_IF these_DD2 
examinations_NN2 *-_- an_AT1 approach_NN1 similar_JJ to_II that_DD1 of_IO 
the_AT method_NN1 of_IO equal_JJ intervals_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL {_NULL HPM_NP }_NULL was_VBDZ applied_VVN to_II the_AT 
validation_NN1 sample_NN1 following_VVG the_AT approach_NN1 outlined_VVD by_II 
England_NP1 (_( 1971_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL First_MD ,_, each_DD1 variable_NN1 was_VBDZ cross-tabulated_JJ 
with_IW the_AT criterion_NN1 groups_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT numbers_NN2 within_II each_DD1 criterion_NN1 group_NN at_II 
each_DD1 level_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 variable_NN1 were_VBDR converted_VVN into_II 
percentages_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT category_NN1 percentages_NN2 of_IO unsuccessful_JJ cases_NN2 
were_VBDR subtracted_VVN from_II the_AT percentages_NN2 of_IO successful_JJ 
cases_NN2 to_TO obtain_VVI a_AT1 difference_NN1 score_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 
category_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 category_NN1 difference_NN1 scores_NN2 were_VBDR then_RT 
converted_VVN to_TO net_VVI weights_NN2 using_VVG Strong_NP1 's_GE Tables_NN2 
of_IO Net_JJ Weights_NN2 for_IF Differences_NN2 in_II Percents_NNU2 (_( 
England_NP1 ,_, 1971_MC )_) ,_, by_II simply_RR recording_VVG the_AT net_JJ 
weight_NN1 specified_VVN for_IF each_DD1 difference_NN1 score_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO weighting_VVG schemes_NN2 is_VBZ 
available_JJ at_II this_DD1 point_NN1 but_CCB *"_" available_JJ evidence_NN1 
shows_VVZ little_DA1 difference_NN1 in_II predictive_JJ efficiency_NN1 as_II 
the_AT result_NN1 of_IO different_JJ weighting_JJ procedures_NN2 **"_" (_( 
Weiss_NP1 ,_, 1976_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 345_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL England_NP1 suggests_VVZ the_AT net_JJ weights_NN2 should_VM be_VBI 
converted_VVN into_II *"_" assigned_JJ weights_NN2 **"_" to_TO simplify_VVI 
scoring_VVG and_CC to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO sampling_VVG 
fluctuations_NN2 in_II percentages_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Converting_VVG to_II assigned_JJ weights_NN2 may_VM result_VVI in_II 
the_AT discarding_NN1 of_IO some_DD variables_NN2 if_CS all_DB categories_NN2 
of_IO that_DD1 variable_NN1 had_VHD the_AT same_DA assigned_JJ weight_NN1 
and_CC ,_, as_CSA a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, no_AT differential_JJ effect_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT process_NN1 of_IO assigning_VVG weights_NN2 to_II item_NN1 
categories_NN2 resulted_VVD in_II seven_MC variables_NN2 being_VBG dropped_VVN 
from_II further_JJR analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II all_DB instances_NN2 the_AT discarded_JJ items_NN2 showed_VVD 
no_AT differences_NN2 in_II assigned_JJ weights_NN2 across_II categories_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT variables_NN2 were_VBDR Marital_JJ Status_NN1 ,_, 
Nationality_NN1 ,_, Age_NN1 of_IO Children_NN2 ,_, Average_JJ School_NNL1 
Certificate_NN1 Mark_NP1 ,_, School_NN1 Certificate_NN1 English_NN1 ,_, 
University_NN1 Degree_NN1 ,_, and_CC Time_NNT1 of_IO Application_NN1 
Decision_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT twelve_MC variables_NN2 remaining_VVG are_VBR listed_VVN in_II 
Table_NN1 2_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Cases_NN2 were_VBDR scored_VVN according_II21 to_II22 the_AT 
various_JJ item_NN1 categories_NN2 to_II which_DDQ each_DD1 case_NN1 
belonged_VVD ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 318+TEXT+J24_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT recovery_NN1 of_IO nonverbal_JJ functions_NN2 
following_VVG brain_NN1 damage_NN1 is_VBZ sparsely_RR documented_VVN ,_, 
especially_RR when_RRQ compared_VVN with_IW the_AT extensive_JJ literature_NN1 
on_II the_AT treatment_NN1 and_CC recovery_NN1 of_IO the_AT aphasias_NN2 (_( 
Kertesz_NP1 ,_, 1979_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Given_VVN that_CST the_AT debilitating_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 
language_NN1 deficit_NN1 are_VBR often_RR more_RGR obvious_JJ than_CSN the_AT 
problems_NN2 caused_VVN by_II a_AT1 spatial_JJ deficit_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
perhaps_RR not_XX surprising_JJ that_CST so_RG much_DA1 research_NN1 
effort_NN1 has_VHZ gone_VVN into_II the_AT understanding_NN1 and_CC 
treating_NN1 of_IO language_NN1 deficits_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR for_IF many_DA2 patients_NN2 ,_, spatial_JJ deficits_NN2 
such_II21 as_II22 hemineglect_NN1 ,_, topographical_JJ disorientation_NN1 ,_, 
or_CC constructional_JJ apraxia_NN1 can_VM be_VBI very_RG debilitating_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, some_DD studies_NN2 have_VH0 found_VVN 
that_CST patients_NN2 with_IW left_JJ hemiplegia_NN1 recover_VV0 the_AT 
use_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE limbs_NN2 more_RGR slowly_RR than_CSN patients_NN2 
with_IW right_JJ hemiplegia_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN 
suggested_VVN that_CST this_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO 
spatial-perceptual_JJ deficits_NN2 and_CC hemineglect_NN1 suffered_VVD by_II 
the_AT patients_NN2 with_IW right_JJ hemisphere_NN1 damage_NN1 (_( Cassvan_NP1 
,_, Ross_NP1 ,_, Dyer_NP1 ,_, &_CC Zane_NP1 ,_, 1976_MC ;_; Knapp_NP1 ,_, 
1957_MC ;_; Lawson_NP1 ,_, 1962_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF people_NN who_PNQS rely_VV0 heavily_RR on_II spatial_JJ 
abilities_NN2 in_II their_APPGE work_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 spatial_JJ disorder_NN1 
may_VM be_VBI as_RG debilitating_JJ as_CSA dyslexia_NN1 is_VBZ to_II most_DAT 
literate_JJ people_NN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL While_CS spatial_JJ functions_NN2 are_VBR by_RR31 no_RR32 
means_RR33 as_RG clearly_RR lateralized_VVD as_CSA verbal_JJ functions_NN2 ,_, 
there_EX is_VBZ ample_JJ evidence_NN1 that_CST the_AT right_JJ hemisphere_NN1 
plays_VVZ a_AT1 major_JJ role_NN1 in_II many_DA2 spatial_JJ abilities_NN2 (_( 
see_VV0 De_NP1 Renzi_NP1 ,_, 1982_MC ,_, for_IF review_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS patients_NN2 with_IW left_JJ hemispheric_JJ lesions_NN2 
do_VD0 quite_RR commonly_RR suffer_VVI from_II spatial_JJ deficits_NN2 
such_II21 as_II22 constructional_JJ apraxia_NN1 (_( Arena_NP1 &_CC 
Gainotti_NP1 ,_, 1978_MC )_) and_CC visual_JJ hemineglect_NN1 (_( Albert_NP1 
,_, 1973_MC ;_; Ogden_NP1 ,_, 1985a_MC ,_, 1985b_MC )_) ,_, the_AT range_NN1 
and_CC severity_NN1 of_IO spatial_JJ disorders_NN2 suffered_VVD by_II 
patients_NN2 with_IW right-hemispheric_JJ lesions_NN2 tends_VVZ to_TO be_VBI 
much_RR greater_JJR (_( Faglioni_NP1 ,_, Scotti_NP1 ,_, &_CC Spinnler_NP1 ,_, 
1971_MC ;_; Gianotti_NP1 ,_, Messerli_NP1 ,_, &_CC Tissot_NP1 ,_, 1972_MC ;_; 
Levine_NP1 ,_, Warach_NP1 ,_, Benowitz_NP1 ,_, &_CC Calvanio_NP1 ,_, 1986_MC 
;_; Mack_NP1 &_CC Levine_NP1 ,_, 1981_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ also_RR some_DD evidence_NN1 that_CST the_AT 
spontaneous_JJ recovery_NN1 time_NNT1 for_IF left_JJ hemineglect_NN1 (_( 
{_NULL i.e._REX }_NULL ,_, patients_NN2 with_IW right-hemispheric_JJ 
lesions_NN2 )_) is_VBZ longer_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 for_IF right_JJ 
hemineglect_NN1 (_( Zarit_NP1 &_CC Kahn_NP1 ,_, 1974_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT following_JJ case_NN1 study_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 young_JJ 
man_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 interest_NN1 in_II architecture_NN1 ,_, documents_VVZ 
the_AT degree_NN1 to_II which_DDQ higher_JJR spatial_JJ functions_NN2 can_VM 
differentially_RR recover_VVI without_IW extensive_JJ specialist_JJ 
rehabilitation_NN1 in_II a_AT1 matter_NN1 of_IO months_NNT2 following_RA a_AT1 
right-hemispheric_JJ infarct_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL Case_NN1 Report_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL History_NN1 and_CC Neurological_JJ Findings_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL {_NULL R.G._NP }_NULL ,_, an_AT1 18-year-old_JJ 
caucasian_JJ male_JJ university_NN1 student_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ seen_VVN at_II 
the_AT Accident_NN1 and_CC Emergency_NN1 Department_NNJ following_VVG a_AT1 
motorbike_NN1 accident_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT accident_NN1 he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ 
wearing_VVG a_AT1 crash_NN1 helmet_NN1 that_CST covered_VVD his_APPGE whole_JJ 
head_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ concussed_VVN for_IF one_MC1 to_II two_MC 
minutes_NNT2 ,_, and_CC he_PPHS1 had_VHD a_AT1 minimal_JJ retrograde_NN1 
and_CC anterograde_NN1 amnesia_NN1 of_IO no_AT more_DAR than_CSN a_AT1 
minute_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Apart_II21 from_II22 a_AT1 fracture_NN1 of_IO the_AT right_JJ 
clavicle_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 graze_NN1 on_II the_AT right_JJ side_NN1 of_IO 
his_APPGE neck_NN1 caused_VVN by_II the_AT helmet_NN1 strap_NN1 ,_, general_JJ 
and_CC neurological_JJ examinations_NN2 were_VBDR normal_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, while_CS he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ waiting_VVG for_IF 
X-ray_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 experienced_VVD flashing_VVG lights_NN2 in_II his_APPGE 
left_JJ visual_JJ field_NN1 accompanied_VVD by_II a_AT1 drop_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
left_JJ side_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE face_NN1 that_CST resolved_VVD in_II a_AT1 
matter_NN1 of_IO minutes_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ sent_VVN home_RL and_CC he_PPHS1 remained_VVD 
alert_JJ and_CC appropriate_JJ for_IF the_AT next_MD 24_MC hours_NNT2 until_CS 
he_PPHS1 experienced_VVD a_AT1 further_JJR episode_NN1 of_IO flashing_VVG 
lights_NN2 in_II his_APPGE left_JJ visual_JJ field_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 time_NNT1 
lasting_VVG about_RG 20_MC minutes_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 hour_NNT1 after_II this_DD1 he_PPHS1 had_VHD a_AT1 sudden_JJ 
onset_NN1 of_IO left_JJ facial_JJ and_CC left_JJ arm_NN1 weakness_NN1 that_CST 
steadily_RR worsened_VVD over_II the_AT next_MD 30_MC minutes_NNT2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL On_II urgent_JJ admission_NN1 to_II Auckland_NP1 Hospital_NNL1 
{_NULL R.G._NP }_NULL was_VBDZ drowsy_JJ and_CC confused_VVD ,_, had_VHD 
developed_VVN a_AT1 headache_NN1 ,_, and_CC had_VHD vomited_VVN once_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 had_VHD a_AT1 marked_JJ weakness_NN1 of_IO the_AT left_JJ 
face_NN1 and_CC left_JJ arm_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 less_RGR marked_JJ weakness_NN1 
of_IO the_AT left_JJ leg_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 demonstrated_VVD visual_JJ extinction_NN1 on_II double_JJ 
simultaneous_JJ stimulation_NN1 (_( {_NULL DSS_NP }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 had_VHD an_AT1 impairment_NN1 of_IO all_DB forms_NN2 of_IO 
sensation_NN1 over_II the_AT left_JJ side_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE body_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Carotid_JJ angiography_NN1 showed_VVD a_AT1 complete_JJ occlusion_NN1 
of_IO the_AT right_JJ internal_JJ carotid_JJ artery_NN1 approximately_RR 2_MC 
\_NULL cm_NNU from_II its_APPGE origin_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT appearances_NN2 were_VBDR those_DD2 of_IO dissection_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT right_JJ internal_JJ carotid_JJ artery_NN1 with_IW subsequent_JJ 
thrombotic_JJ occlusion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ probably_RR the_AT result_NN1 of_IO bruising_NN1 
of_IO the_AT internal_JJ carotid_JJ artery_NN1 by_II the_AT strap_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT crash_NN1 helmet_NN1 on_II impact_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Computerized_JJ Tomography_NN1 (_( {_NULL CT_NP }_NULL )_) of_IO 
his_APPGE brain_NN1 at_II this_DD1 stage_NN1 excluded_VVD a_AT1 
haemorrhage_NN1 ,_, but_CCB was_VBDZ suggestive_JJ of_IO an_AT1 early_JJ 
right_JJ parietal_JJ infarct_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 second_NNT1 {_NULL CT_NP }_NULL scan_VV0 five_MC days_NNT2 
later_RRR showed_VVD an_AT1 extensive_JJ infarct_NN1 in_II the_AT posterior_JJ 
frontal/_FO anterior_JJ parietal_JJ region_NN1 of_IO the_AT right_JJ 
hemisphere_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT borders_NN2 were_VBDR well_RR demarcated_VVN and_CC there_EX 
was_VBDZ a_AT1 slight_JJ mass_JJ effect_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ treated_VVN conservatively_RR with_IW aspirin_NN 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Immediately_RR following_VVG his_APPGE stroke_NN1 ,_, {_NULL 
R.G._NP }_NULL demonstrated_VVD a_AT1 severe_JJ neglect_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
left_JJ side_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE body_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, he_PPHS1 seemed_VVD unable_JJ to_TO 
move_VVI his_APPGE left_JJ arm_NN1 or_CC leg_NN1 ,_, and_CC believed_VVD 
they_PPHS2 were_VBDR completely_RR paralysed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 depersonalized_VVD his_APPGE left_JJ limbs_NN2 and_CC 
made_VVD comments_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 *'_" ^_NULL It_PPH1 does_VDZ n't_XX 
want_VVI to_TO move_VVI **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 seemed_VVD unaware_JJ when_CS his_APPGE left_JJ limbs_NN2 
lay_VVD in_II awkward_JJ positions_NN2 ,_, and_CC would_VM not_XX attempt_VVI 
to_TO cover_VVI them_PPHO2 even_CS21 when_CS22 they_PPHS2 looked_VVD *'_" 
blue_JJ **'_" with_IW cold_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 preferred_VVD people_NN to_TO stand_VVI on_II his_APPGE 
right_JJ side_NN1 and_CC said_VVD he_PPHS1 felt_VVD uncomfortable_JJ 
talking_NN1 to_II people_NN to_II his_APPGE left_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL His_APPGE tendency_NN1 to_TO neglect_VVI the_AT left_JJ 
side_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE body_NN1 was_VBDZ explained_VVN to_II him_PPHO1 
and_CC his_APPGE bed_NN1 was_VBDZ pushed_VVN against_II the_AT wall_NN1 on_II 
his_APPGE right_JJ side_NN1 to_TO encourage_VVI him_PPHO1 to_TO attend_VVI 
to_II people_NN and_CC objects_NN2 on_II his_APPGE left_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ also_RR constantly_RR reminded_VVN by_II staff_NN 
and_CC other_JJ patients_NN2 to_TO attend_VVI to_II his_APPGE left_JJ 
limbs_NN2 and_CC try_VVI to_TO use_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Over_II the_AT next_MD seven_MC days_NNT2 his_APPGE awareness_NN1 
of_IO the_AT left_JJ side_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE body_NN1 became_VVD almost_RR 
normal_JJ ,_, and_CC he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ able_JK to_TO move_VVI his_APPGE 
left_JJ leg_NN1 and_CC walk_NN1 with_IW assistance_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL At_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO his_APPGE discharge_NN1 ,_, 
three_MC weeks_NNT2 after_II his_APPGE stroke_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 could_VM 
walk_VVI a_AT1 short_JJ distance_NN1 with_IW the_AT aid_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
stick_NN1 ,_, but_CCB still_RR had_VHN a_AT1 weak_JJ arm_NN1 and_CC slight_JJ 
left_JJ facial_JJ droop_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Six_MC weeks_NNT2 after_II his_APPGE stroke_NN1 he_PPHS1 could_VM 
walk_VVI and_CC hop_VVI on_II either_DD1 leg_NN1 normally_RR ,_, his_APPGE 
facial_JJ weakness_NN1 was_VBDZ trivial_JJ ,_, and_CC he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ 
left_VVN with_IW a_AT1 slight_JJ spasticity_NN1 and_CC clumsiness_NN1 of_IO 
his_APPGE left_JJ arm_NN1 with_IW some_DD impairment_NN1 of_IO two-point_JJ 
discrimination_NN1 and_CC joint_JJ position_NN1 sensation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nine_MC months_NNT2 after_II his_APPGE stroke_NN1 his_APPGE only_JJ 
neurological_JJ problems_NN2 were_VBDR a_AT1 slight_JJ loss_NN1 of_IO 
sensation_NN1 in_II the_AT tips_NN2 of_IO his_APPGE left_JJ fingers_NN2 and_CC 
at_II the_AT left_JJ edge_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE mouth_NN1 ,_, and_CC some_DD 
clumsiness_NN1 of_IO rapid_JJ alternating_JJ movement_NN1 in_II the_AT left_JJ 
hand_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 spastic_JJ catch_NN1 and_CC some_DD increase_NN1 in_II 
the_AT tendon_NN1 reflexes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 also_RR had_VHD difficulty_NN1 identifying_VVG objects_NN2 
by_II touch_NN1 with_IW his_APPGE left_JJ hand_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 signs_NN2 had_VHD not_XX resolved_VVN two_MC years_NNT2 
following_RA his_APPGE stroke_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Neuropsychological_JJ Assessments_NN2 and_CC Comments_NN2 
*>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL {_NULL R.G._NP }_NULL was_VBDZ strongly_RR 
right-handed_RR ,_, with_IW a_AT1 laterality_NN1 quotient_NN1 of_IO 81.8_MC 
on_II the_AT Edinburgh_NP1 Handedness_NN1 Inventory_NN1 (_( Oldfield_NP1 ,_, 
1971_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS his_APPGE school_NN1 and_CC university_NN1 grades_NN2 are_VBR 
taken_VVN as_II a_AT1 guideline_NN1 ,_, his_APPGE premorbid_JJ 
Intelligence_NN1 Quotient_NN1 (_( {_NULL IQ_NN1 }_NULL )_) would_VM 
probably_RR fall_VVI within_II the_AT *'_" Superior_JJ **'_" range_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL According_II21 to_II22 family_NN members_NN2 ,_, one_MC1 of_IO 
whom_PNQO was_VBDZ an_AT1 architect_NN1 ,_, {_NULL R.G._NP }_NULL had_VHN 
since_II childhood_NN1 shown_VVN a_AT1 particular_JJ aptitude_NN1 for_IF 
tasks_NN2 requiring_VVG spatial_JJ abilities_NN2 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL 
,_, drawing_VVG ,_, map_NN1 reading_NN1 ,_, topographical_JJ orientation_NN1 
and_CC memory_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO his_APPGE accident_NN1 he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ 
10_MC weeks_NNT2 into_II his_APPGE second_MD year_NNT1 at_II university_NN1 
taking_VVG first_MD and_CC second_MD year_NNT1 undergraduate_JJ courses_NN2 
in_II the_AT hope_NN1 of_IO qualifying_VVG for_IF a_AT1 place_NN1 in_II a_AT1 
degree_NN1 course_NN1 in_II Architecture_NN1 the_AT following_JJ year_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA any_DD spatial_JJ deficits_NN2 resulting_VVG from_II his_APPGE 
right-hemispheric_JJ infarct_NN1 might_VM seriously_RR disrupt_VVI his_APPGE 
career_NN1 plans_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ decided_VVN to_TO document_VVI 
his_APPGE progress_NN1 by_II assessing_VVG him_PPHO1 neuropsychologically_RR 
soon_RR after_II his_APPGE stroke_NN1 and_CC six_MC months_NNT2 later_RRR ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II this_DD1 follow-up_NN1 he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ reassessed_VVN on_II 
those_DD2 tests_NN2 on_II which_DDQ he_PPHS1 had_VHD previously_RR shown_VVN 
a_AT1 deficit_NN1 relative_II21 to_II22 his_APPGE global_JJ {_NULL IQ_NN1 
}_NULL ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Tests_NN2 of_IO memory_NN1 and_CC general_JJ 
intelligence_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Fifteen_MC days_NNT2 after_II his_APPGE stroke_NN1 ,_, 
on_II the_AT Wechsler_NP1 Memory_NN1 Scale_NN1 (_( Wechsler_NP1 ,_, 1945_MC 
)_) he_PPHS1 attained_VVD a_AT1 Memory_NN1 Quotient_NN1 of_IO 143_MC ,_, a_AT1 
score_NN1 that_CST placed_VVD him_PPHO1 at_II the_AT upper_JJ end_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT *'_" Very_RG Superior_JJ **'_" range_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT Wechsler_NP1 Adult_NN1 Intelligence_NN1 Scale_NN1 (_( 
{_NULL WAIS_NP1 }_NULL ;_; Wechsler_NP1 ,_, 1955_MC )_) ,_, he_PPHS1 
demonstrated_VVD a_AT1 difference_NN1 of_IO 25_MC points_NN2 between_II 
his_APPGE Verbal_JJ and_CC Performance_NN1 {_NULL IQ_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA a_AT1 pattern_NN1 is_VBZ consistent_JJ with_IW 
right-hemispheric_JJ damage_NN1 (_( Chase_NN1 ,_, Fedio_NP1 ,_, Foster_NP1 ,_, 
Brooks_NP1 ,_, Di_NP1 Chiro_NP1 ,_, &_CC Mansi_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC ;_; Lezak_NP1 
,_, 1983_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT six_MC month_NNT1 follow-up_NN1 he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ 
given_VVN the_AT Performance_NN1 subtests_NN2 and_CC Arithmetic_NN1 and_CC 
Digit_NN1 Span_NN1 of_IO the_AT {_NULL WAIS_NP1 }_NULL ,_, and_CC on_II all_DB 
of_IO these_DD2 subtests_NN2 he_PPHS1 bettered_VVD his_APPGE performance_NN1 
by_II two_MC to_II four_MC scaled_JJ points_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE Performance_NN1 {_NULL IQ_NN1 }_NULL had_VHD in-_NN1 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL creased_VVN by_II 18_MC points_NN2 and_CC the_AT 
difference_NN1 between_II his_APPGE Verbal_JJ and_CC Performance_NN1 {_NULL 
IQ_NN1 }_NULL had_VHD decreased_VVN by_II 11_MC points_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE test_NN1 scores_NN2 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN in_II Table_NN1 
1_MC1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Further_JJR tests_NN2 of_IO spatial_JJ function_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Fifteen_MC days_NNT2 after_II his_APPGE stroke_NN1 
{_NULL R.G._NP }_NULL was_VBDZ also_RR assessed_VVN for_IF visual_JJ 
extinction_NN1 ,_, visual_JJ drawing_NN1 neglect_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Ogden_NP1 ,_, 
1985a_MC ,_, for_IF a_AT1 description_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 tests_NN2 )_) ,_, 
left-right_JJ orientation_NN1 (_( Money_NP 's_GE Road_NNL1 Map_NP1 Test_NN1 
;_; Money_NN1 ,_, Alexander_NP1 ,_, &_CC Walker_NP1 ,_, 1965_MC )_) ,_, the_AT 
two-dimensional_JJ mental_JJ rotation_NN1 test_NN1 from_II the_AT 
Luria-Nebraska_NP1 Neuropsychological_JJ Battery_NN1 (_( Golden_JJ ,_, 
Hammeke_NP1 ,_, &_CC Purisch_NP1 ,_, 1980_MC )_) and_CC 10_MC problems_NN2 
of_IO mental_JJ folding_NN1 from_II the_AT Space_NN1 Relations_NN2 test_NN1 
of_IO the_AT Differential_JJ Aptitude_NN1 Tests_NN2 (_( {_NULL DAT_NN1 }_NULL 
;_; Bennett_NP1 ,_, Seashore_NP1 ,_, &_CC Wesman_NP1 ,_, 1962_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 demonstrated_VVD no_AT visual_JJ extinction_NN1 or_CC 
neglect_NN1 ,_, and_CC made_VVD no_AT errors_NN2 on_II Money_NP 's_GE 
Road_NNL1 Map_NP1 Test_NN1 which_DDQ he_PPHS1 completed_VVD in_II the_AT 
very_RG fast_JJ time_NNT1 of_IO 44_MC seconds_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE scores_NN2 and_CC times_NNT2 were_VBDR impaired_VVN on_II 
mental_JJ rotation_NN1 (_( 6/8_MF in_II 4_MC minutes_NNT2 )_) ,_, and_CC on_II 
mental_JJ folding_NN1 (_( 6/10_MF in_II 45_MC minutes_NNT2 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II a_AT1 six_MC month_NNT1 follow-up_NN1 he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ 
given_VVN parallel_JJ versions_NN2 of_IO mental_JJ rotation_NN1 and_CC 
mental_JJ folding_JJ tests_NN2 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO assess_VVI any_DD 
improvement_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE performance_NN1 at_II this_DD1 assessment_NN1 was_VBDZ 
flawless_JJ and_CC exceptionally_RR fast_JJ (_( 26_MC seconds_NNT2 on_II 
mental_JJ rotation_NN1 and_CC 3.5_MC minutes_NNT2 on_II mental_JJ folding_NN1 
)_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Outcome_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL On_II leaving_VVG hospital_NN1 three_MC weeks_NNT2 
after_II his_APPGE stroke_NN1 ,_, apart_II21 from_II22 attending_VVG 
physiotherapy_NN1 clinic_NN1 four_MC times_NNT2 in_II total_NN1 over_II the_AT 
following_JJ four_MC weeks_NNT2 ,_, {_NULL R.G._NP }_NULL had_VHN no_AT 
further_JJR rehabilitation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 attended_VVD the_AT occasional_JJ lecture_NN1 at_II the_AT 
university_NN1 before_II deciding_VVG to_TO drop_VVI five_MC of_IO the_AT 
eight_MC courses_NN2 he_PPHS1 had_VHD been_VBN taking_VVG before_II his_APPGE 
accident_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT university_NN1 year_NNT1 (_( 
five_MC months_NNT2 after_II his_APPGE accident_NN1 )_) he_PPHS1 sat_VVD 
his_APPGE final_JJ exams_NN2 in_II the_AT three_MC courses_NN2 he_PPHS1 
had_VHD continued_VVN with_IW and_CC passed_VVN them_PPHO2 all_DB ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 took_VVD a_AT1 job_NN1 as_II a_AT1 dish_NN1 washer_NN1 in_II 
a_AT1 restaurant_NN1 for_IF the_AT summer_NNT1 vacation_NN1 ,_, and_CC also_RR 
prepared_VVN a_AT1 folio_NN1 of_IO sketches_NN2 that_CST was_VBDZ one_MC1 
of_IO the_AT requirements_NN2 for_IF entry_NN1 into_II architecture_NN1 
school_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE grades_NN2 and_CC the_AT 
standard_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE folio_NN1 of_IO sketches_NN2 ,_, he_PPHS1 
gained_VVD a_AT1 place_NN1 in_II Architecture_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC years_NNT2 after_II his_APPGE stroke_NN1 he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ 
still_RR studying_VVG for_IF his_APPGE Architecture_NN1 degree_NN1 ,_, but_CCB 
was_VBDZ experiencing_VVG difficulty_NN1 with_IW advanced_JJ courses_NN2 
that_CST involved_VVD visualizing_VVG complex_JJ buildings_NN2 in_II three_MC 
dimensions_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL Discussion_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT young_JJ man_NN1 described_VVN in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 
report_NN1 is_VBZ of_IO interest_NN1 primarily_RR because_II21 of_II22 the_AT 
rapid_JJ improvement_NN1 in_II his_APPGE spatial_JJ abilities_NN2 after_II 
sustaining_VVG an_AT1 extensive_JJ right_JJ frontal-parietal_JJ infarct_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE acceptance_NN1 into_II Architecture_NN1 School_NNL1 
under_II very_RG competitive_JJ circumstances_NN2 ,_, partly_RR on_II the_AT 
basis_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 series_NN of_IO sketches_NN2 he_PPHS1 had_VHD drawn_VVN 
six_MC months_NNT2 after_II his_APPGE stroke_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ practical_JJ 
evidence_NN1 of_IO the_AT extent_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE recovery_NN1 ,_, 
although_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ unlikely_JJ that_CST his_APPGE spatial_JJ 
abilities_NN2 recovered_VVD to_II premorbid_JJ levels_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL When_CS his_APPGE memory_NN1 and_CC verbal_JJ functions_NN2 
were_VBDR assessed_VVN fifteen_MC days_NNT2 after_II his_APPGE stroke_NN1 ,_, 
his_APPGE scores_NN2 were_VBDR all_DB within_II the_AT *'_" Very_RG 
Superior_JJ **'_" range_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 indicated_VVD that_CST {_NULL R.G._NP }_NULL was_VBDZ not_XX 
by_II this_DD1 stage_NN1 suffering_VVG from_II significant_JJ problems_NN2 
of_IO impaired_JJ retention_NN1 ,_, concentration_NN1 ,_, attention_NN1 and_CC 
fatigability_NN1 that_CST are_VBR often_RR characteristic_JJ of_IO an_AT1 
acute_JJ brain_NN1 condition_NN1 (_( Lezak_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, any_DD diffuse_JJ or_CC generalized_JJ 
symptoms_NN2 that_CST may_VM have_VHI been_VBN present_JJ immediately_RR 
following_VVG the_AT stroke_NN1 (_( possibly_RR as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO 
oedema_NN1 )_) appear_VV0 to_TO have_VHI resolved_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL While_CS the_AT timed_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT {_NULL 
WAIS_NP1 }_NULL Performance_NN1 subtests_NN2 may_VM in_II part_NN1 have_VH0 
accounted_VVN for_IF {_NULL R.G._NP }_NULL '_" s_ZZ1 significantly_RR 
lowered_JJ scores_NN2 on_II these_DD2 visuospatial_JJ tests_NN2 ,_, his_APPGE 
qualitative_JJ performance_NN1 suggested_VVD that_CST his_APPGE 
difficulties_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX primarily_RR the_AT result_NN1 of_IO 
motor_NN1 slowing_VVG or_CC problems_NN2 of_IO hand-eye_JJ coordination_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, he_PPHS1 had_VHD no_AT difficulty_NN1 
physically_RR manipulating_VVG the_AT blocks_NN2 when_CS carrying_VVG out_RP 
the_AT Block_NN1 Design_NN1 subtest_JJT of_IO the_AT {_NULL WAIS_NP1 }_NULL 
,_, and_CC he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ completely_RR unable_JJ to_TO work_VVI out_RP 
the_AT tenth_MD Block_NN1 Design_NN1 problem_NN1 or_CC the_AT *'_" 
elephant_NN1 **'_" problem_NN1 of_IO *'_" Object_NN1 Assembly_NNJ **'_" 
even_CS21 when_CS22 given_VVN unlimited_JJ time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS he_PPHS1 had_VHD a_AT1 marked_JJ left-sided_JJ 
neglect_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE body_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 mild_JJ left-sided_JJ 
visual_JJ neglect_NN1 immediately_RR following_VVG his_APPGE stroke_NN1 ,_, 
these_DD2 had_VHD resolved_VVN by_II the_AT time_NNT1 he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ 
assessed_VVN on_II the_AT {_NULL WAIS_NP1 }_NULL ,_, and_CC therefore_RR 
hemineglect_VV0 is_VBZ unlikely_JJ to_TO have_VHI contributed_VVN 
significantly_RR to_II his_APPGE lowered_JJ scores_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Consideration_NN1 must_VM be_VBI given_VVN to_II the_AT 
possibility_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 practice_NN1 effect_NN1 may_VM have_VHI 
contributed_VVN to_II {_NULL R.G._NP }_NULL '_" s_ZZ1 performance_NN1 when_RRQ 
he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ retested_VVN on_II the_AT {_NULL WAIS_NP1 }_NULL six_MC 
months_NNT2 after_II his_APPGE first_MD assessment_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 319+TEXT+J25_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN 
increasing_VVG interest_NN1 in_II how_RRQ the_AT general_JJ public_NN 
perceives_VVZ the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO crime_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR how_RRQ 
individuals_NN2 assess_VV0 their_APPGE personal_JJ risk_NN1 of_IO becoming_VVG 
a_AT1 victim_NN1 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL ,_, McPherson_NP1 ,_, 1978_MC ;_; 
Perloff_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC ;_; Tyler_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC ;_; Tyler_NP1 &_CC Cook_NP1 
,_, 1984_MC ;_; Warr_NP1 ,_, 1980_MC ,_, 1982_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Research_NN1 generally_RR has_VHZ revealed_VVN that_CST some_DD 
aspects_NN2 of_IO the_AT incidence_NN1 of_IO crime_NN1 are_VBR rather_RG 
accurately_RR perceived_VVN and_CC some_RR not_XX ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, McPherson_NP1 (_( 1978_MC )_) found_VVD 
citizens_NN2 perceive_VV0 rather_RG accurately_RR the_AT crime_NN1 rate_NN1 
and_CC probability_NN1 of_IO victimisation_NN1 in_II their_APPGE 
neighbourhood_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Warr_NP1 (_( 1982_MC )_) found_VVD good_JJ agreement_NN1 between_II 
the_AT perceived_JJ rates_NN2 of_IO commission_NN1 of_IO different_JJ 
crimes_NN2 by_II Tucson_NP1 adults_NN2 and_CC self-reported_JJ data_NN on_II 
crimes_NN2 committed_VVD by_II Tucson_NP1 juveniles_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, Warr_NP1 (_( 1980_MC )_) 
revealed_VVD perceived_JJ incidence_NN1 of_IO various_JJ crimes_NN2 to_TO 
differ_VVI quite_RG markedly_RR from_II their_APPGE actual_JJ incidence_NN1 
:_: incidence_NN1 of_IO rarer_JJR crimes_NN2 was_VBDZ generally_RR 
overestimated_VVN while_CS that_DD1 of_IO some_DD common_JJ crimes_NN2 
was_VBDZ underestimated_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL One_MC1 aspect_NN1 of_IO the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO crime_NN1 in_II 
the_AT past_JJ few_DA2 decades_NNT2 has_VHZ been_VBN its_APPGE steady_JJ 
increase_NN1 in_II many_DA2 countries_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 for_REX21 example_REX22 the_AT number_NN1 
of_IO crimes_NN2 of_IO all_DB kinds_NN2 reported_VVN to_II the_AT police_NN2 
has_VHZ increased_VVN exponentially_RR over_II the_AT last_MD 30_MC years_NNT2 
,_, approximately_RR doubling_VVG every_AT1 11_MC or_CC 12_MC years_NNT2 (_( 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 Department_NNJ of_IO Police_NN2 ,_, 1955-1985_MCMC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT question_NN1 of_IO how_RGQ accurately_RR this_DD1 increase_NN1 
over_II time_NNT1 is_VBZ perceived_VVN by_II the_AT public_NN at_RR21 
large_RR22 has_VHZ both_RR theoretical_JJ and_CC practical_JJ significance_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Theoretically_RR the_AT issue_NN1 is_VBZ interesting_JJ because_CS 
other_JJ research_NN1 has_VHZ shown_VVN both_RR that_CST geometrically_RR 
increasing_VVG sequences_NN2 in_II the_AT laboratory_NN1 are_VBR 
misperceived_VVN in_II that_DD1 the_AT projected_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO 
increase_NN1 is_VBZ underestimated_VVN (_( Wagenaar_NP1 &_CC Sagaria_NP1 ,_, 
1975_MC ;_; Wagenaar_NP1 &_CC Timmers_NP1 ,_, 1979_MC )_) ,_, and_CC that_CST 
the_AT difference_NN1 between_II past_NN1 and_CC present_JJ prices_NN2 is_VBZ 
underestimated_VVN (_( Kemp_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 results_NN2 one_PN1 might_VM 
predict_VVI that_CST the_AT actual_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO increase_NN1 in_II 
crime_NN1 should_VM be_VBI underestimated_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Practically_RR the_AT issue_NN1 is_VBZ important_JJ since_CS 
underestimation_NN1 would_VM suggest_VVI public_JJ complacency_NN1 or_CC 
ignorance_NN1 in_II the_AT face_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 growing_JJ problem_NN1 ,_, 
while_CS overestimation_NN1 would_VM suggest_VVI public_JJ hysteria_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II either_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 would_VM expect_VVI public_JJ 
support_NN1 for_IF inappropriate_JJ policy_NN1 decisions_NN2 about_II 
countering_VVG crime_NN1 if_CSW public_JJ perception_NN1 was_VBDZ greatly_RR 
different_JJ to_II reality_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT present_JJ study_NN1 was_VBDZ primarily_RR concerned_JJ 
with_IW how_RRQ accurately_RR an_AT1 urban_JJ sample_NN1 perceived_VVD the_AT 
increase_NN1 in_II the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO different_JJ crimes_NN2 over_II 
the_AT previous_JJ 20_MC years_NNT2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL Method_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Respondents_NP1 and_CC Procedures_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL 130_MC respondents_NN2 were_VBDR interviewed_VVN 
between_II September_NPM1 and_CC November_NPM1 of_IO 1985_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Respondents_NN2 were_VBDR obtained_VVN by_II area_NN1 sampling_VVG 
and_CC were_VBDR interviewed_VVN in_II their_APPGE homes_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT personal_JJ information_NN1 collected_VVD suggests_VVZ 
the_AT sample_NN1 to_TO be_VBI representative_JJ of_IO the_AT adult_NN1 
Christchurch_NP1 population_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT sample_NN1 consisted_VVD of_IO 53_MC men_NN2 and_CC 76_MC 
women_NN2 ,_, and_CC contained_VVD 68_MC married_JJ and_CC 72_MC unmarried_JJ 
respondents_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Information_NN1 on_II the_AT respondents_NN2 '_GE age_NN1 ,_, 
socioeconomic_JJ status_NN1 ,_, and_CC political_JJ party_NN supported_VVD 
showed_VVD no_AT appreciable_JJ biases_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL All_DB respondents_NN2 were_VBDR interviewed_VVN by_II one_MC1 
of_IO two_MC trained_JJ ,_, paid_JJ interviewers_NN2 who_PNQS worked_VVD 
from_II an_AT1 interview_NN1 schedule_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Responses_NN2 to_II the_AT question_NN1 were_VBDR recorded_VVN at_II 
the_AT time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Interviews_NN2 typically_RR lasted_VVD twenty_MC minutes_NNT2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL The_AT interview_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT interviews_NN2 followed_VVD a_AT1 set_JJ 
format_NN1 determined_VVN by_II the_AT structure_NN1 of_IO the_AT schedule_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT of_IO the_AT questions_NN2 required_VVD respondents_NN2 
to_TO estimate_VVI the_AT number_NN1 of_IO crimes_NN2 of_IO different_JJ 
types_NN2 reported_VVN in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 in_II past_JJ years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Estimates_NN2 of_IO four_MC categories_NN2 of_IO crime_NN1 were_VBDR 
requested_VVN :_: murder_NN1 ,_, assault_NN1 ,_, burglary_NN1 ,_, and_CC *"_" 
crimes_NN2 of_IO all_DB kinds_NN2 ._. **"_" 

^ ^_NULL Several_DA2 factors_NN2 influenced_VVD the_AT choice_NN1 of_IO 
these_DD2 four_MC categories_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ felt_VVN necessary_JJ to_TO choose_VVI crimes_NN2 
whose_DDQGE meaning_NN1 was_VBDZ clear_JJ to_II the_AT respondents_NN2 and_CC 
whose_DDQGE legal_JJ definition_NN1 had_VHD not_XX been_VBN dramatically_RR 
altered_VVN over_II the_AT previous_JJ 20_MC years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 a_AT1 continuous_JJ 20-year_JJ statistical_JJ 
record_NN1 of_IO actual_JJ numbers_NN2 reported_VVN to_II the_AT New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 Police_NN2 was_VBDZ available_JJ for_IF the_AT categories_NN2 
chosen_VVN (_( New_NP Zealand_NP1 Department_NNJ of_IO Police_NN2 ,_, 
1965-1985_MCMC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL All_DB questions_NN2 relating_VVG to_II a_AT1 particular_JJ 
category_NN1 of_IO crime_NN1 were_VBDR asked_VVN together_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD question_NN1 relating_VVG to_II each_DD1 category_NN1 
was_VBDZ of_IO the_AT form_NN1 :_: |_NULL ^_NULL *"_" How_RRQ many_DA2 (_( 
crimes_NN2 of_IO all_DB kinds/_FO burglaries/_FO cases_NN2 of_IO assault/_FO 
murders_NN2 )_) do_VD0 you_PPY think_VVI were_VBDR reported_VVN to_II the_AT 
{_NULL N.Z._NP }_NULL Police_NN2 last_MD year_NNT1 (_( 1984_MC )_) ?_? **"_" 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Then_RT followed_VVD five_MC questions_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 
similar_JJ kind_NN1 asking_VVG how_RGQ many_DA2 crimes_NN2 of_IO that_DD1 
category_NN1 were_VBDR committed_VVN in_II previous_JJ years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF burglary_NN1 and_CC crimes_NN2 of_IO all_DB kind_NN1 ,_, 
numbers_NN2 of_IO crimes_NN2 committed_VVD in_II 1983_MC ,_, 1979_MC ,_, 
1974_MC ,_, 1969_MC and_CC 1964_MC were_VBDR requested_VVN ;_; for_IF 
assaults_NN2 the_AT previous_JJ years_NNT2 '_GE questions_NN2 were_VBDR 
1983_MC ,_, 1979_MC ,_, 1977_MC ,_, 1971_MC ,_, and_CC 1965_MC ;_; and_CC 
for_IF murders_NN2 1983_MC ,_, 1980_MC ,_, 1973_MC ,_, 1969_MC ,_, 1964_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT reason_NN1 behind_II this_DD1 irregular_JJ choice_NN1 of_IO 
dates_NN2 for_IF assault_NN1 and_CC murder_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT year-to-year_JJ 
variability_NN1 in_II rates_NN2 of_IO occurrence_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 
crimes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Particularly_RR for_IF murder_NN1 this_DD1 variability_NN1 is_VBZ 
very_RG great_JJ ;_; there_EX were_VBDR ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, 32_MC 
murders_NN2 in_II 1974_MC ,_, 20_MC in_II 1975_MC ,_, and_CC 40_MC in_II 
1976_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Clearly_RR variability_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 kind_NN1 creates_VVZ 
difficulties_NN2 in_II assessing_VVG the_AT accuracy_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
respondents_NN2 '_GE estimates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO combat_VVI this_DD1 ,_, exponential_JJ growth_NN1 curves_NN2 
were_VBDR fitted_VVN to_II the_AT official_JJ statistics_NN for_IF murder_NN1 
and_CC assault_NN1 for_IF the_AT period_NN1 1964-_NN1 1984_MC and_CC 
years_NNT2 whose_DDQGE actual_JJ rate_NN1 fell_VVD close_RR to_II the_AT 
curve_NN1 were_VBDR chosen_VVN for_IF the_AT questions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 procedure_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX used_VVN for_IF burglary_NN1 
or_CC crimes_NN2 of_IO all_DB kinds_NN2 where_RRQ the_AT year-to-year_JJ 
variability_NN1 was_VBDZ much_DA1 less_DAR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT order_NN1 of_IO asking_VVG the_AT five_MC questions_NN2 
relating_VVG to_II previous_JJ years_NNT2 was_VBDZ varied_VVN :_: half_DB 
the_AT respondents_NN2 were_VBDR asked_VVN in_II order_NN1 of_IO recency_NN1 
(_( {_NULL i.e._REX }_NULL 1983_MC first_MD )_) **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
and_CC half_DB in_II reverse_JJ order_NN1 of_IO recency_NN1 (_( {_NULL 
i.e._REX }_NULL 1964_MC or_CC 1965_MC first_MD )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT seventh_MD question_NN1 relating_VVG to_II a_AT1 
particular_JJ category_NN1 requested_VVD respondents_NN2 to_TO estimate_VVI 
the_AT number_NN1 of_IO crimes_NN2 in_II the_AT category_NN1 that_CST 
they_PPHS2 thought_VVD would_VM be_VBI reported_VVN in_II 1986_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Finally_RR ,_, as_II an_AT1 adjunct_NN1 to_II the_AT assault_NN1 ,_, 
burglary_NN1 and_CC crimes_NN2 of_IO all_DB kinds_NN2 sections_NN2 ,_, 
respondents_NN2 were_VBDR asked_VVN if_CS they_PPHS2 had_VHD been_VBN a_AT1 
victim_NN1 of_IO that_DD1 crime_NN1 in_II the_AT previous_JJ five_MC 
years_NNT2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL To_TO avoid_VVI possible_JJ problems_NN2 arising_VVG from_II 
a_AT1 particular_JJ ordering_NN1 of_IO the_AT categories_NN2 within_II the_AT 
schedule_NN1 ,_, all_DB questions_NN2 relating_VVG to_II each_DD1 of_IO the_AT 
four_MC categories_NN2 were_VBDR listed_VVN on_II one_MC1 page_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT order_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 four_MC pages_NN2 was_VBDZ 
randomly_RR varied_VVN for_IF each_DD1 interview_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT schedule_NN1 was_VBDZ completed_VVN by_II requests_NN2 for_IF 
some_DD personal_JJ information_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL Results_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Table_NN1 1_MC1 shows_VVZ the_AT actual_JJ and_CC estimated_JJ 
numbers_NN2 of_IO crimes_NN2 in_II each_DD1 category_NN1 reported_VVN in_II 
1984_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Except_II21 for_II22 murder_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT median_JJ 
estimate_NN1 was_VBDZ quite_RG close_JJ to_II ,_, and_CC an_AT1 
overestimate_NN1 of_IO ,_, the_AT actual_JJ figure_NN1 ,_, the_AT rates_NN2 
of_IO occurrence_NN1 were_VBDR generally_RR underestimated_VVN by_II the_AT 
respondents_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Application_NN1 of_IO the_AT two-tailed_JJ sign_NN1 test_NN1 (_( 
*1_NULL \_NULL p_ZZ1 *0_NULL <_FO .05_MC )_) revealed_VVD that_CST 
significantly_RR more_RR21 than_RR22 half_DB the_AT respondents_NN2 
underestimated_VVD the_AT 1984_MC assault_NN1 ,_, burglary_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
all_DB crime_NN1 figures_NN2 while_CS significantly_RR more_RR21 than_RR22 
half_DB overestimated_VVD the_AT 1984_MC murder_NN1 figures_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, as_CSA is_VBZ clear_JJ from_II the_AT 
quartile_NN1 estimates_NN2 ,_, responses_NN2 were_VBDR very_RG variable_JJ 
between_II respondents_NN2 ,_, indicating_VVG that_CST the_AT sample_NN1 as_II 
a_AT1 whole_NN1 was_VBDZ uncertain_JJ about_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO 
assaults_NN2 ,_, burglaries_NN2 ,_, and_CC crimes_NN2 in_RR21 general_RR22 
reported_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL To_TO obtain_VVI a_AT1 clearer_JJR picture_NN1 of_IO 
respondents_NN2 '_GE perception_NN1 of_IO the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO increase_NN1 
,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ to_TO take_VVI into_II account_NN1 and_CC 
remove_VVI the_AT marked_JJ variability_NN1 in_II 1984_MC estimates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hence_RR for_IF each_DD1 respondent_NN1 and_CC category_NN1 of_IO 
crime_NN1 ,_, estimates_VVZ relative_II21 to_II22 those_DD2 of_IO 1984_MC 
were_VBDR obtained_VVN by_II dividing_VVG the_AT respondent_NN1 's_VBZ 
estimate_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 year_NNT1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL by_II the_AT 
1984_MC estimate_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Figure_NN1 1_MC1 shows_VVZ these_DD2 median_JJ relative_JJ 
estimates_NN2 as_II a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 ,_, as_CC31 well_CC32 
as_CC33 the_AT actual_JJ growth_NN1 of_IO crime_NN1 obtained_VVN by_II 
dividing_VVG the_AT actual_JJ numbers_NN2 reported_VVN for_IF each_DD1 
year_NNT1 by_II the_AT appropriate_JJ 1984_MC statistics_NN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Figure_NN1 1_MC1 suggests_VVZ that_CST in_RR21 general_RR22 
respondents_NN2 were_VBDR rather_RG accurate_JJ at_II estimating_VVG the_AT 
increase_NN1 in_II assaults_NN2 and_CC murders_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF burglary_NN1 ,_, and_CC to_II a_AT1 lesser_JJ extent_NN1 
for_IF crimes_NN2 of_IO all_DB kinds_NN2 ,_, respondents_NN2 perceived_VVD 
the_AT increase_NN1 in_II crime_NN1 to_TO be_VBI slower_JJR than_CSN it_PPH1 
actually_RR was_VBDZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA is_VBZ evident_JJ from_II Figure_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, however_RR ,_, 
the_AT actual_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO increase_NN1 in_II burglaries_NN2 reported_VVN 
is_VBZ faster_JJR than_CSN the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO increase_NN1 in_II the_AT 
other_JJ crimes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC further_JJR features_NN2 of_IO Figure_NN1 1_MC1 deserve_VV0 
comment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Firstly_RR ,_, the_AT quartile_NN1 estimates_VVZ clearly_RR show_VV0 
considerable_JJ variation_NN1 amongst_II respondents_NN2 in_II perception_NN1 
of_IO the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO increase_NN1 of_IO crime_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 variation_NN1 is_VBZ 
less_RGR marked_JJ than_CSN the_AT variation_NN1 in_II estimates_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT number_NN1 of_IO crimes_NN2 in_II 1984_MC evident_JJ in_II Table_NN1 
1_MC1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Secondly_RR ,_, the_AT median_JJ estimates_NN2 resemble_VV0 the_AT 
actual_JJ increase_NN1 in_II the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO crime_NN1 in_II 
displaying_VVG an_AT1 exponentially_RR increasing_VVG pattern_NN1 of_IO 
growth_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL To_TO enable_VVI further_JJR analysis_NN1 of_IO estimation_NN1 
of_IO the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO increase_NN1 in_II crime_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 single_JJ 
summary_NN1 measure_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 respondent_NN1 and_CC crime_NN1 
category_NN1 was_VBDZ created_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 power_NN1 function_NN1 of_IO the_AT form_NN1 :_: ^_NULL 
Perceived_JJ number_NN1 of_IO crimes_NN2 =_FO \_NULL A_ZZ1 (_( Actual_JJ 
number_NN1 of_IO crimes_NN2 )_) was_VBDZ fitted_VVN for_IF each_DD1 
respondent_NN1 and_CC crime_NN1 category_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT exponent_NN1 
n_ZZ1 calculated_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 exponent_NN1 ,_, the_AT summary_NN1 measure_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ 
readily_RR interpretable_JJ :_: ^_NULL The_AT greater_JJR the_AT exponent_NN1 
the_AT greater_JJR the_AT perceived_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO increase_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Exponents_NN2 less_RR21 than_RR22 one_MC1 indicate_VV0 that_CST 
the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO increase_NN1 in_II a_AT1 particular_JJ crime_NN1 is_VBZ 
underestimated_VVN by_II a_AT1 respondent_NN1 ,_, exponents_NN2 greater_JJR 
than_CSN one_PN1 indicate_VV0 overestimation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI remarked_VVN that_CST this_DD1 type_NN1 
of_IO analysis_NN1 is_VBZ commonly_RR used_VVN to_TO examine_VVI the_AT 
results_NN2 of_IO magnitude_NN1 estimation_NN1 in_II perceptual_JJ and_CC 
social_JJ psychology_NN1 as_CSA suggested_VVN by_II Stevens_NP1 (_( 1957_MC 
,_, 1975_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Average_JJ exponents_NN2 for_IF the_AT sample_NN1 were_VBDR 1.08_MC 
for_IF assault_NN1 ,_, 0.92_MC for_IF murder_NN1 ,_, 0.63_MC for_IF 
burglary_NN1 ,_, and_CC 0.87_MC for_IF crimes_NN2 of_IO all_DB kinds_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Application_NN1 of_IO the_AT two-tailed_JJ sign_NN1 test_NN1 
revealed_VVD that_CST significantly_RR more_RR21 than_RR22 half_DB the_AT 
sample_NN1 produced_VVD exponents_NN2 of_IO less_RR21 than_RR22 one_MC1 for_IF 
burglary_NN1 (_( 80%_NNU )_) and_CC crimes_NN2 of_IO all_DB kinds_NN2 (_( 
69%_NNU )_) ,_, but_CCB not_XX for_IF assaults_NN2 (_( 52%_NNU )_) 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL or_CC murder_NN1 (_( 61%_NNU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Clearly_RR the_AT interpretation_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 exponents_NN2 
agrees_VVZ with_IW the_AT results_NN2 shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Table_NN1 2_MC shows_VVZ the_AT correlations_NN2 between_II 
the_AT crime_NN1 categories_NN2 for_IF the_AT 1984_MC estimates_NN2 and_CC 
the_AT exponents_NN2 as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 the_AT correlation_NN1 
between_II 1984_MC estimates_NN2 and_CC exponents_NN2 for_IF each_DD1 
crime_NN1 category_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Actual_JJ 1984_MC estimates_NN2 were_VBDR logarithmically_RR 
transformed_VVN for_IF this_DD1 exercise_NN1 because_CS the_AT 
distributions_NN2 were_VBDR markedly_RR skewed_VVN (_( as_CSA is_VBZ 
implied_VVN by_II the_AT results_NN2 shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ clear_JJ from_II Table_NN1 2_MC that_CST the_AT 
1984_MC estimates_NN2 were_VBDR strongly_RR related_VVN ;_; thus_RR 
respondents_NN2 who_PNQS reported_VVD a_AT1 high_JJ number_NN1 of_IO 
assaults_NN2 also_RR reported_VVN high_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO burglaries_NN2 ,_, 
crimes_NN2 of_IO all_DB kinds_NN2 ,_, and_CC ,_, to_II a_AT1 lesser_JJ 
extent_NN1 ,_, murders_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT lower_JJR correlations_NN2 with_IW the_AT murder_NN1 
estimates_NN2 may_VM reflect_VVI the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST these_DD2 
estimates_NN2 were_VBDR generally_RR more_RGR accurate_JJ and_CC less_RGR 
variable_JJ (_( see_VV0 Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT exponents_NN2 were_VBDR also_RR positively_RR correlated_VVN 
;_; thus_RR respondents_NN2 perceiving_VVG a_AT1 high_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO 
increase_NN1 in_II one_MC1 crime_NN1 tended_VVD to_TO perceive_VVI high_JJ 
rates_NN2 of_IO increase_NN1 in_II other_JJ crimes_NN2 as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Only_RR one_MC1 of_IO the_AT four_MC correlations_NN2 
between_II 1984_MC estimate_NN1 and_CC exponent_NN1 was_VBDZ significant_JJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, respondents_NN2 perceiving_VVG greater_JJR 
numbers_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 crime_NN1 in_II 1984_MC did_VDD not_XX also_RR 
perceive_VVI a_AT1 high_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO increase_NN1 of_IO the_AT crime_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Perhaps_RR surprisingly_RR ,_, perception_NN1 of_IO amount_NN1 of_IO 
crime_NN1 and_CC perception_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE rate_NN1 of_IO increase_NN1 
were_VBDR not_XX strongly_RR related_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Analyses_NN2 of_IO variance_NN1 carried_VVD out_RP on_II 
the_AT four_MC (_( logarithmically_RR transformed_VVD )_) estimates_VVZ and_CC 
the_AT four_MC exponents_NN2 revealed_VVD no_AT significant_JJ (_( *1_NULL 
\_NULL p_ZZ1 *0_NULL >_FO .05_MC )_) effects_NN2 of_IO age_NN1 group_NN ,_, 
marital_JJ status_NN1 ,_, socioeconomic_JJ status_NN1 ,_, or_CC political_JJ 
party_NN supported_VVN on_II any_DD of_IO the_AT exponents_NN2 or_CC 
estimates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Women_NN2 estimated_VVD significantly_RR more_DAR burglaries_NN2 (_( 
Harmonic_JJ mean_JJ =_FO 24,826_MC )_) in_II 1984_MC than_CSN men_NN2 (_( 
Harmonic_JJ mean_JJ =_FO 10,867_MC ;_; *1_NULL F_NP1 (_( l_ZZ1 ,_, 125_MC )_) 
=_FO 4.78_MC ,_, *1_NULL \_NULL p_ZZ1 *0_NULL <_FO .05_MC )_) but_CCB there_EX 
was_VBDZ no_AT significant_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO sex_NN1 on_II any_DD other_JJ 
1984_MC estimate_NN1 or_CC exponent_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Seven_MC respondents_NN2 reported_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 
had_VHD been_VBN a_AT1 victim_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 assault_NN1 in_II the_AT 
previous_JJ five_MC years_NNT2 ,_, 30_MC reported_VVD being_VBG a_AT1 
victim_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 burglary_NN1 ,_, and_CC 49_MC reported_VVD being_VBG 
a_AT1 victim_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 crime_NN1 of_IO any_DD kind_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Victims_NN2 of_IO assault_NN1 estimated_VVD significantly_RR more_DAR 
assaults_NN2 (_( Harmonic_JJ mean_JJ =_FO 16,838_MC )_) occurred_VVD in_II 
1984_MC than_CSN non-victims_NN2 (_( Harmonic_JJ mean_JJ =_FO 2,732_MC ;_; 
*1_NULL F_NP1 (_( 1_MC1 ,_, 122_MC )_) =_FO 4.52_MC ,_, *1_NULL \_NULL p_ZZ1 
*0_NULL <_FO .05_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Victims_NN2 of_IO crime_NN1 of_IO any_DD kind_NN1 estimated_VVD 
more_DAR crime_NN1 of_IO all_DB kinds_NN2 (_( Harmonic_JJ mean_JJ =_FO 
82,490_MC )_) occurred_VVD in_II 1984_MC than_CSN non-victims_NN2 (_( 
Harmonic_JJ mean_JJ =_FO 25,604_MC ;_; *1_NULL F_NP1 (_( 1_MC1 ,_, 125_MC )_) 
=_FO 6.01_MC ,_, *1_NULL \_NULL p_ZZ1 *0_NULL <_FO .05_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Victims_NN2 of_IO burglary_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, did_VDD not_XX 
estimate_VVI significantly_RR more_DAR burglaries_NN2 to_TO occur_VVI in_II 
1984_MC than_CSN non-victims_NN2 ;_; nor_CC did_VDD victims_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 
crime_NN1 perceive_VV0 a_AT1 significantly_RR different_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO 
increase_NN1 in_II that_DD1 crime_NN1 than_CSN non-victims_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL Discussion_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_RR21 general_RR22 respondents_NN2 underestimated_VVD the_AT 
numbers_NN2 of_IO crimes_NN2 committed_VVD in_II 1984_MC but_CCB they_PPHS2 
overestimated_VVD the_AT number_NN1 of_IO murders_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 result_NN1 is_VBZ similar_JJ to_II that_DD1 found_VVN by_II 
Warr_NP1 (_( 1980_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 also_RR resembles_VVZ the_AT findings_NN2 of_IO 
Lichtenstein_NP1 ,_, Slovic_NP1 ,_, Fischoff_NP1 ,_, Layman_NP1 ,_, and_CC 
Combs_NP1 (_( 1978_MC )_) on_II the_AT judged_JJ frequency_NN1 of_IO 
causes_NN2 of_IO death_NN1 :_: deaths_NN2 from_II common_JJ causes_NN2 or_CC 
unspectacular_JJ events_NN2 were_VBDR underestimated_VVN while_CS those_DD2 
from_II rare_JJ causes_NN2 and_CC dramatic_JJ events_NN2 were_VBDR 
overestimated_VVN ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 320+TEXT+J26_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Punches_NP1 in_II the_AT face_NN1 or_CC kicks_VVZ in_II 
the_AT groin_NN1 are_VBR readily_RR suffered_VVN in_II such_DA 
circumstances_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Today_RT ,_, most_DAT of_IO the_AT problems_NN2 arise_VV0 
when_RRQ a_AT1 resident_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN drinking_VVG or_CC smoking_VVG 
cannabis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD of_IO them_PPHO2 become_VVN very_RG aggressive_JJ and_CC 
are_VBR extremely_RR hard_JJ to_TO manage_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unfortunately_RR ,_, underage_NN1 youngsters_NN2 find_VV0 it_PPH1 
very_RG easy_JJ to_TO get_VVI hold_NN1 of_IO alcohol_NN1 ,_, and_CC all_DB 
the_AT rules_NN2 in_II the_AT world_NN1 are_VBR of_IO little_JJ avail_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT person_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 recognised_JJ drink_NN1 
problem_NN1 ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 the_AT occasional_JJ excessive_JJ 
use_NN1 of_IO alcohol_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 or_CC she_PPHS1 is_VBZ required_VVN 
to_TO undergo_VVI therapy_NN1 and_CC be_VBI on_II a_AT1 strict_JJ 
no-alcohol_JJ regime_NN1 ,_, as_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 we_PPIS2 keep_VV0 
them_PPHO2 in_II our_APPGE care_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Otherwise_RR staff_NN and_CC residents_NN2 as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 
property_NN1 come_VV0 in_RP for_IF a_AT1 battering_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL At_II times_NNT2 some_DD residents_NN2 can_VM be_VBI 
extremely_RR provocative_JJ and_CC give_VV0 staff_NN a_AT1 very_RG hard_JJ 
time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 can_VM goad_VVI ,_, tease_VVI or_CC insult_VVI a_AT1 
given_JJ staff_NN member_NN1 ,_, trying_VVG to_TO provoke_VVI their_APPGE 
anger_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Staff_NN must_VM have_VHI a_AT1 great_JJ deal_NN1 of_IO 
self-control_NN1 ,_, and_CC not_XX be_VBI over-stressed_VVN ,_, for_IF 
them_PPHO2 to_TO cope_VVI with_IW such_DA provocations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 list_NN1 of_IO policies_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN devised_VVN for_IF 
the_AT guidance_NN1 of_IO staff_NN in_II these_DD2 cases_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL They_PPHS2 are_VBR summed_VVN up_RP in_II the_AT Staff_NN 
Manual_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Briefly_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR as_CSA follows_VVZ :_: ^_NULL No_AT 
member_NN1 of_IO staff_NN may_VM physically_RR hit_VVI or_CC push_VVI a_AT1 
resident_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS physical_JJ restraint_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 resident_NN1 becomes_VVZ 
absolutely_RR necessary_JJ to_TO protect_VVI someone_PN1 or_CC to_TO 
safeguard_VVI House_NN1 property_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 must_VM be_VBI limited_VVN 
to_II the_AT minimum_NN1 for_IF the_AT purpose_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Physical_JJ restraint_NN1 is_VBZ forbidden_VVN where_RRQ 
non-co-operative_JJ behaviour_NN1 is_VBZ involved_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ strategies_NN2 must_VM be_VBI used_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Any_DD of_IO the_AT following_JJ events_NN2 must_VM be_VBI 
recorded_VVN in_II a_AT1 log_NN1 book_NN1 kept_VVN in_II each_DD1 House_NN1 
:_: physical_JJ restraint_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 resident_NN1 ;_; violence_NN1 by_II 
a_AT1 resident_NN1 ;_; violence_NN1 by_II a_AT1 staff_NN member_NN1 ;_; any_DD 
punishments_NN2 of_IO residents_NN2 ,_, noting_VVG date_NN1 ,_, nature_NN1 
of_IO behaviour_NN1 ,_, and_CC consequence_NN1 meted_VVD out_RP ;_; any_DD 
criminal_JJ behaviour_NN1 ,_, including_II action_NN1 taken_VVN as_II a_AT1 
result_NN1 ;_; any_DD involvement_NN1 with_IW the_AT police_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Director_NN1 or_CC Deputy_NN1 must_VM be_VBI shown_VVN the_AT 
book_NN1 each_DD1 week_NNT1 at_II the_AT individual_JJ meetings_NN2 with_IW 
administrators_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL So_CS21 that_CS22 this_DD1 policy_NN1 is_VBZ adhered_VVN to_II 
,_, staff_NN must_VM ensure_VVI that_CST their_APPGE own_DA stress_NN1 
levels_NN2 are_VBR attended_VVN to_II ,_, by_II taking_VVG reasonable_JJ 
breaks_NN2 and_CC seeking_VVG whatever_DDQV support_NN1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Director_NN1 can_VM not_XX support_VVI actions_NN2 that_CST 
are_VBR not_XX reported_VVN as_CSA required_VVN ,_, or_CC where_RRQ 
procedures_NN2 are_VBR not_XX followed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Any_DD complaint_NN1 by_II a_AT1 resident_JJ or_CC staff_NN 
member_NN1 regarding_II physical_JJ violence_NN1 must_VM be_VBI recorded_VVN 
,_, and_CC the_AT administrator_NN1 of_IO the_AT House_NN1 ,_, as_CC31 
well_CC32 as_CC33 the_AT Director_NN1 ,_, notified_VVD ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT problem_NN1 lies_VVZ in_II what_DDQ *'_" other_JJ 
restraints_NN2 **'_" can_VM be_VBI used_VVN that_CST are_VBR effective_JJ 
and_CC do_VD0 not_XX violate_VVI our_APPGE policy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD institutions_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 *'_" time_NNT1 out_RP **'_" 
place_VV0 where_RRQ an_AT1 out-of-control_JJ young_JJ person_NN1 is_VBZ 
placed_VVN until_CS they_PPHS2 have_VH0 calmed_VVN down_RP or_CC are_VBR 
open_JJ to_II reason_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ usually_RR a_AT1 secure_JJ room_NN1 that_CST the_AT 
youth_NN can_VM not_XX damage_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Some_DD people_NN oppose_VV0 this_DD1 practice_NN1 ,_, 
regarding_II it_PPH1 as_CS primitive_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ another_DD1 technique_NN1 known_VVN as_II *'_" the_AT 
Michael_NP1 Whiting_NP1 Holding_NP1 **'_" strategy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 involves_VVZ one_MC1 or_CC two_MC adults_NN2 holding_VVG 
a_AT1 boy_NN1 or_CC girl_NN1 with_IW his_APPGE or_CC her_APPGE arms_NN2 
crossed_VVD in_II31 front_II32 of_II33 them_PPHO2 and_CC held_VVN by_II the_AT 
adult_NN1 ,_, while_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR restrained_VVN between_II the_AT 
adult_NN1 's_VHZ knees_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II times_NNT2 this_DD1 holding_NN1 can_VM last_VVI for_IF two_MC 
hours_NNT2 or_CC more_RRR ._. 

^ ^_NULL During_II this_DD1 time_NNT1 ,_, the_AT adult_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX 
speak_VVI with_IW the_AT child_NN1 or_CC youth_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II my_APPGE experience_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 method_NN1 of_IO 
control_NN1 has_VHZ very_RG positive_JJ effects_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Above_II all_DB ,_, it_PPH1 produces_VVZ a_AT1 bonding_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT difficult_JJ youngster_NN1 to_II the_AT adult_NN1 concerned_JJ with_IW 
the_AT strategy_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 does_VDZ change_VVI inappropriate_JJ 
behaviour_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 appears_VVZ more_RGR damaging_JJ to_II the_AT individual_NN1 
's_VBZ pride_NN1 ,_, initially_RR ,_, than_CSN to_II the_AT body_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL However_RR ,_, there_EX are_VBR a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO 
problems_NN2 with_IW this_DD1 strategy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_PN1 is_VBZ the_AT physical_JJ demand_NN1 on_II the_AT person_NN1 
doing_VDG the_AT holding_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Women_NN2 should_VM normally_RR hold_VVI females_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
men_NN2 males_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ time-consuming_JJ ,_, especially_RR since_CS it_PPH1 
can_VM be_VBI required_VVN at_II the_AT most_RGT inconvenient_JJ times_NNT2 
,_, such_II21 as_II22 when_RRQ meals_NN2 are_VBR about_RPK to_TO begin_VVI ;_; 
or_CC there_EX may_VM be_VBI no_AT suitable_JJ staff_NN around_RP ,_, or_CC 
not_XX enough_RR to_TO allow_VVI the_AT holding_NN1 to_TO take_VVI place_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Also_RR the_AT initial_JJ noise_NN1 the_AT youngster_NN1 makes_VVZ 
in_II their_APPGE struggle_NN1 to_TO free_VVI themselves_PPX2 or_CC gain_NN1 
control_NN1 can_VM be_VBI unnerving_VVG for_IF others_NN2 unaware_JJ of_IO 
what_DDQ is_VBZ happening_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_CS21 if_CS22 they_PPHS2 are_VBR aware_JJ ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM 
be_VBI distressing_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL When_CS a_AT1 resident_NN1 physically_RR assaults_VVZ a_AT1 
staff_NN member_NN1 ,_, very_RG serious_JJ consideration_NN1 is_VBZ given_VVN 
as_II21 to_II22 whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 that_DD1 person_NN1 can_VM 
be_VBI allowed_VVN to_TO stay_VVI on_RP in_II the_AT House_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_CS there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN evidence_NN1 of_IO provocation_NN1 
by_II a_AT1 staff_NN member_NN1 ,_, then_RT this_DD1 can_VM be_VBI an_AT1 
ameliorating_JJ factor_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ very_RG difficult_JJ if_CSW those_DD2 who_PNQS 
work_VV0 with_IW youth_NN feel_VV0 physically_RR at_II risk_NN1 in_II 
their_APPGE job_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF this_DD1 reason_NN1 ,_, physical_JJ abuse_NN1 of_IO staff_NN 
is_VBZ grounds_NN2 for_IF dismissal_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Over_II the_AT years_NNT2 it_PPH1 has_VHZ become_VVN clear_VV0 
that_DD1 violence_NN1 ,_, even_RR from_II just_RR one_MC1 resident_NN1 ,_, 
can_VM unsettle_VVI the_AT whole_JJ House_NN1 and_CC make_VVI for_IF 
widespread_JJ acting_VVG out_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ like_II one_MC1 fire_NN1 cracker_NN1 setting_VVG 
off_RP a_AT1 whole_JJ lot_NN of_IO others_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT of_IO the_AT youngsters_NN2 have_VH0 lived_VVN with_IW 
violent_JJ backgrounds_NN2 for_IF many_DA2 years_NNT2 ,_, and_CC have_VH0 
sought_VVN an_AT1 escape_NN1 from_II that_DD1 within_II our_APPGE Homes_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 seems_VVZ that_CST one_MC1 violent_JJ resident_NN1 acting_VVG 
out_RP triggers_NN2 off_II other_JJ people_NN 's_GE neuroses_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
there_EX are_VBR real_JJ problems_NN2 to_TO deal_VVI with_IW as_II a_AT1 
result_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT answer_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN to_TO create_VVI an_AT1 
environment_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ affectionate_JJ ,_, with_IW plenty_PN of_IO 
caring_VVG ,_, touching_VVG and_CC respectful_JJ treatment_NN1 of_IO 
one_PPX121 another_PPX122 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 also_RR means_NN staff_NN maintaining_VVG a_AT1 calm_JJ 
stance_NN1 and_CC manner_NN1 ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT residents_NN2 
are_VBR able_JK to_TO respond_VVI to_II that_DD1 ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 
an_AT1 aggressive_JJ ,_, loud_JJ approach_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 further_JJR requirement_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO ensure_VVI that_CST 
each_DD1 young_JJ person_NN1 gets_VVZ adequate_JJ ,_, consistent_JJ 
attention_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS this_DD1 does_VDZ not_XX happen_VVI ,_, then_RT problem_NN1 
behaviours_NN2 inevitably_RR result_VV0 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Our_APPGE policy_NN1 for_IF residents_NN2 who_PNQS use_VV0 
violence_NN1 depends_VVZ on_II the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT assault_NN1 
and_CC to_II what_DDQ extent_NN1 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ provoked_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unprovoked_JJ attacks_NN2 are_VBR followed_VVN up_RP immediately_RR 
by_II suspension_NN1 ,_, while_CS the_AT future_NN1 of_IO the_AT aggressor_NN1 
is_VBZ considered_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 or_CC she_PPHS1 is_VBZ usually_RR placed_VVN temporarily_RR 
in_II a_AT1 different_JJ House_NN1 ;_; but_CCB if_CS the_AT attack_NN1 is_VBZ 
a_AT1 serious_JJ one_PN1 ,_, the_AT police_NN2 are_VBR involved_VVN ,_, 
charges_NN2 are_VBR laid_VVN ,_, and_CC the_AT person_NN1 responsible_JJ 
may_VM be_VBI placed_VVN in_II a_AT1 welfare_NN1 institution_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II cases_NN2 where_CS there_EX is_VBZ evidence_NN1 of_IO 
provocation_NN1 by_II someone_PN1 else_RR ,_, then_RT the_AT parties_NN2 
are_VBR brought_VVN together_RL ,_, degrees_NN2 of_IO responsibility_NN1 
are_VBR worked_VVN out_RP ,_, and_CC appropriate_JJ consequences_NN2 are_VBR 
decided_VVN on_RP for_IF either_DD1 or_CC both_RR ,_, as_CSA the_AT case_NN1 
warrants_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Angry_JJ and_CC aggressive_JJ acts_NN2 are_VBR part_NN1 of_IO 
most_DAT family_NN life_NN1 ,_, unfortunately_RR ,_, so_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
not_XX surprising_JJ that_CST we_PPIS2 should_VM experience_VVI these_DD2 
reactions_NN2 in_II Houses_NP2 with_IW large_JJ groups_NN2 of_IO people_NN 
who_PNQS have_VH0 been_VBN used_JJ to_II dealing_VVG with_IW frustration_NN1 
through_II physical_JJ attacks_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Simon_NP1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 Maori_JJ youth_NN1 who_PNQS came_VVD 
to_TO Greys_NP Avenue_NNL1 when_RRQ he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ fourteen_MC years_NNT2 
old_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF the_AT first_MD six_MC months_NNT2 ,_, he_PPHS1 seemed_VVD 
to_TO have_VHI little_JJ respect_NN1 for_IF me_PPIO1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS he_PPHS1 got_VVD into_II trouble_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 used_VMK 
to_TO say_VVI to_II me_PPIO1 ,_, *'_" ^_NULL Hit_VVD me_PPIO1 ,_, go_NN1 on_RP 
,_, hit_VVD me_PPIO1 !_! 

^ **'_" ^_NULL When_CS I_PPIS1 answered_VVD that_CST I_PPIS1 did_VDD not_XX 
believe_VVI in_II hitting_VVG people_NN ,_, he_PPHS1 would_VM reply_VVI 
with_IW some_DD scorn_NN1 ,_, *'_" ^_NULL What_DDQ sort_NN1 of_IO head_NN1 
are_VBR you_PPY ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Fathers_NN2 have_VH0 to_TO hit_VVI ,_, if_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR 
the_AT bosses_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL You_PPY are_VBR no_AT good_JJ if_CS you_PPY do_VD0 n't_XX use_VVI 
capital_NN1 (_( meaning_NN1 corporal_NN1 )_) punishment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL You_PPY 're_VBR no_AT father_NN1 ._. 

^ **'_" ^_NULL He_PPHS1 grew_VVD to_TO think_VVI differently_RR over_II the_AT 
six_MC years_NNT2 he_PPHS1 lived_VVD with_IW us_PPIO2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL When_CS I_PPIS1 have_VH0 asked_VVN adults_NN2 what_DDQ 
we_PPIS2 should_VM do_VDI regarding_II *'_" pot_NN1 **'_" smoking_VVG among_II 
residents_NN2 ,_, the_AT answers_NN2 are_VBR varied_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 say_NN1 there_EX is_VBZ nothing_PN1 you_PPY can_VM do_VDI 
about_II it_PPH1 ,_, as_CSA its_APPGE use_NN1 is_VBZ widespread_JJ in_II 
the_AT community_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 difficult_JJ problem_NN1 ,_, not_XX so_RG 
much_DA1 because_II21 of_II22 its_APPGE criminal_JJ connotations_NN2 ,_, 
but_CCB because_II21 of_II22 the_AT psychological_JJ effects_NN2 produced_VVN 
on_II the_AT users_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT of_IO our_APPGE residents_NN2 have_VH0 emotional_JJ 
problems_NN2 ,_, and_CC we_PPIS2 have_VH0 found_VVN over_II many_DA2 
years_NNT2 that_DD1 marijuana_NN1 exacerbates_VVZ these_DD2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Many_DA2 youths_NN2 in_II our_APPGE care_NN1 have_VH0 not_XX 
benefited_VVN the_AT way_NN1 we_PPIS2 would_VM have_VHI wished_VVN ,_, 
because_II21 of_II22 their_APPGE pre-occupation_NN1 with_IW smoking_VVG *'_" 
grass_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 are_VBR unable_JJ to_TO concentrate_VVI at_II school_NN1 
or_CC work_NN1 ,_, miss_VV0 out_RP on_II appointments_NN2 ,_, commit_NN1 
criminal_NN1 acts_VVZ under_II its_APPGE influence_NN1 ,_, and_CC develop_VV0 
a_ZZ1 *'_" could_VM n't_XX care_VVI less_DAR **'_" attitude_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Good_JJ resolutions_NN2 about_II all_DB kinds_NN2 of_IO changes_NN2 
in_II their_APPGE lives_NN2 last_VV0 only_RR until_CS the_AT next_MD smoke_NN1 
,_, and_CC then_RT all_DB resolutions_NN2 go_VV0 overboard_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 of_IO them_PPHO2 have_VH0 admitted_VVN ,_, at_II a_AT1 
later_JJR stage_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 pot_NN1 smoking_NN1 was_VBDZ their_APPGE 
undoing_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL We_PPIS2 had_VHD one_MC1 girl_NN1 who_PNQS was_VBDZ warned_VVN 
about_II smoking_VVG marijuana_NN1 and_CC how_RGQ fragile_JJ she_PPHS1 
was_VBDZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 cautions_NN2 were_VBDR ignored_VVN and_CC she_PPHS1 
ended_VVD up_RP on_II one_MC1 occasion_NN1 directing_VVG traffic_NN1 in_II 
a_AT1 city_NN1 street_NN1 ;_; on_II another_DD1 she_PPHS1 held_VVD up_RP 
people_NN with_IW an_AT1 air_NN1 rifle_NN1 for_IF fun_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 the_AT armed_JJ offenders_NN2 squad_NN1 
was_VBDZ called_VVN out_RP ,_, and_CC the_AT girl_NN1 got_VVD a_AT1 heavy_JJ 
custodial_JJ sentence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 think_VV0 that_CST cured_VVD her_PPHO1 of_IO her_APPGE 
smoking_JJ behaviour_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Regarding_II drugs_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ always_RR been_VBN 
our_APPGE policy_NN1 not_XX to_TO take_VVI heavy_JJ drug_NN1 users_NN2 
who_PNQS were_VBDR still_RR caught_VVN up_RP with_IW their_APPGE habit_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Special_JJ controlled_JJ facilities_NN2 are_VBR needed_VVN if_CSW 
proper_JJ care_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI given_VVN to_II such_DA people_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Over_II the_AT years_NNT2 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 had_VHN many_DA2 who_PNQS 
have_VH0 given_VVN up_RP drugs_NN2 or_CC nearly_RR worked_VVN through_II 
their_APPGE drug_NN1 problems_NN2 ,_, and_CC we_PPIS2 have_VH0 been_VBN 
able_JK to_TO provide_VVI a_AT1 supportive_JJ environment_NN1 for_IF 
them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD of_IO our_APPGE most_RGT successful_JJ rehabilitations_NN2 
have_VH0 been_VBN with_IW such_DA young_JJ people_NN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL We_PPIS2 tell_VV0 residents_NN2 that_DD1 marijuana_NN1 is_VBZ 
illegal_JJ and_CC therefore_RR can_VM not_XX be_VBI allowed_VVN in_RP or_CC 
used_VVN in_II the_AT Houses_NP2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 also_RR require_VV0 that_DD1 staff_NN do_VD0 not_XX use_VVI 
marijuana_NN1 ,_, since_CS the_AT models_NN2 they_PPHS2 present_VV0 to_II 
residents_NN2 are_VBR extremely_RR important_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Any_DD dealing_NN1 will_VM be_VBI reported_VVN to_II the_AT 
police_NN2 ,_, and_CC there_EX will_VM be_VBI no_AT support_NN1 from_II the_AT 
Houses_NP2 if_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ proven_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL From_RR41 time_RR42 to_RR43 time_RR44 we_PPIS2 run_VV0 educational_JJ 
programmes_NN2 on_II drug_NN1 abuse_NN1 ,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 try_VV0 to_TO 
be_VBI positive_JJ in_II our_APPGE approach_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 emphasise_VV0 the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO being_VBG 
concerned_JJ about_II what_DDQ goes_VVZ into_II one_PN1 's_GE body_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC taking_VVG care_NN1 of_IO oneself_PNX1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL On_II one_MC1 occasion_NN1 we_PPIS2 found_VVD that_CST a_AT1 
staff_NN member_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS had_VHD come_VVN to_II us_PPIO2 well_RR 
recommended_VVN ,_, was_VBDZ using_VVG hard_JJ drugs_NN2 ,_, and_CC her_APPGE 
husband_NN1 turned_VVD out_RP to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 dealer_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II occasion_NN1 she_PPHS1 invited_VVD a_DD221 few_DD222 
residents_NN2 around_RP to_II her_PPHO1 home_RL ,_, and_CC allowed_VVD 
them_PPHO2 to_TO smoke_VVI pot_NN1 there_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ not_XX surprising_JJ she_PPHS1 had_VHD 
considerable_JJ influence_NN1 over_II some_DD of_IO the_AT more_RGR 
difficult_JJ residents_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_CS31 soon_CS32 as_CS33 I_PPIS1 found_VVD out_RP what_DDQ 
was_VBDZ going_VVG on_RP ,_, I_PPIS1 went_VVD round_RP to_II her_APPGE 
home_NN1 and_CC dismissed_VVD her_PPHO1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB some_DD damage_NN1 continued_VVN after_II this_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Not_XX every_AT1 resident_NN1 could_VM appreciate_VVI the_AT 
grounds_NN2 for_IF her_APPGE dismissal_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 explained_VVD what_DDQ had_VHD happened_VVN and_CC the_AT 
action_NN1 I_PPIS1 took_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_DD221 few_DD222 of_IO her_APPGE closest_JJT admirers_NN2 
revolted_VVD against_II the_AT dismissal_NN1 ,_, and_CC refused_VVD to_TO 
co-operate_VVI in_II the_AT House_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Eventually_RR they_PPHS2 had_VHD to_TO go_VVI too_RG ,_, as_CSA 
they_PPHS2 continued_VVD in_II their_APPGE drug_NN1 activity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 took_VVD some_DD months_NNT2 to_TO recover_VVI from_II 
that_DD1 disaster_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II more_RGR recent_JJ times_NNT2 ,_, glue_NN1 sniffing_NN1 
has_VHZ become_VVN commonplace_JJ among_II the_AT younger_JJR set_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Few_DA2 residents_NN2 under_RG seventeen_MC coming_JJ to_II our_APPGE 
Homes_NN2 will_VM not_XX have_VHI tried_VVN sniffing_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX ,_, however_RR ,_, a_AT1 problem_NN1 within_II 
our_APPGE Houses_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 have_VH0 so_RG far_RR managed_VVN to_TO keep_VVI it_PPH1 
in_II check_NN1 ,_, by_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO two_MC things_NN2 *-_- peer_VV0 
pressure_NN1 ,_, and_CC individual_JJ resolution_NN1 of_IO problems_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Glue_NP1 sniffing_VVG or_CC solvent_JJ abuse_NN1 are_VBR seen_VVN 
as_CSA childish_JJ and_CC irresponsible_JJ behaviours_NN2 by_II most_DAT 
residents_NN2 ,_, so_CS there_EX is_VBZ no_AT status_NN1 to_TO be_VBI 
gained_VVN from_II boasting_NN1 of_IO being_VBG a_AT1 sniffer_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Former_DA glue_NN1 sniffers_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN very_RG 
effective_JJ in_II persuading_VVG the_AT newer_JJR residents_NN2 who_PNQS 
are_VBR users_NN2 to_TO give_VVI up_RP the_AT habit_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CS31 soon_CS32 as_CS33 the_AT newcomer_NN1 gains_VVZ security_NN1 
in_II the_AT House_NN1 and_CC gets_VVZ individualised_JJ attention_NN1 ,_, 
a_AT1 change_NN1 takes_VVZ place_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT former_DA user_NN1 
rarely_RR lapses_VVZ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Theft_NP1 has_VHZ increased_VVN in_II our_APPGE society_NN 
in_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 ,_, and_CC this_DD1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II the_AT 
number_NN1 of_IO locks_NN2 we_PPIS2 now_RT have_VH0 to_TO have_VHI on_II 
doors_NN2 and_CC cupboards_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS we_PPIS2 started_VVD ,_, nothing_PN1 was_VBDZ locked_VVN 
up_RP ;_; now_RT most_DAT things_NN2 are_VBR ,_, as_CSA thieving_VVG 
becomes_VVZ a_AT1 way_NN1 of_IO life_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 colleague_NN1 of_IO mine_PPGE lives_VVZ in_II a_AT1 long_JJ 
Auckland_NP1 suburban_JJ street_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ every_AT1 house_NN1 
has_VHZ been_VBN burgled_VVN ,_, including_II his_APPGE own_DA *-_- some_RR 
several_DA2 times_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS videos_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN the_AT thief_NN1 's_VBZ 
bait_NN1 ,_, even_RR those_DD2 who_PNQS do_VD0 n't_XX own_VVI one_PN1 can_VM 
not_XX feel_VVI secure_JJ about_II their_APPGE property_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Manufacturers_NN2 of_IO burglar_NN1 alarms_NN2 have_VH0 made_VVN 
a_AT1 fortune_NN1 ,_, but_CCB have_VH0 failed_VVN to_TO stem_VVI the_AT 
rise_NN1 in_II thefts_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Many_DA2 youngsters_NN2 in_II31 need_II32 of_II33 
residential_JJ care_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN well_RR schooled_VVN in_II the_AT 
art_NN1 of_IO breaking_VVG and_CC entering_VVG or_CC car_NN1 conversion_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF quite_RR a_AT1 number_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 
way_NN1 of_IO punishing_VVG their_APPGE parents_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Since_CS none_PN of_IO our_APPGE Homes_NN2 are_VBR prisons_NN2 or_CC 
secure_JJ lock-ups_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 trouble_NN1 making_VVG sure_JJ 
that_CST this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO criminal_JJ behaviour_NN1 ceases_VVZ on_II 
arrival_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 321+TEXT+J27_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ usually_RR a_AT1 substantial_JJ cooked_JJ 
meal_NN1 ,_, distinguished_JJ from_II cold_JJ food_NN1 or_CC hot_JJ snacks_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ is_VBZ eaten_VVN ,_, when_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ eaten_VVN ,_, 
and_CC who_PNQS partakes_VVZ of_IO the_AT food_NN1 *-_- all_DB the_AT 
rituals_NN2 involved_JJ in_II the_AT meal_NN1 *-_- tell_VV0 us_PPIO2 about_II 
divisions_NN2 and_CC connections_NN2 between_II the_AT public_NN and_CC the_AT 
private_JJ domains_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Food_NN1 preparation_NN1 and_CC meals_NN2 are_VBR areas_NN2 
where_RRQ women_NN2 have_VH0 control_NN1 ;_; they_PPHS2 are_VBR 
illustrative_JJ of_IO the_AT woman_NN1 's_GE domestic_JJ realm_NN1 of_IO 
expertise_NN1 ,_, and_CC an_AT1 opportunity_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 wife_NN1 and_CC 
mother_NN1 to_TO demonstrate_VVI her_APPGE love_NN1 for_IF her_APPGE family_NN 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT meal_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 significant_JJ symbol_NN1 of_IO 
family_NN unity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 shows_VVZ the_AT success_NN1 of_IO the_AT family_NN in_II 
getting_VVG together_RL ,_, of_IO the_AT father_NN1 being_VBG with_IW 
his_APPGE family_NN ,_, despite_II the_AT demands_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
shiftwork_NN1 schedule_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL But_CCB paradoxically_RR ,_, while_CS meals_NN2 are_VBR 
ostensibly_RR under_II women_NN2 's_GE control_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR 
also_RR prepared_VVN and_CC served_VVN in_II deference_NN1 to_II the_AT 
man_NN1 's_VBZ timetable_NN1 ,_, shaped_VVN by_II external_JJ forces_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT organisation_NN1 of_IO the_AT meal_NN1 indicates_VVZ how_RRQ 
a_AT1 wife_NN1 's_GE domestic_JJ work_NN1 is_VBZ structured_VVN by_II 
her_APPGE husband_NN1 's_VBZ occupation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, on_II the_AT evening_NNT1 shift_VV0 ,_, 
the_AT main_JJ meal_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR served_VVN at_II lunchtime_NNT1 ,_, 
or_CC in_II the_AT afternoon_NNT1 when_RRQ the_AT children_NN2 have_VH0 
returned_VVN from_II school_NN1 ,_, and_CC before_II the_AT husband_NN1 
leaves_VVZ for_IF work_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 woman_NN1 explained_VVD :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL 
Another_DD1 woman_NN1 expressed_VVD how_RRQ she_PPHS1 felt_VVD obliged_VVD 
to_TO fit_VVI in_RP with_IW her_APPGE husband_NN1 's_VBZ work_NN1 schedule_NN1 
:_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT obligatory_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT wife_NN1 's_VBZ work_NN1 reveals_VVZ not_XX only_RR the_AT way_NN1 
it_PPH1 benefits_NN2 industrial_JJ production_NN1 in_II sustaining_VVG the_AT 
male_JJ worker_NN1 but_CCB also_RR the_AT way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ it_PPH1 
is_VBZ a_AT1 service_NN1 to_II the_AT husband_NN1 ,_, done_VDN as_II part_NN1 
of_IO the_AT woman_NN1 's_VHZ duties_NN2 as_II wife_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS some_DD husbands_NN2 cooked_VVD their_APPGE own_DA 
meals_NN2 ,_, most_DAT expected_VVD their_APPGE wives_NN2 to_TO have_VHI 
food_NN1 ready_JJ *'_" on_II call_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 context_NN1 the_AT main_JJ meal_NN1 can_VM be_VBI 
seen_VVN as_II a_AT1 symbol_NN1 of_IO hierarchical_JJ gender_NN1 
divisions_NNJ2 of_IO power_NN1 and_CC status_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT wife_NN1 's_GE deferential_JJ status_NN1 is_VBZ revealed_VVN 
in_II her_APPGE role_NN1 ;_; she_PPHS1 cooks_VVZ as_II a_AT1 service_NN1 
for_IF her_APPGE husband_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Meals_NN2 are_VBR organised_VVN around_II his_APPGE comings_NN2 
and_CC goings_NN2 ,_, and_CC made_VVN to_II his_APPGE taste_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Women_NN2 and_CC children_NN2 can_VM make_VVI do_VDI with_IW 
snacks_NN2 ,_, but_CCB a_AT1 man_NN1 needs_VVZ a_AT1 filling_JJ cooked_JJ 
meal_NN1 to_TO prepare_VVI him_PPHO1 for_IF work_NN1 or_CC to_TO replenish_VVI 
him_PPHO1 afterwards_RT ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Cooking_VVG for_IF the_AT husband_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 marital_JJ 
expectation_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ seldom_RR questioned_VVN ,_, and_CC the_AT 
actions_NN2 of_IO two_MC wives_NN2 who_PNQS refused_VVD to_TO be_VBI at_II 
the_AT beck_NN1 and_CC call_NN1 of_IO the_AT industrial_JJ timetable_NN1 
are_VBR unusual_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 husband_NN1 ate_VVD many_DA2 meals_NN2 at_II the_AT work_NN1 
canteen_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT other_JJ woman_NN1 insisted_VVD that_CST everyone_PN1 in_II 
her_APPGE household_NN1 prepare_VV0 their_APPGE own_DA meals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT behaviour_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 women_NN2 challenges_VVZ 
deep-seated_JJ ideas_NN2 about_II the_AT association_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 
with_IW nurture_NN1 and_CC service_NN1 (_( the_AT canteen_NN1 meal_NN1 can_VM 
be_VBI seen_VVN as_II the_AT antithesis_NN1 of_IO the_AT nourishing_JJ 
home-cooked_JJ meal_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB these_DD2 two_MC were_VBDR very_RG much_DA1 in_II the_AT 
minority_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT wives_NN2 did_VDD not_XX question_VVI that_CST they_PPHS2 
would_VM cook_VVI for_IF their_APPGE husbands_NN2 in_II compliance_NN1 with_IW 
their_APPGE timetables_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 not_XX only_RR required_VVD the_AT provision_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
proper_JJ cooked_JJ meal_NN1 ,_, but_CCB also_RR snacks_VVZ and_CC cut_JJ 
lunches_NN2 when_CS required_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Wives_NN2 ensure_VV0 their_APPGE husbands_NN2 '_GE 
material_NN1 wellbeing_NN1 by_II providing_VVG meals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Wives_NN2 '_GE efforts_NN2 to_TO ensure_VVI the_AT health_NN1 and_CC 
emotional_JJ wellbeing_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE spouses_NN2 are_VBR equally_RR 
important_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Research_NN1 indicates_VVZ that_DD1 nightwork_NN1 and_CC the_AT 
regular_JJ change_NN1 of_IO shifts_NN2 can_VM result_VVI in_II physical_JJ 
problems_NN2 and_CC mental_JJ stress_NN1 for_IF the_AT shiftworker_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Wives_NN2 cope_VV0 with_IW these_DD2 problems_NN2 in_II their_APPGE 
attempts_NN2 to_TO make_VVI a_AT1 soothing_JJ and_CC comfortable_JJ home_NN1 
life_NN1 ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 their_APPGE husbands_NN2 can_VM relax_VVI 
after_II work_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT wife_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR required_VVN to_TO 
minimise_VVI conflict_NN1 arising_VVG from_II the_AT male_JJ worker_NN1 's_VHZ 
routines_NN2 and_CC requirements_NN2 ,_, and_CC those_DD2 of_IO other_JJ 
family_NN members_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ especially_RR acute_JJ when_CS the_AT children_NN2 
are_VBR young_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Children_NN2 have_VH0 their_APPGE own_DA *'_" shifts_NN2 **'_" and_CC 
routines_NN2 which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI only_RR partially_RR accommodated_VVN 
to_II the_AT shiftworker_NN1 's_VBZ timetable_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 woman_NN1 recalled_VVD her_APPGE experience_NN1 when_RRQ 
the_AT children_NN2 were_VBDR young_JJ :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL 
Accommodating_VVG the_AT needs_NN2 of_IO children_NN2 with_IW the_AT 
demands_NN2 of_IO shiftwork_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX the_AT only_JJ problem_NN1 
the_AT women_NN2 identified_VVD ,_, though_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ certainly_RR 
a_AT1 major_JJ one_PN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX were_VBDR others_NN2 ,_, well_RR summed_VVD up_RP by_II 
this_DD1 woman_NN1 whose_DDQGE husband_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN on_II 
shiftwork_NN1 for_IF over_RG twenty_MC years_NNT2 :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT constraints_NN2 and_CC 
demands_NN2 of_IO shiftwork_NN1 rest_NN1 heavily_RR on_II the_AT wife_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC she_PPHS1 must_VM deal_VVI with_IW these_DD2 in_II her_APPGE role_NN1 
as_II custodian_NN1 of_IO the_AT family_NN 's_GE welfare_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Less_RGR obvious_JJ are_VBR any_DD advantages_NN2 the_AT wife_NN1 
derives_VVZ from_II shiftwork_NN1 ,_, or_CC any_DD ways_NN2 in_II which_DDQ 
its_APPGE pressures_NN2 are_VBR eased_VVN for_IF her_PPHO1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, some_DD wives_NN2 discover_VV0 a_AT1 certain_JJ 
freedom_NN1 within_II its_APPGE confines_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF women_NN2 with_IW older_JJR children_NN2 the_AT evening_NNT1 
shift_VV0 offers_NN2 time_VV0 relatively_RR free_JJ from_II domestic_JJ 
duties_NN2 ,_, and_CC from_II their_APPGE spouse_NN1 's_VHZ expectations_NN2 
of_IO companionship_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 of_IO the_AT women_NN2 implied_VVD that_CST when_CS the_AT 
husband_NN1 was_VBDZ at_II home_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 determined_VVD how_RRQ the_AT 
couple_NN1 would_VM spend_VVI their_APPGE time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 wife_NN1 compared_VVD the_AT relative_JJ freedom_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT evening_NNT1 shift_VV0 with_IW the_AT freedom_NN1 of_IO *'_" 
pleasing_VVG herself_PPX1 **'_" she_PPHS1 had_VHD experienced_VVN as_II a_AT1 
young_JJ woman_NN1 before_II marriage_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 woman_NN1 described_VVD how_RRQ she_PPHS1 used_VVD the_AT 
evening_NNT1 shift_VV0 for_IF both_RR individual_JJ and_CC social_JJ 
activities_NN2 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL 
Although_CS shiftwork_NN1 takes_VVZ precedence_NN1 in_II so_RG many_DA2 
ways_NN2 ,_, some_DD wives_NN2 have_VH0 made_VVN their_APPGE own_DA 
personal_JJ spaces_NN2 within_II its_APPGE demands_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Some_DD women_NN2 found_VVD other_JJ advantages_NN2 in_II 
shiftwork_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF them_PPHO2 it_PPH1 opened_VVD up_RP possibilities_NN2 in_II 
reorganising_VVG childcare_NN1 and_CC housework_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Several_DA2 mentioned_VVD that_CST their_APPGE husbands_NN2 did_VDD 
household_NN1 chores_NN2 and_CC cooked_JJ meals_NN2 when_RRQ they_PPHS2 
were_VBDR off_II work_NN1 in_II the_AT daytime_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT women_NN2 also_RR mentioned_VVN how_RRQ shiftwork_NN1 
gave_VVD fathers_NN2 the_AT opportunity_NN1 of_IO spending_VVG more_RRR 
time_VV0 with_IW their_APPGE children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 young_JJ mother_NN1 considered_VVD that_CST in_II this_DD1 
way_NN1 shiftwork_NN1 had_VHD considerably_RR benefited_VVN her_APPGE 
family_NN :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Another_DD1 woman_NN1 reported_VVD 
how_RRQ her_APPGE return_NN1 to_TO work_VVI when_RRQ the_AT children_NN2 
were_VBDR small_JJ had_VHD been_VBN facilitated_VVN by_II her_APPGE 
husband_NN1 's_VBZ shiftwork_NN1 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Yet_RR 
the_AT husband_NN1 's_VHZ opportunities_NN2 to_TO be_VBI with_IW the_AT 
children_NN2 are_VBR curtailed_VVN when_RRQ the_AT children_NN2 start_VV0 
school_NN1 ,_, and_CC shiftwork_NN1 encroaches_VVZ on_II family_NN time_VV0 
at_II the_AT weekend_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT wives_NN2 found_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 still_RR took_VVD 
on_RP the_AT major_JJ responsibility_NN1 of_IO childrearing_VVG ,_, and_CC 
some_DD insisted_VVD that_DD1 shiftwork_NN1 made_VVD it_PPH1 easier_JJR for_IF 
fathers_NN2 to_TO opt_VVI out_II21 of_II22 some_DD duties_NN2 ,_, such_II21 
as_II22 disciplining_VVG the_AT children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nor_CC does_VDZ shiftwork_NN1 necessarily_RR promote_VV0 a_AT1 
greater_JJR sharing_NN1 of_IO housework_NN1 between_II spouses_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT two_MC women_NN2 who_PNQS commented_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 
were_VBDR only_RR able_JK to_TO remain_VVI in_II paid_JJ work_NN1 
throughout_II most_DAT of_IO their_APPGE married_JJ lives_NN2 because_II21 
of_II22 shiftwork_NN1 were_VBDR unusual_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF other_JJ men_NN2 ,_, the_AT shiftwork_NN1 routine_NN1 
justified_VVD a_AT1 lack_NN1 of_IO domestic_JJ involvement_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
reinforced_VVD a_AT1 traditional_JJ sexual_JJ division_NN1 of_IO labour_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR those_DD2 husbands_NN2 who_PNQS did_VDD domestic_JJ work_NN1 
and_CC childcare_NN1 helped_VVN rather_II21 than_II22 took_VVD full_JJ 
responsibility_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST domestic_JJ responsibilities_NN2 are_VBR 
still_RR largely_RR women_NN2 's_GE ,_, although_CS the_AT actual_JJ tasks_NN2 
may_VM be_VBI divided_VVN more_RGR evenly_RR in_II some_DD families_NN2 ,_, 
indicates_VVZ that_CST the_AT traditional_JJ sexual_JJ division_NN1 of_IO 
labour_NN1 remains_VVZ predominant_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 wife_NN1 may_VM change_VVI the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO 
shiftwork_NN1 on_II her_PPHO1 in_II a_AT1 personal_JJ way_NN1 by_II 
persuading_VVG her_APPGE husband_NN1 to_TO go_VVI on_RP to_II day_NNT1 
work_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB this_DD1 does_VDZ not_XX affect_VVI the_AT structure_NN1 
of_IO shiftwork_NN1 in_II the_AT workplace_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Shiftwork_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 feature_NN1 of_IO the_AT organisation_NN1 
of_IO the_AT public_JJ world_NN1 beyond_II the_AT wives_NN2 '_GE control_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA such_DA ,_, it_PPH1 illustrates_VVZ the_AT dominance_NN1 of_IO 
industrial_JJ production_NN1 over_II domestic_JJ activities_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Shiftwork_NP1 is_VBZ an_AT1 everyday_JJ feature_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT workplace_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ routinely_RR dealt_VVN with_IW in_II 
the_AT home_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II contrast_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 industrial_JJ dispute_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 
sudden_JJ event_NN1 ,_, intensely_RR disruptive_JJ to_II both_DB2 public_NN 
and_CC private_JJ life_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Industrial_JJ disputes_NN2 are_VBR salient_JJ ,_, though_CS 
infrequent_JJ features_NN2 ,_, of_IO this_DD1 town_NN1 that_CST make_VV0 
everyone_PN1 acutely_RR aware_JJ of_IO the_AT mill_NN1 's_VBZ effect_NN1 on_II 
their_APPGE lives_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT of_IO the_AT women_NN2 in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 have_VH0 
experienced_VVN their_APPGE husbands_NN2 being_VBG off_II work_NN1 
because_II21 of_II22 an_AT1 industrial_JJ dispute_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT loss_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 job_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 male_JJ worker_NN1 
and_CC loss_NN1 of_IO family_NN income_NN1 led_VVD the_AT women_NN2 to_TO 
question_VVI their_APPGE accepted_JJ understandings_NN2 of_IO marital_JJ 
roles_NN2 and_CC the_AT power_NN1 of_IO public_JJ events_NN2 to_TO 
prescribe_VVI private_JJ lives_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT domestic_JJ sphere_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX an_AT1 autonomous_JJ 
world_NN1 in_II which_DDQ individuals_NN2 remain_VV0 uninfluenced_JJ by_II 
outside_JJ events_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT women_NN2 described_VVD the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 
six-week_JJ dispute_NN1 in_II the_AT autumn_NNT1 of_IO 1978_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 detested_VVD industrial_JJ disputes_NN2 because_II21 
of_II22 their_APPGE immediate_JJ and_CC personal_JJ effects_NN2 on_II the_AT 
family_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT shattering_JJ consequences_NN2 is_VBZ 
economic_JJ hardship_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT women_NN2 viewed_VVD the_AT dispute_NN1 as_CSA directly_RR 
threatening_VVG their_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO be_VBI competent_JJ 
housekeepers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II the_AT managers_NN2 of_IO the_AT household_NN1 budget_NN1 ,_, 
they_PPHS2 were_VBDR confronted_VVN with_IW the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ 
to_TO provide_VVI for_IF their_APPGE family_NN 's_GE daily_JJ needs_NN2 ,_, 
and_CC how_RRQ to_TO honour_VVI long-term_JJ financial_JJ commitments_NN2 ,_, 
without_IW regular_JJ funds_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 woman_NN1 expressed_VVD it_PPH1 like_II this_DD1 :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT wives_NN2 who_PNQS 
received_VVD union_NN welfare_NN1 felt_VVD the_AT public_JJ stigma_NN1 
attached_VVD to_II their_APPGE position_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS priding_VVG themselves_PPX2 on_II their_APPGE abilities_NN2 
as_CSA domestic_JJ managers_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 became_VVD acutely_RR aware_JJ 
of_IO their_APPGE vulnerable_JJ position_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Public_JJ events_NN2 were_VBDR exerting_VVG a_AT1 forceful_JJ 
influence_NN1 on_II their_APPGE domestic_JJ realm_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Lack_NN1 of_IO money_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX the_AT only_JJ 
problem_NN1 faced_VVN by_II wives_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT dispute_NN1 also_RR disrupted_VVD the_AT household_NN1 
routine_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_RR21 first_RR22 the_AT women_NN2 enjoyed_VVD not_XX having_VHG 
to_TO accommodate_VVI shiftwork_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB having_VHG a_AT1 husband_NN1 at_II home_RL all_DB day_NNT1 
,_, and_CC perhaps_RR a_AT1 bad_JJ tempered_VVD one_PN1 at_II that_DD1 ,_, 
meant_VVD further_RRR unwelcome_JJ unpredictability_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
women_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO get_VVI away_II21 from_II22 a_AT1 
dispute_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT town_NN1 where_RRQ the_AT mill_NN1 's_VHZ 
employees_NN2 make_VV0 up_RP over_RG 60_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT 
local_JJ workforce_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Spouse_NP1 ,_, neighbours_NN2 ,_, friends_NN2 ,_, relatives_NN2 *-_- 
all_DB are_VBR directly_RR or_CC indirectly_RR involved_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II such_DA a_AT1 situation_NN1 a_AT1 wife_NN1 becomes_VVZ 
especially_RR sensitive_JJ to_II her_APPGE husband_NN1 's_GE emotional_JJ 
state_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL One_MC1 woman_NN1 ,_, whose_DDQGE husband_NN1 belonged_VVD 
to_II the_AT union_NN at_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO the_AT dispute_NN1 ,_, 
commented_VVD that_CST she_PPHS1 felt_VVD bitter_JJ about_II him_PPHO1 
being_VBG off_II work_NN1 ,_, but_CCB acknowledged_VVD the_AT pressures_NN2 
he_PPHS1 must_VM have_VHI felt_VVN from_II workmates_NN2 ,_, the_AT family_NN 
and_CC other_JJ quarters_NN2 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 
woman_NN1 wanted_VVD information_NN1 about_II the_AT dispute_NN1 from_II 
her_APPGE husband_NN1 ,_, but_CCB in_II seeking_VVG it_PPH1 she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ 
aware_JJ that_CST she_PPHS1 risked_VVD upsetting_VVG the_AT already_RR 
precarious_JJ atmosphere_NN1 of_IO the_AT household_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL She_PPHS1 observed_VVD that_CST talk_VV0 about_II the_AT dispute_NN1 
*'_" just_RR caused_VVN arguments_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ pretty_RG 
counterproductive_JJ **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 woman_NN1 had_VHD a_AT1 similar_JJ experience_NN1 :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Although_CS some_DD women_NN2 
could_VM talk_VVI about_II the_AT dispute_NN1 with_IW their_APPGE husbands_NN2 
,_, the_AT experiences_NN2 of_IO wives_NN2 quoted_VVD above_RL were_VBDR 
more_RGR typical_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Being_VBG physically_RR and_CC symbolically_RR distanced_VVD from_II 
their_APPGE husbands_NN2 '_GE workplace_NN1 ,_, most_DAT wives_NN2 did_VDD 
not_XX have_VHI access_NN1 to_II reliable_JJ and_CC accurate_JJ 
information_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE view_NN1 of_IO events_NN2 was_VBDZ particularly_RR 
influenced_VVN by_II the_AT news_NN1 media_NN ,_, which_DDQ tended_VVD to_TO 
provide_VVI only_RR superficial_JJ coverage_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 wife_NN1 summed_VVD up_RP the_AT frustrations_NN2 of_IO 
many_DA2 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL A_DD221 few_DD222 wives_NN2 
accepted_VVD the_AT imposition_NN1 of_IO the_AT dispute_NN1 ;_; it_PPH1 
was_VBDZ something_PN1 they_PPHS2 had_VHD no_AT power_NN1 or_CC business_NN1 
to_TO challenge_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB others_NN2 vehemently_RR resented_VVD its_APPGE 
disruption_NN1 ,_, and_CC wanted_VVD to_TO express_VVI their_APPGE 
dissatisfaction_NN1 publicly_RR ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT women_NN2 aimed_VVD 
their_APPGE frustrations_NN2 at_II the_AT unions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Blaming_VVG the_AT union_NN upset_VV0 personal_JJ relations_NN2 
less_RRR than_CSN blaming_VVG a_AT1 husband_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ 
more_RGR accessible_JJ than_CSN the_AT company_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT whole_NN1 ,_, the_AT women_NN2 did_VDD not_XX 
support_VVI unions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX were_VBDR several_DA2 reasons_NN2 for_IF this_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 had_VHD little_RR direct_JJ experience_NN1 of_IO union_NN 
activities_NN2 ,_, owing_II21 to_II22 their_APPGE own_DA fragmented_JJ 
labour_NN1 force_NN1 participation_NN1 ,_, and_CC their_APPGE involvement_NN1 
in_II jobs_NN2 which_DDQ had_VHD typically_RR weak_JJ unions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, they_PPHS2 regarded_VVD their_APPGE 
husbands_NN2 '_GE unions_NN2 as_II part_NN1 of_IO the_AT work_NN1 site_NN1 
and_CC thus_RR part_NN1 of_IO the_AT masculine_JJ sphere_NN1 beyond_II 
their_APPGE usual_JJ concerns_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT women_NN2 believed_VVD the_AT unions_NN2 to_TO have_VHI 
excessive_JJ power_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Several_DA2 expressed_VVD bitter_JJ resentment_NN1 at_II what_DDQ 
they_PPHS2 saw_VVD as_CSA union_NN control_VV0 over_RP their_APPGE lives_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 wife_NN1 commented_VVD :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL 
Newspaper_NN1 reports_NN2 of_IO the_AT dispute_NN1 encouraged_VVD such_DA 
a_AT1 view_NN1 by_II casting_VVG the_AT unions_NN2 as_II the_AT powerful_JJ 
party_NN ,_, poised_VVD to_TO do_VDI irreparable_JJ damage_NN1 to_II the_AT 
industry_NN1 and_CC ,_, inevitably_RR ,_, to_II the_AT community_NNJ which_DDQ 
relied_VVD on_II the_AT mill_NN1 for_IF its_APPGE existence_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX were_VBDR real_JJ fears_NN2 for_IF the_AT women_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 questioned_VVD the_AT actions_NN2 of_IO the_AT unions_NN2 
,_, but_CCB were_VBDR far_RG less_RGR critical_JJ of_IO the_AT company_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Yet_RR the_AT company_NN1 had_VHD suspended_VVN a_AT1 large_JJ 
number_NN1 of_IO the_AT mill_NN1 workforce_NN1 and_CC ,_, furthermore_RR ,_, 
there_EX was_VBDZ government_NN interference_NN1 in_II negotiations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Both_RR company_NN1 and_CC government_NN had_VHD influenced_VVN 
the_AT course_NN1 of_IO the_AT dispute_NN1 ,_, and_CC were_VBDR in_II a_AT1 
more_RGR powerful_JJ economic_JJ and_CC political_JJ position_NN1 than_CSN 
the_AT unions_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Some_DD wives_NN2 who_PNQS wanted_VVD to_TO contribute_VVI 
to_II public_JJ debate_NN1 about_II the_AT dispute_NN1 sought_VVD 
inclusion_NN1 in_II union_NN stopwork_NN1 meetings_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA justification_NN1 for_IF their_APPGE involvement_NN1 ,_, 
they_PPHS2 referred_VVD to_II the_AT separate_JJ family_NN 
responsibilities_NN2 of_IO husbands_NN2 and_CC wives_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II normal_JJ circumstances_NN2 these_DD2 separate_JJ 
responsibilities_NN2 would_VM reinforce_VVI a_AT1 distinction_NN1 between_II 
the_AT women_NN2 's_GE world_NN1 of_IO domesticity_NN1 and_CC the_AT men_NN2 
's_GE world_NN1 of_IO work_NN1 and_CC politics_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB in_II this_DD1 crisis_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 argued_VVD that_CST 
wives_NN2 '_GE domestic_JJ responsibilities_NN2 provided_VVD a_AT1 good_JJ 
reason_NN1 for_IF inclusion_NN1 in_RR21 public_RR22 debate_VV0 :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Suggestions_NN2 concerning_II the_AT 
involvement_NN1 of_IO wives_NN2 in_II union_NN meetings_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX 
welcomed_VVN by_II union_NN officials_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_PN1 to_II whom_PNQO I_PPIS1 spoke_VVD was_VBDZ scathing_JJ of_IO 
wives_NN2 '_GE criticisms_NN2 of_IO unions_NN2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 322+TEXT+J28_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Nevertheless_RR ,_, the_AT continued_JJ and_CC systematic_JJ 
impoverishment_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 
damning_JJ indictment_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 state_NN1 which_DDQ presents_VVZ 
itself_PPX1 as_CSA committed_VVN to_II ensuring_VVG equal_JJ opportunities_NN2 
and_CC dignity_NN1 for_IF all_DB its_APPGE citizens_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB indicators_NN2 of_IO wealth_NN1 show_NN1 women_NN2 to_TO 
be_VBI disadvantaged_VVN relative_II21 to_II22 men_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1981_MC over_RG 60_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO adult_NN1 
women_NN2 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 had_VHD incomes_NN2 of_IO less_DAR than_CSN 
*+_NULL $5000_NNU a_AT1 year_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_IO adult_NN1 men_NN2 only_RR 24.8_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 
suffered_VVD the_AT same_DA fate_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 figures_NN2 reflect_VV0 the_AT large_JJ proportion_NN1 
of_IO married_JJ women_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 no_AT independent_JJ incomes_NN2 
and_CC are_VBR totally_RR dependent_JJ on_II their_APPGE husbands_NN2 for_IF 
economic_JJ support_NN1 ,_, the_AT large_JJ proportion_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 
engaged_VVN in_II part-time_JJ paid_JJ labour_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT 
inequalities_NN2 of_IO earning_VVG power_NN1 between_II men_NN2 and_CC 
women_NN2 in_II full-time_JJ paid_JJ labour_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1981_MC women_NN2 earned_VVD a_AT1 median_JJ income_NN1 only_RR 
65_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT male_JJ median_JJ income_NN1 
despite_II the_AT enactment_NN1 of_IO equal_JJ pay_NN1 legislation_NN1 
almost_RR a_AT1 decade_NNT1 before_RT ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT income_NN1 differentials_NN2 are_VBR mirrored_VVN in_II 
disparities_NN2 between_II the_AT accumulated_JJ wealth_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 
and_CC men_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT average_JJ value_NN1 of_IO estates_NN2 left_VVN by_II 
women_NN2 was_VBDZ only_RR 79_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT average_JJ 
value_NN1 of_IO male_JJ estates_NN2 in_II 1982-83_MCMC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Indeed_RR ,_, while_CS 52_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO estates_NN2 
in_II that_DD1 year_NNT1 valued_VVD less_RRR than_CSN *+_NULL $30_NNU 000_MC 
were_VBDR female_JJ estates_NN2 ,_, the_AT situation_NN1 was_VBDZ reversed_VVN 
with_IW estates_NN2 valued_VVD over_II *+_NULL $50_NNU 000_MC ,_, 63_MC 
per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO which_DDQ were_VBDR left_VVN by_II men_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 impoverishment_NN1 is_VBZ directly_RR connected_VVN 
to_II a_AT1 sexual_JJ division_NN1 of_IO labour_NN1 in_II which_DDQ women_NN2 
are_VBR primarily_RR associated_VVN with_IW unpaid_JJ labour_NN1 in_II the_AT 
home_NN1 and_CC are_VBR expected_VVN to_TO be_VBI dependent_JJ on_II a_AT1 
family_NN income_NN1 earned_VVD and_CC controlled_VVN by_II their_APPGE 
husbands_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT state_NN1 benefits_NN2 from_II this_DD1 directly_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 women_NN2 are_VBR co-habiting_VVG with_IW 
men_NN2 ,_, either_RR as_CSA legal_JJ or_CC de_JJ21 facto_JJ22 wives_NN2 ,_, 
the_AT state_NN1 is_VBZ safeguarded_VVN from_II the_AT potential_JJ burden_NN1 
of_IO supplementing_VVG the_AT incomes_NN2 of_IO half_DB the_AT adult_NN1 
population_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT state_NN1 's_GE overt_JJ commitment_NN1 to_TO 
ensure_VVI through_II the_AT social_JJ security_NN1 system_NN1 that_CST the_AT 
income_NN1 of_IO individuals_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX merely_RR the_AT minimum_JJ 
to_TO *'_" sustain_VVI life_NN1 and_CC health_NN1 **'_" but_CCB at_II a_AT1 
level_NN1 which_DDQ allows_VVZ people_NN *'_" to_TO enjoy_VVI a_AT1 
standard_NN1 of_IO living_VVG much_DA1 like_II that_DD1 of_IO the_AT rest_NN1 
of_IO the_AT community_NNJ **'_" was_VBDZ established_VVN in_II 1972_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Benefit_NN1 rates_NN2 since_RR have_VH0 ostensibly_RR been_VBN 
based_VVN on_II this_DD1 principle_NN1 and_CC are_VBR indicative_JJ of_IO 
the_AT yearly_JJ income_NN1 the_AT state_NN1 regards_VVZ as_CS necessary_JJ 
to_II adults_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Even_RR using_VVG the_AT lowest_JJT rate_NN1 of_IO benefit_NN1 
(_( the_AT youth_NN1 rate_NN1 )_) ,_, the_AT cost_NN1 of_IO dignity_NN1 
according_II21 to_II22 the_AT state_NN1 appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI in_II the_AT 
region_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 yearly_JJ income_NN1 of_IO *+_NULL $4390_NNU 
after-tax_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Almost_RR 48_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO adult_NN1 women_NN2 in_II 
1981_MC had_VHD yearly_JJ incomes_NN2 of_IO less_DAR than_CSN half_RR this_DD1 
amount_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT state_NN1 avoids_VVZ dealing_VVG with_IW this_DD1 by_II 
restricting_VVG its_APPGE responsibilities_NN2 to_II maintaining_VVG the_AT 
incomes_NN2 of_IO those_DD2 who_PNQS would_VM be_VBI *1_NULL expected_VVN 
*0_NULL to_TO earn_VVI an_AT1 income_NN1 on_II the_AT labour_NN1 market_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_CS married_JJ women_NN2 are_VBR assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI 
non-earners_NN2 and_CC ,_, even_RR more_RGR significantly_RR ,_, the_AT 
responsibility_NN1 for_IF their_APPGE standard_NN1 of_IO living_NN1 is_VBZ 
defined_VVN as_CSA resting_VVG with_IW their_APPGE husbands_NN2 ,_, the_AT 
state_NN1 can_VM and_CC does_VDZ abstain_VVI from_II any_DD responsibility_NN1 
for_IF them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT Royal_JJ Commission_NNJ on_II Social_JJ Security_NN1 
in_II 1972_MC may_VM assert_VVI that_DD1 ensuring_NN1 that_CST *'_" 
everyone_PN1 can_VM live_VVI with_IW dignity_NN1 **'_" is_VBZ a_AT1 *'_" 
community_NNJ responsibility_NN1 **'_" and_CC that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ *'_" 
a_AT1 legitimate_JJ function_NN1 of_IO the_AT State_NN1 to_TO redistribute_VVI 
income_NN1 **'_" ,_, but_II21 for_II22 the_AT most_RGT impoverished_JJ 
group_NN in_II our_APPGE society_NN ,_, married_JJ women_NN2 ,_, no_AT such_DA 
redistribution_NN1 is_VBZ even_RR attempted_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT state_NN1 in_II practice_NN1 eschews_VVZ any_DD liability_NN1 
for_IF the_AT condition_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 co-habiting_VVG with_IW men_NN2 
and_CC their_APPGE dignity_NN1 remains_VVZ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT grace_NN1 
and_CC favour_NN1 of_IO men_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Not_XX only_RR are_VBR married_JJ women_NN2 or_CC those_DD2 
living_VVG in_II de_JJ21 facto_JJ22 relationships_NN2 ineligible_JJ for_IF 
income_NN1 maintenance_NN1 when_RRQ engaged_VVN as_CSA full-time_JJ wives_NN2 
and_CC mothers_NN2 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 are_VBR also_RR denied_JJ 
unemployment_NN1 and_CC sickness_NN1 benefits_NN2 if_CS their_APPGE 
husbands_NN2 are_VBR in_II paid_JJ labour_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Married_JJ women_NN2 's_GE ineligibility_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
sickness_NN1 benefit_NN1 reveals_VVZ both_RR the_AT real_JJ fiscal_JJ 
interests_NN2 of_IO the_AT state_NN1 and_CC women_NN2 's_GE vulnerability_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1975_MC ,_, in_II recognition_NN1 of_IO the_AT increasing_JJ 
proportion_NN1 of_IO married_JJ women_NN2 engaged_VVN in_II paid_JJ labour_NN1 
,_, the_AT sickness_NN1 benefit_NN1 was_VBDZ extended_VVN to_II all_DB 
married_JJ persons_NN2 who_PNQS had_VHD lost_VVN their_APPGE employment_NN1 
through_II illness_NN1 ,_, regardless_RR of_IO the_AT earnings_NN2 of_IO 
their_APPGE spouses_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 payments_NN2 were_VBDR restricted_VVN to_II a_AT1 
period_NN1 of_IO three_MC months_NNT2 and_CC were_VBDR half_DB the_AT rate_NN1 
paid_VVN to_II a_AT1 married_JJ person_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 dependent_JJ 
spouse_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Eight_MC years_NNT2 later_RRR in_II 1983_MC the_AT scheme_NN1 
was_VBDZ withdrawn_VVN as_II part_NN1 of_IO government_NN attempts_VVZ to_TO 
trim_VVI its_APPGE expenditure_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT regulations_NN2 concerning_II eligibility_NN1 for_IF 
sickness_NN1 and_CC unemployment_NN1 benefits_NN2 ratify_VV0 the_AT 
separation_NN1 of_IO the_AT public_NN and_CC private_JJ spheres_NN2 and_CC 
the_AT dependency_NN1 of_IO the_AT private_JJ on_II the_AT public_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 similar_JJ affirmation_NN1 of_IO that_DD1 structure_NN1 may_VM 
be_VBI found_VVN in_II the_AT rules_NN2 regulating_VVG the_AT taxation_NN1 
system_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ frequently_RR been_VBN used_VVN ,_, in_II 
preference_NN1 to_TO direct_VVI payments_NN2 through_II social_JJ security_NN1 
,_, to_TO maintain_VVI incomes_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Peggy_NP1 Koopman-Boyden_NP1 and_CC Claudia_NP1 Scott_NP1 ,_, 
in_II their_APPGE extensive_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT development_NN1 of_IO 
family_NN policy_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, show_NN1 that_CST the_AT 
taxation_NN1 system_NN1 has_VHZ traditionally_RR disadvantaged_VVN married_JJ 
women_NN2 in_II paid_JJ labour_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR those_DD2 with_IW 
husbands_NN2 earning_VVG incomes_NN2 above_II the_AT median_JJ wage_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX because_CS the_AT tax_NN1 system_NN1 has_VHZ 
specifically_RR over-taxed_VVN married_JJ women_NN2 but_CCB because_CS it_PPH1 
has_VHZ consistently_RR supported_VVN one-income_JJ families_NN2 in_II 
preference_NN1 to_II two-income_JJ families_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, the_AT taxation_NN1 system_NN1 is_VBZ 
biased_VVN towards_II a_AT1 family_NN structure_NN1 which_DDQ not_XX only_RR 
encapsulates_VVZ a_AT1 division_NN1 between_II the_AT public_NN and_CC 
private_JJ but_CCB also_RR the_AT exchanges_NN2 between_II those_DD2 two_MC 
spheres_NN2 which_DDQ underpin_VV0 women_NN2 's_GE dependency_NN1 in_II the_AT 
family_NN and_CC their_APPGE exploitation_NN1 inside_RL and_CC outside_RL 
it_PPH1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Those_DD2 exchanges_NN2 are_VBR recognised_VVN explicitly_RR 
by_II the_AT state_NN1 in_II the_AT continued_JJ availability_NN1 of_IO 
tax_NN1 rebates_VVZ for_IF family_NN dependants_NN2 to_II married_JJ paid_JJ 
workers_NN2 and_CC to_II those_DD2 employing_VVG paid_JJ housekeepers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 legitimate_JJ the_AT dependency_NN1 of_IO adults_NN2 
working_VVG in_II the_AT private_JJ sphere_NN1 on_II those_DD2 working_VVG 
in_II the_AT public_JJ sphere_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 also_RR confirm_VV0 the_AT notion_NN1 that_DD1 labour_NN1 
carried_VVD out_RP in_II the_AT private_JJ sphere_NN1 *-_- housework_NN1 
and_CC child-rearing_NN1 *-_- can_VM not_XX be_VBI expected_VVN of_IO 
persons_NN2 employed_VVN in_II the_AT public_JJ sphere_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 concept_NN1 ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, informs_VVZ not_XX 
only_RR the_AT taxation_NN1 system_NN1 ,_, but_CCB also_RR the_AT {_NULL 
DPB_NP }_NULL ,_, the_AT Widow_NN1 's_VBZ Benefit_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 variety_NN1 
of_IO other_JJ state_NN1 policies_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT state_NN1 's_GE 
consistent_JJ refusal_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI a_AT1 comprehensive_JJ public_JJ 
childcare_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT state_NN1 's_GE *'_" no-policy_JJ policy_NN1 **'_" 
on_II childcare_NN1 is_VBZ rationalised_VVN by_II sex_NN1 role_NN1 
stereotypes_NN2 and_CC has_VHZ a_AT1 severe_JJ impact_NN1 on_II women_NN2 
's_GE opportunities_NN2 on_II the_AT labour_NN1 market_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR 
for_IF married_JJ women_NN2 and_CC solo_JJ mothers_NN2 ,_, especially_RR 
those_DD2 living_VVG in_II low-income_JJ households_NN2 for_IF whom_PNQO 
paid_VVD labour_NN1 is_VBZ both_RR a_AT1 household_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 
personal_JJ necessity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT state_NN1 's_VBZ failure_NN1 to_TO ensure_VVI adequate_JJ 
and_CC easily_RR accessible_JJ childcare_NN1 facilities_NN2 forces_VVZ 
women_NN2 into_II piece-work_NN1 ,_, part-time_JJ and_CC casual_JJ paid_JJ 
labour_NN1 ,_, forms_NN2 of_IO paid_JJ employment_NN1 characterised_VVD by_II 
low_JJ wages_NN2 ,_, lack_NN1 of_IO union_NN representation_NN1 and_CC 
vulnerability_NN1 to_II the_AT boom-recession_JJ cycles_NN2 inherent_JJ in_II 
a_AT1 market-driven_JJ capitalist_NN1 economy_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT tendency_NN1 for_IF the_AT state_NN1 to_TO couch_VVI 
its_APPGE welfare_NN1 and_CC taxation_NN1 regulations_NN2 in_II 
gender-neutral_JJ terms_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN cited_VVN by_II the_AT right_NN1 
as_CSA indicative_JJ of_IO the_AT state_NN1 's_VBZ intent_JJ to_TO destroy_VVI 
the_AT gender-based_JJ separation_NN1 of_IO the_AT public_NN and_CC private_JJ 
spheres_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II reality_NN1 gender-neutral_JJ policy_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 
the_AT state_NN1 policy_NN1 regarding_II childcare_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ a_AT1 
type_NN1 of_IO double-speak_VV0 which_DDQ safeguards_VVZ the_AT state_NN1 
from_II charges_NN2 of_IO sex_NN1 discrimination_NN1 while_CS veiling_VVG 
the_AT gender-loaded_JJ implications_NN2 of_IO its_APPGE policies_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Past_JJ tax_NN1 rebates_VVZ for_IF dependent_JJ spouses_NN2 
and_CC children_NN2 have_VH0 not_XX been_VBN contingent_JJ on_II the_AT 
sex_NN1 of_IO the_AT claimant_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Likewise_NP1 ,_, rebates_VVZ for_IF paid_JJ housekeepers_NN2 are_VBR 
available_JJ to_TO wage_VVI and_CC salary_NN1 earners_NN2 of_IO either_DD1 
sex_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sickness_NN1 and_CC unemployment_NN1 benefits_NN2 are_VBR 
available_JJ to_II a_AT1 spouse_NN1 of_IO either_DD1 sex_NN1 as_CS31 long_CS32 
as_CS33 their_APPGE husband_NN1 or_CC wife_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX engaged_VVN in_II 
paid_JJ labour_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR the_AT {_NULL DPB_NP }_NULL ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ popularly_RR 
believed_VVN to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 *'_" woman_NN1 's_VBZ benefit_NN1 **'_" ,_, 
is_VBZ available_JJ to_II any_DD man_NN1 engaged_VVN in_II full-time_JJ 
care_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 child_NN1 or_CC sick_JJ relative_NN1 who_PNQS has_VHZ 
no_AT spouse_NN1 or_CC other_JJ income_NN1 to_TO support_VVI him_PPHO1 ._. 

^ (_( ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ an_AT1 exception_NN1 to_II the_AT 
gender-neutrality_NN1 of_IO the_AT {_NULL DPB_NP }_NULL which_DDQ I_PPIS1 
will_VM discuss_VVI later_RRR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Widow_NN1 's_VBZ Benefit_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR not_XX 
gender-neutral_JJ ;_; it_PPH1 is_VBZ restricted_VVN entirely_RR to_II 
women_NN2 ._. )_) 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT state_NN1 associates_VVZ life_NN1 in_II the_AT 
private_JJ sphere_NN1 with_IW dependency_NN1 on_II a_AT1 breadwinner_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB the_AT state_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX prescribe_VVI that_CST 
the_AT tasks_NN2 which_DDQ make_VV0 up_RP the_AT mother-wife_JJ role_NN1 
should_VM be_VBI undertaken_VVN by_II women_NN2 ,_, merely_RR that_DD1 
undertaking_NN1 those_DD2 tasks_NN2 requires_VVZ full-time_JJ commitment_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL State_NN1 income_NN1 policies_NN2 ,_, then_RT ,_, affirm_NN1 
women_NN2 's_GE status_NN1 as_CSA secondary_JJ income_NN1 earners_NN2 and_CC 
dependants_NN2 not_XX because_CS its_APPGE policy_NN1 is_VBZ 
gender-specific_JJ but_CCB because_CS state_NN1 policies_NN2 operate_VV0 
within_II a_AT1 context_NN1 that_CST identifies_VVZ the_AT woman_NN1 's_VBZ 
role_NN1 as_CSA that_DD1 of_IO mother-wife_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Consequently_RR only_RR a_AT1 little_RR more_RR21 than_RR22 
40_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO women_NN2 under_II retirement_NN1 age_NN1 
fully_RR supported_VVN by_II the_AT state_NN1 received_VVD unemployment_NN1 
sickness_NN1 or_CC other_JJ labour_NN1 force-related_JJ benefits_NN2 in_II 
1981_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II that_DD1 year_NNT1 58.9_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO women_NN2 
supported_VVN by_II the_AT state_NN1 received_VVD the_AT Widow_NN1 's_VBZ 
Benefit_NN1 or_CC {_NULL DPB_NP }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT former_DA represents_VVZ not_XX the_AT complete_JJ 
exclusion_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 but_CCB the_AT marginality_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 
to_II paid_JJ labour_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Similarly_RR ,_, the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST in_II the_AT same_DA 
year_NNT1 less_RR21 than_RR22 3_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO men_NN2 under_II 
retirement_NN1 age_NN1 fully_RR supported_VVN by_II the_AT state_NN1 
received_VVD the_AT {_NULL DPB_NP }_NULL reflects_VVZ not_XX men_NN2 's_GE 
exclusion_NN1 but_CCB the_AT inconsistency_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO 
dependency_NN1 with_IW male_JJ gender_NN1 roles_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Men_NN2 may_VM accept_VVI dependency_NN1 on_II the_AT 
state_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT state_NN1 may_VM provide_VVI men_NN2 with_IW 
support_NN1 ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 generally_RR occurs_VVZ only_RR if_CSW 
men_NN2 's_GE ability_NN1 to_TO earn_VVI an_AT1 income_NN1 is_VBZ 
disrupted_VVN through_II illness_NN1 or_CC unemployment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Women_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, are_VBR already_RR considered_JJ 
dependants_NN2 ,_, or_CC at_RR21 least_RR22 potential_JJ dependants_NN2 ,_, 
of_IO men_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO ,_, or_CC lack_NN1 of_IO 
access_NN1 to_II ,_, paid_JJ employment_NN1 which_DDQ provides_VVZ the_AT 
context_NN1 for_IF the_AT most_RGT significant_JJ welfare_NN1 relationship_NN1 
between_II women_NN2 and_CC the_AT state_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT loss_NN1 or_CC 
lack_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 man_NN1 !_! 

^ ^_NULL The_AT state_NN1 compensates_VVZ women_NN2 for_IF the_AT loss_NN1 
of_IO a_AT1 breadwinner_NN1 through_II the_AT Widow_NN1 's_VBZ Benefit_NN1 
or_CC the_AT {_NULL DPB_NP }_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT state_NN1 's_VBZ provision_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 with_IW 
support_NN1 through_II the_AT {_NULL DPB_NP }_NULL is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT 
important_JJ and_CC controversial_JJ aspect_NN1 of_IO welfare_NN1 both_RR 
for_IF women_NN2 and_CC for_IF the_AT state_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL More_RRR than_CSN any_DD other_JJ policy_NN1 it_PPH1 epitomises_VVZ 
the_AT contradictions_NN2 inherent_JJ in_II the_AT state_NN1 's_VBZ 
position_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT {_NULL DPB_NP }_NULL represents_VVZ most_RGT graphically_RR 
the_AT acceptance_NN1 ,_, indeed_RR encouragement_NN1 ,_, of_IO women_NN2 
's_GE dependency_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 encourages_VVZ women_NN2 to_TO see_VVI their_APPGE 
security_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 marriage_NN1 and_CC yet_RR it_PPH1 
also_RR provides_VVZ them_PPHO2 with_IW an_AT1 escape_NN1 from_II marriage_NN1 
while_CS undertaking_VVG full-time_JJ childcare_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF women_NN2 the_AT {_NULL DPB_NP }_NULL represents_VVZ both_RR 
a_AT1 mere_JJ transfer_NN1 from_II one_MC1 set_NN1 of_IO dependency_NN1 
relations_NN2 to_II another_DD1 and_CC a_AT1 release_NN1 from_II 
dependency_NN1 on_II men_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 threat_NN1 to_II patriarchal_JJ 
power_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 poses_VVZ a_AT1 real_JJ problem_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
state_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT one_MC1 hand_NN1 ,_, if_CS the_AT {_NULL DPB_NP }_NULL 
is_VBZ a_AT1 more_RGR attractive_JJ alternative_NN1 for_IF women_NN2 with_IW 
children_NN2 than_CSN co-habitation_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 man_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 
is_VBZ clearly_RR going_VVGK to_TO confront_VVI the_AT state_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 
large_JJ expenditure_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, if_CS the_AT state_NN1 refuses_VVZ 
to_TO support_VVI mothers_NN2 who_PNQS leave_VV0 their_APPGE husbands_NN2 ,_, 
are_VBR deserted_VVN by_II their_APPGE husbands_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS are_VBR 
unmarried_JJ or_CC widowed_VVD ,_, then_RT there_EX will_VM be_VBI 
tremendous_JJ pressure_NN1 on_II the_AT state_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI 
childcare_NN1 facilities_NN2 so_CS these_DD2 women_NN2 can_VM be_VBI 
engaged_VVN in_II full-time_JJ paid_JJ labour_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 state_NN1 expenditure_NN1 ,_, 
the_AT socialisation_NN1 and_CC support_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 through_II 
a_AT1 family_NN ,_, even_CS21 if_CS22 subsidised_VVN through_II social_JJ 
security_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ considerably_RR cheaper_JJR than_CSN socialised_JJ 
childrearing_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Within_II families_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ expected_VVN that_CST the_AT 
expense_NN1 of_IO childcare_NN1 for_IF the_AT state_NN1 will_VM be_VBI 
offset_VVN by_II parents_NN2 who_PNQS ,_, because_II21 of_II22 emotional_JJ 
ties_NN2 ,_, will_VM lower_VVI their_APPGE own_DA standard_NN1 of_IO living_JJ 
and_CC transfer_NN1 expenditure_NN1 from_II themselves_PPX2 to_II their_APPGE 
children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ clearly_RR expressed_VVN in_II the_AT difference_NN1 
between_II the_AT support_NN1 the_AT state_NN1 provides_VVZ to_II parents_NN2 
receiving_VVG various_JJ benefits_NN2 compared_VVN with_IW the_AT state_NN1 
's_VBZ support_NN1 of_IO orphan_NN1 children_NN2 under_II the_AT care_NN1 
of_IO guardians_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Parent_NN1 beneficiaries_NN2 receive_VV0 a_AT1 relatively_RR 
large_JJ sum_NN1 for_IF the_AT first_MD child_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 smaller_JJR 
sum_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 child_NN1 thereafter_RT ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO the_AT guardian_NN1 caring_VVG for_IF 
orphans_NN2 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ no_AT similar_JJ decrease_NN1 in_II 
support_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Until_CS October_NPM1 1986_MC ,_, then_RT ,_, a_AT1 solo_JJ 
parent_NN1 with_IW two_MC children_NN2 would_VM receive_VVI a_AT1 total_NN1 
of_IO *+_NULL $200.18_NNU a_AT1 week_NNT1 ,_, *+_NULL $82.47_NNU of_IO 
which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT state_NN1 's_VBZ payment_NN1 for_IF child_NN1 
support_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT guardian_NN1 caring_VVG for_IF two_MC orphan_NN1 children_NN2 
would_VM ,_, in_II comparison_NN1 ,_, receive_VV0 *+_NULL $116_NNU a_AT1 
week_NNT1 for_IF child_NN1 support_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Moreover_RR ,_, while_CS the_AT former_DA 's_GE eligibility_NN1 
is_VBZ governed_VVN by_II a_AT1 means_NN test_NN1 ,_, the_AT guardian_NN1 
will_VM receive_VVI payment_NN1 regardless_RR of_IO his_APPGE or_CC her_APPGE 
income_NN1 although_CS the_AT orphan_NN1 's_GE personal_JJ income_NN1 will_VM 
be_VBI means_NN tested_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL If_CS ,_, as_CSA the_AT Orphan_NN1 's_VBZ Benefit_NN1 rate_NN1 
implies_VVZ ,_, it_PPH1 costs_VVZ in_II real_JJ terms_NN2 *+_NULL $58.05_NNU 
a_AT1 week_NNT1 to_TO raise_VVI a_AT1 child_NN1 ,_, then_RT the_AT solo_NN1 
parent_NN1 with_IW two_MC children_NN2 is_VBZ subsidising_VVG her_PPHO1 or_CC 
his_APPGE children_NN2 by_II *+_NULL $33.63_NNU a_AT1 week_NNT1 and_CC 
living_VVG on_II a_AT1 personal_JJ income_NN1 of_IO just_JJ *+_NULL $4000_NNU 
a_AT1 year_NNT1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 323+TEXT+J29_FO **]_NULL 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL There_EX are_VBR many_DA2 
schemata_NN2 of_IO occupational_JJ classification_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO the_AT more_RGR satisfactory_JJ is_VBZ the_AT Smith_NP1 
scheme_NN1 which_DDQ classified_VVD white-collar_JJ occupations_NN2 into_II 
six_MC groups_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 schema_NN1 was_VBDZ adapted_VVN by_II Hill_NP1 and_CC 
Brosnan_NP1 to_TO include_VVI blue-collar_JJ occupations_NN2 and_CC used_VVN 
to_TO compare_VVI the_AT occupational_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 's_GE major_JJ ethnic_JJ groups_NN2 as_CSA at_II the_AT 1981_MC 
census_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 article_NN1 uses_VVZ that_CST revised_VVD schema_NN1 to_TO 
examine_VVI and_CC compare_VVI changes_NN2 in_II the_AT Maori_JJ and_CC 
non-Maori_JJ occupational_JJ distributions_NN2 over_II 1956-1981_MCMC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Males_NN2 and_CC females_NN2 are_VBR treated_VVN separately_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT article_NN1 also_RR presents_VVZ median_JJ incomes_NN2 for_IF 
each_DD1 group_NN of_IO the_AT Smith_NP1 data_NN and_CC draws_VVZ the_AT 
implications_NN2 for_IF policy_NN1 of_IO the_AT uneven_JJ distribution_NN1 
of_IO Maoris_NP2 and_CC non-Maoris_NP2 between_II the_AT occupation_NN1 
groups_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ well_RR 
established_VVN that_CST Maoris_NP2 have_VH0 lower_JJR incomes_NN2 than_CSN 
other_JJ New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 (_( Macrae_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC ;_; Brosnan_NP1 ,_, 
1982_MC ;_; Gould_NP1 ,_, 1982_MC ;_; Brosnan_NP1 and_CC Hill_NP1 1983a_MC ;_; 
Brosnan_NP1 and_CC Hill_NP1 1983b_MC ;_; Easton_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Furthermore_RR ,_, these_DD2 differences_NN2 persist_VV0 when_RRQ 
we_PPIS2 control_VV0 for_IF age_NN1 and_CC education_NN1 (_( Brosnan_NP1 ,_, 
1984_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, if_CS we_PPIS2 take_VV0 data_NN drawn_VVN with_IW 
sufficient_JJ fineness_NN1 ,_, and_CC control_NN1 for_IF additional_JJ 
variables_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 occupation_NN1 ,_, hours_NNT2 worked_VVD 
,_, experience_NN1 and_CC location_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 find_VV0 that_CST 
Maori-pakeha_NP1 *0_NULL differences_NN2 disappear_VV0 (_( Macrae_NP1 ,_, 
1976_MC ;_; Brosnan_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT implication_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT substantial_JJ 
differences_NN2 in_II income_NN1 which_DDQ exist_VV0 at_II the_AT aggregate_JJ 
level_NN1 (_( 19_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 for_IF males_NN2 and_CC 12_MC 
per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 for_IF females_NN2 (_( Brosnan_NP1 and_CC Hill_NP1 ,_, 
1983a_MC )_) are_VBR due_II21 to_II22 the_AT crowding_NN1 of_IO Maoris_NP2 
into_II lower_JJR paid_JJ occupations_NN2 (_( Ritchie_NP1 ,_, 1968_MC ;_; 
Hill_NP1 ,_, 1979_MC ;_; Hill_NP1 and_CC Brosnan_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL While_CS few_DA2 would_VM contest_VVI that_DD1 Maori_JJ 
occupational_JJ crowding_NN1 does_VDZ occur_VVI ,_, the_AT extent_NN1 of_IO 
it_PPH1 and_CC the_AT trend_NN1 over_II time_NNT1 has_VHZ received_VVN 
little_DA1 attention_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD authors_NN2 (_( Macrae_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC ;_; Gould_NP1 1982_MC 
;_; Pearson_NP1 and_CC Thorns_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC )_) have_VH0 compared_VVN the_AT 
occupations_NN2 of_IO the_AT Maori_JJ and_CC non-Maori_JJ populations_NN2 ,_, 
while_CS Moir_NP1 (_( 1977_MC )_) computed_VVD indices_NN2 of_IO race_NN1 
and_CC sex_NN1 segregation_NN1 for_IF the_AT censuses_NN2 1956_MC to_II 
1971_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 latter_DA work_NN1 was_VBDZ expanded_VVN upon_II in_II a_AT1 
conference_NN1 paper_NN1 by_II Mila_NP Hill_NNL1 (_( 1979_MC )_) which_DDQ 
extended_VVD the_AT analysis_NN1 to_II the_AT 1951_MC and_CC 1976_MC 
censuses_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Aside_II21 from_II22 their_APPGE brevity_NN1 ,_, these_DD2 
studies_NN2 suffer_VV0 from_II two_MC fundamental_JJ weaknesses_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL First_MD ,_, the_AT census_NN1 classification_NN1 of_IO 
occupations_NN2 changed_VVD substantially_RR over_II the_AT period_NN1 1951_MC 
to_II 1971_MC and_CC comparisons_NN2 between_II censuses_NN2 based_VVN on_II 
unadjusted_JJ census_NN1 tables_NN2 are_VBR of_IO doubtful_JJ validity_NN1 (_( 
Smith_NP1 ,_, 1981_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Secondly_RR ,_, the_AT one-digit_JJ {_NULL NZSCO_NN1 }_NULL data_NN 
used_VVN in_II these_DD2 studies_NN2 is_VBZ a_AT1 very_RG crude_JJ system_NN1 
which_DDQ groups_VVZ occupations_NN2 rather_RG more_DAR by_II industry_NN1 
than_CSN by_II occupation_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT aim_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 paper_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO 
compare_VVI the_AT Maori_JJ and_CC non-Maori_JJ occupational_JJ 
distributions_NN2 over_II 1956-1981_MCMC ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II doing_VDG so_RG ,_, we_PPIS2 will_VM present_VVI a_AT1 
considerably_RR fuller_JJR analysis_NN1 than_CSN the_AT above-mentioned_JJ 
studies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Equally_RR importantly_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 will_VM present_VVI the_AT 
data_NN in_II such_DA a_AT1 way_NN1 as_CSA to_TO overcome_VVI the_AT 
problems_NN2 of_IO the_AT changing_JJ classification_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT method_NN1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II that_DD1 adopted_VVN 
by_II Smith_NP1 (_( 1981_MC )_) in_II a_AT1 previous_JJ paper_NN1 
published_VVN by_II this_DD1 journal_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Smith_NP1 's_GE (_( 1981_MC )_) paper_NN1 analysed_VVD the_AT 
growth_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 white-collar_JJ workforce_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 
over_II the_AT period_NN1 1956-1976_MCMC and_CC utilised_VVD four-digit_JJ 
census_NN1 data_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF purposes_NN2 of_IO analysis_NN1 ,_, Smith_NP1 regrouped_VVD 
those_DD2 data_NN into_II seven_MC occupational_JJ groups_NN2 which_DDQ 
were_VBDR standard_JJ between_II censuses_NN2 (_( despite_II the_AT 
four-digit_JJ data_NN not_XX being_VBG standard_JJ )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 schema_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 long_JJ pedigree_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Originally_RR ,_, it_PPH1 had_VHD been_VBN devised_VVN by_II 
Routh_NP1 (_( 1965_MC )_) for_IF an_AT1 analysis_NN1 of_IO occupation_NN1 
and_CC pay_NN1 in_II Britain_NP1 between_II 1906_MC and_CC 1960_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ subsequently_RR modified_VVN by_II Bain_NP1 (_( 
1970_MC )_) for_IF a_AT1 study_NN1 of_IO white-collar_JJ unionism_NN1 in_II 
the_AT same_DA country_NN1 and_CC then_RT remodified_VVD by_II Smith_NP1 (_( 
1981_MC ,_, 1983_MC ,_, 1984_MC )_) ,_, for_IF a_AT1 similar_JJ study_NN1 
in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hill_NP1 and_CC Brosnan_NP1 (_( 1984_MC )_) further_VV0 developed_VVN 
this_DD1 scheme_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE contribution_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO divide_VVI Smith_NP1 
's_GE large_JJ Manual_JJ Worker_NN1 group_NN into_II Skilled_JJ and_CC 
Unskilled_JJ since_CS ,_, as_CSA Braverman_NP1 (_( 1974_MC )_) and_CC 
others_NN2 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL ,_, Blackburn_NP1 and_CC Mann_NP1 ,_, 
1979_MC )_) point_VV0 out_RP ,_, the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO skill_NN1 
required_VVN in_II so-called_JJ semi-skilled_JJ occupations_NN2 is_VBZ 
greatly_RR exaggerated_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL We_PPIS2 saw_VVD the_AT Smith-Hill-Brosnan_NP1 schema_NN1 
as_CSA having_VHG two_MC principal_JJ strengths_NN2 :_: first_MD ,_, its_APPGE 
long_JJ pedigree_NN1 permits_VVZ comparisons_NN2 between_II studies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Secondly_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II what_DDQ people_NN 
do_VD0 at_II work_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR the_AT same_DA schema_NN1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN for_IF 
different_JJ races_NN2 or_CC sexes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 makes_VVZ it_PPH1 preferable_JJ to_II alternative_JJ 
schema_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT Elley-Irving_NP1 (_( 1972_MC ,_, 1976_MC 
,_, 1985_MC )_) and_CC Irving-Elley_NP1 (_( 1977_MC )_) socio-economic_JJ 
indices_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR based_VVN on_II income_NN1 and_CC education_NN1 
level_NN1 and_CC therefore_RR change_VV0 between_II censuses_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX to_TO say_VVI that_CST the_AT 
schema_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX have_VHI its_APPGE weaknesses_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Criticism_NN1 could_VM be_VBI directed_VVN at_II details_NN2 of_IO 
Smith_NP1 's_GE allocation_NN1 of_IO occupations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, he_PPHS1 classifies_VVZ veterinarians_NN2 
(_( 0651_MC )_) as_CSA Lower_JJR Professionals_NN2 while_CS economists_NN2 (_( 
0901_MC )_) ,_, who_PNQS have_VH0 no_AT recognised_JJ entry_NN1 
qualification_NN1 ,_, shorter_JJR training_NN1 ,_, lower_JJR income_NN1 and_CC 
,_, arguably_RR ,_, less_DAR responsibility_NN1 ,_, are_VBR classified_VVN 
as_CSA Higher_JJR Professionals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Members_NN2 of_IO religious_JJ orders_NN2 (_( 1412_MC and_CC 1419_MC 
)_) are_VBR classified_VVN as_CSA Higher_JJR Professionals_NN2 even_CS21 
though_CS22 many_DA2 of_IO them_PPHO2 would_VM be_VBI performing_VVG manual_JJ 
labour_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Alternatively_NP1 ,_, policemen_NN2 are_VBR classified_VVN as_CSA 
manual_JJ workers_NN2 though_CS many_DA2 perform_VV0 clerical_JJ work_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Additionally_NP1 ,_, the_AT sales_NN2 worker_NN1 group_NN is_VBZ 
little_RR changed_VVN from_II the_AT census_NN1 thus_RR stockbrokers_NN2 
are_VBR in_II this_DD1 category_NN1 even_CS21 though_CS22 it_PPH1 would_VM 
seem_VVI desirable_JJ to_TO include_VVI them_PPHO2 among_II the_AT 
professional_JJ groups_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 further_JJR anomaly_NN1 is_VBZ university_NN1 teachers_NN2 
who_PNQS are_VBR classified_VVN as_CSA Lower_JJR Professionals_NN2 while_CS 
many_DA2 of_IO the_AT people_NN they_PPHS2 train_VV0 such_II21 as_II22 
scientists_NN2 ,_, engineers_NN2 ,_, lawyers_NN2 ,_, accountants_NN2 ,_, 
\_NULL etc._RA ,_, are_VBR classified_VVN as_CSA Higher_JJR Professionals_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 did_VDD not_XX see_VVI these_DD2 weaknesses_NN2 as_CSA 
fatal_JJ since_CS ,_, in_II much_DA1 of_IO our_APPGE analysis_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 
are_VBR forced_VVN to_TO work_VVI with_IW two-digit_JJ data_NN where_RRQ 
the_AT division_NN1 of_IO Professionals_NN2 into_II Higher_JJR and_CC 
Lower_JJR is_VBZ not_XX possible_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL More_DAR to_II the_AT point_NN1 ,_, the_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
analysis_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO make_VVI comparisons_NN2 over_II time_NNT1 and_CC 
between_II population_NN1 groups_NN2 and_CC thus_RR consistency_NN1 of_IO 
classification_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR important_JJ than_CSN marginal_JJ 
classification_NN1 decisions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 being_VBG so_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 preferred_VVD not_XX to_TO 
interfere_VVI with_IW Smith_NP1 's_GE classification_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Limitations_NN2 of_IO Data_NN *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Occupational_JJ data_NN for_IF the_AT Maori_JJ 
population_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN available_JJ at_II the_AT two-digit_JJ 
level_NN1 since_II 1956_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 have_VH0 not_XX ,_, however_RR ,_, been_VBN available_JJ 
by_II employment_NN1 status_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Four-digit_JJ data_NN are_VBR available_JJ ,_, in_II unpublished_JJ 
form_NN1 ,_, for_IF 1971_MC ,_, 1976_MC ,_, and_CC 1981_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II31 view_II32 of_II33 the_AT restricted_JJ data_NN available_JJ 
for_IF 1956_MC ,_, 1961_MC and_CC 1966_MC ,_, we_PPIS2 were_VBDR forced_VVN 
to_TO use_VVI the_AT Smith_NP1 Classification_NN1 schema_NN1 at_II the_AT 
two-digit_JJ level_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT problems_NN2 which_DDQ this_DD1 implied_VVD were_VBDR 
discussed_VVN in_II Hill_NP1 and_CC Brosnan_NP1 (_( 1984_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, we_PPIS2 gave_VVD a_AT1 two-digit_JJ 
category_NN1 the_AT classification_NN1 of_IO the_AT majority_NN of_IO 
its_APPGE constituents_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS this_DD1 caused_VVD some_DD problems_NN2 between_II the_AT 
two_MC professional_JJ categories_NN2 ,_, causing_VVG us_PPIO2 to_TO 
condense_VVI them_PPHO2 into_II one_MC1 ,_, it_PPH1 did_VDD not_XX produce_VVI 
any_DD major_JJ differences_NN2 for_IF the_AT other_JJ groups_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 can_VM be_VBI verified_VVN by_II comparing_VVG Tables_NN2 
1_MC1 and_CC 4_MC and_CC 2_MC and_CC 5_MC below_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS we_PPIS2 regard_VV0 the_AT categorisations_NN2 
presented_VVN in_II Tables_NN2 4_MC and_CC 5_MC based_VVN on_II four-digit_JJ 
data_NN ,_, as_CSA the_AT more_RGR accurate_JJ ,_, in_II the_AT discussion_NN1 
of_IO historical_JJ trends_NN2 we_PPIS2 will_VM use_VVI the_AT 
categorisations_NN2 presented_VVN in_II Tables_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 2_MC based_VVN 
on_II two-digit_JJ data_NN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL RESULTS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Broad_NP1 Trends_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT broad_JJ trends_NN2 in_II occupational_JJ 
distribution_NN1 are_VBR revealed_VVN in_II Tables_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 2_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI seen_VVN that_CST in_RR21 general_RR22 the_AT 
non-manual_JJ occupations_NN2 increased_VVD their_APPGE proportion_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT labour_NN1 force_NN1 in_II the_AT quarter_NN1 century_NNT1 between_II 
1956_MC and_CC 1981_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT major_JJ exception_NN1 is_VBZ sales_NN2 workers_NN2 who_PNQS 
have_VH0 declined_VVN in_II proportion_NN1 since_II 1966_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT movement_NN1 in_II the_AT share_NN1 of_IO the_AT small_JJ 
Supervisor_NP1 group_NN is_VBZ ambiguous_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Improvements_NN2 in_II the_AT {_NULL NZSCO_NN1 }_NULL from_II 1971_MC 
enabled_VVD this_DD1 group_NN to_TO be_VBI more_RGR readily_RR identified_VVN 
in_II the_AT later_JJR period_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ likely_JJ that_CST the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO 
supervisors_NN2 is_VBZ understated_VVN in_II the_AT earlier_JJR periods_NN2 
and_CC it_PPH1 appears_VVZ that_CST their_APPGE share_NN1 of_IO total_JJ 
employment_NN1 has_VHZ remained_VVN more_RRR or_CC less_RRR the_AT same_DA 
over_II the_AT whole_JJ period_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT trends_NN2 which_DDQ we_PPIS2 identified_VVD hold_NN1 
in_II most_DAT cases_NN2 for_IF both_DB2 males_NN2 and_CC females_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT major_JJ differences_NN2 in_II the_AT trends_NN2 are_VBR 
the_AT decline_NN1 in_II male_JJ Clerical_JJ employment_NN1 since_II 1966_MC 
and_CC the_AT decline_NN1 in_II female_JJ Sales_NNJ Workers_NN2 over_II the_AT 
whole_JJ period_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI seen_VVN by_II comparing_VVG Tables_NN2 1_MC1 
and_CC 2_MC that_CST most_DAT of_IO the_AT **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
decline_NN1 in_II the_AT share_NN1 of_IO Sales_NNJ Workers_NN2 in_II total_JJ 
employment_NN1 is_VBZ due_II21 to_II22 the_AT decline_NN1 of_IO female_JJ 
employment_NN1 in_II those_DD2 occupations_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Although_CS the_AT broad_JJ trend_NN1 of_IO male_NN1 and_CC 
female_JJ employment_NN1 change_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT same_DA ,_, Table_NN1 2_MC 
highlights_VVZ the_AT substantial_JJ differences_NN2 in_II the_AT 
occupational_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO males_NN2 and_CC females_NN2 on_II 
which_DDQ Smith_NP1 (_( 1981_MC ,_, 1983_MC ,_, 1984_MC )_) and_CC Moir_NP1 
(_( 1977_MC )_) have_VH0 commented_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Females_NN2 are_VBR much_RR less_RGR inclined_JJ to_TO be_VBI 
found_VVN in_II the_AT manual_JJ occupations_NN2 ;_; if_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR 
however_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI in_II the_AT 
Unskilled_JJ group_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Among_II the_AT non-manual_JJ occupations_NN2 ,_, males_NN2 are_VBR 
more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI found_VVN among_II Administrators_NN2 and_CC 
Managers_NN2 and_CC Supervisors_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Females_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI found_VVN 
among_II Professionals_NN2 ,_, Clerical_JJ Workers_NN2 and_CC Sales_NN2 
Workers_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL If_CS we_PPIS2 separate_VV0 Professionals_NN2 into_II 
Higher_JJR and_CC Lower_JJR Professionals_NN2 ,_, as_CSA we_PPIS2 do_VD0 in_II 
Tables_NN2 4_MC and_CC 5_MC ,_, we_PPIS2 find_VV0 that_CST males_NN2 are_VBR 
more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI in_II the_AT Higher_JJR Professional_JJ 
group_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Roughly_RR 40_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO male_JJ Professionals_NN2 
belong_VV0 to_II the_AT Higher_JJR group_NN compared_VVN with_IW only_RR 
about_RG 5_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO female_JJ Professionals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA Smith_NP1 (_( 1983_MC )_) points_VVZ out_RP ,_, female_JJ 
Professionals_NN2 are_VBR most_RGT likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI nurses_NN2 or_CC 
primary_JJ teachers_NN2 *-_- classified_VVD as_CSA Lower_JJR Professionals_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Males_NN2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI engineers_NN2 or_CC 
accountants_NN2 and_CC classified_VVD as_RG Higher_JJR Professionals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA it_PPH1 happens_VVZ ,_, the_AT extent_NN1 of_IO female_JJ 
membership_NN of_IO the_AT Higher_JJR Professional_JJ group_NN may_VM be_VBI 
a_RR21 little_RR22 exaggerated_VVN since_CS journalists_NN2 who_PNQS 
account_VV0 for_IF a_AT1 significant_JJ proportion_NN1 of_IO females_NN2 
among_II the_AT Higher_JJR Professionals_NN2 could_VM arguably_RR be_VBI 
classified_VVN among_II the_AT Lower_JJR Professional_JJ Group_NNJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Smith_NP1 (_( 1981_MC ,_, 1983_MC ,_, 1984_MC )_) did_VDD 
not_XX examine_VVI the_AT manual_JJ occupations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 account_VV0 for_IF over_RG 60_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO 
male_JJ employment_NN1 and_CC between_II 34_MC and_CC 41_MC per_NNU21 
cent_NNU22 of_IO female_JJ employment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ useful_JJ to_TO briefly_RR examine_VVI these_DD2 
groups_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II31 line_II32 with_II33 Smith_NP1 's_GE findings_NN2 for_IF 
the_AT non-manual_JJ group_NN ,_, we_PPIS2 find_VV0 a_AT1 high_JJ degree_NN1 
of_IO concentration_NN1 among_II female_JJ workers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Over_RG half_DB of_IO the_AT female_JJ Skilled_JJ Manual_JJ group_NN 
can_VM be_VBI found_VVN in_II three_MC occupations_NN2 ;_; women_NN2 's_GE 
hairdresser_NN1 ,_, dairy_NN1 farmer_NN1 and_CC sewing_VVG machinist_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT latter_DA occupation_NN1 accounted_VVD for_IF 40_MC per_NNU21 
cent_NNU22 of_IO skilled_JJ female_JJ employment_NN1 in_II 1971_MC although_CS 
the_AT proportion_NN1 had_VHD dropped_VVN to_II 32_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 
by_II 1981_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT distribution_NN1 of_IO the_AT Unskilled_JJ Manual_JJ group_NN 
is_VBZ more_RGR diverse_JJ but_CCB three_MC occupations_NN2 ,_, nurse_NN1 
aid_NN1 ,_, cleaner_JJR and_CC food_NN1 packer_NN1 ,_, account_NN1 for_IF 
more_RR21 than_RR22 12_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT group_NN 's_GE 
female_JJ employment_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 summary_NN1 measure_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT different_JJ occupational_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO the_AT two_MC 
sexes_NN2 is_VBZ provided_VVN by_II the_AT segregation_NN1 indices_NN2 
presented_VVN in_II the_AT first_MD row_NN1 of_IO Table_NN1 3_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT index_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 census_NN1 shows_VVZ the_AT 
proportion_NN1 of_IO the_AT male_NN1 (_( female_NN1 )_) labour_NN1 force_VV0 
that_DD1 would_VM have_VHI to_TO be_VBI redistributed_VVN to_TO achieve_VVI 
the_AT same_DA distribution_NN1 as_CSA the_AT female_NN1 (_( male_NN1 )_) 
labour_NN1 force_NN1 (_( Duncan_NP1 and_CC Duncan_NP1 ,_, 1955_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT index_NN1 fluctuates_VVZ without_IW any_DD noticeable_JJ 
trend_NN1 and_CC we_PPIS2 may_VM conclude_VVI that_CST the_AT male_NN1 and_CC 
female_JJ occupational_JJ distributions_NN2 were_VBDR as_RG dissimilar_JJ 
in_II 1981_MC as_CSA in_II 1956_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Smith_NP1 (_( 1983_MC )_) found_VVD the_AT value_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
index_NN1 to_TO be_VBI increasing_VVG over_II the_AT period_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RRQV his_APPGE index_NN1 was_VBDZ computed_VVN for_IF the_AT 
non-manual_JJ occupations_NN2 only_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR ,_, the_AT increasing_JJ segregation_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
non-manual_JJ occupations_NN2 would_VM appear_VVI to_TO be_VBI offset_VVN 
by_II the_AT changes_NN2 in_II the_AT manual_JJ occupations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Smith_NP1 (_( 1983_MC )_) followed_VVD Gibbs_NP1 (_( 1965_MC )_) ,_, 
Moir_NP1 (_( 1977_MC )_) and_CC Hill_NP1 (_( 1979_MC )_) in_II also_RR 
computing_VVG a_AT1 so-called_JJ standardised_JJ index_NN1 which_DDQ 
adjusted_VVD the_AT number_NN1 in_II each_DD1 category_NN1 to_TO be_VBI of_IO 
equal_JJ size_NN1 and_CC thus_RR control_VV0 for_IF structural_JJ changes_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS this_DD1 might_VM have_VHI some_DD appeal_NN1 in_II 
certain_JJ circumstances_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 gives_VVZ undue_JJ weight_NN1 to_II 
small_JJ categories_NN2 and_CC produces_VVZ an_AT1 index_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ 
no_AT sensible_JJ interpretation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX propose_VVI to_TO produce_VVI such_DA an_AT1 
index_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Maori/_FO non-Maori_JJ Data_NN *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Immediately_RR apparent_JJ from_II the_AT first_MD 
three_MC tables_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT very_RG different_JJ occupational_JJ 
distributions_NN2 of_IO Maoris_NP2 and_CC non-Maoris_NP2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 determine_VV0 from_II a_AT1 comparison_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
segregation_NN1 indices_NN2 in_II Table_NN1 3_MC that_CST the_AT 
differences_NN2 between_II Maoris_NP2 and_CC others_NN2 is_VBZ greater_JJR 
than_CSN the_AT difference_NN1 between_II males_NN2 and_CC females_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 also_RR see_VV0 from_II Table_NN1 3_MC that_CST while_CS 
both_DB2 the_AT racial_JJ segregation_NN1 indices_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO 
fluctuate_VVI ,_, the_AT male_JJ index_NN1 has_VHZ tended_VVN to_TO 
increase_VVI over_II the_AT 1956-1981_MCMC period_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Male_JJ data_NN *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Two_MC things_NN2 stand_VV0 out_RP in_II Table_NN1 
1_MC1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL First_MD Maoris_NP2 are_VBR under-represented_VVN in_II every_AT1 
occupational_JJ group_NN except_CS Unskilled_JJ Manual_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II fact_NN1 Maoris_NP2 are_VBR more_RR21 than_RR22 twice_RR as_CSA 
likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI found_VVN in_II this_DD1 group_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Secondly_RR ,_, the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO Maoris_NP2 who_PNQS 
fail_VV0 to_TO state_VVI their_APPGE occupation_NN1 in_II the_AT census_NN1 
is_VBZ much_RR higher_JJR *-_- at_RR21 least_RR22 three_MC times_NNT2 
higher_RRR *-_- than_CSN for_IF non-Maoris_NP2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 324+TEXT+J30_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Despite_II relatively_RR short_JJ public_JJ 
memories_NN2 ,_, riots_NN2 are_VBR not_XX new_JJ to_TO New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL During_II the_AT nineteenth_MD century_NNT1 there_EX were_VBDR 
several_DA2 riots_NN2 in_II the_AT more_RGR populated_JJ South_NP1 ,_, in_II 
which_DDQ religion_NN1 played_VVD an_AT1 important_JJ part_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Economic_JJ and_CC social_JJ causes_NN2 were_VBDR more_RGR obvious_JJ 
in_II Twentieth_MD Century_NNT1 rioting_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT waterfront_NN1 strike_NN1 of_IO 1913_MC saw_VVD several_DA2 
clashes_NN2 in_II Wellington_NP1 between_II mounted_JJ *"_" specials_NN2 **"_" 
and_CC strikers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1932_MC thousands_NNO2 took_VVD part_NN1 in_II Depression_NN1 
marches_VVZ in_II the_AT main_JJ centres_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II Auckland_NP1 particularly_RR ,_, there_EX were_VBDR serious_JJ 
confrontations_NN2 and_CC hundreds_NNO2 of_IO injuries_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Details_NN2 of_IO the_AT wartime_NN1 *"_" Battle_NN1 of_IO Manners_NP 
Street_NNL1 **"_" (_( 1944_MC )_) ,_, by_II contrast_NN1 ,_, remain_VV0 
obscure_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Post-1945_JJ saw_NN1 prison_NN1 riots_VVZ in_II Auckland_NP1 and_CC 
Christchurch_NP1 ,_, the_AT 1951_MC waterfront_NN1 strike_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
largely_RR forgotten_VVN Hastings_NP1 Blossom_NP1 Festival_NN1 affray_NN1 
and_CC the_AT later_JJR anti-Vietnam_JJ war_NN1 protests_NN2 provide_VV0 
some_DD indication_NN1 of_IO social_JJ discord_NN1 during_II a_AT1 period_NN1 
many_DA2 remember_VV0 with_IW nostalgia_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Like_II some_DD of_IO its_APPGE predecessors_NN2 ,_, the_AT 
Queen_NNB Street_NP1 riot_NN1 of_IO 7_MC December_NPM1 1984_MC received_VVD 
widespread_JJ publicity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Its_APPGE aftermath_NN1 witnessed_VVD angry_JJ recriminations_NN2 ,_, 
calls_VVZ for_IF punitive_JJ action_NN1 against_II youth_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
rival_JJ social_JJ diagnoses_NN2 of_IO society_NN 's_GE ills_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Labour_JJ government_NN ,_, with_IW the_AT support_NN1 of_IO 
Opposition_NNJ parties_NN2 ,_, hurriedly_RR passed_VVD the_AT Local_NN1 
Government_NNJ Amendment_NN1 Act_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 Act_NN1 gave_VVD local_JJ authorities_NN2 greater_JJR 
discretionary_JJ powers_NN2 in_II banning_VVG liquor_NN1 from_II public_JJ 
venues_NN2 ,_, while_CS the_AT Police_NN2 had_VHD their_APPGE powers_NN2 of_IO 
search_NN1 without_IW warrant_NN1 extended_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Memories_NN2 of_IO the_AT riot_NN1 ,_, the_AT most_RGT serious_JJ 
since_II 1932_MC found_VVD expression_NN1 in_II a_AT1 popular_JJ movie_NN1 ,_, 
*4_NULL Queen_NNB City_NP1 Rocker_NP1 ,_, *0_NULL and_CC in_II some_DD of_IO 
the_AT recommendations_NN2 made_VVN by_II the_AT Commission_NNJ on_II 
Violent_JJ Crime_NN1 (_( Roper_NP1 Commission_NNJ )_) ,_, 1987_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL While_CS the_AT Queen_NNB Street_NP1 riot_NN1 should_VM not_XX 
be_VBI lightly_RR dismissed_VVN as_II a_AT1 non-event_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
argued_VVN here_RL that_CST the_AT reaction_NN1 to_II it_PPH1 on_II41 the_II42 
part_II43 of_II44 the_AT press_NN ,_, the_AT politicians_NN2 and_CC the_AT 
public_NN was_VBDZ not_XX only_RR disproportionate_JJ to_II the_AT 
incident_NN1 ,_, but_CCB that_CST it_PPH1 was_VBDZ also_RR an_AT1 
inappropriate_JJ one_PN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Collectively_NP1 ,_, the_AT strong_JJ condemnation_NN1 ,_, 
together_II21 with_II22 the_AT attempt_NN1 at_II explanation_NN1 and_CC the_AT 
resultant_JJ legislation_NN1 can_VM be_VBI viewed_VVN as_II a_AT1 *"_" 
moral_JJ panic_NN1 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Through_II its_APPGE particular_JJ set_NN1 of_IO assumptions_NN2 
and_CC style_NN1 of_IO reporting_VVG ,_, the_AT media_NN amplified_VVD the_AT 
riot_NN1 ,_, bequeathing_VVG in_II the_AT process_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 specific_JJ 
reconstruction_NN1 of_IO riot-reality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 result_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO folk-devils_NN2 
in_II a_AT1 manner_NN1 similar_JJ to_II that_DD1 which_DDQ followed_VVD the_AT 
Mods_NN2 and_CC Rockers_NP1 clashes_VVZ in_II the_AT United_NP Kingdom_NP1 
during_II the_AT 1960s_MC2 ,_, analysed_VVN by_II Cohen_NP1 (_( 1980_MC )_) 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Media_NN amplification_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR crucial_JJ in_II 
the_AT case_NN1 of_IO society_NN 's_GE control_NN1 agents_NN2 :_: the_AT 
police_NN2 ;_; the_AT courts_NN2 ;_; and_CC legislators_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 agencies_NN2 can_VM not_XX and_CC do_VD0 not_XX operate_VVI 
in_II a_AT1 social_JJ vacuum_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II a_AT1 major_JJ transmitter_NN1 of_IO moral_JJ panics_NN2 ,_, 
the_AT media_NN supplies_VVZ them_PPHO2 ,_, as_CSA they_PPHS2 do_VD0 us_PPIO2 
,_, with_IW the_AT modes_NN2 and_CC models_NN2 for_IF explaining_VVG and_CC 
reacting_VVG to_II deviance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Amplification_NN1 is_VBZ insidious_JJ in_II that_DD1 the_AT modes_NN2 
and_CC models_NN2 also_RR can_VM become_VVI part_NN1 of_IO apparently_RR 
rival_JJ belief_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, both_DB2 of_IO which_DDQ ,_, in_II the_AT 
aftermath_NN1 of_IO the_AT riot_NN1 ,_, came_VVD to_II legitimate_JJ 
particular_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO social_JJ control_NN1 through_II state_NN1 
action_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT consequences_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, reach_NN1 far_RR beyond_II 
mere_JJ legislative_JJ reaction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ Hall_NP1 *1_NULL {_NULL et.al_NNU ._. 

^ }_NULL *0_NULL (_( 1978_MC )_) have_VH0 termed_VVN ,_, *'_" the_AT 
British_JJ crisis_NN1 **'_" ,_, consists_VVZ of_IO successive_JJ stages_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Moral_JJ panics_NN2 and_CC the_AT extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ 
these_DD2 are_VBR seen_VVN to_TO amalgamate_VVI ,_, thereby_RR giving_VVG 
rise_NN1 to_II public_JJ perceptions_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 growing_JJ ,_, 
many-faceted_JJ ,_, yet_RR indivisible_JJ threat_NN1 ,_, indicate_VV0 the_AT 
distance_NN1 Britain_NP1 has_VHZ already_RR travelled_VVN towards_II a_AT1 
*"_" soft_JJ **"_" law-and-order_JJ society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, the_AT creation_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
street_NN1 kids_NN2 as_CSA newsworthy_JJ items_NN2 ,_, the_AT rising_JJ 
concern_NN1 over_II violence_NN1 and_CC crime_NN1 ,_, increasing_VVG 
unease_NN1 about_II social_JJ disharmony_NN1 and_CC *"_" imported_JJ **"_" 
modes_NN2 of_IO behaviour_NN1 ,_, the_AT power_NN1 of_IO community_NNJ 
myths_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 socially_RR untroubled_JJ past_NN1 ,_, all_DB 
suggest_VV0 that_CST the_AT Hall_NN1 *1_NULL {_NULL et.al_NNU ._. 

^ }_NULL *0_NULL model_NN1 may_VM have_VHI some_DD application_NN1 here_RL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Not_XX only_RR public_JJ ,_, but_CCB also_RR subsequent_JJ 
official_NN1 and_CC legal_JJ reaction_NN1 to_II the_AT Queen_NNB Street_NP1 
riot_NN1 was_VBDZ greatly_RR influenced_VVN by_II media-based_JJ concepts_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Here_RL ,_, newspapers_NN2 are_VBR of_IO particular_JJ 
significance_NN1 both_RR because_II21 of_II22 New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE high_JJ 
consumption_NN1 of_IO newspapers_NN2 ,_, and_CC because_CS relevant_JJ 
overseas_JJ research_NN1 on_II the_AT way_NN1 newspapers_NN2 deal_VV0 with_IW 
violent_JJ crime_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR riots_VVZ ,_, is_VBZ available_JJ 
for_IF comparison_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL How_RRQ then_RT ,_, did_VDD the_AT press_NN ,_, 
particularly_RR the_AT Auckland_NP1 press_NN ,_, portray_NN1 the_AT riot_NN1 
?_? 

^ ^_NULL The_AT morning_NNT1 after_II the_AT event_NN1 ,_, the_AT *4_NULL 
Auckland_NP1 Herald_NP1 *0_NULL carried_VVD riot_NN1 news_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 
front_JJ page_NN1 headline_VV0 that_DD1 was_VBDZ to_TO set_VVI the_AT tone_NN1 
for_IF much_DA1 of_IO the_AT subsequent_JJ media_NN coverage_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *2_NULL *'_" THE_AT BATTLE_NN1 OF_IO QUEEN_NN1 STREET_NN1 **'_" 
*0_NULL typified_VVD a_AT1 *"_" war-dispatch_JJ **"_" style_NN1 of_IO 
reporting_VVG which_DDQ was_VBDZ continued_VVN in_II the_AT story_NN1 
which_DDQ followed_VVD it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT story_NN1 claimed_VVD ,_, ^_NULL *'_" Police_NN2 and_CC 
Youth_NN fight_VV0 pitched_JJ battles_NN2 ..._... after_CS a_AT1 bloody_JJ 
riot_NN1 erupted_VVD during_II a_AT1 free_JJ rock_NN1 concert_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ (_( 8_MC {_NULL Dec_NPM1 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1984_MC :_: 1_MC1 )_) |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 second_MD headline_NN1 
asserted_VVD ,_, ^_NULL *2_NULL *'_" THANK_VV0 GOD_NP1 IT_NN1 'S_VBZ ALL_RR 
OVER_RP !_! 

^ **'_" *-_- *0_NULL a_AT1 phrase_NN1 borrowed_VVD from_II the_AT original_JJ 
theme_NN1 slogan_NN1 for_IF the_AT abandoned_JJ concert_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT covering_NN1 story_NN1 conveyed_VVD powerful_JJ images_NN2 :_: 
glimpses_NN2 of_IO *'_" weary_JJ police_NN2 officers_NN2 **'_" ,_, *'_" 
frightened_JJ staff_NN **'_" (_( of_IO Queen_NNB Street_NP1 shops_NN2 )_) ,_, 
of_IO *'_" marauding_VVG groups_NN2 of_IO youths_NN2 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 are_VBR told_VVN how_RRQ ,_, ^_NULL *'_" A_AT1 group_NN 
of_IO street_NN1 youths_NN2 sat_VVD in_II31 front_II32 of_II33 one_MC1 
store_NN1 totally_RR unconcerned_JJ about_II the_AT large_JJ rubbish_NN1 
bin_NN1 they_PPHS2 had_VHD just_RR thrown_VVN through_II the_AT plate_NN1 
glass_NN1 window_NN1 **'_" ,_, about_II a_AT1 group_NN of_IO Christians_NN2 
who_PNQS *'_" ambled_VVD into_II the_AT melee_NN1 ..._... asking_VVG people_NN 
to_TO *"_" turn_VVI to_II Jesus_NP1 **"_" **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 hear_VV0 an_AT1 incredulous_JJ young_JJ visitor_NN1 from_II 
Melbourne_NP1 asking_VVG ,_, ^_NULL *'_" Does_VDZ this_DD1 happen_VVI all_DB 
the_AT time_NNT1 in_II Auckland_NP1 ?_? 

^ **'_" |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT way_NN1 overseas_JJ visitors_NN2 saw_VVD the_AT 
riot_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ a_AT1 theme_NN1 taken_VVN up_RP elsewhere_RL in_II 
the_AT *4_NULL Auckland_NP1 Herald_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT American_JJ freelance_NN1 writer_NN1 Mike_NP1 
Field_NP1 provided_VVD an_AT1 eyewitness_NN1 account_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 stressed_VVD that_CST as_CSA New_NP Zealand_NP1 lacked_VVD 
the_AT ghettos_NN2 common_JJ to_II many_DA2 {_NULL U.S._NP }_NULL cities_NN2 
,_, an_AT1 awareness_NN1 of_IO riot_NN1 behaviour_NN1 overseas_RL 
constructed_VVD from_II media_NN reports_NN2 might_VM have_VHI influenced_JJ 
youth_NN1 behaviour_NN1 ._. 

^ (_( {_NULL Ibid_RR }_NULL :_: 2_MC )_) ^_NULL This_DD1 concern_NN1 to_TO 
portray_VVI New_NP Zealand_NP1 as_II a_AT1 country_NN1 without_IW major_JJ 
social_JJ problems_NN2 ,_, especially_RR after_II violent_JJ 
confrontations_NN2 have_VH0 occurred_VVN ,_, is_VBZ of_IO long_JJ standing_NN1 
,_, and_CC was_VBDZ noted_VVN by_II Noonan_NP1 (_( 1969:83_MC )_) in_II 
her_APPGE study_NN1 of_IO the_AT 1932_MC Depression_NN1 riot_NN1 in_II 
Auckland_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Despite_II such_DA concerns_NN2 ,_, sensationalism_NN1 
was_VBDZ often_RR utilised_VVN by_II the_AT press_NN ,_, particularly_RR in_II 
early_JJ reports_NN2 on_II the_AT riot_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT evening_NNT1 paper_NN1 ,_, the_AT *4_NULL Auckland_NP1 
Star_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL headlined_VVD ;_; ^_NULL *2_NULL *'_" POLICE_NN2 
BATONS_NNJ2 FACE_VV0 GUN-TOTING_JJ RIOTERS_NN2 **'_" ,_, *0_NULL though_CS 
the_AT report_NN1 which_DDQ followed_VVD mentioned_VVN only_RR that_CST 
police_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN rushed_VVN to_II a_AT1 location_NN1 ,_, *'_" 
where_CS a_AT1 man_NN1 carrying_VVG a_AT1 rifle_NN1 was_VBDZ seen_VVN ..._... 
but_CCB could_VM not_XX find_VVI him_PPHO1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Elsewhere_RL the_AT report_NN1 stressed_VVD the_AT menacing_JJ 
nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT *'_" mob_NN1 **'_" ,_, and_CC the_AT essentially_RR 
defensive_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO police_NN2 operations_NN2 ,_, including_II 
an_AT1 incident_NN1 where_RRQ police_NN2 were_VBDR forced_VVN to_TO 
release_VVI some_DD prisoners_NN2 *'_" by_II a_AT1 mob_NN1 brandishing_VVG 
firebombs_NN2 and_CC handkerchiefs_NN2 dipped_VVD in_II petrol_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ (_( 8_MC {_NULL Dec_NPM1 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1984:1_MC )_) ^_NULL Our_APPGE sympathies_NN2 are_VBR drawn_VVN to_II 
the_AT police_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS are_VBR heavily_RR outnumbered_VVN and_CC 
are_VBR ill-equipped_JJ to_TO face_VVI a_AT1 *'_" gun-toting_JJ mob_NN1 **'_" 
who_PNQS are_VBR in_II complete_JJ control_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 similar_JJ emphasis_NN1 on_II the_AT mad_JJ fury_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT rioters_NN2 is_VBZ evident_JJ in_II a_AT1 {_NULL TVNZ_NP }_NULL 
news_NN1 bulletin_NN1 run_VVN later_RRR that_CST same_DA evening_NNT1 in_II 
which_DDQ it_PPH1 was_VBDZ claimed_VVN that_CST police_NN2 were_VBDR 
attacked_VVN by_II scores_NN2 of_IO rioters_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 bulletin_NN1 stressed_VVD that_CST the_AT loud_JJ music_NN1 
detectable_JJ in_II the_AT {_NULL TV_NN1 }_NULL coverage_NN1 of_IO 
bottle-throwing_JJ youths_NN2 lent_VVD support_NN1 to_II police_NN2 claims_VVZ 
that_CST the_AT riot_NN1 had_VHD actually_RR begun_VVN prior_II21 to_II22 
the_AT police_NN2 calling_VVG off_II the_AT concert_NN1 ._. 

^ (_( {_NULL TVNZ_NP }_NULL News_NN1 ,_, 8_MC {_NULL Dec_NPM1 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1984_MC )_) ^_NULL This_DD1 point_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO be_VBI 
contradicted_VVN ,_, however_RR ,_, in_II the_AT official_JJ report_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Early_RR reports_VVZ especially_RR ,_, concentrated_VVD on_II 
the_AT numbers_NN2 of_IO police_NN2 injured_VVD ,_, and_CC on_II damage_NN1 
done_VDN to_II police_NN2 vehicles_NN2 and_CC inner_JJ city_NN1 businesses_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 learn_VV0 that_CST forty-two_MC police_NN2 were_VBDR 
injured_VVN ,_, but_CCB there_EX were_VBDR few_DA2 references_NN2 to_II 
non-police_NN2 casualties_NN2 ._. 

^ (_( Auckland_NP1 Star_NN1 ,_, 8_MC {_NULL Dec_NPM1 ._. 

^ }_NULL :_: A3_FU )_) ^_NULL In_II the_AT *4_NULL Auckland_NP1 Star_NN1 ,_, 
*0_NULL the_AT alliterative_JJ headline_NN1 ;_; ^_NULL *2_NULL *'_" TEARS_NN2 
,_, TERROR_NN1 AT_II CONCERT_NN1 THAT_CST MADE_VVD HISTORY_NN1 **'_" *0_NULL 
was_VBDZ followed_VVN by_II a_AT1 report_NN1 from_II Star_NN1 reporter_NN1 ,_, 
Wendyl_NP1 Nissen_NP1 ,_, whose_DDQGE eyewitness_NN1 account_NN1 provided_VVD 
evocative_JJ images_NN2 *-_- *'_" screaming_VVG children_NN2 **'_" ,_, *'_" 
bloody_JJ head_NN1 wounds_NN2 **'_" ,_, *'_" protective_JJ strangers_NN2 **'_" 
._. 

^ (_( {_NULL Ibid_RR }_NULL )_) ^_NULL According_II21 to_II22 the_AT *4_NULL 
Sunday_NP1 News_NP1 *0_NULL (_( 9_MC {_NULL Dec_NPM1 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1984_MC )_) ,_, Auckland_NP1 hospital_NN1 sources_NN2 confirmed_VVD 
that_CST seventy-five_MC people_NN had_VHD been_VBN treated_VVN in_II the_AT 
hospital_NN1 's_VBZ Accident_NN1 and_CC Emergency_NN1 Department_NNJ by_II 
mid_JJ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL -day_NNT1 Saturday_NPD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX were_VBDR no_AT stretcher_NN1 cases_NN2 and_CC everyone_PN1 
had_VHD apparently_RR *'_" made_VVN it_PPH1 under_II their_APPGE own_DA 
steam_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT *4_NULL Auckland_NP1 Star_NN1 *0_NULL estimated_VVD that_CST 
there_EX was_VBDZ *'_" hundreds_NNO2 of_IO thousands_NNO2 of_IO dollars_NNU2 
worth_NN1 of_IO damage_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 figure_NN1 indeed_RR seems_VVZ to_TO confirm_VVI the_AT 
ferocity_NN1 of_IO the_AT riot_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II a_AT1 later_JJR report_NN1 on_II the_AT aftermath_NN1 ,_, 
however_RR ,_, the_AT *4_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 Herald_NN1 *0_NULL (_( 10_MC 
{_NULL Dec_NPM1 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1984:5_MC )_) seemed_VVD to_TO suggest_VVI that_CST most_DAT of_IO 
the_AT damage_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO shattered_JJ 
windows_NN2 ,_, especially_RR on_II Wakefeld_NP Street_NNL1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT same_DA report_NN1 quoted_VVD a_AT1 Winston_NP1 Glass_NN1 
\_NULL Ltd_JJ estimate_NN1 that_CST ,_, on_II average_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 single_JJ 
broken_JJ pane_NN1 would_VM cost_VVI *+_NULL $400_NNU to_TO replace_VVI and_CC 
that_CST Winstons_NP1 had_VHD received_VVN about_RG sixty_MC calls_VVZ to_TO 
replace_VVI glass_NN1 by_II mid-Saturday_NPD1 morning_NNT1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Both_RR the_AT *4_NULL Auckland_NP1 Herald_NP1 *0_NULL and_CC 
the_AT *4_NULL Auckland_NP1 Star_NN1 *0_NULL utilised_VVD a_AT1 device_NN1 
employed_VVD subsequently_RR by_II other_JJ papers_NN2 ;_; namely_REX 
reporting_VVG the_AT riot_NN1 from_II several_DA2 different_JJ angles_NN2 
over_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO pages_NN2 ,_, maximising_VVG the_AT riot_NN1 
's_VBZ impact_NN1 on_II readers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT *4_NULL Auckland_NP1 Star_NN1 *0_NULL promised_VVD ,_, *'_" 
more_DAR riot_NN1 pictures_NN2 and_CC stories_NN2 ,_, A3_FU ,_, A15_FU ,_, 
**'_" while_CS the_AT *4_NULL Auckland_NP1 Herald_NP1 *0_NULL advertised_VVD 
^_NULL *'_" More_DAR reports_NN2 ,_, more_DAR pictures_NN2 ,_, \_NULL pp._NNU2 
2-3_MCMC and_CC back_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Although_CS several_DA2 Auckland_NP1 papers_NN2 were_VBDR 
affected_VVN by_II a_AT1 strike_NN1 on_II Saturday_NPD1 ,_, headlines_VVZ 
on_II Monday_NPD1 were_VBDR ,_, if_CS anything_PN1 ,_, even_RR more_RGR 
dramatic_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT *4_NULL Auckland_NP1 Herald_NP1 *0_NULL (_( 10_MC {_NULL 
Dec_NPM1 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1984:1_MC )_) captured_VVD a_AT1 quote_NN1 ,_, allegedly_RR from_II 
Auckland_NP1 Mayor_NNB Cath_NP1 Tizard_NP1 ;_; ^_NULL *'_" People_NN 
Dancing_VVG like_II Dervishes_NN2 in_II an_AT1 Inferno_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR at_II this_DD1 stage_NN1 ,_, few_DA2 newspaper_NN1 
reports_NN2 gave_VVD any_DD logical_JJ indication_NN1 of_IO sequence_NN1 *-_- 
the_AT mob_NN1 looted_VVD ,_, burned_VVD and_CC attacked_JJ police_NN2 at_II 
the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA early_RR as_CSA the_AT 1960s_MC2 ,_, however_RR ,_, Graham_NP1 
and_CC Gurr_NP1 (_( 1969:420_MC )_) concluded_VVD that_CST United_NP 
States_NP1 commodity_NN1 riots_NN2 had_VHD a_AT1 *'_" natural_JJ history_NN1 
**'_" ,_, where_CS the_AT attention_NN1 of_IO rioters_NN2 shifted_VVD from_II 
police_NN2 ,_, to_II window_NN1 smashing_VVG ,_, then_RT ,_, to_II 
selective_JJ ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 *'_" mindless_JJ **'_" looting_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ also_RR postulated_VVN that_CST United_NP States_NP1 
urban_JJ riots_NN2 developed_VVN in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
disturbed_JJ social_JJ atmosphere_NN1 in_II which_DDQ ,_, typically_RR ,_, 
a_AT1 series_NN of_IO tension_NN1 heightening_VVG incidents_NN2 over_II a_AT1 
period_NN1 of_IO weeks_NNT2 or_CC months_NNT2 became_VVD linked_VVN with_IW 
a_AT1 shared_JJ network_NN1 of_IO underlying_JJ grievances_NN2 on_II41 
the_II42 part_II43 of_II44 rioters_NN2 ._. 

^ (_( {_NULL NACCD_NP1 }_NULL ,_, 1968:110_MC )_) ^_NULL As_CSA Cohen_NP1 (_( 
1980:249_MC )_) puts_VVZ it_PPH1 ,_, riots_NN2 are_VBR only_RR *'_" 
mindless_JJ **'_" if_CS one_PN1 accepts_VVZ that_CST one_PN1 can_VM not_XX 
think_VVI about_II the_AT police_NN2 *-_- that_CST the_AT police_NN2 can_VM 
only_RR be_VBI supported_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT Queen_NNB Street_NP1 riot_NN1 was_VBDZ acutely_RR 
perceived_VVN as_II a_AT1 threat_NN1 to_II cherished_JJ ideals_NN2 of_IO 
social_JJ harmony_NN1 ;_; as_II a_AT1 dislocation_NN1 of_IO the_AT social_JJ 
structure_NN1 in_II a_AT1 manner_NN1 reminiscent_JJ of_IO the_AT 
perception_NN1 of_IO Mods_NN2 and_CC Rocker_NP1 violence_NN1 in_II Britain_NP1 
._. 

^ (_( {_NULL Ibid_RR }_NULL :_: 49_MC )_) ^_NULL In_II both_DB2 instances_NN2 
,_, there_EX were_VBDR attempts_NN2 to_TO make_VVI sense_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ 
had_VHD happened_VVN ,_, not_XX only_RR on_II the_AT part_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
press_NN ,_, but_CCB also_RR on_II41 the_II42 part_II43 of_II44 prominent_JJ 
local_JJ and_CC national_JJ politicians_NN2 and_CC administrators_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT aftermath_NN1 of_IO the_AT Queen_NNB Street_NP1 riot_NN1 
,_, two_MC types_NN2 of_IO explanations_NN2 were_VBDR offered_VVN ,_, one_MC1 
of_IO which_DDQ will_VM be_VBI labelled_VVN here_RL *"_" conservative_JJ **"_" 
,_, the_AT other_JJ ,_, *"_" liberal_JJ **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS these_DD2 were_VBDR to_II an_AT1 extent_NN1 ,_, rival_JJ 
social_JJ analyses_NN2 ,_, leading_VVG to_II rather_RG different_JJ 
remedies_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 also_RR shared_VVN some_DD common_JJ 
characteristics_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT liberal_JJ explanation_NN1 attempted_VVD to_TO 
place_VVI the_AT riot_NN1 in_II a_AT1 limited_JJ social_JJ context_NN1 ,_, 
rather_CS21 than_CS22 simply_RR focus_VV0 on_II the_AT behaviour_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT rioters_NN2 as_CSA *"_" criminal_JJ **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS liberals_NN2 did_VDD not_XX necessarily_RR share_VVI 
the_AT same_DA political_JJ beliefs_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 nevertheless_RR 
shared_VVN a_AT1 conviction_NN1 that_CST New_NP Zealand_NP1 society_NN had_VHD 
only_RR deteriorated_VVN within_II the_AT last_MD decade_NNT1 ,_, with_IW 
social_JJ harmony_NN1 being_VBG replaced_VVN by_II social_JJ discord_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX was_VBDZ little_JJ or_CC no_AT attempt_NN1 to_TO 
critically_RR examine_VVI economic_JJ and_CC social_JJ structures_NN2 from_II 
a_AT1 historical_JJ perspective_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Instead_RR ,_, the_AT catalysts_NN2 which_DDQ had_VHD finally_RR 
brought_VVN on_II the_AT Queen_NNB Street_NP1 riot_NN1 were_VBDR 
identified_VVN ,_, variously_RR ,_, as_CSA being_VBG the_AT 1981_MC 
Springbok_NN1 tour_NN1 ,_, the_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO centralised_JJ 
policing_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT alienation_NN1 of_IO youth_NN1 ,_, 
particularly_RR Maori_JJ and_CC Pacific_NP Island_NNL1 youth_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Likewise_NP1 ,_, after_CS the_AT Brixton_NP1 riots_VVZ ,_, British_JJ 
liberals_NN2 saw_VVD the_AT violence_NN1 as_II a_AT1 collective_JJ 
demonstration_NN1 of_IO social_JJ despair_NN1 in_II the_AT face_NN1 of_IO 
racism_NN1 ,_, unemployment_NN1 and_CC police_NN2 harassment_NN1 ,_, 
rather_CS21 than_CS22 as_II an_AT1 act_NN1 of_IO criminality_NN1 ,_, or_CC 
as_II a_AT1 reflection_NN1 of_IO economic_JJ and_CC political_JJ 
marginalisation_NN1 of_IO the_AT inner_JJ city_NN1 ._. 

^ (_( Lea_NP1 and_CC Young_NP1 ,_, 1982:6-7_MCMC )_) |_NULL ^_NULL Some_DD 
two_MC months_NNT2 after_II the_AT riot_NN1 ,_, the_AT two_MC liberal_JJ 
periodicals_NN2 ,_, the_AT *4_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 Listener_NN1 *0_NULL 
and_CC *4_NULL Metro_NP1 *0_NULL sought_VVD alternative_JJ views_NN2 on_II 
the_AT causes_NN2 of_IO the_AT riot_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Psychotherapist_JJ Kathie_NP1 Torpie_NP1 claimed_VVD that_CST only_RR 
ten_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA New_NP Zealand_NP1 had_VHD no_AT unemployment_NN1 
and_CC little_RR violent_JJ crime_NN1 ;_; ^_NULL *'_" Before_CS it_PPH1 
was_VBDZ us_PPIO2 New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 together_RL in_II an_AT1 
egalitarian_JJ society_NN **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL *'_" Now_RT it_PPH1 's_VBZ us_PPIO2 against_II them_PPHO2 **'_" ._. 

^ (_( Listener_NN1 ,_, 19_MC {_NULL Jan_NPM1 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1985:10_MC )_) ^_NULL Lesley_NP1 Marx_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 *4_NULL Metro_NN1 
*0_NULL contributing_VVG writer_NN1 believed_VVD that_CST within_II living_JJ 
memory_NN1 ,_, there_EX had_VHD been_VBN unison_NN1 ,_, harmony_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
togetherness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 hoped_VVD for_IF a_AT1 reassertion_NN1 of_IO *'_" middle_JJ 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 **'_" rather_CS21 than_CS22 let_VVI things_NN2 *'_" be_VBI 
shared_VVN between_II the_AT political_JJ malcontents_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
radical_NN1 left_VVN with_IW their_APPGE questionable_JJ agenda_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
the_AT ultra-conservatives_NN2 pining_VVG for_IF a_AT1 return_NN1 to_II 
God_NP1 ,_, Queen_NN1 and_CC Lash_NP1 **'_" ._. 

^ (_( Metro_NN1 ,_, {_NULL Feb_NPM1 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1985:72_MC )_) *#_NULL **[_NULL 325+TEXT+J31_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL An_AT1 additional_JJ problem_NN1 arises_VVZ when_RRQ 
the_AT short-term_JJ migration_NN1 data_NN are_VBR used_VVN ,_, relating_VVG 
to_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST since_II 1979_MC only_RR a_AT1 sample_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT arrival_NN1 and_CC departure_NN1 cards_NN2 for_IF people_NN moving_VVG 
for_IF less_RR21 than_RR22 12_MC months_NNT2 have_VH0 been_VBN coded_VVN by_II 
the_AT Department_NNJ of_IO Statistics_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Between_II 1_MC1 April_NPM1 1979_MC and_CC 31_MC March_NPM1 1986_MC 
the_AT sampling_JJ fraction_NN1 was_VBDZ 25_MC percent_NNU ;_; it_PPH1 has_VHZ 
recently_RR been_VBN reduced_VVN to_II 20_MC percent_NNU and_CC 
consideration_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG given_VVN to_II reducing_VVG it_PPH1 
further_RRR to_II 1_MC1 card_NN1 in_II 6_MC being_VBG coded_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_CS small_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO short-term_JJ arrivals_NN2 or_CC 
departures_NN2 are_VBR involved_JJ in_II particular_JJ occupation_NN1 
categories_NN2 ,_, the_AT sampling_JJ errors_NN2 can_VM throw_VVI 
considerable_JJ doubt_NN1 on_II the_AT utility_NN1 of_IO the_AT data_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO data_NN on_II permanent_JJ and_CC 
long-term_JJ migrations_NN2 the_AT sampling_JJ error_NN1 problem_NN1 does_VDZ 
not_XX arise_VVI because_CS all_DB arrival_NN1 and_CC departure_NN1 cards_NN2 
for_IF these_DD2 categories_NN2 of_IO movement_NN1 are_VBR coded_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II several_DA2 of_IO the_AT tables_NN2 relating_VVG to_II 
the_AT occupation_NN1 composition_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 residents_NN2 
contained_VVN in_II the_AT data_NN set_NN1 compiled_VVD for_IF the_AT 
Population_NN1 Monitoring_NN1 Group_NNJ ,_, information_NN1 on_II a_AT1 
composite_JJ group_NN encompassing_VVG permanent_JJ ,_, long-term_JJ and_CC 
short-term_JJ categories_NN2 is_VBZ presented_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Given_VVN the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO category_NN1 jumping_VVG these_DD2 
data_NN are_VBR more_RGR useful_JJ when_CS assessing_VVG the_AT aggregate_JJ 
effect_NN1 of_IO trans-Tasman_JJ movement_NN1 by_II residents_NN2 on_II the_AT 
population_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 are_VBR 
subject_II21 to_II22 sampling_VVG error_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 the_AT errors_NN2 are_VBR small_JJ because_CS 
short-term_JJ movers_NN2 comprise_VV0 a_AT1 small_JJ proportion_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT aggregate_JJ flows_NN2 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 residents_NN2 who_PNQS 
are_VBR included_VVN in_II the_AT trans-Tasman_JJ migrant_JJ universe_NN1 
in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 (_( the_AT definition_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 trans-Tasman_JJ 
move_NN1 is_VBZ discussed_VVN below_RL )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL The_AT Maori_JJ Population_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Because_II21 of_II22 the_AT considerable_JJ 
interest_NN1 in_II Maori_JJ population_NN1 dynamics_NN ,_, tables_NN2 on_II 
the_AT permanent_JJ and_CC long-term_JJ migration_NN1 of_IO Maoris_NP2 
have_VH0 been_VBN included_VVN in_II the_AT data_NN set_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Very_RG few_DA2 data_NN on_II the_AT international_JJ migration_NN1 
of_IO Maoris_NP2 are_VBR available_JJ and_CC ,_, as_II21 from_II22 late_RR 
1986_MC ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX possible_JJ to_TO monitor_VVI trends_NN2 
in_II the_AT migration_NN1 behaviour_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 group_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT question_NN1 on_II the_AT arrival_NN1 and_CC departure_NN1 
cards_NN2 that_CST sought_VVD a_AT1 self-declaration_NN1 on_II Maori_JJ 
ethnicity_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN deleted_VVN from_II the_AT latest_JJT 
versions_NN2 of_IO the_AT cards_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Data_NN on_II permanent_JJ and_CC long-term_JJ migration_NN1 
of_IO Maoris_NP2 between_II 1981_MC and_CC 1986_MC must_VM be_VBI 
interpreted_VVN with_IW caution_NN1 for_IF two_MC reasons_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT first_MD place_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX known_VVN 
how_RGQ many_DA2 Maoris_NP2 responded_VVD to_II the_AT relevant_JJ 
question_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 suspicion_NN1 that_CST many_DA2 Maori_JJ 
international_JJ migrants_NN2 travelling_VVG away_II21 from_II22 and_CC 
back_RP to_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 may_VM simply_RR have_VHI failed_VVN to_TO 
complete_VVI this_DD1 question_NN1 ,_, especially_RR after_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ 
relegated_VVN to_II the_AT bottom_NN1 of_IO the_AT cards_NN2 in_II 1982_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Secondly_RR there_EX is_VBZ the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO assessing_VVG 
whether_CSW it_PPH1 is_VBZ essentially_RR a_AT1 New_NP Zealand_NP1 resident_JJ 
Maori_JJ population_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ being_VBG recorded_VVN in_II the_AT 
trans-Tasman_JJ migration_NN1 data_NN ,_, or_CC whether_CSW there_EX are_VBR 
considerable_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO Maori_JJ Australian_JJ residents_NN2 
who_PNQS are_VBR in_II the_AT arrival_NN1 and_CC departure_NN1 groups_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 sizeable_JJ Maori_JJ population_NN1 in_II 
Australia_NP1 and_CC there_EX is_VBZ no_AT reason_NN1 to_TO suspect_VVI 
that_CST members_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 population_NN1 are_VBR not_XX 
travelling_VVG to_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 as_RG visitors_NN2 ,_, or_CC as_CSA 
long-term_JJ migrants_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Despite_II some_DD uncertainty_NN1 over_II the_AT 
composition_NN1 of_IO the_AT Maori_JJ migrant_JJ universe_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 
has_VHZ been_VBN assumed_VVN for_IF the_AT purposes_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 
study_NN1 that_CST the_AT great_JJ majority_NN are_VBR New_NP Zealand_NP1 
residents_NN2 reporting_VVG on_II movement_NN1 intentions_NN2 and_CC 
experiences_NN2 overseas_RL when_RRQ they_PPHS2 complete_VV0 their_APPGE 
arrival_NN1 and_CC departure_NN1 cards_NN2 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR a_AT1 subgroup_NN1 
of_IO the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 resident_JJ migrant_JJ universe_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL TRANS-TASMAN_JJ MIGRATION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL The_AT Conventional_JJ Definition_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL When_CS compiling_VVG a_AT1 data_NN set_VVN on_II 
international_JJ migration_NN1 between_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 and_CC a_AT1 
specific_JJ country_NN1 (_( or_CC countries_NN2 )_) an_AT1 important_JJ 
decision_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI made_VVN concerns_VVZ the_AT 
definition_NN1 of_IO the_AT places_NN2 of_IO origin_NN1 and_CC destination_NN1 
of_IO the_AT movers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT information_NN1 collected_VVD on_II arrival_NN1 and_CC 
departure_NN1 cards_NN2 allows_VVZ for_IF several_DA2 alternatives_NN2 in_II 
this_DD1 regard_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Data_NN are_VBR recorded_VVN on_II the_AT birthplace_NN1 ,_, 
nationality_NN1 ,_, country_NN1 of_IO last_MD or_CC next_MD permanent_JJ 
residence_NN1 ,_, and_CC country_NN1 of_IO embarkation_NN1 or_CC 
disembarkation_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 traveller_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB of_IO these_DD2 reference_NN1 points_NN2 have_VH0 their_APPGE 
uses_NN2 in_II inter-country_JJ analyses_NN2 of_IO international_JJ 
migration_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT one_PN1 that_CST is_VBZ used_VVN most_RGT 
commonly_RR in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO trans-Tasman_JJ movement_NN1 is_VBZ 
the_AT country_NN1 of_IO last_MD or_CC next_MD permanent_JJ residence_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT conventional_JJ definition_NN1 of_IO trans-Tasman_JJ 
migration_NN1 encompasses_VVZ the_AT flow_NN1 into_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 of_IO 
people_NN who_PNQS cite_VV0 Australia_NP1 as_II the_AT country_NN1 where_RRQ 
they_PPHS2 last_VV0 spent_VVN 12_MC months_NNT2 or_CC more_DAR in_II 
permanent_JJ residence_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT flow_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 of_IO people_NN who_PNQS state_VV0 that_CST Australia_NP1 will_VM 
be_VBI the_AT next_MD country_NN1 where_RRQ they_PPHS2 will_VM spend_VVI 12_MC 
months_NNT2 or_CC more_DAR in_II residence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT birthplace_NN1 and_CC nationality_NN1 criteria_NN2 are_VBR 
used_VVN sometimes_RT to_TO isolate_VVI particular_JJ subgroups_NN2 in_II 
the_AT trans-Tasman_JJ flow_NN1 defined_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 
country_NN1 of_IO last/_FO next_MD permanent_JJ residence_NN1 ,_, but_CCB 
they_PPHS2 are_VBR rarely_RR used_VVN on_II their_APPGE own_DA to_TO 
isolate_VVI the_AT relevant_JJ migrant_JJ universe_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT main_JJ reason_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 is_VBZ that_CST 
Australia_NP1 's_GE population_NN1 has_VHZ significant_JJ components_NN2 of_IO 
people_NN born_VVN in_RP ,_, or_CC retaining_VVG citizenship_NN1 rights_NN2 
in_II ,_, other_JJ countries_NN2 who_PNQS would_VM be_VBI excluded_VVN from_II 
migrant_JJ universes_NN2 defined_VVD solely_RR on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO 
Australia_NP1 as_II country_NN1 of_IO birth_NN1 or_CC nationality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 can_VM be_VBI illustrated_VVN with_II31 reference_II32 
to_II33 the_AT numbers_NN2 of_IO arrivals_NN2 in_II and_CC departures_VVZ 
from_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 who_PNQS cited_VVD Australia_NP1 as_CSA either_DD1 
their_APPGE country_NN1 of_IO birth_NN1 ,_, or_CC their_APPGE country_NN1 
of_IO nationality_NN1 ,_, or_CC their_APPGE country_NN1 of_IO last/_FO next_MD 
permanent_JJ residence_NN1 in_II a_AT1 particular_JJ year_NNT1 (_( Table_NN1 
2_MC )_) ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT smallest_JJT migrant_JJ 
universe_NN1 in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT group_NN citing_VVG 
Australia_NP1 as_CSA their_APPGE birthplace_NN1 ;_; this_DD1 group_NN had_VHD 
over_RG 80,000_MC fewer_DAR people_NN as_CSA arrivals_NN2 or_CC departures_VVZ 
in_II the_AT year_NNT1 ended_VVD 31_MC March_NPM1 1984_MC than_CSN the_AT 
corresponding_JJ group_NN citing_VVG Australia_NP1 as_II country_NN1 of_IO 
last/_FO next_MD permanent_JJ residence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT latter_DA group_NN comprised_VVD people_NN with_IW a_AT1 
wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO birthplaces_NN2 and_CC nationalities_NN2 ,_, but_CCB 
they_PPHS2 fulfilled_VVD the_AT basic_JJ requirement_NN1 for_IF most_DAT 
studies_NN2 of_IO trans-Tasman_JJ migration_NN1 :_: their_APPGE last_MD (_( 
arrivals_NN2 )_) or_CC next_MD (_( departures_NN2 )_) place_NN1 of_IO 
permanent_JJ residence_NN1 was_VBDZ Australia_NP1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL A_AT1 Refinement_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT data_NN set_NN1 compiled_VVD for_IF the_AT 
Population_NN1 Monitoring_NN1 Group_NNJ has_VHZ been_VBN derived_VVN using_VVG 
the_AT conventional_JJ definition_NN1 of_IO trans-Tasman_JJ migration_NN1 
with_IW one_MC1 important_JJ refinement_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 defining_VVG the_AT migrant_JJ 
universe_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 Australia_NP1 as_II the_AT country_NN1 
of_IO last_MD or_CC next_MD permanent_JJ residence_NN1 ,_, the_AT country_NN1 
of_IO embarkation_NN1 (_( for_IF arrivals_NN2 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 )_) 
and_CC country_NN1 of_IO disembarkation_NN1 (_( for_IF departures_NN2 from_II 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 )_) was_VBDZ taken_VVN into_II consideration_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ decided_VVN to_TO restrict_VVI the_AT migrant_JJ 
universe_NN1 to_II those_DD2 people_NN who_PNQS were_VBDR known_VVN to_TO 
have_VHI arrived_VVN in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 from_II Australia_NP1 or_CC 
landed_VVD in_II Australia_NP1 after_II departure_NN1 from_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 refinement_NN1 was_VBDZ added_VVN for_IF several_DA2 
reasons_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT first_MD place_NN1 ,_, the_AT term_NN1 trans-Tasman_JJ 
migration_NN1 is_VBZ quite_RG specific_JJ in_II a_AT1 spatial_JJ sense_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ considered_VVN desirable_JJ to_TO produce_VVI a_AT1 
migrant_JJ universe_NN1 which_DDQ literally_RR *"_" crossed_VVD the_AT 
Tasman_NP1 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 level_NN1 of_IO spatial_JJ specificity_NN1 seemed_VVD 
desirable_JJ because_CS the_AT Trans-Tasman_JJ Travel_NN1 Arrangement_NN1 
requires_VVZ that_CST people_NN with_IW permanent_JJ residence_NN1 status_NN1 
in_II Australia_NP1 who_PNQS are_VBR not_XX Australian_JJ citizens_NN2 ,_, 
*"_" travel_NN1 directly_RR to_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 from_II Australia_NP1 
**"_" if_CSW they_PPHS2 are_VBR to_TO be_VBI exempted_VVN from_II visa_NN1 
and_CC permit_NN1 requirements_NN2 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Another_DD1 reason_NN1 for_IF restricting_VVG the_AT 
universe_NN1 to_II people_NN who_PNQS actually_RR crossed_VVD the_AT 
Tasman_NP1 was_VBDZ to_TO facilitate_VVI direct_JJ comparison_NN1 between_II 
data_NN on_II international_JJ migration_NN1 collected_VVD in_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 and_CC Australia_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_RR21 present_RR22 there_EX are_VBR quite_RG marked_JJ 
variations_NN2 in_II the_AT numbers_NN2 termed_VVD trans-Tasman_JJ 
migrants_NN2 in_II the_AT statistics_NN for_IF the_AT two_MC countries_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 factor_NN1 contributing_VVG to_II this_DD1 lack_NN1 of_IO 
uniformity_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST some_DD thousands_NNO2 of_IO 
the_AT arrivals_NN2 in_II and_CC departures_VVZ from_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, 
who_PNQS cite_VV0 Australia_NP1 as_CSA their_APPGE country_NN1 of_IO last_MD 
or_CC next_MD permanent_JJ residence_NN1 ,_, do_VD0 not_XX go_VVI to_RP or_CC 
come_VVI from_II Australia_NP1 directly_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ illustrated_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC where_RRQ the_AT 
origins_NN2 of_IO arrivals_NN2 and_CC destinations_NN2 of_IO departures_NN2 
are_VBR listed_VVN by_II broad_JJ region_NN1 for_IF people_NN citing_VVG 
Australia_NP1 as_II country_NN1 of_IO last/_FO next_MD permanent_JJ 
residence_NN1 during_II the_AT year_NNT1 ended_VVD 31_MC March_NPM1 1986_MC 
._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL The_AT Problem_NN1 of_IO Short-term_JJ Visitors_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL While_CS the_AT more_RGR precise_JJ spatial_JJ 
definition_NN1 of_IO trans-Tasman_JJ migration_NN1 identifies_VVZ that_DD1 
group_NN of_IO people_NN who_PNQS actually_RR cross_VV0 the_AT Tasman_NP1 ,_, 
there_EX is_VBZ one_MC1 major_JJ limitation_NN1 of_IO the_AT incorporation_NN1 
of_IO country_NN1 of_IO embarkation/_FO disembarkation_NN1 into_II the_AT 
definition_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ evident_JJ in_II Table_NN1 3_MC where_RRQ it_PPH1 
can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN that_CST a_AT1 significant_JJ number_NN1 of_IO 
people_NN departing_VVG from_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS cited_VVD 
Australia_NP1 as_CSA their_APPGE country_NN1 of_IO next_MD permanent_JJ 
residence_NN1 ,_, did_VDD not_XX state_VVI what_DDQ their_APPGE immediate_JJ 
destination_NN1 was_VBDZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT great_JJ majority_NN of_IO these_DD2 people_NN (_( 94_MC 
percent_NNU )_) were_VBDR short-term_JJ visitors_NN2 to_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 
,_, many_DA2 of_IO whom_PNQO could_VM have_VHI been_VBN tourists_NN2 from_II 
Australia_NP1 travelling_VVG to_II other_JJ destinations_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT short-term_JJ visitor_NN1 
category_NN1 in_II the_AT trans-Tasman_JJ migrant_JJ universe_NN1 creates_VVZ 
analytical_JJ problems_NN2 with_IW both_DB2 the_AT conventional_JJ and_CC 
the_AT refined_JJ definitions_NN2 of_IO movement_NN1 between_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 and_CC Australia_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO the_AT conventional_JJ definition_NN1 ,_, 
the_AT statistics_NN on_II short-term_JJ visitor_NN1 arrivals_NN2 and_CC 
departures_NN2 aggregated_VVD over_II the_AT period_NN1 1_MC1 April_NPM1 
1978_MC and_CC **[_NULL sic_RR **]_NULL 31_MC March_NPM1 1986_MC show_VV0 
a_AT1 net_JJ loss_NN1 to_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 of_IO 13,519_MC people_NN 
aged_VVN between_II 15_MC and_CC 59_MC years_NNT2 ,_, a_AT1 loss_NN1 which_DDQ 
has_VHZ the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO exaggerating_VVG the_AT flow_NN1 of_IO 
people_NN from_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 to_II Australia_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II reality_NN1 this_DD1 net_JJ loss_NN1 of_IO short-term_JJ 
visitors_NN2 is_VBZ a_AT1 function_NN1 of_IO the_AT way_NN1 New_NP Zealand_NP1 
is_VBZ used_VVN as_II a_AT1 transit_NN1 point_NN1 in_II international_JJ 
tourist_NN1 flows_NN2 of_IO Australians_NN2 returning_VVG after_CS ,_, or_CC 
embarking_VVG on_RP ,_, trips_VVZ to_II other_JJ parts_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
world_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO the_AT refined_JJ definition_NN1 
of_IO trans-Tasman_JJ migration_NN1 ,_, the_AT short-term_JJ visitor_NN1 
category_NN1 ,_, aggregated_VVD over_II these_DD2 eight_MC years_NNT2 ,_, 
shows_VVZ a_AT1 substantial_JJ net_JJ gain_NN1 of_IO people_NN to_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 (_( 100,759_MC )_) which_DDQ is_VBZ even_RR more_RGR 
unrealistic_JJ than_CSN the_AT net_JJ loss_NN1 recorded_VVD using_VVG the_AT 
conventional_JJ definition_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 *"_" gain_NN1 **"_" simply_RR reflects_VVZ the_AT fact_NN1 
that_CST large_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO non-residents_NN2 who_PNQS cite_VV0 
Australia_NP1 as_CSA their_APPGE next_MD country_NN1 of_IO permanent_JJ 
residence_NN1 ,_, do_VD0 not_XX cite_VVI Australia_NP1 as_CSA their_APPGE 
place_NN1 of_IO disembarkation_NN1 when_RRQ they_PPHS2 leave_VV0 New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT statistics_NN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC for_IF the_AT year_NNT1 
ended_VVD 31_MC March_NPM1 1986_MC show_VV0 how_RRQ a_AT1 net_JJ loss_NN1 
of_IO 20,720_MC people_NN (_( 232237_MC arrivals_NN2 minus_II the_AT 252957_MC 
departures_NN2 )_) on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO the_AT conventional_JJ 
definition_NN1 of_IO trans-Tasman_JJ migration_NN1 becomes_VVZ a_AT1 net_JJ 
gain_NN1 of_IO 188_MC people_NN (_( 219081_MC arrivals_NN2 minus_II 218893_MC 
departures_NN2 )_) when_RRQ the_AT refined_JJ definition_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT problems_NN2 created_VVN by_II short-term_JJ 
visitors_NN2 in_II the_AT assessment_NN1 of_IO net_JJ gains_NN2 and_CC 
losses_NN2 to_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE population_NN1 as_II a_AT1 
result_NN1 of_IO trans-Tasman_JJ migration_NN1 are_VBR essentially_RR 
removed_VVN when_CS this_DD1 category_NN1 of_IO migrants_NN2 is_VBZ 
deleted_VVN from_II the_AT data_NN set_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT more_RGR precise_JJ spatial_JJ definition_NN1 of_IO 
trans-Tasman_JJ migration_NN1 has_VHZ considerable_JJ utility_NN1 in_II the_AT 
case_NN1 of_IO permanent_JJ and_CC long-term_JJ migration_NN1 of_IO 
residents_NN2 and_CC non-residents_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA noted_VVN earlier_RRR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ these_DD2 groups_NN2 
which_DDQ are_VBR of_IO particular_JJ relevance_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 data_NN 
set_VVN on_II the_AT occupation_NN1 composition_NN1 of_IO trans-Tasman_JJ 
population_NN1 flows_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT numbers_NN2 of_IO permanent_JJ and_CC long-term_JJ 
arrivals_NN2 and_CC departures_NN2 aged_VVN between_II 15_MC and_CC 59_MC 
years_NNT2 in_II the_AT major_JJ occupation_NN1 groups_NN2 for_IF the_AT 
two_MC definitions_NN2 of_IO trans-Tasman_JJ migration_NN1 are_VBR shown_VVN 
in_II Table_NN1 4_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II all_DB cases_NN2 the_AT refined_JJ definition_NN1 captures_VVZ 
over_RG 90_MC percent_NNU of_IO the_AT people_NN included_VVN in_II each_DD1 
occupation_NN1 group_NN when_RRQ the_AT conventional_JJ definition_NN1 is_VBZ 
used_VVN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL OCCUPATION_NN1 GROUPS_NNJ2 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL The_AT Occupation_NN1 Classification_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL All_DB people_NN arriving_VVG in_RP and_CC 
departing_VVG from_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 are_VBR requested_VVN to_TO state_VVI 
their_APPGE usual_JJ occupation_NN1 on_II the_AT appropriate_JJ travel_NN1 
document_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Department_NNJ of_IO Statistics_NN codes_VVZ the_AT 
responses_NN2 using_VVG a_AT1 New_NP Zealand_NP1 Standard_JJ 
Classification_NN1 of_IO Occupations_NN2 (_( {_NULL NZSCO_NP1 }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT {_NULL NZSCO_NN1 }_NULL is_VBZ a_AT1 hierarchical_JJ 
classification_NN1 which_DDQ allows_VVZ for_IF several_DA2 levels_NN2 of_IO 
generality_NN1 with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 the_AT specification_NN1 of_IO 
occupation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT base_NN1 of_IO the_AT declarations_NN2 about_II 
occupations_NN2 recorded_VVN on_II arrival_NN1 and_CC departure_NN1 cards_NN2 
,_, the_AT Department_NNJ of_IO Statistics_NN uses_VVZ the_AT three_MC 
digit_NN1 code_NN1 in_II the_AT {_NULL NZSCO_NN1 }_NULL which_DDQ permits_VVZ 
up_RG21 to_RG22 999_MC categories_NN2 of_IO occupation_NN1 to_TO be_VBI 
specified_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL From_II the_AT three_MC digit_NN1 codes_VVZ a_AT1 two_MC digit_NN1 
classification_NN1 (_( *"_" minor_JJ **"_" occupation_NN1 groups_NN2 )_) 
and_CC a_AT1 single_JJ digit_NN1 classification_NN1 (_( *"_" major_JJ **"_" 
occupation_NN1 groups_NN2 )_) can_VM be_VBI derived_VVN directly_RR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Most_DAT of_IO the_AT data_NN published_VVN on_II the_AT 
occupation_NN1 composition_NN1 of_IO trans-Tasman_JJ migration_NN1 is_VBZ 
for_IF the_AT *"_" major_JJ **"_" and_CC *"_" minor_JJ **"_" groups_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT Population_NN1 Monitoring_NN1 Group_NNJ 's_GE data_NN 
report_VV0 more_DAR detailed_JJ information_NN1 on_II selected_JJ 
occupations_NN2 specified_VVN at_II the_AT three_MC digit_NN1 code_NN1 
level_NN1 is_VBZ provided_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Data_NN at_II this_DD1 low_JJ level_NN1 of_IO aggregation_NN1 are_VBR 
required_VVN to_TO isolate_VVI nurses_NN2 ,_, teachers_NN2 and_CC 
particular_JJ groups_NN2 of_IO construction_NN1 workers_NN2 whose_DDQGE 
international_JJ movements_NN2 may_VM be_VBI of_IO particular_JJ interest_NN1 
in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO the_AT often_RR cited_JJ *"_" skills_NN2 
drain_VV0 **"_" to_II Australia_NP1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 326+TEXT+J32_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT practice_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, was_VBDZ not_XX 
extended_VVN to_II the_AT examples_NN2 illustrating_VVG the_AT use_NN1 of_IO 
words_NN2 and_CC ,_, in_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, early_RR Maori_JJ texts_NN2 
did_VDD not_XX indicate_VVI vowel_NN1 quantity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT 1887_MC edition_NN1 of_IO the_AT Bible_NN1 was_VBDZ 
exceptional_JJ in_II that_DD1 it_PPH1 marked_JJ long_JJ vowels_NN2 which_DDQ 
have_VH0 grammatical_JJ function_NN1 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL marking_VVG 
plural_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO nouns_NN2 ,_, or_CC passive_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO 
verbs_NN2 )_) ,_, as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 a_DD221 few_DD222 others_NN2 
that_CST distinguish_VV0 words_NN2 minimally_RR from_II other_JJ words_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD Bible_NN1 Revision_NN1 Committee_NNJ took_VVD a_AT1 
giant_JJ step_NN1 backward_RL and_CC had_VHD the_AT distinction_NN1 
removed_VVN in_II the_AT 1952_MC edition_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II 1958_MC I_PPIS1 began_VVD a_AT1 campaign_NN1 to_TO 
have_VHI phonemic_JJ vowel_NN1 length_NN1 marked_VVN everywhere_RL ,_, on_II 
the_AT grounds_NN2 that_CST the_AT distinction_NN1 between_II long_JJ and_CC 
short_JJ vowels_NN2 carries_VVZ a_AT1 very_RG high_JJ functional_JJ load_NN1 
and_CC that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ impossible_JJ to_TO pronounce_VVI *1_NULL 
any_DD *0_NULL Maori_JJ word_NN1 correctly_RR unless_CS one_PN1 knows_VVZ 
the_AT length_NN1 of_IO the_AT vowels_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT two_MC arguments_NN2 most_RGT frequently_RR advanced_VVN 
against_II this_DD1 were_VBDR 1_MC1 )_) that_CST if_CS you_PPY are_VBR a_AT1 
Maori_JJ speaker_NN1 you_PPY know_VV0 the_AT length_NN1 of_IO all_DB 
vowels_NN2 so_CS there_EX is_VBZ no_AT need_NN1 to_TO mark_VVI them_PPHO2 
and_CC 2_MC )_) that_CST there_EX are_VBR several_DA2 degrees_NN2 of_IO 
length_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD claim_NN1 is_VBZ untrue_JJ ,_, as_CSA can_VM be_VBI 
heard_VVN on_II any_DD Maori_JJ language_NN1 radio_NN1 programme_NN1 ,_, 
when_CS proper_JJ names_NN2 ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, are_VBR 
frequently_RR mispronounced_VVN because_CS the_AT correct_JJ vowel_NN1 
quantities_NN2 are_VBR unknown_JJ to_II the_AT native-speaking_JJ 
announcer_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 notorious_JJ example_NN1 is_VBZ *1_NULL Taamaki_JJ ,_, *0_NULL 
regularly_RR mispronounced_VVD as_CSA Tamaki_NP1 on_II the_AT Maori_JJ 
news_NN1 programme_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Again_RT ,_, one_MC1 of_IO Maoridom_NP1 's_VHZ few_DA2 remaining_JJ 
exponents_NN2 of_IO oral_JJ genealogical_JJ recital_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS has_VHZ 
apparently_RR gained_VVN much_DA1 of_IO his_APPGE knowledge_NN1 from_II 
written_JJ sources_NN2 that_CST did_VDD not_XX mark_VVI vowel_NN1 quantity_NN1 
,_, frequently_RR mispronounces_VVZ ancestral_JJ names_NN2 by_II getting_VVG 
vowel_NN1 quantities_NN2 wrong_JJ and_CC so_CS marring_VVG his_APPGE 
otherwise_RR impressive_JJ performances_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT second_MD argument_NN1 ,_, that_CST there_EX are_VBR 
more_RR21 than_RR22 two_MC degrees_NN2 of_IO length_NN1 ,_, rests_VVZ on_II 
a_AT1 confusion_NN1 between_II non-contrastive_JJ (_( non-significant_JJ )_) 
and_CC contrastive_JJ (_( significant_JJ )_) differences_NN2 of_IO length_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA there_EX are_VBR never_RR more_RR21 than_RR22 two_MC words_NN2 
minimally_RR distinguished_VVN by_II the_AT length_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 vowel_NN1 
,_, it_PPH1 follows_VVZ that_CST there_EX is_VBZ only_RR one_MC1 
contrastive_JJ difference_NN1 in_II vowel_NN1 length_NN1 ,_, and_CC all_DB 
phonemically_RR different_JJ Maori_JJ words_NN2 can_VM be_VBI 
distinguished_VVN by_II an_AT1 orthography_NN1 which_DDQ marks_VVZ long_JJ 
vowels_NN2 (_( by_II whatever_DDQV method_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC leaves_VVZ 
short_JJ vowels_NN2 unmarked_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL After_II being_VBG accused_VVN of_IO murder_NN1 (_( of_IO 
the_AT Maori_JJ language_NN1 )_) by_II a_AT1 Bishop_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
Anglican_JJ Church_NNJ ,_, and_CC surviving_VVG combat_NN1 (_( verbal_JJ )_) 
with_IW an_AT1 armed_JJ warrior_NN1 on_II the_AT *1_NULL marae_NN2 ,_, *0_NULL 
I_PPIS1 now_RT take_VV0 some_DD satisfaction_NN1 in_II noting_VVG that_CST 
most_DAT recent_JJ Maori_JJ text_NN1 marks_VVZ vowel_NN1 length_NN1 ,_, 
although_CS not_XX always_RR by_II the_AT method_NN1 I_PPIS1 prefer_VV0 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL While_CS indicating_VVG vowel_NN1 length_NN1 ensured_VVD 
that_CST differently_RR pronounced_JJ words_NN2 were_VBDR spelled_VVN 
differently_RR ,_, it_PPH1 did_VDD not_XX solve_VVI the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO 
knowing_VVG where_RRQ to_TO stress_VVI Maori_JJ words_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II what_DDQ follows_VVZ I_PPIS1 want_VV0 to_TO take_VVI it_PPH1 
for_IF granted_VVN that_CST written_JJ Maori_NP1 can_VM not_XX indicate_VVI 
correct_JJ pronunciation_NN1 unless_CS vowel_NN1 length_NN1 is_VBZ marked_VVN 
,_, and_CC concentrate_VV0 on_II showing_VVG that_DD1 word_NN1 divisions_NNJ2 
must_VM also_RR be_VBI marked_VVN in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO indicate_VVI 
the_AT position_NN1 of_IO word-stress_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT late_JJ fifties_MC2 I_PPIS1 recognised_VVD 
that_CST at_RR21 least_RR22 two_MC kinds_NN2 of_IO stress_NN1 must_VM be_VBI 
recognised_VVN for_IF Maori_NP1 *-_- I_PPIS1 called_VVD them_PPHO2 contour_NN1 
stress_NN1 and_CC primary_JJ stress_NN1 *-_- but_CCB failed_VVD to_TO find_VVI 
any_DD general_JJ rules_NN2 applying_VVG to_II either_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT discovery_NN1 ,_, by_II Pat_NP1 Hohepa_NP1 in_II 1960_MC ,_, 
of_IO ordered_JJ rules_NN2 for_IF determining_VVG primary_JJ word_NN1 
stress_NN1 did_VDD the_AT trick_NN1 ,_, however_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 transpired_VVD that_CST essentially_RR the_AT same_DA 
rules_NN2 could_VM be_VBI applied_VVN to_TO predict_VVI contour_NN1 stress_NN1 
(_( now_RT called_VVN phrase_NN1 stress_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_CSA word_NN1 boundaries_NN2 are_VBR usually_RR marked_VVN 
by_II space_NN1 it_PPH1 might_VM seem_VVI that_CST there_EX is_VBZ no_AT 
further_JJR problem_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Difficulties_NN2 occur_VV0 ,_, however_RR ,_, with_IW forms_NN2 
which_DDQ are_VBR conventionally_RR written_VVN as_CSA single_JJ words_NN2 
but_CCB are_VBR actually_RR concatenations_NN2 of_IO two_MC or_CC more_RRR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT rest_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 paper_NN1 deals_VVZ with_IW those_DD2 
difficulties_NN2 and_CC suggests_VVZ a_AT1 solution_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ concerned_JJ entirely_RR with_IW the_AT placing_NN1 
of_IO word_NN1 stress_NN1 ,_, whose_DDQGE domain_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT 
spoken-word_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Phrase_NN1 stress_NN1 ,_, whose_DDQGE domain_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT 
(_( spoken_VVN )_) phrase_NN1 ,_, may_VM or_CC may_VM not_XX occur_VVI on_II 
a_AT1 syllable_NN1 that_CST bears_VVZ word_NN1 stress_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Its_APPGE position_NN1 differs_VVZ according_II21 to_II22 the_AT 
type_NN1 of_IO phrase_NN1 (_( final_JJ or_CC non-final_JJ )_) and_CC is_VBZ 
determined_VVN to_II a_AT1 certain_JJ extent_NN1 by_II the_AT content_NN1 
of_IO the_AT phrase_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rather_RG complicated_JJ rules_NN2 can_VM be_VBI devised_VVN to_TO 
cover_VVI these_DD2 points_NN2 but_CCB ,_, as_CSA phrase_NN1 boundary_NN1 
itself_PPX1 depends_VVZ partly_RR on_II speech_NN1 style_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
position_NN1 of_IO phrase_NN1 stress_NN1 in_II real_JJ utterances_NN2 is_VBZ 
variable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II any_DD case_NN1 ,_, as_CSA spelling_NN1 is_VBZ concerned_JJ 
with_IW words_NN2 ,_, phrase_NN1 stress_NN1 plays_VVZ no_AT part_NN1 in_II 
it_PPH1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL The_AT Problem_NN1 of_IO Word_NN1 Stress_NN1 in_II Compound_JJ 
Words_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL First_MD we_PPIS2 must_VM distinguish_VVI written-word_JJ 
from_II spoken-word_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Let_VV0 us_PPIO2 define_VVI written-word_JJ as_II a_AT1 meaningful_JJ 
sequence_NN1 of_IO symbols_NN2 bounded_VVD by_II spaces_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II symbol_NN1 I_PPIS1 mean_VV0 the_AT letters_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
conventional_JJ Maori_JJ alphabet_NN1 plus_II hyphen_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Let_VV0 us_PPIO2 define_VVI a_AT1 spoken-word_NN1 as_II a_AT1 
sequence_NN1 of_IO sounds_NN2 bearing_VVG no_AT more_RR21 than_RR22 one_MC1 
word_NN1 stress_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 definition_NN1 is_VBZ hardly_RR adequate_JJ but_CCB it_PPH1 
will_VM serve_VVI its_APPGE present_JJ purpose_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Now_RT let_VVD us_PPIO2 turn_NN1 to_II the_AT rules_NN2 for_IF 
placing_VVG the_AT stress_NN1 in_II the_AT correct_JJ position_NN1 on_II 
spoken_JJ words_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 we_PPIS2 will_VM call_VVI the_AT word_NN1 stress_NN1 
rules_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA phrased_VVD they_PPHS2 apply_VV0 to_II words_NN2 in_II the_AT 
orthography_NN1 which_DDQ writes_VVZ the_AT letter_NN1 twice_RR to_TO 
indicate_VVI vowel_NN1 length_NN1 and_CC counts_VVZ a_AT1 long_JJ vowel_NN1 
as_II two_MC vowels_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 will_VM leave_VVI it_PPH1 to_II proponents_NN2 of_IO 
macrons_NN2 to_TO re-phrase_VVI them_PPHO2 for_IF their_APPGE orthography_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT word_NN1 stress_NN1 rules_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ must_VM 
be_VBI applied_VVN in_II the_AT order_NN1 given_VVN ,_, are_VBR as_CSA 
follows_VVZ :_: |_NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL Word_NN1 stress_NN1 must_VM fall_VVI no_AT 
more_RR21 than_RR22 four_MC vowels_NN2 from_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
word_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL If_CS the_AT written-word_NN1 contains_VVZ 
just_RR one_MC1 short_JJ vowel_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ unstressed_JJ ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL If_CS it_PPH1 contains_VVZ a_AT1 
non-final_JJ long_JJ vowel_NN1 ,_, stress_NN1 that_DD1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 4_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL If_CS there_EX is_VBZ no_AT non-final_JJ 
long_JJ vowel_NN1 ,_, stress_NN1 a_AT1 non-final_JJ diphthong_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 5_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL If_CS there_EX is_VBZ no_AT non-final_JJ 
diphthong_NN1 ,_, stress_NN1 the_AT first_MD vowel_NN1 (_( or_CC the_AT 
fourth_MD vowel_NN1 from_II the_AT end_NN1 in_II long_JJ words_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Generally_RR speaking_VVG words_NN2 
are_VBR set_VVN off_RP by_II spaces_NN2 in_II Maori_JJ orthography_NN1 ,_, 
so_CS by_II applying_VVG the_AT word_NN1 stress_NN1 rules_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 
can_VM correctly_RR stress_VVI *1_NULL wikitooria_NN1 *0_NULL as_II *1_NULL 
wikiTOOria_NN1 *0_NULL (_( rule_NN1 3_MC )_) ,_, *1_NULL raukawa_NN1 *0_NULL 
as_CSA *3_NULL RAUkawa_NP1 *0_NULL (_( rule_NN1 4_MC )_) and_CC *1_NULL 
rangatira_NN1 *0_NULL as_CSA *3_NULL RAngatira_NP1 *0_NULL (_( rule_NN1 5_MC 
)_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB what_DDQ does_VDZ one_PN1 do_VDI with_IW the_AT long_JJ 
place_NN1 names_NN2 found_VVN on_II our_APPGE maps_NN2 and_CC road_NN1 
signs_NN2 ?_? 

^ |_NULL Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauatamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu_NP1 |_NULL 
^_NULL Applying_VVG the_AT rules_NN2 for_IF placing_VVG word_NN1 stress_NN1 
on_II this_DD1 orthographic_JJ monstrosity_NN1 we_PPIS2 render_VV0 the_AT 
last_MD four_MC vowels_NN2 as_CSA *3_NULL TAnatahu_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL How_RRQ one_PN1 is_VBZ expected_VVN to_TO deal_VVI with_IW 
the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO it_PPH1 boggles_VVZ the_AT mind_NN1 !_! 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ no_AT wonder_NN1 the_AT Japanese_JJ tourist_NN1 in_II 
the_AT {_NULL TV_NN1 }_NULL commercial_NN1 falls_VVZ over_RP backwards_RL 
every_AT1 time_NNT1 he_PPHS1 attempts_VVZ it_PPH1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Moreover_RR ,_, *3_NULL TAnatahu_NP1 *0_NULL is_VBZ 
incorrect_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT sequence_NN1 actually_RR contains_VVZ two_MC word_NN1 
stresses_NN2 and_CC is_VBZ pronounced_VVN *3_NULL TAna_NP1 *3_NULL TAhu_NP1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ ,_, in_II fact_NN1 ,_, two_MC spoken-words_NN2 
,_, but_CCB we_PPIS2 had_VHD no_AT way_NN1 of_IO knowing_VVG this_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 appears_VVZ that_CST our_APPGE word_NN1 stress_NN1 rules_NN2 
can_VM not_XX be_VBI applied_VVN successfully_RR to_II all_DB forms_NN2 
conventionally_RR written_VVN as_CSA words_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Now_RT ,_, if_CS *1_NULL tanatahu_NN1 *0_NULL is_VBZ two_MC 
(_( spoken_VVN )_) words_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 seems_VVZ likely_JJ that_CST the_AT 
rest_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE longest_JJT place_NN1 name_NN1 
contains_VVZ other_JJ hidden_JJ words_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS we_PPIS2 knew_VVD where_RRQ those_DD2 words_NN2 began_VVD 
and_CC ended_VVD the_AT apparent_JJ impossibility_NN1 of_IO pronouncing_VVG 
the_AT whole_JJ thing_NN1 might_VM be_VBI relieved_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA it_PPH1 happens_VVZ ,_, and_CC unlike_JJ many_DA2 proper_JJ 
names_NN2 in_II Maori_NP1 ,_, our_APPGE monster_NN1 's_VBZ anatomy_NN1 is_VBZ 
relatively_RR obvious_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Here_RL it_PPH1 is_VBZ ,_, word_NN1 by_II word_NN1 ,_, in_II 
phonemic_JJ spelling_NN1 and_CC meaning_NN1 *'_" ridge_NN1 of_IO Tamatea_NP1 
the_AT wanderer_NN1 's_VBZ flute-playing_JJ to_II his_APPGE wife_NN1 **'_" :_: 
|_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL Taumata_NP1 whakatangihanga_NN1 kooauau_NN1 a_AT1 
Tamatea_NP1 pookai_NN2 whenua_NN1 ki_NN2 tana_NN1 tahu_NN1 |_NULL ^_NULL 
*0_NULL Now_RT ,_, by_II applying_VVG the_AT word_NN1 stress_NN1 rules_NN2 
to_II each_DD1 word_NN1 we_PPIS2 get_VV0 :_: |_NULL ^_NULL *3_NULL TAUmata_NP1 
whakaTAngihanga_NN1 kooAUau_NN1 a_AT1 *3_NULL TAmatea_NP1 *3_NULL POOkai_NP1 
*3_NULL WHEnua_NP1 ki_NN2 *3_NULL TAna_NP1 *3_NULL TAhu_NP1 |_NULL ^_NULL 
*0_NULL The_AT point_NN1 I_PPIS1 am_VBM making_VVG here_RL is_VBZ not_XX 
that_CST it_PPH1 becomes_VVZ easier_JJR to_TO read_VVI off_II the_AT 
correct_JJ pronunciation_NN1 of_IO long_JJ proper_JJ names_NN2 if_CS 
they_PPHS2 are_VBR divided_VVN up_RP in_II31 accordance_II32 with_II33 
their_APPGE internal_JJ composition_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT much_RR 
stronger_JJR one_PN1 that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ *1_NULL impossible_JJ *0_NULL 
to_TO read_VVI off_II the_AT correct_JJ pronunciation_NN1 of_IO long_JJ 
names_NN2 unless_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR so_RG divided_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ unclear_JJ why_RRQ the_AT National_JJ 
Geographic_JJ Board_NNJ chose_VVD not_XX to_TO indicate_VVI word-division_JJ 
in_II Maori_JJ place-names_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 have_VH0 no_AT objection_NN1 to_II multi-word_JJ 
place-names_NN2 in_II English_JJ ,_, as_CSA witness_NN1 Grey_NP1 Lynn_NP1 ,_, 
Mount_NNL1 Roskill_NP ,_, Lower_JJR Hutt_NP1 ,_, Top_NN1 o_ZZ1 '_" the_AT 
Bruce_NP1 ,_, Three_MC Kings_NN2 and_RR31 so_RR32 on_RR33 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_PN1 assumes_VVZ that_CST they_PPHS2 got_VVD bad_JJ advice_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL With_IW the_AT current_JJ emphasis_NN1 on_II reasonably_RR 
correct_JJ renderings_NN2 of_IO Maori_JJ names_NN2 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 
campaign_NN1 to_TO replace_VVI long-established_JJ English_JJ names_NN2 by_II 
even_RR longer-established_JJR Maori_JJ ones_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 seems_VVZ 
essential_JJ to_TO provide_VVI authoritative_JJ guides_NN2 to_II 
pronunciation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF practical_JJ reasons_NN2 most_DAT such_DA guides_NN2 will_VM 
be_VBI written_VVN documents_NN2 (_( which_DDQ does_VDZ not_XX of_RR21 
course_RR22 rule_VVI out_RP the_AT provision_NN1 of_IO sound_NN1 
recordings_NN2 as_RR21 well_RR22 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX possible_JJ ,_, however_RR ,_, to_TO 
provide_VVI a_AT1 written_JJ guide_NN1 to_II pronunciation_NN1 unless_CS 
one_PN1 has_VHZ an_AT1 unambiguous_JJ orthography_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA conventionally_RR written_VVN ,_, Maori_JJ orthography_NN1 
is_VBZ not_XX such_DA but_CS it_PPH1 becomes_VVZ adequate_JJ if_CSW ,_, 
in_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 vowel_NN1 length_NN1 ,_, spoken-word_JJ 
boundaries_NN2 are_VBR marked_VVN in_II some_DD way_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 becomes_VVZ adequate_JJ because_CS it_PPH1 will_VM now_RT 
write_VVI differently_RR all_DB words_NN2 that_CST are_VBR pronounced_VVN 
differently_RR ,_, and_CC in_II a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST can_VM be_VBI read_VVN 
back_RP with_IW word_NN1 stress_NN1 placed_VVD correctly_RR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Most_DAT common_JJ (_( {_NULL i.e._REX }_NULL non-proper_JJ 
)_) words_NN2 are_VBR marked_VVN off_RP by_II spaces_NN2 when_RRQ they_PPHS2 
are_VBR written_VVN ,_, so_CS the_AT written-word_NN1 indicates_VVZ 
unambiguously_RR where_CS it_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI stressed_VVN ,_, 
provided_CS ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, that_DD1 vowel_NN1 length_NN1 is_VBZ 
also_RR marked_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX remain_VV0 ,_, however_RR ,_, very_RG many_DA2 
written-words_NN2 that_CST are_VBR pronounced_VVN as_II two_MC or_CC more_DAR 
(_( spoken_VVN )_) words_NN2 but_CCB are_VBR conventionally_RR written_VVN 
as_CSA one_PN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 includes_VVZ most_RGT long_JJ proper_JJ names_NN2 ,_, 
which_DDQ are_VBR usually_RR written_VVN as_CSA one_MC1 word_NN1 ,_, 
although_CS their_APPGE pronunciation_NN1 and/or_CC their_APPGE apparent_JJ 
composition_NN1 indicates_VVZ that_CST they_PPHS2 are_VBR compound_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA we_PPIS2 have_VH0 seen_VVN ,_, unless_CS we_PPIS2 know_VV0 
where_RRQ the_AT (_( spoken_VVN )_) word_NN1 boundaries_NN2 occur_VV0 ,_, 
we_PPIS2 will_VM be_VBI unable_JJ to_TO decide_VVI from_II the_AT written_JJ 
compound_JJ word_NN1 its_APPGE correct_JJ pronunciation_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL What_DDQ to_TO do_VDI ?_? 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ clear_JJ that_CST spoken-word_JJ boundaries_NN2 
should_VM be_VBI marked_VVN in_II some_DD way_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT obvious_JJ solution_NN1 seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI to_TO make_VVI 
use_NN1 of_IO that_DD1 sadly_RR neglected_JJ symbol_NN1 ,_, the_AT hyphen_NN1 
,_, which_DDQ can_VM maintain_VVI the_AT unity_NN1 of_IO compound_JJ 
written-words_NN2 and_CC ,_, at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ,_, indicate_VV0 
spoken-word_JJ boundaries_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Let_VV0 us_PPIO2 call_VVI a_AT1 sequence_NN1 of_IO symbols_NN2 
set_VV0 off_RP by_II spaces_NN2 and_CC appearing_VVG (_( because_II21 of_II22 
its_APPGE length_NN1 or_CC its_APPGE apparent_JJ derivation_NN1 )_) to_TO 
contain_VVI two_MC or_CC more_RGR simple_JJ words_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 compound_JJ 
word_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Examples_NN2 of_IO compound_JJ words_NN2 taken_VVN from_II 
Williams_NP1 's_GE *1_NULL Dictionary_NN1 of_IO the_AT Maori_JJ Language_NN1 
*0_NULL are_VBR :_: *1_NULL mutuwhenua_NN1 ,_, piipiiwharauroa_NN1 ,_, 
pirikahu_NN1 ,_, manawa-nui_NN2 ,_, waipuke_NN1 ,_, raukawa_NN1 ,_, 
tangiwai_NN2 ,_, tuutaekeehua_NN1 ,_, waewae-koukou_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Much_RR longer_JJR compounds_NN2 are_VBR found_VVN ,_, by_II 
official_JJ decree_NN1 ,_, in_II place-names_NN2 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL 
*1_NULL Taumata-whatsit_NN1 *0_NULL above_RL )_) ,_, and_CC in_II personal_JJ 
names_NN2 by_II convention_NN1 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL Maniauruahu_NP1 ,_, 
Ruaputahanga_NP1 ,_, Atairangikaahu_NP1 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL If_CS we_PPIS2 had_VHD a_AT1 principle_NN1 for_IF 
discovering_VVG (_( spoken_VVN )_) word_NN1 boundaries_NN2 in_II such_DA 
compounds_NN2 we_PPIS2 could_VM mark_VVI them_PPHO2 ,_, by_II hyphens_NN2 ,_, 
for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, and_CC then_RT apply_VV0 our_APPGE word_NN1 
stress_NN1 rules_NN2 to_II each_DD1 component_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Is_VBZ there_RL such_DA a_AT1 principle_NN1 ?_? 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI nice_JJ if_CSW the_AT apparent_JJ 
derivation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 compound_JJ word_NN1 also_RR decided_VVD its_APPGE 
spoken-word_JJ boundaries_NN2 ,_, so_CS let_VVN us_PPIO2 try_VVI that_DD1 
first_MD ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT word_NN1 *1_NULL waipuke_NN1 *'_" *0_NULL flood_NN1 **'_" 
seems_VVZ obviously_RR derived_VVN from_II the_AT words_NN2 *1_NULL wai_NN2 
*'_" *0_NULL water_NN1 **'_" and_CC *1_NULL puke_VV0 *'_" *0_NULL well_RR 
up_RP ,_, rise_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 might_VM be_VBI justified_VVN then_RT in_II hyphenating_VVG 
the_AT word_NN1 as_CSA wai-puke_JJ and_CC ,_, giving_VVG it_PPH1 two_MC 
word_NN1 stresses_NN2 ,_, pronounce_NN1 it_PPH1 *2_NULL WAI_NP1 PUke_NN1 (_( 
by_II Rule_NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 ,_, however_RR ,_, would_VM be_VBI an_AT1 error_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT derivation_NN1 may_VM be_VBI right_JJ ,_, but_CCB the_AT 
pronunciation_NN1 is_VBZ wrong_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT compound_NN1 is_VBZ pronounced_VVN ,_, with_IW just_RR one_MC1 
heavy_JJ stress_NN1 ,_, *3_NULL WAIpuke_NP1 ,_, *0_NULL like_II *'_" *2_NULL 
FLOODwater_NN1 **'_" ,_, not_XX like_II *'_" *2_NULL FLOOD_NN1 TIDE_NN1 **'_" 
._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 defines_VVZ it_PPH1 as_II a_AT1 single_JJ word_NN1 
pronounced_VVD in_II31 accordance_II32 with_II33 Rule_NN1 4_MC of_IO the_AT 
Word_NN1 Stress_NN1 Rules_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Now_RT let_VVD us_PPIO2 look_NN1 at_II the_AT Northland_NP1 
place-name_NN1 officially_RR spelled_VVD Pukenui_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Again_RT ,_, its_APPGE derivation_NN1 seems_VVZ obvious_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL Puke_NN1 *'_" *0_NULL a_AT1 hill_NN1 **'_" ,_, *1_NULL 
nui_NN2 *'_" *0_NULL big_JJ **'_" ,_, and_CC that_DD1 ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 
,_, is_VBZ the_AT name_NN1 of_IO \_NULL Mt_NP1 ._. 

^ Camel_NN1 ,_, the_AT true_JJ locus_NN1 of_IO the_AT place-name_NN1 which_DDQ 
is_VBZ now_RT applied_VVN to_II the_AT settlement_NN1 across_II the_AT 
Houhora_NP1 Harbour_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Warned_JJ by_II the_AT last_MD example_NN1 we_PPIS2 decide_VV0 to_TO 
pronounce_VVI the_AT compound_NN1 as_CSA one_MC1 word_NN1 *2_NULL PUkenui_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Wrong_JJ again_RT ,_, I_PPIS1 am_VBM afraid_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT pronunciation_NN1 requires_VVZ two_MC word_NN1 stresses_NN2 
(_( *3_NULL PUke-NUi_NN1 )_) ,_, exactly_RR as_CS21 if_CS22 we_PPIS2 were_VBDR 
saying_VVG *2_NULL MOUNT_NNL1 CAmel_NP ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR ,_, while_CS *1_NULL waipuke_NN1 *0_NULL is_VBZ one_MC1 (_( 
spoken_VVN )_) word_NN1 ,_, Pukenui_NP1 is_VBZ two_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT pronunciation_NN1 distinction_NN1 I_PPIS1 am_VBM 
discussing_VVG eludes_VVZ you_PPY ,_, compare_VV0 it_PPH1 to_II the_AT 
difference_NN1 between_II *'_" a_AT1 greengrocer_NN1 **'_" (_( a_ZZ1 man_NN1 
who_PNQS sells_VVZ vegetables_NN2 )_) and_CC *'_" a_AT1 green_JJ grocer_NN1 
**'_" (_( a_ZZ1 grocer_NN1 who_PNQS is_VBZ green_JJ )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II Maori_JJ pronunciation_NN1 *1_NULL waipuke_NN1 *0_NULL and_CC 
*1_NULL Wairoa_NP1 *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL Waikato_NP1 *0_NULL are_VBR each_DD1 
one_MC1 word_NN1 ,_, (_( like_II greengrocer_NN1 )_) ,_, but_CCB *1_NULL 
Pukenui_NP1 *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL Awanui_NN2 *0_NULL are_VBR two_MC (_( 
like_II green_JJ grocer_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ apparent_JJ that_CST dividing_VVG compound_JJ 
Maori_JJ words_NN2 according_II21 to_II22 their_APPGE perceived_JJ 
derivation_NN1 fails_VVZ us_PPIO2 in_II determining_VVG spoken-word_JJ 
division_NN1 and_CC hence_RR as_II a_AT1 guide_NN1 to_II the_AT placing_NN1 
of_IO stress_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 327+TEXT+J33_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Finally_RR ,_, in_II 1986_MC ,_, as_CSA the_AT 
time_NNT1 of_IO his_APPGE release_NN1 on_II parole_FW approached_VVD after_II 
three_MC years_NNT2 in_II prison_NN1 ,_, the_AT label_NN1 reappeared_VVD 
along_II21 with_II22 another_DD1 variation_NN1 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
|_NULL the_AT self-styled_JJ cancer_NN1 doctor_NN1 |_NULL jailed_JJ cancer_NN1 
therapist_NN1 Milan_NP1 Brych_NP1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT example_NN1 shows_VVZ 
both_RR the_AT deterioration_NN1 of_IO Brych_NP1 's_GE image_NN1 in_II the_AT 
media_NN as_II the_AT labellings_NN2 became_VVD increasingly_RR negative_JJ 
and_CC the_AT power_NN1 of_IO the_AT original_JJ pseudo-title_NN1 to_TO 
persist_VVI for_IF over_II a_AT1 decade_NNT1 even_RR in_II different_JJ 
countries_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 the_AT pseudo-title_NN1 had_VHD become_VVN 
uniquely_RR his_PPGE ,_, to_II the_AT extent_NN1 that_CST the_AT mere_JJ 
phrase_NN1 *1_NULL controversial_JJ cancer_NN1 therapist_NN1 *0_NULL was_VBDZ 
sufficient_JJ identification_NN1 without_IW the_AT need_NN1 to_TO mention_VVI 
Brych_NP1 's_GE name_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, the_AT deterioration_NN1 in_II 
titling_NN1 is_VBZ parallelled_VVN by_II a_ZZ1 shift_VV0 from_II *1_NULL 
\_NULL Dr._NNB Brych_NP1 *0_NULL initially_RR to_II *1_NULL \_NULL Mr._NNB 
Brych_NP1 *0_NULL after_II his_APPGE medical_JJ qualifications_NN2 became_VVD 
suspect_NN1 ,_, and_CC finally_RR to_II plain_JJ *1_NULL Brych_NP1 *-_- 
*0_NULL the_AT conventional_JJ reference_NN1 to_II convicted_JJ criminals_NN2 
by_II last_MD name_NN1 alone_JJ ._. 

^ *|_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL COMPLEXITIES_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT typical_JJ structure_NN1 which_DDQ favors_VVZ 
determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 news_NN1 English_NN1 
is_VBZ brief_JJ like_II the_AT titles_NN2 which_DDQ it_PPH1 imitates_VVZ :_: 
a_AT1 single_JJ noun_NN1 ,_, perhaps_RR with_IW one_MC1 preposed_JJ 
modifier_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB the_AT rule_NN1 can_VM still_RR apply_VVI when_RRQ the_AT 
constituent_NN1 {_NULL NP_NP }_NULL '_" s_ZZ1 reach_VV0 a_AT1 high_JJ or_CC 
even_RR uninterpretable_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO syntactic_JJ complexity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX may_VM be_VBI coordination_NN1 within_II the_AT first_MD ,_, 
descriptive_JJ {_NULL NP_NP }_NULL :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
Prime_JJ Minister_NN1 and_CC Minister_NN1 of_IO Finance_NN1 Sir_NNB Thomas_NP1 
Davis_NP1 |_NULL Dominion_NN1 transport_NN1 reporter_NN1 and_CC motoring_VVG 
writer_NN1 Russell_NP1 Scoular_NP1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Deletion_NN1 in_II this_DD1 
context_NN1 is_VBZ no_AT great_JJ problem_NN1 when_RRQ the_AT coordinated_JJ 
{_NULL NP_NP }_NULL '_" s_ZZ1 are_VBR semantically_RR like_JJ ,_, such_II21 
as_II22 ministerial_JJ positions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB it_PPH1 can_VM result_VVI in_II bizarre_JJ effects_NN2 
when_RRQ unlikes_NN2 are_VBR coordinated_VVN :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
|_NULL Australian_JJ and_CC favourite_JJ Rob_NP1 \_NULL de_NP1 Castella_NP1 
._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Coordinations_NN2 may_VM also_RR 
occur_VVI in_II the_AT second_NNT1 ,_, name_NN1 {_NULL NP_NP }_NULL *-_- 
sometimes_RT with_IW the_AT familiar_JJ journalistic_JJ detail_NN1 of_IO 
age_NN1 and_CC place_NN1 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL runaway_NN1 
sweethearts_NN2 Colin_NP1 Alabaster_NP1 ,_, 22_MC ,_, and_CC 14-year-old_JJ 
Ann_NP1 Schofield_NP1 of_IO **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
Wellingborough_NP1 ,_, Northants_NP1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
Middlesex_NP1 Polytechnic_NP1 {_NULL BA_NNA }_NULL in_II performance_NN1 
arts_NN2 students_NN2 Sally_NP1 Parkinson_NP1 and_CC 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL Tracy_NP1 Bernhardt_NP1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL 
Descriptive_NP1 {_NULL NP_NP }_NULL '_" s_ZZ1 may_VM be_VBI simultaneously_RR 
apposed_VVN both_RR before_RT and_CC after_II a_AT1 name_NN1 {_NULL NP_NP 
}_NULL ,_, with_IW the_AT determiner_NN1 deleted_VVD from_II the_AT 
preceding_VVG {_NULL NP_NP }_NULL :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
ex-convict_JJ Jack_NP1 Cody_NP1 ,_, self-confessed_JJ thief_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 
gambler_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Double_RR preceding_VVG 
apposition_NN1 of_IO descriptive_JJ {_NULL NP_NP }_NULL '_" s_ZZ1 is_VBZ 
possible_JJ ,_, with_IW at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 
necessary_JJ to_TO make_VVI the_AT structure_NN1 workable_JJ :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL proud_JJ dad_NN1 ,_, deputy_NN1 Labour_NNJ 
leader_NN1 Geoffrey_NP1 Palmer_NP1 |_NULL husband_NN1 ,_, journalist_NN1 
David_NP1 Robie_NP1 |_NULL wife_NN1 ,_, dancer_NN1 Anna_NP1 Scarpova_NP1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Such_DA expressions_NN2 tend_VV0 
to_TO sound_VVI bizarre_JJ in_II isolation_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
notable_JJ that_CST ,_, to_TO make_VVI them_PPHO2 comprehensible_JJ ,_, the_AT 
comma_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN inserted_VVN between_II the_AT two_MC 
descriptive_JJ nouns_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Note_NN1 also_RR that_CST the_AT three_MC examples_NN2 just_RR 
above_RL involve_VV0 deletion_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 possessive_JJ determiner_NN1 
from_II the_AT first_MD descriptive_JJ {_NULL NP_NP }_NULL (_( the_AT noun_NN1 
of_IO family_NN relationship_NN1 )_) ,_, followed_VVN by_II article_NN1 
deletion_NN1 with_IW the_AT following_JJ occupational_JJ noun_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT determiner_NN1 can_VM be_VBI deleted_VVN from_II an_AT1 
expression_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ acting_VVG as_II a_AT1 preposed_JJ 
genitive_NN1 to_II another_DD1 {_NULL NP_NP }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II such_DA cases_NN2 ,_, deletion_NN1 even_RR seems_VVZ to_TO 
be_VBI favored_VVN ,_, as_CSA retaining_VVG the_AT determiner_NN1 hinders_VVZ 
interpretation_NN1 of_IO the_AT full_JJ expression_NN1 :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL State_NP1 Minister_NP1 Frank_NP1 O'Flynn_NP1 
{_NULL QC_NNA }_NULL '_" s_ZZ1 former_DA firm_JJ |_NULL guerilla_NN1 
leader_NN1 Robert_NP1 Mugabe_NP1 's_GE men_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT wide_JJ applicability_NN1 
of_IO the_AT rule_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN where_RRQ the_AT determiner_NN1 is_VBZ 
deleted_VVN in_II a_AT1 preposed_JJ genitive_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Here_RL the_AT determiner_NN1 had_VHD in_II fact_NN1 governed_VVD 
the_AT possessive_JJ noun_NN1 of_IO the_AT descriptive_JJ {_NULL NP_NP }_NULL 
and_CC not_XX the_AT head_NN1 noun_NN1 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
Hussars_NN2 officer_NN1 's_VBZ daughter_NN1 Stella_NP1 Quekett_NP1 |_NULL 
boxer_NN1 's_VBZ wife_NN1 ,_, Jackie_NP1 Magri_NP1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT determiner_NN1 can_VM 
also_RR be_VBI deleted_VVN when_CS there_EX is_VBZ an_AT1 increased_JJ 
amount_NN1 of_IO structure_NN1 in_II the_AT descriptive_JJ {_NULL NP_NP }_NULL 
,_, preferably_RR preposed_VVD before_II the_AT head_NN1 noun_NN1 but_CCB 
in_II some_DD cases_NN2 postposed_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT shift_NN1 to_II acceptance_NN1 of_IO the_AT rule_NN1 by_II 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 media_NN is_VBZ perhaps_RR most_RGT remarkable_JJ at_II 
this_DD1 point_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Expressions_NN2 where_RRQ deletion_NN1 would_VM have_VHI been_VBN 
severely_RR deviant_JJ ten_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA are_VBR now_RT increasingly_RR 
occurring_VVG without_IW determiners_NN2 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL 
Determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 typically_RR occurs_VVZ before_II the_AT names_NN2 
of_IO persons_NN2 ,_, but_CCB nonpersonal_JJ names_NN2 are_VBR now_RT 
adopting_VVG the_AT rule_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Names_NN2 of_IO animals_NN2 ,_, and_CC entities_NN2 like_II 
firms_NNJ2 and_CC sports_NN2 teams_NN2 ,_, are_VBR following_VVG personal_JJ 
names_NN2 into_II determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Note_NN1 
that_CST most_DAT of_IO the_AT head_NN1 nouns_NN2 of_IO the_AT descriptive_JJ 
{_NULL NP_NP }_NULL '_" s_ZZ1 in_II the_AT examples_NN2 immediately_RR 
above_RL normally_RR apply_VV0 to_II persons_NN2 *-_- *1_NULL newcomers_NN2 
,_, hopeful_JJ ,_, rival_NN1 ,_, leader_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 eases_VVZ the_AT path_NN1 to_II determiner_NN1 
deletion_NN1 ,_, while_CS nonperson_NN1 nouns_NN2 like_II *1_NULL firm_NNJ 
*0_NULL or_CC *1_NULL team_NN *0_NULL would_VM inhibit_VVI deletion_NN1 (_( 
but_CCB note_VV0 *1_NULL group_NN *0_NULL in_II the_AT second_MD of_IO 
these_DD2 examples_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL When_CS the_AT determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 operates_VVZ on_II 
complex_JJ structures_NN2 ,_, or_CC where_CS many_DA2 expressions_NN2 with_IW 
deletion_NN1 follow_VV0 each_PPX221 other_PPX222 closely_RR ,_, the_AT 
density_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 makes_VVZ for_IF structures_NN2 which_DDQ 
are_VBR very_RG hard_JJ to_TO decode_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Note_NN1 the_AT triple_NN1 preceding_VVG apposition_NN1 in_II the_AT 
first_MD of_IO the_AT following_JJ examples_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT complete_JJ 
sentence_NN1 cited_VVD in_II the_AT second_NNT1 ,_, with_IW its_APPGE 
repeated_JJ appositions_NN2 and_CC determiner_NN1 deletions_NN2 ,_, 
culminating_VVG in_II the_AT almost_RR undecipherable_JJ final_JJ phrase_NN1 
:_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *|_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL A_AT1 VARIABLE_JJ RULE_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT number_NN1 of_IO structures_NN2 where_RRQ 
determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 is_VBZ categorically_RR inadmissible_JJ in_II 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 English_NN1 is_VBZ rapidly_RR shrinking_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, a_DD221 few_DD222 do_VD0 seem_VVI to_TO remain_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_CS the_AT head_NN1 noun_NN1 is_VBZ semantically_RR vacuous_JJ 
,_, deletion_NN1 is_VBZ unacceptable_JJ ;_; one_PN1 finds_VVZ *1_NULL the_AT 
man_NN1 ,_, \_NULL Mr._NNB Fred_NP1 Berryman_NP1 ,_, 22_MC ,_, *0_NULL but_CCB 
not_XX */_FO *1_NULL man_NN1 ,_, \_NULL Mr._NNB Fred_NP1 Berryman_NP1 ,_, 
22_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL However_RR ,_, where_CS the_AT pseudo-title_NN1 adds_VVZ 
information_NN1 ,_, deletion_NN1 will_VM be_VBI acceptable_JJ :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL Waipawa_NP1 boy_NN1 Timothy_NP1 Story_NN1 
,_, 10_MC |_NULL schoolboy_NN1 Timothy_NP1 Story_NN1 |_NULL */_FO boy_NN1 
Timothy_NP1 Story_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Certain_JJ expressions_NN2 with_IW 
numerals_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX permit_VVI deletion_NN1 *-_- *1_NULL the_AT two_MC 
*0_NULL has_VHZ anaphoric_JJ reference_NN1 while_CS *1_NULL two_MC *0_NULL 
does_VDZ not_XX ._. 

^ ^_NULL Pseudonumerals_NP1 may_VM also_RR be_VBI included_VVN ,_, as_CSA 
in_II :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL the_AT two_MC other_JJ girls_NN2 
,_, Denise_NP1 Clayton_NP1 and_CC Jackquie_NP1 Wakelin_NP1 |_NULL the_AT 
pair_NN ,_, Richard_NP1 Balmforth_NP1 of_IO Reuters_NP1 and_CC Liz_NP1 
Thurgood_NP1 of_IO the_AT Guardian_NP1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT squishiness_NN1 of_IO 
what_DDQ expressions_NN2 are_VBR acceptable_JJ as_CSA titles_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
therefore_RR what_DDQ structures_VVZ determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 can_VM 
apply_VVI to_RP ,_, is_VBZ reflected_VVN in_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST 
this_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 variable_JJ rule_NN1 ,_, subject_II21 to_II22 
differential_JJ linguistic_JJ constraints_NN2 (_( see_VV0 Labov_NP1 1980_MC 
)_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Without_IW presenting_VVG any_DD detailed_JJ analysis_NN1 on_II 
this_DD1 ,_, suffice_NN1 to_TO note_VVI that_CST there_EX seem_VV0 to_TO 
be_VBI three_MC main_JJ groupings_NN2 of_IO variable_JJ constraints_NN2 ,_, 
already_RR hinted_VVD at_II in_II the_AT discussion_NN1 of_IO 
acceptability_NN1 :_: |_NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT type_NN1 of_IO determiner_NN1 affects_VVZ the_AT frequency_NN1 
of_IO deletion_NN1 ,_, with_IW articles_NN2 *1_NULL the_AT *0_NULL and_CC 
*1_NULL a_AT1 *0_NULL favoring_JJ deletion_NN1 ,_, and_CC possessives_NN2 
disfavoring_VVG (_( except_II21 for_II22 first-person_NN1 *1_NULL our_APPGE 
*0_NULL referring_NN1 to_II the_AT news_NN1 medium_NN1 itself_PPX1 ,_, as_CSA 
in_II *1_NULL [_( our_APPGE ]_) business_NN1 editor_NN1 Ron_NP1 Quennell_NP1 
)_) ._. 

^ |_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Limited_JJ premodification_NN1 favors_VVZ deletion_NN1 ,_, but_CCB 
multiple_JJ premodification_NN1 in_II the_AT descriptive_JJ {_NULL NP_NP 
}_NULL and_CC any_DD postmodification_NN1 inhibit_NN1 deletion_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Finally_RR ,_, the_AT co-occurrence_NN1 of_IO deletion_NN1 with_IW 
first_MD name_NN1 (_( \_NULL F_ZZ1 )_) ,_, \_NULL M-term_NN1 ,_, or_CC null_JJ 
term_NN1 preceding_VVG the_AT last_MD name_NN1 (_( \_NULL L_ZZ1 )_) 
affects_VVZ the_AT frequency_NN1 of_IO deletion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Null_JJ term_NN1 inhibits_VVZ deletion_NN1 strongly_RR ,_, since_II 
using_VVG \_NULL L-only_JJ implies_VVZ full_JJ titleness_NN1 in_II the_AT 
descriptive_JJ noun_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_IW \_NULL M-term_NN1 ,_, deletion_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR 
acceptable_JJ ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ favored_VVN with_IW \_NULL F_ZZ1 *-_- 
partly_RR because_CS the_AT informality_NN1 of_IO referring_VVG to_II 
someone_PN1 by_II first_MD name_NN1 co-occurs_VVZ readily_RR with_IW the_AT 
less_RGR formal_JJ style_NN1 with_IW which_DDQ determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 
is_VBZ identified_VVN ._. 

^ *|_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL GEOGRAPHICAL_JJ DIFFERENTIATION_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Application_NN1 of_IO the_AT determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 
rule_NN1 varies_VVZ according_II21 to_II22 (_( at_RR21 least_RR22 )_) three_MC 
sets_NN2 of_IO extralinguistic_JJ factors_NN2 :_: geographical_JJ ,_, 
social_JJ and_CC historical_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Geographically_NP1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 clear_JJ 
polarization_NN1 between_II media_NN in_II Britain_NP1 and_CC in_II the_AT 
United_NP States_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Table_NN1 1_MC1 shows_VVZ determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 in_II 
prestige_NN1 news_NN1 media_NN in_II both_DB2 countries_NN2 :_: in_II the_AT 
United_NP States_NP1 ,_, on_II {_NULL CBS_NP }_NULL and_CC {_NULL ABC_NP1 
}_NULL network_NN1 television_NN1 news_NN1 ,_, and_CC in_II the_AT *1_NULL 
New_NP York_NP1 Times_NP1 *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL Washington_NP1 Post_NP1 ;_; 
*0_NULL in_II Britain_NP1 ,_, on_II {_NULL BBC_NP }_NULL -1_MC television_NN1 
's_VBZ *1_NULL Nine_MC O'clock_RA News_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL and_CC on_II the_AT 
Independent_NP1 Television_NP1 News_NP1 program_NN1 *1_NULL News_NN1 at_II 
Ten_MC ,_, *0_NULL together_II21 with_II22 *1_NULL The_AT Times_NP1 *0_NULL 
and_CC *1_NULL The_AT Guardian_NP1 *0_NULL newspapers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT table_NN1 shows_VVZ the_AT number_NN1 of_IO cases_NN2 in_II 
which_DDQ the_AT rule_NN1 was_VBDZ actually_RR applied_VVN as_II a_AT1 
percentage_NN1 of_IO all_DB cases_NN2 where_CS it_PPH1 could_VM have_VHI 
been_VBN applied_VVN ,_, that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, where_CS the_AT structural_JJ 
description_NN1 was_VBDZ met_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT dichotomy_NN1 between_II British_JJ and_CC American_JJ 
prestige_NN1 media_NN is_VBZ absolute_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB four_MC British_JJ media_NN delete_VV0 a_AT1 maximum_NN1 of_IO 
ten_MC percent_NNU of_IO determiners_NN2 *-_- that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, 
they_PPHS2 hold_VV0 to_II semicategorical_JJ retention_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
determiner_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL Three_MC of_IO the_AT American_JJ media_NN 
delete_VV0 about_RG ninety_MC percent_NNU of_IO determiners_NN2 ,_, with_IW 
the_AT *1_NULL New_NP York_NP1 Times_NP1 *0_NULL a_RR21 little_RR22 below_RL 
at_II seventy-five_MC percent_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF the_AT American_JJ media_NN ,_, then_RT ,_, semicategorical_JJ 
deletion_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT norm_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 signifies_VVZ that_CST in_II the_AT United_NP States_NP1 ,_, 
the_AT rule_NN1 has_VHZ little_DA1 social_JJ force_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX identified_VVN with_IW any_DD class_NN1 of_IO 
media_NN ._. 

^ *|_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL SOCIAL_JJ VARIATION_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL With_IW such_DA polarization_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC 
main_JJ international_JJ varieties_NN2 of_IO English_JJ ,_, it_PPH1 
becomes_VVZ possible_JJ that_CST different_JJ media_NN within_II a_AT1 
country_NN1 may_VM adopt_VVI one_MC1 or_CC the_AT other_JJ model_NN1 as_CSA 
their_APPGE target_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II both_DB2 New_NP Zealand_NP1 and_CC the_AT United_NP Kingdom_NP1 
,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT case_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Table_NN1 2_MC shows_VVZ the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO 
deletion_NN1 in_II seven_MC of_IO Britain_NP1 's_GE national_JJ daily_JJ 
newspapers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT split_NN1 into_II two_MC camps_NN2 is_VBZ strikingly_RR 
similar_JJ to_II that_DD1 between_II British_JJ and_CC {_NULL U.S._NP }_NULL 
media_NN in_II table_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT three_MC national_JJ lower-circulation_NN1 ,_, *"_" 
quality_NN1 **"_" papers_NN2 *-_- *1_NULL Times_NP1 ,_, Guardian_NP1 ,_, 
*0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL Telegraph_NP1 *-_- *0_NULL delete_VV0 at_II low_JJ 
levels_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT *1_NULL Daily_NP1 Telegraph_NP1 *0_NULL is_VBZ highest_JJT 
at_II twelve_MC percent_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 leap_NN1 to_II the_AT four_MC 
so-called_JJ *"_" popular_JJ **"_" dailies_NN2 ,_, with_IW the_AT *1_NULL 
Daily_NP1 Mail_NP1 *0_NULL using_VVG the_AT least_DAT determiner_NN1 
deletion_NN1 (_( 73%_NNU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT mass_JJ press_NN has_VHZ gone_VVN over_RP to_II what_DDQ 
it_PPH1 sees_VVZ as_II the_AT less_RGR formal_JJ ,_, more_RGR popular_JJ 
American_JJ style_NN1 using_VVG determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT prestige_NN1 papers_NN2 remain_VV0 with_IW the_AT older_JJR 
retention_NN1 of_IO the_AT determiner_NN1 ,_, now_RT regarded_VVN *-_- 
evidently_RR with_IW only_JJ partial_JJ justification_NN1 *-_- as_II 
characteristic_NN1 of_IO British-versus-American_JJ news_NN1 style_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Note_NN1 also_RR that_CST while_CS the_AT structure_NN1 of_IO 
table_NN1 2_MC is_VBZ very_RG similar_JJ to_II table_NN1 1_MC1 ,_, it_PPH1 
is_VBZ less_RGR severely_RR polarized_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 take_VV0 this_DD1 to_TO result_VVI from_II the_AT fact_NN1 
that_CST the_AT British_JJ popular_JJ media_NN are_VBR imitating_VVG 
American_JJ norms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA with_IW most_DAT reflections_NN2 ,_, the_AT image_NN1 is_VBZ 
a_RR21 little_RR22 less_RGR sharp_JJ than_CSN the_AT original_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Also_RR shown_VVN in_II table_NN1 2_MC are_VBR the_AT data_NN 
for_IF deletion_NN1 of_IO articles_NN2 only_RR ,_, excluding_VVG the_AT 
possessives_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ permit_VV0 deletion_NN1 much_RR less_RGR 
frequently_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB four_MC mass_JJ newspapers_NN2 delete_VV0 the_AT articles_NN2 
at_II semicategorical_JJ levels_NN2 (_( 90%_NNU plus_II )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT *1_NULL Sun_NN1 *0_NULL has_VHZ pushed_VVN the_AT rule_NN1 
to_II completion_NN1 for_IF articles_NN2 ,_, with_IW 100_MC percent_NNU 
deletion_NN1 ,_, although_CS the_AT number_NN1 of_IO tokens_NN2 (_( 35_MC )_) 
is_VBZ too_RG small_JJ to_TO say_VVI that_CST this_DD1 is_VBZ absolute_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT ranking_NN1 of_IO newspapers_NN2 in_II table_NN1 2_MC 
for_IF their_APPGE degree_NN1 of_IO determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 
corresponds_VVZ almost_RR exactly_RR to_II the_AT social_JJ status_NN1 of_IO 
their_APPGE readerships_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT National_JJ Readership_NN1 Surveys_NN2 conducted_VVN in_II 
Britain_NP1 during_II 1980_MC **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL (_( {_NULL 
JICNARS_NN2 }_NULL 1980_MC )_) rank_VV0 the_AT newspapers_NN2 by_II the_AT 
social_JJ grade_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE readership_NN1 :_: the_AT *1_NULL 
Times_NP1 *0_NULL at_II the_AT top_NN1 ,_, then_RT the_AT *1_NULL 
Telegraph_NP1 *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL Guardian_NP1 ;_; *0_NULL then_RT a_AT1 
considerable_JJ drop_NN1 to_II the_AT *1_NULL Mail_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL 
followed_VVN by_II the_AT *1_NULL Express_NN1 ,_, Mirror_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL 
and_CC *1_NULL Sun_NPD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Only_RR the_AT *1_NULL Guardian_NP1 *0_NULL breaks_VVZ the_AT 
perfect_JJ correlation_NN1 between_II social_JJ grade_NN1 and_CC 
determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 ,_, and_CC then_RT by_II just_RR one_MC1 
percentage_NN1 point_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 similar_JJ socially_RR determined_JJ structure_NN1 
is_VBZ evident_JJ for_IF New_NP Zealand_NP1 radio_NN1 stations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II a_AT1 1984_MC sample_NN1 (_( table_NN1 3_MC )_) ,_, two_MC 
stations_NN2 with_IW lower_JJR status_NN1 audience_NN had_VHD high_JJ 
determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 *-_- the_AT middle-of-the-road_JJ Community_NNJ 
Network_NN1 of_IO Radio_NN1 New_NP Zealand_NP1 (_( the_AT public_JJ 
broadcasting_NN1 corporation_NNJ )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT Auckland_NP1 
privately_RR owned_JJ rock_NN1 music_NN1 station_NN1 Radio_NN1 Hauraki_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II contrast_NN1 ,_, Radio_NN1 New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE 
prestigious_JJ National_JJ Radio_NN1 network_NN1 deletes_VVZ less_DAR than_CSN 
a_AT1 fourth_MD of_IO determiners_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT polarization_NN1 of_IO radio_NN1 stations_NN2 
reflects_VVZ very_RG accurately_RR their_APPGE orientation_NN1 towards_II 
British_JJ or_CC American_JJ cultural_JJ and_CC linguistic_JJ norms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT rule_NN1 of_IO determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 turns_VVZ out_RP 
to_TO be_VBI diagnostic_JJ of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 media_NN orientations_NN2 
,_, just_RR as_CSA it_PPH1 was_VBDZ for_IF British_JJ media_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC as_CSA with_IW the_AT British_JJ newspapers_NN2 ,_, the_AT 
correlation_NN1 of_IO determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 with_IW the_AT social_JJ 
standing_NN1 of_IO the_AT audience_NN is_VBZ strong_JJ ._. 

^ *|_NULL ^_NULL *2_NULL HISTORICAL_JJ DEVELOPMENT_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Media_NN polarize_VV0 according_II21 to_II22 what_DDQ I_PPIS1 
take_VV0 to_TO be_VBI an_AT1 original_JJ ,_, British_JJ nondeleting_JJ 
norm_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 newer_JJR ,_, American_JJ norm_NN1 of_IO high_JJ 
deletion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Table_NN1 3_MC shows_NN2 how_RRQ this_DD1 rule_NN1 has_VHZ spread_VVN 
over_II time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS I_PPIS1 collected_VVD my_APPGE original_JJ sample_NN1 in_II 
1974_MC ,_, all_DB these_DD2 radio_NN1 stations_NN2 had_VHD a_AT1 rather_RG 
low_JJ level_NN1 of_IO determiner_NN1 deletion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Radio_NN1 Hauraki_NP1 *-_- the_AT young-audience_JJ rock_NN1 
station_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ predictably_RR the_AT highest_RRT ,_, but_CCB 
still_RR reached_VVN only_RR twenty-one_MC percent_NNU deletion_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL But_CCB ten_MC years_NNT2 later_RRR ,_, a_AT1 resampling_NN1 
showed_VVD that_CST all_DB stations_NN2 had_VHD shifted_VVN towards_II the_AT 
higher_JJR levels_NN2 of_IO deletion_NN1 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 already_RR 
noted_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO the_AT Community_NNJ Network_NN1 and_CC 
Radio_NN1 Hauraki_NP1 ,_, that_CST shift_VV0 is_VBZ seventy_MC or_CC eighty_MC 
percent_NNU in_II just_RR ten_MC years_NNT2 *-_- a_AT1 rapid_JJ and_CC 
massive_JJ leap_NN1 in_II the_AT normally_RR slow_JJ timetable_NN1 of_IO 
linguistic_JJ change_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR National_JJ Radio_NN1 has_VHZ edged_VVN up_II21 to_II22 
an_AT1 appreciable_JJ number_NN1 of_IO deletions_NN2 *-_- twenty-three_MC 
percent_NNU *-_- and_CC away_II21 from_II22 its_APPGE traditional_JJ model_NN1 
,_, the_AT {_NULL BBC_NP }_NULL Overseas_JJ Service_NN1 news_NN1 (_( table_NN1 
3_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL {_NULL BBC_NP }_NULL news_NN1 is_VBZ rebroadcast_VVN several_DA2 
times_NNT2 daily_RR on_II the_AT highbrow_NN1 Concert_NN1 Programme_NN1 and_CC 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL in_II 1984_MC remains_VVZ as_RG committed_JJ as_CSA 
in_II 1974_MC to_II absolute_JJ nondeletion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT correlation_NN1 of_IO audience_NN status_NN1 with_IW the_AT 
linguistic_JJ variable_NN1 holds_VVZ in_II both_DB2 1974_MC and_CC 1984_MC (_( 
see_VV0 Bell_NP1 1982a_MC )_) ,_, with_IW remarkably_RR little_RR shift_VV0 
in_II the_AT social_JJ composition_NN1 of_IO the_AT station_NN1 's_VHZ 
audiences_NN2 in_II the_AT ten_MC years_NNT2 (_( although_CS new_JJ 
stations_NN2 have_VH0 drawn_VVN off_II audience_NN *2_NULL NUMBERS_NN2 *0_NULL 
from_II the_AT existing_JJ stations_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 have_VH0 not_XX 
changed_VVN the_AT demographic_JJ *2_NULL STRUCTURE_NN1 *0_NULL of_IO 
those_DD2 audiences_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 328+TEXT+J34_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL When_CS I_PPIS1 began_VVD my_APPGE study_NN1 of_IO 
language_NN1 and_CC linguistics_NN1 in_II London_NP1 in_II the_AT early_JJ 
1960s_MC2 none_PN of_IO my_APPGE university_NN1 teachers_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 
recall_VV0 ,_, showed_VVD the_AT slightest_JJT interest_NN1 in_II the_AT 
subject_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ children_NN2 learnt_VVD their_APPGE mother_NN1 
tongue_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB in_II the_AT years_NNT2 since_CS ,_, there_EX has_VHZ 
been_VBN a_AT1 steadily_RR increasing_VVG flow_NN1 of_IO books_NN2 ,_, 
articles_NN2 and_CC ideas_NN2 on_II the_AT subject_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN an_AT1 extremely_RR popular_JJ area_NN1 
for_IF research_NN1 ,_, and_CC one_PN1 where_CS the_AT ideas_NN2 and_CC 
theories_NN2 taught_VVD 10_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA need_VV0 constant_JJ 
revision_NN1 and_CC sometimes_RT need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI discarded_VVN in_II41 
the_II42 light_II43 of_II44 new_JJ work_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_RR21 course_RR22 there_RL have_VH0 always_RR been_VBN a_DD221 
few_DD222 people_NN who_PNQS have_VH0 been_VBN interested_JJ in_II this_DD1 
topic_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX were_VBDR those_DD2 who_PNQS kept_VVD diaries_NN2 of_IO 
their_APPGE children_NN2 's_GE language_NN1 development_NN1 but_CCB ,_, 
in_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, children_NN2 's_GE early_JJ speech_NN1 was_VBDZ 
seen_VVN simply_RR as_II an_AT1 imperfect_JJ version_NN1 of_IO adult_NN1 
speech_NN1 ,_, and_CC therefore_RR not_XX really_RR a_AT1 worthy_JJ 
subject_NN1 for_IF study_NN1 and_CC research_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT change_NN1 in_II attitude_NN1 to_II this_DD1 
subject_NN1 came_VVD about_RP as_II the_AT result_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 academic_JJ 
debate_NN1 between_II the_AT Harvard_NP1 behavioural_JJ psychologist_NN1 
{_NULL B._NP1 F._NP1 }_NULL Skinner_NP1 and_CC the_AT American_JJ linguist_NN1 
Noam_NP1 Chomsky_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT debate_NN1 centred_VVD on_II the_AT question_NN1 of_IO 
whether_CSW language_NN1 was_VBDZ an_AT1 innate_JJ human_JJ ability_NN1 or_CC 
not_XX ._. 

^ ^_NULL Skinner_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS had_VHD done_VDN years_NNT2 of_IO 
research_NN1 on_II rats_NN2 and_CC pigeons_NN2 ,_, concluded_VVD that_DD1 
language_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX an_AT1 innate_JJ ability_NN1 ,_, nor_CC did_VDD 
it_PPH1 require_VVI any_DD special_JJ mental_JJ mechanisms_NN2 ,_, but_CCB 
it_PPH1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO habits_NN2 which_DDQ were_VBDR built_VVN 
up_RP gradually_RR over_II the_AT years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 came_VVD about_RP as_II a_AT1 form_NN1 of_IO learning_VVG 
occurring_VVG as_II a_AT1 response_NN1 to_II a_AT1 stimulus_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 position_NN1 was_VBDZ set_VVN out_RP in_II a_AT1 book_NN1 
by_II Skinner_NP1 called_VVD *1_NULL Verbal_JJ Behaviour_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL 
published_VVN in_II 1957_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 felt_VVD that_CST what_DDQ he_PPHS1 had_VHD understood_VVN 
about_II learning_VVG from_II his_APPGE experiments_NN2 with_IW rats_NN2 
and_CC pigeons_NN2 could_VM also_RR be_VBI applied_VVN to_II human_JJ 
language_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 believed_VVD that_CST if_CS we_PPIS2 knew_VVD all_DB the_AT 
*'_" controlling_JJ variables_NN2 **'_" we_PPIS2 would_VM actually_RR be_VBI 
able_JK to_TO predict_VVI what_DDQ people_NN would_VM say_VVI in_II any_DD 
given_JJ circumstance_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT linguist_NN1 Noam_NP1 Chomsky_NP1 responded_VVD to_II 
Skinner_NP1 's_GE explanation_NN1 for_IF human_JJ language_NN1 in_II a_AT1 
review_NN1 he_PPHS1 wrote_VVD of_IO *1_NULL Verbal_JJ Behaviour_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Chomsky_NP1 roundly_RR attacked_VVD Skinner_NP1 ,_, 
saying_VVG that_CST while_CS Skinner_NP1 might_VM know_VVI about_II the_AT 
behaviour_NN1 of_IO rats_NN2 and_CC pigeons_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 knowledge_NN1 
was_VBDZ quite_RG irrelevant_JJ when_CS it_PPH1 came_VVD to_II explaining_VVG 
human_JJ language_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 pointed_VVD out_RP that_CST humans_NN2 did_VDD not_XX 
necessarily_RR behave_VVI predictably_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT kind_NN1 of_IO argument_NN1 he_PPHS1 used_VVD was_VBDZ 
that_CST while_CS rats_NN2 could_VM be_VBI trained_VVN to_TO push_VVI a_AT1 
lever_NN1 when_RRQ they_PPHS2 saw_VVD a_AT1 flashing_NN1 light_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 
human_NN1 presented_VVN with_IW a_AT1 picture_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 bowl_NN1 of_IO 
fruit_NN might_VM say_VVI ^_NULL *'_" What_DDQ a_AT1 nice_JJ picture_NN1 **'_" 
or_CC ^_NULL *'_" I_PPIS1 hate_VV0 apricots_NN2 **'_" or_CC ^_NULL *'_" 
Who_PNQS put_VV0 that_DD1 picture_NN1 there_RL ?_? 

^ **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Also_RR ,_, Chomsky_NP1 pointed_VVD out_RP that_CST the_AT rats_NN2 
were_VBDR always_RR rewarded_VVN when_RRQ they_PPHS2 did_VDD what_DDQ was_VBDZ 
required_VVN of_IO them_PPHO2 ,_, but_CCB children_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX 
rewarded_VVN every_AT1 time_NNT1 they_PPHS2 made_VVD a_AT1 correct_JJ 
utterance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II fact_NN1 ,_, for_IF much_DA1 of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 parents_NN2 
were_VBDR ignorant_JJ of_IO the_AT kind_NN1 of_IO grammatical_JJ 
development_NN1 taking_VVG place_NN1 in_II their_APPGE children_NN2 's_GE 
speech_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT one_MC1 thing_NN1 that_CST Chomsky_NP1 felt_VVD 
that_CST Skinner_NP1 could_VM not_XX explain_VVI in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 
conditioning_NN1 was_VBDZ creativity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 pointed_VVD out_RP something_PN1 which_DDQ any_DD parent_NN1 
could_VM observe_VVI *-_- namely_REX ,_, that_DD1 little_JJ children_NN2 
can_VM produce_VVI sentences_NN2 they_PPHS2 have_VH0 never_RR heard_VVN 
before_CS ,_, and_CC understand_VV0 sentences_NN2 they_PPHS2 have_VH0 never_RR 
heard_VVN before_RT ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1969_MC Chomsky_NP1 said_VVD ,_, in_II an_AT1 interview_NN1 :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL So_RR Chomsky_NP1 allied_VVD 
himself_PPX1 with_IW the_AT 17th_MD century_NNT1 rationalist_NN1 
philosopher_NN1 Descartes_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS believed_VVD that_CST a_AT1 
child_NN1 was_VBDZ born_VVN with_IW innate_JJ ideas_NN2 ,_, an_AT1 innate_JJ 
language_NN1 ability_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Chomsky_NP1 suggested_VVD that_CST a_AT1 child_NN1 was_VBDZ 
pre-programmed_JJ before_II birth_NN1 to_TO talk_VVI ,_, just_RR as_CSA the_AT 
same_DA child_NN1 was_VBDZ pre-programmed_JJ to_TO walk_VVI ,_, and_CC 
this_DD1 ability_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 specific_JJ human_JJ ability_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Just_RR as_CSA spiders_NN2 built_VVD their_APPGE webs_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
beavers_NN2 built_VVD their_APPGE dams_NN2 ,_, so_CS humans_NN2 could_VM 
use_VVI language_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ this_DD1 ability_NN1 that_CST 
set_VV0 them_PPHO2 apart_II21 from_II22 the_AT other_JJ animals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 language_NN1 ability_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX dependent_JJ 
upon_II race_NN1 ,_, wealth_NN1 ,_, intelligence_NN1 or_CC any_DD other_JJ 
social_JJ factor_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 normal_JJ hearing_NN1 child_NN1 ,_, when_CS he_PPHS1 or_CC 
she_PPHS1 heard_VVD language_NN1 being_VBG spoken_VVN ,_, would_VM have_VHI 
this_DD1 innate_JJ language_NN1 ability_NN1 triggered_VVD off_RP ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL I_PPIS1 have_VH0 described_VVN the_AT Chomsky/_FO Skinner_NN1 
debate_NN1 in_II a_AT1 little_JJ detail_NN1 because_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ 
crucial_JJ to_II the_AT kind_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 into_II children_NN2 's_GE 
language_NN1 acquisition_NN1 which_DDQ followed_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS Skinner_NP1 could_VM point_VVI to_II all_DB his_APPGE 
experimental_JJ data_NN about_II rats_NN2 and_CC pigeons_NN2 ,_, Chomsky_NP1 
's_GE position_NN1 was_VBDZ far_RG more_RGR mystical_JJ and_CC ,_, 
therefore_RR ,_, much_RR harder_RRR to_TO prove_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL One_MC1 area_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 which_DDQ followed_VVD 
was_VBDZ into_II the_AT higher_JJR primates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Various_JJ chimps_NN2 (_( and_CC a_AT1 gorilla_NN1 )_) were_VBDR 
trained_VVN to_TO use_VVI sign_NN1 language_NN1 to_TO see_VVI if_CSW 
they_PPHS2 could_VM learn_VVI human_JJ language_NN1 ,_, the_AT argument_NN1 
being_VBG that_CST if_CS language_NN1 were_VBDR a_AT1 unique_JJ human_JJ 
ability_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI impossible_JJ for_IF these_DD2 
animals_NN2 to_TO learn_VVI human_JJ language_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD of_IO the_AT chimps_NN2 ,_, and_CC Koko_NP1 the_AT 
gorilla_NN1 ,_, seem_VV0 to_TO have_VHI shown_VVN a_AT1 degree_NN1 of_IO 
creativity_NN1 in_II their_APPGE use_NN1 of_IO language_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
those_DD2 carrying_VVG out_RP this_DD1 kind_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 have_VH0 
complained_VVN that_CST the_AT linguists_NN2 were_VBDR constantly_RR 
redefining_VVG *'_" language_NN1 **'_" to_TO exclude_VVI the_AT animals_NN2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Even_RR21 so_RR22 ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 major_JJ 
difference_NN1 in_II the_AT way_NN1 these_DD2 animals_NN2 learnt_VVD sign_NN1 
language_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 chimp_NN1 called_VVN Washoe_NP1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 
,_, had_VHD to_TO be_VBI taught_VVN to_TO make_VVI the_AT signs_NN2 by_II 
having_VHG her_APPGE hand_NN1 moulded_VVN into_II the_AT required_JJ shape_NN1 
,_, and_CC when_RRQ she_PPHS1 made_VVD the_AT appropriate_JJ sign_NN1 
she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ rewarded_VVN in_II some_DD way_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Human_JJ children_NN2 learn_VV0 language_NN1 without_IW conscious_JJ 
instruction_NN1 and_CC without_IW constant_JJ rewards_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT other_JJ area_NN1 of_IO research_NN1 which_DDQ 
developed_VVD out_II21 of_II22 this_DD1 debate_NN1 was_VBDZ into_II the_AT 
way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ children_NN2 acquire_VV0 their_APPGE language_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS language_NN1 were_VBDR an_AT1 innate_JJ human_JJ ability_NN1 
,_, then_RT it_PPH1 could_VM be_VBI compared_VVN to_II other_JJ 
biologically_RR determined_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO behaviour_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 could_VM be_VBI compared_VVN ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, 
with_IW the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO walk_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA with_IW walking_VVG ,_, talking_VVG appears_VVZ in_II a_AT1 
child_NN1 very_RG early_RR ,_, and_CC before_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ really_RR 
needed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT child_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR small_JJ enough_RR to_TO be_VBI 
cared_VVN for_IF constantly_RR ,_, and_CC this_DD1 would_VM happen_VVI if_CSW 
it_PPH1 did_VDD n't_XX walk_VVI or_CC talk_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Both_DB2 forms_NN2 of_IO behaviour_NN1 come_VV0 about_RP without_IW 
any_DD conscious_JJ decision_NN1 on_II41 the_II42 part_II43 of_II44 the_AT 
child_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 will_VM walk_VVI or_CC talk_VVI at_II a_AT1 
particular_JJ moment_NN1 ;_; nor_CC are_VBR these_DD2 activities_NN2 
triggered_VVD off_RP by_II any_DD external_JJ event_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Talking_VVG is_VBZ like_II walking_VVG in_II another_DD1 
way_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL No_RGQV31 matter_RGQV32 how_RGQV33 much_DA1 a_AT1 parent_NN1 may_VM 
try_VVI to_TO encourage_VVI or_CC coerce_VVI the_AT child_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 
will_VM neither_RR walk_VVI nor_CC talk_VVI until_CS such_DA time_NNT1 as_CSA 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ ready_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nor_CC does_VDZ intensive_JJ practice_NN1 seem_VV0 to_TO be_VBI of_IO 
major_JJ importance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II one_MC1 time_NNT1 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ thought_VVN that_CST 
children_NN2 might_VM practise_VVI their_APPGE language_NN1 skills_NN2 in_II 
*'_" pre-sleep_JJ monologues_NN2 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 linguist_NN1 ,_, Ruth_NP1 Weir_NP1 ,_, observed_VVD her_APPGE 
child_NN1 talking_VVG to_II himself_PPX1 in_II bed_NN1 at_II night_NNT1 
before_CS he_PPHS1 fell_VVD asleep_JJ ,_, and_CC so_CS she_PPHS1 made_VVD 
a_AT1 study_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 language_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 appeared_VVD that_CST he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ repeating_VVG 
certain_JJ sounds_NN2 and_CC constructions_NN2 that_CST he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ 
trying_VVG to_TO learn_VVI at_II the_AT time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, when_CS Ruth_NP1 Weir_NP1 's_GE second_MD child_NN1 
was_VBDZ born_VVN she_PPHS1 found_VVD it_PPH1 did_VDD not_XX engage_VVI in_II 
any_DD pre-sleep_JJ monologues_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR ,_, from_II this_DD1 evidence_NN1 it_PPH1 seems_VVZ that_CST 
this_DD1 kind_NN1 of_IO practice_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 necessary_JJ 
feature_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 child_NN1 's_VBZ language_NN1 acquisition_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Perhaps_RR the_AT two_MC most_RGT interesting_JJ tests_NN2 
for_IF biologically_RR controlled_JJ behaviour_NN1 are_VBR the_AT idea_NN1 
that_CST there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 critical_JJ period_NN1 for_IF its_APPGE 
acquisition_NN1 ,_, and_CC that_CST this_DD1 behaviour_NN1 involves_VVZ a_AT1 
regular_JJ sequence_NN1 of_IO developmental_JJ milestones_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT idea_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 critical_JJ period_NN1 for_IF 
the_AT acquisition_NN1 of_IO certain_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO behaviour_NN1 is_VBZ 
one_PN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ familiar_JJ in_II the_AT biological_JJ sciences_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD birds_NN2 will_VM never_RR learn_VVI to_TO sing_VVI if_CSW 
they_PPHS2 are_VBR not_XX exposed_VVN to_II the_AT songs_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE 
own_DA species_NN at_II a_AT1 critical_JJ stage_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE 
development_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN suggested_VVN that_CST the_AT same_DA 
theory_NN1 can_VM be_VBI applied_VVN to_II children_NN2 learning_VVG 
language_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR young_JJ ,_, provided_CS21 that_CS22 
they_PPHS2 have_VH0 normal_JJ hearing_NN1 ,_, children_NN2 seem_VV0 to_TO 
be_VBI able_JJ to_TO learn_VVI languages_NN2 very_RG easily_RR and_CC 
without_IW any_DD formal_JJ instruction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL After_II puberty_NN1 this_DD1 ability_NN1 changes_NN2 ;_; 
children_NN2 can_VM still_RR learn_VVI languages_NN2 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 
is_VBZ very_RG rare_JJ that_CST they_PPHS2 gain_VV0 native_JJ speaker_NN1 
fluency_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 can_VM be_VBI demonstrated_VVN among_II immigrant_JJ 
families_NN2 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT youngest_JJT children_NN2 can_VM become_VVI quite_RG 
quickly_RR indistinguishable_JJ in_II their_APPGE speech_NN1 from_II 
their_APPGE contemporaries_NN2 in_II primary_JJ school_NN1 classes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Teenagers_NN2 may_VM become_VVI fluent_JJ in_II grammar_NN1 and_CC 
vocabulary_NN1 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 will_VM almost_RR always_RR keep_VVI 
some_DD trace_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE foreign_JJ accent_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Obviously_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX possible_JJ to_TO carry_VVI 
out_RP experiments_NN2 on_II children_NN2 to_TO test_VVI the_AT notion_NN1 
of_IO a_AT1 critical_JJ period_NN1 for_IF language_NN1 acquisition_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB occasionally_RR ,_, sad_JJ strange_JJ cases_NN2 come_VV0 
to_TO light_VVI where_RRQ children_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN isolated_JJ from_II 
human_JJ contact_NN1 and_CC speech_NN1 throughout_II their_APPGE childhood_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 such_DA child_NN1 is_VBZ Genie_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS was_VBDZ 
discovered_VVN in_II a_AT1 suburb_NN1 of_IO Los_NP Angeles_NP1 in_II 1970_MC 
._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ found_VVN she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ aged_II 13_MC 
years_NNT2 7_MC months_NNT2 ,_, and_CC was_VBDZ past_JJ puberty_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL From_II the_AT age_NN1 of_IO 20_MC months_NNT2 she_PPHS1 had_VHD 
been_VBN kept_VVN imprisoned_VVD in_II an_AT1 upstairs_NN1 room_NN1 with_IW 
the_AT curtains_NN2 drawn_VVN ,_, and_CC was_VBDZ either_RR tied_VVN into_II 
a_AT1 home-made_JJ sleeping_NN1 bag_NN1 in_II a_AT1 cot_NN1 covered_VVN 
with_IW a_AT1 wire_NN1 mesh_NN1 ,_, or_CC strapped_VVD into_II a_AT1 
potty-chair_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_II21 of_II22 a_AT1 congenital_JJ hip_NN1 disorder_NN1 ,_, 
Genie_NP1 had_VHD been_VBN slow_JJ to_TO walk_VVI ,_, and_CC her_APPGE 
father_NN1 ,_, thinking_VVG that_CST she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ hopelessly_RR 
retarded_JJ ,_, kept_VVD her_PPHO1 in_II this_DD1 isolated_JJ state_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_CS her_APPGE father_NN1 could_VM not_XX stand_VVI noise_NN1 
of_IO any_DD kind_NN1 ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ no_AT radio_NN1 or_CC 
television_NN1 in_II the_AT house_NN1 ,_, and_CC if_CSW Genie_NP1 made_VVD 
any_DD noise_NN1 she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI beaten_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Her_APPGE mother_NN1 came_VVD into_II her_APPGE room_NN1 for_IF 
a_DD221 few_DD222 minutes_NNT2 each_DD1 day_NNT1 and_CC fed_VVD her_PPHO1 
on_II tinned_JJ baby_NN1 food_NN1 ,_, but_CCB did_VDD not_XX speak_VVI to_II 
her_PPHO1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS Genie_NP1 was_VBDZ found_VVN ,_, she_PPHS1 could_VM 
understand_VVI a_DD221 few_DD222 words_NN2 and_CC some_DD simple_JJ 
commands_NN2 (_( probably_RR learnt_VVN from_II the_AT period_NN1 before_II 
her_APPGE imprisonment_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL She_PPHS1 had_VHD normal_JJ hearing_NN1 ,_, normal_JJ hand-eye_JJ 
coordination_NN1 ,_, and_CC she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ not_XX autistic_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB she_PPHS1 could_VM not_XX talk_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL If_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ true_JJ that_CST there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 
critical_JJ period_NN1 for_IF language_NN1 acquisition_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 
would_VM seem_VVI that_CST Genie_NP1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 very_RG strong_JJ 
test_NN1 for_IF it_PPH1 ,_, because_CS she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ acquiring_VVG 
language_NN1 after_CS she_PPHS1 had_VHD passed_VVN puberty_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL She_PPHS1 was_VBDZ transferred_VVN to_II a_AT1 loving_JJ foster_JJ 
home_NN1 and_CC treated_VVN as_II the_AT other_JJ children_NN2 ,_, without_IW 
any_DD formal_JJ language_NN1 instruction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Eventually_RR she_PPHS1 did_VDD learn_VVI to_TO speak_VVI to_II 
some_DD extent_NN1 ,_, although_CS she_PPHS1 did_VDD not_XX progress_VVI as_RG 
quickly_RR as_CSA normal_JJ children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL She_PPHS1 still_RR has_VHZ difficulty_NN1 with_IW some_DD 
grammatical_JJ constructions_NN2 *-_- wh-_JJ questions_NN2 ,_, for_REX21 
example_REX22 ;_; those_DD2 beginning_VVG with_IW where_RRQ or_CC when_RRQ ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC she_PPHS1 also_RR has_VHZ trouble_NN1 with_IW 
pronunciation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, she_PPHS1 seems_VVZ to_TO have_VHI no_AT problems_NN2 
learning_VVG vocabulary_JJ items_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS she_PPHS1 is_VBZ compared_VVN with_IW children_NN2 at_II 
a_AT1 similar_JJ stage_NN1 of_IO grammatical_JJ development_NN1 ,_, she_PPHS1 
has_VHZ learnt_VVN many_DA2 more_RGR single_JJ words_NN2 than_CSN they_PPHS2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Because_II21 of_II22 Genie_NP1 's_GE early_JJ experiences_NN2 
we_PPIS2 must_VM be_VBI careful_JJ with_IW the_AT conclusions_NN2 we_PPIS2 
draw_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ that_CST her_APPGE early_JJ 
deprivation_NN1 ,_, and_CC probable_JJ malnutrition_NN1 could_VM have_VHI 
affected_VVN her_PPHO1 in_II many_DA2 ways_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, the_AT evidence_NN1 from_II Genie_NP1 's_GE 
language_NN1 development_NN1 so_RG far_RR ,_, suggests_VVZ that_CST there_EX 
is_VBZ a_AT1 critical_JJ period_NN1 for_IF the_AT acquisition_NN1 of_IO 
pronunciation_NN1 ._. 

^ (_( ^_NULL Which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI also_RR demonstrated_VVN with_IW 
children_NN2 learning_VVG a_AT1 second_MD language_NN1 before_II puberty_NN1 
._. )_) 

^ ^_NULL There_EX may_VM be_VBI a_AT1 critical_JJ period_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
acquisition_NN1 of_IO syntax_NN1 without_IW special_JJ instruction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB there_EX is_VBZ no_AT critical_JJ period_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
learning_NN1 of_IO vocabulary_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 can_VM go_VVI on_RP learning_VVG new_JJ words_NN2 all_DB 
our_APPGE lives_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL From_II this_DD1 evidence_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 seems_VVZ 
surprising_JJ to_II me_PPIO1 that_CST most_DAT New_NP Zealand_NP1 children_NN2 
who_PNQS learn_VV0 a_AT1 second_MD language_NN1 at_II school_NN1 begin_VV0 
in_II the_AT third_MD form_NN1 ,_, at_II exactly_RR the_AT time_NNT1 when_RRQ 
the_AT indications_NN2 are_VBR that_DD1 second_MD language_NN1 learning_VVG 
,_, especially_RR pronunciation_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ going_VVGK to_TO become_VVI 
more_RGR difficult_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Efforts_NN2 to_TO teach_VVI the_AT Maori_JJ language_NN1 to_II 
very_RG young_JJ children_NN2 should_VM be_VBI assisted_VVN by_II the_AT 
children_NN2 's_GE natural_JJ ability_NN1 at_II this_DD1 age_NN1 to_TO 
learn_VVI language_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT second_MD test_NN1 for_IF biologically_RR controlled_JJ 
behaviour_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT belief_NN1 that_CST this_DD1 behaviour_NN1 
involves_VVZ a_AT1 regular_JJ sequence_NN1 of_IO developmental_JJ 
milestones_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT 1960s_MC2 and_CC 70s_MC2 there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 
great_JJ deal_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 in_II the_AT subject_NN1 of_IO 
developmental_JJ linguistic_JJ milestones_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Research_NN1 was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP in_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO 
places_NN2 in_II which_DDQ children_NN2 were_VBDR observed_VVN at_II 
regular_JJ intervals_NN2 ,_, their_APPGE speech_NN1 recorded_VVN and_CC 
their_APPGE language_NN1 studied_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 very_RG famous_JJ study_NN1 was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP at_II 
Harvard_NP1 University_NNL1 by_II Roger_NP1 Brown_NP1 ,_, involving_VVG two_MC 
children_NN2 who_PNQS ,_, for_IF the_AT purposes_NN2 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 
,_, were_VBDR named_VVN Adam_NP1 and_CC Eve_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL From_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, and_CC others_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ 
demonstrated_VVN that_CST all_DB children_NN2 pass_VV0 through_II a_AT1 
series_NN of_IO more_DAR or_CC less_RGR fixed_JJ stages_NN2 as_CSA their_APPGE 
language_NN1 develops_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT actual_JJ ages_NN2 at_II which_DDQ individual_JJ children_NN2 
reach_VV0 those_DD2 stages_NN2 can_VM vary_VVI considerably_RR ,_, but_CCB 
the_AT stages_NN2 are_VBR arrived_VVN at_II in_II the_AT same_DA order_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ well_RR illustrated_VVN by_II my_APPGE 
own_DA children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 spent_VVD about_RG four_MC months_NNT2 in_II the_AT 
single-word_JJ stage_NN1 ,_, another_DD1 was_VBDZ only_RR about_RG three_MC 
weeks_NNT2 in_II this_DD1 stage_NN1 before_CS she_PPHS1 began_VVD making_VVG 
two-word_JJ combinations_NN2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 329+TEXT+J35_FO **]_NULL 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL This_DD1 study_NN1 
explores_VVZ ways_NN2 of_IO defining_VVG one_MC1 aspect_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
formal_JJ content_NN1 of_IO English_JJ language_NN1 learning_VVG and_CC 
teaching_VVG in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO the_AT semantic_JJ framework_NN1 
of_IO quantification_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Analysis_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 small_JJ corpus_NN1 of_IO written_JJ 
English_NN1 from_II journalistic_JJ and_CC academic_JJ sources_NN2 
identified_VVD 14_MC subcategories_NN2 of_IO quantification_NN1 which_DDQ 
accounted_VVD for_IF over_RG 14_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT words_NN2 
in_II the_AT corpus_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Non_FW **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL -_- specific_JJ quantification_NN1 
was_VBDZ more_RR21 than_RR22 twice_RR as_RG frequent_JJ as_CSA specific_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 particular_JJ subcategory_NN1 ,_, approximation_NN1 ,_, 
was_VBDZ explored_VVN in_II greater_JJR detail_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 comparison_NN1 of_IO three_MC different_JJ ways_NN2 of_IO 
identifying_VVG how_RRQ approximation_NN1 is_VBZ expressed_VVN produced_VVN 
a_AT1 total_NN1 of_IO 117_MC different_JJ linguistic_JJ devices_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT relative_JJ frequencies_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 types_NN2 
were_VBDR then_RT established_VVN in_II the_AT *'_" learned_JJ **'_" 
sections_NN2 of_IO the_AT Brown_NP1 and_CC {_NULL LOB_NN1 }_NULL corpora_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ suggested_VVN that_CST the_AT information_NN1 
which_DDQ the_AT study_NN1 provides_VVZ on_II an_AT1 important_JJ semantic_JJ 
category_NN1 and_CC on_II the_AT linguistic_JJ devices_NN2 which_DDQ 
express_VV0 this_DD1 category_NN1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN for_IF more_RGR 
informed_JJ language-teaching_JJ materials_NN2 development_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *0_NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ *2_NULL INTRODUCTION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Among_II the_AT influences_NN2 on_II language_NN1 
pedagogy_NN1 ,_, two_MC in_RR21 particular_RR22 stand_VV0 out_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL First_MD ,_, knowledge_NN1 or_CC beliefs_NN2 about_II how_RRQ the_AT 
formal_JJ systems_NN2 of_IO vocabulary_NN1 ,_, grammar_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
usage_NN1 function_NN1 and_CC interact_NN1 lead_NN1 to_II assumptions_NN2 
about_II the_AT desirable_JJ pedagogical_JJ sequencing_NN1 of_IO linguistic_JJ 
material_NN1 ,_, usually_RR based_VVN on_II a_AT1 simplicity_NN1 criterion_NN1 
modified_VVD by_II an_AT1 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT purposes_NN2 for_IF 
which_DDQ a_AT1 language_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG learned_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Second_MD ,_, knowledge_NN1 or_CC beliefs_NN2 about_II how_RRQ 
languages_NN2 are_VBR learned_VVN ,_, informed_VVN by_II observations_NN2 
on_II the_AT interaction_NN1 of_IO psycholinguistic_JJ and_CC 
sociolinguistic_JJ variables_NN2 ,_, lead_NN1 to_II varying_JJ emphasis_NN1 
on_II the_AT role_NN1 of_IO the_AT teacher_NN1 either_RR as_II an_AT1 
organizer_NN1 of_IO linguistic_JJ input_NN1 or_CC as_II an_AT1 organizer_NN1 
of_IO contexts_NN2 for_IF learning_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL Pedagogy_NP1 should_VM ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, be_VBI 
influenced_VVN both_RR by_II what_DDQ the_AT learner_NN1 has_VHZ to_TO 
learn_VVI and_CC by_II how_RRQ the_AT learner_NN1 learns_VVZ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 ,_, emphasis_NN1 on_II the_AT 
importance_NN1 of_IO authenticity_NN1 in_II learning_VVG materials_NN2 and_CC 
of_IO interaction_NN1 in_II language-learning_JJ contexts_NN2 has_VHZ 
strongly_RR influenced_VVN language-teaching_JJ practices_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX has_VHZ tended_VVN to_TO be_VBI less_DAR emphasis_NN1 on_II 
language_NN1 form_NN1 ,_, and_CC more_DAR on_II content_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II its_APPGE most_RGT extreme_JJ ,_, some_DD teachers_NN2 have_VH0 
presented_VVN learners_NN2 with_IW unanalysed_JJ spoken_JJ or_CC written_JJ 
texts_NN2 on_II the_AT grounds_NN2 of_IO authenticity_NN1 ,_, while_CS 
others_NN2 have_VH0 concentrated_VVN almost_RR entirely_RR on_II 
organizing_VVG *'_" activities_NN2 **'_" ,_, on_II the_AT grounds_NN2 that_CST 
learners_NN2 know_VV0 how_RRQ to_TO learn_VVI if_CSW given_JJ 
opportunities_NN2 to_TO communicate_VVI under_RG favourable_JJ conditions_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Teachers_NN2 of_IO English_NN1 who_PNQS are_VBR themselves_PPX2 
native_JJ speakers_NN2 have_VH0 seemed_VVN particularly_RR disposed_VVD to_TO 
resist_VVI analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT language_NN1 being_VBG learned_VVN ,_, 
or_CC emphasis_NN1 on_II it_PPH1 as_II form_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II a_AT1 recent_JJ major_JJ international_JJ conference_NN1 on_II 
English_JJ studies_NN2 ,_, Sinclair_NP1 (_( 1985_MC )_) expressed_VVD 
concern_NN1 over_II neglect_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 of_IO English_JJ by_II 
teachers_NN2 of_IO English_JJ ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL He_PPHS1 concluded_VVD that_CST *'_" 
an_AT1 absence_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 in_II what_DDQ one_PN1 is_VBZ 
teaching_NN1 is_VBZ surely_RR a_AT1 perilous_JJ condition_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Similarly_RR ,_, Rutherford_NP1 and_CC Sharwood_NP1 Smith_NP1 
(_( 1985_MC )_) are_VBR among_II those_DD2 who_PNQS have_VH0 questioned_VVN 
the_AT widespread_JJ current_JJ assumption_NN1 that_CST the_AT formal_JJ 
system_NN1 of_IO the_AT language_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 *'_" minimal_JJ or_CC 
even_RR non-existent_JJ role_NN1 to_TO play_VVI in_II language_NN1 
pedagogy_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL So-called_JJ *'_" communicative_JJ **'_" approaches_NN2 to_II the_AT 
teaching_NN1 of_IO language_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ have_VH0 found_VVN widespread_JJ 
support_NN1 ,_, have_VH0 often_RR resulted_VVN in_II the_AT abandonment_NN1 
of_IO quite_RG fundamental_JJ insights_NN2 from_II an_AT1 earlier_JJR era_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT importance_NN1 of_IO frequency_NN1 of_IO occurrence_NN1 for_IF 
the_AT teaching_NN1 and_CC learning_NN1 of_IO vocabulary_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 
case_NN1 in_II point_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Nevertheless_RR ,_, there_EX can_VM be_VBI little_JJ doubt_NN1 
that_CST teaching_VVG a_AT1 language_NN1 as_RG communication_NN1 ,_, as_CSA 
an_AT1 applied_JJ or_CC functioning_VVG system_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ an_AT1 
intuitive_JJ appeal_NN1 for_IF teachers_NN2 and_CC learners_NN2 alike_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Teachers_NN2 recognize_VV0 that_CST their_APPGE learners_NN2 need_VV0 
to_TO be_VBI able_JJ to_TO do_VDI things_NN2 with_IW words_NN2 *-_- to_TO 
understand_VVI and_CC express_VVI the_AT language_NN1 of_IO causation_NN1 ,_, 
duration_NN1 ,_, generalization_NN1 ,_, obligation_NN1 ,_, and_RR31 so_RR32 
on_RR33 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ less_RGR clear_JJ ,_, however_RR ,_, what_DDQ the_AT 
words_NN2 and_CC phrases_NN2 are_VBR which_DDQ English_JJ uses_NN2 in_II 
any_DD particular_JJ register_NN1 to_TO express_VVI these_DD2 and_CC other_JJ 
important_JJ notions_NN2 which_DDQ reflect_VVI what_DDQ Bierwisch_NP1 (_( 
1970_MC )_) called_VVD *'_" the_AT basic_JJ dispositions_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
cognitive_JJ and_CC perceptual_JJ structure_NN1 of_IO the_AT human_JJ 
organism_NN1 **'_" ,_, or_CC what_DDQ Chomsky_NP1 (_( 1965_MC )_) referred_VVD 
to_II as_RG *'_" attainable_JJ concepts_NN2 **'_" ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ *2_NULL QUANTIFICATION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT present_JJ study_NN1 describes_VVZ an_AT1 
attempt_NN1 to_TO discover_VVI how_RRQ one_MC1 semantic_JJ category_NN1 ,_, 
namely_REX *1_NULL quantification_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL is_VBZ expressed_VVN in_II 
written_JJ English_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 also_RR explores_VVZ in_II greater_JJR detail_NN1 how_RRQ 
one_MC1 subcategory_NN1 of_IO quantification_NN1 ,_, namely_REX *1_NULL 
approximation_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL is_VBZ expressed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO the_AT research_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN to_TO 
seek_VVI ways_NN2 of_IO defining_VVG the_AT formal_JJ content_NN1 of_IO 
language_NN1 courses_NN2 within_II a_AT1 semantically_RR coherent_JJ 
framework_NN1 ;_; in_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, the_AT categories_NN2 of_IO 
meaning_VVG a_AT1 learner_NN1 might_VM need_VVI to_TO be_VBI able_JJ to_TO 
express_VVI ,_, and_CC the_AT linguistic_JJ devices_NN2 used_VMK to_TO 
realize_VVI these_DD2 meanings_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Quantification_NN1 was_VBDZ selected_VVN as_II the_AT 
semantic_JJ category_NN1 because_CS many_DA2 different_JJ branches_NN2 of_IO 
linguistic_JJ study_NN1 ,_, both_RR theoretical_JJ and_CC applied_VVD ,_, 
have_VH0 recognized_VVN that_CST one_MC1 of_IO the_AT important_JJ things_NN2 
we_PPIS2 do_VD0 with_IW language_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO measure_VVI or_CC 
estimate_NN1 quantity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hintikka_NP1 (_( 1974_MC )_) wrote_VVD :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
|_NULL ^_NULL The_AT syntax_NN1 and_CC semantics_NN1 of_IO quantifiers_NN2 
are_VBR of_IO crucial_JJ significance_NN1 in_II current_JJ linguistic_JJ 
theorizing_NN1 for_IF more_RR21 than_RR22 one_MC1 reason_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL He_PPHS1 went_VVD on_RP to_TO 
refer_VVI to_II discussions_NN2 of_IO quantifiers_NN2 by_II Lakoff_NP1 (_( 
on_II global_JJ constraints_NN2 )_) ,_, Partee_NP1 (_( 
meaning-preservingness_NN1 of_IO transformations_NN2 )_) ,_, Chomsky_NP1 (_( 
the_AT role_NN1 of_IO surface_NN1 structure_NN1 in_II semantic_JJ 
interpretation_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC Montague_NP1 and_CC many_DA2 logicians_NN2 
concerned_JJ with_IW semantic_JJ representation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 striking_JJ characteristic_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 research_NN1 
in_II linguistic_JJ theory_NN1 was_VBDZ how_RRQ much_DA1 attention_NN1 
was_VBDZ paid_VVN to_II so_RG few_DA2 words_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Four_MC words_NN2 :_: *1_NULL all_DB ,_, some_DD ,_, many_DA2 ,_, 
*0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL few_DA2 ,_, *0_NULL received_VVD most_DAT attention_NN1 
,_, but_CCB sometimes_RT *1_NULL no_UH ,_, both_RR ,_, little_RR ,_, each_DD1 
,_, every_AT1 ,_, any_DD ,_, more_RRR ,_, less_RRR ,_, several_DA2 ,_, much_RR 
,_, none_PN ,_, only_RR ,_, *0_NULL and_CC some_DD cardinal_JJ numbers_NN2 
received_VVN mention_VV0 also_RR *-_- a_AT1 mere_JJ 16_MC or_CC so_RR 
words_NN2 in_II all_DB ._. 

^ ^_NULL Partee_NP1 (_( 1970_MC )_) ,_, however_RR ,_, also_RR makes_VVZ 
mention_NN1 of_IO semantically_RR related_JJ words_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 
*1_NULL numerous_JJ *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL scanty_JJ ,_, *0_NULL which_DDQ 
she_PPHS1 calls_VVZ *'_" quantificational_JJ adjectives_NN2 **'_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II most_DAT recent_JJ descriptive_JJ grammars_NN2 ,_, 
quantifiers_NN2 are_VBR described_VVN as_II a_AT1 group_NN of_IO 
determiners_NN2 and_CC pronouns_NN2 which_DDQ denote_VV0 quantity_NN1 or_CC 
amount_NN1 ,_, and_CC degrees_NN2 thereof_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE formal_JJ grammatical_JJ description_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN 
relatively_RR difficult_JJ ,_, partly_RR because_II21 of_II22 their_APPGE 
relationship_NN1 with_IW count_NN1 and_CC mass_JJ nouns_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
grammatical_JJ number_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Descriptions_NN2 of_IO quantifiers_NN2 in_II semantic_JJ rather_II21 
than_II22 collocational_JJ terms_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN attempted_VVN by_II 
Close_JJ (_( 1963_MC )_) ,_, Leech_NP1 and_CC Svartvik_NP1 (_( 1975_MC )_) ,_, 
and_CC ,_, in_II French_NN1 ,_, by_II Brunot_NP1 (_( 1953_MC )_) ,_, who_PNQS 
devoted_VVD some_DD ten_MC chapters_NN2 of_IO his_APPGE great_JJ grammar_NN1 
to_II the_AT wider_JJR field_NN1 of_IO quantification_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 study_NN1 by_II Backlund_NP1 (_( 1973_MC )_) of_IO the_AT 
collocations_NN2 of_IO 93_MC adverbs_NN2 of_IO degree_NN1 in_II English_NN1 
was_VBDZ based_VVN on_II newspapers_NN2 and_CC novels_NN2 and_CC was_VBDZ 
organized_VVN into_II ten_MC subcategories_NN2 on_II such_DA semantic_JJ 
grounds_NN2 as_CSA *'_" adverbs_NN2 expressing_VVG a_AT1 low_JJ degree_NN1 
**'_" (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL *1_NULL slightly_RR ,_, somewhat_RR )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, semantic_JJ classifications_NN2 have_VH0 sometimes_RT 
had_VHN difficulty_NN1 with_IW such_DA issues_NN2 as_II synonymy_NN1 ,_, 
for_REX21 example_REX22 whether_CSW *1_NULL a_DD221 few_DD222 *0_NULL can_VM 
be_VBI a_AT1 synonym_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL several_DA2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL There_EX is_VBZ another_DD1 quite_RG different_JJ 
tradition_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 more_RGR philosophical_JJ one_PN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, 
which_DDQ focuses_VVZ not_XX on_II a_AT1 small_JJ group_NN of_IO *1_NULL 
quantifiers_NN2 ,_, *0_NULL but_CCB on_II *1_NULL quantification_NN1 ,_, 
*0_NULL arguing_VVG that_DD1 quantification_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT 
cornerstones_NN2 of_IO language_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL From_II Aristotle_NP1 ,_, through_II Kant_NP1 up_II21 to_II22 
more_RGR recent_JJ times_NNT2 ,_, we_PPIS2 find_VV0 statements_NN2 such_II21 
as_II22 the_AT following_JJ from_II Cassirer_NP1 (_( 1953_MC )_) :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ..._... it_PPH1 becomes_VVZ evident_JJ 
that_CST concepts_NN2 of_IO space_NN1 ,_, time_NNT1 and_CC number_NN1 are_VBR 
the_AT essential_JJ framework_NN1 of_IO objective_JJ intuition_NN1 as_CSA 
it_PPH1 develops_VVZ in_II language_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Such_DA a_AT1 view_NN1 sees_VVZ 
much_DA1 of_IO the_AT structure_NN1 and_CC elements_NN2 of_IO language_NN1 
as_CSA being_VBG devoted_VVN to_II communicating_VVG about_II such_DA basic_JJ 
conceptual_JJ categories_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ Cassirer_NP1 's_GE third_MD category_NN1 of_IO 
number_NN1 which_DDQ concerns_VVZ us_PPIO2 here_RL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Whereas_CS the_AT linguistic_JJ tradition_NN1 has_VHZ 
tended_VVN to_TO focus_VVI on_II the_AT grammatical_JJ category_NN1 of_IO 
quantifiers_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT semantic_JJ notion_NN1 of_IO 
quantification_NN1 and_CC the_AT way_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ realized_VVN with_IW 
linguistic_JJ devices_NN2 which_DDQ has_VHZ particular_JJ significance_NN1 
for_IF applied_JJ linguistics_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN suggested_VVN (_( Kennedy_NP1 ,_, 1978_MC 
,_, 1979_MC )_) that_CST even_RR a_AT1 cursory_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO text_NN1 
in_II a_AT1 task_NN1 analysis_NN1 will_VM support_VVI Cassirer_NP1 's_GE 
view_NN1 and_CC show_NN1 that_CST there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 great_JJ deal_NN1 
of_IO *'_" quantity_NN1 language_NN1 **'_" ,_, especially_RR in_II 
journalistic_JJ and_CC academic_JJ contexts_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II31 way_II32 of_II33 illustration_NN1 ,_, three_MC native_JJ 
speakers_NN2 of_IO English_JJ were_VBDR asked_VVN to_TO underline_VVI any_DD 
morphemes_NN2 and_CC collocations_NN2 which_DDQ they_PPHS2 felt_VVD were_VBDR 
expressing_VVG quantity_NN1 or_CC degree_NN1 in_II the_AT following_JJ two_MC 
extracts_NN2 from_II the_AT British_JJ newspaper_NN1 *1_NULL Guardian_NP1 
Weekly_RR *0_NULL (_( 10_MC November_NPM1 1985_MC ,_, page_NN1 3_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX was_VBDZ some_DD disagreement_NN1 (_( as_CSA ,_, for_REX21 
example_REX22 ,_, whether_CSW *1_NULL donation_NN1 *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL 
pay_NN1 *0_NULL implied_VVD a_AT1 quantity_NN1 of_IO money_NN1 )_) but_CCB 
substantially_RR the_AT same_DA parts_NN2 of_IO the_AT text_NN1 were_VBDR 
underlined_VVN as_CSA expressing_VVG quantification_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ *2_NULL CATEGORIES_NN2 OF_IO QUANTIFICATION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT first_MD part_NN1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 is_VBZ 
a_AT1 text-based_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ quantification_NN1 is_VBZ 
expressed_VVN in_II a_AT1 corpus_NN1 of_IO 63,176_MC running_JJ words_NN2 
of_IO English_JJ ,_, made_VVD up_RP from_II journalistic_JJ and_CC academic_JJ 
sources_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL About_RG 56_MC per_NNU21 cent_NNU22 of_IO the_AT corpus_NN1 (_( 
35,086_MC words_NN2 )_) was_VBDZ made_VVN up_RP of_IO every_AT1 fifth_MD 
page_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL Newsweek_NP1 *0_NULL magazine_NN1 over_RG four_MC 
consecutive_JJ weekly_JJ editions_NN2 in_II April_NPM1 1980_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT remainder_NN1 of_IO the_AT corpus_NN1 (_( 28,090_MC words_NN2 
)_) was_VBDZ made_VVN up_RP of_IO 70_MC pages_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 textbook_NN1 
on_II the_AT economic_JJ and_CC physical_JJ geography_NN1 of_IO New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 (_( Dent_NP1 and_CC McEwan_NP1 1981_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL Newsweek_NP1 *0_NULL was_VBDZ selected_VVN because_CS it_PPH1 
is_VBZ widely_RR read_VVN internationally_RR ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ 
nominated_VVN by_II a_AT1 group_NN of_IO foreign_JJ teachers_NN2 of_IO 
adult_NN1 learners_NN2 of_IO English_JJ as_CSA being_VBG a_AT1 reading_NN1 
target_NN1 for_IF their_APPGE learners_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Further_RRR ,_, in_II the_AT 36_MC pages_NN2 of_IO text_NN1 
selected_VVD ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 wide_JJ variety_NN1 of_IO writers_NN2 
and_CC topics_NN2 ,_, with_IW 86_MC named_JJ writers_NN2 covering_VVG some_DD 
47_MC topics_NN2 ,_, including_II the_AT Australian_JJ economy_NN1 ;_; the_AT 
Japanese_JJ auto_NN1 industry_NN1 ;_; Jesse_NP1 Owens_NP1 ;_; Itzhak_NP1 
Perlman_NP1 ;_; chemical_JJ warfare_NN1 ;_; medical_JJ ethics_NN ;_; 
Japanese_JJ cinema_NN1 ;_; Bronze_JJ Age_NN1 art_NN1 in_II China_NP1 ;_; 
the_AT political_JJ situation_NN1 in_II Iran_NP1 ;_; relationships_NN2 
within_II the_AT {_NULL EEC_NP1 }_NULL ;_; Ronald_NP1 Reagan_NP1 and_CC the_AT 
United_NP States_NP1 elections_NN2 ;_; unemployment_NN1 in_II Spain_NP1 ;_; 
a_AT1 volcanic_JJ eruption_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT geographical_JJ text_NN1 was_VBDZ selected_VVN for_IF 
analysis_NN1 because_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ widely_RR used_VVN in_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 schools_NN2 and_CC because_CS its_APPGE subject_NN1 matter_NN1 ,_, 
like_II much_DA1 of_IO *1_NULL Newsweek_NP1 's_GE ,_, seemed_VVD relevant_JJ 
in_II41 the_II42 light_II43 of_II44 an_AT1 astute_JJ observation_NN1 by_II 
Schumacher_NP1 (_( 1973_MC :_: 34_MC )_) :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT 
amount_NN1 of_IO running_JJ text_NN1 from_II each_DD1 of_IO the_AT two_MC 
sources_NN2 was_VBDZ not_XX large_JJ enough_RR to_TO make_VVI it_PPH1 
worthwhile_JJ to_TO treat_VVI them_PPHO2 separately_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Informal_JJ comparisons_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, did_VDD not_XX 
reveal_VVI major_JJ differences_NN2 between_II the_AT journalistic_JJ and_CC 
academic_JJ sources_NN2 in_II the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO quantification_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 corpus_NN1 made_VVD up_RP of_IO texts_NN2 from_II other_JJ 
domains_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 imaginative_JJ writing_NN1 or_CC biography_NN1 
may_VM well_RR ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, contain_VV0 quite_RG different_JJ 
proportions_NN2 of_IO quantification_NN1 types_NN2 than_CSN were_VBDR 
found_VVN in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 3.1_MC *1_NULL Method_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT author_NN1 recorded_VVN under_II a_AT1 
headword_NN1 every_AT1 occurrence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 word_NN1 or_CC 
construction_NN1 which_DDQ seemed_VVD to_TO be_VBI quantifying_VVG in_II a_AT1 
particular_JJ context_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR ,_, *1_NULL ^_NULL He_PPHS1 won_VVD a_AT1 fistful_NN1 of_IO 
prizes_NN2 in_II 1977_MC *0_NULL has_VHZ the_AT word_NN1 *1_NULL fistful_NN1 
*0_NULL recorded_VVN as_II the_AT headword_NN1 or_CC *'_" type_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT criterion_NN1 used_VVD was_VBDZ whether_CSW a_AT1 
particular_JJ linguistic_JJ device_NN1 in_II context_NN1 answered_VVD the_AT 
question_NN1 *1_NULL How_RRQ many/_FO how_RRQ much/_FO to_II what_DDQ 
extent_NN1 ?_? 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL No_AT attempt_NN1 was_VBDZ made_VVN to_TO 
distinguish_VVI *1_NULL quantity_NN1 *0_NULL from_II *1_NULL degree_NN1 ,_, 
*0_NULL although_CS grammarians_NN2 have_VH0 sometimes_RT attempted_VVN to_TO 
do_VDI so_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT difficulty_NN1 of_IO sustaining_VVG a_AT1 distinction_NN1 
can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN in_II examples_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT 
following_JJ :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Although_CS each_DD1 headword_NN1 
was_VBDZ recorded_VVN on_II cards_NN2 alphabetically_RR ,_, along_II21 
with_II22 the_AT context_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT word_NN1 occurred_VVD ,_, 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX suggested_VVN that_CST a_AT1 headword_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 
single_JJ semantic_JJ value_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT word_NN1 *1_NULL poor_JJ *0_NULL 
was_VBDZ found_VVN ten_MC times_NNT2 in_II the_AT corpus_NN1 with_IW four_MC 
different_JJ but_CCB related_JJ meanings_NN2 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL 
Whenever_RRQV meanings_NN2 were_VBDR related_VVN in_II this_DD1 way_NN1 ,_, 
they_PPHS2 were_VBDR treated_VVN together_RL and_CC categorized_VVN as_II 
a_AT1 single_JJ type_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO the_AT type_NN1 *1_NULL poor_JJ ,_, 
*0_NULL there_EX were_VBDR ten_MC tokens_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL Poor_JJ *0_NULL was_VBDZ categorized_VVN as_CSA one_MC1 of_IO 
the_AT linguistic_JJ devices_NN2 found_VVD to_TO express_VVI *'_" small_JJ 
quantities_NN2 or_CC degrees_NN2 **'_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL At_II the_AT outset_NN1 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ clear_JJ that_CST 
a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO decisions_NN2 would_VM be_VBI needed_VVN as_II21 
to_II22 what_DDQ would_VM be_VBI included_VVN in_II the_AT analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT following_JJ linguistic_JJ devices_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR 
clearly_RR associated_VVN with_IW quantification_NN1 were_VBDR somewhat_RR 
arbitrarily_RR excluded_VVN on_II the_AT grounds_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE 
pervasiveness_NN1 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL In_II 
making_VVG the_AT analysis_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ of_RR21 course_RR22 
necessary_JJ to_TO take_VVI note_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ words_NN2 or_CC phrases_NN2 
functioned_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR ,_, some_DD words_NN2 in_II the_AT corpus_NN1 were_VBDR 
apparently_RR not_XX quantifying_VVG terms_NN2 except_CS in_RR21 
particular_RR22 contexts_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, *1_NULL insipid_JJ *0_NULL (_( lacking_JJ 
spirit_NN1 ,_, taste_NN1 ,_, or_CC interest_NN1 ;_; boring_JJ )_) or_CC 
*1_NULL modest_JJ *0_NULL (_( humble_JJ ;_; not_XX ostentatious_JJ )_) 
could_VM be_VBI used_VVN as_II quantification_NN1 devices_NN2 to_TO mean_VVI 
*'_" a_AT1 small_JJ amount_NN1 **'_" when_RRQ used_VVN in_II the_AT 
context_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL an_AT1 insipid_JJ total_NN1 *0_NULL or_CC *1_NULL 
a_AT1 modest_JJ increase_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT pervasiveness_NN1 of_IO such_DA metaphorical_JJ 
ways_NN2 of_IO expressing_VVG fundamental_JJ concepts_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN 
discussed_VVN by_II Kennedy_NP1 (_( 1978_MC )_) and_CC by_II Lakoff_NP1 and_CC 
Johnson_NP1 (_( 1980_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Some_DD more_RGR obviously_RR quantifying_VVG devices_NN2 
in_II the_AT corpus_NN1 were_VBDR sometimes_RT used_VVN in_II ways_NN2 
which_DDQ were_VBDR unexpected_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, *1_NULL so_RG many_DA2 *0_NULL and_CC 
*1_NULL so_RG much_RR *0_NULL were_VBDR sometimes_RT used_VVN to_TO mean_VVI 
*1_NULL some_RR *0_NULL (_( an_AT1 indeterminate_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO )_) 
rather_II21 than_II22 *1_NULL very_JJ many/_FO very_RG much_DA1 ,_, *0_NULL 
as_CSA in_II *1_NULL ^_NULL Let_VVD us_PPIO2 assume_VVI there_RL were_VBDR 
so_RG many_DA2 people_NN in_II the_AT room_NN1 ;_; ^_NULL I_PPIS1 'll_VM 
only_RR put_VVI up_RP with_IW so_RG much_DA1 trouble_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Similarly_RR ,_, the_AT word_NN1 *1_NULL some_DD *0_NULL 
was_VBDZ sometimes_RT used_VVN to_TO express_VVI approximation_NN1 (_( *1_NULL 
^_NULL He_PPHS1 lived_VVD there_RL some_DD sixty_MC years_NNT2 )_) ,_, and_CC 
sometimes_RT to_TO express_VVI unspecified_JJ quantity/_FO degree_NN1 (_( 
*1_NULL ^_NULL He_PPHS1 lived_VVD for_IF some_DD years_NNT2 in_II London_NP1 
;_; ^_NULL Some_DD measurements_NN2 were_VBDR made_VVN )_) ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 330+TEXT+J36_FO **]_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Transport_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Sixteen_MC parents_NN2 used_VVD their_APPGE own_DA 
car_NN1 to_TO take_VVI their_APPGE child_NN1 to_II the_AT preschool_NN1 ,_, 
one_MC1 mother_NN1 used_VVD a_AT1 bicycle_NN1 ,_, three_MC walked_VVD and_CC 
one_MC1 collected_VVD the_AT child_NN1 by_II bus_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 stationwagon_NN1 operated_VVD by_II the_AT Crippled_JJ 
Children_NN2 Society_NNJ took_VVD one_MC1 mother_NN1 as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 
her_APPGE child_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT special_JJ group_NN teacher_NN1 ,_, the_AT head_JJ teacher_NN1 
,_, another_DD1 mother_NN1 or_CC an_AT1 early_JJ childhood_NN1 education_NN1 
officer_NN1 sometimes_RT provided_VVD transport_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ 
case_VV0 the_AT mothers_NN2 could_VM go_VVI to_II the_AT preschool_NN1 too_RR 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Four_MC mothers_NN2 reported_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 were_VBDR not_XX 
permitted_VVN to_TO go_VVI in_II the_AT taxi_NN1 with_IW the_AT child_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 four_MC said_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 could_VM 
accompany_VVI the_AT child_NN1 in_II the_AT taxi_NN1 once_RR a_AT1 
fortnight_NNT1 ,_, one_PN1 went_VVD on_II the_AT first_MD day_NNT1 only_RR ,_, 
one_PN1 used_VVD it_PPH1 on_II the_AT days_NNT2 she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ 
rostered_VVN to_TO help_VVI at_II playcentre_NN1 ,_, and_CC another_DD1 
could_VM go_VVI with_IW her_APPGE child_NN1 provided_CS she_PPHS1 let_VVD 
the_AT taxi_NN1 firm_NNJ know_VVI beforehand_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Three_MC mothers_NN2 had_VHD cars_NN2 which_DDQ they_PPHS2 could_VM 
use_VVI even_CS21 though_CS22 they_PPHS2 could_VM not_XX go_VVI in_II the_AT 
taxi_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II some_DD areas_NN2 Education_NN1 Board_NNJ approval_NN1 had_VHD 
not_XX been_VBN given_VVN for_IF transport_NN1 by_II taxi_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Transport_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 problem_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Teachers_NN2 '_GE comments_NN2 on_II taxis_NN2 included_VVD :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *1_NULL Ideas_NN2 for_IF Home_NN1 Use_NN1 
*>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL It_PPH1 seemed_VVD that_CST mothers_NN2 
appreciated_VVD really_RR practical_JJ suggestions_NN2 that_CST would_VM 
help_VVI them_PPHO2 or_CC their_APPGE child_NN1 to_TO cope_VVI ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL My_APPGE child_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II 
splints_NN2 and_CC had_VHD boots_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 bar_NN1 across_II 
them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 showed_VVD me_PPIO1 how_RRQ to_TO put_VVI his_APPGE 
trousers_NN2 on_RP ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT advisers_NN2 and_CC 
teachers_NN2 for_IF the_AT deaf_JJ were_VBDR praised_VVN by_II all_DB the_AT 
mothers_NN2 who_PNQS had_VHD contact_NN1 with_IW them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 went_VVD into_II homes_NN2 and_CC visited_JJ children_NN2 
in_II preschool_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 played_VVD a_AT1 major_JJ role_NN1 in_II helping_VVG 
parents_NN2 to_TO take_VVI advantage_NN1 of_IO the_AT services_NN2 
available_JJ for_IF testing_VVG hearing_NN1 and_CC fitting_JJ hearing_NN1 
aids_NN2 ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 saw_VVD that_CST children_NN2 got_VVN to_II 
the_AT services_NN2 available_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Speech_NN1 therapists_NN2 operate_VV0 from_II clinics_NN2 
and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ evident_JJ ,_, even_RR from_II our_APPGE small_JJ 
sample_NN1 ,_, that_CST some_DD mothers_NN2 did_VDD not_XX go_VVI because_II21 
of_II22 difficulties_NN2 with_IW transport_NN1 and_CC the_AT general_JJ 
organization_NN1 of_IO younger_JJR children_NN2 that_CST such_DA visits_NN2 
often_RR entail_VV0 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II one_MC1 kindergarten_NN1 the_AT special_JJ group_NN 
teacher_NN1 and_CC the_AT mother_NN1 worked_VVD together_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT mother_NN1 said_VVD :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL 
Another_DD1 mother_NN1 had_VHD learned_VVN about_II Total_JJ Communication_NN1 
through_II the_AT kindergarten_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ using_VVG this_DD1 
successfully_RR with_IW her_APPGE child_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Others_NN2 had_VHD gained_VVN ideas_NN2 for_IF activities_NN2 to_TO 
keep_VVI children_NN2 interested_JJ and_CC occupied_VVN at_II home_NN1 ,_, 
for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, by_II providing_VVG dough_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 
sandpit_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 trampoline_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 climbing_NN1 frame_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Some_DD special_JJ group_NN teachers_NN2 had_VHD extensive_JJ 
collections_NN2 of_IO carefully_RR chosen_JJ books_NN2 and_CC toys_NN2 
which_DDQ could_VM be_VBI taken_VVN home_RL by_II the_AT special_JJ group_NN 
children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 materials_NN2 ,_, on_II loan_NN1 to_II the_AT family_NN ,_, 
were_VBDR mentioned_VVN by_II several_DA2 mothers_NN2 as_CSA providing_VVG 
ideas_NN2 for_IF things_NN2 to_TO do_VDI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 sizeable_JJ 
proportion_NN1 of_IO the_AT mothers_NN2 said_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 had_VHD 
not_XX got_VVN any_DD ideas_NN2 from_II kindergarten_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT reasons_NN2 were_VBDR various_JJ :_: ^_NULL *'_" There_EX 
has_VHZ n't_XX been_VBN any_DD need_NN1 **'_" ,_, ^_NULL *'_" Kindy_JJ 
things_NN2 are_VBR separate_JJ and_CC different_JJ **'_" ,_, ^_NULL *'_" 
We_PPIS2 do_VD0 family_NN things_NN2 and_CC most_DAT things_NN2 my_APPGE 
child_NN1 does_VDZ anyway_RR **'_" ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Help_NN1 for_IF the_AT Mother_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL There_EX is_VBZ not_XX the_AT slightest_JJT doubt_NN1 
about_II the_AT benefits_NN2 of_IO the_AT child_NN1 's_VBZ attendance_NN1 
for_IF the_AT mother_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 of_IO the_AT mothers_NN2 used_VVD the_AT word_NN1 *'_" 
peace_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 also_RR referred_VVD to_II *'_" a_AT1 break_NN1 **'_" 
and_CC *'_" time_NNT1 for_IF myself_PPX1 **'_" ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 used_VVD 
the_AT word_NN1 *'_" relax_VV0 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 quotations_NN2 speak_VV0 for_IF themselves_PPX2 :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT special_JJ group_NN scheme_NN1 
is_VBZ a_AT1 contribution_NN1 to_II the_AT mental_JJ health_NN1 of_IO 
mothers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 mothers_NN2 said_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 felt_VVD 
happier_JJR because_CS the_AT child_NN1 had_VHD progressed_VVN and_CC that_CST 
he_PPHS1 or_CC she_PPHS1 had_VHD *'_" responded_VVN **'_" or_CC had_VHD *'_" 
learned_VVN **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ also_RR clear_JJ ,_, although_CS not_XX said_VVN 
quite_RG so_RG directly_RR ,_, that_CST the_AT mothers_NN2 were_VBDR very_RG 
anxious_JJ for_IF their_APPGE children_NN2 not_XX to_TO appear_VVI 
different_JJ or_CC be_VBI treated_VVN differently_RR from_II other_JJ 
children_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT number_NN1 of_IO helping_VVG *'_" agencies_NN2 **'_" 
with_IW which_DDQ the_AT mothers_NN2 came_VVD into_II contact_NN1 varied_VVD 
from_II none_PN to_II five_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Four_MC parents_NN2 reported_VVD no_AT other_JJ help_NN1 ,_, 8_MC 
reported_VVD 1_MC1 ,_, 14_MC reported_VVD 2_MC ,_, 7_MC reported_VVD 3_MC ,_, 
3_MC reported_VVD 4_MC and_CC 3_MC reported_VVD 5_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 were_VBDR all_DB services_NN2 in_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 
the_AT special_JJ needs_VVZ group_NN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT agency_NN1 mentioned_VVD most_RGT often_RR was_VBDZ 
a_AT1 speech_NN1 therapist_NN1 (_( 21_MC )_) ,_, and_CC then_RT ,_, in_II 
order_NN1 ,_, came_VVD medical_JJ practitioners_NN2 of_IO varying_JJ kinds_NN2 
(_( 16_MC )_) ,_, psychologists_NN2 (_( 14_MC )_) ,_, deaf_JJ advisors_NN2 ,_, 
Plunket_NP1 ,_, and_CC visiting_VVG and_CC occupational_JJ therapists_NN2 (_( 
4_MC each_DD1 )_) ,_, and_CC physiotherapists_NN2 (_( 2_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 were_VBDR followed_VVN by_II a_AT1 miscellaneous_JJ 
group_NN of_IO services_NN2 ,_, each_DD1 mentioned_VVD only_RR once_RR ,_, 
such_II21 as_II22 horse_NN1 riding_VVG for_IF the_AT disabled_JJ ,_, 
acupuncture_NN1 ,_, and_CC swimming_NN1 for_IF the_AT physically_RR 
disabled_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_DD221 few_DD222 children_NN2 went_VVD to_II gym_NN1 classes_NN2 ,_, 
to_II sensory_JJ integration_NN1 centres_NN2 ,_, or_CC to_II a_AT1 
preschool_NN1 for_IF the_AT deaf_JJ ,_, and_CC one_PN1 was_VBDZ helped_VVN 
by_II the_AT Correspondence_NN1 School_NNL1 Special_JJ Needs_VVZ Section_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL A_DD221 few_DD222 attended_JJ kindergarten_NN1 or_CC playcentre_NN1 
on_II the_AT days_NNT2 they_PPHS2 did_VDD not_XX attend_VVI the_AT special_JJ 
group_NN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR some_DD very_RG good_JJ things_NN2 about_II 
the_AT speech_NN1 therapy_NN1 service_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Any_DD mother_NN1 can_VM seek_VVI its_APPGE help_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ no_AT stigma_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW seeking_VVG 
help_NN1 ,_, and_CC knowledge_NN1 of_IO the_AT speech_NN1 therapist_NN1 's_VHZ 
services_NN2 circulates_VVZ around_II a_AT1 neighbourhood_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Consequently_NP1 ,_, the_AT speech_NN1 therapist_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR 
the_AT first_MD specialist_NN1 to_TO treat_VVI a_AT1 child_NN1 and_CC may_VM 
then_RT refer_VVI a_AT1 child_NN1 on_II21 to_II22 other_JJ services_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT mothers_NN2 were_VBDR asked_VVN their_APPGE opinion_NN1 
of_IO each_DD1 of_IO the_AT agencies_NN2 that_CST helped_VVD their_APPGE 
child_NN1 and_CC these_DD2 were_VBDR classified_VVN according_II21 to_II22 
whether_CSW the_AT mother_NN1 saw_VVD them_PPHO2 as_CSA being_VBG helpful_JJ 
,_, not_XX helpful_JJ ,_, or_CC neutral_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II many_DA2 areas_NN2 there_EX were_VBDR no_AT specialized_JJ 
centres_NN2 other_II21 than_II22 the_AT preschool_NN1 special_JJ group_NN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Although_CS there_EX were_VBDR only_RR four_MC parents_NN2 
of_IO those_DD2 interviewed_VVD who_PNQS had_VHD contact_NN1 with_IW 
advisers_NN2 of_IO the_AT deaf_JJ or_CC a_AT1 teacher_NN1 of_IO the_AT deaf_JJ 
,_, all_DB were_VBDR full_JJ of_IO praise_NN1 for_IF these_DD2 people_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 impression_NN1 was_VBDZ confirmed_VVN by_II teachers_NN2 
and_CC by_II other_JJ parents_NN2 whom_PNQO we_PPIS2 met_VVD casually_RR 
during_II our_APPGE observations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Indeed_RR the_AT services_NN2 for_IF the_AT deaf_JJ appear_VV0 to_TO 
be_VBI the_AT best_RRT organized_VVN ,_, the_AT most_RGT widely_RR 
available_JJ and_CC with_IW the_AT clearest_JJT set_NN1 of_IO techniques_NN2 
of_IO all_DB the_AT services_NN2 that_CST parents_NN2 encounter_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 am_VBM aware_JJ that_CST those_DD2 working_VVG within_II 
the_AT service_NN1 for_IF the_AT deaf_JJ desire_NN1 improvement_NN1 ;_; 
nevertheless_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR dealing_VVG with_IW a_AT1 condition_NN1 
that_CST is_VBZ relatively_RR clear_JJ cut_NN1 and_CC for_IF which_DDQ 
mothers_NN2 are_VBR not_XX blamed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ specialists_NN2 often_RR have_VH0 to_TO deal_VVI with_IW 
more_RGR intractable_JJ conditions_NN2 or_CC with_IW sets_NN2 of_IO 
conditions_NN2 that_CST they_PPHS2 can_VM not_XX control_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Two-thirds_MF of_IO the_AT mothers_NN2 whose_DDQGE 
children_NN2 attended_VVD speech_NN1 therapy_NN1 clinics_NN2 said_VVD 
speech_NN1 therapy_NN1 was_VBDZ helpful_JJ ,_, and_CC over_RG half_DB of_IO 
those_DD2 who_PNQS mentioned_VVD psychologists_NN2 had_VHD found_VVN 
them_PPHO2 helpful_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 teacher_NN1 said_VVD :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
^_NULL Parents_NN2 may_VM not_XX like_VVI the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO going_VVG 
to_II a_AT1 psychologist_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 's_VBZ the_AT stigma_NN1 *-_- it_PPH1 's_VBZ very_RG 
threatening_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 problem_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Exactly_RR half_DB of_IO those_DD2 
who_PNQS mentioned_VVD pediatricians_NN2 and_CC other_JJ medical_JJ 
specialists_NN2 found_VVD them_PPHO2 helpful_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL More_RGR interesting_JJ than_CSN whether_CSW the_AT 
mothers_NN2 were_VBDR satisfied_JJ or_CC not_XX with_IW the_AT services_NN2 
are_VBR the_AT reasons_NN2 they_PPHS2 gave_VVD for_IF their_APPGE 
judgement_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 major_JJ cause_NN1 of_IO dissatisfaction_NN1 was_VBDZ an_AT1 
inability_NN1 to_TO get_VVI service_NN1 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL 
Another_DD1 frequent_JJ cause_NN1 of_IO dissatisfaction_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT 
inability_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 specialist_JJ to_TO get_VVI a_AT1 true_JJ 
picture_NN1 of_IO the_AT child_NN1 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
^_NULL The_AT psychologist_NN1 came_VVD to_II kindy_NN1 and_CC really_RR 
got_VVN to_TO know_VVI him_PPHO1 ;_; the_AT pediatrician_NN1 saw_VVD him_PPHO1 
in_II the_AT office_NN1 and_CC really_RR does_VDZ n't_XX understand_VVI ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 fourth_MD cause_NN1 of_IO 
dissatisfaction_NN1 was_VBDZ that_CST some_DD specialists_NN2 seemed_VVD to_TO 
have_VHI preconceived_JJ ideas_NN2 about_II the_AT child_NN1 's_VBZ 
problem_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR judgemental_JJ in_II their_APPGE approach_NN1 
to_II the_AT mother_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 fifth_MD was_VBDZ the_AT provision_NN1 of_IO inappropriate_JJ 
treatment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, at_II the_AT time_NNT1 the_AT survey_NN1 
was_VBDZ carried_VVN out_RP ,_, family_NN therapy_NN1 seemed_VVD to_TO be_VBI 
being_VBG used_VVN for_IF an_AT1 extraordinary_JJ range_NN1 of_IO problems_NN2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Some_DD specialists_NN2 canvassed_VVD the_AT mother_NN1 's_VHZ 
views_NN2 and_CC opinions_NN2 ,_, shared_VVD their_APPGE own_DA views_NN2 
with_IW her_PPHO1 and_CC treated_VVD her_PPHO1 as_II an_AT1 equal_JJ 
partner_NN1 in_II the_AT treatment_NN1 of_IO her_APPGE child_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA persons_NN2 were_VBDR found_VVN in_II every_AT1 kind_NN1 
of_IO service_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Others_NN2 treated_VVD the_AT mother_NN1 's_VHZ opinions_NN2 as_II21 
of_II22 little_JJ value_NN1 ,_, gave_VVD her_PPHO1 the_AT impression_NN1 
that_CST she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ *'_" just_RR another_DD1 neurotic_JJ mother_NN1 
**'_" ,_, and_CC tried_VVD to_TO assess_VVI the_AT child_NN1 away_II21 
from_II22 its_APPGE mother_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Underlying_JJ the_AT specific_JJ complaints_NN2 was_VBDZ the_AT 
basic_JJ one_PN1 that_CST some_DD people_NN did_VDD not_XX treat_VVI the_AT 
mothers_NN2 with_IW consideration_NN1 *-_- a_AT1 human_JJ relations_NN2 
issue_VV0 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL At_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT interview_NN1 mothers_NN2 
were_VBDR invited_VVN to_TO make_VVI comments_NN2 and_CC some_DD of_IO 
them_PPHO2 did_VDD so_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT topic_NN1 most_RGT often_RR mentioned_VVN was_VBDZ the_AT 
value_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO services_NN2 and_CC the_AT 
need_NN1 for_IF co-operation_NN1 between_II them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD felt_VVD that_CST more_DAR publicity_NN1 could_VM be_VBI 
given_VVN to_TO let_VVI parents_NN2 know_VVI of_IO the_AT special_JJ 
groups_NN2 in_II kindergarten_NN1 and_CC playcentre_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 parent_NN1 belonged_VVD to_II a_AT1 parent_NN1 support_NN1 
group_NN started_VVD by_II the_AT kindergarten_NN1 and_CC she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ 
full_JJ of_IO praise_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 advised_VVD other_JJ parents_NN2 to_TO be_VBI 
assertive_JJ in_II getting_VVG the_AT best_JJT for_IF their_APPGE children_NN2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX was_VBDZ often_RR mention_NN1 of_IO the_AT fact_NN1 
that_CST the_AT groups_NN2 operated_VVD only_RR three_MC days_NNT2 of_IO 
the_AT week_NNT1 ,_, and_CC that_CST if_CS children_NN2 came_VVD from_II 
outside_II the_AT area_NN1 of_IO the_AT kindergarten_NN1 in_II which_DDQ 
the_AT group_NN was_VBDZ situated_VVN ,_, they_PPHS2 were_VBDR 
discriminated_VVN against_II because_CS they_PPHS2 could_VM not_XX attend_VVI 
on_II the_AT remaining_JJ two_MC days_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II practice_NN1 ,_, the_AT policy_NN1 on_II attendance_NN1 
varied_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 the_AT special_JJ 
group_NN teacher_NN1 was_VBDZ employed_VVN ,_, and_CC transport_NN1 
provided_VVD ,_, on_II only_RR three_MC days_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX were_VBDR three_MC patterns_NN2 of_IO attendance_NN1 :_: 
|_NULL (_( a_ZZ1 )_) **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL The_AT child_NN1 
attended_VVD the_AT kindergarten_NN1 on_II five_MC mornings_NNT2 because_CS 
he_PPHS1 or_CC she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ in_II the_AT catchment_NN1 area_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL (_( b_ZZ1 )_) **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
^_NULL The_AT child_NN1 attended_VVD his_APPGE or_CC her_APPGE own_DA home_NN1 
kindergarten_NN1 on_II the_AT two_MC days_NNT2 when_RRQ not_XX attending_VVG 
the_AT kindergarten_NN1 with_IW the_AT special_JJ group_NN ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL (_( c_ZZ1 )_) **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
^_NULL The_AT child_NN1 did_VDD not_XX live_VVI in_II the_AT catchment_NN1 
area_NN1 but_CCB attended_VVD the_AT same_DA kindergarten_NN1 if_CS his_APPGE 
or_CC her_APPGE family_NN could_VM provide_VVI the_AT transport_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Playcentres_NN2 operate_VV0 for_IF 
three_MC sessions_NNT2 in_II the_AT week_NNT1 for_IF all_DB children_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL When_CS the_AT child_NN1 was_VBDZ present_JJ on_II days_NNT2 
when_RRQ the_AT special_JJ group_NN teacher_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX there_RL ,_, 
the_AT other_JJ teachers_NN2 had_VHD increased_VVN opportunities_NN2 to_TO 
make_VVI contact_NN1 with_IW parents_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Mostly_RR though_CS ,_, the_AT children_NN2 did_VDD not_XX attend_VVI 
more_DAR than_CSN the_AT three_MC half_DB days_NNT2 for_IF which_DDQ the_AT 
special_JJ group_NN teacher_NN1 was_VBDZ employed_VVN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Contact_NN1 Between_II Teacher_NN1 and_CC Parent_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Every_AT1 special_JJ group_NN teacher_NN1 had_VHD 
contact_NN1 with_IW the_AT mothers_NN2 of_IO the_AT children_NN2 she_PPHS1 
had_VHD responsibility_NN1 for_IF ._. 

^ ^_NULL Typically_NP1 ,_, she_PPHS1 visited_VVD homes_NN2 before_II the_AT 
children_NN2 were_VBDR enrolled_VVN ,_, talked_VVN to_II the_AT mothers_NN2 
when_RRQ they_PPHS2 came_VVD to_II the_AT kindergarten_NN1 or_CC 
playcentre_NN1 ,_, and_CC telephoned_VVD them_PPHO2 from_RR41 time_RR42 
to_RR43 time_RR44 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD teachers_NN2 sent_VVD daily_JJ comments_NN2 and_CC other_JJ 
forms_NN2 of_IO take-home_JJ material_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT parent_NN1 interviews_NN2 showed_VVD ,_, as_CSA already_RR 
reported_VVN ,_, that_CST most_DAT mothers_NN2 referred_VVN to_II the_AT 
special_JJ group_NN teacher_NN1 by_II her_APPGE first_MD name_NN1 and_CC 
that_CST they_PPHS2 felt_VVD free_JJ to_TO telephone_VVI her_PPHO1 at_II 
the_AT preschool_NN1 ,_, and_CC usually_RR at_II home_NN1 too_RR ,_, if_CS 
anything_PN1 was_VBDZ troubling_VVG them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II nearly_RR all_DB preschools_VVZ the_AT special_JJ 
group_NN teacher_NN1 had_VHD the_AT greatest_JJT contact_NN1 with_IW the_AT 
parents_NN2 of_IO the_AT children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR in_II one_MC1 ,_, the_AT special_JJ group_NN teacher_NN1 
considered_VVD herself_PPX1 one_MC1 of_IO a_AT1 team_NN of_IO three_MC and_CC 
all_DB teachers_NN2 had_VHD contact_NN1 with_IW the_AT parents_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II another_DD1 ,_, the_AT special_JJ group_NN teacher_NN1 did_VDD 
the_AT home_NN1 visits_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II four_MC ,_, the_AT head_JJ teacher_NN1 and_CC special_JJ 
group_NN teacher_NN1 shared_VVD the_AT work_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Some_DD special_JJ group_NN teachers_NN2 had_VHD organized_VVN 
a_AT1 parent_NN1 support_NN1 group_NN ,_, had_VHD organized_VVN ,_, or_CC 
been_VBN involved_JJ in_II ,_, case_NN1 conferences_NN2 bringing_VVG 
together_RL all_DB the_AT professionals_NN2 dealing_VVG with_IW the_AT 
child_NN1 and_CC the_AT parent_NN1 ,_, had_VHD arranged_VVN for_IF the_AT 
parents_NN2 to_TO get_VVI help_NN1 from_II medical_JJ and_CC social_JJ 
agencies_NN2 ,_, or_CC had_VHD provided_VVN a_AT1 programme_NN1 for_IF 
mothers_NN2 to_TO carry_VVI out_RP at_II home_RL with_IW the_AT child_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 teacher_NN1 organized_VVD a_AT1 unified_JJ programme_NN1 
to_TO be_VBI carried_VVN out_RP by_II herself_PPX1 in_II the_AT preschool_NN1 
,_, by_II a_AT1 tutor_NN1 employed_VVD to_TO work_VVI with_IW the_AT child_NN1 
for_IF a_AT1 short_JJ time_NNT1 every_AT1 day_NNT1 ,_, and_CC for_IF the_AT 
mother_NN1 to_TO follow_VVI also_RR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Mothers_NN2 ,_, too_RR ,_, made_VVD their_APPGE 
contributions_NN2 by_II telling_VVG the_AT special_JJ group_NN teachers_NN2 
things_NN2 that_CST had_VHD worked_VVN well_RR with_IW their_APPGE 
children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II one_MC1 kindergarten_NN1 I_PPIS1 saw_VVD four_MC children_NN2 
playing_VVG a_AT1 co-operative_JJ dice_NN1 game_NN1 with_IW equipment_NN1 
made_VVN by_II a_AT1 mother_NN1 and_CC donated_VVD to_II the_AT 
kindergarten_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Despite_II a_AT1 high_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO contact_NN1 with_IW 
,_, and_CC knowledge_NN1 about_RP ,_, the_AT families_NN2 on_II41 the_II42 
part_II43 of_II44 the_AT special_JJ group_NN teacher_NN1 and_CC the_AT 
other_JJ teachers_NN2 ,_, some_DD families_NN2 slipped_VVD through_II the_AT 
net_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II such_DA families_NN2 ,_, mothers_NN2 were_VBDR never_RR at_II 
home_NN1 or_CC they_PPHS2 had_VHD their_APPGE own_DA intellectual_NN1 ,_, 
emotional_JJ and_CC medical_JJ problems_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD mothers_NN2 had_VHD themselves_PPX2 been_VBN special_JJ 
class_NN1 children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD special_JJ group_NN children_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN moved_VVN 
from_II one_MC1 foster_JJ home_NN1 to_II another_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD mothers_NN2 deliberately_RR excluded_JJ outsiders_NN2 ,_, 
and_CC other_JJ mothers_NN2 ,_, even_RR with_IW transport_NN1 provided_VVD ,_, 
still_RR had_VHN difficulty_NN1 ensuring_VVG that_CST the_AT children_NN2 
attended_VVD regularly_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Marriage_NN1 breakdown_NN1 and_CC unemployment_NN1 were_VBDR 
taking_VVG their_APPGE toll_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR in_II some_DD areas_NN2 
,_, at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT study_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Although_CS the_AT special_JJ group_NN teacher_NN1 had_VHD 
the_AT most_DAT contact_NN1 with_IW parents_NN2 ,_, in_II only_RR one_MC1 
instance_NN1 (_( where_CS the_AT head_JJ teacher_NN1 was_VBDZ new_JJ )_) 
did_VDD the_AT head_JJ teacher_NN1 not_XX know_VV0 the_AT mothers_NN2 ,_, 
the_AT family_NN circumstances_NN2 and_CC the_AT child_NN1 very_RG well_RR 
indeed_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB teachers_NN2 could_VM tell_VVI me_PPIO1 exactly_RR how_RRQ 
to_TO get_VVI to_II a_AT1 particular_JJ mother_NN1 's_VBZ home_RL when_RRQ 
I_PPIS1 asked_VVD for_IF directions_NN2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 331+TEXT+J37_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 face-to-face_JJ contact_NN1 seemed_VVD very_RG 
effective_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_CS information_NN1 was_VBDZ made_VVN available_JJ only_RR in_II 
written_JJ form_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 appeared_VVD that_CST less_DAR use_NN1 
was_VBDZ made_VVN of_IO it_PPH1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Effectiveness_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II the_AT schools_NN2 in_II these_DD2 case_NN1 
studies_NN2 ,_, an_AT1 enormous_JJ effort_NN1 is_VBZ made_VVN to_TO obtain_VVI 
useful_JJ information_NN1 about_II new_JJ third_MD formers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ already_RR been_VBN pointed_VVN out_RP that_CST 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO place_VVI students_NN2 so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT 
best_JJT available_JJ schooling_NN1 provisions_NN2 can_VM be_VBI made_VVN 
for_IF them_PPHO2 ,_, and_CC to_TO tell_VVI teachers_NN2 about_II students_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD of_IO these_DD2 seems_VVZ very_RG effective_JJ 
indeed_RR in_II each_DD1 case_NN1 study_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Whoever_PNQV collects_VVZ the_AT data_NN *-_- usually_RR the_AT 
Third_MD Form_NN1 Dean_NP1 or_CC Guidance_NN1 Counsellor_NN1 *-_- ends_VVZ 
up_RP with_IW very_RG detailed_JJ information_NN1 on_II each_DD1 student_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB the_AT real_JJ test_NN1 of_IO effectiveness_NN1 is_VBZ 
whether_CSW the_AT second_MD step_NN1 occurs_VVZ *-_- teachers_NN2 getting_VVG 
and_CC using_VVG the_AT information_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Evidence_NN1 from_II interviews_NN2 and_CC questionnaires_NN2 
indicates_VVZ that_CST there_EX is_VBZ considerable_JJ variation_NN1 among_II 
individual_JJ teachers_NN2 as_II21 to_II22 the_AT use_NN1 made_VVN of_IO 
information_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL First_MD ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO 
opinion_NN1 among_II teachers_NN2 themselves_PPX2 about_II how_RGQ much_DA1 
they_PPHS2 *1_NULL ought_VMK *0_NULL to_TO know_VVI about_II a_AT1 new_JJ 
student_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD believe_VV0 too_RG much_DA1 information_NN1 is_VBZ 
dangerous_JJ because_CS it_PPH1 can_VM lead_VVI to_II unfairly_RR 
labelling_VVG a_AT1 student_NN1 (_( especially_RR so_RG in_II 
negatively-labelled_JJ students_NN2 )_) ;_; or_CC because_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
up_II21 to_II22 the_AT Third_MD Form_NN1 teacher_NN1 to_TO determine_VVI 
what_DDQ a_AT1 student_NN1 is_VBZ capable_JJ of_IO ,_, not_XX the_AT 
teacher_NN1 of_IO Form_NN1 2_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO teachers_NN2 said_VVD they_PPHS2 
had_VHD little_DA1 faith_NN1 in_II the_AT information_NN1 they_PPHS2 
received_VVD ;_; it_PPH1 was_VBDZ subject_II21 to_II22 error_NN1 ;_; 
students_NN2 '_GE behaviour_NN1 and_CC performance_NN1 did_VDD not_XX 
necessarily_RR match_VVI what_DDQ they_PPHS2 were_VBDR told_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD mentioned_VVD that_CST while_CS a_AT1 student_NN1 might_VM 
behave_VVI and_CC achieve_VVI in_II certain_JJ ways_NN2 at_II primary_JJ 
school_NN1 ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ no_AT surety_NN1 that_CST the_AT same_DA 
would_VM happen_VVI at_II secondary_JJ school_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Less_RRR than_CSN a_AT1 quarter_NN1 of_IO teachers_NN2 
said_VVD the_AT information_NN1 they_PPHS2 received_VVD was_VBDZ 
unsatisfactory_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO reasons_NN2 was_VBDZ given_VVN ,_, some_DD 
of_IO which_DDQ have_VH0 been_VBN mentioned_VVN in_II the_AT previous_JJ 
paragraph_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT most_RGT frequent_JJ additional_JJ reasons_NN2 were_VBDR a_AT1 
desire_NN1 to_TO know_VVI more_DAR about_II *"_" problem_NN1 **"_" pupils_NN2 
,_, have_VH0 more_DAR detail_NN1 about_II subject_NN1 performance_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC comments_NN2 that_CST important_JJ information_NN1 about_II 
particular_JJ pupils_NN2 was_VBDZ not_XX made_VVN available_JJ when_CS it_PPH1 
should_VM (_( or_CC could_VM )_) have_VH0 been_VBN and_CC teachers_NN2 
were_VBDR left_VVN to_TO find_VVI out_RP for_IF themselves_PPX2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Over_II three-quarters_MF of_IO the_AT teachers_NN2 saw_VVD 
the_AT information_NN1 they_PPHS2 received_VVD as_RG satisfactory_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ ,_, however_RR ,_, a_AT1 *"_" yes-no_JJ **"_" 
question_NN1 that_CST invited_VVD reasons_NN2 to_TO be_VBI added_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD of_IO these_DD2 teachers_NN2 might_VM have_VHI been_VBN 
saying_VVG that_CST although_CS they_PPHS2 did_VDD not_XX get_VVI much_RR 
information_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 did_VDD not_XX mind_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Others_NN2 however_RR ,_, did_VDD say_VVI that_CST they_PPHS2 had_VHD 
access_NN1 to_II information_NN1 if_CS they_PPHS2 wanted_VVD it_PPH1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Every_AT1 Third_MD Form_NN1 Dean_NP1 talked_VVD about_II 
another_DD1 category_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 ,_, namely_REX ,_, that_DD1 
which_DDQ ought_VMK to_TO remain_VVI confidential_JJ to_II the_AT Dean_NP1 
and_CC only_RR be_VBI relayed_VVN to_II other_JJ teachers_NN2 if_CS needed_VVN 
._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, it_PPH1 might_VM be_VBI sensitive_JJ 
information_NN1 about_II family_NN circumstances_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT student_NN1 is_VBZ making_VVG steady_JJ progress_NN1 ,_, 
there_EX is_VBZ no_AT need_NN1 to_TO pass_VVI on_II the_AT information_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 second_NNT1 related_JJ factor_NN1 is_VBZ whether_CSW 
the_AT information_NN1 actually_RR gets_VVZ to_II teachers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_DD221 few_DD222 teachers_NN2 said_VVD they_PPHS2 received_VVD no_AT 
information_NN1 ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 appeared_VVD to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 
break-down_NN1 in_II communication_NN1 or_CC they_PPHS2 failed_VVD to_TO 
look_VVI at_II the_AT information_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II all_DB secondary_JJ schools_NN2 steps_NN2 were_VBDR taken_VVN 
to_TO make_VVI information_NN1 available_JJ to_II all_DB Form_VV0 3_MC 
teachers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD teachers_NN2 of_IO subjects_NN2 commented_VVD that_CST the_AT 
form_NN1 teachers_NN2 got_VVD full_JJ information_NN1 but_CCB they_PPHS2 
did_VDD not_XX ._. 

^ ^_NULL Perhaps_RR those_DD2 responsible_JJ for_IF getting_VVG 
information_NN1 to_II teachers_NN2 should_VM look_VVI at_II the_AT system_NN1 
used_VVD ,_, to_TO see_VVI whether_CSW it_PPH1 gives_VVZ adequate_JJ 
detail_NN1 ,_, and_CC whether_CSW there_EX is_VBZ ready_JJ access_NN1 to_II 
information_NN1 that_CST would_VM improve_VVI teaching_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL Several_DA2 remedial_JJ reading_NN1 teachers_NN2 felt_VVD they_PPHS2 
had_VHD insufficient_JJ information_NN1 on_II students_NN2 and_CC would_VM 
have_VHI liked_VVN more_RRR ;_; one_PN1 suggested_VVD she_PPHS1 ought_VMK 
to_TO have_VHI the_AT chance_NN1 to_TO talk_VVI to_II Form_NN1 2_MC 
teachers_NN2 as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 others_NN2 like_II the_AT Dean_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 problem_NN1 for_IF some_DD secondary_JJ teachers_NN2 
is_VBZ that_DD1 Form_NN1 3_MC students_NN2 arrive_VV0 with_IW (_( naturally_RR 
)_) variable_JJ standards_NN2 in_II any_DD subject_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 head_NN1 of_IO subject_NN1 said_VVD that_CST no_AT 
assumptions_NN2 could_VM be_VBI made_VVN about_II what_DDQ pupils_NN2 had_VHD 
learnt_VVN in_II Science_NN1 because_CS the_AT teaching_NN1 at_II Form_NN1 
2_MC level_NN1 varied_VVD a_PN21 lot_PN22 ,_, as_CSA did_VDD the_AT 
assessments_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ difficult_JJ to_TO plan_VVI for_IF such_DA a_AT1 
mixed_JJ group_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 kind_NN1 of_IO comment_NN1 again_RT reinforces_VVZ the_AT 
need_NN1 for_IF primary_NN1 and_CC secondary_JJ teachers_NN2 to_TO inform_VVI 
each_PPX221 other_PPX222 about_II their_APPGE teaching_NN1 ,_, and_CC to_TO 
discuss_VVI matters_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 assessment_NN1 ,_, topics_NN2 ,_, 
standards_NN2 ,_, and_CC expectations_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT reactions_NN2 of_IO Form_NN1 2_MC teachers_NN2 who_PNQS 
provide_VV0 the_AT information_NN1 are_VBR very_RG important_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT teachers_NN2 feel_VV0 they_PPHS2 are_VBR indeed_RR 
providing_VVG information_NN1 that_CST will_VM be_VBI taken_VVN notice_NN1 
of_IO and_CC used_VVN ,_, then_RT they_PPHS2 are_VBR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO 
feel_VVI like_II putting_VVG extra_JJ effort_NN1 into_II it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Conversely_NP1 ,_, if_CS they_PPHS2 feel_VV0 little_JJ use_NN1 is_VBZ 
made_VVN of_IO what_DDQ they_PPHS2 supply_VV0 ,_, then_RT they_PPHS2 are_VBR 
likely_JJ to_TO regard_VVI their_APPGE efforts_NN2 as_CS wasted_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Looking_VVG at_II the_AT reactions_NN2 of_IO Form_NN1 2_MC 
teachers_NN2 across_II case_NN1 studies_NN2 ,_, several_DA2 observations_NN2 
need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI made_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL First_MD ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ general_JJ satisfaction_NN1 
about_II the_AT kind_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 supplied_VVN to_II the_AT 
secondary_JJ schools_NN2 in_II five_MC case_NN1 studies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT case_NN1 study_NN1 where_RRQ a_AT1 higher_JJR 
proportion_NN1 of_IO teachers_NN2 were_VBDR less_RGR happy_JJ with_IW the_AT 
information_NN1 they_PPHS2 gave_VVD ,_, almost_RR no_AT face-to-face_JJ 
consultation_NN1 took_VVD place_NN1 between_II Form_NN1 2_MC teachers_NN2 
and_CC secondary_JJ staff_NN collecting_VVG it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX *1_NULL was_VBDZ *0_NULL consultation_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 
senior_JJ intermediate_JJ school_NN1 staff_NN member_NN1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 
appeared_VVD that_CST teachers_NN2 felt_VVD as_CS21 if_CS22 they_PPHS2 
supplied_VVD information_NN1 and_CC had_VHD little_DA1 idea_NN1 about_II 
what_DDQ happened_VVD to_II it_PPH1 later_RRR ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II all_DB other_JJ case_NN1 studies_NN2 ,_, some_DD form_NN1 of_IO 
face-to-face_JJ discussion_NN1 about_II each_DD1 student_NN1 occurred_VVD *-_- 
or_CC certainly_RR those_DD2 pupils_NN2 where_RRQ discussion_NN1 was_VBDZ 
felt_VVN necessary_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 seems_VVZ to_II the_AT researcher_NN1 that_CST this_DD1 
procedure_NN1 is_VBZ reflected_VVN in_II the_AT widespread_JJ satisfaction_NN1 
expressed_VVN by_II teachers_NN2 about_II the_AT kind_NN1 of_IO 
information_NN1 they_PPHS2 supplied_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Therefore_RR for_IF Form_NN1 2_MC teachers_NN2 to_TO feel_VVI 
that_CST their_APPGE information_NN1 is_VBZ worth_II giving_VVG ,_, any_DD 
written_JJ forms_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI supported_VVN by_II discussions_NN2 
with_IW secondary_JJ staff_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 case_NN1 study_NN1 provided_VVD an_AT1 ideal_JJ 
comparison_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC intermediate_JJ schools_NN2 each_DD1 sent_VVD students_NN2 
to_II the_AT same_DA two_MC secondary_JJ schools_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 secondary_JJ school_NN1 sent_VVD staff_NN to_II each_DD1 
intermediate_JJ to_TO collect_VVI information_NN1 forms_NN2 *1_NULL and_CC 
*0_NULL discuss_VVI them_PPHO2 with_IW Form_NN1 2_MC teachers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT other_JJ secondary_JJ school_NN1 asked_VVN for_IF forms_NN2 
to_TO be_VBI filled_VVN in_RP ,_, a_AT1 senior_JJ staff_NN member_NN1 went_VVD 
to_TO collect_VVI the_AT forms_NN2 ,_, and_CC while_CS limited_JJ 
discussion_NN1 took_VVD place_NN1 with_IW the_AT intermediate_JJ principal_NN1 
,_, there_EX was_VBDZ none_PN with_IW Form_NN1 2_MC teachers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT reactions_NN2 of_IO the_AT Form_NN1 2_MC teachers_NN2 was_VBDZ 
plain_JJ ;_; they_PPHS2 were_VBDR satisfied_VVN when_RRQ discussion_NN1 
occurred_VVD ,_, and_CC dissatisfied_VVN where_CS it_PPH1 did_VDD not_XX ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 seems_VVZ that_DD1 *1_NULL effectiveness_NN1 is_VBZ 
increased_VVN *0_NULL when_RRQ face-to-face_JJ discussion_NN1 about_II 
Form_NN1 2_MC students_NN2 occurs_VVZ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Second_MD ,_, the_AT *1_NULL quality_NN1 *0_NULL of_IO 
information_NN1 supplied_VVN by_II Form_NN1 2_MC teachers_NN2 seemed_VVD to_TO 
be_VBI enhanced_VVN when_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ supported_VVN by_II 
discussion_NN1 because_CS clarification_NN1 and_CC explanation_NN1 of_IO 
what_DDQ was_VBDZ written_VVN was_VBDZ possible_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 became_VVD obvious_JJ from_II teachers_NN2 '_GE comments_NN2 
that_CST taking_VVG information_NN1 solely_RR from_II a_AT1 written_JJ 
form_NN1 can_VM lead_VVI to_II misinterpretation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Perhaps_RR even_RR more_RGR importantly_RR ,_, spoken_JJ comments_NN2 
can_VM be_VBI made_VVN that_CST a_AT1 Form_NN1 2_MC teacher_NN1 might_VM 
prefer_VVI not_XX to_TO write_VVI on_II a_AT1 form_NN1 ,_, and_CC yet_RR 
would_VM be_VBI useful_JJ for_IF secondary_JJ staff_NN to_TO know_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Third_MD ,_, most_DAT Form_NN1 2_MC teachers_NN2 believed_VVD 
that_CST the_AT secondary_JJ schools_NN2 in_II these_DD2 case_NN1 studies_NN2 
*1_NULL did_VDD *0_NULL take_VVI notice_NN1 of_IO the_AT information_NN1 
they_PPHS2 supplied_VVD although_CS this_DD1 was_VBDZ usually_RR an_AT1 
assumption_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 a_AT1 certainty_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT did_VDD not_XX know_VVI what_DDQ use_NN1 was_VBDZ made_VVN 
of_IO it_PPH1 beyond_II the_AT placement_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 into_II 
Form_NN1 3_MC classes_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 minority_NN1 even_RR said_VVD 
they_PPHS2 did_VDD not_XX know_VVI what_DDQ happened_VVD to_II their_APPGE 
information_NN1 once_CS it_PPH1 left_VVD them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT teachers_NN2 felt_VVD they_PPHS2 had_VHD some_DD *1_NULL 
right_JJ *0_NULL to_TO know_VVI how_RRQ it_PPH1 was_VBDZ used_VVN *-_- 
after_II all_DB ,_, a_AT1 lot_NN of_IO effort_NN1 goes_VVZ into_II 
providing_VVG it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF secondary_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 need_NN1 
to_II *1_NULL better_JJR inform_NN1 *0_NULL Form_NN1 2_MC teachers_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT use_NN1 made_VVN of_IO the_AT information_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Fourth_MD ,_, the_AT most_RGT positive_JJ responses_NN2 
about_II the_AT transfer_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 came_VVD from_II those_DD2 
case_NN1 studies_NN2 where_RRQ most_DAT had_VHD been_VBN done_VDN to_TO 
get_VVI both_RR secondary_JJ and_CC Form_NN1 2_MC teachers_NN2 to_TO work_VVI 
out_RP the_AT kind_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 to_TO be_VBI recorded_VVN and_CC 
transferred_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD schools_NN2 have_VH0 regularly_RR reviewed_VVN their_APPGE 
forms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II31 way_II32 of_II33 contrast_NN1 ,_, numerous_JJ Form_NN1 2_MC 
teachers_NN2 were_VBDR somewhat_RR negative_JJ about_II secondary_JJ 
schools_NN2 outside_II these_DD2 clusters_NN2 to_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 
supplied_VVD information_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ usually_RR a_AT1 case_NN1 of_IO receiving_VVG 
forms_NN2 by_II mail_NN1 and_CC being_VBG asked_VVN to_TO fill_VVI them_PPHO2 
in_RP and_CC return_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX was_VBDZ ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, no_AT discussion_NN1 
and_CC no_AT chance_NN1 to_TO comment_VVI on_II the_AT kind_NN1 of_IO 
information_NN1 requested_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO be_VBI *1_NULL effective_JJ *0_NULL as_II a_AT1 means_NN of_IO 
supplying_VVG useful_JJ information_NN1 ,_, forms_NN2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI 
worked_VVN out_RP by_II agreement_NN1 between_II the_AT primary_NN1 and_CC 
secondary_JJ schools_NN2 where_RRQ transfer_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 occurs_VVZ 
._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL E19/22_FO Progress_NN1 Cards_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL These_DD2 cards_NN2 record_VV0 a_AT1 student_NN1 
's_VBZ progress_NN1 and_CC achievement_NN1 and_CC certain_JJ other_JJ 
information_NN1 during_II primary_JJ schooling_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ expected_VVN that_CST they_PPHS2 be_VBI 
transferred_VVN into_II the_AT care_NN1 of_IO the_AT secondary_JJ school_NN1 
when_RRQ a_AT1 student_NN1 leaves_NN2 Form_VV0 2_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT case_NN1 studies_NN2 ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ 
considerable_JJ variation_NN1 in_II the_AT way_NN1 the_AT cards_NN2 were_VBDR 
used_VVN by_II the_AT secondary_JJ school_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Generally_RR ,_, greater_JJR emphasis_NN1 was_VBDZ placed_VVN 
upon_II the_AT information_NN1 form_VV0 each_DD1 school_NN1 cluster_NN1 
had_VHD devised_VVN as_II a_AT1 means_NN of_IO deciding_VVG on_II the_AT 
placement_NN1 of_IO students_NN2 in_II Form_NN1 3_MC classes_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Follow-up_NN1 on_II Form_NN1 3_MC students_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ unusual_JJ for_IF Form_NN1 2_MC 
teachers_NN2 to_TO have_VHI any_DD further_JJR contact_NN1 with_IW 
secondary_JJ teachers_NN2 about_II their_APPGE students_NN2 once_CS they_PPHS2 
began_VVD their_APPGE Form_NN1 3_MC year_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT case_NN1 study_NN1 secondary_JJ schools_NN2 reported_VVD 
that_CST if_CS something_PN1 *"_" blew-up_VVD **"_" over_RP a_AT1 child_NN1 
,_, the_AT primary_JJ school_NN1 might_VM be_VBI contacted_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB by_RR31 and_RR32 large_RR33 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ expected_VVN 
that_CST the_AT school_NN1 would_VM deal_VVI with_IW the_AT matter_NN1 
itself_PPX1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT Form_NN1 2_MC teachers_NN2 agreed_VVD that_CST this_DD1 
should_VM be_VBI the_AT case_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, most_RGT also_RR said_VVD they_PPHS2 would_VM 
appreciate_VVI some_DD communication_NN1 about_II how_RRQ their_APPGE 
ex-students_NN2 had_VHD adjusted_VVN and_CC their_APPGE achievement_NN1 *-_- 
probably_RR towards_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT first_MD term_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 reported_VVD that_CST quite_RR a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO 
their_APPGE ex-students_NN2 would_VM return_VVI to_TO visit_VVI early_RR in_II 
the_AT Form_NN1 3_MC year_NNT1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT visits_NN2 soon_RR fell_VVD 
away_RP as_CSA they_PPHS2 came_VVD to_TO consider_VVI themselves_PPX2 
secondary_JJ students_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II one_MC1 rural_JJ area_NN1 ,_, several_DA2 ex-students_NN2 
sat_VVD in_RP with_IW Form_NN1 2_MC classes_NN2 during_II their_APPGE 
vacation_NN1 week_NNT1 when_RRQ primary_JJ schools_NN2 were_VBDR open_JJ ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ *3_NULL TRANSFER_NN1 :_: FAMILIARISING_JJ STUDENTS_NN2 WITH_IW SECONDARY_JJ 
SCHOOL_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II all_DB case_NN1 studies_NN2 ,_, steps_NN2 
were_VBDR taken_VVN to_TO *1_NULL inform_VVI *0_NULL Form_NN1 2_MC 
students_NN2 about_II the_AT secondary_JJ school_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT students_NN2 from_II the_AT primary_JJ schools_NN2 in_II 
the_AT clusters_NN2 went_VVD on_RP to_II the_AT *"_" local_JJ **"_" 
secondary_JJ school_NN1 in_II their_APPGE zone_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Information_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL How_RGQ necessary_JJ is_VBZ it_PPH1 to_TO inform_VVI 
students_NN2 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Evidence_NN1 cited_VVD in_II Chapter_NN1 2_MC *-_- from_II various_JJ 
countries_NN2 *-_- shows_VVZ that_CST students_NN2 who_PNQS transfer_VV0 
from_II one_MC1 school_NN1 sector_NN1 to_II the_AT next_MD ,_, have_VH0 
fears_NN2 and_CC anxieties_NN2 about_II the_AT change_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 are_VBR unsure_JJ of_IO the_AT unknown_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR where_CS they_PPHS2 have_VH0 older_JJR brothers_NN2 or_CC 
sisters_NN2 at_II the_AT school_NN1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR *"_" mythologies_NN2 
**"_" about_II secondary_JJ school_NN1 life_NN1 that_CST pass_VV0 *"_" down_RP 
the_AT line_NN1 **"_" to_II younger_JJR students_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Apart_II21 from_II22 fears_NN2 about_II rituals_NN2 and_CC rites_NN2 
of_IO initiation_NN1 (_( most_RRT prove_VV0 to_TO be_VBI false_JJ )_) ,_, 
there_EX is_VBZ much_DA1 to_TO be_VBI learnt_VVN about_II course_NN1 
choices_NN2 ,_, school_NN1 rules_NN2 and_CC procedures_NN2 ,_, new_JJ 
subjects_NN2 ,_, new_JJ learning_NN1 experiences_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 
science_NN1 laboratories_NN2 ,_, and_CC much_DA1 more_DAR ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ then_RT ,_, *1_NULL extremely_RR important_JJ *0_NULL 
that_CST students_NN2 be_VBI fully_RR informed_VVN about_II their_APPGE new_JJ 
school_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II every_AT1 case_NN1 study_NN1 this_DD1 importance_NN1 
was_VBDZ recognised_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT following_JJ procedures_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN adopted_VVN in_II 
all_DB schools_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 secondary_JJ school_NN1 *1_NULL 
prospectus_NN1 *0_NULL was_VBDZ given_VVN to_II every_AT1 Form_NN1 2_MC 
pupil_NN1 (_( and_CC consequently_RR the_AT family_NN )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Usually_RR ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ delivered_VVN by_II a_AT1 
secondary_JJ teacher_NN1 who_PNQS sometimes_RT spoke_VVD to_II Form_NN1 2_MC 
classes_NN2 when_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ issued_VVN ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL Secondary_JJ personnel_NN2 (_( often_RR 
the_AT Third_MD Form_NN1 Dean_NP1 and_CC sometimes_RT the_AT Principal_NN1 
and_CC Guidance_NN1 Counsellor_NN1 )_) spoke_VVD to_II Form_NN1 2_MC 
pupils_NN2 at_II the_AT primary_JJ school_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL Supplementary_JJ information_NN1 was_VBDZ 
provided_VVN about_II matters_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 school_NN1 uniforms_NN2 
,_, sports_NN2 gear_NN1 ,_, and_CC other_JJ equipment_NN1 (_( if_CSW it_PPH1 
was_VBDZ not_XX already_RR in_II the_AT Prospectus_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 some_DD 
schools_NN2 included_VVD Form_NN1 2_MC students_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE 
families_NN2 in_II the_AT circulation_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL newsletters_NN2 
*0_NULL and_CC school_NN1 *1_NULL newspapers_NN2 *0_NULL (_( where_CS 
they_PPHS2 existed_VVD )_) which_DDQ was_VBDZ a_AT1 very_RG effective_JJ 
way_NN1 of_IO keeping_VVG them_PPHO2 informed_VVD ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Orientation_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL All_DB secondary_JJ schools_NN2 took_VVD steps_NN2 
to_TO run_VVI some_DD form_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL orientation_NN1 *0_NULL for_IF 
Form_NN1 2_MC students_NN2 to_TO familiarise_VVI them_PPHO2 with_IW 
their_APPGE new_JJ secondary_JJ school_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II four_MC of_IO the_AT case_NN1 study_NN1 schools_NN2 ,_, an_AT1 
orientation_NN1 tour_NN1 was_VBDZ conducted_VVN near_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT Form_NN1 2_MC year_NNT1 ,_, lasting_VVG about_II half-a-day_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 school_NN1 ran_VVD such_DA a_AT1 half-day_NNT1 for_IF 
its_APPGE rural_JJ primary_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, but_CCB not_XX urban_JJ 
intermediate_JJ pupils_NN2 because_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ believed_VVN that_CST 
they_PPHS2 already_RR knew_VVD the_AT school_NN1 reasonably_RR well_RR ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 332+TEXT+J38_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT following_JJ data_NN comes_VVZ from_II 
Wellington_NP1 Teachers_NN2 '_GE College_NN1 and_CC Palmerston_NP1 North_NP 
Teachers_NP1 '_GE College_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 's_VBZ disheartening_VVG *-_- the_AT numbers_NN2 of_IO 
final_JJ year_NNT1 trainees_NN2 taking_VVG science_NN1 as_CSA their_APPGE 
special_JJ area_NN1 of_IO study_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN 2_MC ,_, 0_MC ,_, 1_MC1 
,_, 1_MC1 and_CC 1_MC1 in_II last_MD 5_MC years_NNT2 at_II Wellington_NP1 
Teachers_NN2 '_GE College_NN1 and_CC there_EX were_VBDR 5_MC at_II 
Palmerston_NP1 North_NP Teachers_NP1 '_GE College_NN1 last_MD year_NNT1 ._. 

^ (_( Figure_NN1 3_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT implication_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST only_RR a_AT1 low_JJ 
proportion_NN1 of_IO primary_JJ teachers_NN2 have_VH0 more_DAR than_CSN a_AT1 
superficial_JJ knowledge_NN1 of_IO any_DD scientific_JJ or_CC technical_JJ 
field_NN1 and_CC I_PPIS1 have_VH0 heard_VVN members_NN2 of_IO primary_JJ 
teaching_NN1 selection_NN1 panels_NN2 express_VV0 the_AT view_NN1 that_CST 
prospective_JJ trainees_NN2 with_IW scientific_JJ and_CC mathematical_JJ 
skills_NN2 were_VBDR ,_, because_II21 of_II22 those_DD2 skills_NN2 ,_, not_XX 
likely_JJ to_TO make_VVI good_JJ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL teachers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Quite_RG properly_RR ,_, the_AT same_DA selection_NN1 panel_NN1 
looks_VVZ with_IW disfavour_NN1 upon_II prospective_JJ trainees_NN2 with_IW 
hostile_JJ attitudes_NN2 to_II taha_NN1 Maori_JJ but_CCB no_AT such_DA 
disfavour_NN1 falls_VVZ upon_II the_AT candidate_NN1 with_IW hostile_JJ 
attitudes_NN2 to_II science_NN1 and_CC technology_NN1 which_DDQ are_VBR 
integral_JJ parts_NN2 of_IO our_APPGE culture_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, I_PPIS1 am_VBM not_XX suggesting_VVG 
that_CST you_PPY ca_VM n't_XX be_VBI an_AT1 excellent_JJ primary_JJ 
teacher_NN1 without_IW higher_JJR mathematics_NN1 or_CC science_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ I_PPIS1 am_VBM suggesting_VVG ,_, is_VBZ that_DD1 if_CS 
children_NN2 are_VBR to_TO get_VVI a_AT1 balanced_JJ education_NN1 then_RT 
each_DD1 moderately_RR sized_VVD primary_JJ school_NN1 needs_VVZ at_RR21 
least_RR22 one_MC1 teacher_NN1 whose_DDQGE special_JJ area_NN1 is_VBZ 
science_NN1 (_( and_CC another_DD1 for_IF mathematics_NN1 )_) to_TO 
function_VVI as_II a_AT1 resource_NN1 for_IF other_JJ teachers_NN2 and_CC 
so_CS21 that_CS22 attitudes_NN2 to_II science_NN1 in_II the_AT primary_JJ 
schools_NN2 are_VBR kept_VVN positive_JJ ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Secondary_JJ schools_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Science_NN1 and_CC mathematics_NN1 in_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 secondary_JJ schools_NN2 are_VBR dominated_VVN by_II the_AT 
shortage_NN1 of_IO and_CC lack_NN1 of_IO appropriately_RR qualified_JJ 
teachers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 problem_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ been_VBN around_RP 
for_IF 30_MC years_NNT2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Mathematics_NN1 always_RR has_VHZ the_AT highest_JJT 
number_NN1 of_IO shortages_NN2 but_CCB science_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX far_RR 
behind_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT last_MD two_MC years_NNT2 there_EX has_VHZ also_RR 
been_VBN a_AT1 big_JJ rise_NN1 in_II the_AT number_NN1 of_IO pupils_NN2 and_CC 
whole_JJ classes_NN2 taking_VVG mathematics_NN1 at_II the_AT 
Correspondence_NN1 School_NNL1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 situation_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ nothing_PN1 
short_JJ of_IO bizarre_JJ that_CST applicants_NN2 competent_JJ in_II 
mathematics_NN1 and_CC science_NN1 are_VBR still_RR being_VBG turned_VVN 
away_II21 from_II22 teachers_NN2 '_GE college_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS a_AT1 prospective_JJ applicant_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 *"_" 
people_NN person_NN1 **"_" or_CC if_CSW they_PPHS2 engage_VV0 in_II *"_" 
loner_NN1 sports_NN2 **"_" they_PPHS2 might_VM as_RR21 well_RR22 not_XX 
apply_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT shortages_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, do_VD0 not_XX 
excite_VVI me_PPIO1 as_RG much_DA1 as_CSA qualifications_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL qualifications_NN2 of_IO 
mathematics_NN1 teachers_NN2 that_CST cause_VV0 the_AT greatest_JJT 
concern_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 compares_VVZ unfavourably_RR with_IW most_DAT 
of_IO the_AT 20_MC other_JJ countries_NN2 in_II the_AT 1981_MC {_NULL IEA_NP 
}_NULL study_VV0 in_II this_DD1 regard_NN1 ._. 

^ (_( Figure_NN1 4_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT situation_NN1 in_II science_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR 
complex_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Basically_RR there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 serious_JJ and_CC continuing_VVG 
imbalance_NN1 in_II areas_NN2 of_IO subject_NN1 specialisation_NN1 which_DDQ 
results_VVZ in_II an_AT1 acute_JJ shortage_NN1 of_IO physics_NN1 teachers_NN2 
and_CC an_AT1 oversupply_RR of_IO biology_NN1 teachers_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL What_DDQ does_VDZ this_DD1 add_VVI up_II21 to_II22 ?_? 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Well_RR ,_, in_II a_AT1 typical_JJ state_NN1 secondary_JJ 
school_NN1 of_IO 1000_MC students_NN2 ,_, there_EX will_VM be_VBI 
approximately_RR 17_MC 3rd_MD and_CC 4th_MD forms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_PN1 will_VM have_VHI no_AT regular_JJ mathematics_NN1 teacher_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC or_CC three_MC more_DAR will_VM be_VBI taught_VVN 
mathematics_NN1 by_II a_AT1 teacher_NN1 with_IW no_AT post-secondary_JJ 
mathematics_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC or_CC three_MC will_VM be_VBI taught_VVN science_NN1 by_II 
a_AT1 teacher_NN1 with_IW no_AT science_NN1 major_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL More_RR21 than_RR22 half_DB will_VM be_VBI taught_VVN science_NN1 
by_II a_AT1 teacher_NN1 with_IW no_AT post-secondary_JJ physics_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT school_NN1 is_VBZ unlikely_JJ to_TO have_VHI more_RR21 
than_RR22 one_MC1 teacher_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 physics_NN1 major_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL What_DDQ slender_JJ resources_NN2 we_PPIS2 do_VD0 have_VHI 
in_II this_DD1 area_NN1 are_VBR draining_VVG away_RP rapidly_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_IO 14_MC candidates_NN2 recently_RR interviewed_VVD for_IF a_AT1 
position_NN1 in_II an_AT1 Auckland_NP1 industrial_JJ research_NN1 
laboratory_NN1 eight_MC were_VBDR physics_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
teachers_NN2 from_II Auckland_NP1 secondary_JJ schools_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT salary_NN1 offered_VVD was_VBDZ *+_NULL $20,000-_NNU *+_NULL 
$24,0000_NNU *-_- yet_RR most_DAT of_IO the_AT teacher_NN1 applicants_NN2 
were_VBDR already_RR earning_VVG in_II31 excess_II32 of_II33 *+_NULL 
$30,000_NNU ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Some_DD of_IO the_AT reasons_NN2 for_IF this_DD1 are_VBR 
found_VVN in_II the_AT conditions_NN2 of_IO service_NN1 that_CST exist_VV0 
for_IF these_DD2 teachers_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Conditions_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL There_EX are_VBR good_JJ points_NN2 about_II the_AT 
science_NN1 curriculum_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 schools_NN2 but_CCB 
adequate_JJ resources_NN2 have_VH0 just_RR not_XX been_VBN made_VVN 
available_JJ to_TO support_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 an_AT1 average_NN1 
of_IO one_MC1 half_DB a_AT1 technician_NN1 per_II school_NN1 of_IO 1000_MC 
pupils_NN2 compared_VVN with_IW averages_NN2 of_IO two_MC in_II secondary_JJ 
schools_NN2 in_II Victoria_NP1 and_CC the_AT {_NULL UK_NP }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 the_AT cost_NN1 of_IO equipment_NN1 and_CC 
materials_NN2 has_VHZ soared_VVN and_CC many_DA2 schools_NN2 are_VBR now_RT 
unable_JJ to_TO contain_VVI this_DD1 cost_NN1 within_II the_AT allowances_NN2 
provided_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II 1964_MC the_AT average_JJ science_NN1 department_NNJ 
grant/pupil_FO was_VBDZ *+_NULL $2_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1986_MC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ *+_NULL $3.68_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL Over_II this_DD1 period_NN1 the_AT cost_NN1 of_IO chemicals_NN2 ,_, 
glassware_NN1 \_NULL etc_RA has_VHZ risen_VVN by_II 1300_MC percent_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR the_AT grant_NN1 per_II pupil_NN1 has_VHZ less_DAR than_CSN 
one-eighth_MF the_AT buying_JJ power_NN1 it_PPH1 had_VHD 22_MC years_NNT2 
ago_RA ._. 

^ ^_NULL Delivery_NN1 of_IO other_JJ resources_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN 
delayed_VVN ,_, reducing_VVG their_APPGE effectiveness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, in_II 1986_MC a_ZZ1 brand_JJ21 new_JJ22 
mathematics_NN1 course_NN1 was_VBDZ available_JJ in_II the_AT 7th_MD form_NN1 
which_DDQ required_VVD all_DB teachers_NN2 to_TO break_VVI new_JJ ground_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT guide_NN1 notes_NN2 for_IF teachers_NN2 (_( essential_JJ 
material_NN1 )_) came_VVD out_RP 18_MC months_NNT2 later_RRR ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 apparently_RR received_VVD low_JJ publication_NN1 
priority_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 are_VBR the_AT sorts_NN2 of_IO stresses_NN2 that_CST 
drive_VV0 young_JJ mathematics_NN1 teachers_NN2 into_II the_AT arms_NN2 of_IO 
sympathetic_JJ computer_NN1 companies_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Likewise_RR there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN an_AT1 extraordinary_JJ 
six_MC year_NNT1 delay_NN1 in_II publishing_VVG the_AT results_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT 1981_MC {_NULL IEA_NP }_NULL mathematics_NN1 study_NN1 *-_- yet_RR 
the_AT results_NN2 are_VBR alarming_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Third_MD formers_NN2 performed_VVD very_RG badly_RR in_II 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL basic_JJ areas_NN2 
like_II arithmetic_NN1 and_CC measurement_NN1 and_CC action_NN1 was_VBDZ 
needed_VVN promptly_RR ;_; 7th_MD formers_NN2 performed_VVD well_RR ,_, for_IF 
the_AT somewhat_RR negative_JJ reason_NN1 that_CST only_RR a_AT1 very_RG 
small_JJ proportion_NN1 of_IO New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 go_NN1 on_II21 to_II22 
the_AT upper_JJ secondary_JJ level_NN1 ,_, and_CC so_CS the_AT lost_JJ 
ground_NN1 is_VBZ able_JK to_TO be_VBI made_VVN up_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB 30_MC percent_NNU of_IO 7th_MD form_NN1 mathematics_NN1 
teachers_NN2 were_VBDR heads_NN2 of_IO departments_NNJ2 in_II other_JJ 
subjects_NN2 and_CC thus_RR unlikely_JJ to_TO offer_VVI adequate_JJ 
support_NN1 to_II junior_JJ mathematics_NN1 teachers_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ my_APPGE view_NN1 that_CST the_AT 
requirements_NN2 of_IO science_NN1 and_CC mathematics_NN1 courses_NN2 have_VH0 
never_RR been_VBN fully_RR accepted_VVN or_CC provided_VVN for_IF *-_- 
leading_VVG to_II poor_JJ performance_NN1 and_CC high_JJ teacher_NN1 
stress_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Student_NN1 flow_NN1 into_II science_NN1 and_CC 
technology_NN1 courses_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Let_VV0 me_PPIO1 give_VVI you_PPY some_DD 
background_NN1 to_II the_AT small_JJ and_CC declining_VVG number_NN1 of_IO 
students_NN2 entering_VVG technical_JJ courses_NN2 at_II technical_JJ 
institutes_NNJ2 and_CC universities_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT 1960s_MC2 saw_VVD a_AT1 rapid_JJ rise_NN1 in_II the_AT 
numbers_NN2 of_IO students_NN2 entering_VVG forms_NN2 5-7_MCMC and_CC 
proceeding_VVG from_II there_RL into_II tertiary_JJ institutions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ because_CS cohort_NN1 sizes_NN2 were_VBDR 
increasing_VVG and_CC also_RR a_AT1 higher_JJR proportion_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
cohort_NN1 was_VBDZ going_VVG on_RP into_II upper_JJ secondary_JJ and_CC 
tertiary_JJ education_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 growth_NN1 has_VHZ continued_VVN but_CCB more_RGR slowly_RR 
into_II the_AT 70s_MC2 and_CC early_JJ 80s_MC2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Now_RT cohort_VV0 sizes_NN2 are_VBR declining_VVG but_CCB 
social_JJ change_NN1 continues_VVZ with_IW the_AT numbers_NN2 in_II form_NN1 
6_MC ,_, and_CC form_NN1 7_MC ,_, still_RR increasing_VVG especially_RR the_AT 
numbers_NN2 of_IO females_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB we_PPIS2 still_RR lag_VV0 behind_II comparable_JJ changes_NN2 
in_II most_DAT {_NULL OECD_NN1 }_NULL countries_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT following_JJ are_VBR participation_NN1 rates_NN2 in_II 
the_AT final_JJ year_NNT1 of_IO secondary_JJ school_NN1 *-_- notice_VV0 
our_APPGE extremely_RR low_JJ participation_NN1 rate_NN1 at_II this_DD1 
level_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sixth_MD form_NN1 science_NN1 enrolments_NN2 by_II year_NNT1 and_CC 
subject_NN1 are_VBR shown_VVN on_II the_AT facing_NN1 page_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT very_RG different_JJ profiles_NN2 for_IF males_NN2 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL and_CC females_NN2 
show_VV0 up_RP clearly_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Notice_NN1 the_AT generally_RR declining_VVG proportion_NN1 of_IO 
males_NN2 enrolling_VVG in_II physics_NN1 and_CC chemistry_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 
lack_NN1 of_IO any_DD substantial_JJ compensating_NN1 increases_VVZ in_II 
the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO females_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Even_RR in_II 1985_MC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ still_RR the_AT 
case_NN1 that_CST there_EX were_VBDR more_DAR girls_NN2 taking_VVG biology_NN1 
in_II form_NN1 7_MC than_CSN mathematics_NN1 and_CC more_RR21 than_RR22 
twice_RR as_RG many_DA2 taking_JJ biology_NN1 as_CSA physics_NN1 (_( with_IW 
boys_NN2 the_AT figures_NN2 are_VBR approximately_RR reversed_VVN )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Lower_RRR down_RP the_AT school_NN1 approximately_RR 35_MC 
percent_NNU of_IO female_JJ students_NN2 in_II 5th_MD form_NN1 close_VV0 
off_RP many_DA2 occupational_JJ options_NN2 by_II not_XX taking_VVG general_JJ 
science_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 cut_VVD themselves_PPX2 off_RP from_II careers_NN2 in_II 
pharmacy_NN1 ,_, food_NN1 technology_NN1 ,_, radiography_NN1 ,_, 
laboratory_NN1 technology_NN1 ,_, water_NN1 technology_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT 
like_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Indeed_RR they_PPHS2 are_VBR even_RR cutting_VVG themselves_PPX2 
off_RP from_II the_AT air_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL -force_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL At_II the_AT Central_NP Institute_NP1 of_IO Technology_NN1 
they_PPHS2 became_VVD concerned_JJ that_CST they_PPHS2 could_VM n't_XX 
fill_VVI full-time_JJ courses_NN2 in_II electronic_JJ technology_NN1 and_CC 
computer_NN1 engineering_NN1 *-_- courses_NN2 with_IW virtually_RR 
guaranteed_JJ employment_NN1 on_II completion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 courses_NN2 require_VV0 at_RR21 least_RR22 6th_MD Form_NN1 
Certificate_NN1 in_II mathematics_NN1 and_CC physics_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 
grade_NN1 of_IO 5_MC or_CC better_RRR ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ 
suggested_VVN that_CST perhaps_RR this_DD1 requirement_NN1 was_VBDZ too_RG 
restrictive_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR the_AT {_NULL CIT_FW }_NULL analysed_VVD data_NN on_II 
subject_NN1 combinations_NN2 at_II school_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL They_PPHS2 found_VVD that_CST the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL males_NN2 offering_VVG 
maths_NN1 ,_, physics_NN1 and_CC chemistry_NN1 for_IF the_AT bursaries_NN2 
exam_NN1 dropped_VVD 4_MC percent_NNU from_II 1983_MC to_II 1985_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Proportions_NN2 offering_VVG maths_NN1 ,_, accountancy_NN1 and_CC 
economics_NN rose_VVD 5.5_MC percent_NNU in_II the_AT same_DA period_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT figures_NN2 for_IF females_NN2 are_VBR rises_NN2 of_IO 
1_MC1 percent_NNU and_CC 2.5_MC percent_NNU respectively_RR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 suggests_VVZ increasing_VVG competition_NN1 
between_II disciplines_NN2 for_IF the_AT relatively_RR limited_JJ numbers_NN2 
of_IO mathematically_RR able_JJ students_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Taken_VVN together_II21 with_II22 :_: *-_- decreasing_JJ 
cohort_NN1 sizes_NN2 ,_, *-_- the_AT shrinking_JJ proportion_NN1 of_IO 
males_NN2 with_IW traditional_JJ science_NN1 combinations_NN2 ,_, and_CC *-_- 
the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO significant_JJ increases_NN2 in_II female_JJ numbers_NN2 
,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM expect_VVI a_AT1 bleak_JJ future_NN1 for_IF technology_NN1 
with_IW numbers_NN2 dropping_VVG and_CC within_II this_DD1 available_JJ 
pool_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 decline_NN1 in_II scientific_JJ and_CC mathematical_JJ 
skills_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT end_NN1 results_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 secondary_JJ 
school_NN1 patterns_NN2 are_VBR that_CST 85_MC percent_NNU school_NN1 
leavers_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX go_VVI to_II universities_NN2 or_CC technical_JJ 
institutes_NNJ2 and_CC that_CST few_DA2 females_NN2 are_VBR adequately_RR 
prepared_VVN to_TO train_VVI for_IF any_DD technological_JJ occupation_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Similar_JJ patterns_NN2 are_VBR occurring_VVG in_II 1st_MD 
year_NNT1 university_NN1 enrolments_NN2 *-_- two-thirds_MF science_NN1 
degree_NN1 students_NN2 are_VBR men_NN2 and_CC in_II last_MD few_DA2 
years_NNT2 their_APPGE numbers_NN2 are_VBR slowly_RR but_CCB steadily_RR 
falling_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT technical_JJ institutes_NNJ2 that_CST 
have_VH0 been_VBN hardest_JJT hit_VVN with_IW a_AT1 drop_NN1 of_IO over_RG 
55_MC percent_NNU in_II numbers_NN2 embarking_VVG on_II technicians_NN2 '_GE 
certificates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL (_( See_VV0 Figure_NN1 7_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Whilst_CS not_XX wishing_VVG to_TO underrate_VVI the_AT 
importance_NN1 of_IO the_AT tourist_NN1 industry_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 
,_, the_AT increase_NN1 of_IO 319_MC in_II this_DD1 group_NN of_IO 
applicants_NN2 compared_VVN with_IW 47_MC in_II the_AT technological_JJ 
basket_NN1 must_VM be_VBI a_AT1 cause_NN1 for_IF alarm_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Things_NN2 are_VBR not_XX improving_VVG ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 new_JJ ,_, out-of-phase_NN1 ,_, pilot_NN1 course_NN1 
running_VVG this_DD1 year_NNT1 in_II electronic_JJ engineering_NN1 with_IW 
relaxed_JJ requirements_NN2 (_( just_RR 6th_MD Form_NN1 Certificate_NN1 in_II 
anything_PN1 )_) attracted_VVD just_RR 14_MC students_NN2 *-_- all_DB 
pakeha_NP1 males_NN2 with_IW similar_JJ qualifications_NN2 to_II the_AT 
usual_JJ ones_NN2 *-_- the_AT target_NN1 group_NN of_IO females_NN2 ,_, 
Maoris_NP2 and_CC unskilled_JJ males_NN2 ,_, was_VBDZ not_XX tapped_VVN 
at_RR21 all_RR22 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Communication_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL There_EX is_VBZ clearly_RR a_AT1 problem_NN1 with_IW 
the_AT communication_NN1 of_IO employment_NN1 opportunities_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Pupils_NN2 ,_, teachers_NN2 ,_, parents_NN2 and_CC society_NN at_RR21 
large_RR22 seem_VV0 unaware_JJ of_IO the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO jobs_NN2 in_II 
a_AT1 modern_JJ society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 Planning_NN1 Council_NNJ in_II 
1985_MC published_VVD a_AT1 planning_NN1 paper_NN1 on_II *"_" Young_JJ 
People_NN ,_, Education_NN1 and_CC Employment_NN1 **"_" which_DDQ has_VHZ 
no_AT mention_NN1 of_IO technicians_NN2 or_CC technician_NN1 training_VVG 
at_RR21 all_RR22 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ an_AT1 extraordinary_JJ lack_NN1 of_IO 
concern_NN1 with_IW science_NN1 exhibited_VVD in_II the_AT recent_JJ 
curriculum_NN1 review_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ obvious_JJ that_CST many_DA2 students_NN2 need_VV0 
better_RRR and_CC earlier_JJR advice_NN1 about_II job_NN1 opportunities_NN2 
and_CC career_NN1 paths_NN2 if_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR not_XX to_TO close_VVI 
off_RP options_NN2 by_II unfortunate_JJ subject_NN1 choices_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT awareness_NN1 level_NN1 in_II industry_NN1 ,_, 
commerce_NN1 ,_, teaching_VVG and_CC government_NN of_IO technicians_NN2 
and_CC their_APPGE value_NN1 seems_VVZ very_RG low_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ no_AT system_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 
for_IF developing_VVG a_AT1 person_NN1 's_VHZ abilities_NN2 to_TO fill_VVI 
a_AT1 technician_NN1 role_NN1 *-_- there_EX is_VBZ just_RR a_AT1 loose_JJ 
network_NN1 of_IO bodies_NN2 with_IW uncoordinated_JJ activities_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ no_AT authority_NN1 to_TO ensure_VVI that_CST the_AT 
parts_NN2 of_IO the_AT network_NN1 *-_- employers_NN2 ,_, Authority_NN1 for_IF 
Advanced_JJ Vocational_JJ Awards_NN2 ,_, technical_JJ institutes_NNJ2 ,_, 
Department_NNJ of_IO Education_NN1 \_NULL etc_RA ,_, are_VBR integrated_VVN 
at_RR21 all_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO the_AT network_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX 
monitored_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL No-one_PN1 ,_, it_PPH1 seems_VVZ ,_, is_VBZ responsible_JJ for_IF 
ensuring_VVG that_CST the_AT quality_NN1 and_CC quantity_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
technicians_NN2 we_PPIS2 train_VV0 is_VBZ appropriate_JJ for_IF the_AT 
development_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Employers_NN2 are_VBR showing_VVG little_DA1 concern_NN1 
that_CST the_AT traditional_JJ *"_" hand-maiden_NN1 **"_" aspect_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT technician_NN1 's_VBZ job_NN1 and_CC the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO proper_JJ 
career_NN1 structure_NN1 and_CC opportunities_NN2 must_VM mean_VVI that_CST 
the_AT occupation_NN1 remains_VVZ unattractive_JJ to_II entrepreneurial_JJ 
and_CC ambitious_JJ young_JJ people_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_RRQ does_VDZ this_DD1 leave_VVI us_PPIO2 ?_? 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL We_PPIS2 are_VBR already_RR seeing_VVG big_JJ problems_NN2 
with_IW staff_NN recruitment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1981_MC the_AT Auckland_NP1 Hospital_NNL1 Board_NNJ had_VHD 
150_MC applicants_NN2 for_IF 40_MC medical_JJ laboratory_NN1 technicians_NN2 
'_GE jobs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1986_MC they_PPHS2 had_VHD 18_MC applicants_NN2 for_IF 40_MC 
jobs_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 move_NN1 to_II raising_VVG retention_NN1 
rates_NN2 at_II school_NN1 *-_- our_APPGE 17_MC percent_NNU in_II 7th_MD 
form_NN1 looks_VVZ rather_RG bad_JJ against_II the_AT state_NN1 of_IO 
Victoria_NP1 's_GE 46_MC percent_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unfortunately_RR concerns_VVZ for_IF scientific_JJ and_CC 
technological_JJ education_NN1 are_VBR often_RR seen_VVN as_CSA 
conflicting_VVG with_IW current_JJ educational_JJ ideas_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB concern_NN1 for_IF educationally_RR ill-served_JJ groups_NN2 
should_VM include_VVI concerns_NN2 for_IF science_NN1 education_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT long-term_JJ cost_NN1 to_II the_AT nation_NN1 of_IO 
a_AT1 lack_NN1 of_IO technicians_NN2 in_II the_AT meat_NN1 ,_, wool_NN1 and_CC 
dairy_NN1 industries_NN2 ,_, medical_JJ laboratories_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
industrial_JJ research_NN1 laboratories_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ obvious_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC there_EX are_VBR other_JJ costs_NN2 to_TO be_VBI borne_VVN 
as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 anti-science_JJ climate_NN1 of_IO 
opinion_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT inevitable_JJ results_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
current_JJ low_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO vaccination_NN1 in_II the_AT community_NNJ 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Underlying_JJ all_DB this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT poor_JJ public_JJ 
image_NN1 of_IO science_NN1 which_DDQ must_VM be_VBI improved_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE future_NN1 depends_VVZ on_II the_AT 
existence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 well-educated_JJ public_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 must_VM not_XX again_RT fail_VVI to_TO adapt_VVI to_TO 
change_VVI as_CSA we_PPIS2 did_VDD in_II the_AT 1970s_MC2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 333+TEXT+J39_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Children_NN2 exempt_VV0 from_II school_NN1 
attendance_NN1 because_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR taught_VVN at_II home_NN1 
included_VVD children_NN2 whose_DDQGE parents_NN2 had_VHD engaged_VVN 
tutors_NN2 or_CC governesses_NN2 ,_, or_CC had_VHD made_VVN systematic_JJ 
educational_JJ efforts_NN2 themselves_PPX2 ,_, and_CC others_NN2 whose_DDQGE 
parents_NN2 had_VHD simply_RR spun_VVN the_AT school_NN1 committee_NNJ ,_, 
teacher_NN1 or_CC truant_JJ officer_NN1 a_AT1 convincing_JJ tale_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT numbers_NN2 were_VBDR small_JJ and_CC declined_VVD :_: 
there_EX were_VBDR 7348_MC *'_" educated_VVD at_II home_NN1 **'_" at_II the_AT 
1881_MC census_NN1 and_CC 4591_MC in_II 1906_MC ,_, but_CCB girls_NN2 
were_VBDR always_RR in_II a_AT1 majority_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT numbers_NN2 attending_JJ Sunday_NPD1 School_NN1 were_VBDR 
much_RR larger_JJR :_: 78891_MC in_II 1881_MC and_CC 119479_MC in_II 1906_MC 
,_, the_AT last_MD year_NNT1 in_II which_DDQ these_DD2 figures_NN2 were_VBDR 
recorded_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Enrolment_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 thing_NN1 :_: regular_JJ 
attendance_NN1 is_VBZ another_DD1 ,_, and_CC folklore_NN1 has_VHZ it_PPH1 
that_CST girls_NN2 did_VDD not_XX attend_VVI as_RG regularly_RR as_CSA 
boys_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 ,_, too_RR ,_, is_VBZ not_XX an_AT1 easy_JJ question_NN1 
to_TO settle_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Departmental_JJ reports_NN2 of_IO the_AT period_NN1 give_VV0 
attendance_NN1 rates_NN2 ,_, but_CCB not_XX by_II sex_NN1 ;_; and_CC there_EX 
were_VBDR two_MC ways_NN2 of_IO calculating_VVG attendance_NN1 :_: the_AT *'_" 
strict_JJ average_NN1 **'_" and_CC the_AT *'_" working_JJ average_NN1 **'_" 
which_DDQ ignored_VVD days_NNT2 on_II which_DDQ fewer_DAR than_CSN half_RR 
the_AT children_NN2 were_VBDR present_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nineteenth_MD century_NNT1 Departmental_JJ reports_NN2 ,_, however_RR 
,_, do_VD0 enable_VVI one_PN1 to_TO compare_VVI attendance_NN1 in_II the_AT 
final_JJ quarter_NN1 of_IO the_AT year_NNT1 ,_, by_II sex_NN1 ,_, with_IW 
the_AT schools_NN2 '_GE closing_JJ rolls_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Table_NN1 *=_NULL III_MC shows_VVZ small_JJ but_CCB persistent_JJ 
differences_NN2 between_II the_AT sexes_NN2 in_II rates_NN2 of_IO 
attendance_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Twentieth_MD century_NNT1 
reports_NN2 were_VBDR in_II a_AT1 revised_JJ format_NN1 and_CC do_VD0 not_XX 
permit_VVI this_DD1 comparison_NN1 ,_, but_CCB education_NN1 boards_NN2 '_GE 
reports_NN2 gave_VVD quarterly_JJ rolls_NN2 and_CC attendance_NN1 by_II 
school_NN1 and_CC sex_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Table_NN1 *=_NULL IV_MC gives_VVZ attendance_NN1 rates_NN2 by_II 
sex_NN1 at_II North_NP Canterbury_NP1 schools_NN2 for_IF two_MC years_NNT2 
in_II the_AT early_JJ twentieth_MD century_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_PN1 notes_VVZ the_AT same_DA small_JJ ,_, consistent_JJ 
differences_NN2 as_CSA in_II the_AT earlier_JJR ,_, national_JJ data_NN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Two_MC sets_NN2 of_IO hypotheses_NN2 regarding_II these_DD2 
differences_NN2 present_JJ themselves_PPX2 ._. 

^ |_NULL (_( **=_NULL i_ZZ1 )_) ^_NULL Certain_JJ districts_NN2 may_VM 
have_VHI contributed_VVN disproportionately_RR to_II the_AT girls_NN2 '_GE 
over_RG all_RR lower_JJR rate_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Gross_JJ rural-urban_JJ differences_NN2 can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN 
clearly_RR enough_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT last_MD quarter_NN1 of_IO 1908_MC ,_, for_REX21 
example_REX22 ,_, the_AT rates_NN2 of_IO attendance_NN1 in_II one-_NN1 or_CC 
two-teacher_JJ schools_NN2 were_VBDR 84.9%_FO for_IF boys_NN2 and_CC 83.3%_FO 
for_IF girls_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II schools_NN2 with_IW three_MC or_CC more_DAR teachers_NN2 
they_PPHS2 were_VBDR 89.3%_FO for_IF boys_NN2 and_CC 87.5%_FO for_IF girls_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB were_VBDR there_RL sex_NN1 differences_NN2 by_II district_NN1 
,_, {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL between_II working_JJ class_NN1 and_CC middle_JJ 
class_NN1 urban_JJ areas_NN2 ,_, between_II newly_RR subdivided_VVD rural_JJ 
districts_NN2 with_IW many_DA2 recent_JJ smallholders_NN2 and_CC other_JJ 
districts_NN2 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 matters_NN2 run_VV0 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL beyond_II 
the_AT scope_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 paper_NN1 ,_, but_CCB could_VM be_VBI 
pursued_VVN by_II working_VVG from_II a_AT1 good_JJ sample_NN1 of_IO 
education_NN1 boards_NN2 '_GE full_JJ reports_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL (_( **=_NULL ii_MC )_) ^_NULL Certain_JJ age-groups_NN2 may_VM 
have_VHI been_VBN more_RGR irregular_JJ attenders_NN2 than_CSN others_NN2 ;_; 
little_JJ girls_NN2 ,_, perhaps_RR ,_, because_CS their_APPGE parents_NN2 
were_VBDR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO keep_VVI their_APPGE daughters_NN2 home_RL 
when_RRQ the_AT weather_NN1 was_VBDZ rough_JJ and_CC the_AT ways_NN2 were_VBDR 
foul_JJ ;_; older_JJR girls_NN2 ,_, perhaps_RR ,_, because_CS they_PPHS2 
were_VBDR kept_VVN home_RL to_TO help_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 possibilities_NN2 could_VM only_RR be_VBI tested_VVN by_II 
going_VVG back_RP to_II schools_NN2 '_GE registers_NN2 of_IO attendance_NN1 
which_DDQ record_NN1 ages_NN2 and_CC classification_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Did_VDD girls_NN2 '_GE lower_JJR attendance_NN1 rate_NN1 ,_, 
over_II all_DB ,_, mean_JJ that_CST their_APPGE progress_NN1 was_VBDZ 
slower_JJR at_II primary_JJ school_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Hogben_NP1 's_GE answer_NN1 was_VBDZ *1_NULL {_NULL au_RR21 
contraire_RR22 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL and_CC he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ right_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Again_RT ,_, Departmental_JJ reports_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX present_VVI 
the_AT data_NN one_PN1 would_VM wish_VVI for_IF ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX give_VVI ages_NN2 by_II class_NN1 and_CC 
sex_NN1 until_II 1911_MC ;_; they_PPHS2 give_VV0 pass_NN1 rates_NN2 in_II 
inspectors_NN2 '_GE examinations_NN2 in_II the_AT nineteenth_MD century_NNT1 
,_, but_CCB do_VD0 not_XX distinguish_VVI between_II the_AT sexes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, individual_JJ inspectors_NN2 on_II rare_JJ 
occasions_NN2 report_VV0 pass_NN1 rates_NN2 in_II standard_JJ examinations_NN2 
by_II sex_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT most_RGT detailed_JJ data_NN of_IO this_DD1 sort_NN1 
are_VBR to_TO be_VBI found_VVN in_II some_DD of_IO Henry_NP Hill_NNL1 's_GE 
reports_NN2 on_II his_APPGE district_NN1 :_: they_PPHS2 are_VBR presented_VVN 
in_II Table_NN1 *=_NULL V_ZZ1 and_CC show_VV0 a_AT1 higher_JJR pass_NN1 
rate_NN1 for_IF girls_NN2 in_II all_RR21 but_RR22 one_MC1 year_NNT1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Only_RR two_MC other_JJ districts_NN2 provided_CS such_DA 
information_NN1 in_II the_AT nineteenth_MD century_NNT1 ,_, and_CC then_RT 
only_RR for_IF single_JJ years_NNT2 ;_; but_CCB these_DD2 scraps_NN2 of_IO 
information_NN1 are_VBR worth_II noting_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1881_MC 68.9%_FO of_IO Auckland_NP1 boys_NN2 passed_VVD 
their_APPGE examinations_NN2 and_CC 72.4%_FO of_IO the_AT girls_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1884_MC 64.9%_FO of_IO Wanganui_JJ boys_NN2 passed_VVD 
their_APPGE examinations_NN2 as_CSA did_VDD 65.7%_FO of_IO the_AT girls_NN2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Although_CS they_PPHS2 were_VBDR not_XX cross-tabulated_JJ 
until_II 1911_MC ,_, ages_NN2 by_II sex_NN1 and_CC classes_NN2 by_II sex_NN1 
were_VBDR given_VVN in_II Departmental_JJ reports_NN2 from_II the_AT late_JJ 
1870s_MC2 ,_, and_CC Hogben_NP1 's_GE analysis_NN1 was_VBDZ ,_, of_RR21 
course_RR22 ,_, based_VVN on_II these_DD2 figures_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Table_NN1 *=_NULL VI_MC extends_VVZ Hogben_NP1 's_GE analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT difference_NN1 which_DDQ Hogben_NP1 noted_VVD 
between_II the_AT ratios_NN2 of_IO boys_NN2 to_II girls_NN2 over_II all_DB 
and_CC boys_NN2 to_II girls_NN2 aged_II five_MC or_CC six_MC is_VBZ only_RR 
to_TO be_VBI seen_VVN in_II 1910_MC and_CC in_II 1880_MC and_CC 1885_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL What_DDQ is_VBZ much_RR more_RGR 
noteworthy_JJ ,_, and_CC much_DA1 more_DAR enduring_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ the_AT 
relatively_RR low_JJ ratio_NN1 of_IO girls_NN2 to_II boys_NN2 in_II primer_NN1 
classes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL From_II 1885_MC onwards_RL there_EX were_VBDR considerably_RR 
fewer_DAR girls_NN2 in_II these_DD2 classes_NN2 than_CSN one_PN1 would_VM 
have_VHI expected_VVN ,_, given_VVN the_AT1 ratio_NN1 of_IO girls_NN2 to_II 
boys_NN2 aged_II five_MC or_CC six_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Girls_NN2 ,_, on_II average_NN1 ,_, got_VVN through_II the_AT 
primers_NN2 a_RR21 bit_RR22 faster_RRR ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT other_JJ end_NN1 of_IO the_AT school_NN1 ,_, from_II 
1890_MC onwards_RL ,_, there_EX were_VBDR more_DAR girls_NN2 in_II 
Standard_NN1 *=_NULL V_ZZ1 and_CC *=_NULL VI_MC than_CSN one_MC1 would_VM 
have_VHI expected_VVN ,_, given_VVN the_AT1 ratio_NN1 of_IO girls_NN2 to_II 
boys_NN2 aged_II 13-14_MCMC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT changing_JJ ratio_NN1 of_IO boys_NN2 to_II girls_NN2 
aged_II 13-14_MCMC demands_NN2 explanation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 explanation_NN1 lies_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 think_VV0 ,_, in_II 
the_AT very_RG small_JJ numbers_NN2 at_II school_NN1 after_II 13_MC in_II 
the_AT 1880s_MC2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_IO those_DD2 who_PNQS did_VDD stay_VVI ,_, nearly_RR half_DB 
were_VBDR girls_NN2 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO them_PPHO2 seeking_VVG to_TO become_VVI 
pupil-teachers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT lower_JJR ratio_NN1 of_IO girls_NN2 to_II boys_NN2 in_II 
the_AT early_JJ twentieth_MD century_NNT1 reflects_VVZ the_AT raising_NN1 
of_IO the_AT leaving_NN1 age_NN1 in_II 1901_MC and_CC of_IO the_AT 
standard_NN1 of_IO exemption_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 more_DAR boys_NN2 
stayed_VVD on_RP until_CS they_PPHS2 turned_VVD 14_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Thus_RR ,_, in_CS41 so_CS42 far_CS43 as_CS44 there_EX 
were_VBDR sex_NN1 differences_NN2 in_II progress_NN1 through_II primary_JJ 
school_NN1 ,_, girls_NN2 did_VDD better_RRR ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 got_VVD through_II the_AT primers_NN2 a_RR21 little_RR22 
faster_RRR and_CC they_PPHS2 were_VBDR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO reach_VVI 
Standard_JJ *=_NULL V_ZZ1 or_CC *=_NULL VI_MC by_II ages_NN2 13-14_MCMC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE reward_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 was_VBDZ that_CST they_PPHS2 
could_VM leave_VVI school_NN1 earlier_RRR than_CSN boys_NN2 ,_, having_VHG 
reached_VVN the_AT standard_NN1 of_IO exemption_NN1 ,_, set_VVN at_II 
Standard_NN1 *=_NULL IV_MC in_II 1878_MC and_CC at_II Standard_NN1 *=_NULL 
V_ZZ1 in_II 1899_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL After_II 1911_MC it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ to_TO compare_VVI 
boys_NN2 '_GE and_CC girls_NN2 '_GE ages_NN2 in_II classes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Table_NN1 *=_NULL VII_MC shows_VVZ that_CST boys_NN2 were_VBDR 
more_RGR likely_JJ than_CSN girls_NN2 to_TO be_VBI nine_MC or_CC more_RRR 
and_CC still_RR in_II Standard_NN1 *=_NULL I_ZZ1 or_CC to_TO be_VBI 13_MC 
or_CC more_RRR and_CC still_RR in_II Standard_NN1 *=_NULL V._II 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL While_CS the_AT readily_RR 
available_JJ national_JJ data_NN on_II primary_JJ schools_NN2 tell_VV0 a_AT1 
clear_JJ and_CC consistent_JJ story_NN1 ,_, post-primary_JJ schooling_NN1 
was_VBDZ another_DD1 ,_, and_CC more_RGR complex_JJ matter_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Girls_NN2 were_VBDR ,_, as_CSA Table_NN1 *=_NULL I_ZZ1 
indicates_VVZ ,_, less_RGR likely_JJ to_TO proceed_VVI to_TO state_VVI 
secondary_JJ schools_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 were_VBDR over-represented_VVN in_II district_NN1 high_JJ 
schools_NN2 and_CC technical_JJ high_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, but_CCB these_DD2 
had_VHD fewer_DAR pupils_NN2 than_CSN the_AT standard_JJ secondary_JJ 
schools_NN2 so_CS21 that_CS22 ,_, over_II all_DB ,_, there_EX were_VBDR 
fewer_DAR girls_NN2 than_CSN boys_NN2 in_II post-primary_JJ schools_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC there_EX were_VBDR marked_JJ differences_NN2 in_II the_AT 
numbers_NN2 gaining_VVG certain_JJ qualifications_NN2 or_CC passing_VVG the_AT 
most_RGT esteemed_JJ examinations_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_CSA Table_NN1 *=_NULL I_ZZ1 indicates_VVZ ,_, girls_NN2 
at_II secondary_JJ schools_NN2 were_VBDR always_RR less_RGR likely_JJ than_CSN 
boys_NN2 to_TO be_VBI there_RL on_II an_AT1 education_NN1 board_NN1 
scholarship_NN1 awarded_VVD by_II competitive_JJ examination_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1896_MC the_AT Otago_NP1 Education_NN1 Board_NNJ published_VVD 
useful_JJ summary_NN1 statistics_NN on_II its_APPGE scholarships_NN2 since_II 
1878_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Between_II 1878_MC and_CC 1895_MC 768_MC boys_NN2 entered_VVN for_IF 
the_AT junior_JJ scholarship_NN1 examination_NN1 compared_VVN to_II 531_MC 
girls_NN2 :_: 446_MC boys_NN2 sought_VVD a_AT1 senior_JJ scholarship_NN1 
compared_VVN to_II 218_MC girls_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC boys_NN2 were_VBDR more_RGR successful_JJ :_: 14.2%_FO of_IO 
boy_NN1 candidates_NN2 were_VBDR awarded_VVN a_AT1 junior_JJ scholarship_NN1 
and_CC 9.8%_FO of_IO the_AT girls_NN2 ;_; 28.9%_FO of_IO boys_NN2 were_VBDR 
awarded_VVN a_AT1 senior_JJ scholarship_NN1 as_II21 against_II22 26.6%_FO 
of_IO girls_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Unfortunately_RR ,_, one_PN1 can_VM not_XX present_VVI the_AT 
results_NN2 of_IO the_AT major_JJ ,_, national_JJ examinations_NN2 in_II 
these_DD2 terms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Department_NNJ reported_VVD the_AT total_JJ number_NN1 of_IO 
candidates_NN2 for_IF the_AT examinations_NN2 it_PPH1 conducted_VVD and_CC 
it_PPH1 listed_VVD successful_JJ candidates_NN2 by_II name_NN1 ,_, but_CCB 
it_PPH1 did_VDD not_XX give_VVI the_AT numbers_NN2 of_IO males_NN2 and_CC 
females_NN2 entering_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_PN1 can_VM ,_, therefore_RR ,_, calculate_VVI pass_NN1 rates_NN2 
over_II all_DB ,_, and_CC working_VVG from_II lists_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
successful_JJ ,_, one_PN1 can_VM determine_VVI how_RGQ many_DA2 boys_NN2 
and_CC how_RGQ many_DA2 girls_NN2 gained_VVD certain_JJ qualifications_NN2 ,_, 
but_CCB one_PN1 can_VM not_XX determine_VVI pass_NN1 rates_NN2 by_II sex_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Hogben_NP1 's_GE scheme_NN1 of_IO free_JJ places_NN2 in_II 
secondary_JJ schools_NN2 created_VVD a_AT1 formidable_JJ array_NN1 of_IO 
examinations_NN2 and_CC awards_NN2 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO primary_JJ 
schooling_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Subject_II21 to_II22 certain_JJ age_NN1 restrictions_NN2 and_CC 
regulations_NN2 regarding_II priority_NN1 ,_, pupils_NN2 could_VM gain_VVI 
a_AT1 free_JJ place_NN1 by_II passing_VVG the_AT Standard_NN1 *=_NULL VI_MC 
*'_" Proficiency_NN1 **'_" examination_NN1 or_CC the_AT Department_NNJ 's_GE 
special_JJ Junior_JJ Free_JJ Place_NN1 Examination_NN1 ,_, or_CC by_II 
gaining_VVG an_AT1 education_NN1 board_NN1 scholarship_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC after_II 1903_MC the_AT Junior_JJ National_JJ Scholarships_NN2 
Examination_NN1 provided_CS high-fliers_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 free_JJ place_NN1 
and_CC further_RRR financial_JJ assistance_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Candidates_NN2 for_IF Junior_JJ National_JJ Scholarships_NN2 
in_II each_DD1 board_NN1 district_NN1 were_VBDR ranked_VVN by_II aggregate_JJ 
mark_NN1 and_CC boards_NN2 allocated_VVD their_APPGE quotas_NN2 of_IO 
scholarships_NN2 by_II working_VVG down_RP from_II the_AT top_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ,_, those_DD2 who_PNQS failed_VVD 
to_TO win_VVI a_AT1 scholarship_NN1 but_CCB reached_VVD a_AT1 specified_JJ 
standard_NN1 were_VBDR awarded_VVN free_JJ places_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL From_II 1906_MC onwards_RL 
those_DD2 passing_VVG the_AT examinations_NN2 were_VBDR listed_VVN by_II 
their_APPGE full_JJ names_NN2 so_CS21 that_CS22 boys_NN2 and_CC girls_NN2 
can_VM be_VBI identified_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Table_NN1 *=_NULL VIII_MC shows_VVZ the_AT number_NN1 and_CC 
average_JJ mark_NN1 of_IO boys_NN2 and_CC girls_NN2 passing_VVG this_DD1 
examination_NN1 in_II three_MC different_JJ years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Girls_NN2 '_GE average_JJ marks_NN2 were_VBDR uniformly_RR lower_JJR 
than_CSN boys_NN2 '_GE ,_, and_CC in_II 1914_MC were_VBDR significantly_RR 
lower_JJR (_( t_ZZ1 =_FO 3.43_MC ,_, {_NULL df_NNU }_NULL =_FO 889_MC ,_, 
*1_NULL \_NULL p_ZZ1 *0_NULL <_FO 0.001_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT number_NN1 of_IO girls_NN2 passing_VVG the_AT 
examination_NN1 was_VBDZ markedly_RR lower_JJR than_CSN the_AT number_NN1 
of_IO boys_NN2 and_CC much_RR lower_JJR than_CSN one_PN1 might_VM have_VHI 
expected_VVN on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO the_AT sex_NN1 ratio_NN1 in_II 
the_AT senior_JJ primary_JJ school_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1910_MC ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 
highly_RR significant_JJ difference_NN1 between_II the_AT numbers_NN2 of_IO 
boys_NN2 and_CC girls_NN2 passing_VVG this_DD1 examination_NN1 and_CC the_AT 
numbers_NN2 in_II Standard_NN1 *=_NULL VI_MC (_( chi_NN2 *:_NULL 2_MC **:_NULL 
=_FO 20.425_MC ,_, {_NULL df_NNU }_NULL =_FO 1_MC1 ,_, *1_NULL \_NULL p_ZZ1 
*0_NULL <_FO .001_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT published_JJ results_NN2 of_IO the_AT competitive_JJ 
Junior_JJ Civil_JJ Service_NN1 Examination_NN1 ,_, established_VVN in_II 
the_AT 1880s_MC2 ,_, lend_NN1 themselves_PPX2 to_II a_AT1 similar_JJ ,_, 
although_CS unfortunately_RR limited_JJ analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT full_JJ names_NN2 of_IO those_DD2 passing_VVG were_VBDR 
published_VVN in_II order_NN1 of_IO merit_NN1 and_CC suitable_JJ vacancies_NN2 
in_II the_AT public_JJ service_NN1 were_VBDR filled_VVN by_II working_VVG 
down_RP from_II the_AT top_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Considerable_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO persons_NN2 who_PNQS did_VDD not_XX 
seek_VVI positions_NN2 in_II the_AT public_JJ sector_NN1 also_RR came_VVD 
to_TO sit_VVI this_DD1 examination_NN1 in_II the_AT later_JJR nineteenth_MD 
century_NNT1 to_TO gain_VVI a_AT1 general_NN1 ,_, vocational_JJ 
qualification_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT Department_NNJ asked_VVD candidates_NN2 
to_TO state_VVI whether_CSW they_PPHS2 actually_RR sought_VVN a_AT1 
government_NN billet_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT nineteenth_MD century_NNT1 the_AT Junior_JJ 
Civil_JJ Service_NN1 Examination_NN1 was_VBDZ taken_VVN by_II a_AT1 good_JJ 
number_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 in_II the_AT Standard_NP1 *=_NULL VII_MC 
classes_NN2 which_DDQ flourished_VVD in_II some_DD cities_NN2 before_II 
free_JJ places_NN2 in_II secondary_JJ schools_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II the_AT early_JJ twentieth_MD century_NNT1 ,_, however_RR ,_, 
the_AT Junior_JJ Civil_JJ Service_NN1 Examination_NN1 had_VHD become_VVN 
very_RG much_RR a_AT1 junior_JJ secondary_JJ examination_NN1 taken_VVN in_RP 
one_PN1 's_GE second_MD or_CC third_MD year_NNT1 at_II high_JJ school_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC the_AT Department_NNJ of_IO Education_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ conducted_VVD 
the_AT examination_NN1 ,_, instituted_VVD a_AT1 non-competitive_JJ version_NN1 
,_, the_AT Intermediate_JJ Examination_NN1 ,_, on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO 
which_DDQ senior_JJ free_JJ places_NN2 were_VBDR awarded_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT Junior_JJ Civil_JJ Service_NN1 Examination_NN1 ,_, 
however_RR ,_, remained_VVD popular_JJ as_II a_AT1 general_JJ 
qualification_NN1 and_CC there_EX were_VBDR large_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO 
candidates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Table_NN1 *=_NULL IX_MC is_VBZ based_VVN on_II analyses_NN2 of_IO 
published_JJ lists_NN2 of_IO persons_NN2 passing_VVG this_DD1 examination_NN1 
in_II five_MC different_JJ years_NNT2 ._. 

^ (_( ^_NULL The_AT table_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX run_VVI to_II 1915_MC because_CS 
in_II 1912_MC girls_NN2 were_VBDR barred_VVN from_II sitting_VVG on_II the_AT 
grounds_NN2 that_CST there_EX were_VBDR no_AT public_JJ service_NN1 jobs_NN2 
for_IF them_PPHO2 anyway_RR ._. )_) 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT general_JJ pattern_NN1 
is_VBZ very_RG much_DA1 as_II21 for_II22 the_AT scholarship_NN1 
examination_NN1 :_: far_RR fewer_DAR girls_NN2 passed_VVN ,_, but_CCB while_CS 
their_APPGE average_JJ ranking_NN1 was_VBDZ generally_RR lower_JJR than_CSN 
boys_NN2 '_" none_PN of_IO the_AT differences_NN2 in_II average_JJ rank_NN1 
generate_VV0 statistically_RR significant_JJ *'_" ts_FU **'_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT most_RGT valuable_JJ secondary_JJ school_NN1 
qualification_NN1 sought_VVN by_II significant_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO pupils_NN2 
was_VBDZ the_AT university_NN1 's_VBZ Matriculation_NN1 Examination_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT results_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 examination_NN1 were_VBDR not_XX 
published_VVN in_II official_JJ papers_NN2 ,_, but_CCB all_DB candidates_NN2 
in_II the_AT early_JJ twentieth_MD century_NNT1 were_VBDR sent_VVN a_AT1 
booklet_NN1 giving_VVG the_AT full_JJ names_NN2 of_IO successful_JJ 
candidates_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE marks_NN2 by_II subject_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Again_RT ,_, while_CS one_PN1 can_VM determine_VVI the_AT sex_NN1 
of_IO the_AT successful_JJ ,_, one_PN1 can_VM not_XX determine_VVI 
pass-rates_NN2 because_CS the_AT unsuccessful_JJ were_VBDR discreetly_RR 
listed_VVN only_RR by_II examination_NN1 code_NN1 number_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Table_NN1 *=_NULL X_ZZ1 
presents_VVZ an_AT1 analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT 1914_MC examination_NN1 ,_, 
based_VVN on_II one_MC1 of_IO the_AT few_DA2 surviving_JJ booklets_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Over_II all_DB ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ no_AT significant_JJ 
difference_NN1 between_II successful_JJ boys_NN2 and_CC girls_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT girls_NN2 took_VVD 1006_MC papers_NN2 with_IW an_AT1 
average_JJ mark_NN1 of_IO 52.7_MC :_: the_AT boys_NN2 took_VVD 1953_MC 
papers_NN2 with_IW an_AT1 average_JJ mark_NN1 of_IO 51.8_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX were_VBDR ,_, however_RR ,_, interesting_JJ differences_NN2 
in_II specific_JJ subjects_NN2 ,_, some_DD of_IO them_PPHO2 statistically_RR 
significant_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Girls_NN2 did_VDD better_RRR than_CSN boys_NN2 in_II English_JJ (_( 
t_ZZ1 =_FO 6.996_MC ,_, {_NULL df_NNU }_NULL =_FO 511_MC ,_, *1_NULL \_NULL 
p_ZZ1 *0_NULL <_FO .001_MC )_) and_CC in_II French_NN1 (_( t_ZZ1 =_FO 4.957_MC 
,_, {_NULL df_NNU }_NULL =_FO 390_MC ,_, *1_NULL \_NULL p_ZZ1 *0_NULL <_FO 
.001_MC )_) :_: the_AT boys_NN2 did_VDD significantly_RR better_RRR in_II 
mathematics_NN1 (_( t_ZZ1 =_FO 3.980_MC ,_, {_NULL df_NNU }_NULL =_FO 511_MC 
,_, *1_NULL \_NULL p_ZZ1 *0_NULL <_FO .001_MC )_) ,_, physical_JJ science_NN1 
(_( t_ZZ1 =_FO 3.459_MC ,_, {_NULL df_NNU }_NULL =_FO 17/230_MF ,_, *1_NULL 
\_NULL p_ZZ1 *0_NULL <_FO .01_MC )_) and_CC drawing_NN1 (_( t_ZZ1 =_FO 
1.991_MC ,_, {_NULL df_NNU }_NULL =_FO 134_MC ,_, *1_NULL \_NULL p_ZZ1 *0_NULL 
<_FO .05_MC )_) ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 334+TEXT+J40_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Majority_NN governments_NNJ2 do_VD0 not_XX normally_RR 
fear_VVI defeat_NN1 on_II legislation_NN1 ;_; bills_NN2 are_VBR rarely_RR 
withdrawn_VVN as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO parliamentary_JJ pressure_NN1 
and_CC successful_JJ amendments_NN2 to_II government_NN legislation_NN1 
are_VBR not_XX numerous_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Yet_RR governments_NNJ2 may_VM still_RR be_VBI prepared_VVN to_TO 
listen_VVI to_II ,_, and_CC accept_VVI ,_, parliamentary_JJ advice_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II a_AT1 legislature_NNJ the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 House_NN1 of_IO 
Representatives_NP1 rates_NN2 highly_RR for_IF the_AT level_NN1 of_IO 
inputs_NN2 into_II the_AT system_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Not_XX only_RR are_VBR {_NULL MP_NN1 }_NULL s_ZZ1 in_II close_JJ 
touch_NN1 with_IW their_APPGE electorates_NN2 ,_, but_CCB the_AT 
parliamentary_JJ committee_NNJ system_NN1 ,_, with_IW easy_JJ 
accessibility_NN1 for_IF submissions_NN2 even_RR *-_- unlike_JJ 
Westminister_NP1 *-_- on_II bills_NN2 ,_, has_VHZ much_DA1 to_TO recommend_VVI 
it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nevertheless_RR ,_, when_CS it_PPH1 comes_VVZ to_II the_AT effect_NN1 
such_DA submissions_NN2 may_VM have_VHI ,_, much_RR depends_VVZ upon_II the_AT 
nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT legislation_NN1 being_VBG considered_VVN and_CC the_AT 
circumstances_NN2 surrounding_VVG it_PPH1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL THE_AT PRE-LEGISLATIVE_JJ STAGE_NN1 :_: GOVERNMENT_NN 
BILLS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Proposals_NN2 for_IF legislation_NN1 largely_RR 
originate_VV0 outside_II the_AT House_NN1 ,_, frequently_RR in_II the_AT 
public_JJ service_NN1 ,_, interest_NN1 groups_NN2 or_CC parties_NN2 ,_, 
but_CCB whatever_DDQV their_APPGE origin_NN1 ,_, all_DB have_VH0 to_TO be_VBI 
drafted_VVN into_II legal_JJ form_NN1 before_II submission_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT task_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 specialised_JJ group_NN 
of_IO lawyers_NN2 ,_, the_AT Parliamentary_JJ Counsel_NP1 (_( formerly_RR 
known_VVN as_II the_AT Law_NN1 Draftsmen_NN2 )_) ,_, who_PNQS work_VV0 
within_II the_AT House_NN1 itself_PPX1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ where_RRQ the_AT advantages_NN2 of_IO 
governments_NNJ2 begin_VV0 to_TO emerge_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT parliamentary_JJ counsel_NN1 are_VBR there_RL primarily_RR 
to_TO draft_VVI public_JJ bills_NN2 and_CC although_CS their_APPGE 
expertise_NN1 is_VBZ available_JJ for_IF private_JJ bills_NN2 ,_, private_JJ 
members_NN2 '_GE bills_NN2 (_( officially_RR at_RR21 least_RR22 )_) enjoy_VV0 
no_AT such_DA advantage_NN1 ,_, and_CC there_EX can_VM be_VBI little_JJ 
doubt_NN1 that_CST the_AT skill_NN1 of_IO the_AT Parliamentary_JJ Counsel_NN1 
in_II drafting_VVG legislation_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ advantage_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 group_NN such_II21 as_II22 the_AT parliamentary_JJ 
counsel_NN1 tends_VVZ to_TO build_VVI up_RP its_APPGE own_DA informal_JJ 
rules_NN2 or_CC traditions_NN2 in_II the_AT drafting_NN1 of_IO legislation_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT tradition_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 is_VBZ what_DDQ 
might_VM be_VBI called_VVN *'_" lawyers_NN2 '_GE legislation_NN1 **'_" ,_, 
designed_VVD primarily_RR for_IF interpretation_NN1 by_II lawyers_NN2 and_CC 
the_AT courts_NN2 ,_, rather_CS21 than_CS22 for_IF comprehensibility_NN1 by_II 
the_AT public_NN at_RR21 large_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 tends_VVZ to_TO be_VBI very_RG detailed_JJ and_CC specific_JJ 
(_( and_CC so_RG likely_JJ to_TO require_VVI frequent_JJ amendment_NN1 )_) 
rather_II21 than_II22 dedicated_JJ to_II the_AT expression_NN1 of_IO broad_JJ 
principles_NN2 ,_, as_CSA is_VBZ often_RR the_AT case_NN1 elsewhere_RL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN argued_VVN that_CST the_AT result_NN1 
is_VBZ *'_" too_RG many_DA2 examples_NN2 in_II our_APPGE law_NN1 of_IO 
obscure_JJ language_NN1 and_CC over-elaboration_NN1 in_II the_AT illusory_JJ 
desire_NN1 for_IF certainty_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT counter_NN1 argument_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST our_APPGE laws_NN2 
are_VBR complicated_VVN through_II necessity_NN1 ,_, because_CS 
simplifying_VVG legislation_NN1 by_II concentrating_VVG on_II principles_NN2 
,_, instead_II21 of_II22 detailing_VVG its_APPGE applications_NN2 in_II 
many_DA2 circumstances_NN2 ,_, would_VM inevitably_RR place_VVI a_AT1 
greater_JJR burden_NN1 of_IO interpretation_NN1 on_II the_AT courts_NN2 
which_DDQ ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN alleged_VVN ,_, have_VH0 a_AT1 poor_JJ 
record_NN1 in_II this_DD1 area_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 ,_, then_RT ,_, is_VBZ a_AT1 problem_NN1 not_XX just_RR 
for_IF parliamentary_JJ counsel_NN1 and_CC the_AT House_NN1 ,_, but_CCB 
involves_VVZ a_AT1 much_RR wider_JJR understanding_NN1 about_II the_AT 
form_NN1 which_DDQ law_NN1 should_VM take_VVI and_CC how_RRQ it_PPH1 may_VM 
be_VBI interpreted_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 problem_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 of_IO delay_NN1 caused_VVN 
by_II a_AT1 worldwide_JJ shortage_NN1 of_IO skilled_JJ parliamentary_JJ 
counsel_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 counsel_NN1 were_VBDR 
increased_VVN from_II 7_MC to_II 9_MC in_II 1985_MC ,_, this_DD1 number_NN1 
was_VBDZ still_RR insufficient_JJ to_TO deal_VVI with_IW the_AT annual_JJ 
workload_NN1 which_DDQ included_VVD 345_MC regulations_NN2 and_CC 200_MC 
public_JJ acts_NN2 ,_, in_II31 addition_II32 to_II33 reports_NN2 on_II 
private_JJ and_CC local_JJ acts_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT course_NN1 followed_VVN by_II a_AT1 proposal_NN1 for_IF 
a_AT1 government_NN bill_NN1 before_II its_APPGE introduction_NN1 to_II the_AT 
House_NN1 runs_VVZ something_PN1 like_II this_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT of_IO the_AT proposals_NN2 for_IF legislation_NN1 
originate_VV0 before_II the_AT start_NN1 of_IO the_AT session_NNT1 when_RRQ 
the_AT cabinet_NNJ office_NN1 requests_VVZ Ministers_NN2 to_TO submit_VVI 
proposals_NN2 for_IF legislation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT various_JJ departments_NNJ2 submit_VV0 outlines_NN2 of_IO 
bills_NN2 to_II the_AT Cabinet_NNJ Legislation_NN1 Committee_NNJ ,_, 
pointing_VVG out_RP the_AT reasons_NN2 for_IF their_APPGE introduction_NN1 ,_, 
a_AT1 summary_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE content_NN1 and_CC likely_JJ areas_NN2 
of_IO opposition_NN1 (_( namely_REX pressure_NN1 groups_NN2 ,_, 
individuals_NN2 and_CC others_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 are_VBR then_RT discussed_VVN by_II the_AT cabinet_NNJ 
committee_NNJ with_IW the_AT Minister_NN1 concerned_JJ and_CC the_AT 
permanent_JJ head_NN1 or_CC another_DD1 senior_JJ officer_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
department_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Parliamentary_JJ counsel_NN1 are_VBR also_RR in_II attendance_NN1 
so_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 may_VM have_VHI a_AT1 full_JJ appreciation_NN1 
of_IO what_DDQ is_VBZ proposed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 the_AT committee_NNJ will_VM 
decide_VVI the_AT likely_JJ priority_NN1 of_IO the_AT bill_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ 
may_VM result_VVI in_II it_PPH1 being_VBG deferred_VVN to_II a_AT1 future_JJ 
year_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Major_NP1 policy_NN1 proposals_NN2 may_VM then_RT be_VBI sent_VVN 
to_II cabinet_NN1 although_CS most_DAT will_VM be_VBI referred_VVN back_RP 
to_II the_AT originating_JJ department_NNJ which_DDQ may_VM wish_VVI to_TO 
discuss_VVI the_AT proposals_NN2 with_IW relevant_JJ pressure_NN1 groups_NN2 
before_II giving_VVG the_AT Parliamentary_JJ Counsel_NN1 Office_NN1 
detailed_JJ instructions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT proposal_NN1 will_VM also_RR have_VHI to_TO go_VVI on_RP to_II 
both_DB2 caucus_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 caucus_NN1 committee_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II any_DD point_NN1 the_AT bill_NN1 may_VM be_VBI referred_VVN 
back_RP to_II one_MC1 of_IO the_AT earlier_JJR bodies_NN2 but_CCB after_CS 
the_AT final_JJ approval_NN1 by_II caucus_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI 
printed_VVN and_CC distributed_VVN for_IF the_AT introduction_NN1 and_CC 
first_MD reading_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT opposition_NN1 ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, is_VBZ wholly_RR 
excluded_VVN from_II these_DD2 often_RR protracted_VVD pre-parliamentary_JJ 
discussions_NN2 ,_, usually_RR being_VBG presented_VVN with_IW a_AT1 copy_NN1 
of_IO the_AT bill_NN1 only_RR upon_II its_APPGE introduction_NN1 into_II 
the_AT House_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL PUBLIC_JJ BILLS_NN2 AND_CC THE_AT PARLIAMENTARY_JJ 
STAGES_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL A_AT1 bill_NN1 ,_, as_II a_AT1 proposal_NN1 for_IF 
legislation_NN1 to_TO be_VBI enacted_VVN ,_, becomes_VVZ ,_, when_CS 
passed_VVN by_II parliament_NNJ and_CC approved_VVD by_II the_AT 
Governor-General_NN1 ,_, part_NN1 of_IO the_AT statute_NN1 law_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT land_NN1 as_II an_AT1 Act_NN1 of_IO Parliament_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 may_VM fall_VVI into_II one_MC1 of_IO three_MC broad_JJ 
types_NN2 :_: public_NN ,_, local_JJ or_CC private_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Public_JJ bills_NN2 make_VV0 up_RP by_RR21 far_RR22 the_AT 
largest_JJT proportion_NN1 of_IO legislation_NN1 in_II the_AT early_JJ 
1980s_MC2 ,_, constituting_VVG 86%_NNU of_IO the_AT total_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 ,_, mainly_RR introduced_VVN into_II the_AT House_NN1 by_II 
the_AT government_NN (_( 78.5%_FO )_) ,_, also_RR include_VV0 what_DDQ is_VBZ 
known_VVN as_II private_JJ members_NN2 '_GE legislation_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ 
is_VBZ the_AT only_JJ form_NN1 of_IO legislation_NN1 which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI 
said_VVN to_TO originate_VVI from_II within_II the_AT chamber_NN1 (_( 
although_CS it_PPH1 may_VM well_RR represent_VVI the_AT interests_NN2 of_IO 
an_AT1 outside_JJ body_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Judged_JJ in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 its_APPGE output_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 
is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT less_RGR significant_JJ parts_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
work_NN1 of_IO present-day_JJ parliaments_NNJ2 ,_, amounting_VVG to_II only_JJ 
7.5%_FO of_IO the_AT total_JJ legislation_NN1 introduced_VVD ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Many_DA2 countries_NN2 ,_, including_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, 
follow_VV0 the_AT British_JJ practice_NN1 of_IO having_VHG three_MC 
readings_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 bill_NN1 ,_, although_CS there_EX is_VBZ nothing_PN1 
sacrosanct_JJ about_II this_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO parliaments_NNJ2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 
Japan_NP1 or_CC Syria_NP1 and_CC most_DAT of_IO those_DD2 in_II Western_NP1 
Europe_NP1 ,_, have_VH0 only_RR one_MC1 or_CC two_MC readings_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD reading_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 serves_VVZ as_II 
an_AT1 introduction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ supposed_JJ to_TO be_VBI confined_VVN to_II 
matters_NN2 of_IO clarification_NN1 ,_, what_DDQ the_AT bill_NN1 is_VBZ 
about_RP and_CC why_RRQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ required_VVN ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 
has_VHZ ,_, inevitably_RR ,_, tended_VVD to_TO develop_VVI into_II a_AT1 
political_JJ debate_NN1 on_II the_AT merits_NN2 of_IO the_AT legislation_NN1 
proposed_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT result_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT distinction_NN1 between_II 
the_AT first_MD reading_NN1 (_( theoretically_RR devoted_JJ to_II matters_NN2 
of_IO clarification_NN1 )_) and_CC the_AT second_MD reading_NN1 (_( 
theoretically_RR a_AT1 debate_NN1 on_II the_AT principles_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
bill_NN1 )_) has_VHZ become_VVN blurred_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT second_MD reading_NN1 should_VM be_VBI the_AT key_JJ stage_NN1 
,_, involving_VVG more_RGR detailed_JJ discussion_NN1 of_IO the_AT main_JJ 
principle_NN1 of_IO the_AT bill_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 close_JJ examination_NN1 
of_IO its_APPGE clauses_NN2 on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 committee_NNJ 
's_GE report_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ apt_JJ to_TO be_VBI some_DD confusion_NN1 
about_II the_AT second_MD reading_NN1 too_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 practice_NN1 ,_, after_CS the_AT 
introductory_JJ first_MD reading_NN1 ,_, all_DB public_JJ bills_NN2 ,_, 
except_CS finance_NN1 bills_NN2 or_CC bills_NN2 upon_II which_DDQ urgency_NN1 
has_VHZ been_VBN taken_VVN ,_, are_VBR automatically_RR sent_VVN to_II the_AT 
appropriate_JJ select_JJ committee_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Following_VVG this_DD1 ,_, the_AT second_MD reading_NN1 debate_NN1 
deals_VVZ first_MD with_IW the_AT general_JJ principles_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
bill_NN1 in_II detail_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT ,_, in_II the_AT committee_NNJ stage_NN1 *-_- meaning_VVG 
this_DD1 time_NNT1 the_AT Committee_NNJ of_IO the_AT Whole_JJ House_NNL1 
where_RRQ the_AT Speaker_NP1 leaves_VVZ the_AT chair_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ 
replaced_VVN by_II the_AT Chairman_NN1 of_IO Committees_NNJ2 *-_- the_AT 
House_NN1 proceeds_VVZ to_TO examine_VVI the_AT adequacy_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
individual_JJ clauses_NN2 of_IO the_AT bill_NN1 in_II41 the_II42 light_II43 
of_II44 the_AT general_JJ principles_NN2 already_RR discussed_VVN ,_, 
together_II21 with_II22 the_AT report_NN1 of_IO the_AT select_JJ committee_NNJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 stage_NN1 also_RR includes_VVZ the_AT debate_NN1 on_II 
the_AT short_JJ title_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 mini-debate_JJ {_NULL MP_NN1 }_NULL s_ZZ1 are_VBR 
not_XX restricted_VVN to_II any_DD one_MC1 clause_NN1 but_CCB can_VM range_VVI 
more_RGR widely_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX ,_, however_RR ,_, another_DD1 second_MD 
reading_NN1 debate_NN1 for_IF it_PPH1 relates_VVZ more_DAR to_II the_AT 
drafting_JJ than_CSN to_II the_AT principles_NN2 of_IO the_AT bill_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Members_NN2 are_VBR allowed_VVN to_TO speak_VVI less_RGR 
frequently_RR ,_, but_CCB for_IF slightly_RR longer_RRR ,_, than_CSN in_II 
the_AT debates_NN2 on_II individual_JJ clauses_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL When_CS this_DD1 is_VBZ complete_JJ the_AT members_NN2 
reconvene_VV0 at_II the_AT House_NN1 to_TO debate_VVI the_AT second_MD 
reading_NN1 and_CC when_CS this_DD1 has_VHZ been_VBN agreed_VVN the_AT 
bill_NN1 moves_VVZ to_II the_AT third_MD reading_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ concerned_JJ with_IW the_AT final_JJ 
consideration_NN1 of_IO the_AT general_JJ principles_NN2 of_IO the_AT bill_NN1 
and_CC its_APPGE passage_NN1 into_II law_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT only_JJ permissible_JJ amendment_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 wrecking_JJ 
one_PN1 ,_, that_CST this_DD1 bill_NN1 be_VBI read_VVN *'_" this_DD1 day_NNT1 
three_MC months_NNT2 **'_" (_( or_CC other_JJ specified_JJ time_NNT1 
extending_VVG beyond_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT session_NNT1 )_) which_DDQ 
,_, if_CS carried_VVN ,_, effectively_RR kills_VVZ the_AT bill_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 ,_, however_RR ,_, is_VBZ rare_JJ and_CC on_II many_DA2 
bills_NN2 there_EX is_VBZ no_AT debate_NN1 at_RR21 all_RR22 at_II the_AT 
third_MD reading_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Buried_JJ within_II these_DD2 arcane_JJ stages_NN2 are_VBR 
assumptions_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR very_RG important_JJ for_IF the_AT 
nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT legislative_JJ process_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, much_RR depends_VVZ upon_II whether_CSW 
a_AT1 bill_NN1 is_VBZ debated_VVN first_MD on_II the_AT floor_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
chamber_NN1 or_CC is_VBZ sent_VVN to_II a_AT1 parliamentary_JJ committee_NNJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ debated_VVN first_MD on_II the_AT floor_NN1 (_( 
as_CSA is_VBZ usual_JJ in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 )_) ,_, the_AT House_NN1 
is_VBZ ,_, in_II effect_NN1 ,_, setting_VVG the_AT terms_NN2 of_IO 
reference_NN1 which_DDQ restrict_VV0 the_AT select_JJ committee_NNJ to_II 
the_AT details_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 principles_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_CS a_AT1 bill_NN1 goes_VVZ first_MD to_II a_AT1 committee_NNJ 
,_, in_II what_DDQ is_VBZ frequently_RR referred_VVN to_II as_II a_AT1 
pre-legislative_JJ stage_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 committee_NNJ is_VBZ endowed_VVN 
with_IW much_RR greater_JJR freedom_NN1 of_IO debate_NN1 and_CC 
consequently_RR much_RR greater_JJR influence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 difference_NN1 can_VM be_VBI of_IO considerable_JJ 
significance_NN1 in_II a_AT1 country_NN1 like_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 where_RRQ 
there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 strong_JJ party_NN influence_VV0 in_II the_AT 
chamber_NN1 but_CCB where_RRQ the_AT select_JJ committees_NNJ2 adopt_VV0 a_AT1 
less_RGR partisan_JJ approach_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Curiously_NP1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ nothing_PN1 in_II the_AT 
Standing_NN1 Orders_NN2 of_IO the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 House_NN1 of_IO 
Representatives_NP1 to_TO prevent_VVI a_AT1 bill_NN1 first_MD being_VBG 
referred_VVN to_II a_AT1 select_JJ committee_NNJ ;_; yet_RR this_DD1 has_VHZ 
occurred_VVN only_RR once_RR when_RRQ the_AT Public_JJ Finance_NN1 Bill_NP1 
1977_MC was_VBDZ successfully_RR referred_VVN to_II the_AT Public_JJ 
Expenditure_NN1 Committee_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Despite_II a_AT1 recommendation_NN1 from_II the_AT 1979_MC 
Standing_JJ Orders_NN2 Committee_NNJ that_CST this_DD1 procedure_NN1 was_VBDZ 
suitable_JJ for_IF complex_JJ or_CC technical_JJ bills_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ 
not_XX recurred_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Failure_NN1 to_TO proceed_VVI in_II this_DD1 way_NN1 reflects_VVZ 
successive_JJ governments_NNJ2 '_GE determination_NN1 to_TO keep_VVI a_AT1 
tight_JJ grip_NN1 upon_II their_APPGE legislation_NN1 throughout_II the_AT 
various_JJ stages_NN2 of_IO the_AT parliamentary_JJ process_NN1 ,_, but_CCB 
it_PPH1 also_RR implies_VVZ the_AT jealously_RR guarded_JJ dominance_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT chamber_NN1 over_II its_APPGE committees_NNJ2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ clear_JJ from_II the_AT reports_NN2 of_IO 
successive_JJ committees_NNJ2 set_VV0 up_RP over_II the_AT past_JJ 
twenty-five_MC years_NNT2 to_TO review_VVI the_AT Standing_NN1 Orders_NN2 
of_IO the_AT House_NN1 (_( 1962_MC ,_, 1967_MC ,_, 1972_MC ,_, 1979_MC and_CC 
1984-7_MCMC )_) ,_, that_CST the_AT existing_JJ procedures_NN2 ,_, despite_II 
some_DD important_JJ changes_NN2 ,_, still_RR do_VD0 not_XX work_VVI as_CC31 
well_CC32 as_CC33 might_VM be_VBI hoped_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX continue_VV0 to_TO be_VBI difficulties_NN2 at_II the_AT 
first_MD reading_NN1 stage_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT 1972_MC Standing_JJ Orders_NN2 Committee_NNJ had_VHD 
complained_VVN that_CST these_DD2 debates_NN2 were_VBDR overly_RR extensive_JJ 
,_, resembling_VVG second_MD reading_NN1 debates_NN2 ,_, but_CCB resisted_VVD 
setting_VVG time_NNT1 limits_NN2 and_CC suggested_JJ self-restraint_NN1 
on_II41 the_II42 part_II43 of_II44 {_NULL MP_NN1 }_NULL s_ZZ1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT 1979_MC Committee_NNJ ,_, concerned_JJ about_II the_AT same_DA 
problem_NN1 ,_, did_VDD establish_VVI a_AT1 two-hour_JJ time_NN1 limit_NN1 
for_IF the_AT debate_NN1 but_CCB with_IW only_JJ limited_JJ success_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI no_AT real_JJ readiness_NN1 yet_RR 
to_TO avoid_VVI the_AT problem_NN1 completely_RR and_CC opt_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
more_RGR radical_JJ solution_NN1 of_IO referring_VVG bills_NN2 directly_RR 
to_TO select_VVI committees_NNJ2 as_CSA can_VM happen_VVI with_IW local_JJ 
bills_NN2 during_II a_AT1 recess_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA a_AT1 move_NN1 would_VM avoid_VVI the_AT present_JJ 
intransigent_JJ problems_NN2 altogether_RR ,_, as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 
having_VHG other_JJ advantages_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI the_AT only_JJ logical_JJ 
solution_NN1 for_IF the_AT complaint_NN1 voiced_VVN by_II successive_JJ 
Standing_NN1 Orders_NN2 Committees_NNJ2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Any_DD opposition_NN1 worth_II its_APPGE salt_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX 
going_VVGK to_TO pass_VVI up_RP such_DA an_AT1 opportunity_NN1 since_CS the_AT 
first_MD formal_JJ introduction_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 bill_NN1 is_VBZ bound_VVNK 
to_TO attract_VVI publicity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Complaints_NN2 by_II {_NULL MP_NN1 }_NULL s_ZZ1 reflect_VV0 the_AT 
widespread_JJ misunderstanding_NN1 of_IO ,_, or_CC lack_NN1 of_IO 
readiness_NN1 to_TO accept_VVI ,_, a_AT1 rule_NN1 which_DDQ contains_VVZ 
within_II itself_PPX1 the_AT seeds_NN2 of_IO unnecessary_JJ conflict_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX has_VHZ been_VBN pressure_NN1 for_IF the_AT earlier_JJR 
distribution_NN1 of_IO bills_NN2 to_II {_NULL MP_NN1 }_NULL s_ZZ1 and_CC 
the_AT 1985_MC Standing_JJ Orders_NN2 Committee_NNJ went_VVD so_CS31 far_CS32 
as_CS33 to_TO endorse_VVI **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL The_AT result_NN1 
is_VBZ a_AT1 continuing_JJ and_CC confusing_JJ tendency_NN1 to_TO convert_VVI 
the_AT first_MD reading_NN1 into_II a_AT1 full-scale_JJ debate_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 
seemingly_RR inevitable_JJ result_NN1 unless_CS the_AT decision_NN1 is_VBZ 
taken_VVN to_TO refer_VVI a_AT1 bill_NN1 first_MD to_II a_AT1 select_JJ 
committee_NNJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL At_II the_AT committee_NNJ stage_NN1 after_II the_AT 
second_NNT1 reading_VVG the_AT House_NN1 has_VHZ ,_, since_II 1979_MC ,_, 
adopted_VVD the_AT eminently_RR sensible_JJ procedure_NN1 of_IO accepting_VVG 
as_II the_AT subject_NN1 of_IO debate_NN1 a_AT1 bill_NN1 as_CSA amended_VVN 
by_II a_AT1 select_JJ committee_NNJ ,_, instead_CC21 of_CC22 ,_, as_CSA 
previously_RR ,_, laboriously_RR reading_VVG into_II the_AT original_JJ 
text_NN1 proposed_VVD amendments_NN2 suggested_VVN by_II the_AT select_JJ 
committee_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB all_RR too_RG often_RR the_AT effect_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN 
to_TO transform_VVI the_AT committee_NNJ stage_NN1 debate_NN1 into_II yet_RR 
another_DD1 more_RGR general_JJ debate_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Moreover_RR ,_, as_CSA the_AT 1979_MC Standing_JJ Orders_NN2 
Committee_NNJ pointed_VVD out_RP ,_, **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL 
Accordingly_RR ,_, the_AT 1979_MC Committee_NNJ seriously_RR considered_VVD 
abandoning_VVG the_AT Committee_NNJ of_IO the_AT Whole_JJ House_NNL1 ,_, 
only_RR deciding_VVG against_II it_PPH1 on_II the_AT dubious_JJ ground_NN1 
that_CST it_PPH1 would_VM have_VHI the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO *'_" shifting_VVG 
vehement_JJ political_JJ and_CC policy_NN1 debates_VVZ from_II the_AT 
floor_NN1 of_IO the_AT House_NN1 to_TO select_VVI committees_NNJ2 **'_" ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 335+TEXT+J41_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Otherwise_RR ,_, the_AT certainty_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE 
survival_NN1 *-_- and_CC thus_RR the_AT certainty_NN1 of_IO freedom_NN1 
being_VBG maintained_VVN *-_- will_VM be_VBI undermined_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF this_DD1 reason_NN1 ,_, agreement_NN1 can_VM only_RR be_VBI 
obtained_VVN in_II31 respect_II32 of_II33 *1_NULL conduct_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL 
not_XX ends_NN2 ;_; and_CC the_AT conduct_NN1 agreed_VVN upon_II must_VM 
be_VBI conduct_NN1 which_DDQ upholds_VVZ the_AT free_JJ society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, only_RR conduct_VV0 which_DDQ is_VBZ 
likely_JJ to_TO destroy_VVI freedom_NN1 by_II impinging_VVG on_II the_AT 
legitimate_JJ pursuits_NN2 of_IO another_DD1 free_JJ individual_NN1 may_VM 
be_VBI proscribed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA limitations_NN2 on_II personal_JJ freedom_NN1 ,_, if_CS 
they_PPHS2 are_VBR to_TO avoid_VVI the_AT accusation_NN1 of_IO being_VBG 
arbitrary_JJ or_CC partial_JJ must_VM be_VBI absolutely_RR general_JJ in_II 
nature_NN1 and_CC of_IO equal_JJ application_NN1 to_II all_DB individuals_NN2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL What_DDQ is_VBZ thus_RR constructed_VVN is_VBZ an_AT1 
objective_JJ code_NN1 of_IO conduct_NN1 which_DDQ will_VM apply_VVI 
regardless_RR of_IO particular_JJ circumstances_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT motivation_NN1 of_IO the_AT individual_NN1 in_II a_AT1 
particular_JJ case_NN1 can_VM be_VBI a_AT1 matter_NN1 only_RR of_IO 
subjective_JJ knowledge_NN1 and_CC to_TO mould_VVI the_AT moral_JJ code_NN1 
on_II such_DA a_AT1 selective_JJ basis_NN1 would_VM amount_VVI to_II an_AT1 
arbitrary_JJ and_CC quite_RG unpredictable_JJ system_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT matter_NN1 of_IO predictability_NN1 is_VBZ important_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Whilst_CS we_PPIS2 have_VH0 seen_VVN that_CST the_AT free_JJ 
society_NN is_VBZ ,_, for_IF its_APPGE participants_NN2 ,_, an_AT1 
uncertain_JJ and_CC insecure_JJ society_NN as_CS31 far_CS32 as_CS33 
outcomes_NN2 are_VBR concerned_JJ ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ of_IO the_AT utmost_JJ 
importance_NN1 that_CST the_AT rules_NN2 of_IO conduct_NN1 are_VBR ,_, to_II 
the_AT greatest_JJT extent_NN1 possible_JJ ,_, certain_JJ and_CC 
predictable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS free_JJ individuals_NN2 are_VBR to_TO pursue_VVI their_APPGE 
own_DA interests_NN2 (_( to_II the_AT greatest_JJT benefit_NN1 of_IO 
society_NN as_II a_AT1 whole_NN1 )_) ,_, they_PPHS2 must_VM be_VBI able_JK 
to_TO act_VVI confidently_RR in_II the_AT knowledge_NN1 that_CST certain_JJ 
rules_NN2 apply_VV0 to_II all_DB players_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT code_NN1 of_IO conduct_NN1 is_VBZ subject_II21 to_II22 
quite_RG arbitrary_JJ and_CC unpredictable_JJ suspension_NN1 or_CC 
alteration_NN1 without_IW general_JJ agreement_NN1 ,_, then_RT no_AT risks_NN2 
will_VM be_VBI taken_VVN ,_, and_CC no_AT market_NN1 will_VM be_VBI able_JK 
to_TO operate_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 individual_NN1 can_VM apply_VVI his_APPGE reason_NN1 to_II 
the_AT best_JJT of_IO his_APPGE ability_NN1 only_RR if_CS the_AT rules_NN2 
of_IO conduct_NN1 which_DDQ bind_VV0 all_DB players_NN2 are_VBR equally_RR 
enforced_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ in_II this_DD1 sense_NN1 that_DD1 freedom_NN1 
itself_PPX1 takes_VVZ on_RP an_AT1 almost_RR moral_JJ quality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 value_NN1 which_DDQ can_VM not_XX be_VBI 
suspended_VVN on_II an_AT1 *1_NULL {_NULL ad_JJ21 hoc_JJ22 }_NULL *0_NULL 
basis_NN1 to_TO suit_VVI particular_JJ circumstances_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 
the_AT entreaties_NN2 of_IO individuals_NN2 who_PNQS have_VH0 met_VVN with_IW 
a_AT1 less-than-favourable_JJ outcome_NN1 to_II their_APPGE endeavours_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO seek_VVI ,_, by_II31 way_II32 of_II33 the_AT suspension_NN1 
of_IO rules_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 *"_" better_JJR **"_" outcome_NN1 in_II the_AT 
eyes_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 individual_JJ player_NN1 than_CSN would_VM otherwise_RR 
have_VHI eventuated_VVN ,_, is_VBZ to_TO strike_VVI at_II the_AT very_JJ 
heart_NN1 of_IO freedom_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Thus_RR far_RR we_PPIS2 have_VH0 spoken_VVN of_IO a_AT1 
system_NN1 of_IO morality_NN1 or_CC values_NN2 and_CC rules_NN2 of_IO 
conduct_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 now_RT need_VV0 to_TO distinguish_VVI between_II those_DD2 
*"_" rules_NN2 **"_" which_DDQ are_VBR actually_RR crystallised_VVN as_RG 
formal_JJ law_NN1 ,_, and_CC those_DD2 which_DDQ form_VV0 an_AT1 unwritten_JJ 
but_CCB universally_RR accepted_JJ code_NN1 of_IO conduct_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT remarkable_JJ aspects_NN2 of_IO free_JJ 
societies_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST they_PPHS2 have_VH0 maintained_VVN their_APPGE 
stability_NN1 and_CC freedom_NN1 through_II a_AT1 body_NN1 of_IO rules_NN2 
which_DDQ are_VBR in_II many_DA2 cases_NN2 not_XX crystallised_VVN as_CSA 
written_JJ law_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT only_JJ rules_NN2 which_DDQ can_VM apply_VVI in_II a_AT1 
free_JJ society_NN relate_VV0 to_II the_AT maintenance_NN1 of_IO conduct_NN1 
which_DDQ is_VBZ compatible_JJ with_IW maintaining_VVG a_AT1 free_JJ order_NN1 
,_, then_RT there_EX is_VBZ little_DA1 difference_NN1 between_II the_AT 
sorts_NN2 of_IO rules_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR written_VVN and_CC unwritten_JJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT unwritten_JJ rules_NN2 (_( or_CC morals_NN2 )_) are_VBR 
those_DD2 which_DDQ have_VH0 evolved_VVN ,_, quite_RG organically_RR ,_, 
over_II time_NNT1 and_CC which_DDQ general_JJ acceptance_NN1 has_VHZ found_VVN 
to_TO be_VBI most_RGT advantageous_JJ to_II the_AT securing_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
free_JJ order_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Those_DD2 which_DDQ have_VH0 evolved_VVN further_RRR *-_- to_II 
written_JJ ,_, formal_JJ ,_, legal_JJ status_NN1 *-_- differ_VV0 only_RR in_RP 
that_CST they_PPHS2 carry_VV0 sanctions_NN2 which_DDQ reinforce_VV0 
their_APPGE injunctions_NN2 in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 breach_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT rules_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Naturally_NP1 ,_, the_AT enforcement_NN1 of_IO legal_JJ rules_NN2 
can_VM only_RR be_VBI justified_VVN in_II31 respect_II32 of_II33 conduct_NN1 
which_DDQ affects_VVZ the_AT freedom_NN1 and_CC private_JJ domain_NN1 of_IO 
others_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Actions_NN2 which_DDQ affect_VV0 none_PN but_II the_AT individual_NN1 
who_PNQS performs_VVZ them_PPHO2 can_VM not_XX attract_VVI legal_JJ 
sanctions_NN2 in_II the_AT same_DA way_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 will_VM have_VHI more_DAR to_TO say_VVI about_II private_JJ 
morality_NN1 later_RRR on_RP ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ that_CST the_AT social_JJ ,_, 
organic_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO moral_JJ rules_NN2 be_VBI underlined_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II most_DAT cases_NN2 ,_, formal_JJ laws_NN2 are_VBR not_XX 
obeyed_VVN because_II21 of_II22 the_AT legal_JJ injunctions_NN2 addressed_VVD 
to_II the_AT citizens_NN2 :_: they_PPHS2 are_VBR obeyed_VVN because_CS the_AT 
same_DA rule_NN1 forms_VVZ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT prevailing_JJ morality_NN1 
of_IO society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL People_NN do_VD0 not_XX refrain_VVI from_II murder_NN1 or_CC 
theft_NN1 because_CS a_AT1 law_NN1 proscribes_VVZ such_DA activities_NN2 ;_; 
rather_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR conforming_VVG to_II inherited_JJ rules_NN2 
of_IO conduct_NN1 which_DDQ have_VH0 been_VBN evolved_VVN as_CSA being_VBG 
the_AT best_JJT means_NN of_IO maintaining_VVG order_NN1 in_II a_AT1 free_JJ 
society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II stressing_VVG the_AT organic_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 
moral_JJ rules_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX suggested_VVN that_CST they_PPHS2 
belong_VV0 to_II some_DD code_NN1 of_IO *"_" natural_JJ **"_" law_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 moral_JJ injunctions_NN2 as_II21 to_II22 conduct_NN1 
are_VBR *1_NULL of_IO society_NN *-_- *0_NULL not_XX imposed_VVN by_II 
rational_JJ design_NN1 from_II without_RL or_CC some_DD sort_NN1 of_IO 
cosmic_JJ order_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ always_RR been_VBN there_RL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT evolutionary_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT unwritten_JJ 
moral_JJ code_NN1 raises_VVZ a_AT1 caveat_NN1 in_II31 respect_II32 of_II33 
the_AT desirability_NN1 of_IO codifying_VVG these_DD2 rules_NN2 and_CC 
elevating_VVG them_PPHO2 into_II law_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT moment_NN1 that_CST happens_VVZ ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR 
crystallised_VVN and_CC not_XX easily_RR changed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, the_AT evolutionary_JJ approach_NN1 
is_VBZ discarded_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Whilst_CS absolute_JJ certainty_NN1 is_VBZ achieved_VVN ,_, the_AT 
possibility_NN1 for_IF modification_NN1 is_VBZ reduced_VVN ;_; a_AT1 
modification_NN1 may_VM well_RR ,_, in_II some_DD unforeseen_JJ 
circumstances_NN2 ,_, be_VBI desirable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Under_II the_AT evolutionary_JJ approach_NN1 to_II the_AT 
formation_NN1 of_IO moral_JJ codes_NN2 ,_, experimentation_NN1 with_IW 
alternatives_NN2 will_VM be_VBI possible_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Any_DD challenge_NN1 to_II the_AT moral_JJ code_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ 
fundamentally_RR opposed_VVN to_II it_PPH1 is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI 
eschewed_JJ *-_- mistakes_NN2 are_VBR dealt_VVN with_IW very_RG effectively_RR 
in_II the_AT marketplace_NN1 of_IO society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB a_AT1 respectful_JJ challenge_NN1 which_DDQ proves_VVZ 
its_APPGE worth_NN1 may_VM well_RR be_VBI adopted_VVN as_II a_AT1 useful_JJ 
modification_NN1 to_II the_AT code_NN1 of_IO general_JJ rules_NN2 currently_RR 
adhered_VVD to_RP by_II everyone_PN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Experimentation_NN1 will_VM be_VBI outlawed_VVN and_CC subject_II21 
to_II22 sanction_NN1 if_CSW particular_JJ conduct_NN1 is_VBZ expressly_RR 
illegal_JJ ;_; the_AT likelihood_NN1 of_IO beneficial_JJ change_NN1 through_II 
the_AT agency_NN1 of_IO Parliament_NNJ is_VBZ uncertain_JJ to_TO say_VVI 
the_AT least_RRT ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 can_VM not_XX ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, become_VVN 
an_AT1 argument_NN1 for_IF no_AT legal_JJ rules_NN2 and_CC sanctions_NN2 ;_; 
clearly_RR ,_, some_DD activities_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 murder_NN1 ,_, 
assault_NN1 ,_, theft_NN1 and_CC suchlike_JJ )_) are_VBR *1_NULL absolutely_RR 
*0_NULL contrary_II21 to_II22 the_AT maintenance_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 free_JJ 
order_NN1 and_CC must_VM be_VBI dealt_VVN with_IW by_II the_AT law_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB other_JJ areas_NN2 may_VM well_RR be_VBI open_JJ to_II 
future_JJ amendment_NN1 and_CC for_IF that_DD1 reason_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
probably_RR wise_JJ to_TO leave_VVI the_AT crystallising_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT law_NN1 only_RR for_IF the_AT most_RGT serious_JJ and_CC fundamental_JJ 
moral_JJ principles_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_RG much_DA1 as_CSA anything_PN1 else_RR ,_, such_DA an_AT1 
approach_NN1 would_VM be_VBI consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT liberal_JJ 
tradition_NN1 of_IO admitting_VVG our_APPGE inability_NN1 to_TO foresee_VVI 
all_DB outcomes_NN2 or_CC predetermine_VV0 the_AT future_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN noted_VVN by_II Hayek_NP1 that_CST ,_, 
like_II language_NN1 ,_, morals_NN2 are_VBR *"_" equipment_NN1 for_IF 
unknown_JJ contingencies_NN2 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 will_VM be_VBI an_AT1 indispensable_JJ guide_NN1 in_II 
most_DAT cases_NN2 but_CCB there_EX will_VM inevitably_RR be_VBI new_JJ 
situations_NN2 ,_, previously_RR unconsidered_JJ ,_, which_DDQ may_VM need_VVI 
to_TO be_VBI dealt_VVN with_IW in_II a_AT1 fresh_JJ way_NN1 ,_, though_CS 
always_RR in_II a_AT1 manner_NN1 consistent_JJ with_IW the_AT maintenance_NN1 
of_IO freedom_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Against_II this_DD1 ,_, the_AT moral_JJ code_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
closed_JJ ,_, or_CC deterministic_JJ ,_, society_NN is_VBZ almost_RR 
unrecognisable_JJ as_CSA such_DA ._. 

^ ^_NULL Starting_VVG from_II the_AT premise_NN1 that_DD1 man_NN1 is_VBZ 
perfectible_JJ and_CC that_DD1 rational_JJ enquiry_NN1 and_CC analysis_NN1 (_( 
quite_RG independent_JJ of_IO those_DD2 inherited_VVD ,_, cultural_JJ 
values_NN2 of_IO which_DDQ morals_NN2 are_VBR part_NN1 )_) will_VM discern_VVI 
the_AT *"_" correct_JJ **"_" goal_NN1 to_TO be_VBI pursued_VVN ,_, any_DD 
necessary_JJ rules_NN2 of_IO conduct_NN1 must_VM be_VBI imposed_VVN if_CS 
the_AT goal_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI reached_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT opposite_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ we_PPIS2 have_VH0 
seen_VVN in_II the_AT free_JJ society_NN where_RRQ morals_NN2 evolve_VV0 as_II 
part_NN1 of_IO the_AT society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Here_RL they_PPHS2 are_VBR imposed_VVN from_II without_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR ,_, in_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO agreement_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 
will_VM be_VBI quite_RG impossible_JJ to_TO tolerate_VVI free_JJ will_NN1 
in_II a_AT1 deterministic_JJ society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC if_CSW there_EX is_VBZ no_AT free_JJ will_NN1 ,_, then_RT 
individuals_NN2 can_VM not_XX ,_, by_II definition_NN1 ,_, be_VBI 
responsible_JJ for_IF their_APPGE actions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Only_RR the_AT coercive_JJ state_NN1 can_VM be_VBI responsible_JJ 
for_IF the_AT actions_NN2 of_IO those_DD2 it_PPH1 directs_VVZ ;_; as_CSA 
such_DA there_RL is_VBZ an_AT1 appalling_JJ decay_NN1 of_IO all_DB personal_JJ 
moral_JJ responsibility_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 matter_NN1 for_IF 
the_AT state_NN1 to_TO determine_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC ,_, as_CSA the_AT passage_NN1 from_II Hayek_NP1 quoted_VVD 
at_II the_AT beginning_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 section_NN1 makes_VVZ clear_JJ ,_, 
there_EX is_VBZ no_AT morality_NN1 beyond_II the_AT personal_JJ realm_NN1 ,_, 
only_RR the_AT exercise_NN1 of_IO power_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Such_DA a_AT1 social_JJ order_NN1 ,_, built_VVN upon_II the_AT 
pursuit_NN1 of_IO certain_JJ ends_NN2 ,_, will_VM quickly_RR rationalise_VVI 
particular_JJ means_NN to_TO justify_VVI those_DD2 ends_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unwritten_JJ morals_NN2 will_VM be_VBI easily_RR bypassed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB even_RR formal_JJ law_NN1 will_VM soon_RR be_VBI in_II 
tatters_NN2 as_II the_AT basis_NN1 for_IF judging_VVG conduct_NN1 ceases_VVZ 
to_TO be_VBI objective_JJ (_( {_NULL ie_REX }_NULL ,_, quite_RG 
uninterested_JJ in_II the_AT motivation_NN1 of_IO individuals_NN2 )_) and_CC 
becomes_VVZ subjective_JJ *-_- prepared_JJ to_TO justify_VVI conduct_NN1 on_II 
the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO the_AT ends_NN2 sought_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA partiality_NN1 leaves_VVZ the_AT stability_NN1 and_CC 
certainty_NN1 law_NN1 is_VBZ supposed_JJ to_TO provide_VVI in_II ruins_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR ,_, if_CS the_AT elimination_NN1 of_IO wealth_NN1 is_VBZ 
the_AT stated_JJ aim_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 particular_JJ society_NN ,_, theft_NN1 
which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI claimed_VVN to_TO be_VBI consistent_JJ with_IW 
that_DD1 aim_NN1 starts_VVZ to_TO wear_VVI a_AT1 *"_" moral_JJ **"_" gloss_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT squeamish_JJ politician_NN1 ,_, discomforted_VVN by_II the_AT 
unruly_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO such_DA Robin_NP1 Hood_NP1 activity_NN1 will_VM ,_, 
in_II all_DB likelihood_NN1 ,_, take_VV0 unto_II the_AT state_NN1 the_AT 
sole_JJ power_NN1 to_TO expropriate_VVI wealth_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 way_NN1 ,_, the_AT people_NN of_IO a_AT1 socialist_JJ 
society_NN transfer_VV0 to_II the_AT state_NN1 certain_JJ vices_NN2 which_DDQ 
are_VBR then_RT sanitised_VVN and_CC applauded_VVN as_CSA being_VBG in_II 
the_AT *"_" common_JJ good_JJ **"_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI apparent_JJ from_II the_AT 
foregoing_NN1 that_CST the_AT moral_JJ *"_" climates_NN2 **"_" sustained_VVD 
by_II the_AT two_MC ethics_NN we_PPIS2 have_VH0 been_VBN discussing_VVG 
are_VBR profoundly_RR different_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT striking_VVG about_II the_AT free_JJ society_NN 's_GE 
reliance_NN1 on_II agreed_JJ rules_NN2 of_IO conduct_NN1 to_TO maintain_VVI 
a_AT1 free_JJ order_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT incentive_NN1 which_DDQ it_PPH1 
provides_VVZ for_IF excellence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Since_CS the_AT rules_NN2 are_VBR objective_JJ ,_, then_RT 
individuals_NN2 are_VBR judged_VVN not_XX by_II their_APPGE particular_JJ 
ambitions_NN2 (_( which_DDQ may_VM be_VBI completely_RR private_JJ )_) but_CCB 
by_II their_APPGE conduct_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 egalitarian_NN1 ,_, socialist_JJ society_NN has_VHZ grave_JJ 
difficulty_NN1 in_II encouraging_JJ that_CST same_DA excellence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS individuals_NN2 are_VBR not_XX finally_RR responsible_JJ for_IF 
their_APPGE actions_NN2 then_RT they_PPHS2 will_VM be_VBI judged_VVN less_RRR 
by_II their_APPGE conduct_NN1 than_CSN by_II their_APPGE obedience_NN1 to_II 
the_AT pursuit_NN1 of_IO the_AT particular_JJ goals_NN2 society_NN has_VHZ 
set_VVN itself_PPX1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ nothing_PN1 *"_" good_JJ **"_" or_CC *"_" 
praiseworthy_JJ **"_" about_II working_VVG hard_RR to_TO bring_VVI about_II 
the_AT millennium_NNT1 when_RRQ one_PN1 's_GE part_NN1 in_II that_DD1 task_NN1 
is_VBZ carried_VVN out_RP under_II threat_NN1 of_IO coercion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ no_AT different_JJ than_CSN the_AT payment_NN1 of_IO 
tax_NN1 being_VBG completely_RR amoral_JJ in_II a_AT1 free_JJ society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Which_DDQ brings_VVZ us_PPIO2 back_RP to_II Hayek_NP1 's_GE 
nostrum_NN1 that_CST there_EX can_VM be_VBI no_AT morality_NN1 outside_II 
the_AT sphere_NN1 of_IO individual_JJ responsibility_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT attitudes_NN2 which_DDQ individuals_NN2 hold_VV0 
are_VBR all-important_JJ for_IF the_AT peaceful_JJ and_CC fruitful_JJ 
functioning_NN1 of_IO any_DD social_JJ order_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT two_MC views_NN2 of_IO humanity_NN1 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 been_VBN 
tracing_NN1 have_VH0 quite_RG different_JJ attitudinal_JJ effects_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT collectivist_NN1 or_CC determinist_NN1 view_NN1 is_VBZ 
that_CST people_NN are_VBR inherently_RR good_JJ ;_; it_PPH1 is_VBZ only_RR 
*"_" the_AT system_NN1 **"_" which_DDQ is_VBZ wrong_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Therefore_RR ,_, fighting_VVG the_AT system_NN1 which_DDQ 
prevents_VVZ that_DD1 goodness_NN1 being_VBG realised_VVN is_VBZ the_AT key_JJ 
aim_NN1 and_CC object_NN1 of_IO life_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ that_CST an_AT1 idealistic_JJ philosophy_NN1 
engenders_VVZ a_AT1 negative_JJ approach_NN1 to_II society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC since_CS social_JJ utopia_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX achievable_JJ 
in_II this_DD1 world_NN1 ,_, frustration_NN1 and_CC negativism_NN1 can_VM 
only_RR flourish_VVI ,_, sometimes_RT in_II the_AT extreme_JJ 
manifestation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 Baader-Meinhof_NP1 or_CC Red_JJ Army_NNJ 
Faction_NN1 terrorist_NN1 movement_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT individualist_NN1 ,_, liberal_JJ view_NN1 on_II the_AT 
other_JJ hand_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX set_VVI up_RP unattainable_JJ 
expectations_NN2 :_: it_PPH1 stands_VVZ for_IF the_AT knowledge_NN1 that_CST 
people_NN are_VBR weak_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR ,_, if_CS things_NN2 are_VBR wrong_JJ ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR 
so_RG because_II21 of_II22 individual_NN1 failing_VVG *-_- there_EX is_VBZ 
no_AT appeal_NN1 to_II structuralism_NN1 to_TO rationalise_VVI the_AT 
problem_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT individual_NN1 is_VBZ thus_RR the_AT author_NN1 of_IO 
his_APPGE own_DA misfortunes_NN2 (_( or_CC success_NN1 )_) then_RT there_EX 
is_VBZ a_AT1 strong_JJ incentive_NN1 to_TO stress_VVI the_AT need_NN1 for_IF 
personal_JJ virtues_NN2 and_CC conduct_NN1 which_DDQ will_VM win_VVI the_AT 
approval_NN1 of_IO other_JJ individuals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC so_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ that_CST from_II a_AT1 wordly_RR view_NN1 
of_IO human_JJ fallibility_NN1 there_RL springs_VVZ a_AT1 strong_JJ 
motivation_NN1 for_IF positive_JJ ,_, socially_RR valuable_JJ actions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ no_AT accident_NN1 that_DD1 tolerance_NN1 ,_, 
respect_NN1 for_IF the_AT person_NN1 ,_, property_NN1 and_CC opinions_NN2 
of_IO others_NN2 ,_, generosity_NN1 and_CC the_AT independence_NN1 of_IO 
mind_NN1 and_CC moral_JJ courage_NN1 necessary_JJ to_TO defend_VVI 
fundamental_JJ principals_NN2 are_VBR all_DB attitudes_NN2 which_DDQ have_VH0 
suffused_VVN free_JJ societies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB are_VBR spontaneous_JJ emotional_JJ and_CC moral_JJ 
responses_NN2 which_DDQ spring_VV0 from_II responsibility_NN1 for_IF one_PN1 
's_GE own_DA actions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Spontaneity_NP1 ,_, the_AT wellspring_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 free_JJ 
society_NN 's_GE adaptiveness_NN1 ,_, social_JJ cohesion_NN1 and_CC 
liberty_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ inimical_JJ to_II the_AT mind-set_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
deterministic_JJ world-view_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 ,_, inherited_JJ morality_NN1 will_VM 
be_VBI a_AT1 check_NN1 on_II the_AT potential_JJ damage_NN1 one_MC1 person_NN1 
's_VBZ unrestrained_JJ rationalism_NN1 can_VM wreak_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL If_CS the_AT delineation_NN1 of_IO the_AT two_MC moral_JJ 
universes_NN2 outlined_VVD thus_RR far_RR seems_VVZ clear_JJ enough_RR ,_, 
it_PPH1 in_II no_AT way_NN1 reflects_VVZ common_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT place_NN1 of_IO morality_NN1 in_II our_APPGE basically_RR free_JJ 
societies_NN2 or_CC indeed_RR the_AT liberal_JJ view_NN1 of_IO morality_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II few_DA2 areas_NN2 of_IO public_JJ debate_NN1 is_VBZ there_EX 
so_RG much_DA1 confusion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT first_MD place_NN1 ,_, liberalism_NN1 as_II a_AT1 
word_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN debased_VVN to_II the_AT point_NN1 where_RRQ it_PPH1 
is_VBZ commonly_RR interchangeable_JJ with_IW the_AT notion_NN1 of_IO 
permissiveness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Liberalism_NN1 is_VBZ of_RR21 course_RR22 anything_RR21 but_RR22 
permissive_JJ in_II the_AT sense_NN1 of_IO believing_VVG that_CST *"_" 
anything_PN1 goes_VVZ **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA a_AT1 *1_NULL {_NULL laissez-faire_JJ }_NULL *0_NULL 
approach_NN1 would_VM quickly_RR verge_VVI on_II the_AT anarchic_JJ ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 336+TEXT+J42_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Despite_II this_DD1 ,_, however_RR ,_, manufacturing_VVG 
output_NN1 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO 1985_MC was_VBDZ still_RR about_II 
10%_NNU below_II its_APPGE level_NN1 at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT 
1979_MC election_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Perhaps_RR the_AT most_RGT disturbing_JJ statistics_NN relate_VV0 
to_II employment_NN1 growth_NN1 and_CC the_AT level_NN1 of_IO unemployment_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Notwithstanding_II the_AT growth_NN1 in_II output_NN1 since_II 
1981_MC ,_, employment_NN1 has_VHZ expanded_VVN only_RR slowly_RR and_CC 
unemployment_NN1 has_VHZ risen_VVN steadily_RR during_II the_AT 1980s_MC2 
to_TO stand_VVI at_II well_RR over_RG 3_MC million_NNO ,_, or_CC 13%_NNU of_IO 
the_AT workforce_NN1 ,_, in_II mid-1986_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Table_NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_CSA noted_VVN earlier_RRR ,_, the_AT broad_JJ 
macroeconomic_JJ stance_NN1 adopted_VVN by_II the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 
Labour_NNJ Government_NNJ has_VHZ much_DA1 in_II31 common_II32 with_II33 
that_DD1 of_IO the_AT Thatcher_NP1 Government_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Labour_NNJ has_VHZ committed_VVN itself_PPX1 to_II much_RR more_RGR 
restrictive_JJ monetary_JJ and_CC fiscal_JJ policies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ declared_VVN that_CST 
it_PPH1 will_VM gradually_RR reduce_VVI the_AT size_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
Budget_NN1 deficit_NN1 ,_, that_CST the_AT deficit_NN1 will_VM be_VBI fully_RR 
funded_VVN through_II an_AT1 active_JJ programme_NN1 of_IO debt_NN1 sales_NN2 
,_, and_CC that_DD1 inflationary_JJ wage_NN1 and_CC non-wage_JJ supply_NN1 
shocks_NN2 will_VM not_XX be_VBI accommodated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Further_RRR ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ removed_VVN all_DB interest_NN1 
rate_NN1 controls_NN2 ,_, as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 the_AT ratio_NN1 
requirements_NN2 on_II financial_JJ institutions_NN2 and_CC financial_JJ 
service_NN1 pricing_VVG controls_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ abolished_VVN exchange_NN1 rate_NN1 controls_NN2 ,_, 
floated_VVD the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 dollar_NNU1 and_CC embarked_VVD upon_II 
a_AT1 major_JJ liberalization_NN1 of_IO the_AT banking_NN1 industry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ also_RR initiated_VVN radical_JJ tax_NN1 reforms_NN2 
:_: the_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 comprehensive_JJ ,_, single-rate_JJ 
Goods_NN2 and_CC Services_NN2 Tax_NN1 (_( {_NULL GST_NP }_NULL )_) ,_, a_AT1 
reduction_NN1 in_II average_NN1 and_CC marginal_JJ income_NN1 tax_NN1 
rates_NN2 and_CC significant_JJ changes_NN2 in_II the_AT area_NN1 of_IO 
business_NN1 taxation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Both_RR the_AT speed_NN1 and_CC magnitude_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 
reforms_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN remarkable_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II31 keeping_II32 with_II33 the_AT approach_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT Thatcher_NP1 Government_NNJ ,_, Labour_NNJ 's_GE monetary_JJ policy_NN1 
has_VHZ been_VBN designed_VVN to_TO fix_VVI a_AT1 stable_JJ path_NN1 for_IF 
monetary_JJ growth_NN1 ,_, rather_CS21 than_CS22 attempt_VVI to_TO peg_VVI 
the_AT exchange_NN1 rate_NN1 or_CC interest_NN1 rates_NN2 at_II some_DD 
supposedly_RR appropriate_JJ level_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unlike_II the_AT Thatcher_NP1 Government_NNJ ,_, however_RR ,_, 
it_PPH1 has_VHZ avoided_VVN any_DD commitment_NN1 to_II precise_JJ targets_NN2 
for_IF particular_JJ monetary_JJ aggregates_NN2 ,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 to_TO 
date_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX appear_VV0 to_TO have_VHI been_VBN two_MC main_JJ 
reasons_NN2 for_IF this_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL First_MD ,_, the_AT Government_NNJ 's_GE economic_JJ advisers_NN2 
were_VBDR mindful_JJ of_IO the_AT problems_NN2 encountered_VVD by_II the_AT 
British_JJ authorities_NN2 in_II achieving_VVG such_DA targets_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS similar_JJ difficulties_NN2 arose_VVD in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 
then_RT there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 danger_NN1 that_CST the_AT credibility_NN1 
of_IO the_AT policy_NN1 would_VM be_VBI undermined_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Second_MD ,_, as_CSA Keenan_NP1 explains_VVZ ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ 
an_AT1 awareness_NN1 that_CST ,_, given_VVN the_AT1 magnitude_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
reforms_NN2 implemented_VVD in_II the_AT finance_NN1 sector_NN1 after_II 
July_NPM1 1984_MC ,_, *"_" financial_JJ asset_NN1 portfolio_NN1 behaviour_NN1 
and_CC relative_JJ competitive_JJ advantage_NN1 amongst_II different_JJ 
classes_NN2 of_IO financial_JJ institutions_NN2 were_VBDR likely_JJ to_TO 
be_VBI changing_VVG rapidly_RR **"_" producing_VVG a_AT1 wide_JJ 
divergence_NN1 in_II the_AT growth_NN1 rates_NN2 of_IO the_AT main_JJ 
monetary_JJ aggregates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II these_DD2 circumstances_NN2 ,_, the_AT *"_" meaning_NN1 or_CC 
relevance_NN1 **"_" of_IO the_AT movement_NN1 in_II particular_JJ 
aggregates_NN2 would_VM probably_RR be_VBI *"_" obscure_JJ **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II fact_NN1 ,_, such_DA has_VHZ been_VBN the_AT case_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, in_II the_AT year_NNT1 to_II June_NPM1 
1985_MC ,_, \_NULL M3_FU grew_VVD by_II 22.5%_FO whereas_CS \_NULL M1_FU 
increased_VVN by_II 9.2%_FO and_CC \_NULL M2_FU by_II -2.4%_FO ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 divergence_NN1 parallels_VVZ the_AT British_JJ 
experience_NN1 in_II the_AT early_JJ 1980s_MC2 and_CC can_VM be_VBI 
attributed_VVN partly_RR to_II reintermediation_NN1 effects_NN2 and_CC 
changes_NN2 in_II velocity_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Rather_CS21 than_CS22 specify_VVI targets_NN2 for_RR21 
certain_RR22 monetary_JJ aggregates_NN2 ,_, Labour_NNJ 's_GE monetary_JJ 
policy_NN1 has_VHZ focussed_VVN on_II achieving_VVG a_AT1 low_JJ or_CC 
zero-trend_JJ growth_NN1 rate_NN1 in_II the_AT monetary_JJ base_NN1 (_( or_CC 
primary_JJ liquidity_NN1 )_) by_II31 means_II32 of_II33 fully_RR funding_VVG 
the_AT deficit_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Government_NNJ also_RR gave_VVD prominence_NN1 in_II 
mid-1985_NN1 to_II its_APPGE intention_NN1 of_IO reducing_VVG the_AT 
growth_NN1 in_II nominal_JJ national_JJ income_NN1 from_II an_AT1 expected_JJ 
range_NN1 of_IO 10-13%_FO in_II 1985-86_MCMC to_II about_II 7-9%_FO in_II 
1986-87_MCMC ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF some_DD reason_NN1 ,_, these_DD2 targets_NN2 have_VH0 not_XX 
been_VBN extended_VVN subsequently_RR to_TO cover_VVI the_AT period_NN1 
beyond_II 1986-87_MCMC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Despite_II its_APPGE best_JJT intentions_NN2 ,_, Labour_NNJ 
's_GE approach_NN1 to_II the_AT conduct_NN1 of_IO monetary_JJ policy_NN1 
has_VHZ met_VVN with_IW several_DA2 problems_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF one_MC1 thing_NN1 ,_, the_AT initial_JJ definition_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT monetary_JJ base_NN1 chosen_VVN in_II December_NPM1 1984_MC was_VBDZ 
flawed_VVN and_CC has_VHZ subsequently_RR been_VBN amended_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF another_DD1 ,_, the_AT main_JJ indicators_NN2 of_IO 
monetary_JJ conditions_NN2 have_VH0 presented_VVN policy_NN1 makers_NN2 
with_IW a_AT1 very_RG confusing_JJ picture_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT one_MC1 hand_NN1 ,_, the_AT wider_JJR monetary_JJ 
aggregates_NN2 continued_VVD to_TO grow_VVI rapidly_RR in_II the_AT period_NN1 
after_II the_AT 1984_MC election_NN1 ,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 until_CS 
mid-1986_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT year_NNT1 to_II March_NPM1 1986_MC ,_, for_REX21 
instance_REX22 ,_, \_NULL M1_FU grew_VVD by_II 21.3%_FO \_NULL M3_FU by_II 
23.7%_FO and_CC Private_JJ Sector_NN1 Credit_NN1 (_( {_NULL PSC_NP }_NULL )_) 
by_II 19.1%_FO ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA growth_NN1 was_VBDZ clearly_RR much_RR faster_RRR than_CSN 
had_VHD been_VBN expected_VVN or_CC deemed_VVD desirable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II contrast_NN1 ,_, most_DAT of_IO the_AT other_JJ indicators_NN2 
during_II 1985-86_MCMC pointed_VVD to_II tight_JJ monetary_JJ conditions_NN2 
:_: high_JJ nominal_JJ and_CC real_JJ interest_NN1 rates_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 firm_JJ 
exchange_NN1 rate_NN1 ,_, falling_VVG consumption_NN1 and_CC investment_NN1 
,_, and_CC a_AT1 decline_NN1 in_II the_AT underlying_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO 
inflation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Again_RT ,_, conflicting_VVG signals_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 nature_NN1 
were_VBDR a_AT1 feature_NN1 of_IO the_AT British_JJ experience_NN1 in_II 
the_AT early_JJ 1980s_MC2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ impact_VV0 such_DA developments_NN2 have_VH0 had_VHN on_II 
inflationary_JJ expectations_NN2 and_CC price-fixing_JJ behaviour_NN1 
remains_VVZ unclear_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ is_VBZ more_RGR certain_JJ is_VBZ that_DD1 Labour_NNJ 's_GE 
counter_NN1 inflationary_JJ strategy_NN1 has_VHZ so_RG far_RR resulted_VVN 
in_II somewhat_RR smaller_JJR adjustment_NN1 costs_VVZ *-_- in_II31 terms_II32 
of_II33 lost_JJ output_NN1 and_CC employment_NN1 *-_- than_CSN feared_VVN 
by_II many_DA2 of_IO its_APPGE critics_NN2 or_CC encountered_VVD during_II 
the_AT early_JJ years_NNT2 of_IO the_AT Thatcher_NP1 Government_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT costs_NN2 have_VH0 nonetheless_RR been_VBN significant_JJ :_: 
registered_JJ unemployment_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, rose_VVD 
from_II a_AT1 low_JJ point_NN1 of_IO just_RR under_RG 50,000_MC in_II early_RR 
1985_MC to_II more_RR21 than_RR22 73,000_MC in_II September_NPM1 1986_MC ,_, 
with_IW the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO unemployment_NN1 exceeding_VVG 10%_NNU of_IO 
the_AT workforce_NN1 in_II certain_JJ provincial_JJ regions_NN2 hard_RR 
hit_VVN by_II the_AT downturn_NN1 in_II the_AT rural_JJ sector_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II early_RR 1985_MC the_AT Labour_JJ Government_NNJ 
published_VVD three-year_JJ forecasts_NN2 of_IO revenue_NN1 and_CC 
expenditure_NN1 which_DDQ had_VHD been_VBN prepared_VVN by_II the_AT 
Treasury_NN1 in_II late_RR 1984_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL According_II21 to_II22 these_DD2 forecasts_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ 
expected_VVN *-_- on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO current_JJ policy_NN1 
setting_VVG *-_- that_CST there_EX would_VM be_VBI a_AT1 fall_NN1 in_II 
Government_NNJ expenditure_NN1 as_II a_AT1 percentage_NN1 of_IO {_NULL GDP_NN1 
}_NULL from_II over_II 41%_NNU to_II 39%_NNU by_II 1987-88_MCMC ,_, and_CC 
a_AT1 reduction_NN1 in_II the_AT fiscal_JJ deficit_NN1 from_II an_AT1 
average_NN1 of_IO about_II 7%_NNU of_IO {_NULL GDP_NN1 }_NULL in_II the_AT 
three_MC years_NNT2 to_II 1984-85_MCMC ,_, to_II less_DAR than_CSN 4%_NNU 
of_IO {_NULL GDP_NN1 }_NULL during_II 1986-87_MCMC and_CC 1987-88_MCMC ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR far_RR events_NN2 have_VH0 not_XX gone_VVN entirely_RR 
according_II21 to_II22 plan_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT 1985-86_MCMC Budget_NN1 
deficit_NN1 was_VBDZ initially_RR forecast_VV0 to_TO be_VBI about_II *+_NULL 
$1.3_NNU billion_NNO or_CC roughly_RR 2.8%_FO of_IO {_NULL GDP_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT actual_JJ outrun_VVN ,_, however_RR ,_, was_VBDZ in_II the_AT 
vicinity_NN1 of_IO *+_NULL $1.8_NNU billion_NNO or_CC about_II 4.1%_FO of_IO 
{_NULL GDP_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Budget_NN1 deficit_NN1 for_IF 1986-87_MCMC is_VBZ expected_VVN 
to_TO be_VBI about_II *+_NULL $2.45_NNU billion_NNO or_CC around_II 5%_NNU 
of_IO {_NULL GDP_NN1 }_NULL ,_, again_RT higher_JJR than_CSN originally_RR 
forecast_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Part_NN1 of_IO the_AT reason_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 lies_VVZ in_II 
the_AT huge_JJ growth_NN1 in_II public_JJ sector_NN1 wage_NN1 costs_NN2 (_( 
approximately_RR 25%_NNU )_) arising_VVG from_II the_AT 1985-86_MCMC wage_NN1 
round_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 regard_NN1 the_AT Labour_JJ Government_NNJ has_VHZ 
been_VBN afflicted_VVN with_IW the_AT same_DA problem_NN1 as_CSA 
encountered_VVN by_II the_AT Thatcher_NP1 Government_NNJ during_II 
1979-80_MCMC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 reason_NN1 relates_VVZ to_II the_AT tax_NN1 changes_NN2 
introduced_VVN in_II October_NPM1 1986_MC and_CC the_AT Government_NNJ 's_GE 
commitment_NN1 to_II ensuring_VVG that_CST the_AT inflationary_JJ effects_NN2 
of_IO {_NULL GST_NP }_NULL were_VBDR more_DAR than_CSN offset_VVN by_II the_AT 
reduction_NN1 in_II direct_JJ income_NN1 tax_NN1 rates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT economic_JJ downturn_NN1 during_II 1985-86_MCMC also_RR 
contributed_VVD to_II the_AT widening_NN1 of_IO the_AT deficit_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Because_II21 of_II22 the_AT failure_NN1 to_TO reduce_VVI 
the_AT fiscal_JJ deficit_NN1 as_RG rapidly_RR as_CSA hoped_VVN ,_, the_AT 
Government_NNJ undertook_VVD a_AT1 major_JJ review_NN1 of_IO public_JJ 
expenditure_NN1 in_II early_RR 1986_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT expenditure_NN1 cuts_NN2 and_CC savings_NN2 arising_VVG 
out_II21 of_II22 this_DD1 review_NN1 are_VBR expected_VVN to_TO reduce_VVI 
net_JJ Government_NNJ expenditure_NN1 by_II about_II *+_NULL $900_NNU 
million_NNO in_II 1986-87_MCMC and_CC *+_NULL $1200_NNU million_NNO in_II 
1987-88_MCMC ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 substantial_JJ part_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 savings_NN2 are_VBR 
essentially_RR cosmetic_JJ ,_, however_RR ,_, in_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 
are_VBR the_AT result_NN1 of_IO the_AT Government_NNJ requiring_VVG state_NN1 
trading_VVG organizations_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT Housing_NN1 
Corporation_NNJ ,_, to_TO raise_VVI most_DAT of_IO their_APPGE finance_NN1 
from_II the_AT private_JJ sector_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 through_II the_AT 
public_JJ account_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL SUPPLY-SIDE_JJ MEASURES_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL As_CSA noted_VVN ,_, both_DB2 Rogernomics_NN2 and_CC 
Thatcherism_NN1 involve_VV0 a_AT1 commitment_NN1 to_II reducing_VVG the_AT 
level_NN1 of_IO governmental_JJ interference_NN1 in_II the_AT economy_NN1 
and_CC relying_VVG to_II a_AT1 greater_JJR extent_NN1 on_II competitive_JJ 
markets_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL According_II21 to_II22 its_APPGE advocates_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 *"_" 
more-market_JJ **"_" strategy_NN1 will_VM not_XX only_RR extend_VVI the_AT 
domain_NN1 of_IO human_JJ liberty_NN1 ,_, but_CCB equally_RR significant_JJ 
,_, will_VM encourage_VVI efficiency_NN1 and_CC better_JJR resource_NN1 
allocation_NN1 ,_, thereby_RR enhancing_VVG the_AT overall_JJ performance_NN1 
of_IO the_AT economy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II31 keeping_II32 with_II33 this_DD1 broad_JJ policy_NN1 
thrust_NN1 ,_, both_DB2 Governments_NNJ2 have_VH0 initiated_VVN measures_NN2 
to_TO liberalize_VVI financial_JJ ,_, product_NN1 and_CC labour_NN1 
markets_NN2 ,_, reform_NN1 the_AT taxation_NN1 system_NN1 (_( including_II 
corporate_JJ taxation_NN1 ,_, indirect_JJ taxes_NN2 and_CC personal_JJ 
income_NN1 taxes_NN2 )_) ,_, and_CC improve_VV0 the_AT efficiency_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT state_NN1 sector_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Given_VVN the_AT particular_JJ features_NN2 of_IO the_AT New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 economy_NN1 ,_, the_AT Labour_JJ Government_NNJ has_VHZ also_RR 
undertaken_JJ measures_NN2 to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT level_NN1 of_IO state_NN1 
assistance_NN1 to_II the_AT agricultural_JJ and_CC manufacturing_VVG 
sectors_NN2 and_CC to_TO lower_VVI frontier_NN1 protection_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA action_NN1 has_VHZ included_VVN the_AT phasing_NN1 out_II21 
of_II22 export_NN1 incentives_NN2 ,_, the_AT removal_NN1 of_IO input_NN1 
subsidies_NN2 ,_, the_AT elimination_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 rate_NN1 
subsidies_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 reduction_NN1 in_II quantitative_JJ controls_NN2 on_II 
imports_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 lowering_NN1 of_IO tariffs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Yet_RR although_CS both_DB2 Governments_NNJ2 have_VH0 stressed_VVN 
the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO appropriate_JJ supply-side_JJ measures_NN2 and_CC 
the_AT need_NN1 for_IF structural_JJ adjustment_NN1 ,_, the_AT specific_JJ 
policies_NN2 they_PPHS2 have_VH0 adopted_VVN are_VBR by_RR31 no_RR32 
means_RR33 identical_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT differences_NN2 in_II approach_NN1 are_VBR particularly_RR 
evident_JJ in_II the_AT areas_NN2 of_IO state_NN1 sector_NN1 and_CC labour_NN1 
market_NN1 reform_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Public_JJ Sector_NN1 Reform_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II both_DB2 Britain_NP1 and_CC New_NP Zealand_NP1 
the_AT state_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN involved_VVN ,_, in_II one_MC1 form_NN1 
or_CC another_DD1 ,_, in_II a_AT1 diverse_JJ range_NN1 of_IO economic_JJ 
activities_NN2 for_IF many_DA2 decades_NNT2 (_( {_NULL eg._REX }_NULL 
transportation_NN1 ,_, telecommunications_NN2 ,_, mining_VVG ,_, energy_NN1 
production_NN1 and_CC distribution_NN1 ,_, tourism_NN1 and_CC 
manufacturing_VVG )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_II21 of_II22 the_AT size_NN1 and_CC scope_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
state_NN1 sector_NN1 ,_, the_AT efficiency_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE operation_NN1 
obviously_RR has_VHZ important_JJ implications_NN2 for_IF the_AT economy_NN1 
as_II a_AT1 whole_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL On_II taking_VVG office_NN1 in_II 1979_MC the_AT Thatcher_NP1 
Government_NNJ embarked_VVD upon_II a_AT1 two-prong_JJ strategy_NN1 to_TO 
improve_VVI the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO the_AT state_NN1 sector_NN1 :_: 
the_AT commercialization_NN1 of_IO state-owned_JJ enterprises_NN2 (_( {_NULL 
SOE_NN1 }_NULL s_ZZ1 )_) and_CC the_AT sale_NN1 of_IO publicly-held_JJ 
assets_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Needless_NP1 to_TO say_VVI ,_, both_DB2 strategies_NN2 have_VH0 
proved_VVN controversial_JJ and_CC have_VH0 aroused_VVN the_AT wrath_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT labour_NN1 movement_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL With_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 its_APPGE commercialization_NN1 
objectives_NN2 ,_, the_AT British_JJ Government_NNJ has_VHZ focussed_VVN on_II 
trying_VVG to_TO increase_VVI the_AT profitability_NN1 and_CC the_AT 
overall_JJ efficiency_NN1 of_IO the_AT main_JJ {_NULL SOE_NN1 }_NULL s_ZZ1 
such_II21 as_II22 British_JJ Gas_NN1 ,_, British_JJ Leyland_NP1 ,_, British_JJ 
Rail_NN1 ,_, the_AT British_JJ Steel_NN1 Corporation_NNJ and_CC the_AT 
coal_NN1 mining_NN1 industry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Tactics_NN2 here_RL have_VH0 included_VVN the_AT imposition_NN1 of_IO 
greater_JJR financial_JJ discipline_NN1 ,_, the_AT extension_NN1 of_IO 
managerial_JJ incentives_NN2 ,_, the_AT recruitment_NN1 of_IO leading_JJ 
businessmen_NN2 from_II the_AT private_JJ sector_NN1 to_TO run_VVI the_AT 
{_NULL SOE_NN1 }_NULL s_ZZ1 ,_, a_AT1 major_JJ assault_NN1 on_II 
overmanning_VVG and_CC other_JJ inefficient_JJ labour_NN1 practices_NN2 ,_, 
and_CC the_AT contracting_JJ out_II21 of_II22 many_DA2 of_IO the_AT 
services_NN2 traditionally_RR performed_VVN by_II public_JJ agencies_NN2 ,_, 
such_II21 as_II22 health_NN1 service_NN1 laundry_NN1 and_CC dustbin_NN1 
collection_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Despite_II the_AT industrial_JJ unrest_NN1 which_DDQ such_DA 
policies_NN2 have_VH0 generated_VVN ,_, especially_RR in_II the_AT coal_NN1 
industry_NN1 ,_, the_AT Government_NNJ has_VHZ been_VBN at_RR21 least_RR22 
partially_RR successful_JJ in_II achieving_VVG its_APPGE objectives_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT programme_NN1 to_TO transfer_VVI public_JJ assets_NN2 
to_II the_AT private_JJ sector_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ gathered_VVD momentum_NN1 
following_VVG the_AT 1983_MC general_JJ election_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ been_VBN 
justified_VVN on_II at_RR21 least_RR22 three_MC grounds_NN2 :_: the_AT 
belief_NN1 that_CST private_JJ organizations_NN2 are_VBR inherently_RR 
more_RGR efficient_JJ than_CSN their_APPGE public_JJ sector_NN1 
counterparts_NN2 ;_; the_AT assumption_NN1 that_CST *"_" market_VV0 
failures_NN2 **"_" are_VBR less_RGR severe_JJ and_CC less_RGR widespread_JJ 
than_CSN *"_" government_NN failures_NN2 **"_" (_( as_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 
barriers_NN2 to_II competition_NN1 are_VBR removed_VVN )_) ;_; and_CC the_AT 
desirability_NN1 of_IO reducing_VVG the_AT economic_JJ borders_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT state_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA mentioned_VVN previously_RR ,_, another_DD1 important_JJ 
motivation_NN1 for_IF the_AT privatisation_NN1 drive_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN 
the_AT desire_NN1 to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT fiscal_JJ deficit_NN1 and_CC 
provide_VVI additional_JJ scope_NN1 for_IF tax_NN1 cuts_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II practice_NN1 ,_, political_JJ considerations_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 
nature_NN1 have_VH0 tended_VVN to_TO take_VVI precedence_NN1 over_II the_AT 
broader_JJR philosophical_JJ objectives_NN2 underpinning_VVG the_AT 
Government_NNJ 's_GE strategy_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II Britain_NP1 the_AT evidence_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CST 
the_AT average_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO return_NN1 on_II capital_NN1 employed_VVN 
in_II the_AT private_JJ sector_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN consistently_RR higher_JJR 
over_II a_AT1 long_JJ time_NNT1 span_NN1 than_CSN in_II the_AT public_JJ 
sector_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Why_RRQ this_DD1 should_VM be_VBI the_AT case_NN1 is_VBZ obviously_RR 
debatable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_II some_DD extent_NN1 it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI due_II21 to_II22 
the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST some_DD {_NULL SOE_NN1 }_NULL s_ZZ1 are_VBR 
virtual_JJ monopolies_NN2 and_CC therefore_RR characterized_VVD by_II 
monopolistic_JJ production_NN1 and_CC pricing_VVG decisions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 state_NN1 of_IO affairs_NN2 is_VBZ also_RR likely_JJ to_TO 
have_VHI strengthened_VVN the_AT bargaining_JJ power_NN1 of_IO organized_JJ 
labour_NN1 with_IW the_AT result_NN1 that_DD1 unit_NN1 labour_NN1 costs_NN2 
have_VH0 probably_RR been_VBN higher_JJR than_CSN would_VM otherwise_RR 
have_VHI been_VBN the_AT case_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO {_NULL SOE_NN1 
}_NULL s_ZZ1 has_VHZ doubtless_RR been_VBN harmed_VVN by_II *1_NULL {_NULL 
ad_RR21 hoc_RR22 }_NULL *0_NULL governmental_JJ intervention_NN1 in_II 
financial_JJ decision-making_NN1 and_CC by_II inadequate_JJ managerial_JJ 
incentives_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, transforming_VVG a_AT1 public_JJ sector_NN1 
monopoly_NN1 into_II a_AT1 private_JJ sector_NN1 monopoly_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX 
necessarily_RR ensure_VVI improved_JJ efficiency_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Indeed_RR ,_, in_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 appropriate_JJ 
regulatory_JJ environment_NN1 such_DA a_AT1 change_NN1 of_IO ownership_NN1 
may_VM only_RR make_VVI things_NN2 worse_JJR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS considerations_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 kind_NN1 have_VH0 
certainly_RR exercised_VVN the_AT minds_NN2 of_IO British_JJ policy_NN1 
makers_NN2 over_II the_AT past_JJ seven_MC years_NNT2 ,_, they_PPHS2 have_VH0 
not_XX deterred_VVN the_AT Thatcher_NP1 Government_NNJ in_II its_APPGE 
quest_NN1 to_TO sell_VVI off_RP large_JJ sections_NN2 of_IO the_AT public_JJ 
sector_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 337+TEXT+J43_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT two_MC sides_NN2 acknowledge_VV0 the_AT need_NN1 to_TO 
*'_" exert_VVI every_AT1 effort_NN1 to_TO avert_VVI the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO 
outbreak_NN1 of_IO such_DA a_AT1 war_NN1 ,_, including_II measures_NN2 to_TO 
guard_VVI against_II accidental_JJ or_CC unauthorised_JJ use_NN1 of_IO such_DA 
weapons_NN2 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Each_DD1 party_NN is_VBZ to_TO notify_VVI the_AT other_JJ 
immediately_RR if_CSW accidental_JJ ,_, unauthorised_JJ or_CC any_DD other_JJ 
unexplained_JJ incidents_NN2 occur_VV0 involving_VVG the_AT possible_JJ 
detonation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 nuclear_JJ weapon_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT errant_JJ super-power_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO make_VVI every_AT1 
effort_NN1 to_TO render_VVI such_DA a_AT1 weapon_NN1 harmless_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Other_JJ bilateral_NN1 accords_VVZ *-_- the_AT 1973_MC 
Prevention_NN1 of_IO Nuclear_JJ War_NN1 Agreement_NN1 ,_, the_AT 1972_MC 
Statement_NN1 of_IO Basic_JJ Principles_NN2 and_CC several_DA2 agreements_NN2 
to_TO establish_VVI and_CC upgrade_VVI the_AT *'_" Hot_JJ Line_NN1 **'_" *-_- 
derive_VV0 similarly_RR from_II a_AT1 recognition_NN1 of_IO the_AT need_NN1 
to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ war_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC in_II a_AT1 very_RG recent_JJ development_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
two_MC sides_NN2 in_II April_NPM1 1987_MC agreed_VVD to_II the_AT 
installation_NN1 of_IO crisis_NN1 control_NN1 centres_NN2 in_II their_APPGE 
countries_NN2 to_TO minimise_VVI the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO misunderstanding_NN1 
during_II times_NNT2 of_IO tension_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Nuclear_JJ theology_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ clear_JJ that_CST neither_DD1 
super-power_NN1 wishes_NN2 ,_, or_CC intends_VVZ ,_, nuclear_JJ war_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT theology_NN1 developed_VVN over_II the_AT years_NNT2 is_VBZ 
that_DD1 nuclear_JJ weapons_NN2 are_VBR there_RL to_TO prevent_VVI 
aggression_NN1 without_IW being_VBG used_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR used_VVN they_PPHS2 will_VM have_VHI 
failed_VVN their_APPGE mission_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II strict_JJ theological_JJ terms_NN2 ,_, the_AT world_NN1 
faces_VVZ not_XX so_RG much_RR the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ war_NN1 
breaking_VVG out_RP as_II the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO deterrence_NN1 strategy_NN1 
failing_VVG and_CC a_AT1 nuclear_JJ conflict_NN1 occurring_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA with_IW all_RR finer_JJR points_NN2 of_IO theology_NN1 the_AT 
difference_NN1 to_II the_AT real_JJ world_NN1 is_VBZ vanishingly_RR small_JJ 
,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 explains_VVZ a_AT1 good_JJ deal_NN1 of_IO super-power_NN1 
behaviour_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF while_CS the_AT two_MC sides_NN2 expend_VV0 considerable_JJ 
effort_NN1 at_II reducing_VVG the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ war_NN1 ,_, 
they_PPHS2 expend_VV0 equal_JJ effort_NN1 *-_- led_VVN by_II the_AT United_NP 
States_NP1 but_CCB brilliantly_RR imitated_VVD by_II the_AT Soviet_JJ 
Union_NN1 *-_- at_II perpetuating_VVG and_CC perhaps_RR promoting_VVG that_CST 
risk_VV0 through_II a_AT1 continued_JJ adherence_NN1 to_II nuclear_JJ 
deterrence_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Despite_II their_APPGE efforts_NN2 at_II arms_NN2 control_VV0 
,_, with_IW disarmament_NN1 the_AT stated_JJ end-goal_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
weapon_NN1 modernisation_NN1 programmes_NN2 of_IO each_DD1 side_NN1 
guarantee_VV0 the_AT retention_NN1 of_IO strategic_JJ nuclear_JJ forces_NN2 
well_RR into_II the_AT twenty-first_MD century_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT critical_JJ question_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE time_NNT1 ,_, of_IO 
all_DB time_NNT1 ,_, is_VBZ whether_CSW the_AT two_MC leading_JJ nations_NN2 
of_IO our_APPGE planet_NN1 will_VM ,_, jointly_RR or_CC separately_RR ,_, 
change_VV0 their_APPGE national_JJ policies_NN2 before_II the_AT risk_NN1 
of_IO nuclear_JJ conflict_NN1 is_VBZ realised_VVN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Intrinsic_JJ paradox_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL What_DDQ ,_, then_RT ,_, is_VBZ the_AT level_NN1 of_IO 
risk_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL The_AT risk_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ conflict_NN1 rests_VVZ 
fundamentally_RR on_II the_AT paradox_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ intrinsic_JJ to_II 
nuclear_JJ deterrence_NN1 strategy_NN1 itself_PPX1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ that_CST ,_, although_CS the_AT proclaimed_JJ 
objective_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO avoid_VVI the_AT use_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ 
weapons_NN2 ,_, that_DD1 objective_NN1 can_VM only_RR be_VBI achieved_VVN 
by_II making_VVG the_AT prospect_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE use_NN1 most_RGT 
credible_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Without_IW a_AT1 policy_NN1 of_IO credible_JJ use_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
utility_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ weapons_NN2 in_II a_AT1 tough_JJ world_NN1 
diminishes_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Yet_RR while_CS no-one_PN1 wishes_VVZ to_TO see_VVI them_PPHO2 
used_VVD ,_, our_APPGE value_NN1 system_NN1 at_II the_AT international_JJ 
level_NN1 remains_VVZ predicated_VVN on_II force_NN1 and_CC nuclear_JJ 
weapons_NN2 retain_VV0 their_APPGE utility_NN1 as_II the_AT ultimate_JJ 
symbol_NN1 of_IO that_DD1 force_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR ,_, the_AT belief_NN1 runs_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM not_XX 
have_VHI the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ weapons_NN2 concomitantly_RR 
with_IW a_AT1 policy_NN1 that_CST minimises_VVZ the_AT likelihood_NN1 of_IO 
their_APPGE being_VBG used_VVN ,_, and_CC especially_RR a_AT1 total_JJ 
non-use_JJ policy_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL These_DD2 are_VBR the_AT reasons_NN2 why_RRQ the_AT Western_JJ 
nuclear_JJ powers_NN2 have_VH0 retained_VVN a_AT1 policy_NN1 of_IO 
first-use_NN1 ,_, maintained_VVD a_AT1 strategic_JJ force_NN1 posture_NN1 
for_IF first-use_NN1 ,_, and_CC pursued_VVD political_JJ courses_NN2 of_IO 
action_NN1 in_II times_NNT2 of_IO crisis_NN1 that_CST correspond_VV0 to_II 
first-use_NN1 *-_- such_II21 as_II22 threats_NN2 to_TO use_VVI nuclear_JJ 
weapons_NN2 and_CC the_AT upgrading_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE strategic_JJ 
forces_NN2 to_II full_JJ alert_NN1 on_II occasion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Great_JJ effort_NN1 is_VBZ invested_VVN in_II safety_NN1 
precautions_NN2 to_TO ensure_VVI the_AT avoidance_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 
unintended_JJ nuclear_JJ conflict_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 global_JJ catastrophe_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB in_II policy_NN1 terms_NN2 this_DD1 is_VBZ equally_RR 
designed_VVN to_TO maximise_VVI the_AT efficiency_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
strategic_JJ machine_NN1 and_CC thus_RR to_TO buttress_VVI the_AT 
credibility_NN1 of_IO deterrence_NN1 *-_- the_AT prospect_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 
authorised_JJ first_MD use_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ weapons_NN2 if_CSW and_CC 
when_RRQ the_AT occasion_NN1 requires_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT theory_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ deterrence_NN1 demands_VVZ 
nothing_PN1 less_RRR :_: the_AT game_NN1 of_IO chicken_NN1 can_VM not_XX 
be_VBI played_VVN by_II agreeing_VVG beforehand_RR not_XX to_TO crash_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Thus_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ that_CST we_PPIS2 in_II the_AT West_NP1 
have_VH0 threatened_VVN the_AT use_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ weapons_NN2 some_DD 
27_MC times_NNT2 over_II the_AT past_JJ 40_MC years_NNT2 *-_- the_AT 
necessary_JJ price_NN1 of_IO maintaining_VVG the_AT credibility_NN1 of_IO 
deterrence_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Allied_JJ wisdom_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Establishment_NN allied_JJ wisdom_NN1 in_II the_AT 
West_NP1 maintains_VVZ that_CST notwithstanding_II this_DD1 *-_- or_CC 
because_II21 of_II22 it_PPH1 *-_- the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ 
conflict_NN1 is_VBZ very_RG low_JJ since_CS the_AT act_NN1 would_VM not_XX 
be_VBI rational_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT risk_NN1 nonetheless_RR came_VVD close_RR to_II 
realisation_NN1 in_II October_NPM1 1962_MC when_RRQ the_AT {_NULL US_PPIO2 
}_NULL President_NN1 at_II the_AT height_NN1 of_IO the_AT Cuban_JJ missile_NN1 
crisis_NN1 rated_VVD the_AT odds_NN2 at_II *'_" somewhere_RL between_II 
one_MC1 out_RP of_IO three_MC and_CC even_RR **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 of_RR21 course_RR22 means_VVZ that_CST the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO 
nuclear_JJ conflict_NN1 over_II the_AT past_JJ 40_MC years_NNT2 (_( taking_VVG 
the_AT presidential_JJ assessment_NN1 )_) has_VHZ been_VBN of_IO that_DD1 
degree_NN1 ,_, since_CS the_AT risk_NN1 over_II a_AT1 finite_JJ period_NN1 
equates_VVZ with_IW the_AT highest_RRT risk_VV0 at_II any_DD one_MC1 
moment_NN1 within_II it_PPH1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL But_CCB official_JJ canon_NN1 on_II the_AT subject_NN1 ,_, 
in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 strategic_JJ deterrence_NN1 theory_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ 
that_DD1 the_AT risk_NN1 is_VBZ very_RG low_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT United_NP States_NP1 asserts_VVZ ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 
,_, that_DD1 *'_" deterrence_NN1 should_VM never_RR fail_VVI for_IF the_AT 
simple_JJ rational_JJ reason_NN1 that_CST the_AT horrors_NN2 and_CC costs_NN2 
of_IO nuclear_JJ war_NN1 would_VM be_VBI so_RG overwhelming_JJ that_CST no_AT 
advantage_NN1 could_VM be_VBI gained_VVN from_II it_PPH1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT same_DA belief_NN1 is_VBZ reflected_VVN in_II the_AT view_NN1 
of_IO our_APPGE own_DA ally_NN1 ,_, Australia_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ makes_VVZ 
the_AT judgement_NN1 that_DD1 *'_" super-power_NN1 conflict_NN1 is_VBZ 
most_RGT unlikely_JJ **'_" and_CC *'_" the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ 
conflict_NN1 should_VM not_XX ..._... be_VBI a_AT1 determinant_NN1 in_II 
our_APPGE defence_NN1 planning_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Soviet_JJ Union_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX embrace_VVI deterrence_NN1 
theory_NN1 with_IW the_AT same_DA stated_JJ conviction_NN1 ,_, being_VBG 
more_RGR sceptical_JJ of_IO its_APPGE durability_NN1 ;_; but_CCB not_XX to_II 
the_AT extent_NN1 of_IO unilaterally_RR changing_VVG course_NN1 in_II 
strategic_JJ policy_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL None_PN of_IO this_DD1 ,_, so_CS31 far_CS32 as_CS33 public_JJ 
documentation_NN1 is_VBZ concerned_JJ ,_, is_VBZ based_VVN on_II any_DD 
systematic_JJ and_CC thorough_JJ exercise_NN1 in_II risk_NN1 assessment_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Our_APPGE fundamental_JJ political_JJ relationships_NN2 and_CC 
military_JJ strategies_NN2 of_IO modern_JJ times_NNT2 turn_VV0 on_II 
official_JJ estimates_NN2 of_IO the_AT nuclear_JJ risk_NN1 that_CST are_VBR 
at_RR21 best_RR22 optimistic_JJ and_CC at_RR21 worst_RR22 arbitrary_JJ and_CC 
dismissive_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Our_APPGE governments_NNJ2 owe_VV0 it_PPH1 to_II our_APPGE 
peoples_NN2 *-_- we_PPIS2 owe_VV0 it_PPH1 to_II ourselves_PPX2 *-_- to_TO 
offer_VVI something_PN1 better_RRR ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Experts_NN2 '_GE views_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Outside_II21 of_II22 government_NN the_AT issue_NN1 
has_VHZ caught_VVN the_AT attention_NN1 of_IO some_DD analysts_NN2 in_II 
recent_JJ years_NNT2 ,_, though_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX without_IW 
contention_NN1 in_II these_DD2 circles_NN2 either_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD specialists_NN2 argue_VV0 that_CST an_AT1 assessment_NN1 
of_IO the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ conflict_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI 
made_VVN ,_, or_CC rather_RR that_CST we_PPIS2 are_VBR deluding_VVG 
ourselves_PPX2 if_CSW we_PPIS2 purport_VV0 to_TO assign_VVI a_AT1 specific_JJ 
level_NN1 of_IO risk_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT most_DAT we_PPIS2 can_VM do_VDI ,_, they_PPHS2 maintain_VV0 
,_, is_VBZ to_TO recognise_VVI that_CST the_AT risk_NN1 is_VBZ significant_JJ 
and_CC that_CST in_II31 light_II32 of_II33 modern_JJ strategic_JJ trends_NN2 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ increasing_VVG ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ ,_, however_RR ,_, possible_JJ to_TO go_VVI 
further_RRR than_CSN this_DD1 ,_, and_CC there_EX is_VBZ good_JJ reason_NN1 
for_IF doing_VDG so_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Estimating_VVG the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ conflict_NN1 can_VM 
be_VBI compared_VVN with_IW estimating_VVG the_AT probability_NN1 of_IO 
life_NN1 elsewhere_RL in_II the_AT cosmos_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ exobiologists_NN2 
have_VH0 been_VBN doing_VDG in_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL No-one_PN1 claims_VVZ certainty_NN1 of_IO knowledge_NN1 or_CC 
judgement_NN1 in_II the_AT exercise_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Its_APPGE value_NN1 is_VBZ heuristic_JJ :_: it_PPH1 aids_VVZ the_AT 
thinking_NN1 of_IO the_AT scientists_NN2 involved_JJ in_II the_AT business_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 assists_VVZ them_PPHO2 to_TO isolate_VVI the_AT relevant_JJ 
factors_NN2 ,_, and_CC shows_VVZ them_PPHO2 where_RRQ to_TO devote_VVI 
greater_JJR attention_NN1 and_CC resources_NN2 in_II their_APPGE 
exploratory_JJ research_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 helps_VVZ them_PPHO2 decide_VVI what_DDQ to_TO do_VDI ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Intuitive_JJ assessment_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Similarly_RR with_IW modern_JJ military_JJ 
strategy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL No-one_PN1 can_VM claim_VVI special_JJ insight_NN1 or_CC 
knowledge_NN1 in_II assessing_VVG the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ 
conflict_NN1 in_II the_AT future_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ to_TO undertake_VVI the_AT 
exercise_NN1 *-_- to_TO isolate_VVI the_AT relevant_JJ categories_NN2 that_CST 
bear_VV0 upon_II the_AT matter_NN1 ,_, assess_VV0 their_APPGE 
interrelationships_NN2 and_CC to_TO emerge_VVI with_IW an_AT1 overall_JJ 
assessment_NN1 of_IO risk_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 assessment_NN1 will_VM be_VBI intuitively_RR based_VVN ,_, 
but_CCB that_DD1 does_VDZ not_XX disqualify_VVI it_PPH1 from_II serious_JJ 
attention_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 have_VH0 progressed_VVN beyond_II the_AT belief_NN1 that_DD1 
wisdom_NN1 ,_, and_CC even_RR knowledge_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ contained_VVN 
exclusively_RR in_II the_AT scientific_JJ method_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT purpose_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL As_II21 for_II22 the_AT scientists_NN2 at_II {_NULL NASA_NP1 }_NULL 
,_, the_AT exercise_NN1 helps_VVZ us_PPIO2 order_VVI our_APPGE affairs_NN2 ,_, 
tells_VVZ us_PPIO2 whether_CSW we_PPIS2 are_VBR on_II the_AT right_JJ 
course_NN1 ,_, properly_RR devoting_VVG our_APPGE resources_NN2 *-_- and_CC 
are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO remain_VVI alive_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II 1978_MC the_AT 30th_MD Pugwash_NP1 Symposium_NP1 
was_VBDZ held_VVN in_II Toronto_NP1 ,_, with_IW the_AT subject_NN1 theme_NN1 
*'_" The_AT Dangers_NN2 of_IO Nuclear_JJ War_NN1 by_II the_AT Year_NNT1 
2000_MC :_: An_AT1 Attempt_NN1 at_II Assessment_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT meeting_NN1 was_VBDZ attended_VVN by_II 26_MC participants_NN2 
from_II eleven_MC countries_NN2 including_II the_AT Soviet_JJ Union_NN1 and_CC 
the_AT final_JJ session_NNT1 was_VBDZ attended_VVN by_II Canadian_JJ Prime_JJ 
Minister_NN1 Pierre_NP1 Trudeau_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT participants_NN2 did_VDD not_XX assign_VVI a_AT1 specific_JJ 
level_NN1 of_IO risk_NN1 ,_, but_CCB in_II a_AT1 Statement_NN1 at_II the_AT 
end_NN1 of_IO the_AT symposium_NN1 concluded_VVD that_CST 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *4_NULL Two_MC conferences_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 sign_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
increasing_JJ concern_NN1 over_II the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO accidental_JJ 
nuclear_JJ war_NN1 that_CST two_MC conferences_NN2 were_VBDR held_VVN on_II 
the_AT subject_NN1 over_II the_AT past_JJ year_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II May_NPM1 1986_MC ,_, a_AT1 private_JJ Canadian_NN1 
institute_NNJ held_VVD a_AT1 conference_NN1 on_II the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO 
accidental_JJ nuclear_JJ war_NN1 in_II Vancouver_NP1 ,_, attended_VVN by_II 
participants_NN2 from_II the_AT United_NP States_NP1 ,_, Canada_NP1 ,_, 
Western_NP1 Europe_NP1 ,_, the_AT Soviet_JJ Union_NN1 and_CC New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 also_RR stopped_VVD short_JJ of_IO a_AT1 specific_JJ 
assessment_NN1 ,_, concluding_JJ that_CST *'_" the_AT danger_NN1 of_IO 
accidental_JJ nuclear_JJ war_NN1 is_VBZ substantial_JJ and_CC increasing_VVG 
**'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT main_JJ reasons_NN2 cited_VVD were_VBDR a_AT1 deteriorating_JJ 
global_JJ political_JJ situation_NN1 ,_, development_NN1 of_IO 
destabilising_VVG weapon_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, increasingly_RR complex_JJ 
command_NN1 and_CC control_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, and_CC increasing_VVG 
reliance_NN1 on_II automated_JJ decision-making_JJ systems_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT participants_NN2 *-_- academics_NN2 and_CC computer_NN1 
specialists_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 policy-makers_NN2 *-_- warned_VVD 
particularly_RR against_II the_AT increasing_JJ reliance_NN1 on_II 
automated_JJ decision-making_NN1 in_II nuclear_JJ command_NN1 systems_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II December_NPM1 ,_, the_AT 14th_MD Pugwash_NP1 
Workshop_NN1 on_II Nuclear_JJ Forces_NNJ2 ,_, held_VVN in_II Geneva_NP1 ,_, 
Switzerland_NP1 ,_, had_VHD as_II its_APPGE subject_NN1 *'_" Accidental_JJ 
Nuclear_JJ War_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Workshop_NN1 ,_, attended_VVN by_II scientists_NN2 and_CC 
military_JJ figures_NN2 from_II fifteen_MC countries_NN2 including_II the_AT 
Soviet_JJ Union_NN1 ,_, specifically_RR explored_JJ ways_NN2 to_TO reduce_VVI 
the_AT danger_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ war_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 offered_VVD no_AT precise_JJ estimate_NN1 of_IO risk_NN1 ,_, 
but_CCB made_VVD the_AT observation_NN1 that_CST *'_" the_AT most_RGT 
probable_JJ initiators_NN2 of_IO nuclear_JJ war_NN1 are_VBR irrational_JJ 
acts_NN2 ,_, mistakes_NN2 and_CC malfunctions_NN2 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Given_VVN the_AT likely_JJ long-term_JJ presence_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ 
weapons_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ held_VVN ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ essential_JJ 
to_TO understand_VVI the_AT hazards_NN2 of_IO accidental_JJ nuclear_JJ war_NN1 
._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL {_NULL UNIDIR_NN1 }_NULL study_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT only_JJ detailed_JJ and_CC thorough_JJ 
analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ war_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT 
study_NN1 commissioned_VVN in_II 1982_MC by_II the_AT {_NULL UN_NP }_NULL 
Institute_NNJ for_IF Disarmament_NN1 Research_NN1 (_( {_NULL UNIDIR_NN1 }_NULL 
)_) on_II the_AT *1_NULL Risks_NN2 of_IO Unintentional_JJ Nuclear_JJ War_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT {_NULL UNIDIR_NN1 }_NULL study_NN1 used_VVD an_AT1 
analytical_JJ rather_II21 than_II22 a_AT1 case-oriented_JJ approach_NN1 to_II 
the_AT subject_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT study_NN1 perceived_VVD two_MC major_JJ factors_NN2 which_DDQ 
,_, together_RL ,_, causally_RR constitute_VV0 the_AT risk_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD is_VBZ the_AT *'_" predisposition_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
system_NN1 **'_" ,_, {_NULL ie_REX }_NULL ,_, the_AT forces_NN2 at_II work_NN1 
in_II the_AT system_NN1 of_IO strategic_JJ deterrence_NN1 that_CST make_VV0 
it_PPH1 more_RRR ,_, or_CC less_RRR ,_, likely_JJ to_TO produce_VVI an_AT1 
unintentional_JJ nuclear_JJ conflict_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Strategic_JJ stability_NN1 ,_, or_CC instability_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ 
the_AT inherent_JJ propensity_NN1 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 to_TO move_VVI 
back_RP from_II conflict_NN1 or_CC forward_RL towards_II it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ probably_RR the_AT most_RGT central_JJ concept_NN1 
in_II strategic_JJ super-power_NN1 relations_NN2 and_CC ,_, ironically_RR ,_, 
one_MC1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT potent_JJ factors_NN2 that_CST drives_VVZ the_AT 
arms_NN2 race_VV0 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 derivative_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 is_VBZ crisis_NN1 
stability_NN1 or_CC instability_NN1 *-_- the_AT inherent_JJ tendency_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT system_NN1 under_II conditions_NN2 of_IO political_JJ crisis_NN1 to_TO 
encourage_VVI a_AT1 first_MD strike_NN1 if_CS war_NN1 is_VBZ perceived_VVN 
as_II a_AT1 real_JJ possibility_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Crisis_NP1 stability_NN1 exists_VVZ if_CS each_DD1 side_NN1 feels_VVZ 
free_JJ to_TO wait_VVI ,_, in_II time_NNT1 of_IO crisis_NN1 ,_, without_IW 
incurring_VVG major_JJ disadvantage_NN1 in_II the_AT event_NN1 the_AT other_JJ 
side_NN1 strikes_VVZ first_MD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Crisis_NP1 instability_NN1 encourages_VVZ pre-emption_NN1 ,_, 
thereby_RR reducing_VVG the_AT time_NNT1 allowed_VVN for_IF political_JJ 
leaders_NN2 to_TO undertake_VVI action_NN1 to_TO defuse_VVI the_AT crisis_NN1 
itself_PPX1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA conditions_NN2 of_IO stability_NN1 or_CC instability_NN1 
depend_VV0 largely_RR upon_II the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II the_AT 
strategic_JJ force_NN1 postures_NN2 of_IO the_AT two_MC super-powers_NN2 ,_, 
but_CCB human_JJ factors_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 clarity_NN1 and_CC 
efficiency_NN1 of_IO the_AT command_NN1 structures_NN2 and_CC capabilities_NN2 
of_IO the_AT communication_NN1 networks_NN2 are_VBR also_RR relevant_JJ ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Catalytic_JJ cause_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT second_MD factor_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 catalytic_JJ 
cause_NN1 that_CST might_VM trigger_VVI the_AT system_NN1 to_TO produce_VVI 
a_AT1 nuclear_JJ conflict_NN1 at_II any_DD one_MC1 time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 could_VM be_VBI of_IO a_AT1 political_JJ or_CC technical_JJ 
nature_NN1 *-_- a_AT1 major_JJ issue_NN1 between_II the_AT super-powers_NN2 
or_CC some_DD third_MD party_NN behaviour_NN1 that_CST produces_VVZ a_AT1 
crisis_NN1 between_II them_PPHO2 ;_; or_CC a_AT1 nuclear_JJ weapon_NN1 
accident_NN1 or_CC malfunction_NN1 in_II the_AT early-warning_JJ system_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT nature_NN1 and_CC frequency_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 kinds_NN2 
of_IO events_NN2 are_VBR well_RR documented_VVN ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 does_VDZ 
not_XX follow_VVI that_CST either_DD1 one_PN1 will_VM necessarily_RR lead_VVI 
to_II nuclear_JJ conflict_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 depends_VVZ on_II the_AT previous_JJ factor_NN1 
identified_VVD *-_- the_AT level_NN1 of_IO strategic_JJ and_CC crisis_NN1 
stability_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Although_CS nuclear_JJ accidents_NN2 and_CC incidents_NN2 
are_VBR quite_RG frequent_JJ ,_, the_AT {_NULL UNIDIR_NN1 }_NULL study_NN1 
assesses_VVZ the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO nuclear_JJ conflict_NN1 arising_VVG from_II 
this_DD1 cause_NN1 as_CSA very_RG low_JJ ,_, because_II21 of_II22 the_AT 
extreme_JJ safety_NN1 precautions_NN2 and_CC redundancy_NN1 procedures_NN2 
maintained_VVD by_II all_DB nuclear_JJ powers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT study_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 might_VM be_VBI noted_VVN ,_, 
pre-dated_JJ the_AT Chernobyl_NP1 and_CC *1_NULL Challenger_NN1 *0_NULL 
tragedies_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Probability_NP1 assessment_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL At_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT {_NULL UNIDIR_NN1 
}_NULL study_NN1 ,_, the_AT authors_NN2 entered_VVD a_AT1 probability_NN1 
assessment_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 nuclear_JJ conflict_NN1 occurring_VVG within_II 
a_AT1 five_MC year_NNT1 period_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 338+TEXT+J44_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT Muldoon_NP1 administration_NN introduced_VVD some_DD 
competition_NN1 into_II transport_NN1 when_CS it_PPH1 began_VVD to_TO 
deregulate_VVI road_NN1 transport_NN1 ,_, thus_RR reducing_VVG the_AT 
privileged_JJ position_NN1 of_IO the_AT railways_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL More_RGR recently_RR the_AT domestic_JJ position_NN1 of_IO Air_NN1 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 has_VHZ been_VBN altered_VVN by_II the_AT licensing_NN1 
of_IO another_DD1 main_JJ route_NN1 airline_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO state_NN1 enterprises_NN2 
has_VHZ been_VBN seen_VVN largely_RR as_CSA one_MC1 of_IO increasing_VVG 
the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO efficiency_NN1 by_II requiring_VVG the_AT 
enterprises_NN2 to_TO make_VVI profits_NN2 in_II an_AT1 unprotected_JJ and_CC 
unsubsidised_JJ environment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Corporatisation_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 privatisation_NN1 has_VHZ 
been_VBN the_AT government_NN 's_GE preference_NN1 ,_, in_II pronounced_JJ 
contrast_NN1 to_II other_JJ liberalising_NN1 ventures_VVZ such_II21 as_II22 
Thatcher_NP1 's_GE Britain_NP1 ,_, Chirac_NP1 's_GE France_NP1 and_CC 
Japan_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT economic_JJ problems_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR partly_RR the_AT 
reason_NN1 for_IF the_AT state_NN1 's_VBZ involvement_NN1 in_II the_AT 
first_MD place_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, existence_NN1 of_IO 
natural_JJ monopoly_NN1 and_CC divergences_NN2 between_II social_JJ and_CC 
private_JJ costs_NN2 ,_, still_RR remain_VV0 ,_, and_CC large_JJ sunk_JJ 
costs_NN2 in_II each_DD1 of_IO transport_NN1 ,_, communications_NN2 and_CC 
energy_NN1 make_VV0 contestability_NN1 unlikely_JJ to_TO prevail_VVI 
reliably_RR enough_RR to_TO enforce_VVI competitive_JJ pricing_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR in_II the_AT present_JJ laissez-faire_JJ climate_NN1 ,_, 
all_DB three_MC industries_NN2 are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO remain_VVI regulated_JJ 
,_, a_AT1 result_NN1 Adam_NP1 Smith_NP1 would_VM surely_RR support_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Despite_II much_DA1 debate_NN1 ,_, little_DA1 has_VHZ been_VBN 
done_VDN to_TO deregulate_VVI the_AT labour_NN1 market_NN1 (_( see_VV0 
Chapter_NN1 9_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Controlled_JJ entry_NN1 into_II professions_NN2 and_CC 
occupations_NN2 has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN touched_VVN ,_, although_CS the_AT 
fee_NN1 structures_NN2 of_IO the_AT services_NN2 of_IO lawyers_NN2 and_CC 
estate_NN1 agents_NN2 have_VH0 become_VVN more_RGR flexible_JJ and_CC 
possibly_RR even_RR competitive_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT labour_NN1 market_NN1 issues_NN2 are_VBR still_RR 
dominated_VVN by_II the_AT aims_NN2 of_IO distributional_JJ equity_NN1 and_CC 
stabilisation_NN1 ,_, although_CS efficiency_NN1 arguments_NN2 are_VBR not_XX 
entirely_RR absent_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT intense_JJ concern_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 throughout_II 
the_AT 1980s_MC2 with_IW the_AT issues_NN2 of_IO trade_NN1 union_NN rights_NN2 
and_CC membership_NN ,_, and_CC the_AT precise_JJ form_NN1 of_IO legally_RR 
supported_VVN wage_NN1 bargaining_VVG ,_, could_VM well_RR be_VBI isolated_JJ 
from_II realities_NN2 ,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 in_II the_AT private_JJ 
sector_NN1 of_IO the_AT economy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ some_DD evidence_NN1 that_CST actual_JJ real_JJ 
remuneration_NN1 (_( through_II bargaining_VVG over_II money_NN1 rates_NN2 
and_CC payments_NN2 in_II kind_NN1 )_) is_VBZ quite_RG sensitive_JJ to_II 
excess_JJ demand_NN1 pressures_NN2 in_II the_AT private_JJ sector_NN1 (_( 
especially_RR at_II managerial_JJ and_CC other_JJ skilled_JJ levels_NN2 )_) 
,_, and_CC also_RR that_DD1 real_JJ remuneration_NN1 is_VBZ eroded_VVN ,_, 
although_CS somewhat_RR slowly_RR ,_, in_II periods_NN2 of_IO excess_JJ 
supply_NN1 (_( especially_RR at_II unskilled_JJ levels_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ thus_RR possible_JJ that_CST there_EX is_VBZ 
already_RR as_RG much_DA1 flexibility_NN1 in_II the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO 
real_JJ remuneration_NN1 in_II the_AT private_JJ sector_NN1 as_II the_AT 
economy_NN1 needs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT real_JJ problem_NN1 could_VM be_VBI in_II the_AT public_JJ 
sector_NN1 ,_, and_CC there_RL the_AT long_JJ run_NN1 solution_NN1 could_VM 
well_RR lie_VVI in_II the_AT financial_JJ independence_NN1 of_IO the_AT new_JJ 
state_NN1 corporations_NNJ2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, this_DD1 reading_NN1 of_IO the_AT present_JJ 
overall_JJ situation_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX deny_VVI the_AT desirability_NN1 
of_IO raising_VVG allocative_JJ efficiency_NN1 in_II particular_JJ 
occupations_NN2 and_CC industries_NN2 by_II deregulation_NN1 or_CC other_JJ 
removal_NN1 of_IO privilege_NN1 and_CC monopoly_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT 
government_NN ,_, in_II establishing_VVG the_AT Economic_JJ Development_NN1 
Commission_NNJ ,_, has_VHZ perhaps_RR shown_VVN that_CST it_PPH1 intends_VVZ 
to_TO investigate_VVI these_DD2 aspects_NN2 of_IO the_AT labour_NN1 market_NN1 
._. 

^ (_( ^_NULL Otherwise_RR ,_, what_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT Commission_NNJ to_TO 
do_VDI ?_? )_) 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN ,_, if_CS only_RR in_II 
passing_VVG ,_, that_CST the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO deregulation_NN1 and_CC 
other_JJ types_NN2 of_IO change_NN1 on_II *'_" inputs_NN2 **'_" like_II 
financial_JJ services_NN2 ,_, transport_NN1 ,_, communications_NN2 and_CC 
energy_NN1 ,_, will_VM not_XX in_II every_AT1 case_NN1 result_NN1 in_II 
lower_JJR costs_NN2 for_IF ,_, say_VV0 ,_, farmers_NN2 and_CC 
manufacturers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_CS41 so_CS42 far_CS43 as_CS44 the_AT prices_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 
inputs_NN2 have_VH0 in_II the_AT past_NN1 been_VBN subsidised_VVN or_CC 
have_VH0 suffered_VVN price_NN1 control_NN1 ,_, the_AT economic_JJ 
revolution_NN1 can_VM result_VVI in_II more_RGR efficiently_RR produced_JJ 
inputs_NN2 at_II higher_JJR prices_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Overall_RR efficient_JJ allocation_NN1 of_IO resources_NN2 is_VBZ 
improved_VVN ,_, but_CCB particular_JJ firms_NNJ2 and_CC industries_NN2 
will_VM suffer_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT removal_NN1 of_IO controls_NN2 over_II interest_NN1 rates_NN2 
is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT striking_JJ (_( unpopular_JJ )_) example_NN1 ,_, 
but_CCB there_EX are_VBR others_NN2 arising_VVG in_II all_DB the_AT 
industries_NN2 mentioned_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 phenomenon_NN1 reflects_VVZ the_AT deep_JJ extent_NN1 to_II 
which_DDQ price_NN1 and_CC cost_NN1 distortions_NN2 had_VHD become_VVN 
entrenched_VVD in_II the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 economy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ almost_RR impossible_JJ to_TO find_VVI out_RP in_II 
the_AT early_JJ 1980s_MC2 except_II by_II very_RG rough_JJ guesswork_NN1 ,_, 
just_RR what_DDQ economic_JJ activities_NN2 were_VBDR really_RR the_AT 
most_RGT profitable_JJ for_IF New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 to_TO adopt_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT regulatory_JJ revolution_NN1 has_VHZ altered_VVN that_DD1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT change_NN1 with_IW the_AT widest_JJT immediate_JJ 
public_JJ impact_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN the_AT large_JJ 1986_MC reduction_NN1 
in_II income_NN1 tax_NN1 rates_NN2 (_( especially_RR at_II the_AT top_NN1 
of_IO the_AT scale_NN1 )_) and_CC the_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
value-added_JJ tax_NN1 ,_, {_NULL GST_NP }_NULL (_( goods_NN2 and_CC 
services_NN2 tax_NN1 )_) ,_, with_IW no_AT exempted_JJ categories_NN2 of_IO 
domestically_RR sold_JJ goods_NN2 or_CC services_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 fiscal_JJ revolution_NN1 ,_, recommended_VVN by_II 
official_JJ committees_NNJ2 of_IO inquiry_NN1 since_II 1968_MC ,_, was_VBDZ 
introduced_VVN to_TO further_RRR the_AT aim_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 efficient_JJ 
allocation_NN1 of_IO resources_NN2 ,_, although_CS it_PPH1 has_VHZ 
substantial_JJ distributional_JJ effects_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD of_IO its_APPGE inegalitarian_JJ effects_NN2 have_VH0 
been_VBN redressed_VVN by_II increased_JJ social_JJ welfare_NN1 payments_NN2 
to_II groups_NN2 likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI affected_VVN (_( see_VV0 Chapter_NN1 
15_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT reform_NN1 has_VHZ no_AT stabilisation_NN1 purpose_NN1 (_( 
although_CS variations_NN2 in_II the_AT rate_NN1 could_VM achieve_VVI that_DD1 
purpose_NN1 )_) and_CC its_APPGE effect_NN1 on_II the_AT fiscal_JJ deficit_NN1 
is_VBZ slight_JJ ._. 

^ *<_NULL 1.3_MC *2_NULL THE_AT PROBLEMS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 fundamental_JJ problem_NN1 
hanging_VVG over_RP and_CC interfering_VVG with_IW the_AT entire_JJ 
process_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 liberalisation_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE 
coincidence_NN1 is_VBZ mainly_RR accidental_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Yet_RR unless_CS the_AT problem_NN1 is_VBZ solved_VVN the_AT 
liberalisation_NN1 revolution_NN1 is_VBZ probably_RR doomed_VVN to_II 
failure_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT problem_NN1 is_VBZ government_NN overspending_VVG which_DDQ 
has_VHZ been_VBN going_VVG on_RP since_CS the_AT middle_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
1970s_MC2 ,_, and_CC reflects_VVZ the_AT use_NN1 of_IO fiscal_JJ deficits_NN2 
to_TO attempt_VVI to_TO stabilise_VVI the_AT economy_NN1 in_II the_AT 
sense_NN1 of_IO maintaining_VVG real_JJ incomes_NN2 over_II the_AT last_MD 
decade_NNT1 in_II the_AT face_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 severe_JJ downturn_NN1 in_II 
the_AT terms_NN2 of_IO trade_NN1 ,_, itself_PPX1 the_AT result_NN1 of_IO 
rises_NN2 in_II oil_NN1 prices_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT problem_NN1 could_VM be_VBI defined_VVN as_CSA undertaxing_VVG 
,_, and_CC indeed_RR by_II international_JJ standards_NN2 New_NP Zealand_NP1 
has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN overtaxed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, in_CS41 so_CS42 far_CS43 as_CS44 both_DB2 the_AT 
present_JJ international_JJ tax_NN1 climate_NN1 and_CC the_AT views_NN2 of_IO 
all_DB New_NP Zealand_NP1 politicians_NN2 point_VV0 to_II the_AT 
desirability_NN1 of_IO reducing_VVG the_AT total_JJ tax_NN1 burden_NN1 ,_, 
our_APPGE problem_NN1 must_VM be_VBI defined_VVN as_CSA government_NN 
overspending_VVG (_( see_VV0 Chapter_NN1 13_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT effects_NN2 of_IO overspending_VVG since_II the_AT 
early_JJ 1980s_MC2 have_VH0 been_VBN government_NN borrowing_VVG on_II the_AT 
domestic_JJ capital_NN1 market_VV0 to_TO finance_VVI the_AT fiscal_JJ 
deficit_NN1 ,_, and_CC consequent_JJ pressure_NN1 on_II domestic_JJ 
interest_NN1 rates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Obviously_RR ,_, government_NN borrowing_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT 
only_JJ cause_NN1 of_IO high_JJ interest_NN1 rates_NN2 ;_; if_CS domestic_JJ 
savings_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN higher_JJR ,_, or_CC private_JJ borrowing_NN1 
lower_RRR ,_, or_CC the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO inflation_NN1 lower_RRR ,_, 
interest_NN1 rates_NN2 would_VM have_VHI been_VBN lower_JJR ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO government_NN net_NN1 borrowing_VVG 
in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO private_JJ savings_NN2 
has_VHZ undoubtedly_RR been_VBN a_AT1 major_JJ factor_NN1 in_II causing_VVG 
high_JJ interest_NN1 rates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_IW the_AT abandonment_NN1 of_IO controls_NN2 over_II 
interest_NN1 rates_NN2 after_II July_NPM1 1984_MC a_ZZ1 large_JJ interest_NN1 
rate_NN1 differential_NN1 emerged_VVD between_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 and_CC 
other_JJ countries_NN2 like_II Australia_NP1 ,_, the_AT United_NP States_NP1 
,_, Japan_NP1 and_CC those_DD2 of_IO Western_NP1 Europe_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 firms_NNJ2 started_VVD to_TO borrow_VVI off_II 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL -shore_NN1 ,_, and_CC with_IW the_AT removal_NN1 
of_IO controls_NN2 over_II capital_NN1 movements_NN2 to_II and_CC from_II 
other_JJ countries_NN2 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO 1984_MC ,_, foreigners_NN2 
started_VVD to_TO invest_VVI in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 securities_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Consequently_RR after_II the_AT freeing_NN1 of_IO the_AT exchange_NN1 
rate_NN1 in_II March_NPM1 1985_MC this_DD1 inflow_NN1 of_IO capital_NN1 
resulted_VVD in_II a_AT1 strong_JJ New_NP Zealand_NP1 dollar_NNU1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT effects_NN2 of_IO the_AT strong_JJ dollar_NNU1 are_VBR 
the_AT heart_NN1 of_IO the_AT problem_NN1 (_( see_VV0 Chapter_NN1 11_MC )_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT case_NN1 for_IF floating_VVG the_AT dollar_NNU1 (_( like_II 
the_AT case_NN1 for_IF the_AT earlier_JJR devaluation_NN1 )_) was_VBDZ 
that_CST the_AT early_JJ 1984_MC dollar_NNU1 was_VBDZ overvalued_VVN and_CC 
hence_RR penalised_JJ exporters_NN2 and_CC encouraged_JJ importers_NN2 :_: 
production_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE tradeable_JJ goods_NN2 was_VBDZ 
unprofitable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Devaluation_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 weaker_JJR dollar_NNU1 would_VM 
correct_VVI this_DD1 and_CC also_RR make_VVI the_AT bitter_JJ medicine_NN1 
of_IO reduced_JJ export_NN1 and_CC farm_NN1 subsidies_NN2 and_CC reduced_JJ 
protection_NN1 to_II manufacturers_NN2 more_RGR palatable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 free_JJ market_NN1 would_VM select_VVI the_AT correct_JJ 
rate_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT trendy_JJ talk_NN1 of_IO the_AT times_NNT2 ,_, *'_" 
the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO exchange_NN1 would_VM give_VVI the_AT economy_NN1 the_AT 
correct_JJ price_NN1 signals_NN2 ._. 

^ **'_" ^_NULL A_AT1 strong_JJ dollar_NNU1 has_VHZ made_VVN nonsense_NN1 of_IO 
all_DB that_DD1 ,_, and_CC virtually_RR removed_VVD the_AT case_NN1 for_IF 
floating_VVG at_RR21 all_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Instead_II21 of_II22 the_AT exchange_NN1 rate_NN1 reflecting_VVG 
real_JJ cost_NN1 advantages_NN2 (_( which_DDQ had_VHD been_VBN the_AT hope_NN1 
)_) ,_, it_PPH1 now_RT reflects_VVZ interest_NN1 rate_NN1 differentials_NN2 
due_II21 to_II22 government_NN overspending_VVG ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT analysis_NN1 set_VVD out_RP above_RL seems_VVZ clear_JJ 
enough_RR ,_, but_CCB is_VBZ considerably_RR muddled_VVN by_II recent_JJ 
monetary_JJ developments_NN2 and_CC the_AT coincidence_NN1 of_IO high_JJ 
rates_NN2 of_IO inflation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA always_RR ,_, money_NN1 and_CC inflation_NN1 remain_VV0 
controversial_JJ ,_, and_CC what_DDQ is_VBZ said_VVN here_RL must_VM be_VBI 
tentative_JJ and_CC open_JJ to_II contradiction_NN1 by_II others_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT ending_NN1 of_IO wage_NN1 and_CC price_NN1 controls_VVZ 
after_II July_NPM1 1984_MC inevitably_RR resulted_VVD in_II a_AT1 burst_NN1 
of_IO inflation_NN1 which_DDQ the_AT devaluation_NN1 would_VM have_VHI 
reinforced_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, the_AT regime_NN1 of_IO high_JJ interest_NN1 rates_NN2 
and_CC the_AT strong_JJ dollar_NNU1 would_VM have_VHI had_VHN offsetting_JJ 
effects_NN2 :_: the_AT strong_JJ dollar_NNU1 directly_RR and_CC immediately_RR 
on_II the_AT prices_NN2 of_IO imported_JJ goods_NN2 ,_, and_CC high_JJ 
interest_NN1 rates_NN2 indirectly_RR and_CC longer_JJR term_NN1 on_II 
capital_NN1 values_NN2 and_CC economic_JJ activity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD analysts_NN2 suspect_VV0 high_JJ interest_NN1 rates_NN2 
and_CC the_AT strong_JJ dollar_NNU1 were_VBDR deliberately_RR chosen_VVN to_TO 
do_VDI just_RR that_CST *-_- have_VH0 an_AT1 anti-inflationary_JJ effect_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT plot_NN1 thickens_VVZ when_RRQ we_PPIS2 consider_VV0 
monetary_JJ policy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT deregulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT finance_NN1 industry_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC in_RR21 particular_RR22 of_IO the_AT banks_NN2 ,_, has_VHZ resulted_VVN 
in_II a_AT1 radical_JJ change_NN1 in_II the_AT control_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
stock_NN1 of_IO money_NN1 and_CC credit_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ most_DAT 
analysts_NN2 now_RT characterise_VV0 as_CSA being_VBG through_II the_AT 
effect_NN1 of_IO high_JJ interest_NN1 rates_NN2 curbing_VVG demand_NN1 ,_, 
{_NULL i.e._REX }_NULL an_AT1 application_NN1 of_IO free_JJ market_NN1 
ideas_NN2 to_II money_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD (_( see_VV0 Chapter_NN1 12_MC )_) believe_VV0 that_CST the_AT 
government_NN may_VM even_RR have_VHI lost_VVN control_VV0 over_II the_AT 
money_NN1 stock_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 this_DD1 is_VBZ so_RR ,_, 
there_EX is_VBZ no_RR21 doubt_RR22 that_CST the_AT money_NN1 supply_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC credit_NN1 generally_RR ,_, has_VHZ risen_VVN in_II31 line_II32 
with_II33 the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO inflation_NN1 since_II 1984_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA there_EX is_VBZ no_AT evidence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 policy_NN1 
of_IO tight_JJ monetary_JJ control_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO 
imagine_VVI that_DD1 monetary_JJ controls_NN2 are_VBR either_RR 
restraining_VVG inflation_NN1 or_CC raising_VVG real_JJ interest_NN1 rates_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT rate_NN1 of_IO inflation_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR dominated_VVN 
by_II cost-push_JJ factors_NN2 initiated_VVD by_II the_AT ending_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT freeze_NN1 and_CC the_AT money_NN1 supply_NN1 has_VHZ expanded_VVN 
sufficiently_RR to_TO prevent_VVI the_AT high_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO inflation_NN1 
from_II having_VHG any_DD serious_JJ effects_NN2 on_II activity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 admittedly_RR cursory_JJ glance_NN1 at_II monetary_JJ 
policy_NN1 and_CC inflation_NN1 seeks_VVZ to_TO reinforce_VVI the_AT view_NN1 
expressed_VVN above_II that_DD1 government_NN borrowing_NN1 drives_VVZ the_AT 
exchange_NN1 rate_NN1 through_II its_APPGE effect_NN1 on_II real_JJ 
interest_NN1 rates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Monetary_JJ policy_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 suspect_VV0 ,_, has_VHZ had_VHN 
to_TO be_VBI accommodating_VVG to_TO avoid_VVI a_AT1 collapse_NN1 of_IO 
economic_JJ activity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ control_VV0 there_RL is_VBZ over_II inflation_NN1 comes_VVZ 
from_II the_AT overvalued_JJ exchange_NN1 rate_NN1 ,_, and_CC of_RR21 
course_RR22 the_AT old_JJ broken_JJ reed_NN1 of_IO exhortatory_JJ wage_NN1 
policy_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT fundamental_JJ problem_NN1 thus_RR resolves_VVZ 
itself_PPX1 into_II two_MC issues_NN2 for_IF the_AT future_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL First_MD ,_, if_CS the_AT exchange_NN1 rate_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO 
reflect_VVI long-term_JJ real_JJ costs_NN2 and_CC opportunities_NN2 of_IO 
profit_NN1 for_IF New_NP Zealand_NP1 business_NN1 people_NN ,_, it_PPH1 
will_VM have_VHI to_TO cease_VVI being_VBG dominated_VVN by_II interest_NN1 
rate_NN1 differentials_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Floating_NP1 is_VBZ magnificent_JJ ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX 
economics_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT foreign_JJ exchange_NN1 market_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX arrive_VVI 
at_II the_AT correct_JJ long-term_JJ exchange_NN1 rate_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Instead_RR it_PPH1 acts_VVZ rationally_RR and_CC balances_NN2 
momentarily_RR supply_VV0 and_CC demand_NN1 for_IF funds_NN2 ,_, dominated_VVN 
by_II interest_NN1 rate_NN1 differentials_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Second_MD ,_, those_DD2 politicians_NN2 who_PNQS attach_VV0 
importance_NN1 to_II *'_" getting_VVG New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE rate_NN1 of_IO 
inflation_NN1 down_RP to_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE trading_JJ 
partners_NN2 **'_" should_VM realise_VVI that_CST the_AT economic_JJ 
revolution_NN1 of_IO recent_JJ years_NNT2 has_VHZ added_VVN nothing_PN1 to_II 
our_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO control_VVI inflation_NN1 ._. 

^ (_( ^_NULL That_DD1 observation_NN1 has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI addressed_VVN to_II 
politicians_NN2 because_CS few_DA2 economists_NN2 attach_VV0 the_AT same_DA 
significance_NN1 to_II inflation_NN1 ,_, and_CC fewer_DAR still_NN1 think_VV0 
that_DD1 reducing_JJ inflation_NN1 levels_NN2 permanently_RR can_VM be_VBI 
done_VDN except_CS at_II great_JJ cost_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 
bankruptcy_NN1 and_CC unemployment_NN1 ._. 

^ )_) |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT problem_NN1 and_CC the_AT issues_NN2 discussed_VVD 
above_RL are_VBR closely_RR related_VVN to_II what_DDQ is_VBZ nowadays_RT 
referred_VVN to_II as_RG *'_" sequencing_JJ **'_" :_: the_AT best_JJT 
sequence_NN1 in_II which_DDQ to_TO undertake_VVI a_AT1 series_NN of_IO 
policy_NN1 reforms_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR liberal_JJ reforms_NN2 like_II 
those_DD2 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, so_BCL21 as_BCL22 to_TO produce_VVI 
the_AT best_JJT sequence_NN1 of_IO results_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE revolution_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX unique_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Buckle_NP1 (_( Chapter_NN1 11_MC )_) tellingly_RR quotes_VVZ an_AT1 
American_JJ economist_NN1 Ronald_NP1 McKinnon_NP1 who_PNQS wrote_VVD that_CST 
*'_" the_AT development_NN1 landscape_NN1 is_VBZ littered_VVN with_IW 
liberalisation_NN1 programmes_NN2 that_CST achieve_VV0 only_RR partial_JJ 
success_NN1 before_II the_AT country_NN1 regresses_VVZ into_II a_AT1 more_RGR 
repressed_JJ state_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT economists_NN2 would_VM prefer_VVI to_TO see_VVI foreign_JJ 
trade_NN1 freed_VVN and_CC the_AT fiscal_JJ deficit_NN1 removed_VVN *1_NULL 
before_II *0_NULL the_AT foreign_JJ exchange_NN1 market_NN1 and_CC capital_JJ 
flows_NN2 are_VBR freed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT reasons_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN set_VVN out_RP above_RL :_: 
interest_NN1 rates_NN2 arising_VVG from_II the_AT fiscal_JJ deficit_NN1 (_( 
or_CC a_AT1 tight_JJ monetary_JJ policy_NN1 )_) result_NN1 in_II an_AT1 
overvalued_JJ exchange_NN1 rate_NN1 and_CC reduced_JJ profits_NN2 in_II the_AT 
export_NN1 industries_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA Buckle_NP1 points_VVZ out_RP ,_, New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE 
present_JJ farming_NN1 and_CC other_JJ exporters_NN2 '_GE difficulties_NN2 
have_VH0 been_VBN matched_VVN in_II similar_JJ liberalisation_NN1 
experiments_NN2 in_II Argentina_NP1 ,_, Chile_NP1 and_CC Uruguay_NP1 (_( to_II 
which_DDQ could_VM possibly_RR be_VBI added_VVN the_AT United_NP States_NP1 
and_CC Australia_NP1 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT costs_NN2 of_IO liberalisation_NN1 to_TO date_VVI 
have_VH0 been_VBN borne_VVN by_II industries_NN2 which_DDQ have_VH0 lost_VVN 
subsidies_NN2 or_CC protection_NN1 and_CC have_VH0 together_II21 with_II22 
borrowers_NN2 been_VBN severely_RR affected_VVN by_II the_AT overvaluation_NN1 
of_IO the_AT exchange_NN1 rate_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT pastoral_JJ farming_NN1 and_CC related_JJ service_NN1 
industries_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 meat_NN1 freezing_JJ )_) have_VH0 
been_VBN quite_RG severely_RR affected_VVN ,_, with_IW severe_JJ 
unemployment_NN1 (_( by_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 standards_NN2 )_) emerging_VVG 
in_II small_JJ provincial_JJ towns_NN2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 339+TEXT+J45_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT basic_JJ idea_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST in_II a_AT1 
free_JJ market_NN1 ,_, consumers_NN2 will_VM not_XX pay_VVI a_AT1 higher_JJR 
price_NN1 for_IF any_DD product_NN1 than_CSN it_PPH1 is_VBZ worth_NN1 to_II 
them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB producers_NN2 will_VM not_XX produce_VVI it_PPH1 unless_CS 
the_AT price_NN1 at_RR21 least_RR22 covers_VVZ their_APPGE cost_NN1 of_IO 
production_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR in_II the_AT free_JJ market_NN1 ,_, prices_NN2 make_VV0 
sure_JJ that_CST nothing_PN1 is_VBZ produced_VVN unless_CS its_APPGE value_NN1 
to_II consumers_NN2 is_VBZ at_RR21 least_RR22 as_RG much_DA1 as_CSA the_AT 
cost_NN1 of_IO producing_VVG it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Simply_RR ,_, the_AT market_NN1 ensures_VVZ that_CST we_PPIS2 are_VBR 
getting_VVG value_NN1 for_IF money_NN1 in_II every_AT1 industry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ regarded_VVN as_II the_AT most_RGT *'_" efficient_JJ 
**'_" economic_JJ system_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT sense_NN1 that_CST there_EX 
is_VBZ no_AT way_NN1 we_PPIS2 could_VM be_VBI better_JJR off_II by_II 
producing_VVG less_DAR of_IO one_MC1 product_NN1 and_CC more_DAR of_IO 
another_DD1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Yet_RR a_AT1 regulation_NN1 or_CC subsidy_NN1 which_DDQ 
holds_VVZ down_RP the_AT price_NN1 of_IO any_DD product_NN1 does_VDZ 
affect_VVI what_DDQ we_PPIS2 produce_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT lower_JJR price_NN1 ,_, consumers_NN2 are_VBR 
prepared_VVN to_TO buy_VVI more_DAR of_IO the_AT product_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB its_APPGE value_NN1 to_II them_PPHO2 *-_- the_AT price_NN1 
*-_- is_VBZ now_RT less_RRR than_CSN the_AT unsubsidised_JJ cost_NN1 of_IO 
producing_VVG it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 have_VH0 made_VVN ourselves_PPX2 worse_RRR off_RP by_II 
putting_VVG more_DAR workers_NN2 and_CC capital_NN1 into_II that_DD1 
industry_NN1 than_CSN the_AT value_NN1 we_PPIS2 are_VBR getting_VVG out_II21 
of_II22 it_PPH1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Roger_NP1 Douglas_NP1 's_GE domestic_JJ economic_JJ policy_NN1 
has_VHZ ,_, therefore_RR ,_, aimed_VVD to_TO remove_VVI virtually_RR all_DB 
regulations_NN2 and_CC subsidies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Freed_VVN from_II controls_NN2 ,_, prices_NN2 will_VM rise_VVI to_TO 
reflect_VVI the_AT real_JJ value_NN1 of_IO the_AT product_NN1 to_II 
consumers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 will_VM give_VVI producers_NN2 higher_JJR profits_NN2 ,_, 
and_CC allow_VVI them_PPHO2 to_TO pay_VVI higher_JJR wages_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR rising_VVG prices_NN2 ,_, profits_NN2 and_CC wages_NN2 act_VV0 
as_CSA *'_" signals_VVZ **'_" to_TO attract_VVI capitalists_NN2 and_CC 
workers_NN2 into_II industries_NN2 where_RRQ consumer_NN1 demand_NN1 is_VBZ 
growing_JJ ,_, while_CS falling_VVG prices_NN2 are_VBR a_AT1 signal_NN1 
that_CST consumers_NN2 no_RR21 longer_RR22 value_VV0 a_AT1 product_NN1 as_CSA 
highly_RR ,_, and_CC people_NN should_VM move_VVI out_II21 of_II22 it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT *'_" shift_NN1 of_IO resources_NN2 **'_" into_II areas_NN2 
of_IO growing_JJ consumer_NN1 demand_NN1 means_VVZ that_CST ,_, overall_RR ,_, 
we_PPIS2 get_VV0 a_AT1 higher_JJR standard_NN1 of_IO living_VVG ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 more_RGR direct_JJ logical_JJ 
connection_NN1 between_II opening_VVG up_RP the_AT economy_NN1 to_II the_AT 
world_NN1 and_CC deregulating_VVG the_AT home_NN1 market_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS import_NN1 barriers_NN2 are_VBR removed_VVN ,_, we_PPIS2 
depend_VV0 much_RR more_RRR than_CSN before_CS on_II efficient_JJ 
exporters_NN2 and_CC local_JJ industries_NN2 which_DDQ can_VM compete_VVI 
with_IW foreign_JJ products_NN2 and_CC survive_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB to_TO compete_VVI effectively_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 ca_VM n't_XX 
afford_VVI to_TO pay_VVI too_RG much_DA1 for_IF local_JJ raw_JJ materials_NN2 
and_CC services_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR the_AT whole_JJ economy_NN1 *-_- even_RR the_AT service_NN1 
sector_NN1 *-_- needs_VVZ to_TO become_VVI more_RGR efficient_JJ to_TO 
help_VVI the_AT industries_NN2 which_DDQ have_VH0 to_TO compete_VVI 
internationally_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC Douglas_NP1 believes_VVZ that_CST the_AT best_JJT way_NN1 
to_TO produce_VVI efficiency_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO inject_VVI a_AT1 bit_NN1 of_IO 
competition_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT rest_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 chapter_NN1 looks_VVZ at_II 
how_RRQ he_PPHS1 has_VHZ removed_VVN regulations_NN2 and_CC controls_NN2 
which_DDQ either_RR held_VVN prices_NN2 down_RP or_CC restricted_JJ 
competition_NN1 in_II various_JJ industries_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT next_MD two_MC chapters_NN2 will_VM look_VVI at_II 
how_RRQ he_PPHS1 has_VHZ also_RR removed_VVN incentives_NN2 and_CC 
subsidies_NN2 which_DDQ *'_" distorted_VVN **'_" price_NN1 *'_" signals_NN2 
**'_" ,_, both_RR in_II the_AT private_JJ sector_NN1 and_CC in_II the_AT 
state_NN1 apparatus_NN1 itself_PPX1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL PRICE_NP1 CONTROLS_NN2 CUT_VV0 BACK_RP *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Price_NP1 controls_NN2 were_VBDR the_AT most_RGT 
obvious_JJ form_NN1 of_IO market_NN1 distortion_NN1 which_DDQ Roger_NP1 
Douglas_NP1 faced_VVD when_RRQ he_PPHS1 took_VVD office_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sir_NNB Robert_NP1 Muldoon_NP1 had_VHD officially_RR lifted_VVN 
his_APPGE price_NN1 freeze_NN1 early_RR in_II 1984_MC ,_, but_CCB prices_NN2 
of_IO staple_NN1 commodities_NN2 which_DDQ had_VHD been_VBN regulated_VVN 
for_IF years_NNT2 were_VBDR still_RR controlled_VVN :_: eggs_NN2 ,_, sugar_NN1 
,_, butter_NN1 ,_, flour_NN1 ,_, canned_JJ food_NN1 ,_, frozen_JJ 
vegetables_NN2 ,_, medicines_NN2 and_CC others_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Douglas_NP1 has_VHZ gradually_RR freed_VVN them_PPHO2 all_DB ,_, 
except_II21 for_II22 milk_NN1 ,_, natural_JJ gas_NN1 and_CC the_AT 
products_NN2 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 Steel_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II some_DD cases_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 led_VVN to_II 
immediate_JJ price_NN1 increases_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Watties_NP1 ,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, raised_VVD its_APPGE 
prices_NN2 for_IF canned_JJ and_CC frozen_JJ foods_NN2 by_II 5%_NNU five_MC 
days_NNT2 after_II price_NN1 control_NN1 was_VBDZ lifted_VVN in_II April_NPM1 
1986_MC (_( with_IW a_AT1 further_JJR 5%_NNU increase_NN1 in_II August_NPM1 
)_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB this_DD1 may_VM be_VBI a_AT1 good_JJ thing_NN1 if_CS it_PPH1 
means_VVZ that_CST consumers_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX paying_VVG the_AT full_JJ 
cost_NN1 of_IO production_NN1 of_IO canned_JJ foods_NN2 before_RT ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 may_VM be_VBI better_JJR off_II to_TO switch_VVI to_II 
cheaper_JJR fresh_JJ vegetables_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL WAGE_NN1 CONTROLS_NN2 REMOVED_VVN *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II the_AT Douglas_NP1 view_NN1 ,_, wage_NN1 
controls_NN2 distort_VV0 the_AT market_NN1 just_RR as_RG badly_RR as_CSA 
price_NN1 controls_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 discourage_VV0 workers_NN2 from_II moving_VVG out_II21 
of_II22 declining_VVG industries_NN2 by_II preventing_VVG growing_JJ 
industries_NN2 from_II offering_VVG them_PPHO2 higher_JJR wages_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Douglas_NP1 lifted_VVD Muldoon_NP1 's_GE wage_NN1 freeze_NN1 in_II 
November_NPM1 1984_MC ,_, and_CC is_VBZ now_RT encouraging_JJ industries_NN2 
to_TO pay_VVI different_JJ wages_NN2 depending_II21 on_II22 what_DDQ 
they_PPHS2 can_VM afford_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT implications_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 policy_NN1 will_VM be_VBI 
examined_VVN in_II Chapter_NN1 11_MC ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL THE_AT END_NN1 OF_IO RENT_NN1 CONTROLS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Douglas_NP1 believes_VVZ that_DD1 rent_NN1 
controls_VVZ actually_RR discouraged_VVD private_JJ home_NN1 owners_NN2 
from_II renting_VVG out_RP their_APPGE properties_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rents_NN2 were_VBDR so_RG low_JJ that_CST it_PPH1 was_VBDZ simply_RR 
not_XX worthwhile_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Rent_NN1 controls_NN2 were_VBDR lifted_VVN in_II February_NPM1 
1985_MC ,_, and_CC rents_VVZ immediately_RR jumped_VVN (_( by_II 21%_NNU 
during_II 1985_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Douglas_NP1 hopes_VVZ that_CST this_DD1 has_VHZ made_VVN it_PPH1 
more_RGR profitable_JJ for_IF property_NN1 owners_NN2 and_CC developers_NN2 
to_TO rent_VVI out_RP more_DAR homes_NN2 and_CC so_RR ease_VV0 the_AT 
housing_NN1 shortage_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL INTEREST_NN1 RATE_NN1 CONTROLS_NN2 LIFTED_VVN *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 long_JJ tradition_NN1 of_IO 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 governments_NNJ2 keeping_VVG interest_NN1 rates_NN2 low_VV0 
to_TO put_VVI people_NN in_II houses_NN2 and_CC on_II farms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB Douglas_NP1 believes_VVZ that_DD1 interest_NN1 rate_NN1 
controls_NN2 were_VBDR among_II the_AT most_RGT pernicious_JJ aspects_NN2 
of_IO the_AT regulated_JJ economy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Inevitably_NP1 ,_, the_AT rich_JJ were_VBDR able_JK to_TO get_VVI 
around_II them_PPHO2 by_II lending_VVG their_APPGE money_NN1 out_RP through_II 
solicitors_NN2 or_CC privately_RR at_II above_II the_AT regulated_JJ rates_NN2 
,_, while_CS small_JJ savers_NN2 were_VBDR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI 
stuck_VVN with_IW controlled_JJ low_JJ interest_NN1 rates_NN2 at_II 
savings_NN2 banks_NN2 and_CC building_NN1 societies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Similarly_RR ,_, small_JJ businesses_NN2 found_VVD it_PPH1 harder_RRR 
than_CSN the_AT big_JJ companies_NN2 to_TO get_VVI funds_NN2 ,_, because_CS 
if_CS they_PPHS2 had_VHD to_TO charge_VVI everyone_PN1 the_AT same_DA low_JJ 
interest_NN1 rates_NN2 ,_, the_AT banks_NN2 naturally_RR preferred_VVN to_TO 
lend_VVI to_II the_AT bigger_JJR firms_NNJ2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Low_JJ interest_NN1 rates_NN2 also_RR distorted_JJ people_NN 
's_GE choices_NN2 between_II saving_NN1 and_CC spending_VVG their_APPGE 
money_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Controlled_VVN low_JJ rates_NN2 made_VVD it_PPH1 easy_JJ for_IF 
people_NN to_TO borrow_VVI and_CC spend_VVI more_RRR ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 tended_VVD to_TO push_VVI up_RP prices_NN2 and_CC 
undermine_NN1 New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE international_JJ competitiveness_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC low_JJ interest_NN1 rates_NN2 discouraged_VVD people_NN 
from_II saving_NN1 ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 much_RR recent_JJ New_NP Zealand_NP1 
capital_NN1 investment_NN1 has_VHZ had_VHN to_TO be_VBI financed_VVN by_II 
overseas_JJ borrowing_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL So_RR Douglas_NP1 's_GE first_MD move_NN1 ,_, made_VVN at_II 
the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 as_CSA the_AT devaluation_NN1 ,_, even_RR before_CS 
he_PPHS1 took_VVD office_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ to_TO abolish_VVI interest_NN1 
rate_NN1 controls_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ able_JK to_TO sell_VVI this_DD1 to_II the_AT 
Labour_JJ caucus_NN1 on_II the_AT grounds_NN2 that_CST he_PPHS1 had_VHD to_TO 
let_VVI interest_NN1 rates_NN2 rise_VVI to_TO attract_VVI back_RP all_DB 
the_AT money_NN1 that_CST had_VHD flowed_VVN out_II21 of_II22 the_AT 
country_NN1 in_II the_AT weeks_NNT2 before_II the_AT election_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB lifting_VVG the_AT controls_NN2 was_VBDZ an_AT1 essential_JJ 
part_NN1 of_IO the_AT Douglas_NP1 programme_NN1 to_TO let_VVI market_NN1 
forces_NN2 work_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT change_NN1 has_VHZ worked_VVN in_II the_AT sense_NN1 
that_CST even_RR small_JJ borrowers_NN2 can_VM now_RT borrow_VVI money_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF virtually_RR the_AT first_MD time_NNT1 in_II living_JJ 
memory_NN1 ,_, anyone_PN1 can_VM now_RT get_VVI finance_NN1 to_TO buy_VVI 
a_AT1 house_NN1 or_CC start_VV0 a_AT1 business_NN1 *-_- provided_CS they_PPHS2 
are_VBR prepared_VVN to_TO pay_VVI the_AT going_JJ interest_NN1 rate_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT long_JJ term_NN1 ,_, high_JJ interest_NN1 rates_NN2 
will_VM also_RR restrain_VVI people_NN 's_VBZ spending_VVG ,_, and_CC so_RR 
bring_VV0 down_RP inflation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 should_VM also_RR encourage_VVI people_NN to_TO save_VVI 
more_RRR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT short_JJ term_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, average_JJ 
household_NN1 savings_NN2 have_VH0 actually_RR dropped_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 appears_VVZ to_TO be_VBI because_CS interest_NN1 rates_NN2 
rose_VVD so_RG quickly_RR in_II 1984-85_MCMC that_CST people_NN were_VBDR 
not_XX able_JK to_TO cut_VVI back_RP their_APPGE mortgages_NN2 and_CC other_JJ 
commitments_NN2 to_TO match_VVI their_APPGE incomes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Instead_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 had_VHD to_TO borrow_VVI even_RR more_RRR 
to_TO keep_VVI their_APPGE heads_NN2 above_II water_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS people_NN behave_VV0 rationally_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 must_VM 
presume_VVI that_CST this_DD1 was_VBDZ only_RR a_AT1 temporary_JJ effect_NN1 
,_, and_CC that_CST they_PPHS2 are_VBR now_RT trying_VVG to_TO cut_VVI back_RP 
their_APPGE commitments_NN2 to_II a_AT1 manageable_JJ level_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL BANKING_NN1 DEREGULATED_VVD *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 has_VHZ long_RR had_VHN one_MC1 
of_IO the_AT smallest_JJT and_CC cosiest_JJT banking_NN1 communities_NNJ2 
in_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Since_II 1982_MC ,_, when_RRQ two_MC banks_NN2 merged_VVD to_TO 
form_VVI Westpac_NP1 ,_, there_RL have_VH0 been_VBN only_RR four_MC 
commercial_JJ trading_JJ banks_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 tiny_JJ group_NN was_VBDZ protected_VVN from_II 
competition_NN1 by_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 new_JJ bank_NN1 would_VM 
have_VHI needed_VVN its_APPGE own_DA Act_NN1 of_IO Parliament_NNJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT Douglas_NP1 view_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 
serious_JJ distortion_NN1 of_IO the_AT market_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX was_VBDZ no_PN121 one_PN122 for_IF people_NN to_TO go_VVI 
to_II if_CSW they_PPHS2 were_VBDR dissatisfied_VVN with_IW the_AT services_NN2 
offered_VVN by_II the_AT four_MC banks_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX was_VBDZ no_AT competitive_JJ pressure_NN1 on_II the_AT 
banks_NN2 to_TO provide_VVI the_AT kind_NN1 of_IO sophisticated_JJ money_NN1 
management_NN packages_NN2 available_JJ to_II our_APPGE overseas_JJ 
competitors_NN2 in_II their_APPGE own_DA countries_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL So_RR Douglas_NP1 has_VHZ almost_RR completely_RR 
deregulated_VVN the_AT banks_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Anyone_PN1 can_VM now_RT start_VVI a_AT1 bank_NN1 provided_CS 
they_PPHS2 have_VH0 *'_" demonstrable_JJ expertise_NN1 in_II banking_NN1 **'_" 
and_CC at_RR21 least_RR22 *+_NULL $30_NNU million_NNO behind_II them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB requirements_NN2 for_IF the_AT banks_NN2 to_TO hold_VVI a_AT1 
certain_JJ proportion_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE deposits_NN2 in_II cash_NN1 or_CC 
government_NN stock_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN abandoned_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT only_JJ remaining_JJ control_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 general_JJ 
supervision_NN1 of_IO bank_NN1 accounts_VVZ by_II the_AT Reserve_JJ Bank_NN1 
so_CS21 that_CS22 it_PPH1 can_VM watch_VVI for_IF any_DD signs_NN2 of_IO 
financial_JJ troubles_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS a_AT1 bank_NN1 does_VDZ get_VVI into_II difficulty_NN1 ,_, 
the_AT Reserve_JJ Bank_NN1 will_VM merely_RR offer_VVI it_PPH1 advice_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB ultimately_RR ,_, if_CS a_AT1 bank_NN1 is_VBZ about_RPK to_TO 
collapse_VVI ,_, the_AT Reserve_JJ Bank_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT power_NN1 to_TO 
step_VVI in_RP and_CC force_VVI a_AT1 quick_JJ ,_, surgical_JJ winding_VVG 
up_RP ,_, sale_NN1 or_CC merger_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Deregulation_NN1 has_VHZ led_VVN to_II a_AT1 rapid_JJ 
growth_NN1 of_IO merchant_NN1 banks_NN2 and_CC investment_NN1 houses_NN2 
offering_VVG sophisticated_JJ packages_NN2 to_II business_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX has_VHZ ,_, up_II21 to_II22 the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO 
writing_NN1 ,_, been_VBN less_DAR competition_NN1 in_II banking_NN1 for_IF 
the_AT small_JJ investor_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB trusteebanks_NN2 and_CC the_AT main_JJ building_NN1 
societies_NN2 are_VBR increasingly_RR competing_VVG directly_RR with_IW the_AT 
banks_NN2 for_IF the_AT patronage_NN1 of_IO small_JJ savers_NN2 and_CC 
this_DD1 has_VHZ already_RR caused_VVN keener_JJR competition_NN1 in_II 
interest_NN1 rates_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT major_JJ danger_NN1 in_II Douglas_NP1 's_GE banking_NN1 
policy_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT provisions_NN2 in_II the_AT event_NN1 of_IO 
a_AT1 bank_NN1 collapse_NN1 could_VM be_VBI inadequate_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_CS21 if_CS22 a_AT1 bank_NN1 is_VBZ basically_RR sound_JJ ,_, 
it_PPH1 can_VM easily_RR go_VVI under_II if_CSW ,_, for_IF any_DD reason_NN1 
,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 run_NN1 on_II its_APPGE deposits_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 danger_NN1 is_VBZ met_VVN in_II other_JJ countries_NN2 by_II 
government_NN insurance_NN1 of_IO bank_NN1 deposits_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT lack_NN1 of_IO such_DA insurance_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 
means_VVZ that_CST innocent_JJ depositors_NN2 could_VM lose_VVI their_APPGE 
money_NN1 if_CS there_EX should_VM be_VBI a_AT1 financial_JJ panic_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL AGRICULTURAL_JJ PRODUCER_NN1 BOARDS_NNJ2 HUMBLED_VVD *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Agricultural_JJ producer_NN1 boards_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ 
market_VV0 New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE produce_NN1 ,_, have_VH0 existed_VVN 
since_II the_AT 1920s_MC2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT government_NN 's_GE advisers_NN2 in_II the_AT Treasury_NN1 
have_VH0 recommended_VVN effectively_RR abolishing_VVG them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 argue_VV0 that_DD1 controlled_JJ marketing_NN1 does_VDZ 
not_XX succeed_VVI in_II its_APPGE goal_NN1 of_IO getting_VVG higher_JJR 
prices_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT Treasury_NN1 says_VVZ ,_, it_PPH1 
stops_VVZ producers_NN2 selling_VVG poorer_JJR quality_NN1 kiwifruit_NN1 
overseas_RL and_CC thus_RR widening_VVG the_AT market_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
fruit_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Treasury_NN1 also_RR argues_VVZ that_CST licensing_JJ 
exporters_NN2 *'_" restricts_VVZ the_AT entry_NN1 of_IO new_JJ ones_NN2 to_II 
the_AT market_NN1 despite_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_DD1 innovation_NN1 and_CC 
growth_NN1 have_VH0 historically_RR depended_VVN very_RG heavily_RR on_II 
new_JJ firms_NNJ2 **'_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II practice_NN1 the_AT government_NN has_VHZ not_XX 
been_VBN as_RG radical_JJ as_CSA the_AT Treasury_NN1 would_VM like_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 encouraged_VVD the_AT Meat_NN1 Board_NNJ to_II hand_NN1 
over_II the_AT export_NN1 marketing_NN1 of_IO sheep_NN to_II private_JJ 
meat_NN1 companies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 ended_VVD the_AT Poultry_NN1 Board_NNJ 's_GE control_NN1 
of_IO egg_NN1 marketing_NN1 and_CC distribution_NN1 ,_, abolished_VVD the_AT 
Potato_NN1 Board_NNJ and_CC the_AT Tobacco_NN1 Board_NNJ ,_, and_CC ended_VVD 
the_AT power_NN1 of_IO the_AT Wheat_NN1 Board_NNJ to_TO set_VVI prices_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ also_RR begun_VVN a_AT1 review_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
monopoly_NN1 powers_NN2 of_IO the_AT Apple_NN1 and_CC Pear_NN1 Marketing_NN1 
Board_NNJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT government_NN has_VHZ also_RR abolished_VVN 
regulations_NN2 which_DDQ prevented_VVD the_AT sale_NN1 of_IO cartoned_JJ 
milk_NN1 ,_, but_CCB ,_, for_IF social_JJ reasons_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ 
protected_VVN home_RL delivery_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 licensing_JJ system_NN1 
and_CC price_NN1 control_NN1 which_DDQ sets_VVZ the_AT price_NN1 of_IO 
cartoned_JJ milk_NN1 10_MC cents_NNU2 higher_JJR than_CSN that_DD1 of_IO 
bottles_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ also_RR ,_, so_RG far_RR ,_, done_VDN nothing_PN1 
to_TO break_VVI the_AT monopoly_NN1 power_NN1 of_IO the_AT biggest_JJT 
board_NN1 of_IO all_DB ,_, the_AT Dairy_NN1 Board_NNJ ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL LIQUOR_NN1 LIBERATED_VVD *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT government_NN 's_GE working_JJ party_NN1 on_II 
liquor_NN1 laws_NN2 returned_VVD a_AT1 familiar_JJ verdict_NN1 at_II the_AT 
end_NN1 of_IO 1986_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 recommended_VVD the_AT almost_RR complete_JJ abolition_NN1 
of_IO restrictions_NN2 on_II the_AT sale_NN1 of_IO liquor_NN1 ,_, arguing_VVG 
that_DD1 restricting_JJ sales_NN2 did_VDD not_XX discourage_VVI people_NN 
from_II drinking_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC it_PPH1 concluded_VVD that_CST the_AT restrictions_NN2 ,_, 
which_DDQ required_VVD you_PPY to_TO prove_VVI there_RL was_VBDZ a_AT1 *'_" 
need_NN1 **'_" before_CS you_PPY could_VM set_VVI up_RP a_AT1 tavern_NN1 or_CC 
a_AT1 bottle_NN1 store_NN1 ,_, acted_VVD solely_RR to_TO protect_VVI 
existing_JJ establishments_NN2 from_II competition_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II limiting_VVG the_AT number_NN1 of_IO outlets_NN2 the_AT 
restrictions_NN2 also_RR encouraged_VVD the_AT building_NN1 of_IO big_JJ *'_" 
beer_NN1 barns_NN2 **'_" ,_, the_AT working_JJ party_NN1 contended_VVD ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 wanted_VVD *'_" off-licences_NN2 **'_" (_( to_TO 
sell_VVI takeaway_NN1 liquor_NN1 )_) granted_VVD to_II any_DD business_NN1 
provided_CS the_AT applicant_NN1 was_VBDZ suitable_JJ ,_, and_CC *'_" 
on-licences_NN2 **'_" granted_VVN with_IW the_AT one_MC1 additional_JJ 
restriction_NN1 that_CST local_JJ bodies_NN2 consider_VV0 whether_CSW the_AT 
applicant_NN1 would_VM serve_VVI food_NN1 and_CC non-alcoholic_JJ drinks_NN2 
as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT working_JJ party_NN1 proposed_VVD that_CST *'_" the_AT 
present_JJ arbitrary_JJ restrictions_NN2 on_II trading_VVG hours_NNT2 **'_" 
be_VBI removed_VVN ,_, giving_VVG local_JJ bodies_NN2 the_AT power_NN1 to_TO 
set_VVI hours_NNT2 for_IF particular_JJ outlets_NN2 if_CS they_PPHS2 
choose_VV0 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 suggested_VVD ending_VVG the_AT remaining_JJ *'_" 
dry_JJ **'_" areas_NN2 that_CST exist_VV0 in_II some_DD middle_JJ class_NN1 
Auckland_NP1 and_CC Wellington_NP1 suburbs_VVZ ,_, calling_VVG them_PPHO2 *'_" 
pockets_NN2 of_IO entrenched_JJ privilege_NN1 **'_" that_CST encouraged_JJ 
people_NN to_TO drive_VVI home_RL drunk_VVN from_II the_AT areas_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT city_NN1 where_RRQ they_PPHS2 did_VDD their_APPGE drinking_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC it_PPH1 recommended_VVD reducing_VVG the_AT drinking_NN1 
age_NN1 from_II 20_MC to_II 18_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT government_NN has_VHZ been_VBN given_VVN conflicting_JJ 
advice_NN1 on_II many_DA2 of_IO these_DD2 points_NN2 from_II a_AT1 
committee_NNJ on_II violent_JJ offending_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ reported_VVD 
early_RR in_II 1987_MC ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 340+TEXT+J46_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Empirical_JJ studies_NN2 of_IO the_AT management_NN of_IO 
part-time_JJ staffing_JJ decision_NN1 have_VH0 also_RR provided_VVN strong_JJ 
support_NN1 for_IF the_AT notion_NN1 that_CST the_AT desire_NN1 for_IF 
labour_NN1 scheduling_VVG flexibility_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR a_AT1 key_JJ 
motivating_JJ factor_NN1 in_II the_AT employer_NN1 's_VBZ decision_NN1 to_TO 
expand_VVI part-time_JJ employment_NN1 (_( Beechey_NP1 and_CC Perkins_NP1 ,_, 
1985_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 254_MC ;_; Bosworth_NP1 and_CC Dawkins_NP1 ,_, 
1982_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 34_MC ;_; Nollen_NP1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, 1978_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 29_MC ,_, Robinson_NP1 and_CC 
Wallace_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 29_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Thirdly_NP1 ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN argued_VVN that_CST 
the_AT uneven_JJ utilisation_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ labour_NN1 across_II 
the_AT workforce_NN1 is_VBZ directly_RR related_VVN to_II patterns_NN2 of_IO 
occupational_JJ segregation_NN1 by_II gender_NN1 (_( Beechey_NP1 and_CC 
Perkins_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 255_MC ;_; Humphries_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC 
,_, \_NULL p._NNU 14_MC ;_; White_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 45_MC )_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT labour_NN1 force_NN1 is_VBZ highly_RR segregated_VVN by_II 
sex_NN1 and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ largely_RR women_NN2 ,_, the_AT young_JJ and_CC 
the_AT old_JJ rather_II21 than_II22 mature-aged_JJ males_NN2 who_PNQS seek_VV0 
part-time_JJ hours_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_CS the_AT full-time_JJ labour_NN1 force_NN1 is_VBZ female_JJ 
,_, managers_NN2 use_VV0 part-time_JJ employment_NN1 to_TO extend_VVI 
hours_NNT2 of_IO work_NN1 or_CC to_TO adjust_VVI staffing_VVG to_II peaks_NN2 
and_CC troughs_NN2 in_II work_NN1 activity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_CS the_AT full-time_JJ labour_NN1 force_NN1 is_VBZ male_JJ ,_, 
by_II contrast_NN1 ,_, managers_NN2 opt_VV0 for_IF shiftwork_NN1 systems_NN2 
or_CC overtime_NN1 to_TO attain_VVI the_AT necessary_JJ scheduling_JJ 
flexibility_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR the_AT patterns_NN2 of_IO part-time_JJ working_NN1 are_VBR 
closely_RR linked_VVN to_II the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO occupational_JJ 
segregation_NN1 by_II sex_NN1 (_( Beechey_NP1 and_CC Perkins_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC 
,_, \_NULL p._NNU 261_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Relatively_RR little_JJ attention_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN 
paid_VVN so_RG far_RR in_II the_AT literature_NN1 on_II part-time_JJ 
employment_NN1 to_II the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO trade_NN1 unions_NN2 and_CC 
professional_JJ associations_NN2 on_II part-time_JJ employment_NN1 's_VBZ 
industrial_JJ and_CC occupational_JJ structure_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO writers_NN2 have_VH0 noted_VVN that_DD1 
trade_NN1 union_NN opposition_NN1 is_VBZ potentially_RR an_AT1 important_JJ 
barrier_NN1 to_II the_AT growth_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ employment_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC have_VH0 identified_VVN some_DD of_IO the_AT general_JJ reasons_NN2 
for_IF this_DD1 opposition_NN1 (_( Canadian_JJ Commission_NNJ of_IO 
Inquiry_NN1 ,_, 1983_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 9_MC ;_; Nollen_NP1 {_NULL et_RA21 
al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, 1978_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 128_MC ;_; White_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC ,_, 
\_NULL pp._NNU2 53-56_MCMC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, unions_NN2 in_II Canada_NP1 and_CC the_AT 
United_NP States_NP1 have_VH0 objected_VVN to_II part-time_JJ employment_NN1 
because_II21 of_II22 the_AT potential_NN1 they_PPHS2 believe_VV0 it_PPH1 
offers_VVZ for_IF labour_NN1 cost_NN1 savings_NN2 through_II the_AT 
reduction_NN1 of_IO employment_NN1 benefits_NN2 ;_; because_II21 of_II22 
the_AT special_JJ problems_NN2 that_CST part-time_JJ workers_NN2 can_VM 
present_VVI for_IF collective_JJ organisation_NN1 ;_; and_CC because_II21 
of_II22 the_AT threat_NN1 they_PPHS2 believe_VV0 part-time_JJ job_NN1 
growth_NN1 poses_VVZ for_IF the_AT job_NN1 security_NN1 and_CC stability_NN1 
of_IO the_AT workforce_NN1 (_( Canadian_JJ Commission_NNJ of_IO Inquiry_NN1 
,_, 1983_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 9_MC ;_; Nollen_NP1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, 1978_MC ,_, \_NULL pp._NNU2 128-31_MCMC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_RR21 yet_RR22 however_RR ,_, few_DA2 writers_NN2 have_VH0 gone_VVN 
on_RP to_TO identify_VVI the_AT reasons_NN2 for_IF union_NN opposition_NN1 
to_II part-time_JJ employment_NN1 in_II particular_JJ industries_NN2 or_CC 
occupations_NN2 ,_, or_CC to_TO explore_VVI the_AT implications_NN2 of_IO 
these_DD2 attitudes_NN2 and_CC policies_NN2 for_IF the_AT availability_NN1 
and_CC labour_NN1 market_NN1 distribution_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ jobs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT actions_NN2 taken_VVN by_II professional_JJ associations_NN2 
to_TO regulate_VVI part-time_JJ job_NN1 opportunities_NN2 within_II 
their_APPGE sphere_NN1 of_IO employment_NN1 have_VH0 also_RR been_VBN 
overlooked_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 paper_NN1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 case_NN1 study_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO trade_NN1 union_NN organisation_NN1 upon_II the_AT 
structure_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ employment_NN1 in_II one_MC1 particular_JJ 
segment_NN1 of_IO the_AT labour_NN1 market_NN1 ,_, public_JJ 
hospital-based_NN1 registered_VVD nursing_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nurses_NN2 employed_VVD in_RR21 general_RR22 and_CC obstetric_JJ 
public_JJ hospitals_NN2 are_VBR represented_VVN by_II the_AT New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 Nurses_NN2 Association_NNJ ;_; nurses_NN2 employed_VVN in_II 
psychiatric_JJ and_CC psychopaedic_JJ hospitals_NN2 are_VBR represented_VVN 
by_II the_AT Public_JJ Service_NN1 Association_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT 2_MC organisations_NN2 have_VH0 adopted_VVN strikingly_RR 
different_JJ approaches_NN2 to_II the_AT issue_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ 
employment_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT discussion_NN1 that_CST follows_VVZ briefly_RR 
summarises_VVZ the_AT evidence_NN1 available_JJ on_II the_AT patterns_NN2 
of_IO part-time_JJ employment_NN1 in_II registered_JJ nursing_NN1 and_CC 
the_AT reasons_NN2 for_IF its_APPGE growth_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT responses_NN2 made_VVN by_II the_AT Nurses_NN2 Association_NNJ 
and_CC the_AT Public_JJ Service_NN1 Association_NNJ to_II the_AT growth_NN1 
of_IO part-time_JJ nursing_NN1 are_VBR then_RT outlined_VVN and_CC 
compared_VVN ,_, and_CC an_AT1 attempt_NN1 is_VBZ made_VVN to_TO explain_VVI 
the_AT differences_NN2 in_II approach_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL The_AT growth_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ nursing_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Part-time_JJ employment_NN1 is_VBZ today_RT a_AT1 
prominent_JJ feature_NN1 of_IO the_AT labour_NN1 market_NN1 in_II almost_RR 
all_DB areas_NN2 of_IO registered_JJ nursing_JJ employment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1984_MC ,_, 39_MC percent_NNU of_IO all_DB registered_JJ 
nurses_NN2 employed_VVN in_II public_JJ hospitals_NN2 ,_, and_CC 42_MC 
percent_NNU of_IO those_DD2 employed_VVN in_RR21 general_RR22 and_CC 
obstetric_JJ public_JJ hospitals_NN2 ,_, were_VBDR working_VVG part-time_JJ 
hours_NNT2 (_( New_NP Zealand_NP1 Department_NNJ of_IO Health_NN1 ,_, 1984_MC 
,_, \_NULL p._NNU 18_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Levels_NN2 of_IO part-time_JJ employment_NN1 amongst_II district_NN1 
,_, Plunket_NP1 and_CC general_JJ practice_NN1 nurses_NN2 ,_, and_CC in_RR21 
private_RR22 hospitals_NN2 ,_, were_VBDR also_RR high_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II psychiatric_JJ and_CC psychopaedic_JJ hospitals_NN2 ,_, 
however_RR ,_, and_CC in_RR21 public_RR22 health_NN1 nursing_NN1 ,_, only_RR 
around_RG 10_MC percent_NNU of_IO registered_JJ nurses_NN2 were_VBDR 
employed_VVN on_II a_AT1 part-time_JJ basis_NN1 (_( 14_MC percent_NNU ,_, 8_MC 
percent_NNU and_CC 6_MC percent_NNU of_IO registered_JJ nursing_JJ staff_NN 
respectively_RR )_) (_( New_NP Zealand_NP1 Department_NNJ of_IO Health_NN1 ,_, 
1984_MC ,_, \_NULL pp._NNU2 18_MC ,_, 33_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Although_CS little_DA1 research_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN 
undertaken_VVN to_TO identify_VVI the_AT causes_NN2 of_IO the_AT growth_NN1 
of_IO part-time_JJ nursing_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, the_AT 
information_NN1 available_JJ suggests_VVZ that_CST both_DB2 post-war_JJ 
shortages_NN2 of_IO qualified_JJ nursing_JJ staff_NN ,_, and_CC the_AT 
benefits_NN2 offered_VVN for_IF staff_NN scheduling_VVG flexibility_NN1 ,_, 
were_VBDR of_IO considerable_JJ importance_NN1 in_II prompting_VVG nurse_NN1 
administrators_NN2 to_TO make_VVI greater_JJR use_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ 
employment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Shortages_NP1 of_IO trained_JJ nurses_NN2 in_II the_AT years_NNT2 
following_RA the_AT war_NN1 ,_, resulting_VVG both_RR from_II the_AT 
expansion_NN1 of_IO public_JJ health_NN1 services_NN2 and_CC the_AT trend_NN1 
towards_II earlier_JJR and_CC more_RGR universal_JJ marriage_NN1 
encouraged_VVD hospitals_NN2 to_TO make_VVI greater_JJR use_NN1 of_IO 
qualified_JJ nurses_NN2 who_PNQS offered_VVD themselves_PPX2 on_II a_AT1 
part-time_JJ basis_NN1 (_( Kendrick_NP1 ,_, 1950_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 671_MC 
;_; Pitts_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 53_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Annual_JJ Reports_NN2 of_IO the_AT Department_NNJ of_IO 
Health_NN1 between_II 1946_MC and_CC 1976_MC regularly_RR referred_VVN to_II 
nursing_JJ shortages_NN2 afflicting_VVG at_RR21 least_RR22 some_DD areas_NN2 
of_IO the_AT country_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Officials_NN2 urged_VVD that_CST hospitals_NN2 make_VV0 greater_JJR 
effort_NN1 to_TO recruit_VVI back_RP into_II nursing_VVG married_JJ women_NN2 
who_PNQS had_VHD left_VVN the_AT profession_NN1 and_CC utilise_VV0 married_JJ 
and_CC part-time_JJ staff_NN on_II afternoon_NNT1 and_CC night_NNT1 shifts_VVZ 
(_( Annual_JJ Reports_NN2 1969_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 67_MC ;_; 1971_MC ,_, 
\_NULL p._NNU 79_MC ;_; 1972_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 31_MC ;_; 1976_MC ,_, \_NULL 
p._NNU 83_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unfortunately_RR ,_, national_JJ data_NN is_VBZ not_XX available_JJ 
to_TO show_VVI the_AT pattern_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ job_NN1 growth_NN1 
within_II the_AT nursing_JJ workforce_NN1 during_II the_AT post-war_JJ 
decades_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Anecdotal_JJ evidence_NN1 suggests_VVZ however_RR that_CST the_AT 
proportion_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ nurses_NN2 in_II public_JJ hospitals_NN2 
probably_RR remained_VVD relatively_RR low_JJ throughout_II the_AT 1950s_MC2 
and_CC early_JJ 1960s_MC2 ,_, but_CCB grew_VVD significantly_RR in_II the_AT 
late_JJ 1960s_MC2 and_CC 1970s_MC2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Part-time_JJ employment_NN1 has_VHZ also_RR been_VBN 
extensively_RR utilised_VVN in_II both_DB2 private_JJ and_CC public_JJ 
hospitals_NN2 to_TO provide_VVI flexibility_NN1 in_II the_AT scheduling_NN1 
of_IO nursing_JJ staff_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 investigation_NN1 of_IO staffing_VVG patterns_NN2 within_II 
public_NN and_CC private_JJ hospitals_NN2 in_II Christchurch_NP1 
undertaken_VVN by_II the_AT author_NN1 in_II 1985_MC ,_, provided_CS many_DA2 
examples_NN2 of_IO the_AT use_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ staff_NN for_IF this_DD1 
purpose_NN1 (_( see_VV0 appendix_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Adequate_JJ nursing_JJ coverage_NN1 must_VM be_VBI provided_VVN in_II 
hospitals_NN2 on_II a_AT1 24-hour_NNT1 ,_, 7-day-per-week_JJ basis_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC a_AT1 large_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO administrative_JJ time_NNT1 and_CC 
effort_NN1 is_VBZ absorbed_VVN by_II the_AT process_NN1 of_IO determining_VVG 
when_RRQ each_DD1 nurse_NN1 will_VM be_VBI on_RP or_CC off_II duty_NN1 ,_, 
which_DDQ shift_VV0 will_VM be_VBI worked_VVN by_II whom_PNQO and_CC how_RRQ 
weekends_NNT2 ,_, absences_NN2 and_CC holidays_NN2 will_VM be_VBI 
accounted_VVN for_IF (_( Young_NP1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, 1981_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 104_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 common_JJ problem_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT difficulty_NN1 of_IO 
staffing_VVG unpopular_JJ or_CC socially_RR inconvenient_JJ shifts_NN2 :_: 
nights_NNT2 ,_, Friday_NPD1 or_CC Saturday_NPD1 evenings_NNT2 ,_, public_JJ 
holidays_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT use_NN1 of_IO compulsory_JJ full-time_JJ shift_NN1 
rotations_NN2 to_TO ensure_VVI adequate_JJ coverage_NN1 at_II these_DD2 
times_NNT2 can_VM cause_VVI major_JJ dissatisfactions_NN2 among_II nursing_JJ 
staff_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR health_NN1 and_CC social_JJ problems_NN2 
associated_VVN with_IW shiftwork_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR 
difficult_JJ to_TO reconcile_VVI shiftwork_NN1 with_IW childcare_NN1 
responsibilities_NN2 (_( Barnes_NP1 ,_, 1980_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 27_MC ;_; 
Felton_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 19_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT creation_NN1 of_IO permanent_JJ part-time_JJ positions_NN2 
on_II the_AT less_RGR popular_JJ shifts_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 nights_NNT2 
,_, can_VM assist_VVI hospitals_NN2 to_TO resolve_VVI this_DD1 scheduling_JJ 
problem_NN1 and_CC provide_VVI 24-hour_JJ staff_NN coverage_VV0 without_IW 
requiring_VVG nurses_NN2 to_TO rotate_VVI through_II a_AT1 full_JJ 24-hour_JJ 
shift_NN1 cycle_NN1 (_( Godfrey_NP1 ,_, 1980_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 67_MC ;_; 
Johnson_NP1 and_CC Marcella_NP1 ,_, 1977_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 34_MC ;_; 
Lartner_NP1 ,_, 1982_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 168_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II each_DD1 of_IO the_AT general_NN1 and_CC obstetric_JJ 
public_JJ hospitals_NN2 studied_VVN in_II Christchurch_NP1 in_II 1985_MC ,_, 
the_AT majority_NN of_IO part-time_JJ nurses_NN2 were_VBDR employed_VVN 
permanently_RR on_II the_AT night_NNT1 shift_NN1 ,_, working_VVG 2_MC ,_, 3_MC 
and_CC sometimes_RT 4_MC nights_NNT2 a_AT1 week_NNT1 on_II a_AT1 regular_JJ 
basis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT growth_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ employment_NN1 in_II these_DD2 
hospitals_NN2 over_II the_AT past_NN1 5_MC to_II 10_MC years_NNT2 appears_VVZ 
to_TO have_VHI owed_VVN a_PN31 good_PN32 deal_PN33 to_II the_AT commitment_NN1 
of_IO principal_JJ nurses_NN2 to_II increasing_VVG the_AT part-time_JJ 
coverage_NN1 of_IO the_AT night_NNT1 shift_NN1 ,_, so_BCL21 as_BCL22 to_TO 
reduce_VVI or_CC eliminate_VVI the_AT times_NNT2 when_RRQ it_PPH1 was_VBDZ 
necessary_JJ to_II roster_NN1 full-time_JJ staff_NN nurses_NN2 onto_II the_AT 
night_NNT1 duty_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Secondly_RR ,_, in_II every_AT1 hospital_NN1 for_IF which_DDQ 
information_NN1 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN ,_, permanent_JJ part-time_JJ nurses_NN2 
were_VBDR utilised_VVN as_RG relievers_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA such_DA they_PPHS2 were_VBDR requested_VVN to_TO work_VVI 
extra_JJ duties_NN2 when_RRQ necessary_JJ on_II a_AT1 voluntary_JJ basis_NN1 
to_TO help_VVI cover_NN1 for_IF absences_NN2 arising_VVG from_II sickness_NN1 
or_CC annual_JJ leave_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nursing_JJ administrators_NN2 generally_RR preferred_VVN to_TO 
call_VVI on_II their_APPGE permanent_JJ part-time_JJ staff_NN to_TO cover_VVI 
these_DD2 extra_JJ duties_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 to_II request_NN1 
full-timers_NN2 to_TO alter_VVI their_APPGE rostered_JJ duty_NN1 schedules_VVZ 
at_II short_JJ notice_NN1 or_CC to_TO work_VVI overtime_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thirdly_NP1 ,_, 2_MC of_IO the_AT larger_JJR public_JJ hospitals_NN2 
made_VVD use_NN1 of_IO nursing_JJ pools_NN2 composed_VVD largely_RR of_IO 
part-timers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Pool_NN1 nurses_NN2 are_VBR not_XX permanently_RR assigned_VVN to_II 
a_AT1 particular_JJ ward_NN1 but_CCB instead_RR are_VBR assigned_VVN to_II 
a_AT1 place_NN1 of_IO work_NN1 when_RRQ they_PPHS2 come_VV0 on_II duty_NN1 ,_, 
according_II21 to_II22 need_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Pool_NN1 nurses_NN2 functioned_VVD both_RR to_TO fill_VVI in_II 
gaps_NN2 caused_VVN by_II sickness_NN1 and_CC to_TO raise_VVI staff_NN 
levels_NN2 when_RRQ necessary_JJ in_II areas_NN2 of_IO the_AT hospital_NN1 
where_RRQ fluctuations_NN2 in_II workloads_NN2 are_VBR particulary_JJ 
critical_JJ ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT intensive_JJ care_NN1 unit_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Discussions_NN2 with_IW nurse_NN1 administrators_NN2 in_II the_AT 
course_NN1 of_IO the_AT research_NN1 confirmed_VVD that_CST they_PPHS2 
considered_VVD the_AT scheduling_JJ flexibility_NN1 provided_VVN by_II 
part-time_JJ employment_NN1 to_TO be_VBI one_MC1 of_IO its_APPGE major_JJ 
advantages_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Neither_RR the_AT *"_" staff_NN shortage_NN1 **"_" nor_CC 
the_AT *"_" scheduling_JJ **"_" explanations_NN2 for_IF the_AT growth_NN1 
of_IO part-time_JJ registered_JJ nursing_NN1 can_VM explain_VVI the_AT low_JJ 
level_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ nursing_NN1 found_VVN in_II psychiatric_JJ and_CC 
psychopaedic_JJ hospitals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Historically_NP1 ,_, psychiatric_JJ and_CC psychopaedic_JJ 
hospitals_NN2 have_VH0 experienced_VVN staffing_VVG problems_NN2 at_RR21 
least_RR22 as_RG severe_JJ as_CSA those_DD2 affecting_VVG general_JJ 
hospitals_NN2 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ arguable_JJ that_CST shortages_NN2 
of_IO registered_JJ psychiatric_JJ nurses_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN even_RR 
greater_JJR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nursing_JJ administrators_NN2 in_II psychiatric_JJ hospitals_NN2 
must_VM also_RR schedule_VVI staff_NN on_II a_AT1 24-hour_NNT1 ,_, 7-day_JJ 
basis_NN1 and_CC adjust_VV0 to_TO cover_VVI absences_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO explain_VVI the_AT different_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO part-time_JJ 
employment_NN1 that_CST exist_VV0 in_II the_AT general_NN1 and_CC the_AT 
psychiatric_JJ spheres_NN2 of_IO registered_JJ nursing_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
necessary_JJ to_TO take_VVI into_II account_NN1 the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
professional_JJ associations_NN2 upon_II staffing_VVG patterns_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL The_AT responses_NN2 of_IO the_AT Associations_NNJ2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT expansion_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ employment_NN1 
in_RR21 public_RR22 general_JJ and_CC obstetric_JJ hospitals_NN2 during_II 
the_AT 1970s_MC2 occurred_VVD largely_RR without_IW any_DD active_JJ 
response_NN1 on_II41 the_II42 part_II43 of_II44 the_AT Nurses_NN2 
Association_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Association_NNJ has_VHZ never_RR developed_VVN a_AT1 formal_JJ 
policy_NN1 stance_NN1 on_II the_AT desirability_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ 
employment_NN1 in_II nursing_NN1 ,_, or_CC the_AT desirability_NN1 of_IO 
its_APPGE expansion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO the_AT trend_NN1 towards_II 
part-time_JJ nursing_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN acknowledged_VVN by_II Nurses_NN2 
Association_NNJ leaders_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX appear_VVI to_TO 
have_VHI perceived_VVN this_DD1 trend_NN1 as_II an_AT1 issue_NN1 that_CST 
required_VVD formal_JJ discussion_NN1 and_CC review_NN1 at_II the_AT 
executive_JJ level_NN1 ,_, either_RR by_II the_AT Association_NNJ 's_GE 
executive_NN or_CC by_II any_DD of_IO its_APPGE sub-committees_NNJ2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Instead_RR ,_, the_AT response_NN1 of_IO the_AT Nurses_NN2 
Association_NNJ to_II the_AT expansion_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ employment_NN1 
has_VHZ been_VBN limited_VVN in_II its_APPGE focus_NN1 to_II a_AT1 concern_NN1 
with_IW ensuring_VVG that_DD1 equality_NN1 for_IF part-timers_NN2 in_II 
basic_JJ conditions_NN2 of_IO employment_NN1 is_VBZ maintained_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Association_NNJ 's_GE executive_JJ officers_NN2 adhere_VV0 
to_II the_AT view_NN1 that_CST there_EX should_VM be_VBI no_AT direct_JJ 
discrimination_NN1 against_II part-time_JJ nurses_NN2 with_II31 respect_II32 
to_II33 nationally-regulated_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II several_DA2 occasions_NN2 during_II the_AT 1970s_MC2 ,_, 
they_PPHS2 acted_VVD on_II this_DD1 belief_NN1 by_II exerting_VVG pressure_NN1 
on_II the_AT State_NN1 Services_NN2 Co-ordinating_VVG Committee_NNJ (_( {_NULL 
SSCC_NP }_NULL )_) ,_, through_II the_AT then_JJ Combined_JJ State_NN1 
Service_NN1 Organisations_NNJ (_( {_NULL CSSO_NN1 }_NULL )_) ,_, to_TO 
ensure_VVI that_DD1 certain_JJ newly-negotiated_JJ conditions_NN2 of_IO 
service_NN1 for_IF hospital_NN1 employees_NN2 were_VBDR extended_VVN to_II 
part-time_JJ as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 full-time_JJ employees_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1971_MC ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, a_AT1 penal_JJ rate_NN1 
for_IF hours_NNT2 worked_VVN at_II night_NNT1 was_VBDZ negotiated_VVN for_IF 
the_AT first_MD time_NNT1 ,_, but_CCB initially_RR it_PPH1 was_VBDZ 
granted_VVN only_RR to_II full-time_JJ nurses_NN2 who_PNQS rotated_VVD 
through_II the_AT duty_NN1 roster_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Association_NNJ protested_VVD strongly_RR and_CC made_VVD 
a_AT1 series_NN of_IO submissions_NN2 to_II the_AT Minister_NN1 of_IO 
Health_NN1 and_CC the_AT {_NULL SSCC_NP }_NULL ,_, until_CS the_AT night_NNT1 
rate_NN1 was_VBDZ extended_VVN to_II part-time_JJ nurses_NN2 and_CC those_DD2 
on_II fixed_JJ shifts_NN2 (_( Carey_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 50_MC 
)_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Between_II 1978_MC and_CC 1981_MC ,_, the_AT Nurses_NN2 
Association_NNJ took_VVD action_NN1 to_TO ensure_VVI that_DD1 extra_JJ 
leave_NN1 for_IF shiftworkers_NN2 in_II the_AT Hospital_NN1 Service_NN1 
was_VBDZ extended_VVN to_II part-timers_NN2 (_( *"_" Shiftworker_NP1 
Part-Timers_NP1 **"_" ,_, 1981_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 33_MC and_CC in_II 1980_MC 
,_, to_TO ensure_VVI that_DD1 part-time_JJ nurses_NN2 were_VBDR paid_VVN 
transport_NN1 allowances_NN2 *"_" {_NULL NZNA_NN1 }_NULL Intervention_NN1 
**"_" ,_, 1980_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 25_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II large_JJ part_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, conditions_NN2 of_IO 
employment_NN1 for_IF part-time_JJ nurses_NN2 in_II public_JJ hospitals_NN2 
have_VH0 improved_VVN without_IW extensive_JJ pressure_NN1 from_II the_AT 
Association_NNJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II contrast_NN1 to_II the_AT Nurses_NN2 Association_NNJ ,_, 
the_AT Public_JJ Service_NN1 Association_NNJ (_( {_NULL PSA_NP1 }_NULL )_) 
adopted_VVD a_AT1 very_RG clear_JJ policy_NN1 position_NN1 on_II the_AT 
desirability_NN1 of_IO part-time_JJ employment_NN1 in_II psychiatric_JJ and_CC 
psychopaedic_JJ hospitals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Following_VVG the_AT appointment_NN1 of_IO significant_JJ numbers_NN2 
of_IO part-time_JJ nurses_NN2 in_II the_AT early_JJ and_CC mid-1970s_NN2 ,_, 
part-time_JJ employment_NN1 became_VVD an_AT1 issue_NN1 of_IO discussion_NN1 
by_II {_NULL PSA_NP1 }_NULL sub-group_JJ committees_NNJ2 located_VVN in_II 
individual_JJ hospitals_NN2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 341+TEXT+J47_FO **]_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Information_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II the_AT perfect_JJ market_NN1 each_DD1 
consumer_NN1 knows_VVZ what_DDQ is_VBZ best_JJT for_IF him_PPHO1 or_CC 
her_PPHO1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, they_PPHS2 can_VM make_VVI decisions_NN2 
in_II their_APPGE best_JJT self_NN1 interest_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL For_IF many_DA2 markets_NN2 this_DD1 is_VBZ no_AT great_JJ 
requirement_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_RRQ people_NN purchase_NN1 groceries_NN2 they_PPHS2 have_VH0 
a_AT1 fairly_RR good_JJ idea_NN1 what_DDQ their_APPGE family_NN 's_GE 
needs_NN2 and_CC preferences_NN2 are_VBR ,_, and_CC of_IO the_AT quality_NN1 
and_CC price_NN1 of_IO the_AT goods_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT knowledge_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ used_VVN for_IF efficient_JJ 
grocery_NN1 purchases_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN acquired_VVN by_II shopping_VVG 
regularly_RR over_RG many_DA2 years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 make_VV0 mistakes_NN2 ,_, but_CCB typically_RR any_DD 
mistakes_NN2 are_VBR small_JJ relative_II21 to_II22 total_JJ purchases_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR other_JJ purchases_NN2 where_CS this_DD1 
pattern_NN1 of_IO acquired_JJ knowledge_NN1 through_II repeated_JJ 
purchases_NN2 does_VDZ not_XX apply_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Cars_NN2 are_VBR bought_VVN infrequently_RR ,_, and_CC the_AT 
purchaser_NN1 goes_VVZ to_II great_JJ trouble_NN1 to_TO accumulate_VVI 
information_NN1 from_II a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO sources_NN2 ;_; 
publications_NN2 ,_, sales_NN2 people_NN ,_, friends_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sometimes_RT they_PPHS2 make_VV0 mistakes_NN2 ,_, but_CCB on_II 
the_AT whole_NN1 ,_, for_IF big_JJ ticket_NN1 items_NN2 it_PPH1 pays_VVZ to_TO 
accumulate_VVI information_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT outcome_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 
successful_JJ ,_, although_CS perhaps_RR not_XX perfect_JJ ,_, purchase_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Compare_VV0 groceries_NN2 and_CC car_NN1 purchase_NN1 with_IW 
going_VVG to_II a_AT1 doctor_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS someone_PN1 goes_VVZ to_II a_AT1 doctor_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 
is_VBZ because_CS they_PPHS2 usually_RR do_VD0 not_XX know_VVI what_DDQ 
they_PPHS2 require_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Moreover_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 have_VH0 little_JJ idea_NN1 as_II21 
to_II22 how_RRQ to_TO judge_VVI the_AT quality_NN1 of_IO the_AT medical_JJ 
care_NN1 they_PPHS2 think_VV0 they_PPHS2 may_VM need_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT people_NN do_VD0 not_XX go_VVI to_II the_AT doctor_NN1 
often_RR ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 do_VD0 not_XX shop_VVI around_RP as_CSA 
they_PPHS2 would_VM when_CS purchasing_VVG a_AT1 car_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ quite_RR a_AT1 different_JJ informational_JJ 
situation_NN1 to_II that_DD1 of_IO a_AT1 conventional_JJ market_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CS31 far_CS32 as_CS33 the_AT consumers_NN2 are_VBR concerned_JJ 
the_AT market_NN1 for_IF health_NN1 care_NN1 is_VBZ far_RR from_II 
informationally_RR perfect_JJ ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Access_NN1 of_IO suppliers_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT ideal_JJ market_NN1 requires_VVZ freedom_NN1 
of_IO entry_NN1 and_CC exit_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT reason_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 is_VBZ as_CSA follows_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 fixed_JJ number_NN1 of_IO suppliers_NN2 
and_CC ,_, say_VV0 ,_, the_AT demand_NN1 for_IF the_AT service_NN1 rises_NN2 
,_, then_RT the_AT suppliers_NN2 could_VM exploit_VVI the_AT situation_NN1 
by_II demanding_VVG higher_JJR prices_NN2 ,_, with_IW no_AT benefit_NN1 to_II 
the_AT consumer_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 if_CS there_EX is_VBZ freedom_NN1 
of_IO entry_NN1 then_RT other_JJ suppliers_NN2 could_VM observe_VVI the_AT 
high_JJ prices_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR being_VBG received_VVN in_II the_AT 
market_NN1 ,_, enter_VV0 it_PPH1 to_TO participate_VVI in_II the_AT 
abnormal_JJ profits_NN2 ,_, and_CC by_II doing_VDG so_RR bring_VV0 the_AT 
price_NN1 down_RP while_CS supplying_VVG more_DAR services_NN2 to_II the_AT 
consumers_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Of_RR21 course_RR22 there_EX are_VBR very_RG severe_JJ 
restraints_NN2 on_II freedom_NN1 to_TO enter_VVI general_JJ practice_NN1 in_II 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT aspiring_JJ {_NULL GP_NN1 }_NULL needs_VVZ a_AT1 
professional_JJ qualification_NN1 and_CC acquiring_VVG that_DD1 
qualification_NN1 takes_VVZ time_NNT1 and_CC the_AT number_NN1 of_IO 
places_NN2 in_II the_AT medical_JJ schools_NN2 is_VBZ limited_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 restrict_VV0 immigration_NN1 of_IO doctors_NN2 from_II 
overseas_RL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL These_DD2 barriers_NN2 to_II entry_NN1 mean_VV0 that_CST 
another_DD1 condition_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 perfect_JJ market_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX 
exist_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_CS there_EX is_VBZ an_AT1 informational_JJ deficiency_NN1 
some_DD of_IO the_AT barriers_NN2 to_II entry_NN1 might_VM be_VBI 
justified_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 a_AT1 means_NN of_IO quality_NN1 
control_VV0 to_TO compensate_VVI for_IF some_DD of_IO the_AT deficiencies_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT medical_JJ school_NN1 issue_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 more_RGR 
complex_JJ one_PN1 ,_, reflecting_VVG the_AT costliness_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
medical_JJ education_NN1 ,_, some_DD shortages_NN2 of_IO patients_NN2 for_IF 
some_DD of_IO the_AT clinical_JJ training_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 desire_NN1 
for_IF some_DD sort_NN1 of_IO distributional_JJ equity_NN1 for_IF aspiring_VVG 
candidates_NN2 to_II the_AT profession_NN1 ,_, as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 
some_DD quality_NN1 control_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL One_MC1 source_NN1 of_IO entry_NN1 is_VBZ alternative_JJ 
medicine_NN1 but_CCB doctors_NN2 have_VH0 at_RR21 least_RR22 two_MC 
advantages_NN2 relative_II21 to_II22 them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL First_MD ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR entitled_VVN to_II medical_JJ 
benefits_NN2 *-_- {_NULL ie_REX }_NULL ,_, subsidies_NN2 from_II the_AT 
state_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Second_MD ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR entitled_VVN to_TO prescribe_VVI 
pharmaceuticals_NN2 for_IF which_DDQ the_AT patient_NN1 pays_VVZ only_RR a_AT1 
modest_JJ fee_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR alternative_JJ medicine_NN1 ,_, under_RG current_JJ 
conditions_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ not_XX sufficient_JJ to_TO remove_VVI the_AT 
barriers_NN2 for_IF entry_NN1 problem_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Distributional_JJ issues_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Another_DD1 requirement_NN1 needed_VVN for_IF a_AT1 
market_NN1 to_TO work_VVI well_RR is_VBZ that_CST its_APPGE output_NN1 is_VBZ 
distributed_VVN fairly_RR among_II the_AT customers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF many_DA2 products_NN2 the_AT nation_NN1 accepts_VVZ that_CST 
the_AT rich_JJ consume_NN1 more_RRR than_CSN the_AT poor_JJ ,_, but_CCB 
providing_CS the_AT poor_JJ have_VH0 sufficient_JJ then_RT we_PPIS2 are_VBR 
willing_JJ to_TO tolerate_VVI some_DD inequality_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 further_JJR dimension_NN1 of_IO 
inequality_NN1 when_RRQ we_PPIS2 consider_VV0 medical_JJ services_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD people_NN are_VBR sick_JJ more_RRR often_RR and_CC 
require_VV0 more_DAR services_NN2 than_CSN others_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 making_VVG sure_JJ that_CST the_AT 
medical_JJ services_NN2 are_VBR distributed_VVN fairly_RR between_II the_AT 
rich_JJ and_CC poor_JJ ,_, there_EX is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 need_NN1 to_TO 
ensure_VVI they_PPHS2 are_VBR distributed_VVN fairly_RR between_II the_AT 
sick_JJ and_CC well_RR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Application_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 principles_NN2 is_VBZ much_RR 
clearer_JJR for_IF ,_, say_VV0 ,_, the_AT secondary_JJ health_NN1 system_NN1 
than_CSN for_IF primary_JJ health_NN1 care_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT people_NN would_VM accept_VVI that_DD1 access_NN1 to_II 
major_JJ surgery_NN1 should_VM be_VBI independent_JJ of_IO income_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC that_CST a_AT1 person_NN1 receiving_VVG the_AT surgery_NN1 should_VM 
not_XX be_VBI penalised_VVN by_II a_AT1 major_JJ loss_NN1 of_IO income_NN1 ,_, 
in_II comparison_NN1 to_II those_DD2 who_PNQS are_VBR well_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT fundamental_JJ point_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST their_APPGE 
demand_NN1 for_IF medical_JJ services_NN2 is_VBZ erratic_JJ over_II time_NNT1 
and_CC between_II people_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT poor_JJ can_VM get_VVI a_AT1 fair_JJ share_NN1 of_IO food_NN1 
,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, by_II our_APPGE ensuring_NN1 they_PPHS2 
have_VH0 an_AT1 adequate_JJ income_NN1 *-_- part_NN1 of_IO which_DDQ 
they_PPHS2 use_VV0 for_IF food_NN1 purchase_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Moreover_RR ,_, the_AT amount_NN1 of_IO income_NN1 necessary_JJ 
for_IF food_NN1 purchase_NN1 can_VM be_VBI calculated_VVN by_II knowing_VVG 
something_PN1 about_II the_AT family_NN circumstances_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 
age_NN1 ,_, sex_NN1 ,_, and_CC number_NN1 ,_, so_CS the_AT income_NN1 can_VM 
be_VBI delivered_VVN by_II an_AT1 appropriate_JJ tax-benefit_JJ package_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Because_II21 of_II22 the_AT erratic_JJ incidence_NN1 for_IF 
the_AT demand_NN1 for_IF medical_JJ services_NN2 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ no_AT 
efficient_JJ way_NN1 of_IO providing_VVG their_APPGE cost_NN1 through_II 
the_AT income_NN1 maintenance_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 can_VM not_XX identify_VVI simple_JJ characteristics_NN2 
which_DDQ adequately_RR predict_VV0 the_AT outlays_NN2 a_AT1 family_NN may_VM 
make_VVI ;_; although_CS the_AT categories_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT 
young_JJ ,_, the_AT old_JJ ,_, and_CC some_DD form_NN1 of_IO chronic_JJ 
sickness_NN1 are_VBR useful_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL If_CS the_AT cost_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 consultation_NN1 was_VBDZ 
small_JJ ,_, we_PPIS2 need_VV0 not_XX worry_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ is_VBZ meant_VVN by_II small_JJ is_VBZ an_AT1 empirical_JJ 
issue_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ known_VVN that_CST some_DD families_NN2 
do_VD0 not_XX go_VVI to_II a_AT1 doctor_NN1 ,_, or_CC delay_NN1 going_VVG 
to_II a_AT1 doctor_NN1 ,_, because_II21 of_II22 the_AT fee_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT research_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_DD1 deferring_NN1 visiting_VVG 
the_AT doctor_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT last_MD things_NN2 a_AT1 poor_JJ 
family_NN does_VDZ to_TO save_VVI money_NN1 ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 will_VM 
defer_VVI visiting_VVG for_IF the_AT adults_NN2 while_CS they_PPHS2 still_RR 
visit_VV0 on_II31 behalf_II32 of_II33 the_AT children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 appears_VVZ that_CST current_JJ medical_JJ fees_NN2 are_VBR 
sufficient_JJ to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 deterrent_NN1 for_IF some_DD families_NN2 ,_, 
and_CC are_VBR a_AT1 real_JJ financial_JJ penalty_NN1 for_IF others_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 seems_VVZ likely_JJ that_CST primary_JJ health_NN1 
services_NN2 are_VBR not_XX equitably_RR distributed_VVN in_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Can_VM the_AT market_NN1 be_VBI improved_VVN ?_? 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Having_VHG established_VVN that_CST the_AT market_NN1 
for_IF primary_JJ health_NN1 care_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 very_RG 
satisfactory_JJ one_PN1 ,_, then_RT one_PN1 asks_VVZ whether_CSW it_PPH1 
can_VM be_VBI improved_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II a_AT1 first_MD step_NN1 ,_, can_VM the_AT information_NN1 
flows_VVZ in_II the_AT market_NN1 be_VBI improved_VVN ?_? 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO possibilities_NN2 here_RL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL First_MD ,_, there_EX is_VBZ the_AT area_NN1 of_IO 
preprimary_JJ health_NN1 care_NN1 ;_; that_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT health_NN1 
care_NN1 which_DDQ takes_VVZ place_NN1 in_II the_AT home_NN1 without_IW 
direct_JJ involvement_NN1 of_IO the_AT professionals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT decade_NNT1 since_CS The_AT Future_NN1 of_IO New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 Medicine_NN1 there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 lot_NN of_IO 
progress_NN1 in_II this_DD1 area_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ now_RT accepted_VVN that_CST the_AT solution_NN1 to_II 
diseases_NN2 related_VVN to_II the_AT consumption_NN1 of_IO alcohol_NN1 and_CC 
tobacco_NN1 are_VBR more_RRR in_II the_AT hands_NN2 of_IO the_AT consumers_NN2 
than_CSN the_AT medical_JJ profession_NN1 and_CC the_AT nation_NN1 even_RR 
pays_VVZ lip_NN1 service_NN1 to_II the_AT obvious_JJ notion_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 
parent_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT important_JJ doctor_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 
child_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ lip_NN1 service_NN1 because_CS we_PPIS2 are_VBR not_XX 
yet_RR committed_VVN to_II ensuring_VVG that_CST each_DD1 person_NN1 has_VHZ 
an_AT1 adequate_JJ level_NN1 of_IO knowledge_NN1 to_TO carry_VVI out_RP the_AT 
task_NN1 of_IO looking_VVG after_II their_APPGE health_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Part_NN1 of_IO that_DD1 knowledge_NN1 should_VM include_VVI 
guidelines_NN2 as_II21 to_II22 when_RRQ to_TO use_VVI the_AT primary_JJ 
health_NN1 services_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 first_MD policy_NN1 requirement_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 makes_VVZ economic_JJ and_CC social_JJ sense_NN1 to_TO 
improve_VVI the_AT public_NN 's_GE knowledge_NN1 of_IO personal_JJ 
management_NN of_IO health_NN1 ,_, including_VVG how_RRQ to_TO use_VVI the_AT 
primary_JJ health_NN1 services_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Second_MD ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ now_RT agreed_VVN that_CST 
doctors_NN2 should_VM display_VVI in_II their_APPGE waiting_JJ rooms_NN2 
their_APPGE charges_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB perhaps_RR doctors_NN2 should_VM also_RR be_VBI 
encouraged_VVN to_TO advertise_VVI themselves_PPX2 ,_, including_II 
their_APPGE charges_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE specialities_NN2 ?_? 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Third_MD ,_, there_EX may_VM be_VBI a_AT1 role_NN1 for_IF 
an_AT1 active_JJ consumer_NN1 watchdog_NN1 organisation_NN1 ,_, providing_CS 
the_AT public_NN with_IW information_NN1 about_II the_AT quality_NN1 and_CC 
performance_NN1 of_IO doctors_NN2 ,_, including_II measures_NN2 of_IO 
excessive_JJ waiting_JJ times_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT medical_JJ profession_NN1 may_VM not_XX be_VBI too_RG keen_JJ 
on_II something_PN1 akin_JJ to_II Which_DDQ ?_? or_CC The_AT Good_JJ Food_NN1 
Guide_NN1 ,_, but_CCB an_AT1 effective_JJ market_NN1 requires_VVZ this_DD1 
sort_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 to_TO generate_VVI the_AT pressures_NN2 on_II 
suppliers_NN2 to_TO maintain_VVI and_CC improve_VVI quality_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Because_II21 of_II22 the_AT informational_JJ problem_NN1 ,_, 
there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 need_NN1 for_IF some_DD accreditation_NN1 procedures_NN2 
which_DDQ generate_VV0 a_AT1 barrier_NN1 to_II entry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Markets_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX work_VVI well_RR when_RRQ other_JJ 
suppliers_NN2 can_VM not_XX enter_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II practical_JJ terms_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX necessarily_RR 
in_II the_AT public_JJ interest_NN1 for_IF suppliers_NN2 in_II such_DA a_AT1 
noncontestable_JJ market_NN1 to_TO be_VBI able_JJ to_TO set_VVI their_APPGE 
own_DA prices_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB before_CS we_PPIS2 conclude_VV0 there_RL has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI 
some_DD sort_NN1 of_IO price_NN1 control_NN1 on_II doctors_NN2 '_GE fees_NN2 
,_, consideration_NN1 should_VM be_VBI given_VVN as_II21 to_II22 whether_CSW 
the_AT barriers_NN2 to_II entry_NN1 could_VM be_VBI usefully_RR relaxed_VVN 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Because_II21 of_II22 costs_NN2 ,_, lead_NN1 time_NNT1 ,_, 
and_CC various_JJ bottlenecks_NN2 ,_, increasing_VVG the_AT number_NN1 of_IO 
annual_JJ medical_JJ graduates_NN2 is_VBZ unlikely_JJ to_TO be_VBI an_AT1 
effective_JJ policy_NN1 in_II the_AT short_JJ run_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT current_JJ practice_NN1 towards_II immigration_NN1 of_IO 
general_JJ practitioners_NN2 seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI fairly_RR restrictive_JJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 market_NN1 solution_NN1 to_II delivery_NN1 of_IO primary_JJ 
health_NN1 care_NN1 ,_, requires_VVZ that_CST these_DD2 restrictions_NN2 
should_VM be_VBI lifted_VVN ,_, and_CC any_DD doctor_NN1 who_PNQS meets_VVZ 
the_AT quality_NN1 standards_NN2 should_VM be_VBI permitted_VVN into_II the_AT 
country_NN1 to_TO work_VVI as_II a_AT1 general_JJ practitioner_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_RR21 course_RR22 there_EX may_VM be_VBI restrictions_NN2 
against_II doctors_NN2 from_II the_AT Third_MD World_NN1 for_IF reasons_NN2 
of_IO foreign_JJ assistance_NN1 ,_, and_CC that_DD1 care_NN1 needs_VVZ to_TO 
be_VBI taken_VVN over_II the_AT accreditation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 argument_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ unacceptable_JJ is_VBZ that_CST 
restrictions_NN2 should_VM be_VBI maintained_VVN since_II other_JJ 
countries_NN2 do_VD0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 argument_NN1 has_VHZ about_RG as_RG much_DA1 validity_NN1 
as_CSA New_NP Zealand_NP1 pursuing_VVG the_AT European_JJ Community_NN 's_VBZ 
Common_JJ Agricultural_JJ Policy_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Another_DD1 form_NN1 of_IO reduction_NN1 of_IO barriers_NN2 
to_II entry_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO liberalise_VVI what_DDQ para-_NN1 and_CC 
alternative_JJ medics_NN2 can_VM and_CC may_VM do_VDI ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, for_IF many_DA2 people_NN the_AT 
local_JJ pharmacist_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT first_MD point_NN1 of_IO entry_NN1 to_II 
formal_JJ primary_JJ health_NN1 care_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_RG such_DA they_PPHS2 could_VM be_VBI promoted_VVN as_CSA a_AT1 
useful_JJ alternative_NN1 to_II doctors_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Pharmacists_NN2 could_VM carry_VVI out_RP simple_JJ diagnoses_NN2 
and_CC treatments_NN2 (_( like_II mole_NN1 removal_NN1 )_) ,_, if_CS it_PPH1 
were_VBDR built_VVN into_II their_APPGE training_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT practice_NN1 of_IO making_VVG available_JJ a_AT1 wider_JJR 
range_NN1 of_IO pharmaceuticals_NN2 without_IW prescription_NN1 could_VM 
be_VBI encouraged_VVN ,_, as_CSA could_VM a_AT1 class_NN1 of_IO drugs_NN2 
which_DDQ may_VM be_VBI prescribed_VVN by_II suitably_RR trained_JJ medics_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Do_VD0 we_PPIS2 have_VHI to_TO go_VVI to_II a_AT1 doctor_NN1 
whenever_RRQV we_PPIS2 need_VV0 a_AT1 low_JJ level_JJ antibiotic_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Could_VM not_XX a_AT1 pharmacist_NN1 prescribe_VVI in_II some_DD 
circumstances_NN2 ?_? 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Other_JJ health_NN1 professionals_NN2 could_VM be_VBI 
similarly_RR treated_VVN ,_, by_II ensuring_VVG that_CST some_DD areas_NN2 
provide_VV0 alternative_JJ diagnoses_NN2 and_CC treatment_NN1 to_TO 
control_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT other_JJ end_NN1 ,_, some_DD countries_NN2 permit_VV0 
direct_JJ access_NN1 to_II specialists_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Need_NN1 the_AT general_JJ practitioner_NN1 maintain_VV0 the_AT 
gateway_NN1 monopoly_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 source_NN1 of_IO medical_JJ monopoly_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT 
{_NULL GMS_NP }_NULL benefit_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA we_PPIS2 shall_VM come_VVI to_II shortly_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
very_RG hard_JJ to_TO justify_VVI the_AT present_JJ *+_NULL $1.25_NNU 
benefit_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II a_AT1 rule_NN1 ,_, partial_JJ subsidies_NN2 rarely_RR make_VV0 
sense_NN1 ,_, but_CCB reflect_VV0 ill-conceived_JJ compromises_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS we_PPIS2 maintain_VV0 the_AT present_JJ market_NN1 charge_NN1 
system_NN1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 strong_JJ case_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
abolition_NN1 of_IO the_AT *+_NULL $1.25_NNU benefit_NN1 ,_, while_CS 
maintaining_VVG and_CC enhancing_VVG from_II the_AT released_JJ funds_NN2 
the_AT existing_JJ special_JJ {_NULL GMS_NP }_NULL for_IF children_NN2 ,_, 
the_AT elderly_JJ ,_, beneficiaries_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT chronically_RR 
ill_JJ ,_, and_CC abolishing_VVG the_AT prescription_NN1 charges_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Incidentally_RR this_DD1 charge_NN1 must_VM have_VHI one_MC1 of_IO 
the_AT highest_JJT costs_NN2 of_IO administration_NN of_IO all_DB taxes_NN2 
,_, for_IF a_AT1 very_RG conservative_JJ calculation_NN1 suggests_VVZ a_AT1 
cost_NN1 of_IO 18_MC cents_NNU2 in_II the_AT dollar_NNU1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II abolishing_VVG both_RR the_AT lowest_JJT {_NULL GMS_NP }_NULL 
benefit_VV0 and_CC the_AT prescription_NN1 charge_NN1 there_EX would_VM be_VBI 
administrative_JJ savings_NN2 on_II both_DB2 accounts_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT outcome_NN1 of_IO the_AT various_JJ proposals_NN2 to_TO 
reduce_VVI entry_NN1 barriers_NN2 is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO still_RR leave_VVI 
some_DD monopoly_NN1 pricing_VVG powers_NN2 to_II the_AT general_JJ 
practitioner_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS this_DD1 were_VBDR to_TO happen_VVI it_PPH1 could_VM still_RR 
be_VBI in_II the_AT national_JJ interest_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI some_DD 
price_NN1 controls_VVZ on_II doctors_NN2 '_GE fees_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 tentative_JJ conclusion_NN1 ,_, because_CS 
the_AT practical_JJ answer_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 pragmatic_JJ one_PN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 instance_REX22 a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO guidelines_NN2 may_VM 
be_VBI sufficient_JJ ,_, providing_CS the_AT consumer_NN1 has_VHZ 
sufficient_JJ information_NN1 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 sufficient_JJ 
supply_NN1 of_IO alternatives_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO 
immigration_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL If_CS the_AT profession_NN1 were_VBDR to_TO oppose_VVI the_AT 
sort_NN1 of_IO informational_JJ and_CC entry_NN1 reforms_NN2 covered_VVD 
here_RL *-_- and_CC there_EX may_VM well_RR be_VBI good_JJ reasons_NN2 
against_II them_PPHO2 *-_- then_RT correspondingly_RR the_AT case_NN1 for_IF 
price_NN1 controls_NN2 becomes_VVZ more_RGR powerful_JJ ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Distribution_NN1 policies_NN2 for_IF primary_JJ health_NN1 
care_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Historically_RR there_RL have_VH0 been_VBN two_MC 
major_JJ reasons_NN2 for_IF intervention_NN1 in_II the_AT primary_JJ 
health_NN1 care_NN1 market_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT one_MC1 hand_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN the_AT problem_NN1 
of_IO quality_NN1 assessment_NN1 and_CC information_NN1 ,_, on_II the_AT 
other_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN the_AT distributional_JJ issues_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ easy_JJ to_TO expound_VVI some_DD 
distributional_JJ objective_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 *"_" nobody_PN1 should_VM 
suffer_VVI financially_RR because_II21 of_II22 ill_JJ health_NN1 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ somewhat_RR more_RGR difficult_JJ to_TO apply_VVI 
the_AT principle_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 342+TEXT+J48_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Any_DD who_PNQS do_VD0 n't_XX join_VVI may_VM be_VBI 
dismissed_VVN by_II the_AT employer_NN1 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 71_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB the_AT point_NN1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST while_CS 
section_NN1 71_MC *1_NULL permits_VVZ *0_NULL employers_NN2 to_TO 
justifiably_RR dismiss_VVI workers_NN2 for_IF this_DD1 reason_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 
does_VDZ *1_NULL not_XX require_VVI *0_NULL them_PPHO2 to_TO do_VDI so_RR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Individuals_NN2 who_PNQS are_VBR required_VVN to_TO join_VVI 
a_AT1 union_NN but_CCB who_PNQS object_VV0 on_II the_AT grounds_NN2 of_IO 
conscience_NN1 or_CC deeply_RR held_VVN conviction_NN1 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 83_MC 
)_) may_VM apply_VVI for_IF exemption_NN1 to_II the_AT Union_NNJ Membership_NN 
Exemption_NN1 Tribunal_NN1 (_( \_NULL ss._NNU 73-97_MCMC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2.4_MC *1_NULL *"_" Contestability_NN1 **"_" *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Contestability_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 word_NN1 that_CST 
was_VBDZ widely_RR touted_VVN during_II consultations_NN2 prior_II21 to_II22 
the_AT enactment_NN1 of_IO the_AT Labour_JJ Relations_NN2 Act_VV0 1987_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 refers_VVZ to_II the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 
union_NN *"_" contesting_VVG **"_" or_CC seeking_VVG coverage_NN1 of_IO 
another_DD1 union_NN 's_GE members_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Act_NN1 does_VDZ provide_VVI for_IF a_AT1 limited_JJ form_NN1 
of_IO contestability_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ not_XX previously_RR existed_VVN 
in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE industrial_JJ law_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 allows_VVZ a_AT1 union_NN to_TO challenge_VVI another_DD1 
union_NN 's_GE coverage_NN1 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 98_MC )_) but_CCB only_RR 
through_II a_AT1 rigorously_RR democratic_JJ process_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT challenging_JJ union_NN must_NN1 first_MD notify_VVI the_AT 
Registrar_NN1 of_IO Unions_NNJ2 ,_, the_AT central_JJ organisation_NN1 of_IO 
workers_NN2 and_CC the_AT affected_JJ union_NN (_( \_NULL s._NNU 100_MC )_) 
,_, precisely_RR defining_VVG its_APPGE *'_" target_NN1 ._. 

^ **'_" ^_NULL After_CS a_AT1 period_NN1 of_IO three_MC months_NNT2 ,_, 
it_PPH1 must_VM apply_VVI for_IF the_AT Registrar_NN1 's_VBZ approval_NN1 
of_IO its_APPGE definition_NN1 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 101_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Once_RR approved_VVD ,_, it_PPH1 must_VM ballot_VVI its_APPGE own_DA 
members_NN2 on_II whether_CSW they_PPHS2 wish_VV0 to_TO extend_VVI their_APPGE 
union_NN 's_GE coverage_NN1 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 102_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS a_AT1 majority_NN agree_VV0 ,_, the_AT union_NN must_VM 
apply_VVI to_II the_AT Registrar_NN1 for_IF amendment_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE 
membership_NN rule_NN1 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 103_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS everything_PN1 is_VBZ in_II order_NN1 ,_, the_AT Registrar_NN1 
then_RT conducts_VVZ a_AT1 ballot_NN1 of_IO the_AT workers_NN2 in_II the_AT 
target_NN1 group_NN (_( \_NULL s._NNU 103_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Needless_NP1 to_TO say_VVI ,_, a_AT1 majority_NN of_IO these_DD2 
workers_NN2 must_VM agree_VVI to_II the_AT change_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT Act_NN1 ,_, then_RT ,_, does_VDZ provide_VVI a_AT1 
mechanism_NN1 for_IF unions_NN2 to_TO make_VVI bids_NN2 for_IF someone_PN1 
else_RR 's_VHZ members_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 obviously_RR provides_VVZ union_NN members_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 
degree_NN1 of_IO choice_NN1 that_CST did_VDD not_XX exist_VVI before_CS *-_- 
providing_CS someone_PN1 wishes_VVZ to_TO offer_VVI them_PPHO2 alternative_JJ 
coverage_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, the_AT process_NN1 involved_VVN is_VBZ clearly_RR 
both_RR rigorous_JJ and_CC time_NNT1 consuming_VVG ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2.5_MC *1_NULL Accountability_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Our_APPGE industrial_JJ law_NN1 has_VHZ 
historically_RR emphasised_VVN the_AT need_NN1 for_IF unions_NN2 to_TO 
operate_VVI democratically_RR and_CC has_VHZ sought_VVN to_TO protect_VVI 
individual_JJ union_NN members_NN2 against_II abuses_NN2 of_IO power_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Labour_JJ Relations_NN2 Act_VV0 1987_MC reinforces_VVZ 
this_DD1 historical_JJ theme_NN1 by_II requiring_VVG (_( \_NULL s._NNU 36_MC 
)_) that_CST :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT Act_NN1 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 
40_MC )_) gives_VVZ the_AT Registrar_NN1 of_IO Unions_NNJ2 the_AT power_NN1 
to_TO override_VVI any_DD union_NN rule_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ unreasonable_JJ 
,_, undemocratic_JJ ,_, unfairly_RR discriminatory_JJ or_CC unfairly_RR 
prejudicial_JJ or_CC contrary_II21 to_II22 the_AT Act_NN1 or_CC other_JJ 
law_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 requires_VVZ the_AT election_NN1 or_CC removal_NN1 of_IO 
union_NN officials_NN2 to_TO be_VBI administered_VVN by_II secret_JJ postal_JJ 
ballot_NN1 or_CC by_II some_DD other_JJ similarly_RR democratic_JJ secret_JJ 
ballot_NN1 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 37_MC and_CC First_MD Schedule_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ The_AT Tripartite_JJ Wage_NN1 Conference_NNJ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT Labour_JJ Relations_NN2 Act_VV0 1987_MC continues_VVZ 
to_TO provide_VVI for_IF a_AT1 tripartite_NN1 wage_NN1 conference_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA a_AT1 conference_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI held_VVN annually_RR 
and_CC to_TO last_VVI no_AT more_RR21 than_RR22 90_MC days_NNT2 (_( \_NULL 
s._NNU 121_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ to_TO include_VVI representatives_NN2 of_IO 
government_NN and_CC representatives_NN2 of_IO both_DB2 state_VV0 and_CC 
private_JJ sector_NN1 employers_NN2 and_CC unions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT conference_NN1 is_VBZ designed_VVN to_TO act_VVI as_II a_AT1 
forum_NN1 in_II which_DDQ a_AT1 *'_" full_JJ and_CC frank_JJ exchange_NN1 
of_IO information_NN1 **'_" can_VM occur_VVI on_II the_AT economic_JJ 
situation_NN1 ,_, the_AT government_NN 's_GE economic_JJ policies_NN2 (_( 
\_NULL s._NNU 127_MC )_) and_CC on_II the_AT interests_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
low-paid_NN1 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 128_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT government_NN must_VM provide_VVI a_AT1 briefing_NN1 on_II 
the_AT state_NN1 of_IO the_AT economy_NN1 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 130_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT conference_NN1 can_VM only_RR make_VVI *'_" 
recommendations_NN2 **'_" (_( \_NULL s._NNU 129_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 may_VM set_VVI up_RP *'_" working_VVG parties_NN2 **'_" (_( 
\_NULL s._NNU 131_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ that_CST such_DA working_JJ parties_NN2 
could_VM address_VVI issues_NN2 on_II which_DDQ tripartite_NN1 
co-operation_NN1 might_VM well_RR prove_VVI useful_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, a_AT1 tripartite_NN1 approach_NN1 to_II 
aspects_NN2 of_IO unemployment_NN1 and_CC training_NN1 or_CC retraining_NN1 
could_VM well_RR prove_VVI beneficial_JJ for_IF the_AT economy_NN1 and_CC 
for_IF adversely_RR affected_JJ individuals_NN2 in_II a_AT1 time_NNT1 of_IO 
major_JJ readjustment_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT point_NN1 must_VM be_VBI made_VVN that_CST the_AT 
tripartite_NN1 wage_NN1 conference_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX set_VVN up_RP with_IW 
the_AT intention_NN1 of_IO providing_VVG a_AT1 wage_NN1 *'_" guideline_NN1 ._. 

^ **'_" ^_NULL Such_DA a_AT1 centrally_RR determined_VVN or_CC suggested_JJ 
figure_NN1 would_VM not_XX be_VBI appropriate_JJ in_II an_AT1 environment_NN1 
where_CS bargaining_VVG is_VBZ supposed_JJ to_TO reflect_VVI the_AT needs_NN2 
of_IO industries_NN2 and_CC enterprises_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, the_AT legislators_NN2 clearly_RR believe_VV0 that_CST 
there_EX is_VBZ still_RR a_AT1 place_NN1 for_IF some_DD information_NN1 
sharing_VVG at_II a_AT1 centralised_JJ conference_NN1 and_CC that_CST there_EX 
is_VBZ a_AT1 place_NN1 for_IF some_DD issues_NN2 to_TO be_VBI tackled_VVN 
by_II tripartite_NN1 co-operation_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 4_MC ._. 

^ Disputes_NN2 of_IO interest_NN1 ,_, disputes_NN2 of_IO rights_NN2 and_CC 
associated_JJ institutions_NN2 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL 4.1_MC *1_NULL What_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 dispute_NN1 ?_? 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Like_II its_APPGE predecessor_NN1 ,_, the_AT Labour_JJ 
Relations_NN2 Act_VV0 1987_MC makes_VVZ a_AT1 distinction_NN1 between_II 
disputes_NN2 of_IO interest_NN1 and_CC disputes_NN2 of_IO rights_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 uses_VVZ the_AT following_JJ wording_NN1 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 
2_MC )_) :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL As_II the_AT use_NN1 of_IO 
italics_NN2 attempts_VVZ to_TO indicate_VVI ,_, a_AT1 dispute_NN1 of_IO 
interest_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT name_NN1 given_VVN to_II the_AT process_NN1 by_II 
which_DDQ an_AT1 award_NN1 or_CC agreement_NN1 is_VBZ negotiated_VVN or_CC 
renegotiated_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT economic_JJ interests_NN2 of_IO the_AT parties_NN2 are_VBR 
the_AT subject_NN1 of_IO debate_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT normal_JJ run_NN1 of_IO events_NN2 ,_, the_AT debate_NN1 
produces_VVZ a_AT1 redefinition_NN1 of_IO wage_NN1 rates_NN2 and_CC 
conditions_NN2 of_IO employment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Historically_RR this_DD1 has_VHZ been_VBN an_AT1 annual_JJ 
process_NN1 although_CS the_AT Labour_JJ Relations_NN2 Act_NN1 provides_VVZ 
a_AT1 mechanism_NN1 (_( \_NULL ss._NNU 178-183_MCMC )_) for_IF more_RGR 
frequent_JJ disputes_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 nature_NN1 *-_- if_CS a_AT1 *'_" 
new_JJ matter_NN1 **'_" has_VHZ arisen_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 new_JJ matter_NN1 is_VBZ essentially_RR some_DD factor_NN1 
that_CST significantly_RR affects_VVZ terms_NN2 and_CC conditions_NN2 of_IO 
employment_NN1 but_CCB which_DDQ is_VBZ not_XX dealt_VVN with_IW in_II the_AT 
award_NN1 or_CC agreement_NN1 or_CC is_VBZ dealt_VVN with_IW only_RR very_RG 
generally_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT party_NN wanting_VVG to_TO open_VVI discussions_NN2 on_II 
a_AT1 new_JJ matter_NN1 must_VM obtain_VVI the_AT permission_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
Labour_JJ Court_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 provision_NN1 is_VBZ aimed_VVN at_II creating_VVG 
greater_JJR *'_" sanctity_NN1 **'_" of_IO agreement_NN1 *-_- helping_VVG to_TO 
ensure_VVI that_CST wherever_RRQV possible_JJ awards_NN2 and_CC agreements_NN2 
last_VV0 their_APPGE contractual_JJ length_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Disputes_NN2 of_IO rights_NN2 ,_, on_II the_AT other_JJ 
hand_NN1 ,_, are_VBR essentially_RR arguments_NN2 about_II how_RRQ to_TO 
interpret_VVI or_CC apply_VVI an_AT1 existing_JJ award_NN1 or_CC agreement_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 are_VBR arguments_NN2 about_II the_AT meaning_NN1 of_IO 
words_NN2 and_CC about_II how_RRQ to_TO precisely_RR define_VVI the_AT 
rights_NN2 of_IO the_AT parties_NN2 affected_VVN by_II them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, a_AT1 dispute_NN1 arose_VVD over_RP 
how_RRQ to_TO interpret_VVI the_AT words_NN2 *'_" unusually_RR dirty_JJ **'_" 
in_II a_AT1 collective_JJ agreement_NN1 covering_VVG a_AT1 site_NN1 where_RRQ 
the_AT workers_NN2 were_VBDR handling_VVG rusty_JJ steel_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS handling_VVG the_AT steel_NN1 was_VBDZ unusually_RR dirty_JJ 
,_, a_AT1 penalty_NN1 rate_NN1 would_VM be_VBI payable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT dispute_NN1 went_VVD to_II disputes_NN2 committee_NNJ and_CC 
then_RT to_II court_NN1 with_IW the_AT Judge_NP1 ruling_NN1 that_CST the_AT 
work_NN1 was_VBDZ dirty_JJ but_CCB not_XX unusually_RR so_RR and_CC hence_RR 
the_AT penalty_NN1 rate_NN1 clause_NN1 could_VM not_XX be_VBI invoked_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Before_II going_VVG on_RP to_TO outline_VVI the_AT 
procedures_NN2 for_IF the_AT resolution_NN1 of_IO disputes_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 
must_VM pause_VVI and_CC look_VVI at_II the_AT word_NN1 *'_" dispute_VV0 **'_" 
itself_PPX1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unlike_II its_APPGE predecessor_NN1 ,_, the_AT Labour_JJ 
Relations_NN2 Act_VV0 signals_NN2 to_II the_AT courts_NN2 that_CST the_AT 
word_NN1 dispute_NN1 must_VM be_VBI given_VVN a_AT1 wide_JJ construction_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 dispute_NN1 means_VVZ *'_" any_DD dispute_NN1 arising_VVG 
between_II one_MC1 or_CC more_DAR employers_NN2 or_CC employers_NN2 '_GE 
organisations_NN2 or_CC associations_NN2 of_IO employers_NN2 '_GE 
organisations_NN2 and_CC one_MC1 or_CC more_DAR unions_NN2 or_CC 
associations_NN2 of_IO unions_NN2 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 2_MC )_) ._. 

^ **'_" ^_NULL The_AT Industrial_JJ Relations_NN2 Act_VV0 1973_MC ,_, on_II 
the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, specified_VVD that_CST disputes_NN2 must_VM 
be_VBI in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 *'_" industrial_JJ matters_NN2 ._. 

^ **'_" ^_NULL This_DD1 left_VVD the_AT judiciary_NN1 with_IW the_AT 
question_NN1 of_IO how_RRQ to_TO define_VVI *'_" industrial_JJ matters_NN2 ._. 

^ **'_" In_II one_MC1 case_NN1 ,_, the_AT Arbitration_NN1 Court_NN1 (_( {_NULL 
NZ_NP }_NULL Bank_NN1 Officers_NN2 {_NULL IUW_VV0 }_NULL \_NULL v_II {_NULL 
ANZ_NP1 }_NULL Banking_NN1 Group_NNJ (_( 1979_MC )_) {_NULL Arb_NP1 ._. 

^ Ct_NP1 }_NULL 379_MC )_) ruled_VVD that_CST the_AT issue_NN1 of_IO *'_" 
cheap_JJ **'_" staff_NN loans_NN2 on_II which_DDQ the_AT employer_NN1 
wished_VVD to_TO raise_VVI the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 did_VDD not_XX 
qualify_VVI as_II an_AT1 industrial_JJ matter_NN1 and_CC hence_RR could_VM 
not_XX be_VBI the_AT subject_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 dispute_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II another_DD1 (_( {_NULL NZ_NP }_NULL Law_NN1 Practitioners_NN2 
Decision_NN1 (_( 1980_MC )_) {_NULL Arb_NP1 ._. 

^ Ct_NP1 }_NULL 267_MC )_) ,_, the_AT Court_NN1 ruled_VVD that_CST the_AT 
introduction_NN1 of_IO new_JJ technology_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX an_AT1 
industrial_JJ matter_NN1 but_CCB rather_RR a_AT1 matter_NN1 of_IO 
managerial_JJ prerogative_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 decisions_NN2 were_VBDR arguably_RR most_RGT unhelpful_JJ 
because_CS they_PPHS2 failed_VVD to_TO bring_VVI real_JJ conflicts_NN2 
within_II the_AT ambit_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE conciliation_NN1 and_CC 
arbitration_NN1 system_NN1 (_( 4_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT new_JJ law_NN1 removes_VVZ this_DD1 difficulty_NN1 
altogether_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unions_NNJ2 and_CC employers_NN2 can_VM dispute_VVI over_RP any_DD 
matter_NN1 without_IW being_VBG constrained_VVN by_II judicial_JJ 
interpretations_NN2 of_IO the_AT correct_JJ *'_" field_NN1 of_IO play_NN1 ._. 

^ **'_" ^_NULL How_RGQ far_RR the_AT parties_NN2 will_VM go_VVI in_II 
using_VVG this_DD1 new-found_JJ freedom_NN1 remains_VVZ to_TO be_VBI seen_VVN 
._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II paper_NN1 at_RR21 least_RR22 ,_, the_AT reform_NN1 paves_VVZ 
the_AT way_NN1 for_IF increased_JJ industrial_JJ democracy_NN1 through_II 
extended_JJ collective_NN1 bargaining_VVG ._. 

^ *<_NULL 4.2_MC *1_NULL Disputes_NN2 of_IO interest_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT central_JJ thrust_NN1 of_IO the_AT Labour_JJ 
Relations_NN2 Act_VV0 1987_MC is_VBZ to_TO establish_VVI the_AT principle_NN1 
that_CST the_AT *'_" terms_NN2 and_CC conditions_NN2 relating_VVG to_II the_AT 
employment_NN1 of_IO groups_NN2 of_IO workers_NN2 are_VBR fixed_VVN by_II 
a_AT1 single_JJ set_NN1 of_IO negotiations_NN2 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 132_MC )_) 
._. 

^ **'_" ^_NULL Workers_NN2 can_VM be_VBI covered_VVN by_II an_AT1 award_NN1 
or_CC an_AT1 agreement_NN1 but_CCB not_XX by_II both_DB2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Awards_NN2 are_VBR the_AT documents_NN2 produced_VVN by_II *1_NULL 
conciliation_NN1 *0_NULL or_CC ,_, if_CS both_DB2 parties_NN2 agree_VV0 ,_, 
by_II *1_NULL arbitration_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL They_PPHS2 have_VH0 the_AT potential_JJ to_TO *"_" bind_VVI 
**"_" (_( {_NULL i.e._REX }_NULL to_TO regulate_VVI the_AT behaviour_NN1 of_IO 
)_) not_XX only_RR the_AT parties_NN2 that_CST negotiate_VV0 them_PPHO2 
but_CCB also_RR any_DD other_JJ employers_NN2 and_CC workers_NN2 involved_JJ 
in_II the_AT work_NN1 to_II which_DDQ the_AT award_NN1 relates_NN2 (_( *'_" 
blanket_NN1 coverage_NN1 **'_" )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Agreements_NP1 ,_, by_II contrast_NN1 ,_, are_VBR the_AT 
result_NN1 of_IO voluntary_JJ negotiations_NN2 between_II the_AT parties_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 bind_VV0 only_RR the_AT parties_NN2 involved_JJ in_II 
the_AT negotiations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, the_AT two_MC documents_NN2 are_VBR 
principally_RR distinguished_VVN by_II the_AT type_NN1 of_IO process_NN1 
that_CST creates_VVZ their_APPGE existence_NN1 and_CC by_II the_AT scope_NN1 
of_IO their_APPGE coverage_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Both_DB2 specify_VV0 minimum_JJ wages_NN2 and_CC conditions_NN2 of_IO 
employment_NN1 and_CC can_VM be_VBI enforced_VVN at_II court_NN1 if_CSW 
necessary_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT critical_JJ contribution_NN1 of_IO the_AT Labour_JJ 
Relations_NN2 Act_VV0 is_VBZ to_TO eliminate_VVI *'_" second_MD tier_NN1 
bargaining_VVG **'_" *-_- the_AT practice_NN1 whereby_RRQ a_AT1 worker_NN1 
could_VM be_VBI covered_VVN by_II an_AT1 award_NN1 and_CC then_RT by_II a_AT1 
*'_" house_NN1 **'_" agreement_NN1 negotiated_VVD on_II31 top_II32 of_II33 
it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA secondary_JJ bargaining_NN1 became_VVD prevalent_JJ from_II 
the_AT 1960_MC221 's_MC222 on_II ,_, particularly_RR in_II the_AT Auckland_NP1 
area_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Act_NN1 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 132_MC )_) requires_VVZ the_AT 
union_NN to_TO elect_VVI whether_CSW a_AT1 particular_JJ group_NN of_IO 
workers_NN2 will_VM be_VBI included_VVN in_II negotiations_NN2 for_IF an_AT1 
award_NN1 or_CC for_IF an_AT1 agreement_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Once_RR a_AT1 group_NN of_IO workers_NN2 is_VBZ covered_VVN by_II 
a_AT1 separate_JJ agreement_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM not_XX return_VVI to_II 
the_AT award_NN1 unless_CS the_AT union_NN and_CC the_AT employer_NN1 
agree_VV0 to_II (_( \_NULL s._NNU 136_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT case_NN1 in_II *1_NULL 
composite_JJ *0_NULL agreements_NN2 (_( see_VV0 below_RL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 comparison_NN1 of_IO awards_NN2 and_CC agreements_NN2 is_VBZ 
given_VVN in_II the_AT chart_NN1 on_II pages_NN2 15_MC and_CC 16_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL We_PPIS2 now_RT turn_VV0 to_II a_AT1 description_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT key_JJ processes_NN2 involved_JJ in_II settling_VVG awards_NN2 (_( 
conciliation_NN1 and_CC arbitration_NN1 )_) and_CC agreements_NN2 (_( 
voluntary_JJ negotiations_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, we_PPIS2 discuss_VV0 the_AT role_NN1 of_IO 
mediation_NN1 in_II disputes_NN2 of_IO interest_NN1 and_CC the_AT law_NN1 
relating_VVG to_II industrial_JJ action_NN1 during_II disputes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 diagram_NN1 of_IO the_AT options_NN2 available_JJ for_IF 
resolving_VVG disputes_NN2 of_IO interest_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN on_II page_NN1 
21_MC ._. 

^ *<_NULL 4.2(a)_FO *1_NULL Conciliation_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Some_DD form_NN1 of_IO conciliation_NN1 has_VHZ 
been_VBN used_VVN in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 since_II 1894_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Conciliation_NN1 involves_VVZ the_AT two_MC direct_JJ parties_NN2 (_( 
unions_NN2 and_CC employers_NN2 )_) debating_VVG their_APPGE positions_NN2 
around_II a_AT1 table_NN1 in_II a_AT1 formal_JJ meeting_NN1 chaired_VVD by_II 
an_AT1 independent_JJ chairperson_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 chairperson_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 mediator_NN1 designated_VVN 
by_II the_AT Chief_JJ Mediator_NN1 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 138_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Either_RR the_AT union_NN or_CC the_AT employer_NN1 may_VM apply_VVI 
to_II the_AT Chief_JJ Mediator_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 dispute_NN1 to_TO be_VBI 
heard_VVN (_( \_NULL s._NNU 134_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 includes_VVZ setting_VVG out_RP the_AT *'_" claims_NN2 **'_" 
which_DDQ are_VBR made_VVN on_II the_AT other_JJ party_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 agreeable_JJ time_NNT1 and_CC place_NN1 is_VBZ arranged_VVN 
(_( \_NULL s._NNU 139_MC )_) and_CC each_DD1 party_NN is_VBZ allowed_VVN to_TO 
nominate_VVI up_RG21 to_RG22 10_MC persons_NN2 as_CSA negotiators_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Providing_CS these_DD2 individuals_NN2 are_VBR adequately_RR 
representative_JJ of_IO the_AT parties_NN2 and_CC have_VH0 requisite_JJ 
authority_NN1 to_TO act_VVI ,_, the_AT mediator_NN1 constitutes_VVZ the_AT 
council_NNJ (_( \_NULL s._NNU 141_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT council_NNJ is_VBZ charged_VVN to_TO *'_" use_VVI its_APPGE 
best_JJT endeavours_NN2 to_TO bring_VVI about_II a_AT1 settlement_NN1 **'_" 
but_CCB can_VM exercise_VVI absolute_JJ discretion_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 
of_II33 how_RRQ it_PPH1 operates_VVZ (_( \_NULL s._NNU 145_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT dispute_NN1 is_VBZ settled_VVN by_II the_AT council_NNJ 
,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ forwarded_VVN to_II the_AT Arbitration_NN1 Commission_NNJ 
which_DDQ registers_VVZ it_PPH1 as_II an_AT1 enforceable_JJ award_NN1 (_( 
\_NULL s._NNU 146_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB such_DA awards_NN2 must_VM contain_VVI a_AT1 *'_" coverage_NN1 
**'_" clause_NN1 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 170_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 clause_NN1 specifies_VVZ the_AT employers_NN2 ,_, unions_NN2 
and_CC workers_NN2 bound_VVN by_II it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS registered_VVN ,_, it_PPH1 also_RR binds_VVZ any_DD 
employer_NN1 who_PNQS is_VBZ not_XX covered_VVN by_II a_AT1 separate_JJ 
agreement_NN1 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 160_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Awards_NN2 must_VM always_RR cover_VVI at_RR21 least_RR22 two_MC 
employers_NN2 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 134_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_CS they_PPHS2 cover_VV0 more_RR21 than_RR22 one_MC1 union_NN 
,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR technically_RR known_VVN as_II *1_NULL composite_JJ 
*0_NULL awards_NN2 (_( \_NULL s._NNU 137_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II summary_NN1 ,_, conciliation_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 controlled_JJ 
form_NN1 of_IO negotiation_NN1 between_II representative_JJ parties_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Prior_II21 to_II22 the_AT Labour_JJ Relations_NN2 Act_VV0 
1987_MC ,_, the_AT travel_NN1 and_CC accommodation_NN1 expenses_NN2 of_IO 
negotiators_NN2 were_VBDR subsidised_VVN by_II the_AT Department_NNJ of_IO 
Labour_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT law_NN1 no_RR21 longer_RR22 provides_VVZ for_IF these_DD2 
subsidies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD commentators_NN2 expect_VV0 therefore_RR that_DD1 
conciliation_NN1 councils_NNJ2 will_VM get_VVI down_RP to_II business_NN1 
more_RGR rapidly_RR than_CSN they_PPHS2 have_VH0 in_II the_AT past_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT days_NNT2 of_IO excessive_JJ *'_" strutting_NN1 and_CC 
posturing_VVG **'_" before_II the_AT *'_" real_JJ **'_" talks_NN2 begin_VV0 
are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI over_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC there_EX is_VBZ also_RR likely_JJ to_TO be_VBI an_AT1 
increase_NN1 in_II informal_JJ talks_NN2 between_II the_AT parties_NN2 
before_II the_AT council_NNJ is_VBZ officially_RR convened_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 will_VM enable_VVI both_DB2 parties_NN2 to_TO obtain_VVI 
a_AT1 more_RGR accurate_JJ picture_NN1 of_IO the_AT other_JJ side_NN1 's_VHZ 
objectives_NN2 and_CC thus_RR create_VV0 the_AT basis_NN1 for_IF less_RGR 
longwinded_JJ conciliation_NN1 councils_NNJ2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 4.2(b)_FO *1_NULL Arbitration_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL If_CS a_AT1 dispute_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX resolved_VVN (_( 
or_CC only_RR partially_RR resolved_VVD )_) by_II conciliation_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
mediator_NN1 refers_VVZ it_PPH1 to_II the_AT Arbitration_NN1 Commission_NNJ 
(_( \_NULL s._NNU 147_MC )_) ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 343+TEXT+J49_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL See_VV0 also_RR *1_NULL \_NULL R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II Martin_NP1 
and_CC Martin_NP1 *0_NULL 12_MC December_NPM1 1984_MC (_( {_NULL CA_NP1 }_NULL 
198_MC and_CC 199/83_MF )_) (_( noted_VVN [_( 1985_MC ]_) {_NULL BCL_NP }_NULL 
174_MC )_) where_RRQ sentences_NN2 were_VBDR reduced_VVN on_II appeal_NN1 
to_TO mark_VVI the_AT Court_NN1 's_VBZ disapproval_NN1 of_IO the_AT manner_NN1 
in_II which_DDQ a_AT1 Crown_NN1 witness_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN briefed_VVN by_II 
the_AT police_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT police_NN2 chose_VVD to_TO 
arrest_VVI and_CC prosecute_VVI the_AT offender_NN1 when_RRQ others_NN2 
engaged_VVN in_II similar_JJ or_CC worse_JJR conduct_NN1 were_VBDR not_XX 
arrested_VVN and_CC charged_VVN does_VDZ not_XX prevent_VVI the_AT Court_NN1 
,_, in_II the_AT absence_NN1 of_IO improper_JJ motives_NN2 by_II the_AT 
police_NN2 ,_, from_II imposing_VVG the_AT sentence_NN1 appropriate_JJ to_II 
the_AT gravity_NN1 of_IO the_AT offence_NN1 :_: *1_NULL \_NULL R_ZZ1 \_NULL 
v_II Caird_NP1 *0_NULL (_( 1970_MC )_) 54_MC {_NULL Cr_NNB App_NP1 R_NP1 
}_NULL 499_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Totality_NN1 principle_NN1 *-_- ^_NULL *0_NULL As_II 
a_AT1 general_JJ rule_NN1 where_CS each_DD1 offence_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 *1_NULL 
separate_JJ transaction_NN1 *0_NULL and_CC unrelated_JJ to_II the_AT 
others_NN2 in_II time_NNT1 ,_, subject_JJ matter_NN1 ,_, or_CC modus_NN121 
operandi_NN122 ,_, cumulative_JJ sentences_NN2 should_VM be_VBI imposed_VVN 
unless_CS there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 compelling_JJ reason_NN1 for_IF concurrent_JJ 
sentences_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Otherwise_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 danger_NN1 that_CST the_AT 
primary_JJ term_NN1 of_IO the_AT leading_JJ sentence_NN1 will_VM not_XX 
reflect_VVI adequately_RR the_AT gravity_NN1 of_IO the_AT total_JJ criminal_JJ 
conduct_NN1 for_IF which_DDQ the_AT offender_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG 
sentenced_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nevertheless_RR ,_, the_AT Court_NN1 must_VM consider_VVI the_AT 
effective_JJ sentence_NN1 imposed_VVD to_TO ensure_VVI that_CST the_AT 
total_JJ term_NN1 of_IO imprisonment_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX excessive_JJ and_CC 
that_CST there_EX is_VBZ no_AT overlapping_NN1 of_IO the_AT aggravating_JJ 
factors_NN2 taken_VVN into_II account_NN1 in_II determining_VVG the_AT 
length_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 sentence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Cumulative_JJ sentences_NN2 should_VM not_XX be_VBI such_II21 as_II22 
to_TO result_VVI in_II an_AT1 aggregate_JJ term_NN1 wholly_RR out_II21 of_II22 
proportion_NN1 to_II the_AT gravity_NN1 of_IO the_AT offences_NN2 ,_, 
viewed_VVD as_II a_AT1 whole_NN1 :_: *1_NULL \_NULL R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II 
Bradley_NP1 *0_NULL [_( 1979_MC ]_) 2_MC {_NULL NZLR_NP }_NULL 262_MC (_( 
{_NULL CA_NP1 }_NULL )_) ;_; *1_NULL \_NULL R_NP1 \_NULL v_MC \_NULL B_ZZ1 
*0_NULL [_( 1984_MC ]_) 1_MC1 {_NULL NZLR_NP }_NULL 261_MC (_( {_NULL CA_NP1 
}_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Cumulative_JJ and_CC concurrent_JJ sentences_NN2 and_CC the_AT *"_" 
Totality_NN1 principle_NN1 **"_" are_VBR examined_VVN in_II the_AT 
commentary_NN1 to_II \_NULL s_ZZ1 73_MC ,_, *1_NULL post_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL F._NP1 CIRCUMSTANCES_NN2 OF_IO THE_AT OFFENDER_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Age_NN1 *-_- ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT weight_NN1 
given_VVN to_II personal_JJ circumstances_NN2 is_VBZ usually_RR closely_RR 
related_VVN to_II a_AT1 consideration_NN1 of_IO rehabilitative_JJ 
potential_NN1 ;_; the_AT age_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 offender_NN1 is_VBZ thus_RR 
a_AT1 factor_NN1 of_IO considerable_JJ importance_NN1 when_CS determining_VVG 
an_AT1 appropriate_JJ sentence_NN1 :_: {_NULL eg_REX }_NULL *1_NULL \_NULL 
R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II Autagavaia_NP1 *0_NULL [_( 1985_MC ]_) 1_MC1 {_NULL NZLR_NP 
}_NULL 398_MC (_( {_NULL CA_NP1 }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT younger_JJR the_AT offender_NN1 ,_, the_AT less_RGR likely_JJ 
an_AT1 advanced_JJ stage_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 criminal_JJ career_NN1 will_VM 
have_VHI been_VBN reached_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_RRQ co-offenders_NN2 are_VBR similarly_RR implicated_VVN in_II 
an_AT1 offence_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 distinction_NN1 may_VM be_VBI drawn_VVN solely_RR 
on_II the_AT ground_NN1 of_IO age_NN1 :_: {_NULL eg_REX }_NULL *1_NULL \_NULL 
R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II Andrews_NP1 *0_NULL 6_MC December_NPM1 1985_MC (_( {_NULL 
CA_NN1 }_NULL 235/85_MF )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Consequently_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 youthful_JJ offender_NN1 should_VM 
generally_RR receive_VVI a_AT1 lesser_JJ sentence_NN1 than_CSN an_AT1 
older_JJR and_CC more_RRR mature_VV0 one_PN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT legislative_JJ policies_NN2 reflected_VVD in_II the_AT 
Children_NN2 and_CC Young_JJ Persons_NN2 Act_VV0 1974_MC require_VV0 the_AT 
Courts_NN2 to_TO focus_VVI on_II the_AT welfare_NN1 and_CC needs_NN2 of_IO 
youthful_JJ offenders_NN2 during_II the_AT particularly_RR vulnerable_JJ 
years_NNT2 of_IO adolescence_NN1 :_: *1_NULL \_NULL R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II 
Brookes_NP1 *0_NULL 19_MC August_NPM1 1983_MC (_( {_NULL CA_NN1 }_NULL 
115/83_MF )_) (_( sentence_NN1 of_IO four_MC years_NNT2 '_GE imprisonment_NN1 
imposed_VVD in_II the_AT High_JJ Court_NN1 upon_II a_AT1 youth_NN aged_II 
15_MC convicted_VVD of_IO dangerous_JJ driving_NN1 causing_VVG death_NN1 ,_, 
reduced_VVN on_II appeal_NN1 to_II three_MC years_NNT2 '_GE imprisonment_NN1 
)_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL With_IW young_JJ offenders_NN2 all_DB hope_NN1 of_IO 
reformation_NN1 should_VM not_XX be_VBI abandoned_VVN too_RG readily_RR ,_, 
and_CC sentences_NN2 should_VM be_VBI chosen_VVN that_CST avoid_VV0 
institutionalisation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, because_II21 of_II22 the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO 
correlation_NN1 between_II youth_NN1 and_CC violence_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR 
the_AT prevalence_NN1 of_IO premeditated_JJ crime_NN1 involving_VVG the_AT 
use_NN1 of_IO weapons_NN2 ,_, the_AT Court_NN1 of_IO Appeal_NN1 has_VHZ 
stated_VVN that_CST the_AT possibilities_NN2 of_IO reform_NN1 of_IO young_JJ 
offenders_NN2 may_VM be_VBI overshadowed_VVN by_II the_AT necessity_NN1 to_TO 
impose_VVI an_AT1 appropriate_JJ sentence_NN1 designed_VVD to_TO deter_VVI 
others_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 like_JJ mind_NN1 :_: {_NULL eg_REX }_NULL *1_NULL 
\_NULL R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II Walker_NP1 *0_NULL [_( 1973_MC ]_) 1_MC1 {_NULL 
NZLR_NP }_NULL 99_MC ;_; *1_NULL \_NULL R_NP1 \_NULL v_II Knowles_NP1 *0_NULL 
[_( 1984_MC ]_) 1_MC1 {_NULL NZLR_NP }_NULL 257_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Sentences_NN2 available_JJ for_IF young_JJ offenders_NN2 
are_VBR examined_VVN in_II the_AT notes_NN2 to_II \_NULL s_ZZ1 8_MC ,_, 
*1_NULL post_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL At_II the_AT other_JJ end_NN1 of_IO the_AT scale_NN1 
,_, advanced_JJ age_NN1 ,_, maturity_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 good_JJ record_NN1 
over_II a_AT1 large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO years_NNT2 ,_, particularly_RR if_CS 
accompanied_VVN by_II ill-health_NN1 ,_, may_VM persuade_VVI the_AT Court_NN1 
that_CST a_AT1 custodial_JJ sentence_NN1 is_VBZ inappropriate_JJ :_: {_NULL 
eg_REX }_NULL *1_NULL Henry_NP1 \_NULL v_II Advocate-General_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
Cook_NP Islands_NNL2 *0_NULL 24_MC October_NPM1 1979_MC (_( \_NULL M1347/79_FO 
)_) (_( {_NULL SC_NP1 }_NULL ,_, {_NULL FC_NP }_NULL )_) (_( noted_VVN [_( 
1979_MC ]_) {_NULL BCL_NP }_NULL 726_MC ;_; [_( 1980_MC ]_) {_NULL NZ_NP 
}_NULL Recent_JJ Law_NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 reluctance_NN1 to_II sentence_NN1 a_AT1 
person_NN1 to_II imprisonment_NN1 where_RRQ there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 
possibility_NN1 that_DD1 life_NN1 expectancy_NN1 will_VM be_VBI greatly_RR 
reduced_VVN through_II aggravation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 medical_JJ condition_NN1 
or_CC that_CST the_AT person_NN1 may_VM not_XX live_VVI to_TO be_VBI 
released_VVN :_: {_NULL eg_REX }_NULL *1_NULL Henry_NP1 (_( supra_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL With_IW elderly_JJ offenders_NN2 the_AT Court_NN1 should_VM 
not_XX overlook_VVI the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST each_DD1 year_NNT1 of_IO a_AT1 
custodial_JJ sentence_NN1 represents_VVZ a_AT1 substantial_JJ proportion_NN1 
of_IO the_AT period_NN1 of_IO life_NN1 left_VVN to_II the_AT offender_NN1 :_: 
*1_NULL \_NULL R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II Hunter_NP1 *0_NULL (_( 1984_MC )_) 36_MC 
{_NULL SASR_NN1 }_NULL 101_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Personal_JJ characteristics_NN2 *-_- ^_NULL *0_NULL 
Factors_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 medical_JJ problems_NN2 ,_, personality_NN1 
disorders_NN2 ,_, emotional_JJ difficulties_NN2 ,_, financial_JJ 
difficulties_NN2 ,_, depression_NN1 ,_, overwork_NN1 ,_, marital_JJ and_CC 
family_NN problems_NN2 are_VBR all_DB relevant_JJ when_CS evaluating_VVG 
the_AT culpability_NN1 of_IO the_AT offender_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT weight_NN1 to_TO be_VBI attached_VVN to_II personality_NN1 
factors_NN2 in_II any_DD particular_JJ case_NN1 depends_VVZ on_II the_AT 
degree_NN1 to_II which_DDQ each_DD1 is_VBZ considered_VVN to_TO be_VBI 
indicative_JJ of_IO lack_NN1 of_IO premeditation_NN1 and_CC of_IO 
uncharacteristic_JJ behaviour_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ unlikely_JJ to_TO be_VBI 
repeated_VVN ;_; or_CC ,_, conversely_RR ,_, of_IO conduct_NN1 that_CST 
demonstrates_VVZ the_AT offender_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 danger_NN1 to_II the_AT 
community_NNJ unless_CS medication_NN1 and_CC treatment_NN1 are_VBR given_VVN 
and_CC accepted_VVN with_II41 a_II42 view_II43 to_II44 eliminating_VVG the_AT 
cause_NN1 of_IO the_AT offending_NN1 ,_, and_CC thus_RR whether_CSW 
incapacitation_NN1 or_CC rehabilitation_NN1 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI 
emphasised_VVN when_CS imposing_VVG sentence_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Pre-sentence_JJ reports_NN2 assist_VV0 the_AT Court_NN1 in_II 
this_DD1 respect_NN1 :_: {_NULL eg_REX }_NULL *1_NULL \_NULL R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II 
Autagavaia_NP1 *0_NULL [_( 1985_MC ]_) 1_MC1 {_NULL NZLR_NP }_NULL 398_MC (_( 
{_NULL CA_NP1 }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT provision_NN1 of_IO reports_NN2 containing_VVG information_NN1 
on_II the_AT social_JJ ,_, economic_JJ ,_, educational_JJ ,_, medical_JJ 
and_CC psychiatric_JJ background_NN1 of_IO the_AT offender_NN1 is_VBZ 
examined_VVN in_II the_AT commentary_NN1 to_II \_NULL ss_FU 15_MC and_CC 
121_MC ,_, *1_NULL post_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Where_CS the_AT Court_NN1 is_VBZ sentencing_VVG with_II41 
a_II42 view_II43 to_II44 achieving_VVG the_AT reformation_NN1 or_CC 
treatment_NN1 of_IO the_AT offender_NN1 ,_, or_CC the_AT disposal_NN1 of_IO 
a_AT1 person_NN1 who_PNQS is_VBZ troublesome_JJ in_II the_AT community_NNJ ,_, 
it_PPH1 must_VM be_VBI mindful_JJ of_IO the_AT need_NN1 for_IF there_RL to_TO 
be_VBI a_AT1 reasonable_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II the_AT sentence_NN1 
imposed_VVD and_CC the_AT gravity_NN1 of_IO the_AT offending_NN1 :_: *1_NULL 
\_NULL R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II Elliot_NP1 *0_NULL [_( 1981_MC ]_) 1_MC1 {_NULL 
NZLR_NP }_NULL 295_MC (_( {_NULL CA_NP1 }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Mercy_NN1 *-_- ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT trial_NN1 
Judge_NP1 has_VHZ the_AT fundamental_JJ right_NN1 and_CC responsibility_NN1 
,_, in_II appropriate_JJ cases_NN2 ,_, to_TO allow_VVI the_AT promptings_NN2 
of_IO mercy_NN1 to_TO operate_VVI and_CC ,_, even_RR in_II cases_NN2 which_DDQ 
normally_RR call_VV0 for_IF a_AT1 deterrent_NN1 sentence_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 
or_CC she_PPHS1 may_VM conclude_VVI that_CST the_AT state_NN1 is_VBZ best_RRT 
served_VVN by_II taking_VVG a_AT1 form_NN1 of_IO action_NN1 calculated_VVD 
to_TO encourage_VVI reformation_NN1 :_: *1_NULL \_NULL R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II 
Wihapi_NP1 *0_NULL [_( 1976_MC ]_) 1_MC1 {_NULL NZLR_NP }_NULL 422_MC (_( 
{_NULL CA_NP1 }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 principle_NN1 was_VBDZ reaffirmed_VVN in_II *1_NULL 
\_NULL R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II Lawson_NP1 *0_NULL [_( 1982_MC ]_) 2_MC {_NULL 
NZLR_NP }_NULL 219_MC (_( {_NULL CA_NP1 }_NULL )_) where_RRQ an_AT1 order_NN1 
to_TO come_VVI up_RP for_IF sentence_NN1 if_CSW called_VVN upon_II ,_, 
imposed_VVD upon_II a_AT1 co-offender_NN1 convicted_VVD of_IO conspiracy_NN1 
to_TO commit_VVI burglary_NN1 and_CC who_PNQS had_VHD voluntarily_RR 
committed_VVN himself_PPX1 for_IF treatment_NN1 for_IF alcoholism_NN1 ,_, 
was_VBDZ said_VVN to_TO be_VBI justified_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ an_AT1 attempt_NN1 by_II the_AT trial_NN1 Judge_VV0 
to_TO rescue_VVI the_AT offender_NN1 *"_" as_II a_AT1 brand_NN1 from_II the_AT 
burning_JJ **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL See_VV0 also_RR ,_, *1_NULL \_NULL R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II Peters_NP1 
*0_NULL 11_MC April_NPM1 1986_MC (_( {_NULL CA_NN1 }_NULL 309/85_MF )_) (_( 
noted_VVN [_( 1986_MC ]_) {_NULL BCL_NP }_NULL 526_MC )_) where_RRQ the_AT 
sentencing_JJ Judge_NP1 had_VHD made_VVN a_AT1 careful_JJ attempt_NN1 to_TO 
rehabilitate_VVI an_AT1 offender_NN1 convicted_VVD of_IO assault_NN1 with_IW 
intent_JJ to_TO commit_VVI rape_NN1 through_II the_AT composition_NN1 of_IO 
a_AT1 sentence_NN1 of_IO community_NN care_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Court_NN1 refused_VVD to_TO interfere_VVI with_IW the_AT 
sentence_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ working_VVG well_RR ,_, despite_II the_AT 
fact_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 did_VDD not_XX reflect_VVI the_AT seriousness_NN1 
of_IO the_AT offender_NN1 's_VBZ conduct_NN1 ,_, nor_CC did_VDD it_PPH1 
mirror_VVI the_AT Judge_NP1 's_GE remarks_NN2 on_II sentencing_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT case_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO be_VBI regarded_VVN as_CS *"_" 
exceptional_JJ **"_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Mercy_NN1 may_VM be_VBI shown_VVN where_RRQ the_AT 
offender_NN1 's_VBZ personality_NN1 (_( {_NULL eg_REX }_NULL immaturity_NN1 
,_, low_JJ level_NN1 of_IO intelligence_NN1 ,_, history_NN1 of_IO mental_JJ 
illness_NN1 ,_, social_JJ inadequacy_NN1 ,_, susceptibility_NN1 to_II 
provocation_NN1 )_) ,_, background_NN1 (_( {_NULL eg_REX }_NULL suffering_JJ 
deprivation_NN1 and_CC extreme_JJ violence_NN1 as_II a_AT1 child_NN1 )_) or_CC 
peculiar_JJ circumstances_NN2 (_( {_NULL eg_REX }_NULL severe_JJ emotional_JJ 
distress_NN1 ,_, domestic_JJ difficulties_NN2 )_) give_VV0 rise_NN1 to_II 
the_AT offence_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II *1_NULL \_NULL R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II Dowling_NP1 *0_NULL [_( 
1985_MC ]_) 1_MC1 {_NULL NZLR_NP }_NULL 182_MC the_AT Court_NN1 of_IO 
Appeal_NN1 noted_VVD that_CST the_AT appellant_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 man_NN1 
who_PNQS was_VBDZ unable_JJ to_TO cope_VVI with_IW the_AT vicissitudes_NN2 
of_IO life_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ extraordinarily_RR sensitive_JJ to_II 
matters_NN2 which_DDQ would_VM not_XX provoke_VVI an_AT1 ordinary_JJ 
person_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE personal_JJ characteristics_NN2 (_( subnormality_NN1 and_CC 
alcoholism_NN1 )_) justified_VVD the_AT imposition_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 lesser_JJ 
term_NN1 of_IO imprisonment_NN1 than_CSN would_VM otherwise_RR be_VBI 
called_VVN for_IF ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 sentence_NN1 of_IO three_MC years_NNT2 '_GE imprisonment_NN1 
for_IF manslaughter_NN1 was_VBDZ reduced_VVN to_II two_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II domestic_NN1 disputes_VVZ the_AT level_NN1 of_IO 
culpability_NN1 varies_VVZ greatly_RR ,_, preventing_VVG sensible_JJ 
generalisations_NN2 as_II21 to_II22 an_AT1 appropriate_JJ sentence_NN1 
based_VVN for_REX21 example_REX22 on_II some_DD kind_NN1 of_IO tariff_NN1 :_: 
*1_NULL \_NULL R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II Lavea_NP1 *0_NULL 11_MC December_NPM1 1979_MC 
(_( {_NULL CA_NN1 }_NULL 197/79_MF )_) (_( noted_VVN 3_MC {_NULL TCL_NP }_NULL 
2/2_MF )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST an_AT1 offender_NN1 was_VBDZ immature_JJ ,_, 
had_VHD suffered_VVN deprivation_NN1 and_CC extreme_JJ violence_NN1 as_II 
a_AT1 child_NN1 and_CC had_VHD a_AT1 history_NN1 of_IO mental_JJ illness_NN1 
resulting_VVG in_II a_AT1 state_NN1 of_IO uncontrollable_JJ frustration_NN1 
were_VBDR considered_VVN as_CSA mitigating_VVG factors_NN2 in_II imposing_VVG 
sentence_NN1 for_IF manslaughter_NN1 by_II ill-treatment_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
baby_NN1 :_: *1_NULL \_NULL R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II Hansen_NP *0_NULL 17_MC 
August_NPM1 1976_MC (_( {_NULL CA_NN1 }_NULL 53/76_MF )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Race_NN1 ,_, nationality_NN1 ,_, ethnic_JJ 
background_NN1 *-_- ^_NULL *0_NULL Equality_NN1 before_II the_AT law_NN1 
is_VBZ a_AT1 basic_JJ concept_NN1 fundamental_JJ to_II the_AT 
administration_NN of_IO justice_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ embodied_VVN in_II the_AT judicial_JJ oath_NN1 to_TO 
do_VDI *"_" right_RR to_II all_DB manner_NN1 of_IO people_NN ..._... 
without_RL fear_VV0 or_CC favour_NN1 ,_, affection_NN1 or_CC ill_JJ will_NN1 
**"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Consequently_NP1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ submitted_VVN that_CST the_AT 
sentencing_JJ principles_NN2 outlined_VVD in_II this_DD1 Introduction_NN1 
are_VBR to_TO be_VBI applied_VVN in_II every_AT1 case_NN1 ,_, 
irrespective_II21 of_II22 the_AT identity_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 particular_JJ 
offender_NN1 or_CC membership_NN of_IO an_AT1 ethnic_JJ or_CC other_JJ 
group_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nevertheless_RR ,_, these_DD2 same_DA principles_NN2 require_VV0 
the_AT Court_NN1 to_TO take_VVI into_II account_NN1 all_DB material_JJ 
facts_NN2 ,_, including_II those_DD2 facts_NN2 which_DDQ exist_VV0 only_RR 
by_II reason_NN1 of_IO the_AT offender_NN1 's_VHZ membership_NN of_IO an_AT1 
ethnic_JJ or_CC other_JJ group_NN :_: *1_NULL Neal_NP1 \_NULL v_MC \_NULL 
R_ZZ1 *0_NULL (_( 1982_MC )_) 149_MC {_NULL CLR_NN1 }_NULL 305_MC (_( {_NULL 
HCA_NP1 }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Court_NN1 should_VM impose_VVI the_AT penalty_NN1 which_DDQ 
reflects_VVZ matters_NN2 of_IO mitigation_NN1 arising_VVG from_II the_AT 
offender_NN1 's_VBZ background_NN1 and_CC personal_JJ situation_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
which_DDQ recognises_VVZ the_AT structure_NN1 and_CC operation_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT society_NN within_II which_DDQ he_PPHS1 or_CC she_PPHS1 lives_VVZ ,_, 
in_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, the_AT degree_NN1 to_II which_DDQ the_AT 
offender_NN1 's_VBZ cultural_JJ or_CC ethnic_JJ heritage_NN1 predominates_NN2 
and_CC any_DD problems_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 cross-cultural_JJ nature_NN1 that_CST 
may_VM have_VHI been_VBN experienced_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 basic_JJ requirement_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 system_NN1 
of_IO justice_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ evenhanded_VVN ,_, consistent_JJ and_CC 
uniform_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Section_NN1 16_MC ,_, *1_NULL post_NN1 *0_NULL expressly_RR 
enables_VVZ an_AT1 offender_NN1 to_TO call_VVI witnesses_NN2 as_II21 to_II22 
his_APPGE or_CC her_APPGE ethnic_JJ or_CC cultural_JJ background_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT issue_NN1 of_IO the_AT relevance_NN1 to_II sentence_NN1 
of_IO the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT offender_NN1 may_VM be_VBI ,_, or_CC 
has_VHZ been_VBN ,_, subject_II21 to_II22 some_DD traditional_JJ 
punishment_NN1 or_CC response_NN1 within_II the_AT local_JJ community_NNJ ,_, 
has_VHZ arisen_VVN in_II Australia_NP1 in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO 
aboriginal_JJ customary_JJ or_CC tribal_JJ law_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT leading_JJ cases_NN2 are_VBR *1_NULL Jadurin_NP1 \_NULL v_MC 
\_NULL R_ZZ1 *0_NULL (_( 1982_MC )_) 44_MC {_NULL ALR_NN1 }_NULL 424_MC (_( 
{_NULL FCA_NP1 }_NULL )_) ;_; *1_NULL Mamarika_NP1 \_NULL v_MC \_NULL R_ZZ1 
*0_NULL (_( 1982_MC )_) 42_MC {_NULL ALR_NN1 }_NULL 94_MC (_( {_NULL FCA_NP1 
}_NULL )_) ;_; *1_NULL Neal_NP1 (_( supra_NN1 )_) ;_; \_NULL R_NP1 \_NULL v_II 
Herbert_NP1 *0_NULL (_( 1983_MC )_) 23_MC {_NULL NTR_NP }_NULL 22_MC ;_; 
*1_NULL \_NULL R_NP1 \_NULL v_II Sampson_NP1 *0_NULL (_( 1984_MC )_) 53_MC 
{_NULL ALR_NN1 }_NULL 542_MC (_( {_NULL FCA_NP1 }_NULL )_) ;_; *1_NULL 
Atkinson_NP1 \_NULL v_II Walkely_NP1 *0_NULL (_( 1984_MC )_) 27_MC {_NULL 
NTR_NP }_NULL 34_MC ,_, from_II which_DDQ the_AT following_JJ propositions_NN2 
can_VM be_VBI extracted_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT attitude_NN1 of_IO members_NN2 of_IO the_AT local_JJ 
community_NNJ to_II the_AT offender_NN1 and_CC to_II the_AT offence_NN1 is_VBZ 
of_IO particular_JJ relevance_NN1 ,_, especially_RR where_RRQ the_AT 
offence_NN1 was_VBDZ committed_VVN within_II that_DD1 community_NNJ and_CC 
where_RRQ the_AT victim_NN1 was_VBDZ from_II that_DD1 community_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_CST the_AT offender_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN subjected_VVN to_II 
some_DD form_NN1 of_IO local_JJ dispute_NN1 resolution_NN1 ,_, even_CS21 
if_CS22 this_DD1 involves_VVZ some_DD additional_JJ response_NN1 under_II 
aboriginal_JJ customary_JJ law_NN1 is_VBZ relevant_JJ ,_, especially_RR 
where_RRQ members_NN2 of_IO the_AT local_JJ community_NNJ are_VBR thereby_RR 
reconciled_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT imposition_NN1 of_IO further_JJR punishment_NN1 by_II the_AT 
Court_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX precluded_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Court_NN1 can_VM not_XX order_VVI or_CC impose_VVI 
traditional_JJ punishment_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ not_XX lawful_JJ under_II the_AT 
general_JJ law_NN1 ,_, nor_CC should_VM it_PPH1 give_VVI the_AT impression_NN1 
of_IO having_VHG sanctioned_VVN the_AT exacting_JJ of_IO retribution_NN1 by_II 
the_AT offender_NN1 's_GE own_DA community_NNJ ,_, particularly_RR where_CS 
this_DD1 involves_VVZ the_AT infliction_NN1 of_IO physical_JJ harm_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL These_DD2 principles_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX exclude_VVI the_AT 
ability_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 Judge_NP1 ,_, in_II appropriate_JJ cases_NN2 ,_, to_TO 
deal_VVI with_IW an_AT1 offender_NN1 in_II31 accordance_II32 with_II33 
membership_NN and_CC the_AT practices_NN2 of_IO the_AT cultural_JJ or_CC 
ethnic_JJ group_NN ,_, subject_NN1 always_RR to_TO control_VVI remaining_VVG 
with_IW the_AT Court_NN1 ,_, and_CC to_II the_AT provisions_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
law_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Alternative_JJ means_NN of_IO rehabilitation_NN1 which_DDQ 
appropriately_RR take_VV0 account_NN1 of_IO different_JJ cultural_JJ or_CC 
ethnic_JJ values_NN2 should_VM be_VBI utilised_VVN :_: (_( see_VV0 
community_NN care_NN1 ,_, \_NULL s_ZZ1 53_MC *1_NULL post_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 failure_NN1 by_II the_AT Court_NN1 to_TO take_VVI account_NN1 
of_IO these_DD2 factors_NN2 may_VM create_VVI an_AT1 injustice_NN1 for_IF 
the_AT offender_NN1 ,_, by_II making_VVG the_AT sentence_NN1 much_RR more_RGR 
onerous_JJ than_CSN it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI for_IF an_AT1 offender_NN1 of_IO 
a_AT1 different_JJ cultural_JJ or_CC ethnic_JJ background_NN1 ,_, with_IW 
different_JJ traditions_NN2 ,_, customs_NN2 and_CC mores_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT race_NN1 or_CC ethnic_JJ background_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 
offender_NN1 has_VHZ only_RR rarely_RR been_VBN expressly_RR considered_VVN 
by_II the_AT Court_NN1 of_IO Appeal_NN1 in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 
sentence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 such_DA case_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, is_VBZ *1_NULL \_NULL 
R_ZZ1 \_NULL v_II Sangkamyong_NP1 *0_NULL 3_MC July_NPM1 1984_MC (_( {_NULL 
CA_NN1 }_NULL 36/84_MF )_) (_( noted_VVN [_( 1984_MC ]_) {_NULL BCL_NP }_NULL 
836_MC )_) where_RRQ a_AT1 sentence_NN1 imposed_VVD for_IF the_AT 
importation_NN1 of_IO cannabis_NN1 was_VBDZ reduced_VVN *"_" in_II the_AT 
interests_NN2 of_IO justice_NN1 and_CC humanity_NN1 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT appellant_NN1 ,_, his_APPGE wife_NN1 and_CC young_JJ 
children_NN2 had_VHD escaped_VVN Laos_NP1 and_CC came_VVN to_TO New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 after_II a_AT1 year_NNT1 in_II a_AT1 refugee_NN1 camp_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE absence_NN1 from_II the_AT home_NN1 while_CS serving_VVG 
a_AT1 prison_NN1 sentence_NN1 would_VM bear_VVI very_RG heavily_RR on_II 
his_APPGE wife_NN1 and_CC their_APPGE children_NN2 with_IW their_APPGE very_RG 
different_JJ cultural_JJ and_CC language_NN1 background_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 344+TEXT+J50_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Richardson_NP1 \_NULL J_NP1 identified_VVD three_MC 
criteria_NN2 which_DDQ must_VM be_VBI present_JJ to_TO found_VVI an_AT1 
estoppel_NN1 per_II rem_NN1 judicatam_NN1 ,_, namely_REX :_: |_NULL __NULL (_( 
a_ZZ1 )_) identity_NN1 of_IO parties_NN2 |_NULL (_( b_ZZ1 )_) identity_NN1 
of_IO subject_NN1 matter_NN1 ;_; and_CC |_NULL (_( c_ZZ1 )_) sufficient_JJ 
co-extensiveness_NN1 of_IO the_AT standard_NN1 of_IO proof_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ the_AT second_MD of_IO these_DD2 criteria_NN2 
*-_- identity_NN1 of_IO subject_NN1 matter_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 was_VBDZ the_AT 
issue_NN1 in_II *1_NULL Maxwell_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT facts_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL Gregoriadis_NP1 *0_NULL 
were_VBDR that_CST the_AT Commissioner_NN1 had_VHD successfully_RR brought_VVN 
evasion_NN1 charges_NN2 against_II the_AT taxpayer_NN1 in_II the_AT 
Magistrates_NN2 Court_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT taxpayer_NN1 appealed_VVD and_CC the_AT Supreme_JJ Court_NN1 
allowed_VVD the_AT appeal_NN1 on_II the_AT basis_NN1 that_CST certain_JJ 
evidence_NN1 that_CST had_VHD been_VBN admitted_VVN in_II the_AT Court_NN1 
below_RL was_VBDZ inadmissible_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT meantime_NNT1 ,_, as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
outcome_NN1 of_IO the_AT prosecutions_NN2 in_II the_AT Magistrates_NN2 
Court_NN1 ,_, the_AT Commissioner_NN1 had_VHD assessed_VVN the_AT taxpayer_NN1 
for_IF penal_JJ tax_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT taxpayer_NN1 objected_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT case_NN1 came_VVD before_II Quilliam_NP1 \_NULL J_NP1 in_II 
the_AT High_JJ Court_NN1 where_RRQ the_AT issue_NN1 was_VBDZ whether_CSW 
the_AT acquittal_NN1 on_II the_AT prosecutions_NN2 debarred_VVD the_AT 
Commissioner_NN1 from_II charging_VVG the_AT taxpayer_NN1 in_II penal_JJ 
tax_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Quilliam_NP1 \_NULL J_NP1 held_VVD that_CST it_PPH1 did_VDD not_XX 
and_CC that_CST the_AT taxpayer_NN1 was_VBDZ chargeable_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL However_RR ,_, in_II the_AT Court_NN1 of_IO Appeal_NN1 it_PPH1 
was_VBDZ held_VVN that_CST the_AT matter_NN1 was_VBDZ res_NN2 judicata_NN1 
and_CC the_AT appeal_NN1 was_VBDZ allowed_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT law_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL Res_NP1 Judicata_NP1 
}_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ an_AT1 area_NN1 which_DDQ requires_VVZ exactitude_NN1 
of_IO expression_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Its_APPGE basis_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST *1_NULL the_AT same_DA 
question_NN1 *0_NULL shall_VM not_XX be_VBI the_AT subject_NN1 of_IO 
relitigation_NN1 between_II those_DD2 whom_PNQO ,_, or_CC their_APPGE 
privies_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ already_RR once_RR been_VBN decided_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL But_CCB the_AT question_NN1 must_VM be_VBI the_AT same_DA ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Were_VBDR the_AT questions_NN2 before_II the_AT Court_NN1 
in_II *1_NULL Gregoriadis_NP1 *0_NULL the_AT same_DA or_CC not_XX ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Clearly_RR not_XX ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ accepted_VVN by_II Richardson_NP1 and_CC McMullin_NP1 
\_NULL JJ_NP at_II \_NULL p_ZZ1 711_MC where_RRQ they_PPHS2 expressly_RR 
admit_VV0 that_CST no_AT more_DAR than_CSN a_AT1 *"_" sufficient_JJ 
approximation_NN1 **"_" between_II the_AT two_MC questions_NN2 can_VM be_VBI 
contended_VVN for_IF ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 then_RT excuse_VV0 making_VVG the_AT leap_NN1 over_II 
the_AT gap_NN1 ,_, by_II saying_VVG that_CST it_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX 
matter_VVI ,_, for_CS if_CS the_AT standard_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN the_AT 
same_DA (_( which_DDQ it_PPH1 was_VBDZ not_XX )_) the_AT Commissioner_NN1 
would_VM still_RR have_VHI failed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 sort_NN1 of_IO *"_" near_JJ enough_RR **"_" approach_VV0 
would_VM seem_VVI to_TO be_VBI unjustifiable_JJ in_II the_AT area_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT law_NN1 of_IO estoppel_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Somers_NP1 \_NULL J_NP1 seemed_VVD also_RR to_TO be_VBI 
troubled_VVN by_II the_AT problem_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 devotes_VVZ the_AT whole_NN1 of_IO \_NULL p_ZZ1 712_MC to_II 
this_DD1 difficulty_NN1 and_CC then_RT says_VVZ expressly_RR *"_" the_AT 
different_JJ standard_NN1 of_IO proof_NN1 *1_NULL destroys_VVZ the_AT 
identity_NN1 of_IO issue_NN1 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL He_PPHS1 carries_VVZ on_RP ,_, influenced_VVN by_II the_AT 
merits_NN2 of_IO the_AT case_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ it_PPH1 seems_VVZ to_II 
him_PPHO1 that_CST the_AT Crown_NN1 is_VBZ persecuting_VVG the_AT 
appellant_NN1 ,_, to_TO justify_VVI his_APPGE support_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
judgment_NN1 of_IO Richardson_NP1 \_NULL J_NP1 and_CC McMullin_NP1 \_NULL 
J_NP1 by_II saying_VVG **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT 
trouble_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT questions_NN2 in_II the_AT two_MC 
proceedings_NN2 were_VBDR *1_NULL not_XX the_AT same_DA ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II one_MC1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ whether_CSW ,_, using_VVG 
the_AT standard_NN1 of_IO proof_NN1 necessary_JJ in_II criminal_JJ 
proceedings_NN2 ,_, the_AT Court_NN1 was_VBDZ convinced_VVN beyond_II all_DB 
reasonable_JJ doubt_NN1 that_CST the_AT appellant_NN1 had_VHD furnished_VVN 
false_JJ returns_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT second_NNT1 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ ,_, using_VVG a_AT1 
different_JJ standard_NN1 of_IO proof_NN1 ,_, will_VM it_PPH1 be_VBI held_VVN 
as_RR51 a_RR52 matter_RR53 of_RR54 fact_RR55 the_AT appellant_NN1 had_VHD 
furnished_VVN false_JJ returns_NN2 ?_? 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Can_VM it_PPH1 be_VBI assumed_VVN that_CST the_AT 
Commissioner_NN1 will_VM not_XX in_II the_AT second_MD proceedings_NN2 
tender_JJ evidence_NN1 not_XX tendered_VVN in_II the_AT first_MD ,_, to_TO 
clinch_VVI his_APPGE case_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 question_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX faced_VVN ,_, let_VVD alone_RR 
answered_VVN ,_, in_II the_AT judgments_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ clear_JJ enough_RR of_RR21 course_RR22 that_CST the_AT 
Commissioner_NN1 's_VBZ case_NN1 on_II a_AT1 criminal_JJ charge_NN1 can_VM 
not_XX be_VBI reopened_VVN later_RRR ,_, with_IW new_JJ evidence_NN1 
tendered_VVD ;_; the_AT plea_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL autrefois_NN1 acquit_NN1 
}_NULL *0_NULL would_VM dispose_VVI of_IO this_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB where_RRQ a_AT1 *1_NULL different_JJ question_NN1 on_II 
the_AT same_DA facts_NN2 *0_NULL is_VBZ the_AT subject_NN1 of_IO 
litigation_NN1 can_VM not_XX a_AT1 fresh_JJ case_NN1 be_VBI made_VVN out_RP 
by_II the_AT Commissioner_NN1 ,_, in_II which_DDQ the_AT original_JJ 
acquittal_NN1 is_VBZ untouched_JJ ,_, but_CCB a_AT1 question_NN1 of_IO 
fact_NN1 ,_, necessary_JJ indeed_RR to_TO be_VBI decided_VVN in_II the_AT 
earlier_JJR case_NN1 ,_, but_CCB on_II a_AT1 different_JJ standard_NN1 of_IO 
proof_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ again_RT before_II the_AT Court_NN1 ,_, and_CC has_VHZ 
to_TO be_VBI decided_VVN on_II another_DD1 ,_, and_CC more_RGR liberal_JJ 
standard_NN1 of_IO proof_NN1 ?_? 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Some_DD may_VM see_VVI the_AT *1_NULL Gregoriadis_NP1 *0_NULL 
decision_NN1 as_CSA providing_VVG an_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO where_RRQ the_AT 
doctrine_NN1 of_IO estoppel_NN1 per_II rem_NN1 judicatam_NN1 will_VM apply_VVI 
and_CC that_CST the_AT foundation_NN1 now_RT exists_VVZ for_IF a_AT1 future_JJ 
move_NN1 by_II the_AT Courts_NN2 away_II21 from_II22 the_AT traditional_JJ 
and_CC restrictive_JJ approach_NN1 of_IO the_AT past_NN1 where_RRQ 
decisions_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 *1_NULL Maxwell_NP1 *0_NULL provide_VV0 
examples_NN2 of_IO the_AT Court_NN1 drawing_VVG fine_JJ distinctions_NN2 to_TO 
exclude_VVI the_AT doctrine_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 more_RGR proper_JJ conclusion_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT writer_NN1 
's_VBZ view_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ that_DD1 *1_NULL Gregoriadis_NP1 *0_NULL should_VM 
be_VBI seen_VVN as_II a_AT1 decision_NN1 of_IO the_AT Court_NN1 of_IO 
Appeal_NN1 ,_, perhaps_RR flying_VVG in_II the_AT face_NN1 of_IO 
established_JJ rules_NN2 as_II21 to_II22 *1_NULL {_NULL Res_NP1 Judicata_NP1 
}_NULL ,_, *0_NULL resulting_VVG in_II the_AT dismissal_NN1 of_IO 
subsequent_JJ civil_JJ proceedings_NN2 by_II the_AT Crown_NN1 in_II a_AT1 
case_NN1 where_RRQ (_( a_ZZ1 )_) the_AT question_NN1 of_IO criminal_JJ 
liability_NN1 had_VHD already_RR resulted_VVN in_II an_AT1 acquittal_NN1 
and_CC (_( b_ZZ1 )_) the_AT facts_NN2 appeared_VVD to_TO justify_VVI the_AT 
conclusion_NN1 that_CST further_JJR litigation_NN1 ,_, if_CS permitted_VVN ,_, 
would_VM very_RG probably_RR lead_VVI to_II the_AT same_DA conclusion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Further_RRR ,_, the_AT case_NN1 ,_, when_CS examined_VVN should_VM 
not_XX be_VBI represented_VVN as_II a_AT1 new_JJ departure_NN1 in_RP ,_, or_CC 
modification_NN1 of_IO ,_, existing_JJ rules_NN2 as_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 *1_NULL 
{_NULL eadem_NN1 quaestro_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL in_II *1_NULL {_NULL Res_NP1 
Judicata_NP1 }_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ interesting_JJ to_TO note_VVI that_DD1 
Gresson_NN1 \_NULL P_ZZ1 in_II *1_NULL Maxwell_NP1 *0_NULL considered_VVD 
that_CST the_AT concept_NN1 of_IO res_NN2 judicata_NN1 was_VBDZ 
inappropriate_JJ for_IF another_DD1 reason_NN1 :_: (_( *1_NULL Maxwell_NP1 
\_NULL v_II {_NULL CIR_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL [_( 1962_MC ]_) {_NULL NZLR_NP 
}_NULL 683_MC at_II 698_MC )_) **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL (_( ^_NULL 
There_EX is_VBZ obiter_JJR support_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 statement_NN1 *-_- 
see_VV0 *1_NULL Society_NNJ of_IO Medical_JJ Officer_NN1 of_IO Health_NN1 
\_NULL v_ZZ1 Hope_NN1 *0_NULL [_( 1960_MC ]_) {_NULL AC_NN1 }_NULL 531_MC ,_, 
568_MC per_II Lord_NNB Keith_NP1 ;_; \_NULL cf_VV0 *1_NULL Taylor_NP1 \_NULL 
v_ZZ1 {_NULL AG_FO }_NULL *0_NULL [_( 1963_MC ]_) {_NULL NZLR_NP }_NULL 251_MC 
._. )_) 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT decision_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL Caffoor_NP1 \_NULL v_II 
{_NULL ITC_NP1 }_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ an_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO where_RRQ ,_, 
in_II the_AT issue_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 assessment_NN1 ,_, the_AT Commissioner_NN1 
is_VBZ not_XX necessarily_RR bound_VVN by_II any_DD determination_NN1 that_CST 
might_VM have_VHI been_VBN made_VVN in_II31 respect_II32 of_II33 an_AT1 
assessment_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 previous_JJ year_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT facts_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 case_NN1 were_VBDR ,_, that_CST 
in_II31 respect_II32 of_II33 the_AT 1950_MC income_NN1 year_NNT1 the_AT 
taxpayer_NN1 had_VHD established_VVN before_II an_AT1 income_NN1 tax_NN1 
board_NN1 of_IO review_NN1 that_CST the_AT taxpayers_NN2 were_VBDR 
trustees_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 charitable_JJ trust_NN1 ,_, and_CC therefore_RR 
their_APPGE income_NN1 was_VBDZ exempt_JJ from_II income_NN1 tax_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF the_AT 1951_MC income_NN1 year_NNT1 the_AT Commissioner_NN1 
issued_VVD an_AT1 assessment_NN1 on_II the_AT footing_NN1 that_CST the_AT 
taxpayers_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX trustees_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 charitable_JJ 
trust_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO the_AT grounds_NN2 of_IO objection_NN1 
against_II the_AT assessments_NN2 for_IF the_AT 1951_MC year_NNT1 was_VBDZ 
that_CST the_AT decision_NN1 of_IO the_AT Board_NNJ of_IO Review_NN1 in_II31 
respect_II32 of_II33 the_AT 1950_MC income_NN1 year_NNT1 set_VVD up_RP an_AT1 
estoppel_NN1 per_II rem_NN1 judicatam_NN1 and_CC therefore_RR the_AT 
Commissioner_NN1 was_VBDZ bound_VVNK to_TO follow_VVI the_AT decision_NN1 
of_IO the_AT board_NN1 when_RRQ he_PPHS1 came_VVD to_TO issue_VVI an_AT1 
assessment_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 later_JJR year_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Privy_JJ Council_NNJ rejected_VVD this_DD1 view_NN1 (_( [_( 
1961_MC ]_) 2_MC All_DB {_NULL ER_FU }_NULL 441_MC )_) :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT decision_NN1 in_II *1_NULL 
Caffoor_NP1 *0_NULL is_VBZ unusual_JJ because_CS the_AT Board_NNJ was_VBDZ 
called_VVN on_RP to_TO decide_VVI between_II two_MC previous_JJ conflicting_JJ 
decisions_NN2 of_IO the_AT Privy_JJ Council_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II *1_NULL Broken_JJ Hill_NN1 {_NULL Pty_JJ Co_NNJ Ltd_JJ }_NULL 
\_NULL v_ZZ1 Broken_JJ Hill_NN1 Municipal_JJ Council_NNJ *0_NULL [_( 1926_MC 
]_) {_NULL AC_NN1 }_NULL 94_MC the_AT Privy_JJ Council_NNJ had_VHD held_VVN 
an_AT1 appeal_NN1 against_II a_AT1 rating_NN1 assessment_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 
decision_NN1 on_II an_AT1 assessment_NN1 for_IF one_MC1 year_NNT1 does_VDZ 
not_XX support_VVI an_AT1 estoppel_NN1 in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 an_AT1 
assessment_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 subsequent_JJ year_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, in_II the_AT same_DA year_NNT1 the_AT Privy_JJ 
Council_NNJ in_II *1_NULL Hoysteed_NP1 \_NULL v_ZZ1 {_NULL FC_NP }_NULL of_IO 
\_NULL T_ZZ1 *0_NULL [_( 1926_MC ]_) {_NULL AC_NN1 }_NULL 155_MC had_VHD 
taken_VVN the_AT opposite_JJ view_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II *1_NULL Caffoor_NP1 *0_NULL the_AT Privy_JJ Council_NNJ 
followed_VVD the_AT *1_NULL Broken_JJ Hill_NN1 *0_NULL case_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI pointed_VVN out_RP that_CST the_AT two_MC 
cases_NN2 were_VBDR heard_VVN before_II two_MC differently_RR constituted_JJ 
Boards_NNJ2 ,_, no_AT member_NN1 of_IO either_DD1 Board_NNJ being_VBG 
present_JJ at_II the_AT hearing_NN1 conducted_VVN before_II the_AT other_JJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS the_AT decision_NN1 may_VM provide_VVI one_MC1 of_IO the_AT 
rare_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO the_AT Privy_JJ Council_NNJ overruling_VVG one_MC1 
of_IO its_APPGE previous_JJ decisions_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 would_VM seem_VVI 
that_CST the_AT Board_NNJ was_VBDZ compelled_VVN by_II the_AT quite_RG 
unusual_JJ circumstances_NN2 to_TO overrule_VVI one_MC1 decision_NN1 or_CC 
the_AT other_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II *1_NULL Duff_NP1 &_CC Ors_NN2 \_NULL v_II {_NULL CIR_NN1 
}_NULL *0_NULL (_( 1979_MC )_) 3_MC {_NULL TRNZ_NP }_NULL 158_MC Beattie_NP1 
\_NULL J_NP1 was_VBDZ asked_VVN to_TO consider_VVI the_AT question_NN1 of_IO 
Issue_NN1 Estopped_VVD (_( that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, estoppel_NN1 per_II rem_NN1 
judicatam_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 case_NN1 concerned_VVD the_AT purchase_NN1 of_IO land_NN1 
for_IF the_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO sub-division_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT land_NN1 was_VBDZ compulsorily_RR acquired_VVN and_CC the_AT 
Commissioner_NN1 included_VVD the_AT compensation_NN1 received_VVN in_II 
the_AT taxpayer_NN1 's_GE assessable_JJ income_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO the_AT contentions_NN2 made_VVN by_II the_AT 
taxpayer_NN1 was_VBDZ that_CST the_AT assessment_NN1 of_IO the_AT profit_NN1 
was_VBDZ estopped_VVN by_II the_AT decision_NN1 in_II an_AT1 earlier_JJR 
case_NN1 (_( *1_NULL Railway_NN1 Timber_NN Company_NNJ \_NULL Ltd_JJ \_NULL 
v_ZZ1 {_NULL CIR_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( 1979_MC )_) 2_MC {_NULL NZTC_NP }_NULL 
61_MC ,_, 172_MC )_) ,_, because_CS the_AT parties_NN2 were_VBDR the_AT 
same_DA in_II effect_NN1 or_CC within_II the_AT class_NN1 of_IO privies_NN2 
to_II that_DD1 case_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 that_DD1 contention_NN1 Beattie_NP1 
\_NULL J_NP1 held_VVD that_CST the_AT parties_NN2 in_II the_AT present_JJ 
case_NN1 were_VBDR different_JJ in_II fact_NN1 and_CC law_NN1 ,_, 
differently_RR linked_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT facts_NN2 and_CC central_JJ issue_NN1 in_II the_AT *1_NULL 
Railway_NN1 Timber_NN *0_NULL case_NN1 were_VBDR different_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 would_VM seem_VVI however_RR ,_, that_CST had_VHD 
the_AT facts_NN2 and_CC issues_NN2 been_VBN significantly_RR similar_JJ 
Beattie_NN1 \_NULL J_ZZ1 may_VM have_VHI been_VBN influenced_VVN by_II the_AT 
issue_NN1 estoppel_NN1 argument_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II31 light_II32 of_II33 the_AT *1_NULL Gregoriadis_NP1 
*0_NULL decision_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ no_RR21 longer_RR22 possible_JJ to_TO 
say_VVI with_IW any_DD certainty_NN1 that_CST the_AT doctrine_NN1 of_IO 
estoppel_NN1 per_II rem_NN1 judicatam_NN1 will_VM not_XX apply_VVI to_II a_AT1 
taxpayer_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ is_VBZ clear_JJ however_RR is_VBZ that_CST it_PPH1 can_VM 
not_XX be_VBI used_VVN to_TO preclude_VVI the_AT dispute_NN1 or_CC 
alteration_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 later_JJR year_NNT1 's_GE assessment_NN1 ,_, 
even_RR where_RRQ the_AT issues_NN2 are_VBR identical_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Furthermore_RR ,_, even_CS21 if_CS22 an_AT1 issue_NN1 should_VM 
arise_VVI relating_VVG to_II the_AT same_DA year_NNT1 ,_, the_AT privative_JJ 
provisions_NN2 of_IO the_AT Act_NN1 may_VM prevent_VVI the_AT success_NN1 
of_IO the_AT defence_NN1 ,_, unless_CS it_PPH1 arises_VVZ in_II objection_NN1 
proceedings_NN2 because_CS it_PPH1 necessarily_RR involves_VVZ disputing_VVG 
the_AT Commissioner_NN1 's_VBZ assessment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS the_AT possibilities_NN2 of_IO successful_JJ 
invocation_NN1 of_IO the_AT doctrine_NN1 of_IO estoppel_NN1 per_II rem_NN1 
judicatam_NN1 against_II the_AT Commissioner_NN1 are_VBR ,_, in_II 
practical_JJ terms_NN2 ,_, limited_VVD ,_, the_AT scope_NN1 still_RR 
exists_VVZ for_IF the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT doctrine_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE 
future_JJ development_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Estoppel_NP1 By_II Representation_NN1 :_: *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Estoppel_NP1 by_II representation_NN1 is_VBZ 
defined_VVN in_II Spencer-Bower_NP1 and_CC Turner_NP1 (_( *1_NULL Estoppel_NP1 
by_II Representation_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL 3_MC \_NULL ed_NN1 ,_, 1977_MC ,_, \_NULL 
p_ZZ1 4_MC )_) as_CSA follows_VVZ :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL In_II 
the_AT context_NN1 of_IO taxation_NN1 the_AT situation_NN1 in_II which_DDQ 
*"_" estoppel_VV0 by_II representation_NN1 **"_" may_VM apply_VVI is_VBZ 
where_RRQ the_AT Commissioner_NN1 (_( through_II his_APPGE officers_NN2 )_) 
represents_VVZ to_II a_AT1 taxpayer_NN1 that_CST if_CS the_AT taxpayer_NN1 
conducts_VVZ his_APPGE affairs_NN2 in_II a_AT1 certain_JJ way_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 
will_VM attract_VVI certain_JJ tax_NN1 consequences_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT taxpayer_NN1 arranges_VVZ his_APPGE affairs_NN2 
accordingly_RR is_VBZ the_AT Commissioner_NN1 then_RT estopped_VVD from_II 
later_JJR saying_NN1 that_CST the_AT tax_NN1 consequences_NN2 will_VM be_VBI 
different_JJ ?_? 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, if_CS a_AT1 taxpayer_NN1 receives_VVZ 
information_NN1 from_II the_AT Commissioner_NN1 as_II21 to_II22 the_AT 
deductibility_NN1 of_IO travel_NN1 expenses_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 an_AT1 
academic_JJ on_II leave_NN1 )_) and_CC the_AT taxpayer_NN1 arranges_VVZ 
his_APPGE affairs_NN2 in_II reliance_NN1 on_II that_DD1 advice_NN1 ,_, can_VM 
the_AT Commissioner_NN1 change_VVI his_APPGE mind_NN1 when_CS assessing_VVG 
the_AT taxpayer_NN1 ,_, or_CC even_RR later_RRR re-assess_VV0 the_AT 
taxpayer_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Situations_NN2 like_II this_DD1 occur_VV0 frequently_RR ,_, 
particularly_RR where_RRQ the_AT Commissioner_NN1 issues_NN2 advance_VV0 
rulings_NN2 or_CC guidelines_NN2 for_IF taxpayers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 taxpayer_NN1 who_PNQS acts_VVZ in_II reliance_NN1 upon_II 
an_AT1 advance_JJ ruling_NN1 and_CC subsequently_RR discovers_VVZ that_CST 
the_AT Commissioner_NN1 has_VHZ altered_VVN his_APPGE position_NN1 with_II31 
regard_II32 to_II33 that_DD1 ruling_NN1 will_VM understandably_RR feel_VVI 
aggrieved_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT Commissioner_NN1 's_VHZ duties_NN2 and_CC 
discretions_NN2 are_VBR conferred_VVN by_II statute_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO determine_VVI whether_CSW 
representations_NN2 or_CC actions_NN2 on_II41 the_II42 part_II43 of_II44 
the_AT Commissioner_NN1 can_VM bind_VVI him_PPHO1 to_TO exercise_VVI those_DD2 
duties_NN2 and_CC discretions_NN2 in_II certain_JJ ways_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
necessary_JJ to_TO consider_VVI whether_CSW the_AT doctrine_NN1 of_IO 
estoppel_NN1 by_II representation_NN1 is_VBZ effective_JJ against_II acts_NN2 
or_CC decisions_NN2 made_VVN pursuant_II21 to_II22 statutes_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Statutory_JJ Powers_NN2 :_: *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ established_JJ law_NN1 that_CST an_AT1 
estoppel_NN1 must_VM fail_VVI ,_, if_CS its_APPGE establishment_NN results_VVZ 
in_II an_AT1 illegality_NN1 ,_, so_RG too_RR ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI 
set_VVN up_RP if_CS its_APPGE establishment_NN results_VVZ in_II 
preventing_VVG the_AT performance_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 statutory_JJ duty_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT authority_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 principle_NN1 is_VBZ 
contained_VVN in_II the_AT judgment_NN1 of_IO Lord_NNB Maugham_NP1 in_II 
*1_NULL Maritime_JJ Electric_JJ {_NULL Co_NNJ Ltd_JJ }_NULL \_NULL v_ZZ1 
General_JJ Dairies_NN2 Limited_VVN *0_NULL [_( 1937_MC ]_) {_NULL AC_NN1 
}_NULL 610_MC at_II 619-620_MCMC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL That_DD1 case_NN1 concerned_JJ certain_JJ provisions_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT Public_JJ Utilities_NN2 Act_VV0 1927_MC which_DDQ imposed_VVD a_AT1 
duty_NN1 on_II an_AT1 electric_JJ company_NN1 to_TO charge_VVI a_AT1 dairy_NN1 
company_NN1 for_IF all_DB electric_JJ current_NN1 supplied_VVN and_CC used_VVN 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT specific_JJ question_NN1 for_IF determination_NN1 by_II the_AT 
Court_NN1 was_VBDZ whether_CSW the_AT duty_NN1 created_VVN by_II statute_NN1 
can_VM be_VBI defeated_VVN or_CC avoided_VVD by_II a_AT1 mere_JJ mistake_NN1 
in_II the_AT computation_NN1 of_IO accounts_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Court_NN1 concluded_VVD that_CST it_PPH1 could_VM not_XX ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT particular_JJ sections_NN2 of_IO the_AT Public_JJ 
Utilities_NN2 Act_VV0 under_II consideration_NN1 were_VBDR enacted_VVN for_IF 
the_AT benefit_NN1 of_IO the_AT public_NN ;_; that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, on_II 
grounds_NN2 of_IO public_JJ policy_NN1 in_II the_AT general_JJ sense_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Accordingly_RR ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ not_XX open_JJ to_II the_AT 
Defendant_NN1 to_TO set_VVI up_RP an_AT1 estoppel_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II *1_NULL Europa_NP1 Oil_NN1 (_( {_NULL NZ_NP }_NULL )_) 
Limited_VVD \_NULL v_II Commissioner_NN1 of_IO Inland_JJ Revenue_NN1 *0_NULL 
[_( 1970_MC ]_) {_NULL NZLR_NP }_NULL 321_MC the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 
Court_NN1 of_IO Appeal_NN1 ,_, inter_RR21 alia_RR22 ,_, considered_VVD 
whether_CSW an_AT1 estoppel_NN1 could_VM be_VBI raised_VVN against_II the_AT 
Commissioner_NN1 when_CS acting_VVG in_II his_APPGE statutory_JJ duty_NN1 
to_TO assess_VVI a_AT1 taxpayer_NN1 in_II31 accordance_II32 with_II33 the_AT 
Act_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Turner_NP1 \_NULL J_NP1 (_( \_NULL ibid_RR at_II \_NULL p_ZZ1 
418_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL See_VV0 also_RR *1_NULL {_NULL CIR_NN1 }_NULL \_NULL v_II 
Lemmington_NP1 Holdings_NP1 \_NULL Ltd_JJ *0_NULL (_( 1982_MC )_) 5_MC {_NULL 
TRNZ_NP }_NULL 776_MC )_) stated_VVD that_CST the_AT Commissioner_NN1 can_VM 
not_XX be_VBI precluded_VVN by_II the_AT doctrine_NN1 of_IO estoppel_NN1 
from_II doing_VDG his_APPGE duty_NN1 as_CSA directed_VVN by_II Statute_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS ,_, because_II21 of_II22 the_AT particular_JJ 
conclusions_NN2 reached_VVN by_II the_AT Court_NN1 he_PPHS1 did_VDD not_XX 
need_VVI to_TO consider_VVI the_AT question_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 345+TEXT+J51_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Now_RT *'_" Socrates_NP1 **'_" does_VDZ not_XX in_II 
fact_NN1 denote_VV0 a_AT1 unique_JJ person_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL (_( Or_CC if_CSW it_PPH1 does_VDZ there_RL are_VBR other_JJ proper_JJ 
names_NN2 which_DDQ do_VD0 not_XX ._. )_) 

^ ^_NULL How_RRQ does_VDZ the_AT standard_NN1 view_VVI deal_NN1 with_IW 
this_DD1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Not_XX ,_, I_PPIS1 think_VV0 ,_, by_II supposing_CS21 that_CS22 *'_" 
Socrates_NP1 **'_" denotes_VVZ a_AT1 universal_JJ (_( though_CS to_TO be_VBI 
sure_JJ there_EX are_VBR views_NN2 ,_, and_CC ones_NN2 to_II which_DDQ I_PPIS1 
am_VBM sympathetic_JJ ,_, which_DDQ do_VD0 suppose_VVI this_DD1 )_) but_CCB 
rather_RG by_II supposing_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT proper_JJ name_NN1 *'_" 
Socrates_NP1 **'_" is_VBZ ambiguous_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II a_AT1 particular_JJ utterance_NN1 of_IO (_( 2_MC )_) ,_, not_XX 
only_RR must_VM there_EX be_VBI a_AT1 definite_JJ *1_NULL u_ZZ1 *0_NULL 
indicated_VVN by_II *'_" that_DD1 **'_" ,_, there_EX must_VM also_RR be_VBI 
a_AT1 definite_JJ individual_NN1 named_VVN by_II *'_" Socrates_NP1 **'_" ,_, 
though_CS it_PPH1 might_VM be_VBI different_JJ from_II the_AT individual_NN1 
named_VVN by_II *'_" Socrates_NP1 **'_" in_II another_DD1 utterance_NN1 of_IO 
(_( 2_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL If_CS there_EX is_VBZ nothing_PN1 else_RR in_RR21 common_RR22 
to_II all_DB and_CC only_JJ Socrateses_NN2 than_CSN that_CST they_PPHS2 
are_VBR named_VVN *'_" Socrates_NP1 **'_" ,_, then_RT these_DD2 Socrateses_NN2 
,_, *1_NULL qua_FW *0_NULL Socrateses_NN2 ,_, are_VBR all_DB homonyms_NN2 ,_, 
having_VHG no_AT more_DAR than_CSN the_AT name_NN1 in_RR21 common_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 term_NN1 comes_VVZ from_II Chapter_NN1 One_MC1 of_IO the_AT 
*1_NULL Categories_NN2 ,_, *0_NULL and_CC I_PPIS1 am_VBM intending_VVG to_TO 
use_VVI it_PPH1 as_CSA Aristotle_NP1 does_VDZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT standard_JJ view_NN1 ,_, proper_JJ names_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 
take_VV0 it_PPH1 ,_, are_VBR always_RR used_VVN homonymously_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II this_DD1 view_NN1 a_AT1 predication_NN1 like_II (_( 7_MC )_) 
in_II which_DDQ we_PPIS2 are_VBR claiming_VVG that_CST many_DA2 
individuals_NN2 do_VD0 have_VHI something_PN1 in_RR21 common_RR22 ,_, is_VBZ 
analysed_VVN in_II such_DA a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 predicate_NN1 ,_, 
in_II this_DD1 case_NN1 *'_" leucodendron_NN1 **'_" names_VVZ a_AT1 
universal_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II contrast_NN1 the_AT naming_NN1 theory_NN1 of_IO predication_NN1 
as_CSA I_PPIS1 shall_VM understand_VVI it_PPH1 ,_, is_VBZ simply_RR the_AT 
view_NN1 that_CST all_DB predication_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI modelled_VVN 
on_II (_( 2_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II other_JJ words_NN2 (_( 1_MC1 )_) is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI 
understood_VVN as_CSA saying_VVG that_CST the_AT thing_NN1 indicated_VVN by_II 
*'_" that_DD1 **'_" is_VBZ identical_JJ with_IW the_AT thing_NN1 named_VVN 
by_II *'_" leucodendron_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ *3_NULL PLATO_NP1 'S_GE THEORY_NN1 OF_IO PREDICATION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT naming_NN1 view_NN1 of_IO predication_NN1 
makes_VVZ no_AT distinction_NN1 between_II proper_JJ names_NN2 ,_, like_II 
*'_" Socrates_NP1 **'_" and_CC common_JJ nouns_NN2 ,_, like_II *'_" 
leucodendron_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Likewise_RR the_AT explicit_JJ discussion_NN1 of_IO naming_VVG 
that_CST we_PPIS2 find_VV0 in_II Plato_NP1 's_GE *1_NULL Cratylus_NP1 *0_NULL 
moves_VVZ to_RL31 and_RL32 fro_RL33 from_II one_MC1 kind_NN1 of_IO word_NN1 
to_II the_AT other_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT *1_NULL Cratylus_NP1 *0_NULL is_VBZ concerned_JJ with_IW 
the_AT question_NN1 of_IO whether_CSW names_NN2 merely_RR reflect_VV0 
convention_NN1 ,_, or_CC whether_CSW there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 notion_NN1 of_IO 
their_APPGE correct_JJ application_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT dialogue_NN1 begins_VVZ using_VVG as_CSA examples_NN2 *'_" 
Cratylus_NP1 **'_" and_CC *'_" Hermogenes_NP1 **'_" ,_, but_CCB then_RT ,_, 
at_II 385a_MC ,_, switches_VVZ immediately_RR to_II the_AT question_NN1 of_IO 
whether_CSW it_PPH1 is_VBZ correct_JJ to_TO call_VVI a_AT1 horse_NN1 a_AT1 
man_NN1 ,_, with_IW no_AT hint_NN1 that_CST any_DD different_JJ question_NN1 
is_VBZ at_II issue_NN1 ;_; and_CC the_AT same_DA switching_NN1 occurs_VVZ 
throughout_II the_AT dialogue_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II English_JJ the_AT distinction_NN1 would_VM be_VBI marked_VVN 
by_II the_AT indefinite_JJ article_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_PN1 would_VM speak_VVI of_IO calling_VVG Cratylus_NP1 *'_" 
Cratylus_NP1 **'_" but_CCB of_IO calling_VVG a_AT1 man_NN1 *'_" a_AT1 man_NN1 
**'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II Greek_NN1 this_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX possible_JJ ,_, and_CC the_AT 
passage_NN1 in_II question_NN1 simply_RR speaks_VVZ of_IO calling_VVG {_NULL 
ipon_NN1 ,_, anthropon_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Of_RR21 course_RR22 there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 difference_NN1 
between_II *'_" Socrates_NP1 **'_" and_CC *'_" leucodendron_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF while_CS many_DA2 things_NN2 are_VBR named_VVN *'_" 
leucodendron_NN1 **'_" ,_, just_RR as_CSA many_DA2 things_NN2 are_VBR 
named_VVN *'_" Socrates_NP1 **'_" ,_, the_AT things_NN2 named_VVD *'_" 
leucodendron_NN1 **'_" are_VBR so_RR named_VVN in_II virtue_NN1 of_IO 
something_PN1 they_PPHS2 have_VH0 in_RR21 common_RR22 ,_, where_CS this_DD1 
,_, however_RGQV precisely_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI spelled_VVN out_RP 
,_, entails_VVZ that_CST they_PPHS2 have_VH0 in_RR21 common_RR22 more_RRR 
than_CSN just_RR the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 are_VBR all_DB given_VVN 
the_AT same_DA name_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT naming_NN1 view_NN1 of_IO predication_NN1 must_VM come_VVI 
equipped_JJ to_TO say_VVI when_RRQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ *1_NULL legitimate_JJ 
*0_NULL for_IF a_AT1 language_NN1 to_TO give_VVI many_DA2 things_NN2 the_AT 
same_DA name_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 'll_VM shew_VVI **[_NULL sic_RR **]_NULL how_RRQ this_DD1 
goes_VVZ by_II applying_VVG it_PPH1 to_II Plato_NP1 's_GE theory_NN1 of_IO 
Forms_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL On_II Plato_NP1 's_GE theory_NN1 there_EX are_VBR Forms_NN2 
such_II21 as_II22 *'_" the_AT beautiful_JJ itself_PPX1 **'_" and_CC *'_" 
the_AT just_RR itself_PPX1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II a_AT1 predication_NN1 like_II **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
^_NULL (_( 3_MC )_) *1_NULL a_ZZ1 *0_NULL is_VBZ beautiful_JJ 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL we_PPIS2 are_VBR to_TO take_VVI *'_" 
beautiful_JJ **'_" as_II a_AT1 proper_JJ name_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Strictly_RR speaking_VVG it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT name_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
Form_NN1 of_IO beauty_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL (_( This_DD1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT reasons_NN2 why_RRQ 
Plato_NP1 does_VDZ not_XX distinguish_VVI between_II *'_" beauty_NN1 **'_" 
and_CC *'_" beautiful_JJ **'_" ._. )_) 

^ *1_NULL Strictly_RR speaking_VVG *0_NULL we_PPIS2 are_VBR only_RR 
entitled_VVN to_TO take_VVI (_( 3_MC )_) to_TO be_VBI true_JJ if_CSW *1_NULL 
a_ZZ1 *0_NULL is_VBZ the_AT Form_NN1 of_IO beauty_NN1 ,_, for_IF only_RR 
then_RT will_NN1 what_DDQ is_VBZ denoted_VVN by_II *1_NULL a_AT1 *0_NULL 
be_VBI identical_JJ with_IW what_DDQ is_VBZ denoted_VVN by_II *'_" 
beautiful_JJ **'_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL So_RR what_DDQ are_VBR we_PPIS2 to_TO make_VVI of_IO the_AT 
sentence_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL (_( 4_MC )_) 
Charmides_NP1 is_VBZ beautiful_JJ ?_? 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Strictly_RR speaking_VVG Plato_NP1 
wants_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO say_VVI that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ never_RR true_JJ ,_, 
since_CS ,_, however_RGQV beautiful_JJ Charmides_NP1 is_VBZ ,_, he_PPHS1 
is_VBZ never_RR identical_JJ with_IW what_DDQ is_VBZ named_VVN by_II *'_" 
beautiful_JJ **'_" *1_NULL viz_REX *0_NULL the_AT Form_NN1 of_IO beauty_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Nevertheless_RR the_AT word_NN1 *'_" beautiful_JJ **'_" is_VBZ 
ambiguous_JJ and_CC can_VM be_VBI used_VVN as_II the_AT name_NN1 of_IO 
things_NN2 other_II21 than_II22 beauty_NN1 itself_PPX1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II (_( 4_MC )_) *'_" beautiful_JJ **'_" is_VBZ not_XX being_VBG 
used_VVN homonymously_RR ,_, of_IO things_NN2 having_VHG only_RR the_AT 
name_NN1 *'_" beautiful_JJ **'_" in_RR21 common_RR22 ,_, but_CCB ,_, as_CSA 
Plato_NP1 puts_VVZ it_PPH1 in_II the_AT *1_NULL Phaedo_NN1 ,_, eponymously_RR 
._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Certain_JJ things_NN2 are_VBR *'_" named_VVN after_II **'_" 
the_AT Forms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_REX41 is_REX42 to_REX43 say_REX44 we_PPIS2 are_VBR entitled_VVN 
to_TO use_VVI *'_" beautiful_JJ **'_" in_II (_( 4_MC )_) as_II the_AT 
proper_JJ name_NN1 of_IO Charmides_NP1 ,_, provided_CS21 that_CS22 he_PPHS1 
stands_VVZ in_II the_AT appropriate_JJ relation_NN1 to_II the_AT Form_NN1 
of_IO beauty_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 relation_NN1 is_VBZ usually_RR spoken_VVN of_IO as_CSA 
participation_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ no_AT part_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
present_JJ paper_NN1 to_TO say_VVI anything_PN1 about_II it_PPH1 except_CS21 
that_CS22 it_PPH1 is_VBZ participation_NN1 which_DDQ legitimates_VVZ the_AT 
eponymous_JJ use_NN1 of_IO *'_" beautiful_JJ **'_" as_II the_AT proper_JJ 
name_NN1 of_IO things_NN2 other_II21 than_II22 beauty_NN1 itself_PPX1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Contrast_NN1 the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO (_( 4_MC )_) on_II 
the_AT standard_JJ view_NN1 and_CC on_II the_AT naming_NN1 view_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT standard_JJ view_NN1 ,_, the_AT Platonic_JJ analysis_NN1 
of_IO (_( 4_MC )_) would_VM say_VVI that_CST in_II (_( 4_MC )_) *'_" 
beautiful_JJ **'_" names_NN2 the_AT Form_NN1 of_IO beauty_NN1 ,_, *'_" 
Charmides_NP1 **'_" names_VVZ Charmides_NP1 ,_, and_CC (_( 4_MC )_) is_VBZ 
true_JJ because_CS Charmides_NP1 participates_VVZ in_II Beauty_NN1 :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Now_RT I_PPIS1 agree_VV0 that_CST (_( 
4_MC )_) is_VBZ true_JJ (_( for_IF Plato_NP1 )_) because_CS Charmides_NP1 
participates_VVZ in_II Beauty_NN1 ,_, and_CC that_DD1 is_VBZ why_RRQ ,_, 
for_IF many_DA2 purposes_NN2 the_AT standard_JJ account_NN1 will_VM 
suffice_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nevertheless_RR it_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI important_JJ to_TO see_VVI 
how_RRQ it_PPH1 differs_VVZ from_II the_AT naming_NN1 account_NN1 in_II the_AT 
Platonic_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO (_( 4_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT naming_NN1 account_NN1 ,_, (_( 4_MC )_) is_VBZ true_JJ 
because_CS the_AT thing_NN1 named_VVN by_II *'_" Charmides_NP1 **'_" is_VBZ 
identical_JJ with_IW the_AT thing_NN1 named_VVN by_II *'_" beautiful_JJ **'_" 
._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ Charmides_NP1 '_GE participation_NN1 in_II beauty_NN1 
does_VDZ is_VBZ make_VV0 it_PPH1 legitimate_JJ to_TO use_VVI the_AT name_NN1 
*'_" beautiful_JJ **'_" (_( eponymously_RR )_) of_IO something_PN1 other_II21 
than_II22 the_AT Form_NN1 of_IO beauty_NN1 ;_; in_II this_DD1 sentence_NN1 ,_, 
Charmides_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR *-_- and_CC this_DD1 is_VBZ crucial_JJ for_IF 
understanding_VVG Plato_NP1 *-_- because_CS this_DD1 use_NN1 is_VBZ only_RR 
eponymous_JJ it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 strictly_RR correct_JJ use_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT name_NN1 *'_" beautiful_JJ **'_" ,_, but_CCB only_RR a_AT1 
derivative_NN1 one_MC1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC that_DD1 is_VBZ why_RRQ there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 sense_NN1 in_II 
which_DDQ (_( 4_MC )_) is_VBZ true_JJ ,_, but_CCB also_RR a_AT1 sense_NN1 
in_II which_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ ,_, in_II strictness_NN1 ,_, not_XX really_RR 
true_JJ ._. 

^ *<_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ *3_NULL UNIVERSALS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL I_PPIS1 want_VV0 now_RT to_TO raise_VVI the_AT 
question_NN1 of_IO the_AT status_NN1 of_IO universals_NN2 in_II a_AT1 
theory_NN1 of_IO predication_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT standard_JJ view_NN1 a_AT1 universal_JJ is_VBZ what_DDQ 
is_VBZ named_VVN by_II the_AT predicate_NN1 *1_NULL F_ZZ1 *0_NULL in_II an_AT1 
*'_" *1_NULL a_ZZ1 *0_NULL is_VBZ *1_NULL F_ZZ1 **'_" *0_NULL sentence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO be_VBI sure_JJ the_AT question_NN1 then_RT arises_VVZ about_II 
what_DDQ sort_NN1 of_IO thing_NN1 is_VBZ so_RG named_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Is_VBZ it_PPH1 a_AT1 class_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 Platonic_JJ Form_NN1 or_CC 
what_DDQ ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Can_VM it_PPH1 exist_VVI independently_RR ,_, as_II a_AT1 Platonic_JJ 
Form_NN1 does_VDZ ,_, of_IO the_AT individuals_NN2 that_CST participate_VV0 
in_II it_PPH1 ,_, or_CC not_XX ,_, as_CSA the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
class_NN1 is_VBZ presumably_RR dependent_JJ on_II the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO 
its_APPGE members_NN2 ?_? 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL But_CCB on_II the_AT naming_NN1 view_NN1 ,_, whatever_DDQV 
a_ZZ1 universal_JJ is_VBZ ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI that_CST which_DDQ 
is_VBZ named_VVN by_II *1_NULL F_ZZ1 ,_, *0_NULL since_CS on_II this_DD1 
view_NN1 *'_" *1_NULL a_ZZ1 *0_NULL is_VBZ *1_NULL F_ZZ1 **'_" *0_NULL will_VM 
be_VBI true_JJ \_NULL iff_NN1 *1_NULL F_ZZ1 *0_NULL names_NN2 what_DDQ *1_NULL 
a_ZZ1 *0_NULL does_VDZ ;_; so_CS if_CS *1_NULL a_ZZ1 *0_NULL names_VVZ an_AT1 
individual_NN1 in_II a_AT1 true_JJ predication_NN1 ,_, so_CS must_VM *1_NULL 
F._NP1 ^_NULL *0_NULL I_PPIS1 said_VVD earlier_RRR that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
usually_RR thought_VVN that_CST Platonic_JJ Forms_NN2 are_VBR universals_NN2 
,_, and_CC no_AT harm_NN1 is_VBZ done_VDN if_CS we_PPIS2 use_VV0 the_AT *'_" 
standard_JJ view_NN1 **'_" model_NN1 of_IO Plato_NP1 's_GE metaphysics_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB we_PPIS2 should_VM remember_VVI that_CST on_II the_AT 
naming_NN1 view_NN1 of_IO predication_NN1 one_PN1 can_VM not_XX define_VVI 
a_AT1 universal_JJ as_II that_DD1 which_DDQ is_VBZ named_VVN by_II a_AT1 
universal_JJ word_NN1 ,_, and_CC that_CST in_II this_DD1 sense_NN1 we_PPIS2 
do_VD0 not_XX find_VVI a_AT1 theory_NN1 of_IO universals_NN2 in_II Plato_NP1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT name_NN1 *'_" universal_JJ **'_" as_II a_AT1 
technical_JJ term_NN1 in_II philosophy_NN1 certainly_RR appears_VVZ in_II 
Aristotle_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 uses_VVZ the_AT word_NN1 \_NULL katholon_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO his_APPGE earliest_JJT explanations_NN2 of_IO its_APPGE 
use_NN1 is_VBZ in_II Chapter_NN1 7_MC of_IO the_AT *1_NULL De_NP1 
Interpretatione_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL At_II 17a39-40_NN1 he_PPHS1 says_VVZ that_CST a_AT1 
universal_JJ is_VBZ that_CST which_DDQ is_VBZ predicated_VVN of_IO a_AT1 
number_NN1 of_IO things_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 want_VV0 to_TO suggest_VVI that_CST the_AT correct_JJ 
account_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ Aristotle_NP1 means_NN is_VBZ the_AT obvious_JJ 
one_PN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II a_AT1 naming_NN1 view_NN1 of_IO predication_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 
which_DDQ is_VBZ predicated_VVN of_IO a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO things_NN2 is_VBZ 
a_AT1 name_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 universal_JJ on_II such_DA a_AT1 
view_NN1 has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 linguistic_JJ expression_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, although_CS things_NN2 which_DDQ share_VV0 the_AT 
same_DA name_NN1 always_RR have_VH0 at_RR21 least_RR22 the_AT name_NN1 in_RR21 
common_RR22 ,_, it_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX follow_VVI that_DD1 ,_, in_II any_DD 
more_RGR genuine_JJ sense_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 have_VH0 anything_PN1 really_RR 
in_RR21 common_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Aristotle_NP1 does_VDZ not_XX want_VVI to_TO say_VVI that_CST 
we_PPIS2 always_RR have_VH0 a_AT1 universal_JJ when_RRQ things_NN2 have_VH0 
the_AT same_DA name_NN1 ,_, but_CCB only_RR when_RRQ the_AT things_NN2 are_VBR 
,_, in_II a_AT1 certain_JJ sense_NN1 ,_, the_AT same_DA kind_NN1 of_IO 
thing_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ he_PPHS1 does_VDZ seem_VVI to_TO hold_VVI is_VBZ that_CST 
a_AT1 name_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 genuine_JJ *1_NULL universal_JJ *0_NULL 
provided_CS21 that_CS22 it_PPH1 names_VVZ the_AT things_NN2 it_PPH1 does_VDZ 
name_VVI *1_NULL synonymously_RR ,_, *0_NULL as_CSA he_PPHS1 puts_VVZ it_PPH1 
in_II the_AT *1_NULL Categories_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Ackrill_NP1 translates_VVZ his_APPGE explanation_NN1 of_IO 
this_DD1 term_NN1 thus_RR :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL 
When_RRQ things_NN2 have_VH0 the_AT name_NN1 in_RR21 common_RR22 and_CC the_AT 
definition_NN1 of_IO being_VBG which_DDQ corresponds_VVZ to_II the_AT name_NN1 
is_VBZ the_AT same_DA ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR called_VVN *1_NULL synonymous_JJ 
(_( \_NULL sunonumia_NN1 )_) (_( \_NULL Cat_NN1 *0_NULL 1_MC1 *:_NULL a_AT1 
**:_NULL 6-7_MCMC )_) ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL To_TO say_VVI that_CST a_AT1 
universal_JJ is_VBZ a_AT1 word_NN1 is_VBZ perhaps_RR a_AT1 little_JJ swift_JJ 
until_CS we_PPIS2 are_VBR clear_JJ about_II the_AT identity_NN1 criteria_NN2 
for_IF words_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL {_NULL J.E._NP1 }_NULL Thomas_NP1 (_( 1980_MC ,_, \_NULL p._NNU 
106_MC \_NULL f_ZZ1 )_) mentions_VVZ {_NULL C.I._MC }_NULL Lewis_NP1 as_CSA 
making_VVG a_AT1 distinction_NN1 between_II *1_NULL words_NN2 *0_NULL and_CC 
*1_NULL verbal_JJ expressions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Verbal_JJ expressions_NN2 are_VBR identified_VVN by_II 
their_APPGE forms_NN2 ,_, words_NN2 by_II their_APPGE meanings_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Since_CS words_NN2 ,_, like_II all_DB linguistic_JJ expressions_NN2 
,_, are_VBR *1_NULL types_NN2 ,_, *0_NULL there_EX may_VM well_RR be_VBI 
differing_VVG criteria_NN2 for_IF picking_VVG out_RP their_APPGE tokens_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR we_PPIS2 will_VM say_VVI that_CST the_AT word_NN1 *'_" man_NN1 
**'_" is_VBZ a_AT1 universal_JJ because_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ proper_JJ to_TO 
apply_VVI it_PPH1 to_II all_DB and_CC only_JJ things_NN2 in_II the_AT same_DA 
species_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT *1_NULL Topics_NN2 ,_, *0_NULL at_II 154_MC *:_NULL 
a_ZZ1 **:_NULL 18_MC ,_, Aristotle_NP1 tells_VVZ us_PPIO2 explicitly_RR 
that_CST the_AT species_NN is_VBZ synonymous_JJ with_IW the_AT individuals_NN2 
which_DDQ are_VBR in_II it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 would_VM make_VVI *'_" man_NN1 **'_" and_CC *'_" \_NULL 
anthropos_NN2 **'_" the_AT same_DA universal_JJ ,_, and_CC would_VM make_VVI 
*'_" \_NULL anthropos_NN2 **'_" ,_, in_II a_AT1 language_NN1 in_II which_DDQ 
it_PPH1 meant_VVD *'_" horse_NN1 **'_" ,_, a_AT1 different_JJ universal_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS there_EX were_VBDR no_AT men_NN2 then_RT one_PN1 could_VM 
not_XX use_VVI *'_" man_NN1 **'_" or_CC *'_" \_NULL anthropos_NN2 **'_" to_TO 
refer_VVI to_II them_PPHO2 ,_, and_CC so_CS this_DD1 way_NN1 of_IO using_VVG 
these_DD2 words_NN2 would_VM not_XX exist_VVI ,_, which_DDQ explains_VVZ 
why_RRQ Aristotle_NP1 says_VVZ in_II various_JJ places_NN2 ,_, {_NULL e.g._REX 
}_NULL *1_NULL Metaphysics_NN1 *0_NULL Z16_FU 1040b27-28_JJ that_CST a_AT1 
universal_JJ can_VM not_XX exist_VVI apart_II21 from_II22 its_APPGE 
individuals_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Regis_NP1 (_( 1976_MC ,_, \_NULL pp._NNU2 144-149_MCMC )_) 
claims_VVZ that_CST in_II Chapter_NN1 19_MC of_IO Book_NN1 *=_NULL II_MC of_IO 
the_AT *1_NULL Posterior_JJ Analytics_NN1 *0_NULL Aristotle_NP1 is_VBZ 
saying_VVG that_CST universals_NN2 are_VBR in_II the_AT mind_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS he_PPHS1 is_VBZ right_RR I_PPIS1 would_VM not_XX regard_VVI 
this_DD1 view_NN1 as_CS incompatible_JJ with_IW the_AT linguistic_JJ view_NN1 
,_, inasmuch_CS21 as_CS22 one_PN1 might_VM regard_VVI the_AT criteria_NN2 
for_IF a_AT1 word_NN1 's_VBZ being_VBG the_AT universal_JJ *'_" man_NN1 **'_" 
to_TO be_VBI that_CST it_PPH1 be_VBI used_VVN in_II a_AT1 certain_JJ way_NN1 
,_, and_CC that_CST this_DD1 is_VBZ determined_VVN by_II the_AT intentions_NN2 
in_II the_AT minds_NN2 of_IO the_AT language_NN1 users_NN2 and_CC is_VBZ 
possible_JJ only_JJ because_CS they_PPHS2 can_VM perceive_VVI common_JJ 
properties_NN2 ,_, more_RRR or_CC less_DAR as_II Aristotle_NP1 describes_VVZ 
it_PPH1 in_II the_AT passage_NN1 Regis_NN1 discusses_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB I_PPIS1 would_VM want_VVI to_TO insist_VVI is_VBZ that_CST 
in_II some_DD sense_NN1 universals_NN2 must_VM be_VBI public_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF ,_, if_CS scientific_JJ knowledge_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI 
possible_JJ ,_, I_PPIS1 must_VM be_VBI able_JK to_TO refer_VVI to_II the_AT 
same_DA universal_JJ as_CSA you_PPY do_VD0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 similar_JJ position_NN1 seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI taken_VVN on_II 
\_NULL p._NNU 2_MC of_IO Lloyd_NP1 (_( 1981_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL I_PPIS1 would_VM not_XX even_RR mind_VVI if_CS someone_PN1 
chose_VVD to_TO make_VVI a_AT1 universal_JJ more_RRR abstract_VV0 still_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_PN1 might_VM say_VVI that_CST the_AT universal_JJ *'_" man_NN1 
**'_" is_VBZ that_DD1 use_NN1 of_IO language_NN1 which_DDQ consists_VVZ in_II 
applying_VVG a_AT1 name_NN1 to_II all_DB and_CC only_RR those_DD2 things_NN2 
which_DDQ are_VBR members_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 certain_JJ species_NN ,_, to_TO 
be_VBI precise_JJ ,_, to_II all_DB and_CC only_JJ men_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Or_CC one_PN1 might_VM think_VVI of_IO it_PPH1 as_II the_AT 
principle_NN1 which_DDQ declares_VVZ such_DA use_NN1 legitimate_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Aristotle_NP1 certainly_RR speaks_VVZ in_II the_AT *1_NULL 
Metaphysics_NN1 *0_NULL of_IO universals_NN2 as_CSA *'_" principles_NN2 **'_" 
(_( \_NULL archai_NN2 )_) {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL ,_, \_NULL *1_NULL Met_VVD 
*0_NULL B6_FU ,_, 1003_MC *:_NULL a_ZZ1 **:_NULL 13_MC ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 
may_VM well_RR be_VBI that_CST he_PPHS1 thought_VVD of_IO them_PPHO2 as_CSA 
regulating_VVG the_AT correct_JJ application_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 term_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ true_JJ that_CST Aristotle_NP1 sometimes_RT 
talks_VVZ as_CS21 if_CS22 he_PPHS1 believes_VVZ that_CST universals_NN2 
are_VBR things_NN2 in_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 instance_REX22 in_II Chapter_NN1 5_MC of_IO the_AT *1_NULL 
Categories_NN2 *0_NULL he_PPHS1 speaks_VVZ of_IO the_AT species_NN and_CC 
the_AT genus_NN1 as_CSA secondary_JJ substances_NN2 (_( {_NULL denterai_NN2 
onsiai_NN2 }_NULL 2a14_FO )_) ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 talk_NN1 gives_VVZ a_AT1 
somewhat_RR misleading_JJ picture_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ Aristotle_NP1 's_GE 
view_NN1 is_VBZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II an_AT1 earlier_JJR article_NN1 ,_, Cresswell_NP1 (_( 1975b_MC 
)_) ,_, I_PPIS1 tried_VVD to_TO shew_VVI **[_NULL sic_RR **]_NULL what_DDQ 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ about_II the_AT world_NN1 as_CSA Plato_NP1 and_CC Aristotle_NP1 
see_VV0 it_PPH1 ,_, which_DDQ supports_VVZ the_AT philosophy_NN1 of_IO 
language_NN1 they_PPHS2 assume_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II Plato_NP1 's_GE case_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ that_DD1 sensible_JJ 
things_NN2 participate_VV0 in_II Forms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR Plato_NP1 's_GE ontology_NN1 requires_VVZ there_RL to_TO 
be_VBI Forms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II Aristotle_NP1 's_GE case_NN1 things_NN2 come_VV0 grouped_VVN 
into_II species_NN and_CC genus_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 does_VDZ not_XX entail_VVI that_CST Aristotle_NP1 's_GE 
*1_NULL ontology_NN1 *0_NULL contains_VVZ species_NN or_CC genera_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_RR21 course_RR22 in_II which_DDQ 
Plato_NP1 's_GE metaphysics_NN1 also_RR contains_VVZ a_AT1 relation_NN1 of_IO 
participation_NN1 and_CC Aristotle_NP1 's_VBZ a_AT1 relation_NN1 of_IO *'_" 
specific_JJ identity_NN1 **'_" ,_, but_CCB these_DD2 relations_NN2 do_VD0 
not_XX need_VVI to_TO be_VBI *'_" named_VVN **'_" by_II any_DD expression_NN1 
but_CCB are_VBR facts_NN2 about_II the_AT world_NN1 which_DDQ ensure_VV0 
certain_JJ possibilities_NN2 of_IO naming_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 346+TEXT+J52_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Nowadays_RT through_II television_NN1 ,_, both_RR 
in_II news_NN1 items_NN2 and_CC in_II documentaries_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM 
not_XX escape_VVI seeing_VVG with_IW our_APPGE own_DA eyes_NN2 the_AT evil_NN1 
which_DDQ goes_VVZ on_II all_DB the_AT time_NNT1 *-_- large-scale_JJ 
famines_NN2 ,_, devastating_JJ wars_NN2 ,_, the_AT Jewish_JJ Holocaust_NN1 ,_, 
the_AT threat_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 nuclear_JJ holocaust_NN1 *-_- while_CS 
nearer_II21 to_II22 home_RL we_PPIS2 hear_VV0 of_IO armed_JJ hold-ups_NN2 ,_, 
increasing_VVG incidence_NN1 of_IO rape_NN1 ,_, murder_NN1 and_CC other_JJ 
forms_NN2 of_IO violence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_IO the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO evil_NN1 we_PPIS2 are_VBR 
absolutely_RR in_II no_AT doubt_NN1 *-_- but_CCB why_RRQ is_VBZ it_PPH1 so_RR 
?_? 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II asking_VVG this_DD1 question_NN1 we_PPIS2 are_VBR 
voicing_VVG the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO evil_NN1 at_II a_AT1 deeper_JJR level_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Why_RRQ does_VDZ evil_NN1 exist_VV0 in_II a_AT1 world_NN1 in_II 
which_DDQ *-_- in_II so_RG many_DA2 respects_NN2 *-_- there_EX is_VBZ so_RG 
much_DA1 that_CST is_VBZ good_JJ ,_, making_VVG human_JJ life_NN1 
worthwhile_JJ and_CC full_JJ of_IO fascinating_JJ interest_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 aspect_NN1 of_IO the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO evil_NN1 
surfaced_VVD as_CS31 soon_CS32 as_CS33 our_APPGE human_JJ forbears_NN2 
began_VVD to_TO reflect_VVI on_II the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO human_JJ 
experience_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT problem_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN wrestled_VVN with_IW for_IF 
millennia_NNT2 ,_, generation_NN1 after_II generation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Yet_RR with_IW the_AT best_JJT will_NN1 in_II the_AT world_NN1 
we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX seem_VVI to_TO be_VBI any_DD nearer_II21 to_II22 a_AT1 
solution_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 our_APPGE 
ability_NN1 to_TO overcome_VVI and_CC eliminate_JJ evil_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 continuing_JJ human_JJ failure_NN1 only_RR serves_VVZ to_TO 
accentuate_VVI the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT problem_NN1 which_DDQ evil_JJ 
poses_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI a_AT1 sign_NN1 of_IO arrogant_JJ 
over-confidence_NN1 for_IF us_PPIO2 to_TO expect_VVI to_TO solve_VVI this_DD1 
problem_NN1 when_CS everybody_PN1 else_RR has_VHZ failed_VVN ,_, but_CCB 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 considerable_JJ step_NN1 forward_RL simply_RR to_TO 
clarify_VVI our_APPGE minds_NN2 about_II the_AT problem_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT more_RRR we_PPIS2 understand_VV0 the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT evil_NN1 we_PPIS2 encounter_VV0 ,_, the_AT better_RRR equipped_VVD 
we_PPIS2 are_VBR to_TO face_VVI evil_JJ with_IW hope_NN1 of_IO gaining_VVG 
the_AT victory_NN1 over_II it_PPH1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL What_DDQ is_VBZ being_VBG attempted_VVN in_II this_DD1 
booklet_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO discuss_VVI in_RP turn_VV0 such_DA questions_NN2 
as_II :_: ^_NULL What_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO evil_NN1 in_II 
itself_PPX1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Is_VBZ it_PPH1 a_AT1 dark_JJ and_CC hidden_JJ force_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Has_VHZ it_PPH1 any_DD sort_NN1 of_IO objective_JJ reality_NN1 of_IO 
its_APPGE own_DA ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Where_RRQ did_VDD it_PPH1 come_VVI from_II ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Why_RRQ is_VBZ it_PPH1 thought_VVN to_TO be_VBI so_RG powerful_JJ ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Is_VBZ there_EX anything_PN1 we_PPIS2 can_VM do_VDI about_II it_PPH1 
?_? 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL First_MD of_IO all_DB we_PPIS2 must_VM examine_VVI how_RRQ 
we_PPIS2 commonly_RR use_VV0 the_AT word_NN1 *"_" evil_NN1 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ are_VBR the_AT particular_JJ things_NN2 ,_, events_NN2 ,_, 
behaviour_NN1 \_NULL etc._RA which_DDQ we_PPIS2 categorize_VV0 as_II evil_NN1 
?_? 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN customary_JJ ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
certainly_RR useful_JJ ,_, to_TO discern_VVI three_MC distinct_JJ forms_NN2 
of_IO evil_NN1 :_: (_( 1_MC1 )_) metaphysical_JJ or_CC supernatural_JJ 
forces_NN2 of_IO evil_NN1 ,_, (_( 2_MC )_) natural_JJ evil_NN1 ,_, and_CC (_( 
3_MC )_) moral_JJ evil_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT metaphysical_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO evil_NN1 were_VBDR 
often_RR regarded_VVN in_II earlier_JJR ages_NN2 as_II easily_RR the_AT 
most_RGT terrifying_JJ ,_, especially_RR as_CSA they_PPHS2 were_VBDR 
frequently_RR regarded_VVN as_II the_AT actual_JJ cause_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
other_JJ two_MC forms_NN2 of_IO evil_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, evil_JJ spiritual_JJ forces_NN2 were_VBDR 
often_RR held_VVN to_TO be_VBI responsible_JJ for_IF such_DA things_NN2 as_RG 
famines_NN2 and_CC plagues_NN2 ,_, just_RR as_CSA they_PPHS2 were_VBDR 
conceived_VVN as_CSA frequently_RR taking_VVG possession_NN1 of_IO 
otherwise_RR innocent_JJ people_NN and_CC turning_VVG them_PPHO2 into_II 
evil_JJ creatures_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT New_JJ Testament_NN1 refers_VVZ to_II these_DD2 
spiritual_JJ forces_NN2 as_CSA *"_" principalities_NN2 and_CC powers_NN2 **"_" 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT New_JJ English_JJ Bible_NN1 translates_VVZ a_AT1 well-known_JJ 
verse_NN1 this_DD1 way_NN1 :_: ^_NULL *"_" For_IF our_APPGE fight_NN1 is_VBZ 
not_XX against_II human_JJ foes_NN2 but_CCB against_II cosmic_JJ powers_NN2 
,_, against_II the_AT authorities_NN2 and_CC potentates_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 
dark_JJ world_NN1 ,_, against_II the_AT superhuman_NN1 forces_NN2 of_IO 
evil_NN1 in_II the_AT heavens_NN2 ._. **"_" 

^ (_( Ephesians_NP2 6_MC :_: 12_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II Christian_JJ mythology_NN1 these_DD2 dark_JJ cosmic_JJ 
powers_NN2 came_VVD to_TO be_VBI known_VVN as_II Satan_NP1 and_CC his_APPGE 
fallen_JJ angels_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB through_II the_AT Middle_NN1 Ages_VVZ their_APPGE supposed_JJ 
unseen_NN1 but_CCB powerful_JJ presence_NN1 had_VHD a_AT1 powerful_JJ 
effect_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Martin_NP1 Luther_NP1 was_VBDZ certain_JJ on_II one_MC1 occasion_NN1 
that_CST he_PPHS1 had_VHD a_AT1 personal_JJ encounter_NN1 with_IW the_AT 
Devil_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC since_CS the_AT New_JJ Testament_NN1 actually_RR described_VVN 
an_AT1 encounter_NN1 between_II Jesus_NP1 Christ_NP1 and_CC the_AT Devil_NN1 
,_, the_AT authority_NN1 of_IO Scripture_NN1 alone_RR was_VBDZ sufficient_JJ 
to_TO cause_VVI Christian_JJ consciousness_NN1 to_TO be_VBI quite_RG 
certain_JJ of_IO the_AT objective_JJ reality_NN1 of_IO the_AT Devil_NN1 
right_RR down_RP to_II the_AT late_JJ 19th_MD century_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF conservative_JJ Christians_NN2 metaphysical_JJ evil_NN1 in_II 
the_AT form_NN1 of_IO the_AT Devil_NN1 still_RR plays_VVZ a_AT1 dominant_JJ 
role_NN1 in_II their_APPGE world-view_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR Karl_NP1 Rahner_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 rather_RG radical_JJ Roman_JJ 
Catholic_JJ theologian_NN1 ,_, could_VM write_VVI only_RR a_AT1 decade_NNT1 
ago_RA :_: ^_NULL *"_" The_AT existence_NN1 of_IO the_AT devil_NN1 can_VM 
not_XX be_VBI denied_VVN ._. **"_" 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Yet_RR that_DD1 is_VBZ just_RR what_DDQ most_DAT modern_JJ 
people_NN of_IO the_AT Western_JJ world_NN1 ,_, including_II many_DA2 
practising_JJ Christians_NN2 ,_, do_VD0 in_II fact_NN1 deny_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Devil-talk_NN1 may_VM well_RR be_VBI a_AT1 very_RG apt_JJ and_CC 
striking_VVG way_NN1 of_IO describing_VVG the_AT dark_JJ side_NN1 of_IO 
human_JJ experience_NN1 ,_, but_II21 for_II22 a_AT1 growing_JJ number_NN1 
in_II the_AT last_MD 100_MC years_NNT2 it_PPH1 has_VHZ become_VVN no_AT 
more_DAR than_CSN that_CST *-_- a_AT1 metaphorical_JJ way_NN1 of_IO 
speaking_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR {_NULL C_NP1 S_NP1 }_NULL Lewis_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS made_VVD 
such_DA entertaining_JJ literary_JJ use_NN1 of_IO the_AT devil_NN1 concept_NN1 
in_II his_APPGE famous_JJ *1_NULL Screwtape_NP1 Letters_NN2 ,_, *0_NULL 
was_VBDZ not_XX really_RR defending_VVG the_AT real_JJ being_NN1 (_( or_CC 
what_DDQ philosophers_NN2 call_VV0 the_AT ontological_JJ reality_NN1 )_) of_IO 
Satan_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT modern_JJ ,_, highly_RR secularized_VVD ,_, view_NN1 
of_IO the_AT universe_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ replaced_VVN the_AT dualistic_JJ 
(_( or_CC two-world_NN1 )_) view_NN1 of_IO the_AT universe_NN1 so_RG 
prevalent_JJ in_II the_AT Middle_JJ Ages_NN2 ,_, not_XX only_RR the_AT 
Devil_NN1 but_CCB all_DB other_JJ metaphysical_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO evil_NN1 
have_VH0 been_VBN evaporating_VVG from_II the_AT way_NN1 we_PPIS2 view_VV0 
reality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL (_( Why_RRQ they_PPHS2 arose_VVD in_II the_AT first_MD place_NN1 
I_PPIS1 shall_VM explain_VVI in_II a_AT1 later_JJR chapter_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 means_VVZ that_CST to_TO continue_VVI our_APPGE 
pursuit_NN1 of_IO the_AT character_NN1 of_IO evil_NN1 we_PPIS2 must_VM 
confine_VVI our_APPGE attention_NN1 to_II the_AT other_JJ two_MC 
categories_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Let_VVN us_PPIO2 now_RT turn_VVI to_II natural_JJ evil_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Here_RL we_PPIS2 think_VV0 of_IO such_DA occurrences_NN2 as_CSA 
earthquakes_NN2 ,_, droughts_NN2 ,_, plagues_NN2 and_CC disease_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II former_DA centuries_NNT2 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ bubonic_JJ plague_NN1 
which_DDQ struck_VVD fear_NN1 into_II the_AT hearts_NN2 of_IO people_NN ;_; 
today_RT it_PPH1 is_VBZ cancer_NN1 and_CC Aids_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Let_VV0 us_PPIO2 examine_VVI these_DD2 more_RGR closely_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Why_RRQ should_VM we_PPIS2 regard_VVI earthquakes_NN2 as_CS evil_NN1 
?_? 

^ ^_NULL Are_VBR they_PPHS2 not_XX simply_RR natural_JJ phenomena_NN2 
which_DDQ in_II themselves_PPX2 are_VBR neither_RR good_JJ nor_CC evil_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL If_CS ,_, through_II a_AT1 telescope_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 could_VM 
observe_VVI them_PPHO2 occurring_VVG on_II some_DD other_JJ ,_, uninhabited_JJ 
planet_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 could_VM take_VVI a_AT1 purely_RR objective_JJ 
interest_NN1 in_II them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT we_PPIS2 could_VM see_VVI that_CST it_PPH1 would_VM not_XX 
be_VBI appropriate_JJ to_TO categorize_VVI them_PPHO2 as_RG either_RR good_JJ 
or_CC evil_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ because_II21 of_II22 what_DDQ the_AT earthquake_NN1 
may_VM do_VDI to_II *1_NULL us_PPIO2 *0_NULL that_CST we_PPIS2 judge_VV0 
it_PPH1 to_TO be_VBI evil_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Any_DD natural_JJ phenomenon_NN1 which_DDQ threatens_VVZ our_APPGE 
security_NN1 or_CC well-being_NN1 is_VBZ seen_VVN by_II us_PPIO2 as_II an_AT1 
evil_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ we_PPIS2 ,_, and_CC our_APPGE attitude_NN1 towards_II 
it_PPH1 ,_, which_DDQ makes_VVZ it_PPH1 evil_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Shakespeare_NP1 had_VHD noted_VVN this_DD1 ,_, saying_VVG through_II 
Hamlet_NP1 ,_, ^_NULL *"_" For_IF there_RL is_VBZ nothing_PN1 either_RR 
good_JJ or_CC bad_JJ ,_, but_CCB thinking_VVG makes_VVZ it_PPH1 so_RR ._. 
**"_" 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Thus_RR ,_, the_AT evil_NN1 we_PPIS2 attach_VV0 to_II 
certain_JJ natural_JJ phenomena_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX inherently_RR in_II 
them_PPHO2 ,_, but_CCB derives_VVZ from_II the_AT judgment_NN1 we_PPIS2 
make_VV0 of_IO them_PPHO2 ,_, because_CS we_PPIS2 view_VV0 them_PPHO2 as_II 
a_AT1 threat_NN1 to_II our_APPGE security_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 humanly_RR subjective_JJ component_NN1 in_II all_DB 
so-called_JJ natural_JJ evils_NN2 can_VM be_VBI illustrated_VVN by_II how_RRQ 
we_PPIS2 humans_NN2 interpret_VV0 the_AT practice_NN1 by_II which_DDQ one_MC1 
species_NN preys_NN2 on_II another_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 have_VH0 even_RR been_VBN inclined_JJ to_TO find_VVI 
this_DD1 repulsive_JJ ,_, speaking_VVG of_IO *"_" Nature_NN1 red_NN1 in_II 
tooth_NN1 and_CC claw_NN1 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB is_VBZ this_DD1 not_XX because_II21 of_II22 our_APPGE 
tendency_NN1 to_TO identify_VVI immediately_RR with_IW the_AT unfortunate_JJ 
prey_NN1 ,_, if_CS we_PPIS2 happen_VV0 to_TO observe_VVI the_AT lioness_NN1 
pouncing_VVG upon_II the_AT antelope_NN1 and_CC tearing_VVG it_PPH1 to_II 
pieces_NN2 for_IF food_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ certainly_RR an_AT1 evil_JJ misfortune_NN1 from_II 
the_AT point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 of_IO the_AT antelope_NN1 ,_, but_CCB from_II 
the_AT point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 of_IO the_AT pride_NN1 of_IO lions_NN2 it_PPH1 
is_VBZ an_AT1 event_NN1 of_IO good_JJ fortune_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, when_CS we_PPIS2 humans_NN2 
take_VV0 the_AT role_NN1 of_IO the_AT hunter_NN1 we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX 
appear_VVI to_TO find_VVI any_DD evil_NN1 at_RR21 all_RR22 in_II killing_VVG 
various_JJ types_NN2 of_IO animals_NN2 to_TO provide_VVI our_APPGE food_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ is_VBZ even_RR more_RGR serious_JJ is_VBZ the_AT fact_NN1 
that_CST whereas_CS animals_NN2 prey_VV0 upon_II other_JJ species_NN only_RR 
for_IF the_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO supplying_VVG themselves_PPX2 with_IW food_NN1 
,_, we_PPIS2 humans_NN2 have_VH0 even_RR made_VVN a_AT1 sport_NN1 out_II21 
of_II22 the_AT sheer_JJ excitement_NN1 of_IO stalking_VVG and_CC killing_VVG 
our_APPGE quarry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT taking_NN1 of_IO life_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI 
regarded_VVN as_CS evil_NN1 ,_, then_RT humankind_VV0 might_VM well_RR 
qualify_VVI for_IF being_VBG the_AT cruellest_JJT of_IO all_DB living_JJ 
species_NN in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 others_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Sensitivity_NP1 to_II the_AT taking_NN1 of_IO life_NN1 has_VHZ 
varied_VVN from_II one_MC1 cultural_JJ tradition_NN1 to_II another_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 have_VH0 always_RR felt_VVN fully_RR justified_VVN in_II 
taking_VVG the_AT life_NN1 of_IO non-human_JJ creatures_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Not_XX only_RR do_VD0 most_DAT of_IO us_PPIO2 regularly_RR eat_VV0 
the_AT flesh_NN1 of_IO specified_JJ animals_NN2 ,_, birds_NN2 and_CC fish_NN 
but_CCB up_II21 until_II22 last_MD century_NNT1 ,_, some_DD tribal_JJ 
communities_NNJ2 saw_VVD nothing_PN1 wrong_JJ in_II eating_VVG human_JJ 
flesh_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 takes_VVZ some_DD pride_NN1 in_II the_AT fact_NN1 
that_CST we_PPIS2 deliberately_RR breed_VV0 animals_NN2 in_II large_JJ 
numbers_NN2 so_CS21 that_CS22 while_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR still_RR young_JJ 
and_CC tender_JJ we_PPIS2 can_VM slaughter_VVI them_PPHO2 for_IF food_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ even_RR claimed_VVN to_TO be_VBI the_AT basis_NN1 
of_IO our_APPGE economy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL India_NP1 ,_, by_II contrast_NN1 ,_, would_VM rather_RR suffer_VVI 
from_II a_AT1 poor_JJ economy_NN1 than_CSN take_VV0 the_AT drastic_JJ step_NN1 
of_IO slaughtering_VVG the_AT cows_NN2 which_DDQ wander_VV0 freely_RR 
through_II its_APPGE villages_NN2 and_CC which_DDQ contribute_VV0 to_II 
its_APPGE poverty_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Jains_NP1 and_CC the_AT traditional_JJ Hindus_NN2 view_VV0 
with_IW horror_NN1 what_DDQ they_PPHS2 take_VV0 to_TO be_VBI the_AT evil_NN1 
of_IO our_APPGE flesh-eating_JJ practices_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 mention_VV0 these_DD2 contrasts_NN2 simply_RR to_TO 
illustrate_VVI the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST ,_, in_II the_AT category_NN1 of_IO 
natural_JJ evils_NN2 ,_, what_DDQ one_MC1 species_NN sees_VVZ as_RG evil_JJ 
another_DD1 experiences_NN2 as_CSA good_JJ and_CC what_DDQ one_MC1 human_JJ 
tradition_NN1 regards_VVZ as_CS good_JJ another_DD1 may_VM regard_VVI as_CS 
evil_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR in_II the_AT category_NN1 of_IO natural_JJ evil_NN1 there_EX 
is_VBZ something_PN1 relative_JJ about_II the_AT term_NN1 evil_NN1 for_IF 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ always_RR related_VVN to_II the_AT particular_JJ people_NN 
who_PNQS are_VBR making_VVG the_AT judgements_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Yet_RR there_EX is_VBZ one_MC1 particular_JJ form_NN1 of_IO 
natural_JJ evil_NN1 on_II which_DDQ all_DB humans_NN2 are_VBR agreed_VVN *-_- 
and_CC perhaps_RR even_RR non-human_JJ animals_NN2 would_VM add_VVI 
their_APPGE assent_NN1 if_CS only_RR they_PPHS2 could_VM *-_- and_CC that_DD1 
is_VBZ disease_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB forms_NN2 of_IO life_NN1 ,_, plants_NN2 as_CC31 well_CC32 
as_CC33 animals_NN2 ,_, are_VBR subject_II21 to_II22 diseases_NN2 which_DDQ 
hinder_JJR and_CC distort_NN1 growth_NN1 ,_, cause_NN1 premature_JJ death_NN1 
and_CC ,_, in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO humans_NN2 and_CC other_JJ animals_NN2 
,_, bring_VV0 pain_NN1 and_CC suffering_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL Before_CS we_PPIS2 knew_VVD anything_PN1 of_IO microbiology_NN1 
the_AT origin_NN1 and_CC nature_NN1 of_IO disease_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 great_JJ 
mystery_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ easy_JJ to_TO jump_VVI to_II the_AT conclusion_NN1 
that_CST it_PPH1 was_VBDZ certain_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO the_AT evil_JJ 
influence_NN1 of_IO the_AT metaphysical_JJ powers_NN2 I_PPIS1 referred_VVD 
to_II earlier_JJR ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 is_VBZ why_RRQ we_PPIS2 have_VH0 inherited_VVN ,_, and_CC 
still_RR use_VV0 ,_, the_AT term_NN1 *"_" stroke_NN1 **"_" for_IF the_AT 
symptoms_NN2 now_RT seen_VVN to_TO be_VBI caused_VVN by_II a_AT1 cerebral_JJ 
haemorrhage_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_CS21 if_CS22 disease_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX attributed_VVN to_II 
the_AT influence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 mysterious_JJ unseen_JJ world_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 
seemed_VVD at_RR21 least_RR22 to_TO indicate_VVI that_CST there_EX is_VBZ 
something_PN1 radically_RR wrong_JJ with_IW this_DD1 world_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_CSA humans_NN2 wrestled_VVD with_IW this_DD1 aspect_NN1 
of_IO the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO evil_NN1 they_PPHS2 arrived_VVD at_II 
different_JJ conclusions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Buddha_NP1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, concluded_VVD 
that_DD1 pain_NN1 and_CC suffering_VVG permeate_NN1 the_AT whole_NN1 of_IO 
reality_NN1 ,_, and_CC that_CST there_EX is_VBZ nothing_PN1 in_II life_NN1 
or_CC in_II death_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ not_XX marked_VVN by_II it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 despaired_VVD of_IO ever_RR finding_VVG out_RP why_RRQ 
this_DD1 is_VBZ so_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Enlightenment_NN1 which_DDQ finally_RR came_VVD to_II 
him_PPHO1 ,_, and_CC which_DDQ he_PPHS1 wished_VVD to_TO share_VVI with_IW 
others_NN2 ,_, took_VVD the_AT form_NN1 of_IO Four_MC Noble_JJ Truths_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD is_VBZ simply_RR to_TO acknowledge_VVI how_RRQ 
suffering_VVG dominates_NN2 all_DB existence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT second_MD is_VBZ to_TO recognise_VVI that_DD1 suffering_NN1 
originates_VVZ in_II human_JJ desire_NN1 ._. 

^ (_( ^_NULL The_AT craving_NN1 for_IF possessions_NN2 ,_, for_IF sensuous_JJ 
pleasures_NN2 ,_, for_IF everlasting_JJ life_NN1 or_CC for_IF extinction_NN1 
are_VBR all_DB equally_RR bad_JJ ._. )_) 

^ ^_NULL The_AT only_JJ solution_NN1 to_II the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO 
suffering_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO renounce_VVI (_( or_CC be_VBI liberated_VVN from_II 
)_) craving_VVG ;_; that_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT third_MD Truth_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT fourth_MD Truth_NN1 outlines_VVZ the_AT Eight-step_JJ Path_NN1 
which_DDQ leads_VVZ to_II Nirvana_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 state_NN1 in_II which_DDQ 
all_DB suffering_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN eliminated_VVN because_CS the_AT 
flame_NN1 of_IO craving_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN snuffed_VVN out_RP like_II a_AT1 
candle_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Our_APPGE own_DA cultural_JJ tradition_NN1 saw_VVD it_PPH1 
rather_RG differently_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Disease_NN1 ,_, frustration_NN1 ,_, pain_NN1 and_CC suffering_VVG 
were_VBDR all_DB felt_VVD to_TO be_VBI real_RG enough_RR but_CCB they_PPHS2 
pointed_VVD to_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST this_DD1 world_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX 
as_CSA it_PPH1 was_VBDZ divinely_RR intended_VVN to_TO be_VBI ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 fallen_JJ world_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 is_VBZ why_RRQ we_PPIS2 are_VBR plagued_VVN by_II 
disease_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 is_VBZ why_RRQ women_NN2 suffer_VV0 pain_NN1 in_II 
childbirth_NN1 ,_, natural_JJ process_NN1 though_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 is_VBZ why_RRQ our_APPGE agricultural_JJ efforts_NN2 are_VBR 
for_RR21 ever_RR22 being_VBG frustrated_VVN by_II weeds_NN2 and_CC plant_NN1 
diseases_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Genesis_NP1 myth_NN1 of_IO origins_NN2 not_XX only_RR 
explains_VVZ disease_NN1 and_CC suffering_VVG as_II evidence_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
fallen_JJ character_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 world_NN1 but_CCB ,_, in_II effect_NN1 
,_, traces_VVZ these_DD2 natural_JJ evils_NN2 back_RP to_II moral_JJ evil_NN1 
in_II that_DD1 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ the_AT moral_JJ evil_NN1 in_II the_AT human_JJ 
heart_NN1 which_DDQ brought_VVD them_PPHO2 all_DB about_RP ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT advent_NN1 of_IO modern_JJ biological_JJ sciences_NN2 
enables_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO look_VVI at_II the_AT problem_NN1 from_II quite_RR 
a_AT1 new_JJ angle_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 now_RT know_VV0 that_DD1 permeating_VVG the_AT world_NN1 
of_IO life-forms_NN2 visible_JJ to_II the_AT human_JJ eye_NN1 there_EX is_VBZ 
another_DD1 living_JJ world_NN1 *-_- the_AT world_NN1 of_IO microbiology_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Indeed_RR there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 noticeable_JJ 
correlation_NN1 between_II our_APPGE recognition_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
micro-world_NN1 of_IO life_NN1 and_CC the_AT evaporation_NN1 from_II modern_JJ 
consciousness_NN1 of_IO the_AT super-world_NN1 of_IO spiritual_JJ 
life-forms_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II some_DD ways_NN2 biological_JJ science_NN1 enables_VVZ 
us_PPIO2 to_TO give_VVI a_AT1 rational_JJ explanation_NN1 of_IO at_RR21 
least_RR22 some_DD of_IO the_AT evil_NN1 we_PPIS2 associate_VV0 with_IW 
physical_JJ disease_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 347+TEXT+J53_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL And_CC what_DDQ is_VBZ it_PPH1 about_II Newton_NP1 's_VBZ 
that_CST makes_VVZ it_PPH1 inferior_JJ to_II Einstein_NP1 's_VBZ in_II 
other_JJ fields_NN2 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL The_AT obvious_JJ answer_NN1 would_VM seem_VVI to_TO be_VBI that_CST 
the_AT predictions_NN2 given_VVN by_II Newton_NP1 's_GE theory_NN1 ,_, in_II 
certain_JJ circumstances_NN2 ,_, fit_JJ better_NN1 with_IW the_AT (_( in_II 
principle_NN1 ascertainable_JJ )_) experimental_JJ data_NN than_CSN those_DD2 
given_VVN by_II Galileo_NP1 's_GE theory_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC in_II other_JJ circumstances_NN2 ,_, given_VVN the_AT1 same_DA 
standards_NN2 of_IO accuracy_NN1 ,_, the_AT predictions_NN2 given_VVN by_II 
the_AT special_JJ theory_NN1 of_IO relativity_NN1 are_VBR nearly_RR spot_RR21 
on_RR22 ,_, while_CS those_DD2 given_VVN by_II Newton_NP1 's_GE theory_NN1 
fail_VV0 miserably_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT instrumentalist_NN1 has_VHZ merely_RR shifted_VVN the_AT 
problem_NN1 to_II a_AT1 more_RGR restricted_JJ field_NN1 *-_- that_DD1 of_IO 
the_AT fit_NN1 of_IO the_AT empirical_JJ content_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 theory_NN1 
with_IW the_AT (_( in_II principle_NN1 )_) ascertainable_JJ facts_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT matter_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE thesis_NN1 really_RR amounts_VVZ to_II the_AT claim_NN1 
that_CST the_AT aim_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 inquiry_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO discover_VVI 
the_AT empirically_RR ascertainable_JJ truth_NN1 about_II the_AT world_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC that_CST the_AT empirical_JJ content_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 theory_NN1 ,_, 
while_CS not_XX being_VBG strictly_RR accurate_JJ ,_, may_VM nevertheless_RR 
be_VBI a_AT1 better_JJR description_NN1 of_IO the_AT facts_NN2 than_CSN 
that_DD1 given_VVN by_II another_DD1 theory_NN1 's_GE empirical_JJ content_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT instrumentalist_NN1 pushes_VVZ down_RP the_AT bulge_NN1 in_II 
the_AT carpet_NN1 only_RR to_II have_VH0 it_PPH1 reappear_VV0 elsewhere_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 has_VHZ to_TO give_VVI an_AT1 account_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ 
it_PPH1 takes_VVZ for_IF one_MC1 theory_NN1 to_TO be_VBI closer_JJR than_CSN 
another_DD1 to_II the_AT (_( in_II principle_NN1 )_) empirically_RR 
ascertainable_JJ facts_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 theory_NN1 of_IO confirmation_NN1 might_VM be_VBI 
thought_VVN to_TO dispose_VVI of_IO the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO truthlikeness_NN1 
in_II one_MC1 of_IO two_MC different_JJ ways_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_PN1 might_VM claim_VVI that_CST the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO 
confirmation_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 hypothesis_NN1 is_VBZ nothing_PN1 but_CCB a_AT1 
measure_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE truthlikeness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Or_CC else_RR one_PN1 might_VM claim_VVI that_CST the_AT aim_NN1 
of_IO inquiry_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT possession_NN1 of_IO truth_NN1 ,_, 
but_CCB rather_RR the_AT possession_NN1 of_IO hypotheses_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 
high_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO confirmation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Neither_DD1 claim_NN1 can_VM be_VBI justified_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO show_VVI that_CST the_AT first_MD claim_NN1 is_VBZ false_JJ ,_, 
consider_VV0 that_DD1 theory_NN1 ,_, (_( whichever_DDQV one_PN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
)_) ,_, which_DDQ describes_VVZ the_AT truth_NN1 ,_, the_AT whole_JJ truth_NN1 
,_, and_CC nothing_PN1 but_CCB the_AT truth_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT strongest_JJT true_JJ theory_NN1 there_EX 
is_VBZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_RR21 course_RR22 no_PN121 one_PN122 knows_VVZ which_DDQ one_PN1 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ ,_, and_CC in_II all_DB probability_NN1 no-one_PN1 will_VM 
ever_RR articulate_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 does_VDZ not_XX stop_VVI it_PPH1 being_VBG the_AT whole_JJ 
truth_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Now_RT this_DD1 theory_NN1 ,_, let_VVD it_PPH1 be_VBI *1_NULL T_NP1 
,_, *0_NULL can_VM hardly_RR be_VBI described_VVN as_II the_AT best_JJT 
confirmed_JJ theory_NN1 there_EX is_VBZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Let_VVD *1_NULL C_NP1 *0_NULL be_VBI that_DD1 proposition_NN1 
which_DDQ reports_VVZ everything_PN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ so_RG far_RR been_VBN 
established_VVN for_RR21 certain_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Presumably_RR the_AT best_JJT confirmed_JJ proposition_NN1 
reports_VVZ no_AT more_DAR than_CSN is_VBZ reported_VVN (_( explicitly_RR 
or_CC implicitly_RR )_) ,_, in_II *1_NULL C._NP1 ^_NULL *0_NULL Any_DD 
proposition_NN1 which_DDQ goes_VVZ beyond_II *1_NULL C_ZZ1 *0_NULL is_VBZ 
uncertain_JJ ,_, and_CC so_CS not_XX as_RR21 well_RR22 confirmed_VVD as_CSA 
*1_NULL C._NP1 ^_NULL *0_NULL But_CCB *1_NULL T_NP1 *0_NULL certainly_RR 
reports_VVZ far_RG more_DAR than_CSN is_VBZ contained_VVN in_II *1_NULL C._NP1 
^_NULL *0_NULL If_CSW it_PPH1 did_VDD not_XX we_PPIS2 would_VM now_RT be_VBI 
omniscient_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR *1_NULL T_ZZ1 ,_, *0_NULL the_AT whole_JJ truth_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ 
not_XX that_DD1 theory_NN1 with_IW the_AT highest_JJT degree_NN1 of_IO 
confirmation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ clear_JJ that_CST *1_NULL T_ZZ1 *0_NULL 
does_VDZ have_VHI maximal_JJ truthlikeness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nothing_PN1 could_VM be_VBI closer_JJR to_TO the_AT whole_JJ 
truth_NN1 than_CSN the_AT whole_JJ truth_NN1 itself_PPX1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hence_RR *1_NULL T_ZZ1 *0_NULL has_VHZ maximal_JJ truthlikeness_NN1 
but_CCB not_XX maximal_JJ confirmation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Degree_NN1 of_IO confirmation_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX measure_VVI 
degree_NN1 of_IO truthlikeness_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Let_VV0 us_PPIO2 consider_VVI the_AT second_MD claim_NN1 *-_- 
that_CST a_AT1 high_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO confirmation_NN1 might_VM supplant_VVI 
truth_NN1 as_II the_AT aim_NN1 of_IO inquiry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 claim_NN1 has_VHZ some_DD plausibility_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL After_II all_DB ,_, is_VBZ not_XX an_AT1 inquiry_NN1 simply_RR an_AT1 
exercise_NN1 in_II the_AT pursuit_NN1 of_IO knowledge_NN1 ,_, and_CC does_VDZ 
not_XX knowledge_NN1 simply_RR amount_VV0 to_II the_AT possession_NN1 of_IO 
highly_RR confirmed_JJ propositions_NN2 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Attractive_JJ as_CSA it_PPH1 seems_VVZ the_AT claim_NN1 is_VBZ 
inadequate_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL High_JJ degrees_NN2 of_IO confirmation_NN1 are_VBR just_RR too_RG 
easy_JJ to_TO obtain_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II sticking_VVG only_RR to_II what_DDQ one_PN1 already_RR 
knows_VVZ for_RR21 certain_RR22 one_PN1 can_VM be_VBI sure_JJ of_IO 
retaining_VVG only_RR highly_RR confirmed_JJ propositions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR if_CS the_AT aim_NN1 of_IO inquiry_NN1 were_VBDR simply_RR 
the_AT possession_NN1 of_IO highly_RR confirmed_JJ propositions_NN2 it_PPH1 
could_VM be_VBI achieved_VVN as_CSA easily_RR by_II keeping_VVG one_PN1 's_GE 
mouth_NN1 shut_VVN as_CSA by_II engaging_VVG in_II exacting_JJ research_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Although_CS the_AT above_JJ argument_NN1 shows_VVZ that_DD1 
possession_NN1 of_IO highly_RR confirmed_JJ propositions_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX 
by_II itself_PPX1 the_AT aim_NN1 of_IO inquiry_NN1 ,_, something_PN1 like_II 
it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI still_RR true_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Consider_VV0 the_AT following_JJ :_: the_AT aim_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 
inquiry_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT possession_NN1 of_IO highly_RR confirmed_JJ 
propositions_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR also_RR highly_RR informative_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 aim_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX susceptible_JJ to_II the_AT 
criticism_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI fulfilled_VVN by_II doing_VDG 
no_AT research_NN1 at_RR21 all_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 has_VHZ the_AT consequence_NN1 that_CST 
progress_VV0 in_II an_AT1 inquiry_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI made_VVN by_II 
the_AT substitution_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 falsified_JJ theory_NN1 for_IF 
another_DD1 falsified_JJ theory_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II this_DD1 account_NN1 an_AT1 inquirer_NN1 's_VBZ preference_NN1 
for_IF one_MC1 falsified_JJ hypothesis_NN1 over_II another_DD1 falsified_JJ 
hypothesis_NN1 would_VM be_VBI inexplicable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF ,_, according_II21 to_II22 almost_RR all_DB theories_NN2 of_IO 
confirmation_NN1 ,_, the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO confirmation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
falsified_JJ hypothesis_NN1 is_VBZ zero_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT degree_NN1 of_IO confirmation_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 measure_NN1 
of_IO how_RGQ likely_JJ a_AT1 proposition_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI true_JJ ,_, 
given_VVN the_AT1 evidence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT evidence_NN1 refutes_VVZ the_AT proposition_NN1 ,_, 
then_RT the_AT proposition_NN1 has_VHZ zero_MC confirmation_NN1 ,_, given_VVN 
the_AT1 evidence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hence_RR ,_, on_II the_AT above_JJ account_NN1 of_IO the_AT aim_NN1 
of_IO an_AT1 inquiry_NN1 each_DD1 falsified_JJ hypothesis_NN1 must_VM be_VBI 
regarded_VVN as_II having_VHG contributed_VVN absolutely_RR nothing_PN1 to_II 
the_AT progress_NN1 of_IO the_AT inquiry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 seems_VVZ absurd_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Galileo_NP1 's_GE theory_NN1 of_IO moving_JJ bodies_NN2 has_VHZ 
been_VBN refuted_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR has_VHZ Newton_NP1 's_GE theory_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Both_DB2 have_VH0 zero_MC confirmation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nevertheless_RR Newton_NP1 's_GE theory_NN1 is_VBZ thought_VVN to_TO 
be_VBI an_AT1 improvement_NN1 on_II Galileo_NP1 's_GE ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR had_VHN the_AT refutation_NN1 of_IO Newton_NP1 's_GE 
theory_NN1 (_( the_AT precession_NN1 of_IO Mercury_NP1 's_GE perihelion_NN1 
)_) been_VBN available_JJ to_II scientists_NN2 in_II the_AT seventeenth_MD 
century_NNT1 ,_, Newton_NP1 's_GE theory_NN1 would_VM still_RR have_VHI 
been_VBN heralded_VVN as_II a_AT1 great_JJ contribution_NN1 to_II science_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA a_AT1 judgement_NN1 could_VM not_XX be_VBI explained_VVN 
if_CS the_AT aim_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 inquiry_NN1 were_VBDR the_AT possession_NN1 
of_IO highly_RR informative_JJ ,_, highly_RR confirmed_JJ theories_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT denial_NN1 of_IO the_AT truth_NN1 doctrine_NN1 
seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI an_AT1 unpromising_JJ way_NN1 of_IO avoiding_VVG the_AT 
problem_NN1 of_IO truthlikeness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 more_RGR promising_JJ tack_NN1 might_VM be_VBI the_AT 
denial_NN1 of_IO the_AT progress_NN1 doctrine_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT aim_NN1 of_IO inquiry_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT whole_JJ 
truth_NN1 of_IO some_DD matter_NN1 ,_, then_RT it_PPH1 might_VM be_VBI 
maintained_VVN that_CST any_DD proposition_NN1 which_DDQ falls_VVZ short_JJ 
of_IO the_AT whole_JJ truth_NN1 is_VBZ as_RG bad_JJ as_CSA any_DD other_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Strictly_RR speaking_VVG there_EX is_VBZ no_AT such_DA thing_NN1 
as_II progress_NN1 in_II an_AT1 inquiry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Either_DD1 the_AT truth_NN1 is_VBZ hit_VVN upon_II ,_, or_CC the_AT 
project_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 utter_JJ failure_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 miss_NN1 is_VBZ as_RR31 good_RR32 as_RR33 a_AT1 mile_NNU1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 last_MD position_NN1 violates_VVZ some_DD deeply_RR 
ingrained_JJ intuitions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 progress_NN1 in_II human_JJ 
knowledge_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN made_VVN it_PPH1 is_VBZ clear_JJ that_CST 
many_DA2 people_NN think_VV0 it_PPH1 has_VHZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC just_RR a_AT1 little_JJ reflection_NN1 would_VM reveal_VVI 
that_CST many_DA2 instances_NN2 of_IO supposed_JJ progress_NN1 consist_VV0 
in_II the_AT replacement_NN1 of_IO something_PN1 that_CST is_VBZ false_JJ 
by_II something_PN1 else_RR that_CST also_RR turns_VVZ out_RP to_TO be_VBI 
false_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Scientists_NN2 are_VBR prone_JJ to_TO think_VVI that_CST Newton_NP1 
's_GE theory_NN1 of_IO motion_NN1 is_VBZ preferable_JJ to_II Aristotle_NP1 
's_GE ,_, despite_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 hold_VV0 both_RR 
to_TO be_VBI ,_, strictly_RR speaking_VVG ,_, false_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB science_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX the_AT only_JJ area_NN1 in_II 
which_DDQ such_DA instances_NN2 of_IO progress_NN1 are_VBR deemed_VVN to_TO 
exist_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC in_II any_DD case_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 does_VDZ not_XX need_VVI 
to_TO invoke_VVI complex_JJ examples_NN2 from_II science_NN1 ,_, inevitably_RR 
surrounded_VVD by_II doubt_NN1 on_II31 account_II32 of_II33 our_APPGE 
ignorance_NN1 of_IO the_AT universe_NN1 ,_, to_TO elicit_VVI this_DD1 
intuition_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ to_TO cite_VVI examples_NN2 of_IO 
simple_JJ theories_NN2 which_DDQ *1_NULL would_VM *0_NULL have_VHI a_AT1 
certain_JJ ordering_NN1 of_IO closeness_NN1 to_II the_AT truth_NN1 if_CS a_AT1 
certain_JJ specified_JJ theory_NN1 *1_NULL were_VBDR *0_NULL the_AT truth_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA examples_NN2 will_VM remain_VVI even_CS21 if_CS22 it_PPH1 
turns_VVZ out_RP that_CST scientists_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN steadily_RR and_CC 
systematically_RR leading_VVG us_PPIO2 further_RRR and_CC further_RRR from_II 
the_AT truth_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, suppose_VV0 that_CST in_II 
fact_NN1 the_AT number_NN1 of_IO the_AT planets_NN2 is_VBZ 9_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Tom_NP1 maintains_VVZ that_CST the_AT number_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
planets_NN2 is_VBZ 8_MC ,_, and_CC Fred_NP1 maintains_VVZ that_CST the_AT 
number_NN1 of_IO the_AT planets_NN2 is_VBZ 5_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Surely_RR Tom_NP1 's_GE claim_NN1 is_VBZ closer_JJR to_TO the_AT 
truth_NN1 than_CSN Fred_NP1 's_GE ._. 

^ ^_NULL Suppose_VV0 Tom_NP1 weakens_VVZ his_APPGE claim_NN1 to_II the_AT 
proposition_NN1 that_CST the_AT number_NN1 of_IO the_AT planets_NN2 is_VBZ 
either_RR 8_MC or_CC 9_MC ,_, and_CC Fred_NP1 weakens_VVZ his_PPGE to_II 
the_AT claim_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ either_RR 5_MC ,_, or_CC 6_MC ,_, 
or_CC 7_MC ,_, or_CC 8_MC ,_, or_CC 9_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Again_RT it_PPH1 seems_VVZ that_CST Tom_NP1 's_GE claim_NN1 is_VBZ 
closer_JJR to_TO the_AT truth_NN1 than_CSN Fred_NP1 's_GE ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Suppose_VV0 that_CST Oscar_NP1 is_VBZ interested_JJ in_II 
the_AT distribution_NN1 of_IO two_MC properties_NN2 ,_, fatness_NN1 and_CC 
tallness_NN1 ,_, in_II a_AT1 certain_JJ class_NN1 of_IO people_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE first_MD conjecture_NN1 (_( a_ZZ1 rash_JJ guess_NN1 
made_VVD before_CS he_PPHS1 had_VHD had_VHN any_DD contact_NN1 with_IW the_AT 
people_NN )_) is_VBZ that_CST everybody_PN1 is_VBZ both_RR short_JJ and_CC 
thin_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE second_MD conjecture_NN1 (_( made_VVN after_CS he_PPHS1 
had_VHD seen_VVN them_PPHO2 in_II the_AT distance_NN1 on_II an_AT1 
extremely_RR hot_JJ day_NNT1 *-_- the_AT heat_NN1 distorting_VVG both_DB2 
their_APPGE visual_JJ appearance_NN1 and_CC Oscar_NP1 's_GE cognitive_JJ 
faculties_NN2 )_) is_VBZ that_CST they_PPHS2 are_VBR all_DB tall_JJ and_CC 
thin_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE third_MD conjecture_NN1 (_( made_VVN after_CS he_PPHS1 
has_VHZ met_VVN them_PPHO2 face_NN1 to_II face_NN1 )_) is_VBZ that_CST 
they_PPHS2 are_VBR all_DB tall_JJ and_CC fat_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II fact_NN1 his_APPGE third_MD conjecture_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT 
truth_NN1 of_IO the_AT matter_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Surely_RR Oscar_NP1 's_GE second_MD guess_NN1 is_VBZ closer_JJR to_TO 
the_AT truth_NN1 than_CSN his_APPGE first_MD ,_, and_CC his_APPGE third_MD 
closer_RRR to_II the_AT truth_NN1 than_CSN his_APPGE second_NNT1 ?_? 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Finally_RR ,_, suppose_VV0 that_CST a_AT1 detective_NN1 
has_VHZ an_AT1 identikit_NN1 which_DDQ features_VVZ types_NN2 of_IO noses_NN2 
,_, ears_NN2 ,_, hair_NN1 ,_, chins_NN2 ,_, mouths_NN2 ,_, and_RR31 so_RR32 
on_RR33 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Our_APPGE detective_NN1 asks_VVZ the_AT witness_NN1 to_II a_AT1 
crime_NN1 to_TO select_VVI those_DD2 features_NN2 that_CST seem_VV0 to_II 
him_PPHO1 to_TO best_RRT characterise_VVI the_AT criminal_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT witness_NN1 chooses_VVZ all_DB the_AT features_NN2 
correctly_RR ,_, except_CS one_PN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 omits_VVZ a_AT1 wart_NN1 on_II the_AT nose_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
criminal_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Now_RT is_VBZ this_DD1 (_( false_JJ )_) description_NN1 ,_, or_CC 
characterisation_NN1 ,_, just_RR as_RG inaccurate_JJ as_CSA any_DD random_JJ 
selection_NN1 of_IO features_NN2 which_DDQ *1_NULL also_RR *0_NULL omits_VVZ 
the_AT wart_NN1 on_II the_AT nose_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Detectives_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX think_VVI so_RR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL But_CCB perhaps_RR this_DD1 is_VBZ to_TO labour_VVI the_AT 
point_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA examples_NN2 are_VBR easy_JJ to_TO construct_VVI and_CC 
many_DA2 of_IO them_PPHO2 will_VM be_VBI used_VVN in_II the_AT following_JJ 
pages_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX immediately_RR clear_JJ that_CST 
there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 single_JJ coherent_JJ principle_NN1 underlying_JJ all_DB 
such_DA judgements_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ is_VBZ required_VVN is_VBZ a_AT1 general_JJ *1_NULL 
theory_NN1 *0_NULL of_IO truthlikeness_NN1 (_( or_CC verisimilitude_NN1 )_) 
which_DDQ spells_VVZ out_RP clearly_RR the_AT conditions_NN2 under_II 
which_DDQ one_MC1 proposition_NN1 is_VBZ closer_JJR to_TO the_AT truth_NN1 
than_CSN another_DD1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 1.2_MC *1_NULL Explications_NN2 and_CC intuitions_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Several_DA2 different_JJ solutions_NN2 to_II the_AT 
problem_NN1 of_IO truthlikeness_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN proposed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ sort_NN1 of_IO criteria_NN2 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO 
judge_VVI the_AT adequacy_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 different_JJ proposals_NN2 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL The_AT task_NN1 of_IO giving_VVG a_AT1 general_JJ account_NN1 of_IO 
truthlikeness_NN1 is_VBZ just_RR like_II the_AT logico-philosophical_JJ 
task_NN1 of_IO defining_VVG an_AT1 acceptable_JJ concept_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL 
truth_NN1 *0_NULL or_CC of_IO *1_NULL valid_JJ inference_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL or_CC 
of_IO *1_NULL logical_JJ truth_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II these_DD2 cases_NN2 a_AT1 certain_JJ concept_NN1 is_VBZ 
employed_VVN and_CC applied_VVN intuitively_RR ,_, but_CCB a_AT1 rigorous_JJ 
and_CC precise_JJ explication_NN1 of_IO the_AT concept_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN 
in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO show_VVI that_CST it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI applied_VVN 
consistently_RR ,_, and_CC that_CST the_AT principles_NN2 underlying_JJ the_AT 
application_NN1 of_IO the_AT concept_NN1 can_VM be_VBI articulated_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL An_AT1 explication_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX simply_RR a_AT1 
definition_NN1 ,_, for_IF the_AT only_JJ restriction_NN1 on_II definitions_NN2 
is_VBZ that_CST the_AT abbreviating_JJ device_NN1 be_VBI eliminable_JJ in_II 
all_DB places_NN2 in_II31 favour_II32 of_II33 what_DDQ it_PPH1 abbreviates_VVZ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 explicatum_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, should_VM behave_VVI ,_, 
in_II certain_JJ core_NN1 areas_NN2 ,_, in_II the_AT same_DA way_NN1 that_CST 
the_AT explicandum_NN1 behaves_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 should_VM accord_VVI with_IW 
*1_NULL clear_JJ cut_NN1 *0_NULL intuitive_JJ judgements_NN2 that_CST are_VBR 
made_VVN in_II certain_JJ obvious_JJ cases_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, consider_VV0 the_AT truth_NN1 
preserving_VVG inference_NN1 :_: it_PPH1 is_VBZ raining_VVG ,_, therefore_RR 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ raining_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CSW on_II some_DD explication_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL valid_JJ 
inference_NN1 *0_NULL this_DD1 inference_NN1 were_VBDR judged_VVN to_TO be_VBI 
invalid_JJ ,_, the_AT explication_NN1 would_VM clearly_RR be_VBI inadequate_JJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 explication_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL logical_JJ truth_NN1 *0_NULL 
which_DDQ made_VVD the_AT English_JJ language_NN1 expression_NN1 *'_" it_PPH1 
is_VBZ raining_VVG **'_" a_AT1 logical_JJ truth_NN1 (_( in_II English_JJ )_) 
would_VM clearly_RR be_VBI inadequate_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II grey_JJ areas_NN2 ,_, where_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ 
to_TO apply_VVI the_AT intuitive_JJ notion_NN1 the_AT explicatum_NN1 may_VM 
well_RR extend_VVI the_AT intuitive_JJ notion_NN1 (_( it_PPH1 may_VM *'_" 
educate_VVI our_APPGE intuitions_NN2 **'_" )_) ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 must_VM 
not_XX consistently_RR violate_VVI the_AT core_NN1 intuitions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 definition_NN1 which_DDQ can_VM save_VVI the_AT greatest_JJT 
number_NN1 of_IO intuitions_NN2 is_VBZ ,_, other_JJ things_NN2 being_VBG 
equal_JJ ,_, the_AT most_RGT acceptable_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, intuitive_JJ judgements_NN2 have_VH0 
different_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO generality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT intuitive_JJ judgement_NN1 that_CST the_AT proposition_NN1 
*1_NULL it_PPH1 is_VBZ raining_VVG or_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX raining_VVG ,_, 
*0_NULL is_VBZ a_AT1 logical_JJ truth_NN1 is_VBZ far_RG more_RGR basic_JJ 
than_CSN the_AT judgement_NN1 that_CST by_II disjoining_VVG any_DD 
proposition_NN1 with_IW its_APPGE negation_NN1 we_PPIS2 get_VV0 a_AT1 
logical_JJ truth_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA an_AT1 initially_RR plausible_JJ principle_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT 
beginning_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 theory_NN1 of_IO logical_JJ necessity_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
it_PPH1 may_VM come_VVI into_II conflict_NN1 with_IW lower-level_JJ 
intuitive_JJ judgements_NN2 concerning_II particular_JJ propositions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, lower-level_JJ judgements_NN2 are_VBR to_TO 
be_VBI given_VVN precedence_NN1 over_II higher-level_JJ judgements_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT position_NN1 just_RR adumbrated_VVD has_VHZ its_APPGE 
opponents_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF a_AT1 start_NN1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR those_DD2 who_PNQS 
distrust_VV0 intuitions_NN2 in_RR21 general_RR22 and_CC would_VM seriously_RR 
question_VVI the_AT role_NN1 I_PPIS1 have_VH0 assigned_VVN them_PPHO2 in_II 
the_AT enterprise_NN1 of_IO explicating_VVG intuitive_JJ concepts_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE criticisms_NN2 will_VM be_VBI discussed_VVN below_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB there_EX are_VBR also_RR those_DD2 who_PNQS question_VV0 
the_AT very_JJ enterprise_NN1 of_IO explication_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Karl_NP1 Popper_NP1 writes_VVZ :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL And_CC :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
|_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL 
Despite_II this_DD1 view_NN1 of_IO his_PPGE ,_, Popper_NP1 was_VBDZ the_AT 
first_MD philosopher_NN1 to_TO stress_VVI the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
problem_NN1 of_IO truthlikeness_NN1 ,_, and_CC he_PPHS1 gave_VVD the_AT 
first_MD real_JJ explication_NN1 of_IO truthlikeness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT question_NN1 arises_VVZ as_II21 to_II22 why_RRQ he_PPHS1 
did_VDD not_XX simply_RR leave_VVI it_PPH1 as_II an_AT1 undefined_JJ 
primitive_JJ notion_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 348+TEXT+J54_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Indeed_RR ,_, since_CS only_RR the_AT defunct_JJ Ca_NN1 
*?_NULL 1rva_FO *?_NULL 1ka_FO school_NN1 maintained_VVD otherwise_RR ,_, 
classical_JJ Indian_JJ philosophy_NN1 displays_VVZ a_AT1 relative_JJ 
paucity_NN1 of_IO arguments_NN2 for_IF this_DD1 thesis_NN1 when_RRQ 
compared_VVN with_IW the_AT extensive_JJ body_NN1 of_IO discussion_NN1 it_PPH1 
offers_VVZ about_II the_AT nature_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ that_CST 
has_VHZ pre-existed_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR there_EX are_VBR some_DD empirical_JJ arguments_NN2 
adduced_VVD ,_, like_II the_AT Naiya_NN1 *?_NULL 1yika_FO appeal_NN1 to_II 
the_AT inborn_JJ inclination_NN1 of_IO infants_NN2 to_TO suckle_VVI and_CC 
their_APPGE fears_NN2 and_CC joys_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 ,_, however_RR ,_, may_VM be_VBI uncompelling_VVG in_II41 
the_II42 light_II43 of_II44 modern_JJ biological_JJ theory_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR also_RR certain_JJ theological_JJ arguments_NN2 
related_VVN to_II the_AT efficacy_NN1 of_IO the_AT thesis_NN1 in_II 
explaining_VVG away_RP the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO evil_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB these_DD2 require_VV0 for_IF their_APPGE plausibility_NN1 
prior_JJ commitment_NN1 to_II a_AT1 theistic_JJ point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL More_RGR interesting_JJ philosophically_RR are_VBR certain_JJ 
metaphysical_JJ arguments_NN2 that_CST purport_VV0 to_TO establish_VVI the_AT 
pre-existence_JJ thesis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 want_VV0 to_TO examine_VVI critically_RR two_MC such_DA 
attempts_NN2 :_: one_MC1 by_II the_AT eighth_MD century_NNT1 Indian_JJ 
Buddhist_JJ philosopher_NN1 S_ZZ1 *?_NULL 2a_MC *?_NULL 1ntaraksita_FO and_CC 
one_MC1 by_II an_AT1 outstanding_JJ modern_JJ Western_JJ interpreter_NN1 of_IO 
Indian_JJ philosophy_NN1 ,_, Karl_NP1 \_NULL H._NP1 Potter_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL S_NP1 *?_NULL 2a_MC *?_NULL 1ntaraksita_FO 's_VBZ argument_NN1 
(_( glossed_VVN by_II his_APPGE pupil_NN1 Kamalas_NP1 *?_NULL 2i_MC *?_NULL 
1la_FO )_) appears_VVZ in_II his_APPGE remarkable_JJ polemical_JJ 
compendium_NN1 ,_, the_AT *1_NULL Tattvasangraha_NP1 *0_NULL (_( *1_NULL s_ZZ1 
*?_NULL 2lokas_FO *0_NULL 1857-1964_MCMC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT chapter_NN1 in_II question_NN1 is_VBZ devoted_JJ to_II a_AT1 
refutation_NN1 of_IO the_AT views_NN2 of_IO the_AT materialist_NN1 Loka_NP1 
*?_NULL 1yatas_FO ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO understand_VVI ,_, however_RR ,_, 
that_CST this_DD1 argument_NN1 for_IF pre-existence_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX an_AT1 
argument_NN1 for_IF the_AT pre-existence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 soul_NN1 ,_, {_NULL 
i.e._REX }_NULL an_AT1 enduring_JJ substantial_JJ entity_NN1 underlying_JJ 
change_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Indeed_RR ,_, as_II a_AT1 Buddhist_NN1 S_ZZ1 *?_NULL 2a_MC *?_NULL 
1ntaraksita_FO is_VBZ committed_VVN to_II the_AT denial_NN1 of_IO any_DD 
such_DA entity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rather_RR he_PPHS1 assumes_VVZ a_AT1 particular_JJ Buddhist_JJ 
account_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 person_NN1 as_II a_AT1 series_NN of_IO causally_RR 
efficient_JJ point-instants_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL According_II21 to_II22 some_DD Buddhist_NN1 philosophers_VVZ this_DD1 
person-series_NN includes_VVZ both_RR mental_JJ and_CC physical_JJ events_NN2 
or_CC states_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hence_RR for_IF them_PPHO2 a_AT1 person_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 
two-strand_JJ causal_JJ series_NN comprising_VVG both_RR a_AT1 chain_NN1 of_IO 
physical_JJ events_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 chain_NN1 of_IO mental_JJ events_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT two_MC chains_NN2 are_VBR related_VVN co-ordinately_RR (_( 
*1_NULL {_NULL sa_NN1 *?_NULL 1drs_FO *?_NULL 2ya_FO }_NULL )_) but_CCB not_XX 
causally_RR :_: a_AT1 view_NN1 similar_JJ to_II the_AT theory_NN1 of_IO 
psycho-physical_JJ parallelism_NN1 in_II Western_JJ philosophy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RRQV S_ZZ1 *?_NULL 2a_MC *?_NULL 1ntaraksita_FO seems_VVZ 
to_TO favour_VVI an_AT1 idealist_JJ account_NN1 at_II various_JJ points_NN2 
,_, in_II which_DDQ case_VV0 the_AT person_NN1 is_VBZ presumably_RR to_TO 
be_VBI identified_VVN with_IW the_AT chain_NN1 of_IO mental_JJ events_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Either_DD1 way_NN1 ,_, the_AT argument_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 argument_NN1 
for_IF the_AT pre-existence_NN1 of_IO the_AT consciousness_NN1 series_NN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT argument_NN1 rests_VVZ upon_II two_MC principles_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD is_VBZ the_AT principle_NN1 of_IO universal_JJ 
causation_NN1 ,_, {_NULL i.e._REX }_NULL that_CST every_AT1 event_NN1 has_VHZ 
a_AT1 cause_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT second_MD is_VBZ a_AT1 principle_NN1 to_II the_AT effect_NN1 
that_CST not_XX every_AT1 mental_JJ event_NN1 is_VBZ totally_RR caused_VVN 
by_II physical_JJ events_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Or_CC more_RGR exactly_RR ,_, that_CST there_EX are_VBR some_DD 
mental_JJ events_NN2 which_DDQ have_VH0 no_AT physical_JJ events_NN2 in_II 
their_APPGE causal_JJ ancestry_NN1 (_( allowing_VVG here_RL for_IF the_AT 
possibility_NN1 of_IO indirect_JJ causation_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Call_NN1 this_DD1 the_AT *"_" mental_JJ cause_NN1 principle_NN1 **"_" 
._. 

^ (_( ^_NULL Note_NN1 that_CST this_DD1 formulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT mental_JJ 
cause_NN1 principle_NN1 is_VBZ compatible_JJ with_IW either_RR a_AT1 
realist_NN1 or_CC an_AT1 idealist_JJ ontology_NN1 ._. )_) 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 two_MC principles_NN2 can_VM then_RT be_VBI used_VVN to_TO 
generate_VVI the_AT following_JJ argument_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF consider_VV0 the_AT first_MD member_NN1 of_IO the_AT chain_NN1 
of_IO cognitions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Or_CC more_RGR precisely_RR ,_, consider_VV0 the_AT first_MD 
mental_JJ state_NN1 in_II the_AT life_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 individual_NN1 that_CST 
is_VBZ not_XX totally_RR caused_VVN by_II physical_JJ states_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 must_VM have_VHI as_RG at_RR21 least_RR22 its_APPGE 
part-cause_NN1 a_AT1 mental_JJ state_NN1 occurring_VVG before_II the_AT 
birth_NN1 (_( or_CC conception_NN1 )_) of_IO the_AT individual_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR pre-existence_JJ is_VBZ established_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Moreover_RR ,_, since_CS this_DD1 argument_NN1 can_VM be_VBI 
repeated_VVN for_IF any_DD previous_JJ life_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
beginninglessness_NN1 of_IO the_AT causal_JJ series_NN of_IO cognitions_NN2 
is_VBZ established_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Finally_RR ,_, since_CS there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 previous_JJ birth_NN1 
,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR reasonable_JJ to_TO assume_VVI a_AT1 future_JJ 
birth_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL After_II all_DB ,_, the_AT cognition_NN1 at_II the_AT moment_NN1 
of_IO death_NN1 in_II this_DD1 life_NN1 is_VBZ presumably_RR causally_RR 
efficacious_JJ in_II precisely_RR the_AT same_DA way_NN1 that_CST the_AT 
last_MD cognition_NN1 of_IO the_AT previous_JJ life_NN1 was_VBDZ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR various_JJ ways_NN2 to_TO try_VVI to_TO 
block_VVI the_AT regress_NN1 this_DD1 argument_NN1 trades_NN2 upon_II ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_PN1 is_VBZ to_TO invoke_VVI the_AT hypothesis_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
existence_NN1 of_IO God_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, we_PPIS2 might_VM argue_VVI that_CST the_AT 
first_MD non-physically_RR caused_VVN mental_JJ state_NN1 in_II the_AT 
life_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 individual_NN1 was_VBDZ caused_VVN by_II a_AT1 divine_JJ 
mental_JJ state_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT individual_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX ,_, then_RT ,_, beginningless_JJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Moreover_RR the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO the_AT consciousness_NN1 
series_NN is_VBZ thus_RR dependent_JJ upon_II God_NP1 's_GE existence_NN1 ,_, 
{_NULL i.e._REX }_NULL He_PPHS1 is_VBZ the_AT creator_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, the_AT regress_NN1 will_VM apply_VVI in_II the_AT 
case_NN1 of_IO God_NP1 ,_, for_IF the_AT chain_NN1 of_IO divine_JJ mental_JJ 
states_NN2 is_VBZ indeed_RR beginningless_JJ (_( God_NP1 is_VBZ eternal_JJ )_) 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_II a_AT1 Buddhist_NN1 S_ZZ1 *?_NULL 2a_MC *?_NULL 
1ntaraksita_FO is_VBZ unwilling_JJ to_TO admit_VVI the_AT theistic_JJ 
hypothesis_NN1 and_CC elsewhere_RL in_II his_APPGE work_NN1 he_PPHS1 
argues_VVZ independently_RR against_II the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO God_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, even_CS21 if_CS22 the_AT theistic_JJ hypothesis_NN1 
can_VM be_VBI ruled_VVN out_RP on_II other_JJ grounds_NN2 ,_, there_EX 
remains_VVZ another_DD1 possibility_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT theistic_JJ hypothesis_NN1 presupposes_VVZ the_AT truth_NN1 
of_IO a_AT1 more_RGR general_JJ principle_NN1 :_: \_NULL viz._REX that_CST 
the_AT first_MD non-physically_RR caused_VVN mental_JJ state_NN1 in_II the_AT 
life_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 individual_NN1 could_VM have_VHI been_VBN caused_VVN 
by_II a_AT1 mental_JJ state_NN1 of_IO some_DD other_JJ individual_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB if_CS we_PPIS2 admit_VV0 this_DD1 principle_NN1 ,_, then_RT 
we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX need_VVI to_TO insist_VVI that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
God_NP1 's_GE mental_JJ states_NN2 which_DDQ cause_VV0 the_AT initial_JJ 
mental_JJ states_NN2 of_IO other_JJ individuals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rather_RR ,_, any_DD individual_NN1 's_GE mental_JJ states_NN2 
could_VM cause_VVI another_DD1 's_VBZ initial_JJ mental_JJ state_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR what_DDQ the_AT regress_NN1 will_VM now_RT show_VVI is_VBZ 
the_AT beginninglessness_NN1 of_IO causally_RR efficient_JJ mental_JJ 
states_NN2 ,_, not_XX the_AT beginninglessness_NN1 of_IO any_DD particular_JJ 
chain_NN1 of_IO such_DA states_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO conscious_JJ 
beings_NN2 (_( conceived_VVN of_IO here_RL as_CSA causal_JJ series_NN )_) 
could_VM well_RR be_VBI beginningless_JJ without_IW this_DD1 necessitating_NN1 
that_CST any_DD particular_JJ conscious_JJ being_NN1 is_VBZ beginningless_JJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO block_VVI this_DD1 possibility_NN1 S_ZZ1 *?_NULL 2a_MC *?_NULL 
1ntaraksita_FO would_VM have_VHI to_TO deny_VVI the_AT general_JJ 
principle_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 person_NN1 's_VBZ initial_JJ mental_JJ state_NN1 
could_VM be_VBI directly_RR caused_VVN by_II the_AT mental_JJ state_NN1 of_IO 
another_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Now_RT there_EX seems_VVZ no_AT *1_NULL logical_JJ *0_NULL 
difficulty_NN1 with_IW such_DA a_AT1 possibility_NN1 :_: telepathy_NN1 is_VBZ 
presumably_RR a_AT1 putative_JJ example_NN1 of_IO such_DA a_AT1 phenomenon_NN1 
and_CC that_DD1 seems_VVZ at_RR21 least_RR22 a_AT1 coherent_JJ hypothesis_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Hence_RR the_AT principle_NN1 will_VM have_VHI to_TO be_VBI 
rejected_VVN on_II empirical_JJ grounds_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, it_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI maintained_VVN 
that_CST while_CS such_DA causal_JJ interactions_NN2 may_VM be_VBI 
logically_RR possible_JJ ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ contingently_RR the_AT case_NN1 
that_CST no_AT such_DA interactions_NN2 take_VV0 place_NN1 in_II our_APPGE 
world_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT plausibility_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 empirical_JJ claim_NN1 will_VM 
then_RT be_VBI as_RG strong_JJ as_CSA the_AT case_NN1 against_II the_AT 
existence_NN1 of_IO the_AT relevant_JJ parapsychological_JJ phenomena_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Assuming_VVG this_DD1 to_TO be_VBI still_RR an_AT1 open_JJ 
question_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 leave_VV0 the_AT matter_NN1 there_RL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, this_DD1 does_VDZ n't_XX exhaust_VVI 
the_AT range_NN1 of_IO escape_NN1 routes_NN2 from_II S_ZZ1 *?_NULL 2a_MC 
*?_NULL 1ntaraksita_FO 's_VBZ regress_NN1 argument_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA I_PPIS1 have_VH0 already_RR indicated_VVN ,_, the_AT 
argument_NN1 rests_VVZ upon_II two_MC principles_NN2 :_: the_AT principle_NN1 
of_IO universal_JJ causation_NN1 and_CC the_AT mental-cause_JJ principle_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Hence_RR the_AT denial_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 or_CC both_DB2 of_IO 
these_DD2 principles_NN2 will_VM disarm_VVI the_AT argument_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Now_RT some_DD would_VM be_VBI willing_JJ to_TO deny_VVI the_AT 
first_MD principle_NN1 and_CC maintain_VVI that_DD1 certain_JJ events_NN2 
are_VBR uncaused_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Data_NN from_II quantum_NN1 mechanics_NN1 is_VBZ sometimes_RT 
used_VVN to_TO support_VVI such_DA a_AT1 position_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RRQV the_AT correct_JJ interpretation_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 
data_NN is_VBZ highly_RR controversial_JJ philosophically_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT very_RG least_DAT ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ unclear_JJ that_CST 
the_AT instance_NN1 of_IO uncaused_JJ subatomic_JJ events_NN2 (_( if_CSW 
they_PPHS2 indeed_RR occur_VV0 )_) would_VM in_II any_DD way_NN1 undermine_VV0 
the_AT causal_JJ principle_NN1 construed_VVD as_II a_AT1 thesis_NN1 about_II 
macroscopic_JJ events_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS we_PPIS2 then_RT assume_VV0 that_DD1 mental_JJ events_NN2 
are_VBR macroscopic_JJ events_NN2 ,_, the_AT regress_NN1 argument_NN1 is_VBZ 
untouched_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Another_DD1 way_NN1 of_IO denying_VVG the_AT causal_JJ 
principle_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO opt_VVI for_IF contra-causal_JJ libertarianism_NN1 
and_CC maintain_VVI that_DD1 certain_JJ events_NN2 are_VBR indeed_RR 
uncaused_JJ ;_; most_RGT importantly_RR ,_, free_JJ human_JJ actions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 move_NN1 can_VM then_RT block_VVI the_AT regress_NN1 by_II 
maintaining_VVG that_CST the_AT first_MD non-physically_RR caused_VVN 
mental_JJ event_NN1 in_II the_AT life_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 individual_NN1 need_VM 
not_XX be_VBI mentally_RR caused_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Instead_RR it_PPH1 could_VM be_VBI uncaused_JJ ,_, as_CSA are_VBR 
all_DB free_JJ mental_JJ acts_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, libertarianism_NN1 has_VHZ its_APPGE own_DA 
problems_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL First_MD ,_, it_PPH1 owes_VVZ us_PPIO2 an_AT1 account_NN1 of_IO 
how_RRQ such_DA uncaused_JJ events_NN2 can_VM be_VBI *1_NULL actions_NN2 
*0_NULL done_VDN under_II an_AT1 agent_NN1 's_VBZ control_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Secondly_RR ,_, if_CS free_JJ acts_NN2 are_VBR uncaused_JJ events_NN2 
then_RT how_RRQ can_VM such_DA events_NN2 be_VBI rendered_VVN explicable_JJ 
without_IW appealing_VVG to_II causal_JJ explanations_NN2 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Now_RT it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI that_DD1 libertarianism_NN1 is_VBZ 
able_JK to_TO present_VVI a_AT1 consistent_JJ story_NN1 about_II these_DD2 
matters_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 shall_VM assume_VVI for_IF the_AT moment_NN1 
that_CST the_AT principle_NN1 of_IO universal_JJ causation_NN1 is_VBZ 
better_RRR entrenched_VVN than_CSN the_AT libertarian_JJ view_NN1 of_IO 
acts_NN2 that_CST are_VBR uncaused_JJ events_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL One_MC1 final_JJ point_NN1 about_II the_AT principle_NN1 of_IO 
universal_JJ causation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 formulated_VVD the_AT principle_NN1 of_IO universal_JJ 
causation_NN1 as_II the_AT principle_NN1 that_CST every_AT1 event_NN1 has_VHZ 
a_AT1 cause_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB it_PPH1 might_VM be_VBI objected_VVN that_CST S_ZZ1 *?_NULL 
2a_MC *?_NULL 1ntaraksita_FO 's_VBZ regress_NN1 argument_NN1 seems_VVZ 
rather_RR to_TO require_VVI a_AT1 principle_NN1 to_II the_AT effect_NN1 
that_CST every_AT1 event_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 prior_JJ cause_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC such_DA a_AT1 principle_NN1 is_VBZ surely_RR false_JJ ,_, 
for_IF a_AT1 cause_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE effect_NN1 might_VM be_VBI 
simultaneous_JJ (_( as_II a_AT1 train_NN1 's_VBZ motion_NN1 is_VBZ 
simultaneous_JJ with_IW the_AT motion_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE carriages_NN2 
that_CST it_PPH1 causes_VVZ )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Now_RT it_PPH1 does_VDZ seem_VVI reasonable_JJ to_TO concede_VVI 
that_DD1 sometimes_RT causes_VVZ and_CC effects_NN2 can_VM be_VBI 
contemporaneous_JJ ;_; but_CCB this_DD1 admission_NN1 need_VM not_XX touch_VVI 
S_ZZ1 *?_NULL 2a_MC *?_NULL 1ntaraksita_FO 's_VBZ argument_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF either_DD1 the_AT first_MD non-physically_RR caused_VVN 
mental_JJ event_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 life_NN1 is_VBZ caused_VVN by_II a_AT1 
prior_JJ mental_JJ event_NN1 ,_, or_CC else_RR it_PPH1 is_VBZ caused_VVN by_II 
a_AT1 contemporaneous_JJ mental_JJ event_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT first_MD option_NN1 ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, we_PPIS2 
have_VH0 the_AT regress_NN1 underway_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT second_MD option_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 're_VBR 
no_RR better_RRR off_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF what_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT cause_NN1 of_IO the_AT mental_JJ 
event_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ the_AT contemporaneous_JJ cause_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
first_MD non-physically_RR caused_VVN mental_JJ event_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 
life_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Given_VVN that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ n't_XX physically_RR caused_VVN ,_, 
then_RT its_APPGE cause_NN1 must_VM be_VBI either_RR a_AT1 prior_JJ mental_JJ 
event_NN1 ,_, or_CC else_RR another_DD1 contemporaneous_JJ mental_JJ event_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT first_MD case_NN1 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 the_AT infinite_JJ 
temporal_JJ regress_NN1 underway_RR ;_; in_II the_AT second_MD case_NN1 
we_PPIS2 can_VM ask_VVI the_AT same_DA question_NN1 once_RR21 again_RR22 
about_II the_AT cause_NN1 of_IO that_DD1 contemporaneous_JJ cause_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR either_DD1 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 an_AT1 infinite_JJ temporal_JJ 
regress_NN1 ,_, or_CC (_( implausibly_RR )_) we_PPIS2 have_VH0 an_AT1 
infinity_NN1 of_IO contemporaneous_JJ causes_NN2 and_CC effects_NN2 at_II 
the_AT beginning_NN1 of_IO the_AT causal_JJ series_NN of_IO each_DD1 
person_NN1 's_GE mental_JJ events_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL What_DDQ about_II the_AT mental-cause_JJ principle_NN1 then_RT 
?_? 

^ ^_NULL Materialism_NN1 ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, denies_VVZ this_DD1 
principle_NN1 ;_; so_CS too_RR does_VDZ epiphenomenalism_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Acceptance_NP1 of_IO the_AT principle_NN1 apparently_RR commits_VVZ 
us_PPIO2 either_RR to_II idealism_NN1 or_CC to_II dualism_NN1 (_( {_NULL 
i.e._REX }_NULL interactionist_NN1 dualism_NN1 or_CC parallelism_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT standard_JJ Indian_JJ objection_NN1 to_II the_AT strong_JJ 
materialist_NN1 claim_VV0 that_DD1 identifies_VVZ the_AT mental_JJ and_CC 
the_AT physical_JJ is_VBZ a_AT1 familiar_JJ one_PN1 ,_, resting_VVG upon_II 
what_DDQ Western_NP1 philosophers_VVZ sometimes_RT parochially_RR call_VV0 
*"_" Leibniz_NP1 's_GE Law_NN1 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ maintained_VVN that_CST 
mental_JJ states_NN2 have_VH0 properties_NN2 not_XX shared_VVN by_II 
physical_JJ states_NN2 and_CC hence_RR can_VM not_XX be_VBI identical_JJ 
with_IW physical_JJ states_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unfortunately_RR the_AT objection_NN1 is_VBZ inconclusive_JJ since_CS 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ usually_RR subjective_JJ phenomenal_JJ properties_NN2 that_CST 
are_VBR appealed_VVN to_II and_CC Leibniz_NP1 's_GE Law_NN1 is_VBZ 
notoriously_RR unreliable_JJ in_II intentional_JJ contexts_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II any_DD case_NN1 ,_, the_AT Indian_JJ materialists_NN2 (_( 
the_AT Ca_NN1 *?_NULL 1rva_FO *?_NULL 1kas_FO or_CC Loka_NP1 *?_NULL 1yatas_FO 
)_) generally_RR conceded_VVD that_DD1 consciousness_NN1 possesses_VVZ 
properties_NN2 which_DDQ seem_VV0 peculiar_JJ to_II itself_PPX1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB these_DD2 properties_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ asserted_VVN 
,_, are_VBR supervenient_JJ upon_II physical_JJ states_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Consciousness_NP1 ,_, then_RT ,_, is_VBZ an_AT1 emergent_JJ 
characteristic_NN1 of_IO the_AT physical_JJ states_NN2 formed_VVN by_II 
combinations_NN2 of_IO material_NN1 elements_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Just_RR as_CSA ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT red_JJ 
colour_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL pa_NN1 *?_NULL 1n_MC }_NULL *0_NULL is_VBZ 
an_AT1 emergent_JJ property_NN1 of_IO the_AT ingredients_NN2 (_( betel_NN1 ,_, 
areca_NN1 nut_NN1 ,_, lime_NN1 )_) ,_, none_PN of_IO which_DDQ is_VBZ 
individually_RR red_JJ coloured_JJ ;_; so_CS too_RR consciousness_NN1 is_VBZ 
an_AT1 emergent_JJ property_NN1 of_IO the_AT unconscious_JJ material_NN1 
elements_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Putting_VVG aside_RL for_IF the_AT moment_NN1 the_AT 
opaqueness_NN1 of_IO the_AT whole_JJ notion_NN1 of_IO emergent_JJ 
properties_NN2 ,_, S_ZZ1 *?_NULL 2a_MC *?_NULL 1ntaraksita_FO has_VHZ a_AT1 
twofold_JJ reply_NN1 to_II the_AT Loka_NP1 *?_NULL 1yata_FO view_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Firstly_RR ,_, he_PPHS1 argues_VVZ that_CST the_AT materialist_NN1 
claim_NN1 that_CST the_AT mental_JJ is_VBZ always_RR causally_RR dependent_JJ 
upon_II the_AT physical_JJ is_VBZ not_XX conclusively_RR established_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ because_CS we_PPIS2 can_VM not_XX apply_VVI the_AT 
customary_JJ method_NN1 of_IO agreement_NN1 and_CC difference_NN1 to_TO 
support_VVI the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO such_DA a_AT1 universal_JJ causal_JJ 
law_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO other_JJ people_NN ,_, we_PPIS2 
never_RR have_VH0 direct_JJ access_NN1 to_II their_APPGE mental_JJ states_NN2 
to_TO establish_VVI the_AT necessary_JJ positive_JJ and_CC negative_JJ 
concomitance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II our_APPGE own_DA case_NN1 ,_, on_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 
,_, although_CS we_PPIS2 can_VM observe_VVI the_AT concomitance_NN1 of_IO 
some_DD mental_JJ and_CC bodily_JJ states_NN2 ,_, we_PPIS2 obviously_RR can_VM 
not_XX do_VDI this_DD1 for_IF the_AT *1_NULL first_MD *0_NULL mental_JJ 
event_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE present_JJ life_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hence_RR there_EX is_VBZ no_AT proof_NN1 that_CST the_AT two_MC 
sets_NN2 of_IO phenomena_NN2 are_VBR causally_RR related_VVN in_II the_AT 
way_NN1 the_AT materialist_NN1 claims_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Secondly_RR ,_, it_PPH1 seems_VVZ that_CST there_EX is_VBZ in_II 
fact_NN1 evidence_NN1 to_TO suggest_VVI that_CST some_DD mental_JJ states_NN2 
are_VBR not_XX totally_RR physically_RR caused_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II dreams_NN2 or_CC imaginings_NN2 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, 
the_AT mind_NN1 can_VM apparently_RR work_VVI independently_RR of_IO 
external_JJ physical_JJ stimuli_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Perhaps_RR ,_, then_RT ,_, some_DD mental_JJ states_NN2 could_VM 
even_RR occur_VVI independently_RR of_IO *1_NULL any_DD *0_NULL physical_JJ 
cause_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Now_RT the_AT whole_JJ question_NN1 of_IO the_AT relation_NN1 
of_IO the_AT mental_JJ and_CC the_AT physical_JJ is_VBZ ,_, of_RR21 
course_RR22 ,_, a_AT1 deep_JJ and_CC tangled_VVD one_PN1 ;_; one_PN1 I_PPIS1 
do_VD0 not_XX intend_VVI to_TO pursue_VVI any_RR further_RRR here_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB I_PPIS1 want_VV0 to_TO claim_VVI here_RL and_CC now_RT is_VBZ 
that_CST if_CS we_PPIS2 concede_VV0 S_ZZ1 *?_NULL 2a_MC *?_NULL 1ntaraksita_FO 
his_APPGE mental-cause_JJ principle_NN1 (_( as_CSA many_DA2 philosophers_NN2 
would_VM )_) and_CC also_RR his_APPGE principle_NN1 of_IO universal_JJ 
causation_NN1 (_( as_CSA again_RT many_DA2 philosophers_NN2 would_VM )_) ,_, 
then_RT his_APPGE argument_NN1 is_VBZ apparently_RR sound_VV0 *-_- though_CS 
,_, as_CSA was_VBDZ pointed_VVN out_RP ,_, he_PPHS1 has_VHZ to_TO deny_VVI 
direct_JJ causal_JJ relations_NN2 between_II minds_NN2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 349+TEXT+J55_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II 1906_MC ,_, with_IW the_AT railheads_NN2 at_II 
Broken_JJ River_NN1 in_II the_AT east_ND1 and_CC Otira_NP1 in_II the_AT 
west_ND1 ,_, the_AT Department_NNJ was_VBDZ ready_JJ to_TO call_VVI 
tenders_NN2 for_IF the_AT tunnel_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 required_VVN it_PPH1 to_TO be_VBI completed_VVN within_II 
five_MC years_NNT2 ,_, by_II which_DDQ time_NNT1 estimates_NN2 were_VBDR 
that_CST the_AT eastern_JJ railhead_NN1 would_VM have_VHI reached_VVN 
Arthur_NP1 's_GE Pass_NN1 ,_, enabling_VVG the_AT line_NN1 to_TO be_VBI 
opened_VVN for_IF through_JJ traffic_NN1 about_RG 1913_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT event_NN1 the_AT great_JJ day_NNT1 had_VHD to_TO 
be_VBI postponed_VVN for_IF another_DD1 10_MC years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT reasons_NN2 for_IF this_DD1 were_VBDR numerous_JJ *-_- the_AT 
virtual_JJ destruction_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE largest_JJT and_CC 
most_RGT experienced_JJ contracting_JJ firm_NNJ ;_; a_AT1 disastrous_JJ 
collapse_NN1 at_II the_AT Bealey_NP1 end_NN1 of_IO the_AT tunnel_NN1 ,_, 
when_CS men_NN2 working_VVG there_EX were_VBDR endangered_VVN and_CC one_MC1 
man_NN1 lost_VVD his_APPGE life_NN1 ;_; several_DA2 other_JJ fatalities_NN2 
directly_RR attributable_JJ to_II the_AT difficult_JJ and_CC often_RR 
dangerous_JJ working_JJ conditions_NN2 ;_; the_AT rise_NN1 of_IO militant_JJ 
unionism_NN1 which_DDQ *"_" blacked_VVD **"_" the_AT project_NN1 as_CSA *"_" 
undesirable_JJ **"_" and_CC contributed_VVD to_II a_AT1 chronic_JJ 
shortage_NN1 of_IO experienced_JJ labour_NN1 ;_; and_CC a_AT1 world_NN1 
war_NN1 which_DDQ put_VV0 the_AT brakes_NN2 on_RP for_IF four_MC years_NNT2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Although_CS they_PPHS2 considered_VVD the_AT work_NN1 might_VM 
take_VVI six_MC years_NNT2 to_TO complete_VVI ,_, the_AT successful_JJ 
tenderers_NN2 ,_, John_NP1 McLean_NP1 &_CC Sons_NN2 ,_, signed_VVD the_AT 
contract_NN1 in_II 1907_MC to_TO build_VVI the_AT tunnel_NN1 within_II the_AT 
specified_JJ five_MC years_NNT2 at_II a_AT1 price_NN1 of_IO 599,794_MC 
pounds_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II the_AT future_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO demonstrate_VVI ,_, both_RR 
the_AT time_NNT1 and_CC the_AT money_NN1 were_VBDR not_XX much_RR more_RR21 
than_RR22 half_DB what_DDQ was_VBDZ required_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II five_MC years_NNT2 ,_, the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO progress_NN1 
would_VM have_VHI had_VHN to_TO be_VBI 4.7_MC \_NULL m_NNU a_AT1 day_NNT1 ;_; 
in_II reality_NN1 they_PPHS2 managed_VVD only_RR 2.5_MC \_NULL m_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 would_VM have_VHI seen_VVN the_AT tunnel_NN1 built_VVD in_RP 
about_RG nine_MC years_NNT2 ,_, with_IW opening_JJ day_NNT1 in_II 1916_MC 
or_CC 1917_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB unforeseen_JJ circumstances_NN2 and_CC events_NN2 
involved_VVD the_AT firm_NNJ in_II heavy_JJ losses_NN2 and_CC eventually_RR 
brought_VVD them_PPHO2 to_II a_AT1 halt_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE troubles_NN2 were_VBDR many_DA2 *-_- increases_NN2 in_II 
wages_NN2 ,_, falling_VVG productivity_NN1 and_CC scarcity_NN1 of_IO good_JJ 
labour_NN1 (_( all_DB attributed_VVD by_II the_AT contractors_NN2 to_II 
union_NN agitators_NN2 )_) ;_; the_AT isolation_NN1 and_CC harsh_JJ 
climate_NN1 of_IO the_AT construction_NN1 sites_NN2 ,_, situated_VVD as_CSA 
they_PPHS2 were_VBDR close_JJ to_II either_DD1 side_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
Southern_NP1 Alps_NP1 ;_; the_AT high_JJ labour_NN1 turnover_NN1 (_( 
estimated_VVN in_II tens_MC2 of_IO thousands_NNO2 of_IO men_NN2 over_II the_AT 
years_NNT2 )_) ;_; and_CC difficult_JJ working_JJ conditions_NN2 in_II the_AT 
tunnel_NN1 which_DDQ made_VVD an_AT1 unpleasant_JJ task_NN1 even_RR more_RGR 
unpleasant_JJ *-_- all_DB these_DD2 were_VBDR factors_NN2 which_DDQ 
escalated_VVD costs_NN2 and_CC slowed_JJ progress_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ considerations_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 excessive_JJ 
drunkenness_NN1 and_CC gambling_VVG among_II sections_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
workforce_NN1 contributed_VVD to_II the_AT low_JJ profile_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
job_NN1 in_II the_AT eyes_NN2 of_IO good_JJ tunnellers_NN2 who_PNQS might_VM 
otherwise_RR have_VHI been_VBN attracted_VVN by_II the_AT high_JJ rates_NN2 
of_IO pay_NN1 offered_VVD ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL To_II what_DDQ extent_NN1 the_AT McLeans_NP1 were_VBDR 
responsible_JJ for_IF the_AT problems_NN2 which_DDQ beset_VVD them_PPHO2 
is_VBZ not_XX clear_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA contractors_NN2 they_PPHS2 had_VHD established_VVN an_AT1 
impressive_JJ reputation_NN1 ,_, having_VHG successfully_RR completed_VVN 
numerous_JJ major_JJ public_NN works_VVZ in_II various_JJ parts_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT country_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 were_VBDR apparently_RR highly_RR thought_VVN of_IO as_CSA 
employers_NN2 ,_, with_IW long_JJ experience_NN1 in_II handling_VVG large_JJ 
numbers_NN2 of_IO men_NN2 ,_, both_DB2 skilled_VVD and_CC unskilled_JJ ,_, 
but_CCB they_PPHS2 were_VBDR probably_RR unprepared_JJ for_IF the_AT two_MC 
major_JJ headaches_NN2 at_II Otira_NP1 *-_- the_AT inherent_JJ difficulty_NN1 
of_IO the_AT work_NN1 and_CC the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO worker_NN1 unrest_NN1 
and_CC agitation_NN1 ._. 

^ *|_NULL ^_NULL Immediately_RR the_AT contract_NN1 was_VBDZ signed_VVN 
Murdoch_NP1 McLean_NP1 left_VVD for_IF overseas_JJ to_TO study_VVI modern_JJ 
tunnelling_JJ methods_NN2 and_CC order_NN1 up-to-date_JJ equipment_NN1 ,_, 
including_II the_AT latest_JJT Ingersoll_NP1 Rand_NP1 air_NN1 drills_VVZ 
from_II New_NP York_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Meanwhile_RR his_APPGE brother_NN1 Neil_NP1 set_VVD about_RP 
establishing_VVG the_AT considerable_JJ facilities_NN2 and_CC 
accommodation_NN1 required_VVN at_II either_DD1 end_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
tunnel_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 house_NN1 was_VBDZ built_VVN for_IF Murdoch_NP1 near_II the_AT 
Otira_NP1 portal_NN1 in_II the_AT Rolleston_NP River_NNL1 ,_, while_CS 
Neil_NP1 chose_VVD for_IF himself_PPX1 a_AT1 site_NN1 among_II the_AT 
trees_NN2 alongside_II Rough_JJ Creek_NN1 in_II the_AT Bealey_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Here_RL he_PPHS1 and_CC his_APPGE wife_NN1 later_RRR hosted_VVD 
numerous_JJ visitors_NN2 ,_, many_DA2 from_II overseas_RL ,_, who_PNQS 
came_VVD to_TO see_VVI the_AT longest_JJT tunnel_NN1 in_II the_AT British_JJ 
Empire_NN1 being_VBG built_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT power_NN1 used_VVN for_IF the_AT project_NN1 was_VBDZ 
generated_VVN by_II the_AT waters_NN2 of_IO Holt_NP1 's_GE Creek_NN1 on_II 
the_AT Otira_NP1 side_NN1 and_CC the_AT Devil_NN1 's_VBZ Punchbowl_NP 
Creek_NNL1 above_II the_AT Bealey_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Each_DD1 developed_VVD 580_MC {_NULL h.p_NNU ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, using_VVG Pelton_NP1 wheels_NN2 connected_VVD to_II dynamos_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 plant_NN1 worked_VVD well_RR except_CS when_CS there_EX 
was_VBDZ insufficient_JJ water_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 the_AT very_RG 
occasional_JJ drought_NN1 ,_, or_CC in_II mid-winter_NNT1 during_II the_AT 
freeze_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT men_NN2 's_GE huts_NN2 at_II Arthur_NP1 's_GE Pass_NN1 
were_VBDR built_VVN on_II the_AT Bealey_NP1 Flat_NN1 ,_, while_CS on_II the_AT 
west_ND1 side_NN1 they_PPHS2 went_VVD on_RP to_II *"_" The_AT Island_NN1 **"_" 
in_II the_AT Rolleston_NP River_NNL1 valley_NN1 close_RR to_II the_AT 
tunnel_NN1 mouth_NN1 ,_, about_RG 5_MC \_NULL km_NNU above_II Otira_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 hundred_NNO and_CC fifty_MC huts_NN2 were_VBDR built_VVN 
there_RL at_II the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO two_MC or_CC three_MC a_AT1 day_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 provided_VVD reasonable_JJ if_CSW somewhat_RR draughty_JJ 
accommodation_NN1 until_CS the_AT night_NNT1 of_IO April_NPM1 15_MC ,_, 
1910_MC ,_, when_CS a_AT1 fearful_JJ gale_NN1 arose_VVD and_CC blew_VVD 
most_DAT of_IO them_PPHO2 away_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Gathering_VVG the_AT remnants_NN2 from_II down_II the_AT valley_NN1 
and_CC re-building_VVG them_PPHO2 took_VVD considerable_JJ time_NNT1 and_CC 
effort_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT cottages_NN2 for_IF married_JJ men_NN2 were_VBDR 
built_VVN in_II Otira_NP1 close_RR to_II the_AT hillside_NN1 *-_- an_AT1 
unfortunate_JJ choice_NN1 as_CSA it_PPH1 happened_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_PN1 particularly_RR wet_JJ day_NNT1 a_AT1 shingle_NN1 slide_NN1 
came_VVD down_RP from_II the_AT mountain_NN1 and_CC engulfed_VVD one_PN1 
with_IW an_AT1 unnecessarily_RR tragic_JJ result_NN1 *-_- a_AT1 man_NN1 
named_VVD Charlie_NP1 Morris_NP1 rushed_VVD back_RP inside_RL for_IF his_APPGE 
wallet_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ killed_VVN when_RRQ the_AT rockfall_NN1 crushed_VVD 
the_AT building_NN1 like_II an_AT1 eggshell_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Early_RR in_II 1908_MC a_AT1 team_NN of_IO men_NN2 went_VVD 
up_RP the_AT Rolleston_NP1 to_II the_AT survey_NN1 site_NN1 chosen_VVN for_IF 
the_AT tunnel_NN1 and_CC cleared_VVN away_RP scrub_NN1 and_CC bush_NN1 from_II 
the_AT entrance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II May_NPM1 5_MC a_ZZ1 public_JJ holiday_NN1 was_VBDZ declared_VVN 
for_IF the_AT ceremony_NN1 of_IO *"_" firing_VVG the_AT first_MD shot_NN1 
**"_" ,_, performed_VVN by_II the_AT Prime_JJ Minister_NN1 ,_, the_AT \_NULL 
Rt_NNB ._. 

^ \_NULL Hon._JJ Sir_NNB Joseph_NP1 Ward_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL About_RG 9_MC \_NULL cm_NNU of_IO rain_NN1 fell_VVD that_DD1 
day_NNT1 and_CC the_AT several_DA2 thousand_NNO people_NN expected_VVD to_TO 
attend_VVI dwindled_JJ to_II a_DD221 few_DD222 hundred_NNO ._. 

^ ^_NULL Only_RR those_DD2 with_IW firm_JJ resolve_NN1 or_CC good_JJ 
umbrellas_NN2 made_VVD it_PPH1 to_II the_AT ceremony_NN1 at_II the_AT 
portal_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Coloured_JJ flags_NN2 and_CC bunting_NN1 with_IW which_DDQ the_AT 
McLeans_NP1 had_VHD festooned_VVN the_AT entrance_NN1 hung_VVD dripping_VVG 
in_II the_AT downpour_NN1 as_CSA Sir_NNB Joseph_NP1 said_VVD his_APPGE 
piece_NN1 ,_, his_APPGE words_NN2 almost_RR drowned_VVD by_II the_AT roar_NN1 
of_IO the_AT flooding_JJ river_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 delegation_NN1 of_IO notables_NN2 from_II Christchurch_NP1 
failed_VVD to_TO arrive_VVI *-_- they_PPHS2 were_VBDR stopped_VVN in_II 
their_APPGE tracks_NN2 by_II the_AT Waimakariri_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unable_JJ to_TO cross_VVI ,_, they_PPHS2 sheltered_VVD in_II the_AT 
Bealey_NP1 Hotel_NNL1 and_CC held_VVD their_APPGE own_DA ceremony_NN1 there_RL 
._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB told_VVD it_PPH1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 depressing_JJ start_NN1 to_II 
the_AT great_JJ project_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Tunnel_NN1 boring_NN1 began_VVD from_II the_AT Rolleston_NP1 
end_NN1 with_IW hand_NN1 drills_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_IW the_AT arrival_NN1 of_IO the_AT Ingersoll_NP1 Rand_NP1 
equipment_NN1 progress_NN1 was_VBDZ stepped_VVN up_RP from_II both_DB2 
ends_NN2 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 was_VBDZ soon_RR apparent_JJ that_CST the_AT 
rate_NN1 of_IO excavation_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX what_DDQ it_PPH1 should_VM 
be_VBI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Serious_JJ trouble_NN1 developed_VVN at_II the_AT Bealey_NP1 end_VV0 
when_RRQ it_PPH1 was_VBDZ found_VVN that_CST the_AT first_MD section_NN1 
was_VBDZ of_IO extremely_RR loose_JJ and_CC unstable_JJ rock_NN1 requiring_VVG 
very_RG heavy_JJ timbering_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 long_JJ period_NN1 of_IO wet_JJ weather_NN1 loosened_VVD 
the_AT overburden_VV0 and_CC caused_VVD the_AT timbers_NN2 to_TO give_VVI 
way_NN1 ,_, imprisoning_VVG 10_MC men_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Continuing_VVG falls_NN2 of_IO rock_NN1 made_VVD rescue_NN1 work_VVI 
hazardous_JJ ,_, but_CCB miraculously_RR all_DB were_VBDR brought_VVN out_RP 
alive_JJ ,_, two_MC of_IO them_PPHO2 after_II an_AT1 entombment_NN1 of_IO 
more_RR21 than_RR22 three_MC days_NNT2 ._. 

^ *|_NULL ^_NULL Tunnel_NN1 boss_NN1 Jim_NP1 McKeich_NP1 first_MD became_VVD 
aware_JJ of_IO trouble_NN1 when_RRQ he_PPHS1 heard_VVD a_AT1 grinding_JJ 
noise_NN1 overhead_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT the_AT timbers_NN2 gave_VVD way_NN1 ,_, rock_NN1 and_CC 
gravel_NN1 poured_VVD down_RP ,_, and_CC a_AT1 heavy_JJ beam_NN1 hit_VVD 
him_PPHO1 on_II the_AT head_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ dragged_VVN out_RP more_RGR dead_JJ than_CSN 
alive_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE son_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS was_VBDZ a_AT1 *"_" carbide_NN1 
boy_NN1 **"_" on_II the_AT job_NN1 ,_, noticed_VVD that_CST his_APPGE 
father_NN1 's_GE false_JJ teeth_NN2 were_VBDR missing_VVG and_CC a_AT1 
wideawake_NN1 helper_NN1 saved_VVD McKeich_NP1 's_GE life_NN1 by_II 
thrusting_VVG a_AT1 pair_NN of_IO blacksmith_NN1 's_VHZ tongs_NN2 down_RP 
his_APPGE throat_NN1 and_CC pulling_VVG out_RP the_AT missing_JJ dentures_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II that_DD1 the_AT victim_NN1 started_VVD breathing_VVG again_RT 
,_, but_CCB spent_VVD the_AT next_MD six_MC weeks_NNT2 in_II hospital_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO the_AT heroes_NN2 of_IO the_AT disaster_NN1 
was_VBDZ George_NP1 Pitts_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS rushed_VVD to_II the_AT scene_NN1 
to_TO find_VVI his_APPGE camp_NN1 mate_NN1 ,_, Claude_NP1 Bray_NP1 ,_, 
almost_RR entirely_RR buried_VVD by_II timber_NN and_CC rock_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 dug_VVD him_PPHO1 out_RP and_CC carried_VVD him_PPHO1 to_II 
safety_NN1 ,_, then_RT returned_VVD to_TO rescue_VVI George_NP1 Beamer_NP1 
and_CC another_DD1 man_NN1 who_PNQS were_VBDR buried_VVN in_II the_AT same_DA 
heap_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Beamer_NP1 was_VBDZ almost_RR free_JJ when_RRQ a_AT1 second_MD 
fall_NN1 trapped_VVD them_PPHO2 all_DB ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Pitts_NP1 ended_VVD up_RP in_II the_AT shape_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
letter_NN1 *"_" U_ZZ1 **"_" with_IW his_APPGE arms_NN2 outstretched_JJ 
behind_II him_PPHO1 ,_, pinned_VVD beneath_II a_AT1 wrecked_JJ truck_NN1 
bearing_VVG heavily_RR on_II his_APPGE body_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_RRQ rescuers_NN2 arrived_VVN ,_, he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ still_RR 
alive_JJ but_CCB the_AT nails_NN2 and_CC skin_NN1 from_II his_APPGE 
fingers_NN2 were_VBDR missing_VVG where_RRQ he_PPHS1 had_VHD scratched_VVN 
away_RP at_II grit_NN1 and_CC rocks_NN2 threatening_VVG to_TO suffocate_VVI 
Beamer_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sadly_RR all_DB was_VBDZ in_RR21 vain_RR22 ;_; Beamer_NP1 died_VVD 
later_RRR in_II Greymouth_NP1 Hospital_NNL1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Eventually_RR all_DB the_AT men_NN2 were_VBDR evacuated_VVN 
except_II two_MC ,_, Doyle_NP1 and_CC Duggan_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS were_VBDR 
trapped_VVN deeper_RRR in_II the_AT tunnel_NN1 beyond_II the_AT fall_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO rescue_VVI them_PPHO2 by_II trying_VVG to_TO clear_VVI a_AT1 
way_NN1 through_II the_AT debris_NN1 was_VBDZ too_RG dangerous_JJ so_CS a_AT1 
side_NN1 entrance_NN1 was_VBDZ excavated_VVN through_II the_AT hill_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS this_DD1 work_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II progress_NN1 ,_, using_VVG 
every_AT1 available_JJ man_NN1 ,_, the_AT prisoners_NN2 were_VBDR supplied_VVN 
with_IW food_NN1 ,_, hot_JJ drinks_NN2 ,_, clothing_NN1 and_CC blankets_NN2 
through_II the_AT compressed_JJ air_NN1 pipe_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Eighty-six_MC hours_NNT2 later_RRR they_PPHS2 were_VBDR brought_VVN 
out_RP through_II the_AT emergency_NN1 exit_NN1 to_II the_AT cheers_NN2 of_IO 
their_APPGE waiting_JJ workmates_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 touching_JJ reunion_NN1 between_II Doyle_NP1 
and_CC his_APPGE sister_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS had_VHD maintained_VVN a_AT1 
ceaseless_JJ vigil_NN1 at_II the_AT tunnel_NN1 throughout_II the_AT ordeal_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX were_VBDR other_JJ fatalities_NN2 ,_, mainly_RR at_II 
the_AT Otira_NP1 end_NN1 ,_, where_RRQ two_MC men_NN2 were_VBDR killed_VVN 
by_II misadventure_NN1 while_CS firing_VVG charges_NN2 ,_, and_CC four_MC 
by_II being_VBG run_VVN over_RP or_CC crushed_VVD by_II engines_NN2 or_CC 
trucks_NN2 in_II the_AT tunnel_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 was_VBDZ killed_VVN at_II Bealey_NP1 when_RRQ his_APPGE 
coat_NN1 was_VBDZ caught_VVN up_RP in_II some_DD machinery_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR the_AT McLeans_NP1 found_VVD themselves_PPX2 involved_JJ 
in_II tragedy_NN1 ,_, although_CS not_XX in_II31 connection_II32 with_II33 
the_AT work_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Murdoch_NP1 McLean_NP1 's_GE son_NN1 Glenallan_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 young_JJ 
lawyer_NN1 from_II Wellington_NP1 ,_, came_VVD to_TO visit_VVI his_APPGE 
father_NN1 one_MC1 day_NNT1 in_II November_NPM1 ,_, 1910_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Next_MD morning_NNT1 while_CS edging_VVG forward_RL to_TO view_VVI 
the_AT Rolleston_NP1 gorge_NN1 scenery_NN1 ,_, close_JJ by_II the_AT house_NN1 
,_, he_PPHS1 slipped_VVD over_RP a_AT1 precipice_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ 
killed_VVN instantly_RR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II fact_NN1 the_AT whole_JJ decade_NNT1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 
tragic_JJ one_PN1 for_IF the_AT McLean_NP1 family_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Old_JJ John_NP1 ,_, the_AT firm_NNJ 's_GE founder_NN1 ,_, died_VVD 
shortly_RR before_II the_AT Otira_NP1 job_NN1 started_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC of_IO Glenallan_NP1 's_GE brothers_NN2 were_VBDR killed_VVN 
in_II the_AT Great_JJ War_NN1 ,_, and_CC Murdoch_NP1 himself_PPX1 died_VVD 
of_IO cancer_NN1 in_II 1917_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE death_NN1 broke_VVD a_AT1 very_RG close_JJ family_NN 
unit_NN1 ._. 

^ *|_NULL ^_NULL As_II time_NNT1 passed_VVD the_AT difficulty_NN1 in_II 
securing_VVG a_AT1 skilled_JJ labour_NN1 force_NN1 gradually_RR sounded_VVD 
the_AT death_NN1 knell_NN1 of_IO the_AT contract_NN1 as_RR21 well_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT job_NN1 was_VBDZ never_RR fully_RR manned_JJ and_CC many_DA2 
of_IO the_AT thousands_NNO2 who_PNQS came_VVD and_CC went_VVD ,_, 
attracted_VVN by_II the_AT high_JJ wages_NN2 ,_, were_VBDR only_JJ 
drifters_NN2 and_CC drunkards_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT booze_NN1 problem_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX too_RG serious_JJ in_II 
the_AT earlier_JJR stages_NN2 when_RRQ James_NP1 O'Malley_NP1 held_VVD the_AT 
licences_NN2 of_IO all_DB three_MC local_JJ hotels_NN2 *-_- the_AT 
Terminus_NN1 at_II Otira_NP1 ,_, the_AT Gorge_NN1 at_II the_AT mouth_NN1 of_IO 
Otira_NP1 Gorge_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT Bealey_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 good_JJ keeper_NN1 ,_, but_CCB when_RRQ 
he_PPHS1 sold_VVD the_AT Gorge_NN1 Hotel_NNL1 there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 
change_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT new_JJ man_NN1 cared_VVD for_IF nothing_PN1 but_CCB liquor_NN1 
sales_NN2 and_CC soon_RR a_AT1 combination_NN1 of_IO heavy_JJ drinking_NN1 
and_CC gambling_VVG (_( mainly_RR two-up_MC )_) required_VVD extra_JJ 
police_NN2 at_II Otira_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT ready_JJ availability_NN1 of_IO explosives_NN2 also_RR 
caused_VVD the_AT local_JJ constable_NN1 much_DA1 concern_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Several_DA2 incidents_NN2 were_VBDR recorded_VVN ,_, such_II21 
as_II22 the_AT blasting_JJ open_JJ of_IO the_AT Otira_NP1 railway_NN1 safe_JJ 
and_CC removal_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE contents_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II another_DD1 a_AT1 group_NN who_PNQS were_VBDR offended_VVN 
by_II the_AT smell_NN1 from_II a_AT1 neighbour_NN1 's_VHZ *"_" little_DA1 
house_NN1 **"_" blew_VVD it_PPH1 up_RP *-_- fortunately_RR there_EX was_VBDZ 
nobody_PN1 inside_RL at_II the_AT time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II one_MC1 case_NN1 an_AT1 alcoholic_JJ and_CC his_APPGE 
drunken_JJ friends_NN2 ,_, refused_JJ entry_NN1 by_II his_APPGE wife_NN1 ,_, 
blew_VVD the_AT back_NN1 door_NN1 and_CC porch_NN1 off_II his_APPGE house_NN1 
;_; in_II yet_RR another_DD1 a_AT1 resident_NN1 who_PNQS suspected_VVD a_AT1 
neighbour_NN1 of_IO stealing_VVG from_II his_PPGE neatly_RR sawn_JJ stack_NN1 
of_IO firewood_NN1 blocks_VVZ bored_JJ holes_NN2 in_II some_DD of_IO 
them_PPHO2 and_CC hid_VVD detonators_NN2 therein_RR ,_, masking_VVG the_AT 
holes_NN2 with_IW sawdust_NN1 paste_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC days_NNT2 later_RRR the_AT neighbour_NN1 's_VBZ stove_NN1 
blew_VVD out_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR the_AT constable_NN1 suffered_VVD when_RRQ he_PPHS1 grew_VVD 
too_RG officious_JJ in_II his_APPGE duties_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 night_NNT1 when_RRQ he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ away_RL 
investigating_VVG alleged_JJ sly-grogging_JJ someone_PN1 blew_VVD the_AT 
back_NN1 off_RP his_APPGE house_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ regarded_VVN as_II a_AT1 more_RGR serious_JJ 
offence_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 locomotive_NN1 driver_NN1 called_VVN Brandy_NN1 
Jack_NP1 was_VBDZ charged_VVN by_II the_AT police_NN2 ,_, but_CCB the_AT 
Christchurch_NP1 jury_NNJ found_VVD him_PPHO1 *"_" not_XX guilty_JJ **"_" 
and_CC he_PPHS1 returned_VVD home_RL in_II triumph_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Most_DAT of_IO the_AT workers_NN2 were_VBDR a_AT1 transient_JJ 
lot_NN ,_, staying_VVG only_RR a_AT1 few_DA2 weeks_NNT2 or_CC even_RR a_DD221 
few_DD222 days_NNT2 ,_, then_RT moving_VVG on_RP again_RT ,_, unable_JJ to_TO 
accept_VVI the_AT hard_JJ work_NN1 required_VVN of_IO them_PPHO2 ,_, or_CC 
the_AT climate_NN1 ,_, or_CC the_AT isolation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rainfall_NP1 at_II Otira_NP1 was_VBDZ close_JJ to_II 500_MC \_NULL 
cm_NNU a_AT1 year_NNT1 and_CC sometimes_RT the_AT work_NN1 in_II the_AT 
tunnel_NN1 was_VBDZ equally_RR wet_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT higher_JJR atmosphere_NN1 at_II Bealey_NP1 Flat_NN1 
the_AT cold_NN1 was_VBDZ often_RR intense_JJ ,_, with_IW deep_JJ snow_NN1 
on_II the_AT ground_NN1 ,_, and_CC workers_NN2 coming_VVG on_II shift_NN1 
were_VBDR pleased_JJ to_TO get_VVI into_II the_AT slightly_RR warmer_JJR 
tunnel_NN1 ._. 

^ *|_NULL ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 time_NNT1 of_IO industrial_JJ unrest_NN1 in_II 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, union_NN organisers_NN2 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO them_PPHO2 
Australians_NN2 ,_, were_VBDR singing_VVG the_AT praises_NN2 of_IO red_JJ 
flags_NN2 and_CC workers_NN2 '_GE rights_NN2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 350+TEXT+J56_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Meanwhile_RR ,_, despite_II this_DD1 debate_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
land_NN1 guarantee_NN1 was_VBDZ being_VBG interpreted_VVN in_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 through_II the_AT implementation_NN1 of_IO pre-emption_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL From_II the_AT foundation_NN1 of_IO the_AT colony_NN1 ,_, 
it_PPH1 was_VBDZ officially_RR acknowledged_VVN in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 
that_DD1 ownership_NN1 of_IO all_DB land_NN1 was_VBDZ vested_JJ in_II the_AT 
Maori_JJ people_NN ,_, and_CC in_II return_NN1 the_AT Crown_NN1 had_VHD the_AT 
sole_JJ right_NN of_IO buying_VVG Maori_JJ land_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Both_DB2 points_NN2 were_VBDR covered_VVN in_II the_AT treaty_NN1 
's_GE second_MD article_NN1 in_II the_AT English_JJ text_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hobson_NP1 ,_, knowing_VVG that_DD1 complete_JJ control_NN1 over_II 
all_DB land_NN1 transactions_NN2 was_VBDZ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT government_NN 
's_GE plan_NN1 ,_, followed_VVD up_RP the_AT treaty_NN1 by_II making_VVG 
the_AT necessary_JJ land_NN1 ordinances_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Land_NN1 for_IF settlement_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO be_VBI bought_VVN at_II 
a_AT1 low_JJ price_NN1 from_II Maori_NP1 and_CC sold_VVN at_II a_AT1 high_JJ 
price_NN1 to_II settlers_NN2 ,_, the_AT profits_NN2 to_TO be_VBI expended_VVN 
on_II further_JJR development_NN1 and_CC emigration_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT aim_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO minimise_VVI imperial_JJ government_NN 
costs_NN2 and_CC to_TO make_VVI the_AT colony_NN1 as_RG financially_RR 
self-sufficient_JJ as_CSA possible_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT concept_NN1 of_IO the_AT government_NN as_II the_AT 
sole_JJ purchaser_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE land_NN1 was_VBDZ completely_RR new_JJ 
to_II the_AT Maori_JJ people_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Until_CS 1840_MC they_PPHS2 had_VHD been_VBN accustomed_VVN to_II 
dealing_VVG freely_RR with_IW their_APPGE land_NN1 ,_, and_CC that_CST 
they_PPHS2 were_VBDR prepared_VVN to_TO restrict_VVI this_DD1 freedom_NN1 
by_II agreeing_VVG to_II the_AT pre-emptive_JJ clause_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
treaty_NN1 is_VBZ surprising_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Did_VDD they_PPHS2 fully_RR grasp_VVI that_CST the_AT government_NN 
was_VBDZ going_VVGK to_TO be_VBI the_AT sole_JJ purchaser_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Or_CC did_VDD they_PPHS2 think_VVI that_CST they_PPHS2 had_VHD 
promised_VVN merely_RR to_TO give_VVI the_AT government_NN the_AT first_MD 
offer_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL And_CC did_VDD they_PPHS2 realise_VVI that_CST if_CS the_AT Crown_NN1 
did_VDD not_XX wish_VVI ,_, or_CC was_VBDZ unable_JJ ,_, to_TO buy_VVI ,_, 
then_RT the_AT land_NN1 could_VM not_XX be_VBI offered_VVN to_II any_DD 
other_JJ interested_JJ party_NN whatsoever_DDQV ?_? 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT Maori_JJ text_NN1 of_IO the_AT treaty_NN1 simply_RR 
referred_VVN to_II giving_VVG the_AT Crown_NN1 the_AT *'_" hokonga_NN1 **'_" 
(_( the_AT buying_NN1 and_CC selling_VVG ,_, or_CC the_AT trade_NN1 )_) in_II 
land_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hobson_NP1 and_CC the_AT Colonial_JJ Office_NN1 unquestionably_RR 
intended_VVN to_TO obtain_VVI the_AT sole_JJ right_NN of_IO purchasing_VVG 
Maori_JJ land_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR confident_JJ that_CST the_AT treaty_NN1 
conferred_VVD this_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT treaty_NN1 negotiations_NN2 suggest_VV0 ,_, however_RR ,_, 
that_CST the_AT exclusive_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO pre-emption_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX 
always_RR clearly_RR understood_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nor_CC did_VDD Maori_NP1 grasp_VVI the_AT financial_JJ 
constraints_NN2 that_DD1 pre-emption_NN1 might_VM bring_VVI ;_; it_PPH1 
was_VBDZ presented_VVN ,_, it_PPH1 seems_VVZ ,_, either_RR as_CSA a_ZZ1 
benefit_VV0 to_TO be_VBI gained_VVN or_CC as_II a_AT1 minor_JJ concession_NN1 
in_II31 return_II32 for_II33 the_AT guarantee_NN1 of_IO complete_JJ Maori_JJ 
ownership_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Maori_JJ understanding_NN1 ,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 at_II 
Waitangi_NP1 ,_, was_VBDZ possibly_RR restricted_VVN by_II inadequate_JJ 
explanations_NN2 ,_, by_II absence_NN1 from_II the_AT meeting_NN1 of_IO 5_MC 
February_NPM1 when_CS pre-emption_NN1 was_VBDZ explained_VVN ,_, or_CC even_RR 
by_II a_AT1 chief_NN1 's_GE momentary_JJ cat-nap_NN1 at_II the_AT critical_JJ 
time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Henry_NP1 Williams_NP1 ,_, questioned_VVD later_RRR on_RP his_APPGE 
explanation_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ non-commital_JJ :_: *'_" ^_NULL The_AT chiefs_NN2 
wishing_VVG to_TO sell_VVI any_DD portion_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE lands_NN2 ,_, 
shall_VM give_VVI to_II the_AT Queen_NN1 the_AT right_NN of_IO pre-emption_NN1 
of_IO their_APPGE lands_NN2 ._. 

^ **'_" ^_NULL Colenso_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 critical_JJ observer_NN1 at_II 
Waitangi_NP1 ,_, was_VBDZ more_RGR informative_JJ ,_, noting_VVG that_CST 
a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO chiefs_NN2 did_VDD not_XX fully_RR understand_VVI 
pre-emption_JJ ,_, an_AT1 impression_NN1 left_VVD ,_, too_RR ,_, with_IW 
another_DD1 onlooker_NN1 ,_, William_NP1 Brodie_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT meeting_NN1 ,_, only_RR Moka_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS 
queried_VVD the_AT restrictions_NN2 placed_VVN on_II Pakeha_NP1 ,_, 
demonstrated_VVD any_DD grasp_NN1 of_IO pre-emption_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Immediately_RR after_II the_AT signing_NN1 ,_, Colenso_NP1 cited_VVD 
the_AT chief_JJ Hara_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS had_VHD offered_VVN land_NN1 to_II 
individual_NN1 ,_, would-be_JJ purchasers_NN2 since_CS the_AT signing_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hara_NP1 had_VHD indignantly_RR defended_VVN his_APPGE customary_JJ 
right_NN1 to_TO deal_VVI with_IW his_APPGE lands_NN2 as_CSA he_PPHS1 
pleased_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Yet_RR a_AT1 Paihia_NP1 chief_NN1 ,_, Tamati_NP1 Wiremu_NP1 ,_, 
seems_VVZ to_TO have_VHI appreciated_VVN that_CST the_AT right_NN of_IO 
purchase_NN1 rested_VVD solely_RR with_IW the_AT Crown_NN1 for_CS he_PPHS1 
appealed_VVD to_II the_AT governor_NN1 in_II March_NPM1 1840_MC to_TO put_VVI 
a_AT1 halt_NN1 to_II overtures_NN2 still_RR being_VBG made_VVN by_II 
individual_JJ Pakeha_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Tirarau_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS went_VVD to_II the_AT Bay_NN1 of_IO 
Islands_NN2 to_TO sign_VVI the_AT treaty_NN1 in_II early_JJ May_NPM1 1840_MC 
,_, was_VBDZ to_TO refer_VVI to_II Hobson_NP1 two_MC weeks_NNT2 later_RRR 
for_IF clarification_NN1 on_II the_AT very_JJ matter_NN1 of_IO pre-emption_NN1 
,_, but_CCB down_II the_AT west_ND1 coast_NN1 at_II Kawhia_NP1 ,_, 
Whiteley_NP1 was_VBDZ adamant_JJ that_CST Maori_JJ signatories_NN2 there_EX 
had_VHD fully_RR understood_VVN that_CST they_PPHS2 were_VBDR to_TO sell_VVI 
to_II the_AT Crown_NN1 alone_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_PN31 good_PN32 deal_PN33 depended_VVD on_II the_AT 
negotiator_NN1 involved_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Bunbury_NP1 reported_VVD clearly_RR on_II the_AT explanations_NN2 
he_PPHS1 gave_VVD on_II his_APPGE trip_NN1 south_ND1 in_II May-June_NP1 
1840_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II Coromandel_NP1 and_CC Tauranga_NP1 ,_, Maori_NP1 were_VBDR 
told_VVN that_CST the_AT government_NN wanted_VVD to_TO *'_" check_VVI 
their_APPGE imprudently_RR selling_VVG their_APPGE lands_NN2 ,_, without_IW 
sufficiently_RR benefiting_VVG themselves_PPX2 or_CC obtaining_VVG a_AT1 
fair_JJ equivalent_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Pre-emption_NN1 was_VBDZ *'_" intended_VVN equally_RR for_IF 
their_APPGE benefit_NN1 ,_, and_CC to_TO encourage_VVI industrious_JJ white_JJ 
men_NN2 to_TO settle_VVI amongst_II them_PPHO2 **'_" ,_, to_TO share_VVI 
their_APPGE skills_NN2 with_IW Maori_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rather_II21 than_II22 allowing_VVG large_JJ areas_NN2 of_IO land_NN1 
to_TO be_VBI alienated_VVN to_II absentee_NN1 speculators_NN2 who_PNQS 
would_VM not_XX benefit_VVI Maori_NP1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ better_JJR for_IF 
the_AT Queen_NN1 to_TO buy_VVI their_APPGE lands_NN2 herself_PPX1 *'_" at_II 
a_AT1 juster_JJR valuation_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Henry_NP1 Williams_NP1 also_RR seems_VVZ to_TO have_VHI 
justified_JJ pre-emption_NN1 as_II a_AT1 protection_NN1 against_II land_NN1 
speculation_NN1 ,_, for_CS he_PPHS1 reported_VVD that_CST chiefs_NN2 to_II 
the_AT south_ND1 of_IO Cook_NP Strait_NNL1 and_CC up_RP the_AT coast_NN1 to_II 
Wanganui_NP1 were_VBDR *'_" gratified_VVN that_CST a_AT1 check_NN1 was_VBDZ 
put_VVN to_II the_AT importunities_NN2 of_IO the_AT Europeans_NN2 to_II the_AT 
purchase_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE lands_NN2 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Williams_NP1 and_CC his_APPGE fellow_JJ missionaries_NN2 had_VHD 
been_VBN apprehensive_JJ of_IO the_AT encroachments_NN2 of_IO land_NN1 
purchasers_NN2 well_RR before_II Hobson_NP1 's_GE arrival_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Since_CS most_DAT of_IO the_AT treaty_NN1 negotiators_NN2 were_VBDR 
missionaries_NN2 or_CC ,_, as_CSA in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO Henry_NP1 's_GE 
son_NN1 ,_, Edward_NP1 ,_, closely_RR associated_VVN with_IW them_PPHO2 ,_, 
it_PPH1 seems_VVZ reasonable_JJ to_TO conclude_VVI that_CST the_AT general_JJ 
sense_NN1 conveyed_VVD in_II explaining_VVG pre-emption_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 
protective_JJ one_PN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ quite_RG likely_JJ that_CST negotiators_NN2 did_VDD 
not_XX realise_VVI the_AT full_JJ significance_NN1 of_IO pre-emption_NN1 ;_; 
Hobson_NP1 may_VM not_XX have_VHI widely_RR publicised_VVN the_AT financial_JJ 
provisions_NN2 for_IF the_AT colony_NN1 and_CC the_AT part_NN1 that_DD1 
pre-emption_NN1 would_VM play_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Maori_JJ attitudes_NN2 to_II pre-emption_NN1 depended_VVD 
a_PN31 good_PN32 deal_PN33 on_II their_APPGE particular_JJ circumstances_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT southern_JJ districts_NN2 ,_, Maori_NP1 were_VBDR 
eager_JJ to_TO secure_VVI government_NN assistance_NN1 in_II dealing_VVG 
with_IW the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 Company_NNJ settlers_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR 
exerting_VVG every_AT1 means_NN in_II their_APPGE power_NN1 ,_, not_XX 
excluding_VVG force_NN1 ,_, to_TO lay_VVI claim_NN1 to_II lands_NN2 which_DDQ 
Maori_NP1 considered_VVD they_PPHS2 had_VHD never_RR sold_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 does_VDZ not_XX seem_VVI to_TO have_VHI occurred_VVN to_II 
Maori_NP1 to_TO question_VVI whether_CSW the_AT government_NN had_VHD sole_JJ 
right_NN of_IO purchase_NN1 or_CC only_JJ first_MD offer_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ southern_JJ Maori_NP1 needed_VVD was_VBDZ government_NN 
protection_NN1 ;_; with_IW considerable_JJ patience_NN1 ,_, those_DD2 in_II 
the_AT Port_NNL1 Nicholson_NP area_NN1 appealed_VVD to_II the_AT governor_NN1 
by_II letter_NN1 and_CC by_II deputation_NN1 to_TO settle_VVI their_APPGE 
difficulties_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL By_II contrast_NN1 ,_, although_CS a_AT1 great_JJ deal_NN1 
of_IO land_NN1 in_II the_AT north_ND1 had_VHD been_VBN alienated_VVN before_II 
1840_MC ,_, some_DD Maori_JJ were_VBDR initially_RR not_XX averse_JJ to_II 
selling_VVG more_RRR and_CC saw_VVD in_II this_DD1 an_AT1 immediate_JJ 
benefit_NN1 from_II the_AT treaty_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 of_IO the_AT major_JJ chiefs_NN2 in_II the_AT Bay_NN1 of_IO 
Islands_NN2 and_CC Hokianga_NP1 districts_NN2 quickly_RR made_VVN land_NN1 
offers_NN2 to_II Hobson_NP1 in_II 1840_MC ;_; by_II early_JJ May_NPM1 ,_, 
he_PPHS1 noted_VVD *'_" much_DA1 impatience_NN1 and_CC discontent_NN1 **'_" 
among_II potential_JJ land_NN1 sellers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Symonds_NP1 confirmed_VVD this_DD1 ;_; Maori_NP1 had_VHD even_RR 
eased_VVN off_II work_NN1 in_II anticipation_NN1 of_IO sales_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hobson_NP1 ,_, though_CS ,_, was_VBDZ in_II no_AT position_NN1 to_TO 
take_VVI up_RP more_DAR land_NN1 in_II the_AT north_ND1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Apart_II21 from_II22 inadequate_JJ funding_NN1 for_IF setting_VVG 
up_RP a_AT1 small_JJ colonial_JJ administration_NN ,_, his_APPGE financial_JJ 
problems_NN2 were_VBDR compounded_VVN by_II the_AT decision_NN1 to_TO 
shift_VVI the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO government_NN to_II the_AT Waitemata_NP1 
early_RR in_II 1841_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 required_VVD extensive_JJ purchases_NN2 at_II Auckland_NP1 
in_II 1840_MC ,_, and_CC forced_VVD him_PPHO1 to_TO refuse_VVI northern_JJ 
land_NN1 offers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Northern_NP1 Maori_NP1 were_VBDR naturally_RR disappointed_JJ ,_, 
and_CC a_AT1 reaction_NN1 against_II pre-emption_NN1 came_VVD to_II 
government_NN notice_VV0 in_II December_NPM1 1841_MC at_II the_AT Bay_NN1 
of_IO Islands_NN2 and_CC in_II 1843_MC at_II Kaitaia_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT drying-up_NN1 of_IO the_AT accustomed_JJ revenue_NN1 from_II 
land_NN1 sales_NN2 contributed_VVD substantially_RR to_II the_AT tensions_NN2 
that_CST climaxed_VVD in_II the_AT war_NN1 of_IO 1844_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Where_CS land_NN1 sales_NN2 did_VDD take_VVI place_NN1 ,_, 
as_CSA at_II Auckland_NP1 ,_, Maori_NP1 rapidly_RR realised_VVD the_AT 
extent_NN1 to_II which_DDQ the_AT government_NN was_VBDZ benefiting_VVG 
from_II the_AT margin_NN1 between_II purchase_NN1 and_CC re-sale_NN1 
prices_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II the_AT time_NNT1 FitzRoy_NP1 arrived_VVD in_II December_NPM1 
1843_MC ,_, Waikato_NP1 and_CC Ngati_NP1 Whatua_NP1 chiefs_NN2 were_VBDR 
convinced_VVN that_CST the_AT pre-emption_JJ clause_NN1 was_VBDZ unfair_JJ 
and_CC should_VM be_VBI reconsidered_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ngati_NP1 Whatua_NP1 representatives_NN2 appealed_VVD to_II 
FitzRoy_NP1 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL Waikato_NP1 supported_VVD 
this_DD1 view_NN1 ,_, and_CC shrewdly_RR countered_VVD the_AT usual_JJ 
explanation_NN1 of_IO pre-emption_NN1 as_II protection_NN1 against_II 
speculators_NN2 by_II pointing_VVG out_RP it_PPH1 was_VBDZ the_AT 
government_NN itself_PPX1 that_CST wanted_VVD extensive_JJ land_NN1 blocks_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Settlers_NN2 usually_RR required_VVN only_RR small_JJ tracts_NN2 
which_DDQ Maori_NP1 were_VBDR generally_RR willing_JJ to_TO alienate_VVI to_TO 
encourage_VVI Pakeha_NP1 to_TO live_VVI among_II them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL FitzRoy_NP1 was_VBDZ aware_JJ that_CST settler_NN1 
influence_NN1 was_VBDZ responsible_JJ ,_, at_RR21 least_RR22 in_II part_NN1 
,_, for_IF encouraging_VVG these_DD2 complaints_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Maori_NP1 had_VHD been_VBN *'_" repeatedly_RR told_VVN **'_" that_CST 
they_PPHS2 had_VHD given_VVN the_AT Queen_NN1 the_AT *'_" hokonga_NN1 **'_" 
only_RR ,_, and_CC that_CST in_II the_AT Maori_JJ text_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
treaty_NN1 this_DD1 did_VDD not_XX constitute_VVI a_AT1 cession_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT *'_" sole_JJ and_CC exclusive_JJ right_NN of_IO purchase_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 had_VHD also_RR been_VBN told_VVN that_DD1 pre-emption_NN1 
was_VBDZ incompatible_JJ with_IW article_NN1 three_MC of_IO the_AT treaty_NN1 
by_II which_DDQ Maori_NP1 were_VBDR supposed_JJ to_TO enjoy_VVI all_DB the_AT 
rights_NN2 and_CC privileges_NN2 of_IO British_JJ subjects_NN2 ,_, but_CCB ,_, 
as_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR unable_JJ to_TO dispose_VVI 
freely_RR of_IO their_APPGE own_DA lands_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 article_NN1 was_VBDZ 
not_XX effective_JJ *-_- they_PPHS2 were_VBDR *'_" no_AT better_JJR than_CSN 
slaves_NN2 (_( taurekareka_NN1 )_) taken_VVN in_RP war_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS 
have_VH0 not_XX the_AT disposal_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE own_DA lands_NN2 ,_, 
while_CS occupied_VVN by_II their_APPGE conquerors_NN2 *'_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT press_NN was_VBDZ partly_RR responsible_JJ for_IF 
stirring_VVG up_RP Maori_JJ unease_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 steady_JJ campaign_NN1 against_II pre-emption_NN1 had_VHD 
been_VBN waged_VVN for_IF almost_RR six_MC months_NNT2 before_II FitzRoy_NP1 
's_GE arrival_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II June_NPM1 1843_MC ,_, the_AT *1_NULL Southern_NP1 Cross_NP1 
*0_NULL had_VHD complained_VVN about_II the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO 
pre-emption_NN1 on_II the_AT Maori_JJ :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL 
In_II August_NPM1 ,_, the_AT paper_NN1 shifted_VVD its_APPGE attack_NN1 to_II 
the_AT treaty_NN1 as_II a_AT1 whole_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 printed_VVD the_AT *'_" official_JJ **'_" English_JJ 
treaty_NN1 text_NN1 of_IO 1840_MC alongside_II what_DDQ it_PPH1 called_VVD 
a_AT1 *'_" literal_JJ and_CC true_JJ translation_NN1 **'_" *-_- a_ZZ1 
close_VV0 rendering_VVG in_II English_NN1 of_IO the_AT Maori_JJ text_NN1 
that_CST most_DAT chiefs_NN2 had_VHD signed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT main_JJ purpose_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 stratagem_NN1 was_VBDZ 
to_TO cast_VVI doubt_NN1 on_II the_AT validity_NN1 of_IO the_AT entire_JJ 
agreement_NN1 :_: the_AT Maori_JJ people_NN could_VM not_XX have_VHI given_VVN 
their_APPGE *'_" intelligent_JJ **'_" consent_NN1 to_II the_AT treaty_NN1 ,_, 
as_CSA required_VVN by_II Normanby_NP1 ,_, because_CS they_PPHS2 had_VHD 
not_XX fully_RR understood_VVN its_APPGE terms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS the_AT newspaper_NN1 showed_VVD that_CST Maori_NP1 
perhaps_RR had_VHN a_AT1 different_JJ understanding_NN1 from_II the_AT one_MC1 
intended_VVD in_II the_AT English_JJ text_NN1 of_IO 1840_MC ,_, it_PPH1 
did_VDD not_XX suggest_VVI that_CST Pakeha_NP1 might_VM take_VVI this_DD1 
into_II consideration_NN1 and_CC acknowledge_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 was_VBDZ 
the_AT Maori_JJ text_NN1 that_CST had_VHD been_VBN negotiated_VVN and_CC 
signed_VVN in_II that_DD1 year_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT emphasis_NN1 was_VBDZ placed_VVN instead_RR on_II the_AT 
uselessness_NN1 of_IO the_AT treaty_NN1 to_TO meet_VVI settler_NN1 needs_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT *'_" valid_JJ **'_" treaty_NN1 was_VBDZ assumed_VVN to_TO 
be_VBI the_AT English_JJ version_NN1 ,_, regardless_RR of_IO what_DDQ 
Maori_NP1 had_VHD signed_VVN or_CC understood_VVD ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT newspaper_NN1 campaign_NN1 ,_, backed_VVN by_II 
representations_NN2 from_II Maori_NP1 and_CC Pakeha_NP1 ,_, was_VBDZ 
sufficient_JJ to_TO persuade_VVI FitzRoy_NP1 that_CST the_AT government_NN 
would_VM have_VHI to_TO make_VVI some_DD adjustment_NN1 to_II pre-emption_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA FitzRoy_NP1 confessed_VVD to_II Stanley_NP1 ,_, the_AT 
facts_NN2 of_IO the_AT Maori_JJ case_NN1 went_VVD far_RR to_TO support_VVI 
their_APPGE assertions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS Maori_NP1 agreed_VVD to_II the_AT pre-emption_JJ clause_NN1 
,_, they_PPHS2 naturally_RR expected_VVN that_DD1 government_NN would_VM 
buy_VVI Maori_JJ land_NN1 when_CS it_PPH1 was_VBDZ offered_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Given_VVN the_AT official_JJ arguments_NN2 of_IO protection_NN1 
against_II speculation_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ also_RR reasonable_JJ for_IF 
Maori_JJ to_TO anticipate_VVI that_CST the_AT government_NN would_VM give_VVI 
a_AT1 fair_JJ price_NN1 for_IF land_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Neither_DD1 of_IO these_DD2 expectations_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN 
fulfilled_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Knowing_VVG that_CST the_AT government_NN was_VBDZ making_VVG a_AT1 
profit_NN1 from_II land_NN1 sales_NN2 ,_, Maori_NP1 offered_VVD new_JJ 
land_NN1 at_II an_AT1 increased_JJ price_NN1 which_DDQ FitzRoy_NP1 found_VVD 
to_TO be_VBI *'_" wholly_RR out_II21 of_II22 the_AT question_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT government_NN could_VM not_XX consider_VVI new_JJ offers_NN2 
in_II any_DD case_NN1 ,_, for_IF it_PPH1 still_RR had_VHN unsold_JJ land_NN1 
deriving_VVG from_II adjustments_NN2 made_VVN with_IW early_JJ settlers_NN2 
and_CC with_IW the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 Company_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Maori_NP1 ,_, unable_JJ to_TO sell_VVI at_RR21 all_RR22 ,_, or_CC 
asked_VVD to_TO sell_VVI at_II a_AT1 price_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ palpably_RR 
unfair_JJ ,_, justifiably_RR felt_VVD betrayed_VVD by_II the_AT workings_NN2 
of_IO pre-emption_NN1 and_CC ,_, as_II a_AT1 result_NN1 ,_, by_II the_AT 
treaty_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Since_CS the_AT Colonial_JJ Office_NN1 had_VHD allowed_VVN 
FitzRoy_NP1 to_TO exercise_VVI some_DD discretion_NN1 with_II31 regard_II32 
to_II33 pre-emption_NN1 ,_, he_PPHS1 decided_VVD to_TO waive_VVI the_AT 
restriction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Under_II the_AT first_MD waiver_NN1 of_IO March_NPM1 1844_MC ,_, 
individuals_NN2 could_VM buy_VVI direct_JJ from_II Maori_NP1 on_II 
condition_NN1 that_CST a_AT1 fee_NN1 of_IO 10/-_FO an_AT1 acre_NNU1 was_VBDZ 
paid_VVN to_II the_AT government_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Certain_JJ areas_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 pa_NN1 and_CC sacred_JJ 
places_NN2 ,_, were_VBDR to_TO be_VBI withheld_VVN from_II sale_NN1 and_CC 
the_AT details_NN2 of_IO each_DD1 sale_NN1 had_VHD to_TO be_VBI 
scrutinised_VVN by_II Protectors_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II the_AT following_JJ October_NPM1 ,_, however_RR ,_, such_DA 
a_AT1 small_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO land_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN sold_VVN that_CST 
FitzRoy_NP1 decided_VVD to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT government_NN fee_NN1 to_II 
1_MC1 \_NULL d_ZZ1 an_AT1 acre_NNU1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Under_II the_AT first_MD waiver_NN1 ,_, about_RG 600_MC acres_NNU2 
changed_JJ hands_NN2 ;_; under_II the_AT second_NNT1 ,_, 100,000_MC acres_NNU2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL When_CS announcing_VVG the_AT waivers_NN2 ,_, FitzRoy_NP1 
had_VHD taken_VVN care_VV0 to_TO stress_VVI that_CST the_AT aim_NN1 of_IO 
pre-emption_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN to_TO protect_VVI Maori_JJ interests_NN2 *-_- 
to_TO check_VVI the_AT purchase_NN1 of_IO Maori_JJ lands_NN2 while_CS 
their_APPGE value_NN1 was_VBDZ insufficiently_RR known_VVN to_II their_APPGE 
owners_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 appeared_VVN to_II the_AT settlers_NN2 at_II Port_NNL1 
Nicholson_NP to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 deliberate_JJ misrepresentation_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT real_JJ purpose_NN1 of_IO the_AT measure_NN1 ,_, to_II which_DDQ 
they_PPHS2 drew_VVD Stanley_NP1 's_GE attention_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA Stanley_NP1 well_RR knew_VVD ,_, they_PPHS2 noted_VVD ,_, 
the_AT real_JJ object_NN1 of_IO pre-emption_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO apply_VVI in_II 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 the_AT principles_NN2 of_IO sound_NN1 colonisation_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 351+TEXT+J57_FO **]_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL The_AT Correspondence_NN1 School_NNL1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL On_II 12_MC January_NPM1 1922_MC ,_, Miss_NNB 
Janet_NP1 McKenzie_NP1 was_VBDZ appointed_VVN to_TO take_VVI charge_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT first_MD state_NN1 correspondence_NN1 classes_NN2 ,_, from_II a_AT1 
room_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 desk_NN1 in_II the_AT government_NN buildings_NN2 in_II 
Wellington_NP1 (_( Forde_NP1 ,_, 1947_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II 1929_MC the_AT School_NN1 was_VBDZ teaching_VVG 
approximately_RR 800_MC pupils_NN2 in_II the_AT primary_JJ department_NNJ 
and_CC 100_MC in_II the_AT secondary_JJ department_NNJ instituted_VVD in_II 
February_NPM1 of_IO that_DD1 year_NNT1 ,_, and_CC had_VHD 17_MC teaching_NN1 
staff_NN (_( Butchers_NP1 ,_, 1930_MC :_: 332_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT development_NN1 of_IO the_AT Correspondence_NN1 
School_NNL1 reflected_VVD political_JJ concern_NN1 for_IF rural_JJ votes_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Before_II 1945_MC ,_, New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE electoral_JJ 
system_NN1 operated_VVD a_AT1 country_NN1 quota_NN1 scheme_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 
percentage_NN1 being_VBG added_VVN to_II the_AT population_NN1 in_II rural_JJ 
electorates_NN2 in_II consideration_NN1 of_IO the_AT isolation_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT rural_JJ community_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT three_MC main_JJ political_JJ parties_NN2 in_II the_AT 
1920s_MC2 (_( Reform_NN1 ,_, Liberal_JJ ,_, and_CC Labour_JJ )_) were_VBDR 
all_DB aware_JJ of_IO the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO the_AT rural_JJ vote_NN1 :_: 
*'_" ^_NULL The_AT comfort_NN1 of_IO the_AT people_NN and_CC the_AT power_NN1 
of_IO the_AT politicians_NN2 alike_RR depended_VVD upon_II the_AT farmers_NN2 
(_( and_CC )_) nearly_RR all_DB politicians_NN2 paid_VVD prior_JJ 
attention_NN1 to_II their_APPGE welfare_NN1 and_CC their_APPGE votes_NN2 ._. 

^ **'_" (_( Oliver_NP1 ,_, 1960_MC :_: 159_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT Parliamentary_JJ debates_NN2 of_IO the_AT early_JJ 
1920s_MC2 show_NN1 a_ZZ1 demand_VV0 for_IF more_RGR rural_JJ schools_NN2 
and_CC a_AT1 concern_NN1 on_II41 the_II42 part_II43 of_II44 politicians_NN2 
to_TO meet_VVI this_DD1 demand_NN1 (_( Morris_NP1 ,_, 1982_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 occurred_VVD at_II a_AT1 time_NNT1 of_IO falling_VVG 
produce_NN1 and_CC land_NN1 prices_NN2 ,_, the_AT development_NN1 of_IO 
dairying_VVG in_II new_JJ farming_NN1 areas_NN2 in_II the_AT North_NP 
Island_NP1 ,_, and_CC increased_VVD rural-urban_JJ migration_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Several_DA2 {_NULL M.P_NP ._. 

^ }_NULL s_ZZ1 argued_VVD that_CST people_NN were_VBDR leaving_VVG country_NN1 
districts_NN2 partly_RR because_II21 of_II22 the_AT disgraceful_JJ 
conditions_NN2 of_IO many_DA2 rural_JJ schools_NN2 and_CC the_AT limited_JJ 
chance_NN1 *'_" backblocks_NN2 **'_" people_NN had_VHD of_IO giving_VVG 
their_APPGE children_NN2 a_AT1 good_JJ education_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Inadequate_JJ buildings_NN2 and_CC the_AT limited_JJ supply_NN1 of_IO 
teachers_NN2 were_VBDR identified_VVN as_II the_AT major_JJ problems_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Minister_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 ,_, {_NULL C.J._NP }_NULL 
Parr_NP1 ,_, responded_VVN by_II claiming_VVG that_CST *'_" the_AT 
Department_NNJ was_VBDZ anxious_JJ not_XX merely_RR to_TO act_VVI justly_RR 
,_, but_CCB even_RR generously_RR towards_II rural_JJ children_NN2 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Parr_NP1 himself_PPX1 visited_VVD some_DD of_IO the_AT remote_JJ 
areas_NN2 *'_" to_TO wrestle_VVI with_IW this_DD1 problem_NN1 and_CC get_VVI 
to_II grips_NN2 with_IW it_PPH1 **'_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II 1921_MC ,_, while_CS defending_VVG cuts_NN2 in_II 
educational_JJ spending_NN1 ,_, Parr_NP1 still_RR maintained_VVD that_CST 
nonetheless_RR *'_" the_AT claims_NN2 of_IO small_JJ country_NN1 schools_NN2 
and_CC those_DD2 of_IO the_AT backblock_NN1 settlers_NN2 would_VM receive_VVI 
special_JJ consideration_NN1 **'_" ;_; a_AT1 statement_NN1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ 
greeted_VVN with_IW applause_NN1 in_II the_AT House_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Teachers_NN2 added_VVD their_APPGE voices_NN2 to_II the_AT demand_NN1 
for_IF improved_JJ rural_JJ school_NN1 facilities_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Articles_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 *'_" Shack_NP1 Schools_NN2 back_NN1 
of_IO beyond_NN1 ._. 

^ A_AT1 country_NN1 teacher_NN1 's_VBZ protest_NN1 **'_" (_( *1_NULL 
National_JJ Education_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL 2_MC February_NPM1 1920_MC )_) ,_, 
painted_VVN a_AT1 stark_JJ picture_NN1 of_IO teaching_VVG in_II *'_" an_AT1 
old_JJ abandoned_JJ shack_NN1 with_IW the_AT thermometer_NN1 at_II thirty_MC 
one_MC1 degrees_NN2 (_( \_NULL F_ZZ1 )_) ...._... impossible_JJ to_TO 
write_VVI ..._... impossible_JJ to_TO sit_VVI still_RR longer_RRR than_CSN 
five_MC minutes_NNT2 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Teachers_NN2 in_II the_AT remoter_JJR rural_JJ areas_NN2 tended_VVD 
to_TO be_VBI young_JJ ,_, inexperienced_JJ and_CC poorly_RR qualified_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1920_MC ,_, Parr_NP1 admitted_VVD that_CST many_DA2 of_IO 
the_AT backblocks_NN2 teachers_NN2 *'_" had_VHD scarcely_RR more_DAR 
education_NN1 than_CSN the_AT sixth_MD standard_NN1 at_II primary_JJ 
school_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Salary_NN1 increases_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 special_JJ remote_JJ 
allowance_NN1 made_VVD conditions_NN2 somewhat_RR more_RRR inviting_VVG in_II 
the_AT rural_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 continued_VVD to_TO be_VBI 
generally_RR looked_VVN upon_II by_II teachers_NN2 as_II a_AT1 stepping_JJ 
stone_NN1 to_II a_AT1 better_JJR post_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT economic_JJ downturn_NN1 in_II 1921_MC made_VVD it_PPH1 
difficult_JJ for_IF Parr_NP1 to_TO implement_VVI his_APPGE earlier_JJR 
promises_NN2 to_TO improve_VVI rural_JJ schooling_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Teaching_VVG at_II a_AT1 distance_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN tried_VVN 
earlier_RRR ,_, with_IW household_NN1 schools_NN2 and_CC itinerant_JJ 
teachers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Now_RT ,_, in_II 1922_MC ,_, the_AT Government_NNJ tried_VVD 
correspondence_NN1 education_NN1 *'_" as_II a_AT1 last_MD resort_NN1 in_II 
its_APPGE attempts_NN2 to_TO provide_VVI better_JJR rural_JJ education_NN1 
**'_" (_( Morris_NP1 ,_, 1982_MC :_: 31_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT Correspondence_NN1 School_NNL1 
's_GE first_MD year_NNT1 of_IO operation_NN1 ,_, Parr_NP1 was_VBDZ already_RR 
claiming_VVG it_PPH1 to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 successful_JJ experiment_NN1 :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL Correspondence_NN1 schooling_NN1 was_VBDZ 
also_RR economic_JJ ,_, being_VBG demonstrably_RR cheaper_JJR than_CSN 
providing_VVG scattered_JJ small_JJ schools_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1925_MC each_DD1 Correspondence_NN1 School_NNL1 pupil_NN1 
cost_NN1 *+_NULL 3-10_MCMC shillings_NN2 ,_, while_CS each_DD1 pupil_NN1 at_II 
a_AT1 Grade_NN1 0_MC school_NN1 (_( attendance_NN1 1-8_MCMC )_) cost_VV0 
*+_NULL 15_MC *'_" per_II unit_NN1 of_IO average_JJ attendance_NN1 **'_" (_( 
*1_NULL {_NULL AJHR_NN1 }_NULL ;_; *0_NULL 1925_MC ,_, \_NULL E1:15_FO )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II the_AT policy_NN1 of_IO consolidation_NN1 of_IO small_JJ 
rural_JJ schools_NN2 continued_VVN ,_, the_AT Correspondence_NN1 School_NNL1 
expanded_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Its_APPGE effectiveness_NN1 and_CC economy_NN1 led_VVD ,_, after_CS 
some_DD years_NNT2 of_IO uncertainty_NN1 ,_, to_II the_AT school_NN1 being_VBG 
made_VVN permanent_JJ in_II 1931_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Today_RT ,_, with_IW some_DD 20,000_MC students_NN2 enrolled_VVN ,_, 
it_PPH1 remains_VVZ an_AT1 integral_JJ and_CC important_JJ part_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT state_NN1 education_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL The_AT District_NN1 High_JJ Schools_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL As_CSA Nash_NP1 (_( 1983_MC :_: 111_MC )_) 
observes_VVZ ,_, a_AT1 dominant_JJ theme_NN1 in_II rural_JJ secondary_JJ 
education_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL Most_RGT 
progressive_JJ innovations_NN2 in_II rural_JJ education_NN1 attempt_VV0 to_TO 
forge_VVI closer_JJR links_NN2 between_II schools_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE 
local_JJ communities_NNJ2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Introduced_VVN in_II the_AT face_NN1 of_IO considerable_JJ 
opposition_NN1 ,_, almost_RR all_DB have_VH0 failed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT rural_JJ communities_NNJ2 of_IO the_AT Third_MD 
World_NN1 ,_, attempts_VVZ to_TO introduce_VVI a_AT1 curriculum_NN1 in_II 
locally_RR relevant_JJ knowledge_NN1 have_VH0 consistently_RR failed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Instead_RR ,_, the_AT educational_JJ systems_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
developing_JJ countries_NN2 are_VBR frequently_RR more_RGR academic_JJ ,_, 
urban-oriented_JJ and_CC elitist_NN1 than_CSN their_APPGE Western_JJ 
counterparts_NN2 (_( Dore_NP1 ,_, 1976_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 district_NN1 high_JJ schools_NN2 illustrate_VV0 
this_DD1 process_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT establishment_NN in_II 1869_MC in_II Otago_NP1 of_IO 
secondary_JJ departments_NNJ2 in_II four_MC rural_JJ schools_NN2 reflected_VVD 
the_AT Scottish_JJ system_NN1 of_IO parish_NN1 schools_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ 
aimed_VVD to_TO enable_VVI the_AT academically_RR talented_JJ pupils_NN2 to_TO 
gain_VVI a_AT1 secondary_JJ and_CC university_NN1 education_NN1 (_( Thom_NP1 
,_, 1950_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS the_AT 1877_MC Education_NN1 Act_NN1 gave_VVD 
Education_NN1 Boards_NNJ2 the_AT power_NN1 to_TO establish_VVI district_NN1 
high_JJ schools_NN2 ,_, the_AT initial_JJ development_NN1 of_IO such_DA 
schools_NN2 was_VBDZ slow_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II 1899_MC there_EX were_VBDR only_RR 14_MC district_NN1 high_JJ 
schools_NN2 ,_, predominantly_RR in_II the_AT South_NP Island_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE curriculum_NN1 was_VBDZ largely_RR academic_JJ :_: 
English_JJ ,_, Latin_NN1 ,_, French_NN1 ,_, algebra_NN1 ,_, mathematics_NN1 
,_, Euclid_NP1 and_CC geography_NN1 were_VBDR the_AT core_NN1 subjects_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 general_RR22 no_AT science_NN1 was_VBDZ taught_VVN ,_, and_CC 
few_DA2 practical_JJ subjects_NN2 were_VBDR included_VVN in_II the_AT 
curriculum_NN1 ._. 

^ (_( ^_NULL One_MC1 school_NN1 offered_VVD book-keeping_NN1 and_CC land_NN1 
surveying_VVG and_CC another_DD1 agriculture_NN1 ._. )_) 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 situation_NN1 was_VBDZ largely_RR due_II21 to_II22 
the_AT District_NN1 High_JJ Schools_NN2 quickly_RR becoming_VVG caught_VVN 
up_RP in_II the_AT pervasive_JJ influence_NN1 of_IO credentialism_NN1 in_II 
the_AT school_NN1 system_NN1 (_( ^_NULL See_VV0 Chapter_NN1 5_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Civil_JJ Service_NN1 Reform_NN1 Act_NN1 (_( 1886_MC )_) 
reflected_VVD the_AT strong_JJ popular_JJ (_( and_CC political_JJ )_) 
desire_VV0 to_TO ensure_VVI equality_NN1 of_IO educational_JJ opportunity_NN1 
for_IF rural_JJ children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Liberal_JJ Premier_JJ Stout_NN1 ,_, the_AT author_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
Act_NN1 ,_, stated_VVD that_CST the_AT examination_NN1 syllabus_NN1 would_VM 
be_VBI drawn_VVN up_RP so_CS21 that_CS22 *'_" pupils_NN2 of_IO the_AT town_NN1 
secondary_JJ schools_NN2 shall_VM not_XX have_VHI all_DB the_AT advantages_NN2 
..._... competitors_NN2 in_II the_AT country_NN1 districts_NN2 shall_VM 
have_VHI an_AT1 equal_JJ chance_NN1 with_IW them_PPHO2 **'_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_CSA secondary_JJ education_NN1 extended_VVN after_II 
1901_MC ,_, the_AT number_NN1 of_IO district_NN1 high_JJ schools_NN2 
increased_VVD rapidly_RR ,_, from_II 13_MC in_II 1900_MC to_II 54_MC in_II 
1904_MC ,_, and_CC 61_MC in_II 1915_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL George_NP1 Hogben_NP1 ,_, the_AT Inspector-General_NN1 of_IO 
Schools_NN2 from_II 1899_MC to_II 1915_MC ,_, wanted_VVD the_AT new_JJ 
schools_NN2 to_TO develop_VVI a_AT1 more_RGR practical_JJ curriculum_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Through_II special_JJ capitulation_NN1 grants_NN2 (_( under_II 
regulations_NN2 gazetted_VVD in_II 1909_MC )_) ,_, the_AT Department_NNJ 
encouraged_VVD schools_NN2 to_TO offer_VVI rural_JJ courses_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Nevertheless_RR ,_, the_AT traditional_JJ subjects_NN2 remained_VVD 
firmly_RR entrenched_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1917_MC the_AT Department_NNJ tried_VVD to_TO reinforce_VVI 
its_APPGE curriculum_NN1 policy_NN1 by_II requiring_VVG district_NN1 high_JJ 
schools_NN2 with_IW fewer_DAR than_CSN 70_MC pupils_NN2 to_TO teach_VVI 
agriculture_NN1 and_CC dairying_VVG to_II boys_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB the_AT schools_NN2 remained_VVD under_II constant_JJ 
pressure_NN1 from_II the_AT middle_NN1 and_CC lower_JJR middle_JJ class_NN1 
sections_NN2 of_IO the_AT community_NNJ to_TO offer_VVI courses_NN2 
leading_VVG to_II University_NN1 Entrance_NN1 (_( Matriculation_NN1 )_) ,_, 
and_CC the_AT regulations_NN2 were_VBDR largely_RR ignored_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT 1940s_MC2 saw_VVD a_AT1 renewed_JJ effort_NN1 to_TO 
stimulate_VVI rural_JJ education_NN1 in_II the_AT face_NN1 of_IO increased_JJ 
urbanisation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT provision_NN1 of_IO agricultural_JJ courses_NN2 was_VBDZ 
regarded_VVN as_CS likely_JJ to_TO help_VVI stabilise_NN1 the_AT rural_JJ 
population_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Thomas_NP1 Report_NN1 and_CC the_AT revised_JJ School_NN1 
Certificate_NN1 (_( 1945_MC )_) enabled_VVD pupils_NN2 to_TO study_VVI 
dairying_VVG ,_, horticulture_NN1 ,_, agriculture_NN1 ,_, and_CC animal_NN1 
husbandry_NN1 to_II School_NN1 Certificate_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS the_AT curriculum_NN1 status_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 subjects_NN2 
was_VBDZ thus_RR raised_VVN ,_, the_AT number_NN1 of_IO pupils_NN2 
studying_VVG agricultural_JJ subjects_NN2 reached_VVD its_APPGE highest_JJT 
point_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB because_II21 of_II22 increased_JJ urbanisation_NN1 in_II 
the_AT 1950s_MC2 ,_, the_AT attraction_NN1 of_IO agricultural_JJ subjects_NN2 
was_VBDZ short-lived_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Wild_JJ Report_NN1 of_IO 1958_MC showed_VVD that_CST only_RR 
17_MC of_IO the_AT 104_MC district_NN1 high_JJ schools_NN2 still_RR taught_JJ 
agriculture_NN1 ,_, although_CS a_AT1 third_MD still_RR offered_JJ 
horticulture_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL What_DDQ the_AT experience_NN1 of_IO the_AT District_NN1 
High_JJ Schools_NN2 illustrates_VVZ ,_, therefore_RR ,_, is_VBZ the_AT 
intertwining_NN1 of_IO academic_JJ curricula_NN2 ,_, school_NN1 
credentials_NN2 ,_, and_CC social_JJ reproduction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA Nash_NP1 puts_VVZ it_PPH1 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL (_( 
Nash_NP1 ,_, 1983_MC :_: 112_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_II rural_JJ parents_NN2 ,_, school_NN1 credentials_NN2 
represented_VVD cultural_JJ capital_NN1 enabling_VVG their_APPGE children_NN2 
to_TO share_VVI in_II the_AT opportunities_NN2 for_IF further_JJR 
education_NN1 and_CC white_JJ collar_NN1 jobs_NN2 available_JJ to_II urban_JJ 
children_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL (_( Campbell_NP1 ,_, 1941_MC :_: 119-120_MCMC )_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Underlying_JJ this_DD1 parental_JJ demand_NN1 was_VBDZ an_AT1 
implicit_JJ acceptance_NN1 of_IO the_AT Platonic_JJ distinction_NN1 between_II 
*'_" pure_JJ **'_" and_CC *'_" applied_JJ **'_" knowledge_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 
distinction_NN1 which_DDQ provides_VVZ a_AT1 *'_" common_JJ sense_NN1 **'_" 
underpinning_NN1 of_IO the_AT division_NN1 of_IO labour_NN1 (_( Apple_NN1 ,_, 
1979_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT development_NN1 of_IO the_AT District_NN1 High_JJ 
School_NN1 ,_, the_AT Correspondence_NN1 School_NNL1 ,_, and_CC the_AT 
rural_JJ primary_JJ schools_NN2 illustrates_VVZ how_RGQ political_JJ 
pressure_NN1 from_II rural_JJ communities_NNJ2 has_VHZ interacted_VVN with_IW 
state_NN1 policy_NN1 in_II shaping_VVG attempts_NN2 to_TO provide_VVI 
equality_NN1 of_IO educational_JJ opportunity_NN1 for_IF rural_JJ children_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Despite_II the_AT general_JJ decline_NN1 in_II rural_JJ services_NN2 
,_, New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE rural_JJ primary_JJ schools_NN2 are_VBR today_RT 
well_RR equipped_VVN ,_, and_CC their_APPGE teachers_NN2 well_RR trained_VVN 
and_CC supported_VVN by_II many_DA2 professional_JJ services_NN2 (_( Nash_NP1 
,_, 1983_MC :_: 109_MC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL SCHOOLING_VVG IN_II THE_AT CITY_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Grace_NP1 (_( 1984_MC )_) usefully_RR surveys_VVZ 
the_AT American_JJ and_CC British_JJ writing_NN1 on_II urban_JJ education_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT literature_NN1 has_VHZ grown_VVN rapidly_RR since_CS the_AT 
early_JJ 1960s_MC2 ,_, partly_RR because_II21 of_II22 a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO 
contemporary_JJ malaise_NN1 about_II urban_JJ development_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE 
attendant_JJ problems_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Racial_JJ unrest_NN1 and_CC urban_JJ riots_NN2 ,_, with_IW 
their_APPGE basis_NN1 in_II inner_JJ city_NN1 problems_NN2 of_IO housing_NN1 
,_, employment_NN1 ,_, health_NN1 and_CC education_NN1 ,_, have_VH0 
focused_VVN attention_NN1 on_II the_AT contribution_NN1 of_IO schools_NN2 
to_II alleviating_VVG this_DD1 situation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Despite_II the_AT considerable_JJ work_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ been_VBN 
undertaken_VVN ,_, however_RR ,_, Grace_NP1 concludes_VVZ that_CST urban_JJ 
education_NN1 as_II a_AT1 field_NN1 of_IO study_NN1 in_II the_AT United_NP 
States_NP1 has_VHZ been_VBN inadequately_RR theorised_VVN ,_, its_APPGE *'_" 
mode_NN1 of_IO inquiry_NN1 dominated_VVD by_II various_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO 
abstracted_JJ empiricism_NN1 or_CC by_II micro-institutional_JJ studies_NN2 
**'_" ,_, and_CC has_VHZ lacked_VVN an_AT1 historical_JJ dimension_NN1 (_( 
Grace_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC :_: 17_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Similar_JJ criticisms_NN2 he_PPHS1 claimed_VVD also_RR applied_VVN 
to_II the_AT British_JJ literature_NN1 on_II urban_JJ education_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Various_JJ definitions_NN2 of_IO *'_" urban_JJ education_NN1 
**'_" derive_VV0 from_II particular_JJ social_JJ theories_NN2 (_( Grace_NP1 
,_, 1984_MC :_: 34-35_MCMC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Within_II the_AT general_JJ theoretical_JJ approach_NN1 adopted_VVD 
here_RL (_( Chapter_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ,_, urban_JJ education_NN1 becomes_VVZ 
the_AT study_NN1 of_IO the_AT distribution_NN1 of_IO resources_NN2 in_II 
urban_JJ schooling_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 distribution_NN1 determined_VVN by_II the_AT 
conflicts_NN2 of_IO social_JJ ,_, political_JJ and_CC ethnic_JJ interest_NN1 
groups_NN2 in_II the_AT city_NN1 (_( and_CC the_AT wider_JJR society_NN )_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 process_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO struggle_NN1 and_CC 
contestation_NN1 ;_; in_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, the_AT field_NN1 of_IO 
urban_JJ working_JJ class_NN1 schooling_NN1 is_VBZ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
(_( Grace_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC :_: 35_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA we_PPIS2 have_VH0 seen_VVN earlier_RRR ,_, this_DD1 
involves_VVZ the_AT development_NN1 of_IO schooling_VVG with_IW an_AT1 
emphasis_NN1 on_II its_APPGE social_JJ control_NN1 aspects_NN2 and_CC 
its_APPGE role_NN1 in_II legitimating_VVG (_( through_II the_AT curriculum_NN1 
,_, {_NULL IQ_NN1 }_NULL testing_VVG ,_, and_CC credentialism_NN1 )_) 
particular_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO cultural_JJ capital_NN1 ,_, thereby_RR 
providing_VVG differential_JJ access_NN1 to_II the_AT labour_NN1 market_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_CSA McCulloch_NP1 (_( 1985a_MC :_: 51_MC )_) has_VHZ 
pointed_VVN out_RP :_: *'_" ^_NULL Urban_JJ history_NN1 has_VHZ begun_VVN 
to_TO develop_VVI strongly_RR in_II this_DD1 country_NN1 ,_, but_CCB thus_RR 
far_RR the_AT social_JJ and_CC political_JJ roles_NN2 of_IO urban_JJ 
education_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN little_RR investigated_VVN ._. 

^ **'_" ^_NULL Any_DD attempt_NN1 to_TO begin_VVI to_TO develop_VVI a_AT1 
history_NN1 of_IO urban_JJ education_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 would_VM 
need_VVI to_TO absorb_VVI the_AT existing_JJ mass_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 
Board_NNJ and_CC school_NN1 histories_NN2 ,_, systematising_VVG these_DD2 
with_II31 reference_II32 to_II33 crucial_JJ issues_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 
the_AT enforcement_NN1 of_IO attendance_NN1 ,_, local_JJ versus_II central_JJ 
control_NN1 ,_, community_NNJ access_NN1 ,_, and_CC provision_NN1 for_IF 
minority/_FO disadvantaged_JJ groups_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 issues_NN2 would_VM need_VVI to_TO be_VBI addressed_VVN 
within_II the_AT broader_JJR context_NN1 of_IO urban_JJ development_NN1 :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL (_( Tyack_NP1 ,_, 1974_MC :_: 29_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Accordingly_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 need_VV0 New_NP Zealand_NP1 
studies_NN2 along_II the_AT lines_NN2 of_IO Katz_NP1 's_GE work_NN1 on_II 
Hamilton_NP1 ,_, Ontario_NP1 (_( 1975_MC )_) and_CC Parsons_NP1 '_GE study_NN1 
of_IO Carbrook_NP1 in_II Sheffield_NP1 (_( Parsons_NP1 ,_, 1978_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA work_NN1 frequently_RR usefully_RR combines_VVZ 
quantitative_JJ analysis_NN1 (_( particularly_RR of_IO census_NN1 data_NN )_) 
,_, documentary_NN1 analysis_NN1 ,_, and_CC oral_JJ histories_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Given_VVN the_AT paucity_NN1 of_IO historical_JJ work_NN1 ,_, 
our_APPGE discussion_NN1 here_RL concentrates_VVZ on_II more_RGR recent_JJ 
aspects_NN2 of_IO urban_JJ schooling_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 :_: 
demographic_JJ changes_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE effects_NN2 on_II schooling_VVG 
;_; the_AT schooling_NN1 of_IO Pacific_NP1 Islanders_NN2 ,_, as_II an_AT1 
example_NN1 of_IO the_AT special_JJ character_NN1 and_CC needs_NN2 of_IO 
urban_JJ ethnic_JJ minorities_NN2 ;_; community_NNJ access_NN1 to_II 
schooling_NN1 (_( zoning_VVG ,_, adult_JJ students_NN2 )_) ,_, and_CC the_AT 
related_JJ issue_NN1 of_IO community_NNJ control_NN1 of_IO schools_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Each_DD1 of_IO these_DD2 developments_NN2 or_CC issues_NN2 is_VBZ 
not_XX unique_JJ to_TO New_NP Zealand_NP1 (_( see_VV0 Grace_NP1 ,_, 1984_MC 
)_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Demographic_JJ changes_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Three_MC trends_NN2 stand_VV0 out_RP here_RL :_: 
changes_NN2 in_II population_NN1 growth_NN1 and_CC structure_NN1 ,_, 
continuing_VVG urbanisation_NN1 and_CC the_AT development_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
plural_JJ society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Each_DD1 of_IO these_DD2 has_VHZ considerable_JJ implications_NN2 
for_IF the_AT education_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL Population_NN1 growth_NN1 and_CC structure_NN1 ^_NULL 
*0_NULL Population_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 key_JJ variable_NN1 in_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 's_GE future_JJ policy_NN1 options_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 detailed_JJ knowledge_NN1 of_IO the_AT dynamics_NN of_IO the_AT 
country_NN1 's_VBZ population_NN1 is_VBZ vital_JJ for_IF the_AT 
development_NN1 of_IO policy_NN1 in_II fields_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 labour_NN1 
market_NN1 planning_NN1 ,_, the_AT allocation_NN1 of_IO resources_NN2 (_( 
including_II welfare_NN1 benefits_NN2 )_) ,_, regional_JJ development_NN1 ,_, 
housing_VVG ,_, and_CC political_JJ demand_NN1 for_IF services_NN2 ,_, 
including_II schooling_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Researchers_NP1 ,_, planners_NN2 and_CC policy_NN1 makers_NN2 
have_VH0 in_II recent_JJ years_NNT2 paid_VVD considerable_JJ attention_NN1 
to_II changes_NN2 in_II the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 population_NN1 (_( see_VV0 
Johnston_NP1 ,_, 1982_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC population_NN1 trends_NN2 have_VH0 particular_JJ 
implications_NN2 for_IF education_NN1 :_: a_AT1 continued_JJ downward_JJ 
trend_NN1 in_II birth_NN1 rate_NN1 (_( although_CS potential_NN1 for_IF 
population_NN1 growth_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR quite_RG substantial_JJ )_) ;_; 
and_CC a_AT1 changing_JJ age_NN1 structure_NN1 :_: the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT population_NN1 in_II the_AT young_JJ dependent_JJ age_NN1 groups_NN2 
has_VHZ decreased_VVN ,_, while_CS that_DD1 of_IO the_AT elderly_JJ has_VHZ 
increased_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Ingham_NP1 (_( Renwick_NP1 and_CC Ingham_NP1 1974_MC )_) 
overviewed_VVD pre-1970_JJ attempts_NN2 to_TO discern_VVI future_JJ trends_NN2 
in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE school_NN1 populations_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
indicated_VVD some_DD of_IO the_AT difficulties_NN2 involved_VVN ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 352+TEXT+J58_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Compulsory_JJ attendance_NN1 did_VDD not_XX apply_VVI to_II 
any_DD child_NN1 whose_DDQGE home_NN1 was_VBDZ more_RR21 than_RR22 two_MC 
miles_NNU2 from_II school_NN1 until_II 1901_MC ,_, when_CS the_AT 
exemption_NN1 was_VBDZ restricted_VVN to_II a_AT1 child_NN1 under_RG ten_MC 
who_PNQS had_VHD to_TO walk_VVI more_RR21 than_RR22 two_MC miles_NNU2 
between_II home_NN1 and_CC school_NN1 ,_, or_CC between_II home_NN1 and_CC 
local_JJ public_JJ transport_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Children_NN2 over_RG ten_MC years_NNT2 of_IO age_NN1 were_VBDR 
similarly_RR exempted_VVN if_CSW they_PPHS2 had_VHD to_TO walk_VVI more_RR21 
than_RR22 three_MC miles_NNU2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT Liberals_NN2 '_GE education_NN1 reforms_NN2 also_RR 
brought_VVD Maori_NP1 and_CC handicapped_JJ children_NN2 under_II closer_JJR 
supervision_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Whereas_CS the_AT 1877_MC Act_NN1 had_VHD provided_VVN for_IF 
neither_DD1 ,_, the_AT 1894_MC Act_NN1 made_VVD Maori_JJ children_NN2 
subject_II21 to_II22 the_AT same_DA general_JJ provisions_NN2 and_CC 
exemptions_NN2 as_CSA European_JJ children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Powers_NN2 for_IF dealing_VVG with_IW truant_JJ children_NN2 
and/or_CC their_APPGE parents/_FO guardian_NN1 were_VBDR also_RR increased_VVN 
in_II the_AT measures_NN2 of_IO 1894_MC and_CC 1901_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL School_NN1 inspectors_NN2 would_VM still_RR find_VVI evidence_NN1 
that_CST parents_NN2 were_VBDR *'_" treating_VVG their_APPGE children_NN2 
's_GE education_NN1 as_II a_AT1 thing_NN1 of_IO minor_JJ importance_NN1 **'_" 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Parliamentarians_NN2 would_VM still_RR argue_VVI over_II the_AT 
right_NN of_IO the_AT state_NN1 to_TO compel_VVI parents_NN2 to_TO do_VDI 
without_IW their_APPGE children_NN2 's_GE assistance_NN1 during_II school_NN1 
hours_NNT2 ,_, but_CCB with_IW the_AT 1901_MC School_NN1 Attendance_NN1 
Act_NN1 making_VVG compulsory_JJ attendance_NN1 up_RG21 to_RG22 14_MC 
years_NNT2 of_IO age_NN1 ,_, the_AT growing_JJ social_JJ unacceptability_NN1 
of_IO youthful_JJ bread-winners_NN2 was_VBDZ reinforced_VVN by_II 
educational_JJ enactment_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL During_II the_AT Liberal_JJ era_NN1 ,_, considerable_JJ 
legislative_JJ attention_NN1 was_VBDZ given_VVN to_II another_DD1 group_NN 
of_IO children_NN2 whose_DDQGE welfare_NN1 appeared_VVD to_TO be_VBI at_II 
risk_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Under_II the_AT terms_NN2 of_IO the_AT 1867_MC Neglected_JJ and_CC 
Criminal_JJ Children_NN2 Act_VV0 and_CC the_AT 1882_MC Industrial_JJ 
Schools_NN2 Act_VV0 there_RL was_VBDZ statutory_JJ provision_NN1 for_IF 
infants_NN2 to_TO be_VBI placed_VVN in_II some_DD form_NN1 of_IO 
institutional_JJ care_NN1 if_CSW necessary_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Children_NN2 's_GE Protection_NN1 Act_NN1 of_IO 1890_MC 
allowed_VVD the_AT police_NN2 to_TO intervene_VVI in_II cases_NN2 of_IO 
wilful_JJ ill-treatment_NN1 ,_, neglect_NN1 ,_, abandonment_NN1 or_CC 
exposure_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 child_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT problem_NN1 remained_VVD 
of_IO trying_VVG to_TO secure_VVI appropriate_JJ conditions_NN2 in_II 
which_DDQ very_RG young_JJ children_NN2 could_VM be_VBI cared_VVN for_IF ._. 

^ ^_NULL Conditions_NN2 at_II such_DA institutions_NN2 as_CSA Caversham_NP1 
Industrial_JJ School_NN1 were_VBDR not_XX designed_VVN for_IF infants_NN2 ,_, 
and_CC disease_NN1 and_CC mortality_NN1 rates_NN2 were_VBDR high_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT move_NN1 to_II fostering_NN1 inaugurated_VVD by_II the_AT 
1882_MC Industrial_JJ Schools_NN2 Act_VV0 provided_CS improved_JJ 
conditions_NN2 for_IF children_NN2 in_II state_NN1 care_NN1 but_CCB the_AT 
fate_NN1 of_IO many_DA2 infants_NN2 left_VVN to_II neighbourhood_NN 
resources_NN2 was_VBDZ often_RR appalling_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT embryonic_JJ free_JJ kindergarten_NN1 movement_NN1 provided_CS 
some_DD relief_NN1 for_IF working_VVG mothers_NN2 desperate_JJ for_IF some_DD 
reliable_JJ form_NN1 of_IO daytime_NNT1 supervision_NN1 of_IO infants_NN2 
but_CCB most_RRT at_II risk_NN1 were_VBDR illegitimate_JJ or_CC unwanted_JJ 
infants_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT isolated_JJ cases_NN2 of_IO baby-farming_NN1 which_DDQ 
received_VVD public_JJ attention_NN1 through_II police_NN2 prosecution_NN1 
aroused_VVD expressions_NN2 of_IO indignation_NN1 and_CC shame_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Not_XX until_II 1893_MC was_VBDZ police_NN2 agitation_NN1 for_IF 
greater_JJR powers_NN2 to_TO deal_VVI with_IW this_DD1 problem_NN1 
successful_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Infant_NN1 Life_NN1 Protection_NN1 Act_NN1 aimed_VVD to_TO 
eliminate_VVI the_AT situation_NN1 whereby_RRQ children_NN2 *'_" either_RR 
by_II advertisement_NN1 or_CC otherwise_RR are_VBR placed_VVN in_II most_DAT 
unsuitable_JJ homes_NN2 ,_, where_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ perfectly_RR well_RR 
understood_VVN that_CST the_AT sooner_RRR the_AT child_NN1 dies_VVZ the_AT 
better_JJR pleased_JJ all_DB concerned_JJ will_VM be_VBI **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II the_AT celebrated_JJ murder_NN1 trial_NN1 of_IO Minnie_NP1 
Dean_NP1 revealed_VVD ,_, however_RR ,_, the_AT 1893_MC legislation_NN1 
was_VBDZ not_XX sufficiently_RR rigorous_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT new_JJ Infant_NN1 Life_NN1 Protection_NN1 Act_NN1 of_IO 
1896_MC ,_, therefore_RR ,_, covered_JJ infants_NN2 up_II21 to_II22 the_AT 
age_NN1 of_IO four_MC years_NNT2 and_CC required_VVD all_DB prospective_JJ 
care-givers_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE homes_NN2 to_TO be_VBI subject_II21 to_II22 
close_JJ scrutiny_NN1 before_II a_AT1 licence_NN1 was_VBDZ granted_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Full_JJ records_NN2 had_VHD to_TO be_VBI kept_VVN ,_, annual_JJ 
reapplications_NN2 were_VBDR mandatory_JJ ,_, and_CC licensees_NN2 knew_VVD 
from_II the_AT outset_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 could_VM lose_VVI their_APPGE 
means_NN of_IO livelihood_NN1 should_VM they_PPHS2 be_VBI found_VVN guilty_JJ 
of_IO cruelty_NN1 to_II any_DD infant_NN1 ,_, maintaining_VVG an_AT1 
excessive_JJ number_NN1 of_IO children_NN2 ,_, or_CC failing_VVG to_TO 
give_VVI notice_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 infant_NN1 's_VBZ death_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF the_AT next_MD decade_NNT1 ,_, this_DD1 Act_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO 
give_VVI a_AT1 hitherto_RT extremely_RR vulnerable_JJ group_NN of_IO 
children_NN2 a_AT1 substantial_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO protection_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Illegitimate_JJ and_CC adopted_JJ children_NN2 also_RR 
came_VVD under_II the_AT Liberals_NN2 '_GE purview_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 1894_MC Act_NN1 legitimized_VVD children_NN2 born_VVN out_II21 
of_II22 wedlock_NN1 if_CS their_APPGE parents_NN2 subsequently_RR married_JJ 
and_CC registered_VVD their_APPGE offspring_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RRQV the_AT Legitimation_NN1 Act_NN1 did_VDD not_XX allow_VVI 
cases_NN2 where_RRQ ,_, for_IF the_AT parents_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 legal_JJ 
impediment_NN1 to_II marriage_NN1 existed_VVD at_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO 
the_AT child_NN1 's_VBZ birth_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Between_II 1894_MC and_CC 1900_MC ,_, 345_MC children_NN2 
benefited_VVD from_II this_DD1 measure_NN1 ,_, but_CCB by_RR21 far_RR22 the_AT 
greater_JJR number_NN1 of_IO illegitimate_JJ children_NN2 did_VDD not_XX ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT fate_NN1 of_IO many_DA2 of_IO these_DD2 was_VBDZ of_IO 
growing_JJ concern_NN1 to_II the_AT police_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II the_AT 1893_MC report_NN1 on_II baby-farming_NN1 had_VHD 
noted_VVN :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL Adopted_JJ children_NN2 
had_VHD their_APPGE position_NN1 subjected_VVN to_II parliamentary_JJ 
scrutiny_NN1 in_II 1895_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Whereas_CS the_AT 1881_MC Adoption_NN1 of_IO Children_NN2 Act_NN1 
had_VHD provided_VVN for_IF youngsters_NN2 under_II the_AT age_NN1 of_IO 12_MC 
,_, the_AT new_JJ legislation_NN1 of_IO 1895_MC concerned_JJ children_NN2 
under_RG 15_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Considerable_JJ care_NN1 was_VBDZ taken_VVN with_IW the_AT 
definition_NN1 of_IO *'_" deserted_JJ **'_" ,_, a_AT1 thoroughness_NN1 
which_DDQ suggests_VVZ that_CST the_AT greater_JJR number_NN1 of_IO 
children_NN2 available_JJ for_IF adoption_NN1 were_VBDR deserted_VVN 
rather_II21 than_II22 orphaned_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Possibly_RR following_VVG the_AT precedent_NN1 of_IO single_JJ 
parent_NN1 fostering_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ had_VHD developed_VVN under_II the_AT 
1882_MC Industrial_JJ Schools_NN2 Act_VV0 ,_, the_AT 1895_MC Act_NN1 made_VVD 
it_PPH1 possible_JJ for_IF children_NN2 to_TO be_VBI adopted_VVN by_II a_AT1 
wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO prospective_JJ parents_NN2 provided_VVD appropriate_JJ 
consent_NN1 from_II natural_JJ parents_NN2 or_CC guardians_NN2 was_VBDZ 
forthcoming_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA in_II 1881_MC ,_, the_AT 1895_MC Act_NN1 also_RR provided_VVN 
for_IF an_AT1 institutional_JJ adoption_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 situation_NN1 which_DDQ 
would_VM cater_VVI for_IF those_DD2 children_NN2 bereft_VVN of_IO any_DD 
alternative_JJ form_NN1 of_IO security_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *'_" Backyard_NP1 **'_" adoption_NN1 doubtless_RR continued_VVN 
but_CCB the_AT illegality_NN1 of_IO such_DA a_AT1 practice_NN1 was_VBDZ 
presumably_RR some_DD deterrent_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Such_DA measures_NN2 give_VV0 a_AT1 glimpse_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
society_NN that_CST was_VBDZ far_RR from_II the_AT ideal_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 
minority_NN1 of_IO the_AT children_NN2 within_II it_PPH1 ,_, an_AT1 
impression_NN1 reinforced_VVD by_II such_DA proposals_NN2 as_II the_AT 
Juvenile_JJ Suppression_NN1 Bill_NN1 of_IO 1896_MC or_CC the_AT Young_JJ 
Persons_NN2 Protection_NN1 Bill_NP1 ,_, debated_VVD late_RR in_II 1897_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Both_DB2 measures_NN2 lapsed_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS the_AT Liberals_NN2 also_RR failed_VVN to_TO 
legislate_VVI the_AT larrikin_NN1 problem_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 existence_NN1 
,_, persistence_NN1 did_VDD win_VVI out_RP in_II some_DD contexts_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Seddon_NP1 's_GE Juvenile_JJ Smoking_JJ Suppression_NN1 Act_NN1 of_IO 
1903_MC was_VBDZ to_TO make_VVI it_PPH1 an_AT1 offence_NN1 for_IF any_DD 
youth_NN1 under_RG 15_MC to_TO smoke_VVI in_II a_AT1 public_JJ place_NN1 (_( 
unless_CS the_AT offender_NN1 could_VM produce_VVI a_AT1 medical_JJ 
certificate_NN1 to_TO prove_VVI that_CST he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ smoking_VVG for_IF 
the_AT benefit_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE health_NN1 !_! )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ issues_NN2 were_VBDR dealt_VVN with_IW somewhat_RR 
reluctantly_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Only_RR after_II sustained_JJ lobbying_NN1 for_IF women_NN2 's_GE 
groups_NN2 were_VBDR the_AT politicians_NN2 persuaded_VVN to_TO raise_VVI 
the_AT age_NN1 of_IO female_JJ consent_NN1 to_II 16_MC in_II 1896_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT 1869_MC Contagious_JJ Diseases_NN2 Act_VV0 ,_, which_DDQ 
applied_VVD to_II all_DB females_NN2 deemed_VVD prostitutes_NN2 ,_, was_VBDZ 
not_XX to_TO be_VBI repealed_VVN until_II 1910_MC ,_, the_AT campaigns_NN2 
of_IO 1893_MC and_CC 1896_MC proving_VVG to_TO be_VBI unsuccessful_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Yet_RR other_JJ necessary_JJ social_JJ reforms_NN2 affecting_VVG 
children_NN2 were_VBDR left_VVN outstanding_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS Justice_NP1 Department_NNJ officials_NN2 had_VHD 
protested_VVN vigorously_RR against_II the_AT public_JJ scandal_NN1 of_IO 
children_NN2 being_VBG committed_VVN to_II colonial_JJ gaols_NN2 (_( in_II 
1890_MC ,_, 20_MC aged_JJ under_RG ten_MC and_CC 54_MC aged_II ten_MC to_II 
15_MC )_) ,_, the_AT practice_NN1 was_VBDZ only_RR gradually_RR 
discontinued_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT 1894_MC Indictable_JJ Offences_NN2 Summary_NN1 
Jurisdiction_NN1 Act_NN1 specially_RR provided_VVN for_IF a_AT1 prison_NN1 
sentence_NN1 of_IO no_RR21 longer_RR22 than_CSN one_MC1 month_NNT1 for_IF 
any_DD seven-_NN1 to_II 12_MC year-olds_NN2 who_PNQS were_VBDR found_VVN 
guilty_JJ of_IO the_AT crimes_NN2 with_IW which_DDQ they_PPHS2 had_VHD 
been_VBN charged_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Moreover_RR ,_, although_CS the_AT Alcoholic_JJ Liquors_NN2 Sale_NN1 
Control_NN1 Act_NN1 of_IO 1893_MC forbade_VVD the_AT sale_NN1 of_IO liquor_NN1 
to_II any_DD child_NN1 apparently_RR under_RG 13_MC for_IF consumption_NN1 
on_II licensed_JJ premises_NN2 ,_, not_XX until_CS the_AT Licensing_NP1 
Acts_VVZ Amendment_NN1 Act_NN1 of_IO 1904_MC was_VBDZ it_PPH1 illegal_JJ to_TO 
send_VVI a_AT1 child_NN1 under_II the_AT age_NN1 of_IO 13_MC to_II a_AT1 
licensed_JJ house_NN1 for_IF the_AT purchase_NN1 of_IO liquor_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Obviously_RR it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI argued_VVN that_CST the_AT 
Liberals_NN2 made_VVD a_AT1 valiant_JJ effort_NN1 to_TO legislate_VVI for_IF 
both_DB2 majority_NN and_CC minority_NN1 interest_NN1 groups_NN2 as_CS31 
far_CS32 as_CS33 children_NN2 were_VBDR concerned_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT education_NN1 reforms_NN2 catered_VVD for_IF the_AT 
thousands_NNO2 ,_, the_AT social_JJ reforms_NN2 for_IF the_AT hundreds_NNO2 
whose_DDQGE need_NN1 was_VBDZ none_RR31 the_RR32 less_RR33 real_JJ for_IF 
being_VBG shared_VVN by_II relatively_RR few_DA2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Given_VVN the_AT political_JJ and_CC constitutional_JJ 
difficulties_NN2 of_IO the_AT Liberals_NN2 during_II their_APPGE first_MD 
term_NN1 of_IO office_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ scarcely_RR surprising_JJ 
that_CST children_NN2 feature_VV0 so_RG little_DA1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT second_MD term_NN1 ,_, from_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO 1893_MC 
to_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO 1896_MC ,_, was_VBDZ substantially_RR more_RGR 
fruitful_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Reeves_NP1 was_VBDZ curiously_RR evasive_JJ when_CS referring_VVG 
to_II this_DD1 spate_NN1 of_IO legislation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II *1_NULL The_AT Long_JJ White_JJ Cloud_NN1 *0_NULL he_PPHS1 
commented_VVD :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL He_PPHS1 did_VDD not_XX 
deny_VVI the_AT suggestion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Given_VVN that_CST many_DA2 colonial_JJ women_NN2 were_VBDR 
politically_RR at_II their_APPGE most_RGT active_JJ at_II this_DD1 time_NNT1 
,_, the_AT election_NN1 campaign_NN1 of_IO 1893_MC should_VM have_VHI 
brought_VVN home_RL to_II many_DA2 Members_NN2 of_IO Parliament_NNJ an_AT1 
awareness_NN1 that_CST women_NN2 voters_NN2 had_VHD their_APPGE own_DA set_NN1 
of_IO political_JJ priorities_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT unsuccessful_JJ campaign_NN1 for_IF the_AT repeal_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT Contagious_JJ Diseases_NN2 Act_NN1 was_VBDZ one_MC1 example_NN1 ;_; 
the_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO the_AT Juvenile_JJ Depravity_NN1 Suppression_NN1 
Bill_NP1 was_VBDZ most_RGT probably_RR directly_RR related_VVN to_II 
requests_NN2 from_II the_AT Society_NNJ for_IF the_AT Protection_NN1 of_IO 
Women_NN2 and_CC Children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA {_NULL P._NP1 A._NP1 }_NULL Gregory_NP1 has_VHZ noted_VVN ,_, 
the_AT proliferation_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 's_GE societies_NN2 at_II this_DD1 
time_NNT1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 critical_JJ reason_NN1 for_IF community_NNJ and_CC 
governmental_JJ attention_NN1 being_VBG drawn_VVN toward_II the_AT 
behaviour_NN1 of_IO young_JJ people_NN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Without_IW a_AT1 detailed_JJ examination_NN1 of_IO personal_JJ 
papers_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO tell_VVI whether_CSW many_DA2 
of_IO the_AT Liberal_JJ cabinet_NNJ ministers_NN2 had_VHD a_AT1 particular_JJ 
concern_NN1 for_IF children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS Reeves_NP1 ,_, in_II his_APPGE dual_JJ capacity_NN1 as_II 
Minister_NN1 of_IO Labour_JJ and_CC Minister_NN1 of_IO Education_NN1 ,_, 
promoted_JJ reforms_NN2 in_II 1894_MC ,_, the_AT Factories_NN2 Act_VV0 
specified_VVN 14_MC years_NNT2 as_II the_AT minimum_JJ age_NN1 of_IO 
employment_NN1 while_CS 13_MC years_NNT2 remained_VVD the_AT age_NN1 of_IO 
exemption_NN1 from_II school_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN suggested_VVN that_CST the_AT age_NN1 
difference_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX an_AT1 oversight_NN1 ,_, that_CST this_DD1 
was_VBDZ Reeves_NP1 's_GE method_NN1 of_IO trying_VVG to_TO raise_VVI the_AT 
school_NN1 leaving-age_NN1 without_IW alarming_JJ political_JJ interests_NN2 
which_DDQ might_VM have_VHI objected_VVN to_II a_AT1 universal_JJ increase_NN1 
of_IO one_MC1 year_NNT1 in_II the_AT school_NN1 attendance-age_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Yet_RR child-related_JJ issues_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX a_AT1 
significant_JJ part_NN1 of_IO Reeves_NP1 's_GE own_DA writings_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Education_NN1 did_VDD not_XX merit_VVI a_AT1 chapter_NN1 in_II 
*1_NULL State_NN1 Experiments_NN2 *0_NULL and_CC the_AT relevant_JJ 
provisions_NN2 of_IO the_AT Factory_NN1 Acts_NN2 were_VBDR given_VVN 
limited_JJ attention_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS children_NN2 received_VVD incidental_JJ mention_NN1 in_II 
*1_NULL The_AT Long_JJ White_JJ Cloud_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL Reeves_NP1 's_GE 
interest_NN1 was_VBDZ such_CS21 that_CS22 his_APPGE biographer_NN1 had_VHD 
no_AT need_NN1 to_TO include_VVI the_AT words_NN2 *'_" child_NN1 **'_" or_CC 
*'_" children_NN2 **'_" in_II the_AT book_NN1 's_VBZ index_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Further_JJR research_NN1 may_VM well_RR reveal_VVI Edward_NP1 
Tregear_NP1 to_TO be_VBI the_AT persistent_JJ driving_JJ force_NN1 behind_II 
the_AT Liberals_NN2 '_GE legislative_JJ achievement_NN1 concerning_II young_JJ 
industrial_JJ workers_NN2 ,_, for_IF the_AT annual_JJ reports_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
Department_NNJ of_IO Labour_NNJ certainly_RR reflect_VV0 a_AT1 constant_JJ 
concern_NN1 for_IF child_NN1 welfare_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Seddon_NP1 ,_, too_RR ,_, applied_VVD his_APPGE political_JJ 
persuasiveness_NN1 on_II31 behalf_II32 of_II33 the_AT colony_NN1 's_VHZ 
children_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Measures_NN2 as_RG diverse_JJ as_CSA the_AT Infant_NN1 Life_NN1 
Protection_NN1 Act_NN1 ,_, the_AT attempted_JJ labour_NN1 reforms_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT late_JJ 1890s_MC2 ,_, and_CC the_AT 1903_MC Juvenile_JJ Smoking_JJ 
Suppression_NN1 Act_NN1 all_DB bore_VV0 the_AT hallmark_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
Premier_NP1 's_GE advocacy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT dividing_JJ line_NN1 between_II personal_JJ concern_NN1 and_CC 
political_JJ advantage_NN1 may_VM have_VHI been_VBN indistinct_JJ at_II 
times_NNT2 but_CCB when_RRQ an_AT1 over-zealous_JJ Devonport_NP1 policeman_NN1 
handled_VVD suspected_JJ child_NN1 pranksters_NN2 in_II a_AT1 manner_NN1 
more_RRR suited_VVD to_II hardened_JJ criminals_NN2 ,_, Seddon_NP1 's_GE 
sense_NN1 of_IO outrage_NN1 and_CC indignation_NN1 seemed_VVD genuine_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Legislative_JJ concern_NN1 for_IF children_NN2 was_VBDZ not_XX 
a_AT1 vote-winning_JJ policy_NN1 before_II 1893_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Once_RR women_NN2 were_VBDR enfranchised_VVN ,_, the_AT position_NN1 
changed_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 would_VM have_VHI been_VBN impossible_JJ for_IF the_AT 
Liberals_NN2 to_TO have_VHI remained_VVN oblivious_JJ to_II demands_NN2 for_IF 
social_JJ reform_NN1 from_II women_NN2 's_GE groups_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Neither_RR Reeves_NP1 nor_CC Sir_NNB Robert_NP1 Stout_JJ ,_, 
for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, could_VM help_VVI but_RR be_VBI informed_VVN of_IO 
some_DD of_IO the_AT leading_JJ issues_NN2 as_CS31 far_CS32 as_CS33 women_NN2 
were_VBDR concerned_JJ ,_, given_VVN the_AT1 active_JJ involvement_NN1 of_IO 
their_APPGE own_DA wives_NN2 in_II the_AT feminist_NN1 movement_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Yet_RR the_AT political_JJ involvement_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 may_VM 
also_RR have_VHI made_VVN Liberal_JJ political_JJ calculations_NN2 a_RR21 
little_RR22 more_RGR complicated_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 measure_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT Domestic_JJ Servants_NN2 
Half-Holiday_NN1 Bill_NP1 would_VM have_VHI brought_VVN some_DD 
improvement_NN1 to_II the_AT working_JJ conditions_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 
occupational_JJ group_NN in_II which_DDQ a_AT1 thousand_NNO child_NN1 
employees_NN2 were_VBDR involved_VVN ,_, many_DA2 of_IO them_PPHO2 having_VHG 
been_VBN placed_VVN out_RP to_TO service_VVI by_II Church_NNJ agencies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT proposal_NN1 lapsed_VVD but_CCB not_XX before_II the_AT 
debates_NN2 revealed_VVD a_AT1 clear_JJ gulf_NN1 in_II attitudes_NN2 which_DDQ 
would_VM have_VHI been_VBN echoed_VVN in_II the_AT community_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT enthusiasm_NN1 of_IO domestic_JJ servants_NN2 for_IF the_AT 
reform_NN1 would_VM not_XX have_VHI been_VBN shared_VVN by_II their_APPGE 
mistresses_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT lack_NN1 of_IO legislative_JJ consistency_NN1 
continued_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Throughout_II the_AT decade_NNT1 ,_, official_JJ statistics_NN 
concerning_II arrivals_NN2 and_CC departures_NN2 continued_VVD to_TO 
classify_VVI persons_NN2 aged_II 12_MC years_NNT2 and_CC over_RP as_CSA 
adults_NN2 ,_, while_CS both_DB2 the_AT industrial_JJ and_CC educational_JJ 
reforms_NN2 suggested_VVD that_DD1 childhood_NN1 extended_VVD at_RR21 
least_RR22 until_CS the_AT attainment_NN1 of_IO 14_MC years_NNT2 of_IO age_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS the_AT age_NN1 of_IO consent_NN1 for_IF marriage_NN1 
remained_VVD 12_MC years_NNT2 for_IF a_AT1 girl_NN1 ,_, the_AT age_NN1 of_IO 
female_JJ consent_NN1 for_IF sexual_JJ liaison_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ had_VHD 
changed_VVN from_II 12_MC to_II 14_MC in_II 1889_MC ,_, was_VBDZ confirmed_VVN 
as_II 14_MC in_II 1893_MC ,_, raised_VVN to_II 15_MC in_II 1894_MC and_CC 
settled_VVN at_II 16_MC in_II 1896_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Meanwhile_RR 14_MC years_NNT2 remained_VVD the_AT age_NN1 at_II 
which_DDQ a_AT1 boy_NN1 could_VM marry_VVI or_CC a_AT1 male_NN1 be_VBI 
charged_VVN with_IW rape_NN1 or_CC attempted_JJ rape_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Yet_RR ,_, if_CS there_EX were_VBDR no_AT uniformity_NN1 ,_, there_EX 
was_VBDZ at_RR21 least_RR22 a_AT1 slowly_RR emerging_VVG consensus_NN1 
that_CST ,_, in_II the_AT public_JJ sphere_NN1 at_RR21 least_RR22 ,_, 14_MC 
years_NNT2 was_VBDZ the_AT minimum_JJ age_NN1 at_II which_DDQ adult_NN1 
responsibilities_NN2 should_VM be_VBI imposed_VVN upon_II children_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL However_RR ,_, as_CSA the_AT post-1901_JJ sequel_NN1 to_II 
this_DD1 investigation_NN1 shows_NN2 ,_, the_AT Liberals_NN2 did_VDD not_XX 
effect_VVI any_DD major_JJ change_NN1 in_II parental_JJ attitudes_NN2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 353+TEXT+J59_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL An_AT1 autochthon_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 son_NN1 or_CC daughter_NN1 
of_IO the_AT soil_NN1 ,_, and_CC autochthonous_JJ means_NN indigenous_JJ 
as_II31 opposed_II32 to_II33 foreign_JJ *-_- in_II the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 
context_NN1 ,_, Maori_NP1 as_II31 opposed_II32 to_II33 Pakeha_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL John_NP1 Beaglehole_NP1 may_VM not_XX have_VHI caught_VVN 
these_DD2 echoes_NN2 but_CCB Ruth_NP1 Ross_NP1 did_VDD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Autochthonous_NP1 seems_VVZ to_TO have_VHI been_VBN a_AT1 
banter-word_NN1 in_II John_NP1 Beaglehole_NP1 's_GE circle_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 once_RR used_VVD it_PPH1 in_II a_AT1 letter_NN1 to_II 
Ruth_NP1 Ross_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL She_PPHS1 responded_VVD with_IW *'_" The_AT Autochthonous_JJ New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 Soil_NN1 **'_" ,_, her_APPGE contribution_NN1 to_II *1_NULL The_AT 
Feel_VV0 of_IO Truth_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL the_AT Festschrift_NP1 edited_VVD by_II 
Professor_NNB Peter_NP1 Munz_NP1 in_II honour_NN1 of_IO Professor_NNB {_NULL 
F._NP1 L._NP W._NP }_NULL Wood_NNL1 and_CC Professor_NNB {_NULL J._NP1 C._NP1 
}_NULL Beaglehole_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ruth_NP1 Ross_NP1 had_VHD been_VBN a_AT1 student_NN1 of_IO Wood_NP1 
and_CC Beaglehole_NP1 during_II the_AT war_NN1 years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT she_PPHS1 worked_VVD with_IW Beaglehole_NP1 in_II the_AT 
Centennial_JJ Branch_NN1 and_CC ,_, during_II the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO her_APPGE 
life_NN1 ,_, developed_VVD ,_, for_IF a_AT1 Pakeha_NP1 historian_NN1 ,_, 
an_AT1 unrivalled_JJ knowledge_NN1 of_IO Pakeha_NP1 incursion_NN1 ,_, Maori_JJ 
responses_NN2 ,_, and_CC Pakeha-Maori_NP1 interaction_NN1 during_II the_AT 
early_JJ years_NNT2 of_IO European_JJ settlement_NN1 of_IO the_AT Bay_NN1 
of_IO Islands_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL From_II her_APPGE tireless_JJ search_NN1 for_IF evidence_NN1 that_CST 
could_VM form_VVI the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO historical_JJ understanding_NN1 
came_VVD her_APPGE important_JJ studies_NN2 of_IO Te_AT Tiriti_NP1 o_ZZ1 
Waitangi_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *'_" The_AT Autochthonous_JJ New_NP Zealand_NP1 Soil_NN1 **'_" 
is_VBZ a_AT1 hermetic_JJ piece_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ more_DAR like_II a_AT1 short_JJ story_NN1 than_CSN 
a_AT1 piece_NN1 of_IO historical_JJ writing_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL She_PPHS1 referred_VVD to_II it_PPH1 ,_, disarmingly_RR ,_, as_II 
a_AT1 *'_" reminiscence_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ she_PPHS1 manages_VVZ to_TO convey_VVI is_VBZ a_AT1 
sense_NN1 of_IO cultural_JJ difference_NN1 in_II the_AT way_NN1 that_CST 
the_AT Maori_JJ of_IO her_APPGE acquaintance_NN1 on_II the_AT banks_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT Hokianga_NP1 identified_VVD with_IW their_APPGE whakapapa_NN1 ,_, 
tribal_JJ traditions_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT forces_NN2 of_IO wairua_NN1 and_CC 
tapu_NN1 that_CST are_VBR part_NN1 of_IO the_AT fabric_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE 
lives_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *'_" In_II the_AT Maori_JJ world_NN1 **'_" ,_, she_PPHS1 says_VVZ ,_, 
*'_" the_AT speaker_NN1 speaks_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Understanding_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT business_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
listener_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC that_DD1 understanding_NN1 is_VBZ bedevilled_VVN by_II the_AT 
allusiveness_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ is_VBZ said_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT utterances_NN2 of_IO kuia_NN1 and_CC kaumatua_NN1 ,_, 
episodes_NN2 in_II the_AT lives_NN2 of_IO legendary_JJ figures_NN2 are_VBR 
not_XX easily_RR distinguishable_JJ from_II accounts_NN2 of_IO last_MD 
week_NNT1 's_GE fishing_NN1 trip_NN1 ,_, from_II some_DD anecdote_NN1 from_II 
the_AT speaker_NN1 's_GE own_DA life_NN1 ,_, or_CC from_II some_DD topic_NN1 
of_IO current_JJ conversation_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT whakapapa_NN1 
of_IO some_DD person_NN1 whose_DDQGE forebears_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG 
sorted_VVN out_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL Past_RL and_CC present_NN1 are_VBR not_XX separable_JJ in_II the_AT 
way_NN1 historians_NN2 in_II the_AT Western_JJ tradition_NN1 assume_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT mauri_NN2 of_IO the_AT ancestors_NN2 lives_VVZ on_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ an_AT1 obligation_NN1 of_IO the_AT living_JJ to_TO 
keep_VVI them_PPHO2 alive_JJ and_CC protect_VVI their_APPGE mana_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 can_VM be_VBI baffling_JJ to_II a_AT1 Pakeha_NP1 
historian_NN1 ,_, even_RR to_II one_PN1 who_PNQS has_VHZ enough_DD Maori_JJ 
to_TO be_VBI able_JJ to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 rough_JJ idea_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ 
is_VBZ being_VBG said_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 cultural_JJ difference_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Maori_NP1 and_CC Pakeha_NP1 occupy_VV0 different_JJ conceptual_JJ 
worlds_NN2 ,_, have_VH0 different_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO explanation_NN1 ,_, 
different_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO discourse_NN1 ,_, and_CC they_PPHS2 proceed_VV0 
under_II different_JJ protocols_NN2 and_CC for_IF different_JJ purposes_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL *'_" I_PPIS1 am_VBM not_XX unaware_JJ **'_" ,_, John_NP1 
Beaglehole_NP1 said_VVD at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL The_AT New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 Scholar_NN1 ,_, *'_" *0_NULL that_CST my_APPGE trade_NN1 as_II 
a_AT1 historian_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 school_NN1 of_IO scepticism_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ Ruth_NP1 Ross_NP1 seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI reminding_VVG 
Pakeha_NP1 historians_NN2 trained_VVN in_II that_DD1 school_NN1 of_IO 
scepticism_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST ,_, to_II kaumatua_NN1 and_CC kuia_NN1 ,_, 
tribal_JJ history_NN1 is_VBZ celebration_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Ruth_NP1 Ross_NP1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_II my_APPGE theme_NN1 
in_II three_MC ways_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL First_MD ,_, her_APPGE work_NN1 as_II a_AT1 historian_NN1 was_VBDZ 
one_MC1 of_IO the_AT seeds_NN2 John_NP1 Beaglehole_NP1 saw_VVD sprouting_VVG 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Let_VV0 her_APPGE represent_VVI the_AT post-war_JJ generation_NN1 
of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 scholars_NN2 *-_- men_NN2 and_CC women_NN2 
thinking_VVG *-_- who_PNQS have_VH0 enlarged_VVN our_APPGE understanding_NN1 
of_IO what_DDQ it_PPH1 means_VVZ to_TO be_VBI developing_VVG a_AT1 form_NN1 
of_IO civilization_NN1 in_II these_DD2 islands_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Her_APPGE thinking_NN1 brought_VVD her_PPHO1 to_II a_AT1 different_JJ 
concept_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ we_PPIS2 should_VM mean_VVI when_RRQ we_PPIS2 
talk_VV0 about_II our_APPGE national_JJ identity_NN1 from_II the_AT one_MC1 
outlined_VVD in_II *1_NULL The_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 Scholar_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Relating_VVG ourselves_PPX2 to_II the_AT Western_JJ 
tradition_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX for_IF her_PPHO1 the_AT issue_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF her_PPHO1 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ how_RRQ Pakeha_NP1 scholars_NN2 ,_, 
schooled_VVD in_II the_AT Western_JJ tradition_NN1 ,_, should_VM perceive_VVI 
,_, try_VV0 to_TO understand_VVI ,_, relate_NN1 to_II ,_, live_JJ with_IW ,_, 
and_CC learn_VV0 from_II the_AT Maori_JJ with_IW whom_PNQO they_PPHS2 
associated_VVD and_CC shared_VVD a_AT1 century_NNT1 and_CC a_AT1 half_NN of_IO 
history_NN1 ,_, but_CCB whose_DDQGE heritage_NN1 ,_, traditions_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
ways_NN2 of_IO experiencing_VVG the_AT world_NN1 were_VBDR so_RG different_JJ 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL She_PPHS1 is_VBZ important_JJ ,_, secondly_RR ,_, because_CS 
,_, like_II John_NP1 Beaglehole_NP1 ,_, she_PPHS1 took_VVD a_AT1 broad_JJ 
view_NN1 of_IO the_AT scholar_NN1 's_VHZ duties_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO the_AT comments_NN2 in_II *1_NULL The_AT New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 Scholar_NN1 *0_NULL that_CST pleased_JJ but_CCB also_RR 
surprised_VVD me_PPIO1 was_VBDZ Beaglehole_NP1 's_GE commendation_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT School_NN1 Publications_NN2 Branch_NN1 of_IO the_AT Department_NNJ 
of_IO Education_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS speaking_VVG of_IO the_AT seeds_NN2 he_PPHS1 saw_VVD 
sprouting_VVG ,_, he_PPHS1 said_VVD :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL 
He_PPHS1 saw_VVD its_APPGE publications_NN2 ,_, I_PPIS1 suppose_VV0 ,_, as_II 
a_AT1 continuation_NN1 of_IO the_AT excellent_JJ *1_NULL Making_NN1 New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 *0_NULL series_NN that_CST was_VBDZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT 
fruits_NN2 of_IO the_AT Centennial_JJ Branch_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Certainly_RR he_PPHS1 took_VVD it_PPH1 as_CSA one_MC1 of_IO the_AT 
tests_NN2 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 scholarship_NN1 that_CST men_NN2 and_CC 
women_NN2 could_VM write_VVI about_II aspects_NN2 of_IO our_APPGE culture_NN1 
in_II ways_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR true_JJ to_II what_DDQ had_VHD to_TO be_VBI 
said_VVN and_CC suitably_RR adapted_VVD to_II the_AT understanding_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT readers_NN2 for_IF whom_PNQO they_PPHS2 were_VBDR intended_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ruth_NP1 Ross_NP1 wrote_VVD several_DA2 bulletins_NN2 ,_, all_RR 
based_VVN on_II her_APPGE archival_JJ researches_NN2 ,_, all_DB lively_JJ 
and_CC interesting_JJ ,_, all_RR intended_VVN to_TO deepen_VVI the_AT 
understanding_NN1 of_IO boys_NN2 and_CC girls_NN2 of_IO aspects_NN2 of_IO 
their_APPGE history_NN1 as_CSA New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Her_APPGE thoughts_NN2 on_II the_AT Treaty_NN1 of_IO Waitangi_NP1 
appeared_VVD in_II a_AT1 Primary_JJ School_NN1 bulletin_NN1 fourteen_MC 
years_NNT2 before_II *'_" Te_AT Tiriti_NP1 o_ZZ1 Waitangi_NP1 **'_" was_VBDZ 
published_VVN in_II the_AT *1_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 Journal_NN1 of_IO 
History_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL My_APPGE third_MD reason_NN1 for_IF placing_VVG *'_" 
The_AT Autochthonous_JJ New_NP Zealand_NP1 Soil_NN1 **'_" alongside_II *1_NULL 
The_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 Scholar_NN1 *0_NULL is_VBZ personal_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 allows_VVZ me_PPIO1 to_TO document_VVI changes_NN2 in_II 
my_APPGE own_DA awareness_NN1 over_II the_AT years_NNT2 as_CSA I_PPIS1 
have_VH0 thought_VVN about_II what_DDQ it_PPH1 means_VVZ to_II me_PPIO1 to_TO 
be_VBI a_AT1 New_JJ Zealander_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 said_VVD earlier_RRR that_CST I_PPIS1 found_VVD the_AT 
message_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL The_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 Scholar_NN1 *0_NULL 
comforting_VVG for_IF all_DB of_IO two_MC decades_NNT2 but_CCB that_DD1 ,_, 
rereading_VVG it_PPH1 now_RT ,_, I_PPIS1 can_VM see_VVI the_AT marks_NN2 of_IO 
time_NNT1 on_II it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL My_APPGE responses_NN2 to_II Ruth_NP1 Ross_NP1 's_GE piece_NN1 
have_VH0 been_VBN the_AT reverse_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS I_PPIS1 read_VVD it_PPH1 in_II 1969_MC or_CC 1970_MC I_PPIS1 
found_VVD it_PPH1 baffling_JJ and_CC I_PPIS1 thought_VVD it_PPH1 eccentric_JJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 had_VHD the_AT feeling_NN1 that_CST an_AT1 essentially_RR 
private_JJ communication_NN1 *-_- one_PN1 in_II which_DDQ points_NN2 were_VBDR 
being_VBG scored_VVN *-_- had_VHD been_VBN offered_VVN for_IF public_JJ 
inspection_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 that_DD1 was_VBDZ so_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 
can_VM now_RT see_VVI I_MC1 was_VBDZ not_XX ready_JJ for_IF it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II her_APPGE search_NN1 for_IF historical_JJ understanding_NN1 
and_CC ,_, more_RGR particularly_RR ,_, no_RR21 doubt_RR22 ,_, as_II a_AT1 
result_NN1 of_IO her_APPGE attempts_NN2 to_TO understand_VVI the_AT ways_NN2 
of_IO the_AT Maori_JJ people_NN she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ living_VVG near_RL on_II 
the_AT Hokianga_NP1 ,_, Ruth_NP1 Ross_NP1 found_VVD herself_PPX1 
confronted_VVD with_IW cultural_JJ differences_NN2 between_II Maori_NP1 and_CC 
Pakeha_NP1 and_CC found_VVD herself_PPX1 asking_VVG questions_NN2 that_CST 
had_VHD not_XX occurred_VVN to_II me_PPIO1 or_CC to_II many_DA2 other_JJ 
Pakeha_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Now_CS21 that_CS22 I_PPIS1 have_VH0 had_VHN some_DD experience_NN1 
of_IO the_AT Maori_JJ cultural_JJ renaissance_NN1 of_IO the_AT last_MD 15_MC 
years_NNT2 ,_, I_PPIS1 find_VV0 that_CST her_APPGE essay_NN1 speaks_VVZ to_II 
me_PPIO1 in_II ways_NN2 I_PPIS1 begin_VV0 to_TO understand_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL John_NP1 Beaglehole_NP1 's_GE address_NN1 gave_VVD me_PPIO1 
satisfying_JJ answers_NN2 to_II questions_NN2 that_CST worried_VVD me_PPIO1 
in_II the_AT fifties_MC2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ruth_NP1 Ross_NP1 's_GE essay_NN1 poses_VVZ new_JJ questions_NN2 
for_IF which_DDQ answers_VVZ still_RR have_VH0 to_TO be_VBI found_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT uncertainty_NN1 about_II what_DDQ it_PPH1 means_VVZ to_TO 
be_VBI a_AT1 New_JJ Zealander_NP1 has_VHZ returned_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT cry_NN1 from_II the_AT heart_NN1 quoted_VVN by_II John_NP1 
Beaglehole_NP1 must_VM be_VBI answered_VVN all_RR over_II again_RT ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT formulation_NN1 has_VHZ changed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR ,_, too_RR ,_, has_VHZ the_AT context_NN1 of_IO discussion_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Questions_NN2 about_II our_APPGE identity_NN1 as_II a_AT1 people_NN 
are_VBR no_RR21 longer_RR22 confined_VVN to_II what_DDQ Beaglehole_NP1 
referred_VVD to_II as_II those_DD2 higher_JJR reaches_NN2 of_IO criticism_NN1 
that_CST wash_VV0 the_AT pages_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL Landfall_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL They_PPHS2 have_VH0 become_VVN matters_NN2 of_IO much_RR 
wider_JJR community_NNJ interest_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Our_APPGE discussions_NN2 about_II identity_NN1 can_VM now_RT 
be_VBI much_RR more_RGR concrete_JJ and_CC immediate_JJ than_CSN they_PPHS2 
used_VMK to_TO be_VBI ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II part_NN1 this_DD1 is_VBZ because_CS the_AT concept_NN1 of_IO 
identity_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX have_VHI as_RG many_DA2 blanks_NN2 as_CSA it_PPH1 
did_VDD a_AT1 generation_NN1 ago_RA ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT growing_JJ body_NN1 of_IO work_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE writers_NN2 
and_CC other_JJ creative_JJ artists_NN2 ,_, of_IO our_APPGE scholars_NN2 
and_CC researchers_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ helping_VVG us_PPIO2 to_TO recognize_VVI 
ourselves_PPX2 as_CSA people_NN of_IO these_DD2 islands_NN2 and_CC not_XX 
some_DD other_JJ country_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL John_NP1 Beaglehole_NP1 's_GE New_NP Zealand_NP1 scholars_NN2 are_VBR 
becoming_VVG appreciated_JJ for_IF what_DDQ they_PPHS2 can_VM do_VDI to_TO 
show_VVI us_PPIO2 ourselves_PPX2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RRQV they_PPHS2 might_VM regard_VVI themselves_PPX2 ,_, 
our_APPGE writers_NN2 and_CC creative_JJ artists_NN2 no_RR21 longer_RR22 
have_VH0 to_TO cast_VVI themselves_PPX2 in_II the_AT role_NN1 of_IO 
outsiders_NN2 who_PNQS live_VV0 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 but_CCB are_VBR 
not_XX really_RR of_IO it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR publics_NN2 for_IF their_APPGE work_NN1 *-_- 
people_NN who_PNQS look_VV0 forward_RL to_II their_APPGE latest_JJT 
productions_NN2 as_CSA events_NN2 that_CST will_VM add_VVI to_II their_APPGE 
experience_NN1 and_CC enjoyment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO communion_NN1 is_VBZ emerging_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ increasingly_RR supported_VVN by_II institutional_JJ 
arrangements_NN2 and_CC networks_NN2 of_IO communication_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT universities_NN2 have_VH0 courses_NN2 on_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 
literature_NN1 ,_, New_NP Zealand_NP1 history_NN1 ,_, Maori_JJ language_NN1 
,_, and_CC Maori_JJ studies_NN2 ,_, and_CC their_APPGE art_NN1 schools_NN2 ,_, 
music_NN1 departments_NNJ2 ,_, and_CC visiting_VVG fellowships_NN2 are_VBR 
focal_JJ points_NN2 for_IF creative_JJ work_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Indeed_RR ,_, the_AT universities_NN2 ,_, generally_RR ,_, through_II 
teaching_NN1 ,_, research_NN1 ,_, and_CC publication_NN1 are_VBR making_VVG 
major_JJ contributions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Queen_NNB Elizabeth_NP1 *=_NULL II_MC Arts_NN2 Council_NNJ ,_, 
in_II31 association_II32 with_II33 galleries_NN2 ,_, museums_NNL2 ,_, 
theatres_NN2 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO organizations_NN2 ,_, 
is_VBZ playing_VVG a_AT1 critical_JJ role_NN1 in_II stimulating_VVG the_AT 
work_NN1 of_IO creative_JJ New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 ,_, making_VVG it_PPH1 
accessible_JJ ,_, developing_JJ markets_NN2 for_IF it_PPH1 ,_, and_CC 
helping_VVG the_AT public_JJ to_TO appreciate_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Increasingly_NP1 ,_, our_APPGE leading_JJ corporations_NNJ2 ,_, 
public_JJ as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 private_JJ ,_, think_VV0 it_PPH1 
important_JJ to_TO sponsor_VVI the_AT creative_JJ efforts_NN2 of_IO New_JJ 
Zealanders_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT National_JJ Library_NN1 at_RR21 last_RR22 has_VHZ a_AT1 
habitation_NN1 and_CC names_NN2 worthy_JJ of_IO its_APPGE quite_RG central_JJ 
place_NN1 in_II our_APPGE intellectual_JJ life_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 now_RT look_VV0 forward_RL to_II the_AT time_NNT1 when_RRQ 
the_AT National_JJ Archive_NN1 is_VBZ properly_RR housed_VVN for_IF its_APPGE 
equally_RR important_JJ function_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT mass_JJ media_NN of_IO radio_NN1 ,_, television_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
film_NN1 provide_VV0 public_JJ platforms_NN2 for_IF creative_JJ and_CC 
scholarly_JJ activity_NN1 ,_, and_CC so_CS ,_, too_RR ,_, do_VD0 
newspapers_NN2 and_CC magazines_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Our_APPGE consciousness_NN1 of_IO ourselves_PPX2 as_CSA New_JJ 
Zealanders_NP1 is_VBZ changing_VVG and_CC continues_VVZ to_TO change_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 are_VBR caught_VVN up_RP in_II a_AT1 fascinating_JJ 
process_NN1 of_IO interaction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT more_RRR we_PPIS2 reflect_VV0 on_II our_APPGE experience_NN1 
in_II these_DD2 islands_NN2 ,_, the_AT more_RGR do_VD0 we_PPIS2 appreciate_VVI 
its_APPGE uniqueness_NN1 :_: the_AT more_RRR we_PPIS2 know_VV0 and_CC the_AT 
more_RGR deeply_RR we_PPIS2 feel_VV0 about_II what_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ that_CST 
constitutes_VVZ that_DD1 uniqueness_NN1 ,_, the_AT clearer_JJR and_CC more_RGR 
coherent_JJ do_VD0 our_APPGE views_NN2 about_II ourselves_PPX2 and_CC 
our_APPGE identity_NN1 as_CSA New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 become_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 process_NN1 of_IO collective_JJ self-recognition_NN1 has_VHZ 
been_VBN increasingly_RR at_II work_NN1 among_II us_PPIO2 as_CSA we_PPIS2 
have_VH0 tried_VVN to_TO come_VVI to_II terms_NN2 with_IW the_AT major_JJ 
national_JJ and_CC international_JJ developments_NN2 of_IO the_AT last_MD 
20_MC years_NNT2 that_CST have_VH0 shaped_VVN our_APPGE lives_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 are_VBR learning_VVG to_TO replace_VVI one_MC1 view_NN1 
of_IO ourselves_PPX2 and_CC our_APPGE place_NN1 in_II the_AT world_NN1 with_IW 
another_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT British_JJ entry_NN1 into_II the_AT European_JJ Economic_JJ 
Community_NNJ forced_VVD us_PPIO2 to_TO develop_VVI a_AT1 completely_RR new_JJ 
set_NN1 of_IO trading_JJ relationships_NN2 with_IW the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT world_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 are_VBR gradually_RR learning_VVG that_CST ,_, although_CS 
we_PPIS2 may_VM think_VVI of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 as_CSA Godzone_NP1 ,_, 
the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX owe_VVI us_PPIO2 a_AT1 
living_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL We_PPIS2 are_VBR becoming_VVG more_RGR aware_JJ of_IO 
ourselves_PPX2 as_II a_AT1 Pacific_NP1 country_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Australia_NP1 ,_, Japan_NP1 ,_, and_CC the_AT United_NP States_NP1 
have_VH0 become_VVN our_APPGE major_JJ trading_JJ partners_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Significant_JJ numbers_NN2 of_IO Samoans_NP1 ,_, Tongans_NP1 ,_, 
Cook_NP1 Islanders_NN2 ,_, Tokelauans_NP1 ,_, and_CC Niueans_NN2 have_VH0 
made_VVN their_APPGE homes_NN2 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 but_CCB keep_VV0 up_RP 
links_NN2 with_IW their_APPGE families_NN2 in_II the_AT Islands_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Through_II our_APPGE membership_NN of_IO the_AT Pacific_NP1 Forum_NN1 
and_CC other_JJ regional_JJ organizations_NN2 in_II the_AT South_NP 
Pacific_NP1 we_PPIS2 are_VBR building_VVG new_JJ communities_NNJ2 of_IO 
interest_NN1 which_DDQ range_VV0 from_II cultural_JJ and_CC educational_JJ 
exchange_NN1 ,_, through_II forms_NN2 of_IO economic_JJ co-operation_NN1 ,_, 
to_II regional_JJ approaches_NN2 to_II collective_JJ security_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 are_VBR learning_VVG to_TO cast_VVI our_APPGE thoughts_NN2 
and_CC consider_VVI our_APPGE national_JJ interests_NN2 in_II the_AT 
context_NN1 of_IO the_AT South_NP Pacific_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 are_VBR also_RR being_VBG nudged_VVN in_II that_DD1 
direction_NN1 by_II French_JJ persistence_NN1 in_II exploding_VVG nuclear_JJ 
devices_NN2 at_II Mururoa_NP1 ,_, by_II the_AT inability_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
United_NP States_NP1 and_CC the_AT {_NULL USSR_NP1 }_NULL to_TO lessen_VVI 
the_AT danger_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 nuclear_JJ holocaust_NN1 ,_, and_CC by_II 
international_JJ concern_NN1 about_II the_AT protection_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
biosphere_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 short_RR22 ,_, we_PPIS2 are_VBR learning_VVG our_APPGE 
place_NN1 in_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 are_VBR at_RR21 once_RR22 the_AT remotest_JJT extension_NN1 
of_IO Western_NP1 and_CC of_IO Polynesian_JJ culture_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 dual_JJ heritage_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX to_TO be_VBI found_VVN 
anywhere_RL else_RR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 change_NN1 in_II perception_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN 
strongly_RR influenced_VVN by_II changes_NN2 in_II the_AT composition_NN1 
of_IO the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 population_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Two-thirds_MF of_IO the_AT New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 now_RT living_VVG 
were_VBDR born_VVN after_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT Second_MD World_NN1 
War_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT depression_NN1 of_IO the_AT thirties_MC2 and_CC the_AT 
Second_MD World_NN1 War_NN1 are_VBR history_NN1 to_II them_PPHO2 ,_, 
experiences_VVZ their_APPGE parents_NN2 and_CC grandparents_NN2 talk_VV0 
about_II ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE views_NN2 of_IO themselves_PPX2 have_VH0 been_VBN 
formed_VVN against_II the_AT background_NN1 of_IO the_AT Vietnam_NP1 War_NN1 
,_, decolonization_NN1 and_CC the_AT emergence_NN1 of_IO the_AT Third_MD 
World_NN1 ,_, the_AT persistence_NN1 of_IO famine_NN1 ,_, poverty_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC injustice_NN1 side_NN1 by_II side_NN1 with_IW the_AT nuclear_JJ 
arms_NN2 race_VV0 ,_, the_AT environmental_JJ movement_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT 
changing_JJ ethnic_JJ composition_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 society_NN ,_, 
particularly_RR in_II the_AT North_NP Island_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ within_II these_DD2 islands_NN2 and_CC in_II31 
relation_II32 to_II33 both_DB2 streams_NN2 of_IO our_APPGE cultural_JJ 
heritage_NN1 that_CST we_PPIS2 are_VBR now_RT seeking_VVG a_AT1 home_NN1 in_II 
thought_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 354+TEXT+J60_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL And_CC the_AT relation_NN1 between_II the_AT theory_NN1 (_( 
I_PPIS1 mean_VV0 the_AT theory_NN1 of_IO poetry_NN1 in_RR21 particular_RR22 
)_) and_CC the_AT new_JJ poems_NN2 that_CST actually_RR get_VV0 written_VVN 
can_VM be_VBI a_PN21 lot_PN22 more_RRR complex_JJ and_CC obscure_JJ than_CSN 
it_PPH1 looks_VVZ at_II first_MD sight_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 movement_NN1 and_CC the_AT *1_NULL theory_NN1 *0_NULL of_IO 
a_AT1 movement_NN1 are_VBR two_MC different_JJ and_CC distinct_JJ kinds_NN2 
of_IO literary_JJ activity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 could_VM illustrate_VVI this_DD1 in_II any_DD number_NN1 
of_IO ways_NN2 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 would_VM take_VVI too_RG much_DA1 of_IO 
our_APPGE time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 general_JJ statement_NN1 will_VM have_VHI to_TO do_VDI ;_; 
I_PPIS1 hope_VV0 you_PPY will_VM take_VVI it_PPH1 on_II trust_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Simply_RR ,_, that_CST the_AT *1_NULL theory_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL any_DD 
theory_NN1 of_IO poetry_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ always_RR a_AT1 secondary_JJ 
manifestation_NN1 :_: poetics_NN2 follow_VV0 poems_NN2 ,_, not_XX the_AT 
other_JJ way_NN1 round_RP ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO *'_" open_JJ form_NN1 **'_" 
poetry_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 think_VV0 we_PPIS2 have_VH0 seen_VVN a_AT1 peculiar_JJ 
tendency_NN1 to_TO put_VVI theory_NN1 first_MD and_CC poetic_JJ practice_NN1 
second_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO write_VVI *'_" open_JJ form_NN1 **'_" ,_, 
the_AT poet_NN1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN *1_NULL first_MD *0_NULL to_TO have_VHI 
read_VVN and_CC mastered_VVN the_AT principles_NN2 of_IO *'_" projective_JJ 
verse_NN1 **'_" ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 as_CSA these_DD2 are_VBR 
expounded_VVN by_II the_AT late_JJ Charles_NP1 Olson_NP1 ,_, by_II Robert_NP1 
Creeley_NP1 ,_, and_CC other_JJ American_JJ poets_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW 
them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Besides_II this_DD1 ,_, the_AT movement_NN1 ,_, and_CC some_DD 
aspects_NN2 of_IO the_AT theory_NN1 as_RR21 well_RR22 ,_, have_VH0 
combined_VVN (_( and_CC confused_VVN )_) *1_NULL poetic_JJ *0_NULL 
revolution_NN1 with_IW *1_NULL social_JJ *0_NULL revolution_NN1 ,_, more_RGR 
consciously_RR and_CC obviously_RR than_CSN any_DD such_DA movement_NN1 
since_CS the_AT Romantics_NN1 nearly_RR two_MC centuries_NNT2 ago_RA ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_RR21 course_RR22 I_PPIS1 'm_VBM thinking_VVG of_IO the_AT 
counter-culture_NN1 of_IO the_AT sixties_MC2 and_CC seventies_MC2 ;_; the_AT 
years_NNT2 when_RRQ poetry_NN1 in_II more_DAR or_CC less_RGR *'_" open_JJ 
**'_" form_NN1 began_VVD to_TO be_VBI epidemic_JJ *-_- and_CC the_AT San_NP 
Francisco_NP1 years_NNT2 ,_, in_II the_AT fifties_MC2 ,_, when_CS 
Ferlinghetti_NP1 ,_, Robert_NP1 Duncan_NP1 ,_, Gary_NP1 Snyder_NP1 ,_, and_CC 
Allen_NP1 Ginsberg_NP1 gave_VVD such_DA a_AT1 big_JJ impetus_NN1 to_II the_AT 
movement_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II one_MC1 sense_NN1 the_AT theory_NN1 did_VDD come_VVI 
first_MD ;_; Charles_NP1 Olson_NP1 's_GE essay_NN1 called_VVN *'_" 
Projective_JJ Verse_NN1 **'_" appeared_VVD as_RG early_RR as_CSA 1950_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB it_PPH1 did_VDD n't_XX produce_VVI the_AT new_JJ movement_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 think_VV0 it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI a_AT1 wild_JJ guess_NN1 
that_CST Ginsberg_NP1 ,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 *-_- whom_PNQO I_PPIS1 
consider_VV0 the_AT one_MC1 poet_NN1 of_IO unusual_JJ genius_NN1 among_II 
them_PPHO2 all_DB *-_- owed_VVD his_PPGE highly_RR individual_JJ style_NN1 
to_II the_AT theorizing_NN1 of_IO Olson_NP1 and_CC Creeley_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rather_RR ,_, it_PPH1 seems_VVZ to_II me_PPIO1 that_CST the_AT 
movement_NN1 *-_- the_AT Beat_NN1 generation_NN1 and_CC their_APPGE 
successors_NN2 *-_- picked_VVD up_RP the_AT theory_NN1 and_CC swept_VVD 
it_PPH1 along_RP ,_, till_II today_RT we_PPIS2 find_VV0 it_PPH1 on_II 
our_APPGE own_DA doorstep_NN1 ,_, alive_JJ and_CC kicking_VVG or_CC ,_, 
shall_VM we_PPIS2 say_VVI ,_, twitching_VVG ?_? 

^ ^_NULL The_AT theory_NN1 was_VBDZ something_PN1 the_AT movement_NN1 
wanted_VVD ,_, and_CC there_RL it_PPH1 was_VBDZ :_: a_AT1 *1_NULL poetic_JJ 
,_, *0_NULL a_AT1 mystique_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 doctrine_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 ideology_NN1 
of_IO sorts_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL All_RR31 the_RR32 same_RR33 ,_, however_RRQV it_PPH1 looks_VVZ 
to_II us_PPIO2 now_RT ,_, Charles_NP1 Olson_NP1 ,_, in_II 1950_MC ,_, did_VDD 
announce_VVI what_DDQ he_PPHS1 conceived_VVD to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 new_JJ 
poetic_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 new_JJ programme_NN1 for_IF poetry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II doing_VDG this_DD1 ,_, he_PPHS1 invoked_VVD the_AT 
authority_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT example_NN1 ,_, of_IO major_JJ American_JJ 
poets_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 earlier_JJR generation_NN1 :_: Ezra_NP1 Pound_NP1 ,_, 
William_NP1 Carlos_NP1 Williams_NP1 ,_, Hart_NP1 Crane_NP1 ,_, {_NULL E._NP1 
E._NP1 }_NULL Cummings_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Pound_NP1 and_CC Williams_NP1 in_RR21 particular_RR22 interested_VVD 
him_PPHO1 ;_; but_CCB they_PPHS2 were_VBDR the_AT forerunners_NN2 ,_, the_AT 
beginners_NN2 ;_; what_DDQ Olson_NP1 proposed_VVD was_VBDZ a_AT1 more_RGR 
advanced_JJ theory_NN1 than_CSN theirs_PPGE ,_, and_CC (_( at_RR21 least_RR22 
by_II implication_NN1 )_) a_AT1 superior_JJ poetic_JJ practice_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL I_PPIS1 have_VH0 been_VBN rereading_VVG Pound_NP1 's_GE 
famous_JJ *'_" A_DD221 Few_DD222 Don'ts_NN2 **'_" of_IO the_AT year_NNT1 
1913_MC ,_, and_CC his_APPGE poetic_JJ *1_NULL credo_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL 
written_VVN in_II 1911_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_IW Olson_NP1 's_GE *'_" Projective_JJ Verse_NN1 **'_" and_CC 
a_DD221 few_DD222 other_JJ revered_JJ scriptures_NN2 of_IO the_AT movement_NN1 
fresh_JJ in_II my_APPGE mind_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 find_VV0 myself_PPX1 
wondering_VVG ,_, a_RR21 little_RR22 ,_, how_RGQ much_DA1 has_VHZ been_VBN 
added_VVN ;_; indeed_RR ,_, whether_CSW something_PN1 has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN 
subtracted_VVN in_II the_AT transition_NN1 *-_- it_PPH1 has_VHZ *1_NULL 
been_VBN *0_NULL a_AT1 transition_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 ca_VM n't_XX deny_VVI 
that_CST *-_- from_II the_AT master_NN1 's_VHZ principles_NN2 and_CC 
practice_NN1 to_II those_DD2 so_RG much_DA1 in_II favour_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 
later_JJR generation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 think_VV0 there_RL has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 narrowing_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT vision_NN1 ,_, accompanied_VVN by_II a_AT1 good_JJ deal_NN1 of_IO 
mystification_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 tendency_NN1 to_II doctrinaire_JJ 
attitudinizing_NN1 ,_, and_CC in_II some_DD of_IO the_AT poetry_NN1 a_AT1 
peculiar_JJ rigidity_NN1 or_CC inertness_NN1 *-_- all_DB of_IO this_DD1 
totally_RR at_II odds_NN2 with_IW Pound_NNU1 's_VBZ thinking_VVG and_CC 
his_APPGE art_NN1 ,_, and_CC equally_RR at_II odds_NN2 with_IW the_AT 
language_NN1 of_IO liberation_NN1 and_CC renewal_NN1 affected_VVN by_II 
some_DD of_IO our_APPGE born-again_JJ young_JJ poets_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ another_DD1 tendency_NN1 or_CC disposition_NN1 
(_( I_PPIS1 shall_VM merely_RR notice_VVI it_PPH1 in_II passing_VVG )_) 
which_DDQ appears_VVZ in_II the_AT critical_JJ polemics_NN2 of_IO *'_" 
projectivism_NN1 **'_" ;_; something_PN1 like_II a_AT1 nervous_JJ nose_NN1 
for_IF heresy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Olson_NP1 himself_PPX1 ,_, thirty_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA ,_, 
declared_VVD {_NULL T._NP1 S._NP1 }_NULL Eliot_NP1 (_( he_PPHS1 nicknames_VVZ 
him_PPHO1 {_NULL O._NP1 M._NN1 }_NULL Eliot_NP1 )_) to_TO be_VBI *'_" *1_NULL 
not_XX *0_NULL projective_JJ **'_" *-_- and_CC he_PPHS1 adds_VVZ ,_, 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL That_DD1 expression_NN1 *'_" save_VV0 
himself_PPX1 **'_" betrays_VVZ the_AT tendency_NN1 ,_, does_VDZ n't_XX it_PPH1 
?_? 

^ ^_NULL Only_RR the_AT other_JJ day_NNT1 ,_, in_II a_AT1 similar_JJ vein_NN1 
,_, I_PPIS1 see_VV0 that_CST \_NULL Mr_NNB Alan_NP1 Loney_NP1 ,_, writing_VVG 
in_II *1_NULL Islands_NN2 ,_, *0_NULL warns_VVZ {_NULL C._NP1 K._NP1 }_NULL 
Stead_NP1 that_CST he_PPHS1 will_VM not_XX achieve_VVI *'_" truly_RR open_JJ 
form_NN1 **'_" if_CS he_PPHS1 does_VDZ n't_XX mend_VVI his_APPGE ways_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Loney_NP1 proceeds_VVZ to_TO advise_VVI Stead_NP1 what_DDQ he_PPHS1 
must_VM do_VDI to_TO become_VVI *'_" projective_JJ **'_" ;_; the_AT way_NN1 
of_IO salvation_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN pointed_VVN out_RP to_II him_PPHO1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_RR21 least_RR22 ,_, that_DD1 seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI the_AT 
drift_NN1 ;_; for_IF my_APPGE own_DA part_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 have_VH0 to_TO 
confess_VVI that_CST the_AT ghostly_JJ counsel_NN1 offered_VVN would_VM 
give_VVI me_PPIO1 small_JJ comfort_NN1 ,_, because_CS I_PPIS1 find_VV0 it_PPH1 
unintelligible_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Still_RR ,_, as_CSA I_PPIS1 keep_VV0 on_RP reminding_VVG 
myself_PPX1 ,_, *'_" projectivism_NN1 **'_" is_VBZ with_IW us_PPIO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR are_VBR Olson_NP1 and_CC his_APPGE school_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR are_VBR a_AT1 host_NN1 of_IO younger_JJR poets_NN2 ,_, good_JJ 
and_CC bad_JJ ,_, one_MC1 way_NN1 or_CC another_DD1 affected_VVN by_II the_AT 
movement_NN1 ,_, whether_CSW31 or_CSW32 not_CSW33 they_PPHS2 happen_VV0 to_TO 
have_VHI studied_VVN its_APPGE definitive_JJ writings_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Having_VHG done_VDN a_AT1 little_JJ study_NN1 myself_PPX1 ,_, I_PPIS1 
have_VH0 to_TO ask_VVI again_RT ,_, as_CSA I_PPIS1 did_VDD a_AT1 moment_NN1 
ago_RA :_: *1_NULL what_DDQ *0_NULL was_VBDZ added_VVN to_II Pound_NNU1 ,_, 
or_CC Williams_NP1 for_IF that_DD1 matter_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT late_JJ 
fifties_MC2 and_CC the_AT sixties_MC2 ,_, by_II Olson_NP1 ,_, Creeley_NP1 
and_CC the_AT movement_NN1 we_PPIS2 associate_VV0 with_IW Black_NP 
Mountain_NNL1 College_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Was_VBDZ anything_PN1 of_IO major_JJ worth_NN1 or_CC meaning_NN1 
added_VVD ,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 to_II the_AT *'_" three_MC 
principles_NN2 **'_" which_DDQ Pound_NNU1 and_CC Richard_NP1 Aldington_NP1 
and_CC *'_" {_NULL H.D._NP }_NULL **'_" agreed_VVN upon_II seventy_MC 
years_NNT2 ago_RA ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Those_DD2 three_MC principles_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN familiar_JJ 
ground_NN1 for_IF some_DD of_IO us_PPIO2 for_IF a_AT1 very_RG long_JJ 
time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 will_VM bear_VVI repeating_VVG here_RL :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Direct_JJ treatment_NN1 of_IO the_AT *'_" thing_NN1 **'_" whether_CSW 
subjective_JJ or_CC objective_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO use_VVI absolutely_RR no_AT word_NN1 that_CST does_VDZ not_XX 
contribute_VVI to_II the_AT presentation_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA regarding_II rhythm_NN1 :_: to_TO compose_VVI in_II the_AT 
sequence_NN1 of_IO the_AT musical_JJ phrase_NN1 ,_, not_XX in_II sequence_NN1 
of_IO a_AT1 metronome_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL We_PPIS2 are_VBR in_II the_AT 
year_NNT1 1912_MC ,_, about_II the_AT time_NNT1 Pound_NNU1 first_MD used_VVD 
the_AT term_NN1 *'_" imagiste_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ Imagism_NN1 :_: first_MD principle_NN1 ,_, *'_" 
direct_JJ treatment_NN1 of_IO *"_" the_AT thing_NN1 **"_" **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Pound_NP1 goes_VVZ on_RP to_TO explain_VVI what_DDQ he_PPHS1 
means_VVZ by_II an_AT1 *'_" Image_NN1 **'_" *-_- it_PPH1 is_VBZ *'_" that_CST 
which_DDQ presents_VVZ an_AT1 intellectual_JJ and_CC emotional_JJ complex_NN1 
in_II an_AT1 instant_NNT1 of_IO time_NNT1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 ,_, he_PPHS1 argues_VVZ ,_, *'_" instantaneously_RR ..._... 
gives_VVZ that_DD1 sense_NN1 of_IO sudden_JJ liberation_NN1 ..._... of_IO 
freedom_NN1 from_II time_NNT1 limits_NN2 and_CC space_NN1 limits_VVZ ..._... 
which_DDQ we_PPIS2 experience_VV0 in_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
greatest_JJT works_NN of_IO art_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 's_VBZ worth_II noticing_VVG that_CST Pound_NP1 does_VDZ 
not_XX pretend_VVI to_TO offer_VVI a_AT1 brand-new_JJ system_NN1 for_IF 
producing_VVG a_AT1 brand-new_JJ kind_NN1 of_IO art_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 is_VBZ describing_VVG ,_, in_II his_APPGE own_DA terms_NN2 
,_, a_AT1 process_NN1 by_II which_DDQ *'_" the_AT greatest_JJT works_NN of_IO 
art_NN1 **'_" have_VH0 already_RR been_VBN achieved_VVN ,_, and_CC by_II 
implication_NN1 ,_, the_AT way_NN1 towards_II all_DB new_JJ achievement_NN1 
in_II art_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL And_CC *0_NULL he_PPHS1 is_VBZ deducing_VVG theory_NN1 
from_II art_NN1 ,_, not_XX art_NN1 from_II theory_NN1 ;_; the_AT right_JJ 
way_NN1 round_RP ,_, as_CSA it_PPH1 seems_VVZ to_II me_PPIO1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Pound_NP1 's_GE rules_NN2 may_VM sound_VVI a_RR21 bit_RR22 
obvious_JJ and_CC truistic_JJ to_II some_DD of_IO us_PPIO2 ,_, now_RT ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ the_AT prevailing_JJ taste_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT 
poetry_NN1 and_CC criticism_NN1 of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 ,_, that_CST made_VVD 
them_PPHO2 *1_NULL new_JJ ,_, *0_NULL and_CC challenging_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1912_MC ,_, Hopkins_NP1 was_VBDZ almost_RR unknown_JJ *-_- 
Bridges_NP1 's_GE edition_NN1 of_IO the_AT poems_NN2 appeared_VVN in_II 
1918_MC *-_- otherwise_RR his_APPGE theory_NN1 of_IO inscape_NN1 and_CC 
instress_NN1 might_VM have_VHI been_VBN seen_VVN to_TO anticipate_VVI 
Pound_NP1 's_GE insistence_NN1 on_II *'_" the_AT thing_NN1 **'_" and_CC 
his_APPGE demand_NN1 for_IF the_AT *'_" image_NN1 **'_" presented_VVN in_II 
an_AT1 *'_" instant_NNT1 of_IO time_NNT1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Grierson_NP1 's_GE famous_JJ anthology_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
metaphysical_JJ poets_NN2 had_VHD barely_RR appeared_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Yet_RR ,_, as_CSA things_NN2 stood_VVD at_II the_AT time_NNT1 ,_, 
it_PPH1 was_VBDZ Pound_NP1 who_PNQS set_VV0 things_NN2 going_VVG *-_- *'_" 
out_II21 of_II22 key_NN1 with_IW his_APPGE time_NNT1 *'_" ,_, as_CSA he_PPHS1 
put_VVD it_PPH1 in_II *'_" Hugh_NP1 Selwyn_NP1 Mauberly_NP1 **'_" ,_, he_PPHS1 
tried_VVD *'_" to_TO resuscitate_VVI the_AT dead_JJ art_NN1 /_FO of_IO 
poetry_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Forty_MC years_NNT2 later_RRR ,_, in_II 1950_MC ,_, 
Charles_NP1 Olson_NP1 announced_VVD the_AT arrival_NN1 of_IO projective_JJ 
verse_NN1 ,_, and_CC took_VVD up_RP what_DDQ the_AT lawyers_NN2 call_VV0 
an_AT1 *'_" adversary_NN1 situation_NN1 **'_" towards_II what_DDQ he_PPHS1 
calls_VVZ the_AT Non-Projective_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Beneath_II the_AT title_NN1 he_PPHS1 printed_VVD three_MC 
ingeniously-chosen_JJ etymological_JJ siblings_NN2 of_IO the_AT word_NN1 *'_" 
projective_JJ **'_" :_: spaced_JJ out_RP across_II the_AT page_NN1 ,_, 
each_DD1 with_IW an_AT1 unclosed_JJ parenthesis_NN1 mark_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 
read_VV0 the_AT words_NN2 *'_" projectile_NN1 **'_" ,_, *'_" percussive_JJ 
**'_" ,_, *'_" prospective_JJ **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL Projectile_NN1 *-_- *0_NULL it_PPH1 goes_VVZ off_RP like_II 
a_AT1 shell_NN1 or_CC a_AT1 rocket_NN1 *-_- ^_NULL Okay_RR ,_, citizen_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL Percussive_NP1 *-_- *0_NULL it_PPH1 beats_VVZ and_CC it_PPH1 
strikes_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL Prospective_NP1 *-_- *0_NULL it_PPH1 looks_VVZ ahead_RL ,_, 
it_PPH1 's_VBZ the_AT poetry_NN1 of_IO the_AT future_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Opposed_VVN to_II all_DB this_DD1 *-_- so_RR to_TO speak_VVI 
,_, in_II the_AT enemy_NN camp_NN1 *-_- was_VBDZ the_AT Non-Projective_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ of_RR21 course_RR22 where_RRQ {_NULL T._NP1 S._NP1 
}_NULL Eliot_NP1 remained_VVD ,_, and_CC the_AT cause_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ 
Olson_NP1 judged_VVD to_TO be_VBI his_APPGE failure_NN1 as_II a_AT1 
dramatist_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL About_II the_AT Non-Projective_JJ we_PPIS2 are_VBR told_VVN three_MC 
things_NN2 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL First_MD ,_, it_PPH1 
is_VBZ *'_" what_DDQ a_AT1 French_JJ critic_NN1 calls_VVZ *"_" closed_JJ **"_" 
verse_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Second_MD ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ *'_" that_DD1 verse_NN1 which_DDQ 
print_VV0 bred_VVN **'_" (_( which_DDQ means_VVZ ,_, I_PPIS1 take_VV0 it_PPH1 
,_, something_PN1 that_CST happened_VVD after_II the_AT invention_NN1 of_IO 
movable_JJ printing_NN1 type_NN1 in_II the_AT fifteenth_MD century_NNT1 ,_, 
or_CC the_AT emergence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 printed_JJ book_NN1 audience_NN for_IF 
poetry_NN1 in_II the_AT sixteenth_MD century_NNT1 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Third_MD ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ *'_" pretty_RG much_RR what_DDQ 
we_PPIS2 have_VH0 had_VHN ,_, in_II English_JJ and_CC American_JJ ,_, and_CC 
have_VH0 still_RR got_VVN ,_, despite_II the_AT work_NN1 of_IO Pound_NNU1 
and_CC Williams_NP1 **'_" ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL From_II the_AT start_NN1 ,_, 
it_PPH1 's_VBZ clear_JJ that_CST we_PPIS2 are_VBR in_RP for_IF something_PN1 
more_RGR radical_JJ than_CSN Pound_NP1 ever_RR dreamt_VVD of_IO ;_; we_PPIS2 
are_VBR in_II another_DD1 world_NN1 ,_, if_CS not_XX another_DD1 planet_NN1 
,_, from_II Pound_NNU1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Pound_NP1 ,_, whatever_DDQV we_PPIS2 choose_VV0 to_TO make_VVI of_IO 
his_APPGE political_JJ aberrations_NN2 ,_, took_VVD poetry_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 
immense_JJ and_CC ,_, for_IF his_APPGE time_NNT1 ,_, extraordinary_JJ *1_NULL 
seriousness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ ,_, I_PPIS1 believe_VV0 ,_, humble_JJ 
before_CS it_PPH1 and_CC its_APPGE history_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 'm_VBM not_XX sure_JJ that_CST he_PPHS1 did_VDD n't_XX 
say_VVI the_AT last_MD word_NN1 *-_- in_II English_JJ anyway_RR ,_, and_CC 
if_CSW there_EX can_VM *1_NULL be_VBI *0_NULL a_AT1 last_MD word_NN1 *-_- 
on_II the_AT subject_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL vers_NN2 libre_JJ }_NULL ,_, 
*0_NULL and_CC a_DD221 few_DD222 other_JJ problems_NN2 of_IO diction_NN1 
and_CC versification_NN1 which_DDQ have_VH0 confronted_VVN poets_NN2 in_II 
our_APPGE century_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 affirmed_VVD his_APPGE belief_NN1 that_CST poets_NN2 
should_VM try_VVI to_TO know_VVI ,_, and_CC learn_VVI from_II ,_, *1_NULL 
all_DB *0_NULL poetry_NN1 ,_, of_IO all_DB possible_JJ ages_NN2 and_CC 
languages_NN2 ,_, and_CC to_TO master_VVI *1_NULL all_DB *0_NULL systems_NN2 
of_IO metre_NNU1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 poet_NN1 could_VM not_XX have_VHI too_RG many_DA2 masters_NN2 
or_CC too_RG many_DA2 languages_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Whatever_DDQV Pound_NP1 was_VBDZ ,_, he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ not_XX ,_, 
and_CC here_RL 's_VBZ the_AT contrast_NN1 I_PPIS1 wish_VV0 to_TO point_VVI 
out_RP ,_, a_AT1 poetic_JJ Messiah_NN1 ,_, whose_DDQGE mission_NN1 and_CC 
message_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO correct_VVI the_AT errors_NN2 of_IO centuries_NNT2 
past_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT errors_NN2 which_DDQ concerned_VVD him_PPHO1 were_VBDR *'_" 
modern_JJ **'_" errors_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE *'_" modernism_NN1 **'_" was_VBDZ grounded_VVN on_II a_AT1 
profound_JJ sense_NN1 of_IO tradition_NN1 ,_, not_XX merely_RR classical_JJ 
and_CC Renaissance_NN1 ,_, but_CCB more_RGR recent_JJ and_CC Romantic_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Not_XX many_DA2 of_IO us_PPIO2 may_VM be_VBI able_JK to_TO follow_VVI 
Pound_NP1 's_GE advice_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, *'_" to_TO 
dissect_VVI the_AT lyrics_NN2 of_IO Goethe_NP1 coldly_RR into_II their_APPGE 
component_JJ sound_NN1 values_NN2 **'_" ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ within_II 
anybody_PN1 's_GE means_NN to_TO *'_" read_VVI as_RG much_DA1 of_IO 
Wordsworth_NP1 as_CSA does_VDZ not_XX seem_VVI too_RG unutterably_RR dull_JJ 
**'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II all_DB this_DD1 ,_, Pound_NP1 seems_VVZ to_II me_PPIO1 to_TO 
be_VBI in_II a_AT1 true_JJ line_NN1 of_IO descent_NN1 from_II the_AT great_JJ 
innovators_NN2 and_CC reformers_NN2 of_IO poetry_NN1 ;_; in_II contrast_NN1 
to_II the_AT kind_NN1 of_IO extravagant_JJ syncretist_NN1 and_CC 
philosophical_JJ dilettante_NN1 whom_PNQO I_PPIS1 find_VV0 addressing_VVG 
me_PPIO1 in_II Olson_NP1 's_GE *'_" Projective_JJ Verse_NN1 **'_" essay_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL More_RGR specifically_RR ,_, one_MC1 or_CC two_MC examples_NN2 
of_IO the_AT kind_NN1 of_IO thing_NN1 I_PPIS1 mean_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 read_VVD about_II *2_NULL COMPOSITION_NN1 BY_II FIELD_NP1 
*-_- *0_NULL Olson_NP1 's_GE *2_NULL FIELD_NN1 *0_NULL is_VBZ much_RR 
talked_VVN about_II :_: often_RR by_II people_NN who_PNQS ,_, I_PPIS1 
suspect_VV0 ,_, understand_VV0 it_PPH1 no_RR better_RRR than_CSN I_PPIS1 
do_VD0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ something_PN1 *'_" opposed_VVN to_II inherited_JJ 
line_NN1 ,_, stanza_NN1 ,_, over-all_JJ form_NN1 ,_, what_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT 
*"_" old_JJ **"_" base_NN1 of_IO the_AT non-projective_JJ **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Yes_UH ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM see_VVI what_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ *1_NULL 
opposed_VVN to_II ;_; *0_NULL and_CC it_PPH1 looks_VVZ very_RG much_DA1 
like_II the_AT old_JJ (_( and_CC exhausted_VVD )_) debate_VV0 between_II 
*1_NULL {_NULL vers_NN2 libre_JJ }_NULL *0_NULL and_CC regular_JJ verse_NN1 
,_, between_II *'_" imagism_NN1 **'_" and_CC what_DDQ Pound_VV0 called_VVN 
*'_" perdamnable_JJ rhetoric_NN1 **'_" in_II English_JJ poetry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ ,_, besides_RR ,_, a_AT1 whole_JJ paragraph_NN1 of_IO 
Olson_NP1 which_DDQ *-_- effectively_RR and_CC poetically_RR *-_- contains_VVZ 
nothing_PN1 more_DAR than_CSN Eliot_NP1 's_GE last_MD paragraphs_NN2 in_II 
*'_" Tradition_NN1 and_CC the_AT Individual_JJ Talent_NN1 **'_" :_: for_IF 
Eliot_NP1 's_GE word_NN1 *'_" emotion_NN1 **'_" you_PPY only_RR have_VH0 to_TO 
read_VVI Olson_NP1 's_GE word_NN1 *'_" energy_NN1 **'_" ;_; and_CC you_PPY 
can_VM ,_, if_CS you_PPY like_VV0 ,_, prefer_VV0 a_AT1 pseudo-scientific_JJ 
and_CC quantitative_JJ metaphor_NN1 to_II an_AT1 old-style_JJ psychological_JJ 
one_MC1 :_: but_CCB whether_CSW you_PPY do_VD0 or_CC not_XX ,_, the_AT 
Olson_NP1 version_NN1 contains_VVZ nothing_PN1 new_JJ whatsoever_DDQV ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Where_CS I_PPIS1 suppose_VV0 Olson_NP1 can_VM be_VBI said_VVN 
to_TO have_VHI gone_VVN further_RRR than_CSN Pound_NP1 *-_- or_CC rather_RR 
,_, turned_VVD the_AT argument_NN1 about_II poetics_NN1 in_II a_AT1 new_JJ 
direction_NN1 altogether_RR *-_- was_VBDZ in_II his_APPGE attempt_NN1 to_TO 
provide_VVI poets_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 *1_NULL method_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL a_AT1 
kit_NN1 of_IO practical_JJ rules_NN2 for_IF the_AT composition_NN1 of_IO *'_" 
projective_JJ verse_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_CS Pound_NP1 and_CC Aldington_NP1 offered_VVD a_DD221 few_DD222 
general_JJ guidelines_NN2 for_IF poets_NN2 ,_, Olson_NP1 offered_VVD ,_, or_CC 
seemed_VVD to_TO offer_VVI ,_, a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL compositional_JJ 
*0_NULL rules_NN2 ,_, both_RR complete_JJ and_CC specific_JJ ;_; as_CSA 
he_PPHS1 presented_VVD them_PPHO2 ,_, these_DD2 appeared_VVN to_TO be_VBI 
grounded_VVN on_II scientific_JJ or_CC quasi-scientific_JJ notions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 say_VV0 quasi-scientific_JJ ,_, because_CS the_AT 
connexions_NN2 between_II the_AT arguments_NN2 and_CC the_AT poetic_JJ 
subject_NN1 depend_VV0 so_RG much_DA1 on_II one_PN1 's_GE willingness_NN1 
to_TO accept_VVI that_CST they_PPHS2 exist_VV0 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 355+TEXT+J61_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL *'_" The_AT land_NN1 and_CC the_AT people_NN **'_" 
is_VBZ an_AT1 evocative_JJ phrase_NN1 that_CST has_VHZ strong_JJ 
connections_NN2 with_IW many_DA2 periods_NN2 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE 
cultural_JJ history_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 can_VM no_RR21 longer_RR22 afford_VVI to_TO use_VVI such_DA 
a_AT1 phrase_NN1 innocently_RR ;_; we_PPIS2 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI aware_JJ 
of_IO the_AT various_JJ conceptual_JJ battles_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 
preceded_VVN its_APPGE present_JJ comfortable_JJ sense_NN1 of_IO 
timelessness_NN1 and_CC shared_JJ reality_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL One_MC1 way_NN1 to_TO focus_VVI on_II differences_NN2 is_VBZ 
to_TO consider_VVI what_DDQ is_VBZ implied_VVN by_II the_AT connective_NN1 
*'_" and_CC **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF the_AT original_JJ community_NNJ *-_- tangata_NN1 whenua_NN1 
*-_- the_AT convergence_NN1 between_II people_NN and_CC land_NN1 ,_, or_CC 
individual_JJ and_CC community_NNJ ,_, involved_VVD a_AT1 rich_JJ mesh_NN1 
of_IO rights_NN2 and_CC responsibilities_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 relationships_NN2 had_VHD no_AT counterpart_NN1 in_II 
the_AT language_NN1 of_IO the_AT Pakeha_NP1 settlers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *'_" New_NP Zealand_NP1 **'_" was_VBDZ born_VVN out_II21 of_II22 
this_DD1 cultural_JJ collision_NN1 ,_, with_IW the_AT settlers_NN2 
imposing_VVG their_APPGE own_DA set_NN1 of_IO legal_JJ and_CC economic_JJ 
connections_NN2 between_II the_AT land_NN1 and_CC the_AT people_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Among_II the_AT authoritative_JJ voices_NN2 of_IO the_AT Maori_JJ 
Land_NN1 Court_NN1 ,_, the_AT old_JJ meanings_NN2 could_VM survive_VVI only_RR 
as_II a_AT1 subtext_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II 1939_MC Charles_NP1 Brasch_NP1 gave_VVD the_AT title_NN1 
*1_NULL The_AT Land_NN1 and_CC the_AT People_NN *0_NULL to_II his_APPGE 
first_MD book_NN1 of_IO poems_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT book_NN1 serves_VVZ to_TO symbolise_VVI an_AT1 initially_RR 
small_JJ but_CCB important_JJ new_JJ phase_NN1 in_II Pakeha_NP1 culture_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Brasch_NP1 and_CC the_AT writers_NN2 and_CC artists_NN2 he_PPHS1 
was_VBDZ to_TO publish_VVI in_II his_APPGE magazine_NN1 *1_NULL Landfall_NN1 
*0_NULL thought_NN1 of_IO themselves_PPX2 as_II an_AT1 oppositional_JJ 
group_NN *-_- what_DDQ we_PPIS2 would_VM today_RT call_VVI a_AT1 
counter-culture_NN1 *-_- in_II31 relation_II32 to_II33 the_AT smugness_NN1 
and_CC materialism_NN1 of_IO the_AT dominant_JJ Pakeha_NP1 way_NN1 of_IO 
life_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 new_JJ conception_NN1 of_IO the_AT land_NN1 was_VBDZ an_AT1 
important_JJ part_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE politics_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE appetite_NN1 for_IF wild_JJ and_CC unpeopled_JJ 
landscapes_NN2 implied_VVD a_AT1 rejection_NN1 of_IO the_AT trivial_JJ 
modes_NN2 of_IO life_NN1 previously_RR put_VVN in_II place_NN1 by_II the_AT 
settlers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT artist_NN1 had_VHD to_TO strip_VVI away_RP this_DD1 
pseudo-culture_NN1 ,_, to_TO look_VVI deep_RR into_II *'_" the_AT land_NN1 
's_VBZ heart_NN1 **'_" in_II an_AT1 attempt_NN1 to_TO *'_" learn_VVI 
shreds_NN2 of_IO her_APPGE purpose_NN1 **'_" (_( in_II James_NP1 \_NULL K._NP1 
Baxter_NP1 's_GE phrases_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 new_JJ beginning_NN1 could_VM be_VBI made_VVN from_II what_DDQ 
was_VBDZ real_JJ ,_, natural_JJ ,_, and_CC unique_JJ to_II this_DD1 
environment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT writers_NN2 and_CC artists_NN2 who_PNQS shared_VVD this_DD1 
austere_JJ programme_NN1 had_VHD little_DA1 sympathy_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
conventional_JJ bonds_NN2 between_II land_NN1 and_CC people_NN *-_- they_PPHS2 
wanted_VVD to_TO be_VBI people_NN *1_NULL of_IO *0_NULL the_AT land_NN1 and_CC 
not_XX *'_" offshoots_NN2 ,_, outcasts_NN2 ,_, entrepreneurs_NN2 ,_, 
architects_NN2 of_IO Empire_NN1 **'_" ,_, or_CC those_DD2 who_PNQS *'_" 
divided_VVD the_AT land_NN1 for_IF aimless_JJ ,_, customary_JJ greed_NN1 **'_" 
(_( as_CSA {_NULL A.R.D._NP1 }_NULL Fairburn_NP1 wrote_VVD in_II *'_" 
Dominion_NN1 **'_" )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Today_RT ,_, however_RR ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ clear_JJ even_RR to_II 
Pakeha_NP1 readers_NN2 that_CST this_DD1 counter-culture_NN1 still_RR 
shared_VVN many_DA2 of_IO the_AT mental_JJ habits_NN2 of_IO the_AT dominant_JJ 
culture_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_IW a_DD221 few_DD222 exceptions_NN2 ,_, its_APPGE writers_NN2 
and_CC artists_NN2 were_VBDR unable_JJ to_TO make_VVI significant_JJ use_NN1 
of_IO Maori_JJ culture_NN1 as_II a_AT1 source_NN1 of_IO alternatives_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Much_DA1 of_IO their_APPGE work_NN1 was_VBDZ energised_VVN by_II 
their_APPGE sense_NN1 of_IO encountering_VVG an_AT1 alien_JJ country_NN1 
for_IF the_AT first_MD time_NNT1 *-_- a_AT1 landscape_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ 
*'_" empty_JJ **'_" ,_, *'_" raw_JJ **'_" ,_, *'_" nameless_JJ **'_" and_CC 
*'_" without_IW history_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 approach_NN1 ran_VVD counter_RR to_II a_AT1 Maori_JJ 
sense_NN1 of_IO shared_JJ habitation_NN1 and_CC quiet_JJ familiarity_NN1 
with_IW the_AT land_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT influence_NN1 of_IO the_AT Romantic_JJ tradition_NN1 was_VBDZ 
visible_JJ also_RR in_II the_AT Pakeha_NP1 emphasis_NN1 on_II the_AT 
individual_JJ artist_NN1 ,_, the_AT unique_JJ sensibility_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
man_NN1 alone_JJ ,_, who_PNQS could_VM only_RR begin_VVI to_TO see_VVI 
clearly_RR when_RRQ he_PPHS1 had_VHD separated_VVN himself_PPX1 from_II 
family_NN and_CC community_NNJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL By_II 1960_MC this_DD1 *'_" Landfall_NN1 **'_" tradition_NN1 
showed_VVD signs_NN2 of_IO running_VVG out_II21 of_II22 steam_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II assembling_VVG *1_NULL The_AT Penguin_NP1 Book_NN1 of_IO New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 Verse_NN1 *0_NULL Allen_NP1 Curnow_NP1 could_VM find_VVI few_DA2 
young_JJ poets_NN2 to_TO include_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 commented_VVD :_: *'_" there_EX is_VBZ something_PN1 
frighteningly_RR monolithic_JJ about_II the_AT country_NN1 's_VBZ *-_- *"_" 
culture_NN1 **"_" seems_VVZ ,_, ominously_RR ,_, the_AT only_JJ word_NN1 **'_" 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT verse_NN1 of_IO the_AT last_MD decade_NNT1 had_VHD been_VBN 
*'_" muted_VVN in_II tone_NN1 ,_, deficient_JJ in_II energy_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 
dulled_JJ mirror_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 literary_JJ movement_NN1 that_CST derived_VVD much_DA1 of_IO 
its_APPGE energy_NN1 from_II an_AT1 opposition_NN1 between_II nature_NN1 
and_CC culture_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 kind_NN1 of_IO *'_" Tradition_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT New_JJ **'_" that_CST inevitably_RR had_VHN trouble_NN1 maintaining_VVG 
its_APPGE sense_NN1 of_IO discovery_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX was_VBDZ an_AT1 *'_" End_NN1 to_II the_AT Frontier_NP1 **'_" 
,_, an_AT1 unavoidable_JJ *'_" Fall_NN1 into_II Culture_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ironically_RR it_PPH1 was_VBDZ at_II this_DD1 time_NNT1 *-_- when_RRQ 
the_AT tradition_NN1 seemed_VVD to_TO be_VBI entering_VVG a_AT1 mid-life_NN1 
crisis_NN1 *-_- that_CST its_APPGE audience_NN greatly_RR expanded_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO schools_NN2 ,_, universities_NN2 ,_, 
galleries_NN2 and_CC magazines_NN2 started_VVD to_TO take_VVI this_DD1 
work_NN1 seriously_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 came_VVD to_TO see_VVI it_PPH1 as_RG synonymous_JJ with_IW 
serious_JJ New_NP Zealand_NP1 literature_NN1 and_CC art_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Inevitably_RR the_AT growth_NN1 in_II audience_NN encouraged_VVD 
a_AT1 certain_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO dilution_NN1 ,_, though_CS there_EX 
were_VBDR a_DD221 few_DD222 extraordinary_JJ artists_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 
Allen_NP1 Curnow_NP1 ,_, Colin_NP1 McCahon_NP1 and_CC Douglas_NP1 Lilburn_NP1 
who_PNQS continued_VVD to_TO resist_VVI the_AT compromises_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Today_RT ,_, a_AT1 book_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 title_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 
*'_" The_AT Land_NN1 and_CC the_AT People_NN **'_" is_VBZ likely_JJ to_TO 
be_VBI a_AT1 coffee_NN1 table_NN1 collection_NN1 of_IO glossy_JJ landscape_NN1 
photographs_NN2 (_( a_DD221 few_DD222 of_IO which_DDQ will_VM allude_VVI to_II 
McCahon_NP1 ,_, say_VV0 ,_, or_CC Rita_NP1 Angus_NP1 )_) ,_, and_CC 
familiar_JJ quotations_NN2 from_II writers_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Fairburn_NP1 
,_, Baxter_NP1 ,_, or_CC Denis_NP1 Glover_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ not_XX to_TO suggest_VVI that_CST the_AT *'_" 
Landfall_NN1 **'_" tradition_NN1 has_VHZ ever_RR become_VV0 a_AT1 huge_JJ 
market_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Less_RGR subtle_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO nationalism_NN1 are_VBR 
normally_RR required_VVN to_TO create_VVI a_AT1 runaway_NN1 bestseller_NN1 
or_CC to_TO attract_VVI the_AT attention_NN1 of_IO Television_NN1 New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT *'_" serious_JJ **'_" or_CC 
*'_" high_JJ culture_NN1 **'_" audiences_NN2 *-_- in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 
institutions_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 art_NN1 galleries_NN2 and_CC funding_VVG 
bodies_NN2 *-_- it_PPH1 is_VBZ hard_JJ to_TO imagine_VVI any_DD other_JJ 
artistic_JJ movement_NN1 in_II this_DD1 country_NN1 being_VBG so_RG 
successful_JJ in_II setting_VVG agendas_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Since_CS the_AT late_JJ 1960s_MC2 ,_, this_DD1 tradition_NN1 
has_VHZ been_VBN fiercely_RR challenged_VVN from_II at_RR21 least_RR22 
three_MC directions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT uneasy_JJ feeling_NN1 that_CST many_DA2 younger_JJR 
artists_NN2 had_VHD in_II the_AT late_JJ 1950s_MC2 or_CC early_JJ 1960s_MC2 
of_IO working_VVG in_II the_AT shadow_NN1 of_IO the_AT two_MC previous_JJ 
generations_NN2 has_VHZ since_RR been_VBN dispelled_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Probably_RR the_AT most_RGT important_JJ development_NN1 has_VHZ 
been_VBN the_AT Maori_JJ renaissance_NN1 ,_, exemplified_VVN by_II such_DA 
books_NN2 as_CSA *1_NULL Into_II the_AT World_NN1 of_IO Light_NN1 *0_NULL 
or_CC such_DA exhibitions_NN2 as_II *'_" Te_AT Ao_NP1 Marama_NP1 (_( Seven_MC 
Maori_JJ Artists_NN2 )_) **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Alongside_II such_DA work_NN1 ,_, *'_" New_NP Zealand_NP1 
literature_NN1 and_CC art_NN1 **'_" shrinks_VVZ clearly_RR to_II a_AT1 
Pakeha_NP1 tradition_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Institutions_NN2 concerned_JJ with_IW national_JJ culture_NN1 *-_- 
public_JJ art_NN1 galleries_NN2 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 *-_- must_NN1 
now_RT give_VVI equal_JJ acknowledgement_NN1 to_II Maori_JJ material_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT result_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN an_AT1 unsettling_NN1 of_IO 
existing_JJ notions_NN2 of_IO the_AT *'_" New_NP Zealand_NP1 tradition_NN1 
**'_" ,_, without_IW (_( as_RR21 yet_RR22 )_) any_DD consensus_NN1 about_II 
alternatives_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Consider_VV0 the_AT example_NN1 of_IO Harvey_NP1 McQueen_NP1 and_CC 
Ian_NP1 Wedde_NP1 's_GE *1_NULL Penguin_NP1 Book_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 
Verse_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Published_VVN in_II 1985_MC ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ the_AT 
first_MD anthology_NN1 to_TO juxtapose_VVI the_AT Maori_JJ and_CC Pakeha_NP1 
poetic_JJ traditions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_DAT reviewers_NN2 acknowledged_VVD the_AT seriousness_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT experiment_NN1 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 still_RR gave_VVD the_AT 
editors_NN2 a_AT1 hard_JJ time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD Maori_JJ readers_NN2 were_VBDR uneasy_JJ about_II the_AT 
translations_NN2 and_CC the_AT way_NN1 they_PPHS2 sometimes_RT blurred_VVD 
the_AT tribal_JJ contexts_NN2 ;_; and_CC some_DD Pakeha_NP1 readers_NN2 
were_VBDR disconcerted_VVN by_II the_AT cultural_JJ shifts_VVZ that_CST the_AT 
editors_NN2 were_VBDR making_VVG between_II two_MC conceptions_NN2 of_IO 
poetry_NN1 and_CC two_MC styles_NN2 of_IO value_NN1 judgement_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT desire_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 bicultural_JJ tradition_NN1 is_VBZ 
strong_JJ but_CCB the_AT conceptual_JJ problems_NN2 have_VH0 yet_RR to_TO 
be_VBI resolved_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Similarly_RR ,_, the_AT use_NN1 of_IO Maori_JJ material_NN1 by_II 
Pakeha_NP1 artists_NN2 remains_VVZ problematic_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 painting_NN1 seen_VVN twenty_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA as_II a_AT1 
step_NN1 towards_II biculturalism_NN1 may_VM now_RT create_VVI an_AT1 
uneasy_JJ sense_NN1 of_IO appropriation_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT second_MD critique_NN1 of_IO the_AT *'_" New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 tradition_NN1 **'_" has_VHZ come_VVN from_II feminists_NN2 
who_PNQS argue_VV0 that_CST its_APPGE conception_NN1 of_IO *'_" the_AT 
people_NN **'_" has_VHZ favoured_VVN not_XX only_RR Pakeha_NP1 ,_, but_CCB 
also_RR male_JJ interests_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT essays_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 writer_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 {_NULL 
A.R.D._NP1 }_NULL Fairburn_NP1 *-_- *'_" The_AT Woman_NN1 Problem_NN1 **'_" 
,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 *-_- now_RT seem_VV0 blatantly_RR sexist_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Robert_NP1 Chapman_NP1 's_GE *'_" Fiction_NN1 and_CC the_AT Social_JJ 
Pattern_NN1 **'_" traces_VVZ the_AT conflict_NN1 between_II dominant_JJ 
wives_NN2 and_CC demoralised_JJ husbands_NN2 as_CSA one_MC1 of_IO the_AT 
central_JJ concerns_NN2 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 fiction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Art_NN1 criticism_NN1 has_VHZ at_II times_NNT2 downgraded_VVD 
domestic_JJ or_CC *'_" interior_JJ **'_" space_NN1 while_CS valorising_VVG 
the_AT great_JJ (_( masculine_JJ )_) outdoors_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 has_VHZ counterparts_NN2 in_II poetry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 example_NN1 is_VBZ Baxter_NP1 's_GE famous_JJ *'_" Poem_NN1 
in_II the_AT Matukituki_NP Valley_NNL1 **'_" which_DDQ celebrates_VVZ the_AT 
man_NN1 alone_JJ who_PNQS bivouacs_VVZ *'_" where_RRQ the_AT mountains_NN2 
throw_VV0 their_APPGE dice_NN1 /_FO Of_IO boulders_NN2 huge_JJ as_CSA 
houses_NN2 **'_" instead_II21 of_II22 *'_" hiding_VVG **'_" in_II the_AT *'_" 
gentle_JJ dark_NN1 **'_" of_IO the_AT city_NN1 with_IW *'_" child_NN1 and_CC 
wife_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT fact_NN1 that_DD1 feminism_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 strongly_RR 
international_JJ perspective_NN1 has_VHZ made_VVN it_PPH1 quick_JJ to_TO 
see_VVI through_II some_DD of_IO the_AT pieties_NN2 of_IO the_AT local_JJ 
literary_JJ tradition_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO women_NN2 have_VH0 participated_VVN 
in_II that_DD1 tradition_NN1 ,_, in_II some_DD cases_NN2 prominently_RR ,_, 
feminist_NN1 historians_NN2 have_VH0 noted_VVN many_DA2 reviews_NN2 in_II 
which_DDQ male_JJ rhetoric_NN1 and_CC male_JJ preoccupations_NN2 have_VH0 
been_VBN unselfconsciously_RR presented_VVN as_CSA objective_JJ literary_JJ 
taste_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Meanwhile_RR ,_, new_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO feminist_NN1 art_NN1 have_VH0 
emerged_VVN ,_, as_RG documented_JJ by_II magazines_NN2 such_DA as_CSA *1_NULL 
Broadsheet_NN1 *0_NULL (_( whose_DDQGE June_NPM1 1983_MC issue_NN1 
provides_VVZ a_AT1 useful_JJ starting_NN1 point_NN1 )_) and_CC *1_NULL 
Antic_NN1 *0_NULL (_( 1986_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT third_MD challenge_NN1 to_II the_AT tradition_NN1 
has_VHZ come_VVN from_II theoretical_JJ work_NN1 that_CST analyses_VVZ 
cultures_NN2 and_CC sub-cultures_NN2 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 competing_VVG 
language_NN1 systems_NN2 and_CC competing_VVG readings_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT writers_NN2 of_IO the_AT magazine_NN1 *1_NULL And_CC *0_NULL 
(_( 1983-85_MCMC )_) attempted_VVD to_TO reinterpret_VVI the_AT *'_" New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 tradition_NN1 **'_" by_II highlighting_VVG the_AT problems_NN2 
involved_JJ in_II its_APPGE persistent_JJ claims_NN2 to_II nature_NN1 and_CC 
reality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *'_" New_NP Zealand_NP1 verse_NN1 **'_" has_VHZ been_VBN *-_- in_II 
the_AT words_NN2 of_IO Allen_NP1 Curnow_NP1 *-_- *'_" the_AT record_NN1 of_IO 
an_AT1 adventure_NN1 ,_, or_CC series_NN of_IO adventures_NN2 ,_, in_II31 
search_II32 of_II33 reality_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT strength_NN1 of_IO poets_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 Fairburn_NP1 
,_, Brasch_NP1 and_CC Glover_NP1 derives_VVZ from_II their_APPGE *'_" 
instinct_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 reality_NN1 prior_II21 to_II22 the_AT poem_NN1 
which_DDQ protects_VVZ [_( them_PPHO2 ]_) from_II losing_VVG their_APPGE 
subject_NN1 in_II rhetoric_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL And_CC *0_NULL set_VVD out_RP to_TO show_VVI that_CST New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 realism_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 genre_NN1 with_IW definable_JJ 
conventions_NN2 and_CC rhetorical_JJ manoeuvres_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Francis_NP1 Pound_NP1 's_GE book_NN1 *1_NULL Frames_NN2 on_II the_AT 
Land_NN1 *0_NULL looked_VVD similarly_RR at_II the_AT codes_NN2 by_II 
which_DDQ *'_" the_AT land_NN1 **'_" was_VBDZ transformed_VVN by_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 painters_VVZ into_II *'_" landscape_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT intention_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 critics_NN2 was_VBDZ not_XX 
to_TO discredit_VVI New_NP Zealand_NP1 art_NN1 and_CC literature_NN1 but_CCB 
to_TO conceive_VVI of_IO it_PPH1 differently_RR so_CS21 that_CS22 it_PPH1 
lost_VVD its_APPGE exclusive_JJ franchise_NN1 to_II reality_NN1 or_CC 
taste_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT critique_NN1 of_IO the_AT dominant_JJ tradition_NN1 by_II 
magazines_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 *1_NULL Parallax_NP1 ,_, And_CC *0_NULL and_CC 
*1_NULL Splash_NP1 *0_NULL was_VBDZ accompanied_VVN by_II creative_JJ work_NN1 
,_, by_II the_AT emergence_NN1 of_IO new_JJ non-realist_NN1 forms_NN2 of_IO 
literature_NN1 and_CC art_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 essay_NN1 has_VHZ concentrated_VVN on_II changes_NN2 
in_II the_AT so-called_JJ *'_" high_JJ culture_NN1 **'_" but_CCB these_DD2 
should_VM not_XX be_VBI wholly_RR separated_VVN from_II broader_JJR social_JJ 
changes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 shift_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ obviously_RR relevant_JJ to_II 
any_DD discussion_NN1 of_IO *'_" the_AT land_NN1 and_CC the_AT people_NN **'_" 
is_VBZ growing_JJ urbanisation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT *'_" language_NN1 **'_" approach_NN1 described_VVD above_RL 
is_VBZ particularly_RR attuned_VVN to_II the_AT city_NN1 as_II a_AT1 
complex_JJ landscape_NN1 of_IO language_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 rapidly_RR changing_VVG 
social_JJ construction_NN1 where_RRQ political_JJ contrasts_NN2 and_CC 
conflicts_NN2 are_VBR constantly_RR being_VBG thrust_VVN at_II us_PPIO2 in_II 
visible_JJ forms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ striking_VVG ,_, however_RR ,_, that_CST so_RG 
much_DA1 other_JJ local_JJ art_NN1 remains_VVZ focused_VVN on_II the_AT 
landscape_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR the_AT wild_JJ landscape_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT growth_NN1 of_IO the_AT film_NN1 industry_NN1 since_II 1970_MC 
,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, has_VHZ given_VVN new_JJ life_NN1 to_II the_AT 
local_JJ literary_JJ tradition_NN1 by_II translating_VVG old_JJ stories_NN2 
and_CC novels_NN2 to_II the_AT screen_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Few_DA2 films_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN set_VVN in_II the_AT city_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Though_CS based_VVN on_II an_AT1 original_JJ script_NN1 ,_, *1_NULL 
Vigil_NP1 *0_NULL is_VBZ a_AT1 powerful_JJ example_NN1 of_IO the_AT old_JJ 
themes_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR the_AT struggle_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 wild_JJ 
landscape_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Alternatively_NP1 ,_, in_II some_DD recent_JJ books_NN2 and_CC 
films_NN2 it_PPH1 appears_VVZ that_CST the_AT old_JJ paradigm_NN1 is_VBZ 
being_VBG transferred_VVN to_II a_AT1 city_NN1 context_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL First_MD encounter_NN1 with_IW the_AT landscape_NN1 has_VHZ 
become_VVN first_MD encounter_NN1 with_IW the_AT city_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT suburbs_NN2 are_VBR contrasted_VVN with_IW the_AT inner_JJ 
city_NN1 as_II the_AT small_JJ towns_NN2 were_VBDR contrasted_VVN with_IW 
the_AT wilderness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT villains_NN2 of_IO the_AT countryside_NN1 *-_- the_AT 
slash-and-burn_JJ farmers_NN2 *-_- have_VH0 their_APPGE counterparts_NN2 in_II 
the_AT slash-and-burn_JJ property_NN1 developers_NN2 of_IO the_AT city_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 transfer_NN1 of_IO the_AT paradigm_NN1 helps_VVZ to_TO 
open_VVI up_RP new_JJ territory_NN1 ,_, though_CS it_PPH1 also_RR imports_VVZ 
some_DD of_IO the_AT old_JJ Romantic_JJ elements_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 can_VM see_VVI a_AT1 mixture_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 kind_NN1 
in_II one_MC1 of_IO the_AT first_MD New_NP Zealand_NP1 urban_JJ feature_NN1 
films_NN2 ,_, *1_NULL Other_JJ Halves_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT last_MD ten_MC years_NNT2 have_VH0 been_VBN 
a_AT1 period_NN1 of_IO unusual_JJ change_NN1 in_II many_DA2 areas_NN2 of_IO 
our_APPGE society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT debates_NN2 about_II biculturalism_NN1 ,_, feminist_NN1 
issues_NN2 ,_, the_AT Springbok_NN1 tour_NN1 ,_, the_AT Homosexual_JJ Law_NN1 
Reform_NN1 Bill_NP1 ,_, the_AT economic_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II 
farmers_NN2 and_CC city_NN1 people_NN ,_, the_AT growing_JJ gap_NN1 between_II 
rich_JJ and_CC poor_JJ *-_- these_DD2 have_VH0 challenged_VVN us_PPIO2 to_TO 
recognise_VVI (_( and_CC to_TO act_VVI on_RP )_) the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST 
New_JJ Zealand/_FO Aotearoa_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 country_NN1 with_IW many_DA2 
tribes_NN2 and_CC sub-cultures_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 and_CC other_JJ differences_NN2 have_VH0 always_RR 
existed_VVN ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, but_CCB the_AT dominant_JJ culture_NN1 
has_VHZ often_RR succeeded_VVN in_II crowding_VVG out_RP different_JJ 
viewpoints_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Today_RT ,_, a_AT1 phrase_NN1 like_II *'_" the_AT land_NN1 and_CC 
the_AT people_NN **'_" would_VM be_VBI highly_RR suspect_VV0 if_CS it_PPH1 
issued_VVD from_II the_AT lips_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 politician_NN1 or_CC 
advertiser_NN1 promoting_VVG some_DD sentimental_JJ notion_NN1 of_IO 
national_JJ unity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL My_APPGE essay_NN1 has_VHZ itself_PPX1 run_VVN the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO 
over-generalising_VVG ,_, particularly_RR by_II concentrating_VVG on_II the_AT 
main_JJ *'_" New_NP Zealand_NP1 **'_" tradition_NN1 and_CC neglecting_VVG 
some_DD alternative_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO art_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 hope_VV0 ,_, however_RR ,_, that_CST I_PPIS1 have_VH0 
covered_VVN enough_DD history_NN1 to_TO help_VVI to_TO explain_VVI the_AT 
present_JJ variety_NN1 of_IO messages_NN2 and_CC readings_NN2 in_II our_APPGE 
vicinity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 growing_JJ recognition_NN1 today_RT that_CST 
the_AT familiar_JJ maps_NN2 no_RR21 longer_RR22 apply_VV0 ,_, and_CC many_DA2 
have_VH0 rushed_VVN to_TO provide_VVI new_JJ maps_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 *'_" 
re-ordering_NN1 of_IO old_JJ elements_NN2 **'_" ,_, focusing_VVG 
particularly_RR on_II the_AT need_NN1 to_TO chart_VVI New_NP Zealand_NP1 in_II 
thoroughly_RR bicultural_JJ terms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Adequate_JJ terms_NN2 are_VBR not_XX necessarily_RR available_JJ 
yet_RR ,_, but_CCB there_RL have_VH0 been_VBN some_DD valuable_JJ attempts_NN2 
._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 356+TEXT+J62_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT poem_NN1 I_PPIS1 read_VVD a_AT1 moment_NN1 
ago_RA ,_, *'_" Poets_NN2 to_TO Come_VV0 **'_" ,_, was_VBDZ in_II my_APPGE 
bonfire_NN1 edition_NN1 of_IO Whitman_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC it_PPH1 occurs_VVZ to_II me_PPIO1 now_CS21 that_CS22 it_PPH1 
must_VM be_VBI an_AT1 extraordinary_JJ experience_NN1 for_IF young_JJ 
American_JJ poets_NN2 to_TO meet_VVI that_DD1 poem_NN1 for_IF the_AT first_MD 
time_NNT1 ,_, to_TO find_VVI themselves_PPX2 being_VBG encouraged_VVN and_CC 
challenged_VVN ,_, *1_NULL imagined_VVD ,_, *0_NULL by_II this_DD1 poet_NN1 
who_PNQS addresses_VVZ them_PPHO2 directly_RR ,_, who_PNQS declares_VVZ 
that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ from_II them_PPHO2 that_CST *'_" the_AT main_JJ 
things_NN2 **'_" will_VM come_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL I_PPIS1 suppose_VV0 my_APPGE argument_NN1 ,_, insofar_CS21 
as_CS22 I_PPIS1 have_VH0 one_PN1 ,_, is_VBZ that_DD1 New_NP Zealand_NP1 
poetry_NN1 ,_, in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO begin_VVI producing_VVG its_APPGE 
own_DA *'_" main_JJ things_NN2 **'_" ,_, needed_VVD to_TO escape_VVI from_II 
the_AT sense_NN1 of_IO tradition_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ declared_VVN in_II 
Mason_NP1 's_GE poem_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 needed_VVD to_TO abandon_VVI its_APPGE place_NN1 at_II the_AT 
rear_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 needed_VVD to_TO step_VVI out_II21 of_II22 line_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 had_VHD to_TO stop_VVI paying_VVG homage_NN1 to_II the_AT 
whole_JJ metaphor_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 think_VV0 that_CST all_DB of_IO this_DD1 *1_NULL has_VHZ 
*0_NULL happened_VVN ,_, and_CC that_CST one_MC1 of_IO the_AT reasons_NN2 
is_VBZ that_CST New_NP Zealand_NP1 writers_NN2 began_VVD to_TO read_VVI the_AT 
work_NN1 of_IO those_DD2 American_JJ poets_NN2 whom_PNQO Whitman_NP1 
addresses_NN2 in_II his_APPGE poem_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Those_DD2 American_JJ poets_NN2 had_VHD already_RR abandoned_VVN 
the_AT line_NN1 that_CST Mason_NP1 declares_VVZ in_II *'_" Song_NN1 of_IO 
Allegiance_NP1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Theirs_PPGE was_VBDZ ,_, and_CC is_VBZ ,_, a_AT1 world_NN1 of_IO 
pluralism_NN1 and_CC possibility_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL I_PPIS1 do_VD0 n't_XX think_VVI there_RL are_VBR signs_NN2 
of_IO Whitman_NP1 in_II the_AT poetry_NN1 I_PPIS1 myself_PPX1 write_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB he_PPHS1 's_VBZ a_AT1 wonderfully_RR encouraging_JJ poet_NN1 
to_TO read_VVI *-_- if_CSW you_PPY 're_VBR another_DD1 poet_NN1 ,_, or_CC 
would-be_JJ poet_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 insists_VVZ ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, that_CST a_AT1 
poem_NN1 can_VM be_VBI extremely_RR personal_JJ ,_, yet_RR thereby_RR be_VBI 
a_AT1 public_NN rather_II21 than_II22 a_AT1 private_JJ statement_NN1 ._. 

^ *'_" Song_NN1 of_IO Myself_NP1 **'_" begins_VVZ :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Later_RRR in_II the_AT poem_NN1 
he_PPHS1 calls_VVZ himself_PPX1 *'_" Walt_NP1 Whitman_NP1 ,_, a_ZZ1 kosmos_NN2 
**'_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Whitman_NP1 also_RR insists_VVZ on_II the_AT importance_NN1 
of_IO inclusiveness_NN1 and_CC variety_NN1 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
|_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL 
An_AT1 emphasis_NN1 on_II the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO contradiction_NN1 and_CC 
diversity_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN very_RG strong_JJ in_II American_JJ poetry_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX 's_VBZ a_AT1 little_JJ poem_NN1 by_II Louis_NP1 Simpson_NP1 
,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, called_VVN *'_" American_JJ Poetry_NN1 **'_" 
,_, which_DDQ begins_VVZ prescriptively_RR :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
|_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL 
Or_CC there_EX 's_VBZ the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO *'_" impure_JJ **'_" poetry_NN1 
expressed_VVN by_II the_AT Chilean_JJ writer_NN1 Pablo_NP1 Neruda_NP1 ,_, 
who_PNQS in_II my_APPGE mind_NN1 keeps_VVZ company_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 large_JJ 
number_NN1 of_IO North_NP American_JJ poets_NN2 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
|_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL 
Those_DD2 who_PNQS shun_VV0 the_AT *'_" bad_JJ taste_NN1 **'_" of_IO 
things_NN2 will_VM fall_VVI on_II their_APPGE face_NN1 in_II the_AT snow_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR poetry_NN1 can_VM be_VBI a_AT1 bad_JJ taste_NN1 operation_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI impure_JJ and_CC various_JJ ,_, breaching_VVG 
decorum_NN1 at_II every_AT1 point_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 think_VV0 that_CST this_DD1 is_VBZ something_PN1 I_PPIS1 
first_MD found_VVD out_RP about_RP from_II Whitman_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL I_PPIS1 want_VV0 to_TO mention_VVI one_MC1 other_JJ aspect_NN1 
of_IO Whitman_NP1 's_GE poetry_NN1 which_DDQ I_PPIS1 find_VV0 important_JJ 
*-_- and_CC this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ he_PPHS1 offers_VVZ 
what_DDQ he_PPHS1 writes_VVZ as_II a_AT1 conversation_NN1 with_IW the_AT 
reader_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *'_" Song_NN1 of_IO Myself_NP1 **'_" ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 
long_JJ poem_NN1 in_II 52_MC sections_NN2 ,_, begins_VVZ with_IW the_AT 
word_NN1 *'_" I_ZZ1 **'_" (_( *'_" ^_NULL I_PPIS1 celebrate_VV0 myself_PPX1 
and_CC sing_VV0 myself_PPX1 **'_" )_) and_CC ends_VVZ with_IW the_AT word_NN1 
*'_" you_PPY **'_" (_( *'_" ^_NULL I_PPIS1 stop_VV0 somewhere_RL waiting_VVG 
for_IF you_PPY **'_" )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT whole_JJ poem_NN1 represents_VVZ a_AT1 transfer_NN1 of_IO 
energy_NN1 from_II writer_NN1 to_II reader_NN1 ;_; and_CC as_CSA reader_NN1 
you_PPY 're_VBR constantly_RR being_VBG reminded_VVN of_IO your_APPGE 
responsibility_NN1 to_TO be_VBI active_JJ ,_, to_TO contribute_VVI to_II 
the_AT whole_JJ process_NN1 by_II which_DDQ the_AT poem_NN1 's_VBZ meaning_NN1 
is_VBZ constructed_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 idea_NN1 of_IO the_AT poem_NN1 as_RG conversation_NN1 
,_, as_CSA intimate_JJ address_NN1 from_II writer_NN1 to_II reader_NN1 ,_, 
has_VHZ been_VBN very_RG important_JJ in_II American_JJ poetry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 think_VV0 you_PPY can_VM see_VVI signs_NN2 of_IO it_PPH1 
in_II the_AT work_NN1 of_IO several_DA2 New_NP Zealand_NP1 writers_NN2 
since_CS the_AT 1960s_MC2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL James_NP1 \_NULL K._NP1 Baxter_NP1 's_GE *1_NULL Jerusalem_NP1 
Sonnets_NN2 *0_NULL are_VBR a_AT1 clear_JJ example_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Much_RR more_RGR obliquely_RR ,_, in_II my_APPGE own_DA writing_NN1 
,_, I_PPIS1 'm_VBM struck_VVN by_II the_AT frequency_NN1 with_IW which_DDQ 
I_PPIS1 use_VV0 the_AT word_NN1 *1_NULL you_PPY ._. 

^ *0_NULL It_PPH1 's_VBZ an_AT1 odd_JJ ,_, shifty_JJ pronoun_NN1 :_: it_PPH1 
can_VM refer_VVI directly_RR to_II the_AT reader_NN1 ;_; it_PPH1 can_VM 
signify_VVI a_AT1 specific_JJ figure_NN1 within_II the_AT poem_NN1 ,_, even_RR 
the_AT writer_NN1 of_IO the_AT poem_NN1 ;_; or_CC it_PPH1 can_VM do_VDI the_AT 
generalizing_JJ job_NN1 that_CST the_AT English_JJ *1_NULL one_PN1 *0_NULL 
does_VDZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 'm_VBM never_RR quite_RG sure_JJ just_RR how_RRQ the_AT 
word_NN1 *1_NULL you_PPY *0_NULL operates_VVZ in_II my_APPGE poems_NN2 *-_- 
sometimes_RT it_PPH1 seems_VVZ to_TO shift_VVI between_II the_AT various_JJ 
possibilities_NN2 ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 opting_VVG for_IF any_DD 
single_NN1 one_MC1 of_IO them_PPHO2 *-_- but_CCB it_PPH1 's_VBZ certainly_RR 
there_RL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL So_RR in_II Whitman_NP1 ,_, whom_PNQO I_PPIS1 read_VVD at_II 
the_AT age_NN1 of_IO sixteen_MC ,_, I_PPIS1 can_VM recognize_VVI many_DA2 
of_IO the_AT assumptions_NN2 I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ going_VVGK to_TO find_VVI in_II 
later_JJR American_JJ poetry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Poetry_NN1 could_VM quite_RG properly_RR be_VBI an_AT1 instrument_NN1 
for_IF subjective_JJ exploration_NN1 ,_, yet_RR this_DD1 subjectivity_NN1 
was_VBDZ not_XX necessarily_RR the_AT same_DA thing_NN1 as_CSA narcissism_NN1 
or_CC solipsism_NN1 ;_; it_PPH1 might_VM even_RR be_VBI a_AT1 means_NN to_II 
a_AT1 truly_RR public_JJ voice_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC poetry_NN1 could_VM be_VBI messy_JJ ,_, contradictory_JJ ,_, 
various_JJ ,_, inclusive_RA ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 could_VM also_RR be_VBI conversational_JJ in_II its_APPGE 
voice_NN1 ,_, not_XX measured_VVN and_CC managed_VVN like_II a_AT1 
newspaper_NN1 editorial_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 do_VD0 n't_XX think_VVI that_CST any_DD of_IO these_DD2 
senses_NN2 of_IO possibility_NN1 were_VBDR present_JJ in_II the_AT poetry_NN1 
being_VBG written_VVN in_II England_NP1 during_II the_AT 1940s_MC2 and_CC 
1950s_MC2 ;_; and_CC since_CS New_NP Zealand_NP1 poets_NN2 were_VBDR still_RR 
waiting_VVG politely_RR in_II place_NN1 at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO Mason_NP1 
's_GE English_JJ line_NN1 ,_, the_AT possibilities_NN2 were_VBDR n't_XX 
especially_RR evident_JJ in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 poetry_NN1 either_DD1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL I_PPIS1 find_VV0 myself_PPX1 asserting_VVG New_NP Zealand_NP1 
ignorance_NN1 of_IO the_AT example_NN1 of_IO American_JJ poetry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB I_PPIS1 think_VV0 I_ZZ1 can_VM give_VVI an_AT1 interesting_JJ 
instance_NN1 of_IO that_DD1 ignorance_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT most_RGT influential_JJ figure_NN1 in_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 writing_VVG after_II World_NN1 War_NN1 *=_NULL II_MC was_VBDZ 
Charles_NP1 Brasch_NP1 ,_, through_II his_APPGE editing_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL 
Landfall_NN1 ._. 

^ *0_NULL Now_RT I_PPIS1 do_VD0 n't_XX want_VVI to_TO suggest_VVI that_CST 
Brasch_NP1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 man_NN1 of_IO narrow_JJ sympathies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 was_VBDZ generous_JJ and_CC encouraging_JJ to_II a_AT1 
whole_JJ range_NN1 of_IO younger_JJR New_NP Zealand_NP1 writers_NN2 (_( 
even_RR publishing_VVG my_APPGE own_DA first_MD book_NN1 of_IO poetry_NN1 )_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 translated_VVD poetry_NN1 from_II Russian_JJ ,_, German_NN1 
,_, Italian_JJ and_CC Punjabi_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB I_PPIS1 think_VV0 he_PPHS1 had_VHD a_AT1 blind_JJ spot_NN1 
when_CS it_PPH1 came_VVD to_II the_AT work_NN1 that_CST had_VHD been_VBN 
and_CC was_VBDZ being_VBG produced_VVN in_II the_AT United_NP States_NP1 of_IO 
America_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Brasch_NP1 ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, had_VHD a_AT1 considerable_JJ 
private_JJ income_NN1 and_CC was_VBDZ a_AT1 considerable_JJ benefactor_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 student_NN1 at_II the_AT 
University_NN1 of_IO Otago_NP1 no_PN121 one_PN122 seemed_VVD to_TO have_VHI 
any_DD doubt_NN1 that_CST he_PPHS1 almost_RR alone_RR constituted_VVD the_AT 
*'_" anonymous_JJ group_NN of_IO local_JJ businessmen_NN2 **'_" who_PNQS 
had_VHD endowed_VVN the_AT Burns_NP1 Fellowship_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO Brasch_NP1 's_GE benefactions_NN2 at_II this_DD1 
time_NNT1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 grant_NN1 to_II the_AT university_NN1 library_NN1 ,_, 
which_DDQ was_VBDZ designed_VVN to_TO enable_VVI it_PPH1 to_TO buy_VVI 
every_AT1 book_NN1 of_IO verse_NN1 published_VVN in_II Britain_NP1 and_CC 
the_AT Commonwealth_NNJ over_II a_AT1 ten-year_JJ period_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ struck_VVD me_PPIO1 about_II this_DD1 was_VBDZ the_AT 
absence_NN1 of_IO American_JJ verse_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Others_NN2 must_VM also_RR have_VHI been_VBN struck_VVN by_II 
the_AT very_RG *1_NULL European_JJ *0_NULL nature_NN1 of_IO Brasch_NP1 's_GE 
sensibility_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT December_NPM1 1966_MC issue_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL 
Landfall_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL the_AT second-last_JJ which_DDQ Brasch_NP1 edited_VVD 
,_, there_EX appeared_VVD two_MC poems_NN2 by_II a_AT1 certain_JJ {_NULL 
C._NP1 G._NP1 }_NULL Gibson_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 had_VHD pride_NN1 of_IO place_NN1 at_II the_AT front_NN1 
of_IO the_AT magazine_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD was_VBDZ called_VVN *'_" Low_JJ Paddocks_NN2 and_CC 
Light_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Here_RL are_VBR the_AT first_MD three_MC of_IO its_APPGE seven_MC 
stanzas_NN2 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT only_JJ problem_NN1 is_VBZ 
that_CST anyone_PN1 at_II the_AT time_NNT1 who_PNQS had_VHD read_VVN much_RR 
contemporary_JJ American_JJ poetry_NN1 would_VM probably_RR have_VHI come_VVN 
across_II a_AT1 poem_NN1 by_II {_NULL W._NP1 S._NP1 }_NULL Merwin_NP1 
called_VVD *'_" Low_JJ Fields_NN2 and_CC Light_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT difference_NN1 between_II *1_NULL field_NN1 *0_NULL and_CC 
*1_NULL paddock_NN1 *0_NULL in_II the_AT two_MC titles_NN2 fairly_RR sums_VVZ 
up_RP the_AT difference_NN1 between_II the_AT two_MC texts_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Here_RL are_VBR Merwin_NP1 's_GE opening_NN1 stanzas_NN2 :_: 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Needless_JJ to_TO say_VVI ,_, 
Merwin_NP1 's_GE poem_NN1 predates_VVZ the_AT work_NN1 of_IO {_NULL C._NP1 
G._NP1 }_NULL Gibson_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL My_APPGE assumption_NN1 at_II the_AT time_NNT1 was_VBDZ 
that_CST someone_PN1 had_VHD set_VVN out_RP to_TO make_VVI a_AT1 point_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Perhaps_RR {_NULL C._NP1 G._NP1 }_NULL Gibson_NP1 was_VBDZ really_RR 
one_MC1 of_IO the_AT poets_NN2 anthologized_VVD in_II Charles_NP1 Doyle_NP1 
's_GE 1965_MC anthology_NN1 *1_NULL Recent_JJ Poetry_NN1 in_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Perhaps_RR {_NULL C._NP1 G._NP1 }_NULL Gibson_NP1 was_VBDZ 
*'_" {_NULL C._NP1 G._NP1 }_NULL Gibson_NP1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL More_RGR recently_RR ,_, however_RR ,_, I_PPIS1 've_VH0 realized_VVN 
that_CST the_AT dustjackets_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 expatriate_NN1 novelist_NN1 ,_, 
Colin_NP1 Gibson_NP1 ,_, offer_VV0 a_AT1 biography_NN1 (_( born_VVN in_II 
Invercargill_NP1 ,_, advertising_NN1 copywriter_NN1 in_II London_NP1 and_CC 
New_NP York_NP1 ,_, \_NULL etc_RA )_) which_DDQ accords_VVZ with_IW the_AT 
*1_NULL Landfall_NN1 *0_NULL note_NN1 on_II the_AT poet_NN1 ,_, {_NULL C._NP1 
G._NP1 }_NULL Gibson_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Presumably_NP1 novelist_NN1 and_CC poet_NN1 are_VBR closely_RR 
connected_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Whatever_DDQV the_AT origins_NN2 of_IO {_NULL C._NP1 G._NP1 
}_NULL Gibson_NP1 ,_, *1_NULL Landfall_NN1 *0_NULL itself_PPX1 never_RR 
acknowledged_VVD that_CST it_PPH1 had_VHD printed_VVN a_AT1 pair_NN of_IO 
American_JJ poems_NN2 in_II error_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 believe_VV0 Charles_NP1 Brasch_NP1 thought_VVD there_EX 
was_VBDZ nothing_PN1 to_TO apologise_VVI for_IF ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 had_VHD accepted_VVN the_AT poems_NN2 in_II good_JJ 
faith_NN1 :_: that_CST they_PPHS2 turned_VVD out_RP to_TO be_VBI ,_, more_RRR 
or_CC less_RRR ,_, by_II well_RR known_VVN contemporary_JJ American_JJ 
poets_NN2 merely_RR confirmed_VVD the_AT acuteness_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE 
taste_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT Brasch_NP1 view_NN1 *-_- which_DDQ was_VBDZ 
Eurocentric_JJ ,_, and_CC which_DDQ essentially_RR affirmed_VVD ,_, I_PPIS1 
think_VV0 ,_, Mason_NP1 's_GE roll-call_NN1 *-_- was_VBDZ what_DDQ I_PPIS1 
met_VVD at_II the_AT University_NN1 of_IO Otago_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT very_RG first_MD written_JJ exercise_NN1 I_PPIS1 faced_VVD 
as_II a_AT1 first-year_JJ student_NN1 of_IO English_NN1 was_VBDZ clause_NN1 
analysis_NN1 of_IO several_DA2 stanzas_NN2 from_II Spenser_NP1 's_GE *1_NULL 
Faerie_NP1 Queene_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II a_AT1 note_NN1 on_II the_AT magazine_NN1 *1_NULL 
Freed_VVD ,_, *0_NULL Murray_NP1 Edmond_NP1 has_VHZ pointed_VVN out_RP the_AT 
importance_NN1 of_IO Auckland_NP1 University_NNL1 's_GE American_JJ Poetry_NN1 
Course_NN1 to_II writers_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW the_AT magazine_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Alan_NP1 Brunton_NP1 ,_, Ian_NP1 Wedde_NP1 ,_, Jan_NP1 Kemp_NP1 ,_, 
Russell_NP1 Haley_NP1 and_CC Edmond_NP1 himself_PPX1 took_VVD the_AT 
course_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 do_VD0 n't_XX recall_VVI that_DD1 sense_NN1 of_IO focus_NN1 
and_CC revelation_NN1 at_II university_NN1 at_RR21 all_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II fact_NN1 I_PPIS1 think_VV0 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ somehow_RR 
important_JJ to_II me_PPIO1 that_CST American_JJ poetry_NN1 ,_, or_CC the_AT 
part_NN1 of_IO it_PPH1 that_CST I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ reading_VVG ,_, *1_NULL 
was_VBDZ n't_XX *0_NULL taught_VVN in_II the_AT Department_NNJ of_IO 
English_JJ ,_, and_CC would_VM n't_XX in_II any_DD case_NN1 submit_VV0 
meekly_RR to_II the_AT analytical_JJ techniques_NN2 I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ being_VBG 
trained_VVN in_RP as_II a_AT1 student_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL I_PPIS1 had_VHD grown_VVN up_RP reading_VVG comics_NN2 ,_, 
many_DA2 of_IO them_PPHO2 American_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Once_CS I_PPIS1 sent_VVD to_II America_NP1 for_IF a_AT1 Phantom_NN1 
skull_NN1 ring_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 glowed_VVD in_II the_AT dark_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS you_PPY were_VBDR ever_RR placed_VVN in_II a_AT1 situation_NN1 
where_RRQ it_PPH1 was_VBDZ necessary_JJ to_TO despatch_VVI some_DD 
evil-doer_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 clean_JJ ,_, well-timed_JJ blow_NN1 to_II the_AT 
jaw_NN1 ,_, you_PPY were_VBDR well_RR equipped_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Your_APPGE opponent_NN1 woke_VVD up_RP with_IW a_AT1 head_JJ full_JJ 
of_IO clouds_NN2 and_CC asterisks_NN2 ;_; on_II his_APPGE chin_NN1 was_VBDZ 
the_AT imprint_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 skull_NN1 *-_- sign_NN1 of_IO the_AT Ghost_NN1 
Who_PNQS Walks_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 read_VVD American_JJ comics_NN2 ,_, watched_VVD American_JJ 
movies_NN2 ,_, listened_VVD to_II American_JJ music_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL American_JJ poetry_NN1 therefore_RR connected_VVD quite_RG 
comfortably_RR with_IW the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO my_APPGE imaginative_JJ life_NN1 
*-_- though_CS not_XX with_IW my_APPGE formal_JJ education_NN1 in_II 
English_JJ Literature_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO read_VVI it_PPH1 was_VBDZ *1_NULL normal_JJ *-_- *0_NULL 
but_CCB also_RR a_AT1 mild_JJ defiance_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 private_JJ excitement_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL American_JJ poetry_NN1 was_VBDZ hard_JJ to_TO come_VVI by_RP ,_, 
too_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL You_PPY might_VM have_VHI to_TO send_VVI away_RP for_IF it_PPH1 ,_, 
just_RR like_II a_AT1 Phantom_NN1 ring_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL My_APPGE life_NN1 then_RT ,_, as_CSA now_RT ,_, was_VBDZ 
made_VVN up_RP of_IO all_DB kinds_NN2 of_IO incongruities_NN2 and_CC 
disjunctions_NN2 *-_- not_XX grand_JJ or_CC dramatic_JJ but_CCB the_AT 
stuff_NN1 of_IO everyday_JJ experience_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 continuing_JJ gap_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 
example_REX22 ,_, between_II the_AT university_NN1 ,_, where_CS I_PPIS1 
studied_VVD the_AT *1_NULL Faerie_NP1 Queene_NP1 ,_, *0_NULL and_CC my_APPGE 
home_NN1 life_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *'_" Home_RL **'_" ,_, in_II my_APPGE case_NN1 ,_, meant_VVD a_AT1 
centre-city_JJ hotel_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ was_VBDZ run_VVN by_II my_APPGE 
parents_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT gap_NN1 between_II pub_NN1 and_CC university_NN1 was_VBDZ 
obvious_JJ enough_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB it_PPH1 had_VHD none_PN of_IO the_AT romance_NN1 that_CST 
James_NP1 \_NULL K._NP1 Baxter_NP1 attributes_VVZ to_II it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF me_PPIO1 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ normal_JJ ;_; I_PPIS1 made_VVD 
the_AT journey_NN1 every_AT1 day_NNT1 as_II a_AT1 matter_NN1 of_RR21 
course_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_CS the_AT hotel_NN1 sometimes_RT displayed_VVD in_II the_AT 
bar_NN1 posters_NN2 for_IF travelling_JJ music_NN1 shows_NN2 ,_, there_EX 
were_VBDR plenty_PN of_IO free_JJ concert_NN1 tickets_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR I_PPIS1 went_VVD to_TO show_VVI after_II show_NN1 in_II the_AT 
Dunedin_NP Town_NNL1 Hall_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 seems_VVZ pretty_RG incongruous_JJ in_II retrospect_NN1 ,_, 
too_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT one_MC1 hand_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 would_VM go_VVI happily_RR 
to_II Del_NP1 Shannon_NP1 or_CC the_AT Everly_NP1 Brothers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 ,_, I_PPIS1 would_VM go_VVI just_RR 
as_RG happily_RR to_II Jimmy_NP1 Shand_NP1 and_CC his_APPGE band_NN1 or_CC 
the_AT Howard_NP1 Morrison_NP1 Quartet_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Or_CC there_EX might_VM be_VBI a_AT1 Mozart_NP1 opera_NN1 at_II 
His_APPGE Majesty_NN1 's_VBZ Theatre_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II fact_NN1 that_CST musical_JJ world_NN1 was_VBDZ *1_NULL 
mixed_VVN *0_NULL in_II ways_NN2 that_CST the_AT literature_NN1 we_PPIS2 
were_VBDR taught_VVN and_CC could_VM buy_VVI in_II bookshops_NN2 was_VBDZ 
n't_XX ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT reason_NN1 American_JJ books_NN2 were_VBDR unobtainable_JJ 
in_II local_JJ bookshops_NN2 was_VBDZ tied_VVN up_RP with_IW the_AT 
convenient_JJ way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ British_JJ and_CC American_JJ 
publishers_NN2 had_VHD carved_VVN up_RP the_AT English-speaking_JJ world_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT London_NP1 publishers_NN2 owned_VVD the_AT Commonwealth_NNJ 
,_, and_CC in_II many_DA2 respects_NN2 still_RR do_VD0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 meant_VVD that_CST British_JJ poetry_NN1 was_VBDZ well_RR 
distributed_VVN here_RL ,_, while_CS American_NN1 was_VBDZ n't_XX ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR more_RGR insidiously_RR ,_, it_PPH1 tended_VVD to_TO mean_VVI 
that_DD1 American_JJ poets_NN2 first_MD had_VHN to_TO face_VVI the_AT test_NN1 
of_IO English_JJ taste_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Those_DD2 of_IO them_PPHO2 who_PNQS became_VVD known_VVN in_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 had_VHD to_TO be_VBI anthologized_VVN in_II London_NP1 ,_, or_CC 
be_VBI taken_VVN on_RP by_II a_AT1 firm_JJ like_II Faber_NP1 &_CC Faber_NP1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT anthology_NN1 of_IO American_JJ poetry_NN1 which_DDQ 
is_VBZ sometimes_RT said_VVN to_TO have_VHI transformed_JJ poetry_NN1 in_II 
English_NN1 is_VBZ Donald_NP1 \_NULL M._NN1 Allen_NP1 's_GE *1_NULL The_AT 
New_JJ American_JJ Poetry_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL published_VVN by_II Grove_NN1 
Press_NNJ in_II 1960_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 and_CC Australia_NP1 poets_NN2 seem_VV0 
to_TO compete_VVI as_II21 to_II22 who_PNQS was_VBDZ first_MD to_TO read_VVI 
it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 'm_VBM sure_JJ I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ n't_XX one_MC1 of_IO the_AT 
first_MD ,_, although_CS I_PPIS1 remember_VV0 encountering_VVG there_RL the_AT 
Beat_NN1 poets_NN2 ,_, the_AT Black_NP Mountain_NNL1 poets_NN2 ,_, the_AT 
New_NP York_NP1 poets_NN2 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 whole_JJ range_NN1 of_IO 
statements_NN2 and_CC manifestos_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 remember_VV0 poring_VVG over_II Charles_NP1 Olson_NP1 's_GE 
essay_NN1 on_II Projective_JJ Verse_NN1 *-_- it_PPH1 was_VBDZ *1_NULL busy_JJ 
*0_NULL and_CC somehow_RR badly_RR behaved_VVD ,_, like_II much_RR else_RR 
in_II the_AT book_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT anthology_NN1 which_DDQ meant_VVD more_DAR to_II 
me_PPIO1 ,_, however_RR ,_, and_CC which_DDQ made_VVD a_AT1 context_NN1 for_IF 
Allen_NP1 's_GE anthology_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ a_AT1 1962_MC Penguin_NP1 ,_, 
*1_NULL Contemporary_JJ American_JJ Poetry_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL edited_VVN by_II 
Donald_NP1 Hall_NNL1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Inside_II my_APPGE copy_NN1 I_PPIS1 've_VH0 written_VVN (_( 
unusually_RR )_) the_AT date_NN1 of_IO purchase_NN1 :_: 1963_MC ,_, my_APPGE 
last_MD year_NNT1 at_II high_JJ school_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 357+TEXT+J63_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT *'_" Walking_VVG Westward_RL **'_" review_VV0 
signalled_VVN not_XX only_RR Loney_NP1 's_GE resistance_NN1 to_II 
inclusion_NN1 in_II Stead_NP1 's_GE *'_" open_JJ form_NN1 **'_" line_NN1 
but_CCB also_RR his_APPGE new_JJ determination_NN1 to_TO define_VVI clearly_RR 
a_AT1 counter_JJ position_NN1 ,_, to_TO establish_VVI an_AT1 opposing_JJ 
line_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hence_RR ,_, when_CS Loney_NP1 founded_VVD *1_NULL Parallax_NP1 :_: 
a_AT1 Journal_NN1 of_IO Post-modern_JJ Literature_NN1 and_CC Art_NN1 *0_NULL 
in_II 1982_MC he_PPHS1 chose_VVD to_TO include_VVI articles_NN2 as_CC31 
well_CC32 as_CC33 poetry_NN1 and_CC fiction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR *1_NULL Parallax_NP1 *0_NULL set_VVD itself_PPX1 the_AT 
task_NN1 of_IO providing_VVG a_AT1 theoretical_JJ infrastructure_NN1 for_IF 
postmodernism_NN1 in_II this_DD1 country_NN1 ,_, as_CSA its_APPGE 
predecessor_NN1 ,_, *1_NULL Morepork_NP1 *0_NULL (_( a_ZZ1 Dunedin-based_JJ 
magazine_NN1 of_IO postmodern_NN1 poetry_NN1 edited_VVD by_II Graham_NP1 
Lindsay_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS was_VBDZ acknowledged_VVN in_II the_AT dedication_NN1 
to_II *1_NULL Parallax/l_FO )_) ,_, had_VHD failed_VVN to_TO do_VDI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Loney_NP1 clearly_RR wanted_VVD his_APPGE journal_NN1 to_TO be_VBI 
more_RRR than_CSN a_AT1 place_NN1 where_RRQ those_DD2 few_DA2 interested_JJ 
in_II postmodern_NN1 poetry_NN1 could_VM publish_VVI and_CC be_VBI read_VVN 
by_II one_PPX121 another_PPX122 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 aimed_VVD at_II a_AT1 strategic_JJ intervention_NN1 in_II 
the_AT literary_JJ scene_NN1 as_II a_AT1 whole_NN1 ,_, addressing_VVG the_AT 
politics_NN as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 the_AT poetics_NN1 of_IO poetry_NN1 
production_NN1 and_CC reception_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL Parallax_NP1 *0_NULL ran_VVD a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO 
polemical_JJ articles_NN2 the_AT thrust_NN1 of_IO which_DDQ was_VBDZ 
towards_II a_AT1 redrawing_NN1 of_IO the_AT then-dominant_JJ maps_NN2 of_IO 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 poetry_NN1 by_II broadening_VVG the_AT art-historical_JJ 
information_NN1 available_JJ to_II readers_NN2 and_CC producers_NN2 of_IO 
poetry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL No_AT polemical_JJ effort_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, 
was_VBDZ wasted_VVN battling_VVG against_II that_DD1 monster_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
bygone_JJ age_NN1 ,_, Georgian_JJ realism_NN1 ,_, already_RR well_RR 
buried_VVD by_II Brunton_NP1 and_CC Stead_NP1 on_II successive_JJ 
occasions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB battle_NN1 was_VBDZ declared_VVN against_II Stead_NP1 ,_, 
a_AT1 present_JJ threat_NN1 because_II21 of_II22 his_APPGE *'_" crowding_VVG 
out_RP [_( of_IO ]_) alternatives_NN2 **'_" ,_, as_CSA Horrocks_NP1 put_VVD 
it_PPH1 ,_, his_APPGE *'_" tak_NN1 [_( ing_NN1 ]_) over_RP **'_" of_IO *'_" 
the_AT central_JJ terms_NN2 of_IO post-modernism_NN1 **'_" in_BCL21 
order_BCL22 to_TO apply_VVI them_PPHO2 to_II specifically_RR modernist_NN1 
poems_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX were_VBDR inevitably_RR problems_NN2 with_IW the_AT 
method_NN1 of_IO effecting_VVG local_JJ cultural_JJ change_NN1 adopted_VVN 
by_II *1_NULL Parallax_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL For_IF a_AT1 start_NN1 the_AT very_JJ portentousness_NN1 
of_IO the_AT title_NN1 indicated_VVD the_AT high_JJ seriousness_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT endeavour_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL Landfall_NN1 's_VBZ subtitle_NN1 ,_, *'_" A_ZZ1 New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 quarterly_RR **'_" ,_, sounds_VVZ modest_JJ by_II comparison_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Secondly_RR ,_, the_AT terms_NN2 of_IO the_AT discussion_NN1 
were_VBDR fatally_RR limited_VVN by_II an_AT1 over-preoccupation_NN1 with_IW 
*1_NULL American_JJ *0_NULL poetry_NN1 and_CC *1_NULL American_JJ *0_NULL 
poetics_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT constant_JJ reiteration_NN1 of_IO 
certain_JJ apparently_RR luminous_JJ names_NN2 *-_- David_NP1 Antin_NP1 ,_, 
Robert_NP1 Creeley_NP1 ,_, *1_NULL Boundary_NN1 2_MC ,_, {_NULL et_RA21 
al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL *-_- *0_NULL in_II Wystan_NP1 Curnow_NP1 's_GE opening_NN1 essay_NN1 
,_, *'_" Post-modernism_NN1 in_II Poetry_NN1 and_CC the_AT Visual_JJ Arts_NN2 
,_, **'_" was_VBDZ unfortunate_JJ in_II this_DD1 respect_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 suggested_VVD that_CST *1_NULL Parallax_NP1 *0_NULL was_VBDZ 
to_TO be_VBI no_AT more_DAR than_CSN the_AT private_JJ vehicle_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
clique_NN1 of_IO local_JJ poetry_NN1 *1_NULL {_NULL cognoscenti_NN2 }_NULL 
*0_NULL talking_VVG to_II each_PPX221 other_PPX222 about_II the_AT American_JJ 
fashions_NN2 that_CST really_RR interested_VVD them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT names_NN2 functioned_VVD as_CSA shibboleths_VVZ ,_, and_CC 
clearly_RR not_XX to_TO be_VBI familiar_JJ with_IW them_PPHO2 was_VBDZ not_XX 
to_TO count_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Yet_RR *1_NULL Parallax_NP1 ,_, *0_NULL although_CS it_PPH1 
continued_VVD throughout_II its_APPGE three_MC numbers_NN2 to_TO function_VVI 
in_II part_NN1 as_II a_AT1 talking-shop_NN1 for_IF the_AT self-appointed_JJ 
avant-garde_NN ,_, was_VBDZ not_XX simply_RR another_DD1 little_JJ 
magazine_NN1 on_II the_AT fringes_NN2 ,_, fated_JJ to_TO launch_VVI a_DD221 
few_DD222 new_JJ or_CC neglected_JJ poets_NN2 into_II the_AT orbit_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT mainstream_NN1 then_RT die_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL Parallax_NP1 *0_NULL articulated_VVD an_AT1 alternative_JJ 
set_NN1 of_IO assumptions_NN2 about_II who_PNQS counted_VVD and_CC who_PNQS 
did_VDD n't_XX in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 poetry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 constructed_VVD its_APPGE own_DA interpretation_NN1 of_IO 
literary_JJ history_NN1 and_CC argued_VVD for_IF that_DD1 construction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 developed_VVD (_( or_CC borrowed_VVD )_) a_AT1 complete_JJ 
set_NN1 of_IO literary_JJ terminologies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, *1_NULL Parallax_NP1 *0_NULL 
presented_VVD itself_PPX1 as_II the_AT organ_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 oppositional_JJ 
literary_JJ scene_NN1 with_IW its_APPGE own_DA terms_NN2 of_IO reference_NN1 
,_, its_APPGE own_DA claims_NN2 to_II priority_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE own_DA 
notions_NN2 about_II where_RRQ *'_" the_AT margins_NN2 **'_" of_IO New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 poetry_NN1 were_VBDR to_TO be_VBI found_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT most_RGT seminal_JJ essay_NN1 in_II the_AT first_MD 
number_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL Parallax_NP1 ,_, *0_NULL and_CC the_AT most_RGT 
instructive_JJ for_IF this_DD1 discussion_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ not_XX Wystan_NP1 
Curnow_NP1 's_GE often_RR quoted_JJ *'_" Post-Modernism_NN1 in_II Poetry_NN1 
**'_" but_CCB Horrocks_NP1 '_GE less_RGR noticed_VVN *'_" An_AT1 Essay_NN1 
About_II Experimental_JJ Films_NN2 That_CST Ended_VVD Up_RP As_II An_AT1 
Essay_NN1 About_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_CS Curnow_NP1 's_GE essay_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT strained_JJ ,_, 
high_JJ tone_NN1 of_IO someone_PN1 addressing_VVG an_AT1 international_JJ 
art_NN1 audience_NN through_II the_AT unlikely_JJ vehicle_NN1 of_IO a_ZZ1 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 little_JJ magazine_NN1 ,_, Horrocks_NP1 '_GE aim_NN1 is_VBZ 
more_RGR modest_JJ ,_, his_APPGE prose_NN1 more_RGR accessible_JJ ,_, 
his_APPGE intended_JJ audience_NN local_JJ and_CC specific_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_CS Curnow_NP1 declines_VVZ to_TO engage_VVI with_IW the_AT 
local_JJ variants_NN2 of_IO the_AT general_JJ tendency_NN1 he_PPHS1 
describes_VVZ ,_, Horrocks_NP1 eagerly_RR displays_VVZ his_APPGE intimacy_NN1 
with_IW the_AT most_RGT immediate_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO the_AT local_JJ 
scene_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Horrocks_NP1 is_VBZ trying_VVG to_TO trace_VVI the_AT emergence_NN1 
of_IO an_AT1 audience_NN alert_VV0 to_II the_AT really_RR new_JJ ,_, the_AT 
experimental_JJ ,_, the_AT alternative_NN1 ,_, out_II21 of_II22 the_AT tiny_JJ 
circles_NN2 of_IO enthusiastic_JJ amateurs_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 
traditionally_RR constituted_VVN the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 avant-garde_NN 
in_II film_NN1 ,_, in_II poetry_NN1 and_CC in_II art_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ Horrocks_NP1 seeks_VVZ is_VBZ an_AT1 audience_NN which_DDQ 
is_VBZ sufficiently_RR discriminating_JJ ,_, sufficiently_RR focussed_VVD 
and_CC of_IO just_RR sufficient_JJ size_NN1 (_( fit_JJ but_CCB few_DA2 )_) 
to_TO serve_VVI as_II the_AT vanguard_NN1 of_IO fundamental_JJ change_NN1 
in_II local_JJ cultural_JJ preferences_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 records_VVZ his_APPGE pleasure_NN1 in_II the_AT 
discovery_NN1 of_IO *'_" a_AT1 small_JJ ,_, well-attuned_JJ audience_NN (_( 
in_II the_AT Maidment_NP1 Little_RR Theatre_NP1 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 
,_, or_CC Just_JJ Desserts_NN2 Cafe_NNL1 ,_, or_CC at_II 191_MC Hobson_NP 
Street_NNL1 )_) **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Horrocks_NP1 is_VBZ n't_XX indulging_VVG here_RL in_II 
surreptitious_JJ advertising_NN1 by_II slipping_VVG the_AT names_NN2 of_IO 
these_DD2 establishments_NN2 into_II his_APPGE essay_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 is_VBZ indicating_VVG where_RRQ and_CC at_II what_DDQ 
level_NN1 of_IO intimacy_NN1 the_AT changes_NN2 he_PPHS1 seeks_VVZ are_VBR 
beginning_VVG to_TO take_VVI place_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL While_CS Curnow_NP1 steps_NN2 from_II one_MC1 American_JJ 
art_NN1 *'_" authority_NN1 **'_" to_II another_DD1 ,_, evidently_RR 
wishing_VVG he_PPHS1 were_VBDR actually_RR walking_VVG through_II SoHo_NP1 
or_CC the_AT Village_NN1 where_RRQ all_DB his_APPGE terms_NN2 and_CC 
references_NN2 have_VH0 currency_NN1 ,_, Horrocks_NP1 is_VBZ excitedly_RR 
engaged_VVN with_IW what_DDQ is_VBZ happening_VVG here_RL *-_- or_CC is_VBZ 
just_RR about_RPK to_TO happen_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 senses_VVZ an_AT1 underground_JJ change_NN1 taking_VVG 
place_NN1 ,_, one_PN1 that_CST will_VM revise_VVI assumptions_NN2 about_II 
*'_" what_DDQ *"_" experimental_JJ **"_" means_NN in_II the_AT New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 context_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 notes_VVZ the_AT appearance_NN1 of_IO *'_" a_AT1 certain_JJ 
type_NN1 of_IO essay_NN1 **'_" that_CST *'_" wants_VVZ to_TO argue_VVI with_IW 
our_APPGE whole_JJ culture_NN1 ,_, our_APPGE whole_JJ set_NN1 of_IO 
artistic_JJ habits_NN2 and_CC values_NN2 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Horrocks_NP1 '_GE attitude_NN1 to_II cultural_JJ change_NN1 is_VBZ 
like_II that_DD1 of_IO the_AT revolutionary_JJ towards_II political_JJ 
change_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE priorities_NN2 and_CC strategies_NN2 are_VBR Leninist_JJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ is_VBZ needed_VVN is_VBZ a_AT1 small_JJ but_CCB *'_" 
intense_JJ **'_" group_NN of_IO activists_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 long-range_JJ 
historical_JJ sense_NN1 and_CC determined_VVN on_II nothing_PN1 less_DAR 
than_CSN wholesale_JJ renovation_NN1 of_IO the_AT local_JJ poetry_NN1 
polity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT group_NN must_VM be_VBI *'_" self-contained_JJ **'_" and_CC 
specialized_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 must_VM be_VBI alert_JJ to_TO change_VVI that_DD1 is_VBZ 
taking_VVG place_NN1 *'_" at_II a_AT1 deep_JJ level_NN1 ,_, **'_" change_NN1 
of_IO which_DDQ the_AT effects_NN2 are_VBR only_RR discernible_JJ by_II 
those_DD2 who_PNQS read_VV0 art_NN1 history_NN1 as_II the_AT revolutionary_NN1 
reads_VVZ the_AT masses_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Above_II all_DB ,_, the_AT group_NN must_VM resist_VVI the_AT 
drift_NN1 *'_" back_RP from_II the_AT edge_NN1 towards_II the_AT middle_NN1 
**'_" that_CST has_VHZ swallowed_VVN previous_JJ hopeful_JJ movements_NN2 
in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 poetry_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II other_JJ words_NN2 ,_, *'_" the_AT margins_NN2 **'_" are_VBR 
to_TO provide_VVI the_AT necessary_JJ vantage_NN1 point_NN1 from_II which_DDQ 
the_AT centre_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 morass_NN1 of_IO error_NN1 and_CC 
compromise_VV0 that_DD1 swallows_VVZ the_AT promising_NN1 and_CC corrupts_VVZ 
the_AT ambitious_JJ ,_, will_VM be_VBI radically_RR shifted_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT mainstream_NN1 will_VM ,_, in_II fact_NN1 ,_, become_VVN 
at_RR21 last_RR22 the_AT marginal_JJ ,_, the_AT redundant_JJ ,_, and_CC 
literary_JJ history_NN1 will_VM record_VVI only_RR the_AT bright_JJ 
moments_NN2 of_IO real_JJ change_NN1 brought_VVD about_RP by_II those_DD2 
tiny_JJ *'_" scenes_NN2 **'_" of_IO dedicated_JJ individuals_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Horrocks_NP1 is_VBZ right_JJ ,_, of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, 
that_CST the_AT great_JJ art_NN1 shifts_VVZ in_II the_AT past_NN1 have_VH0 
been_VBN initiated_VVN by_II such_DA small_JJ *'_" scenes_NN2 **'_" (_( 
though_CS this_DD1 oversimplifies_VVZ the_AT process_NN1 by_II which_DDQ 
they_PPHS2 become_VV0 generally_RR felt_VVD )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT problem_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT art_NN1 historian_NN1 in_II 
this_DD1 country_NN1 inevitably_RR is_VBZ attuned_VVN to_II movements_NN2 
and_CC changes_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 already_RR occurred_VVN elsewhere_RL ,_, 
and_CC there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 danger_NN1 that_CST the_AT *'_" deep_JJ 
change_NN1 **'_" awaited_VVD will_VM turn_VVI out_RP to_TO be_VBI some_DD 
fashion_NN1 already_RR shop-worn_JJ in_II New_NP York_NP1 or_CC San_NP 
Francisco_NP1 ._. 

^ (_( ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ also_RR the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO to_II whom_PNQO 
these_DD2 changes_NN2 will_VM be_VBI addressed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Does_VDZ a_AT1 rise_NN1 in_II the_AT prestige_NN1 of_IO 
postmodernism_NN1 among_II the_AT readers_NN2 of_IO literary_JJ magazines_NN2 
really_RR mean_VV0 a_AT1 change_NN1 in_II the_AT culture_NN1 as_II a_AT1 
whole_NN1 ?_? )_) 

^ ^_NULL The_AT major_JJ shifts_NN2 in_II art_NN1 history_NN1 effected_VVD 
by_RP ,_, say_VV0 ,_, Pound_NNU1 and_CC Eliot_NP1 around_II the_AT time_NNT1 
of_IO the_AT First_MD World_NN1 War_NN1 or_CC Olson_NP1 just_RR after_II 
the_AT Second_NNT1 did_VDD not_XX simply_RR borrow_VVI some_DD already_RR 
existing_JJ script_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Eliot_NP1 certainly_RR learned_VVD a_PN31 great_PN32 deal_PN33 
from_II Jules_NP1 Laforgue_NP1 (_( as_CSA Coleridge_NP1 before_II him_PPHO1 
learned_VVN from_II the_AT German_JJ philosophers_NN2 of_IO his_APPGE day_NNT1 
)_) and_CC part_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE shock_NN1 value_NN1 for_IF English_JJ 
readers_NN2 of_IO 1910_MC may_VM be_VBI attributed_VVN to_II his_APPGE 
adoption_NN1 of_IO Laforgian_JJ mannerisms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB he_PPHS1 did_VDD n't_XX take_VVI from_II Laforgue_NP1 or_CC 
from_II any_DD prior_JJ poet_NN1 a_AT1 complete_JJ plan_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 
poetic_JJ revolution_NN1 that_CST had_VHD already_RR been_VBN carried_VVN 
through_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ enough_RR to_TO know_VVI what_DDQ he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ 
writing_VVG *1_NULL against_II *0_NULL and_CC to_TO be_VBI aware_JJ of_IO 
exemplary_JJ predecessors_NN2 and_CC contemporaries_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 had_VHD no_AT way_NN1 of_IO telling_VVG exactly_RR where_RRQ 
he_PPHS1 was_VBDZ leaping_VVG to_II when_RRQ he_PPHS1 wrote_VVD *1_NULL The_AT 
Waste_NN1 Land_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL or_CC where_CS precisely_RR he_PPHS1 would_VM 
carry_VVI poetry_NN1 in_II English_JJ by_II doing_VDG so_RR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Horrocks_NP1 ,_, however_RR ,_, knows_VVZ pretty_RG well_RR 
where_RRQ he_PPHS1 wants_VVZ New_NP Zealand_NP1 writing_NN1 and_CC reading_NN1 
habits_VVZ to_TO head_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ n't_XX simply_RR towards_II the_AT Olsonian_JJ 
postmodernism_NN1 propagandized_VVD for_IF by_II Loney_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Horrocks_NP1 sees_VVZ *1_NULL Parallax_NP1 *0_NULL as_II part_NN1 
of_IO the_AT *'_" shift_NN1 **'_" he_PPHS1 envisages_VVZ ,_, not_XX the_AT 
thing_NN1 itself_PPX1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT trouble_NN1 with_IW *1_NULL Parallax_NP1 *0_NULL for_IF 
someone_PN1 with_IW Horrocks_NP1 '_GE peculiarly_RR acute_JJ historical_JJ 
sense_NN1 was_VBDZ not_XX that_CST its_APPGE focus_NN1 was_VBDZ too_RG 
narrow_JJ or_CC its_APPGE audience_NN too_RG tiny_JJ ,_, but_CCB that_CST 
it_PPH1 already_RR had_VHN about_II it_PPH1 the_AT fatal_JJ air_NN1 of_IO 
being_VBG historical_JJ when_CS it_PPH1 appeared_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Loney_NP1 in_II the_AT 1980s_MC2 was_VBDZ still_RR fighting_VVG 
the_AT battles_NN2 of_IO the_AT 1970s_MC2 (_( in_II Olson_NP1 's_GE terms_NN2 
,_, those_DD2 of_IO the_AT 1950s_MC2 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT little_JJ magazine_NN1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ most_RGT 
exactly_RR to_TO suit_VVI Horrocks_NP1 '_GE purposes_NN2 appeared_VVN 
towards_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO 1983_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ called_VVN *1_NULL And_CC *0_NULL and_CC was_VBDZ 
co-edited_VVN by_II two_MC Auckland_NP1 English_JJ graduates_NN2 ,_, Alex_NP1 
Calder_NP1 who_PNQS was_VBDZ working_VVG on_II his_APPGE {_NULL Ph.D_NP1 ._. 

^ }_NULL at_II Auckland_NP1 at_II that_DD1 time_NNT1 ,_, and_CC Leigh_NP1 
Davis_NP1 who_PNQS had_VHD already_RR gone_VVN to_II a_AT1 job_NN1 in_II 
Treasury_NN1 in_II Wellington_NP1 ,_, having_VHG somehow_RR learned_VVN the_AT 
trick_NN1 of_IO marketing_VVG an_AT1 {_NULL M.A._NN1 }_NULL in_II English_JJ 
with_IW a_AT1 Marxist_JJ dissertation_NN1 on_II Allen_NP1 Curnow_NP1 ,_, in_II 
the_AT world_NN1 of_IO finance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL And_CC *0_NULL was_VBDZ intended_VVN from_II the_AT start_NN1 
to_TO run_VVI for_IF no_AT more_RR21 than_RR22 four_MC numbers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Its_APPGE very_JJ name_NN1 stressed_VVD that_CST it_PPH1 intended_VVD 
to_TO put_VVI itself_PPX1 *1_NULL within_II *0_NULL historical_JJ change_NN1 
,_, not_XX to_TO become_VVI an_AT1 institution_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT name_NN1 also_RR seemed_VVD to_TO draw_VVI attention_NN1 
to_II the_AT sequentiality_NN1 of_IO little_JJ magazines_NN2 in_II this_DD1 
country_NN1 (_( with_IW *1_NULL Morepork_NP1 ,_, Parallax_NP1 *0_NULL and_CC 
*1_NULL Splash_NP1 ,_, *0_NULL for_IF all_DB their_APPGE differences_NN2 ,_, 
providing_CS some_DD sort_NN1 of_IO continuum_NN1 on_II the_AT poetry_NN1 
left_VVN )_) ,_, it_PPH1 did_VDD so_CS subversively_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL And_CC *0_NULL had_VHD no_AT intention_NN1 of_IO carrying_VVG 
on_RP the_AT flame_NN1 nurtured_VVD by_II Loney_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT interview_NN1 of_IO Loney_NP1 by_II Davis_NP1 in_II *1_NULL 
And/l_FO signals_NN2 as_RG much_DA1 rupture_NN1 and_CC difference_NN1 (_( 
though_CS amiable_JJ and_CC respectful_JJ )_) as_CSA continuity_NN1 ,_, 
in_II31 spite_II32 of_II33 Loney_NP1 's_GE efforts_NN2 to_TO offer_VVI 
avuncular_JJ support_NN1 to_II Davis_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL And_CC *0_NULL entered_VVD {_NULL NZ_NP }_NULL \_NULL lit._RR 
with_IW a_AT1 calculated_JJ estimation_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE own_DA 
delinquency_NN1 and_CC power_NN1 to_TO shock_VVI not_XX seen_VVN in_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 literary_JJ magazines_NN2 (_( nor_CC so_RG brilliantly_RR 
manipulated_VVD )_) since_CS *1_NULL Freed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Its_APPGE cover_NN1 showed_VVD two_MC cowboys_NN2 ,_, 
guns_NN2 at_II the_AT ready_JJ ,_, above_II the_AT caption_NN1 ,_, *'_" 
coming_VVG in_RP **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Its_APPGE stapled_JJ penurious_JJ format_NN1 announced_VVD not_XX 
only_RR its_APPGE difference_NN1 from_II high-cost_NN1 ,_, high-quality_JJ 
productions_NN2 like_II *1_NULL Landfall_NN1 ,_, Islands_NN2 *0_NULL or_CC 
*1_NULL Parallax_NP1 ,_, *0_NULL but_CCB also_RR announced_VVD the_AT 
benefits_NN2 for_IF little_JJ magazines_NN2 of_IO the_AT photocopying_JJ 
machine_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Perhaps_RR the_AT most_RGT telling_JJ sign_NN1 of_IO *1_NULL 
And_CC 's_VBZ marketing_VVG savvy_NN1 was_VBDZ its_APPGE presentation_NN1 
of_IO its_APPGE very_JJ poverty_NN1 ,_, the_AT ephemerality_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
magazine_NN1 as_II an_AT1 object_NN1 ,_, as_II an_AT1 enormous_JJ 
advantage_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 possessed_VVD over_II the_AT existing_JJ 
journals_NN2 ,_, establishment_NN or_CC oppositional_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS *1_NULL Landfall_NN1 *0_NULL continued_VVD expensively_RR 
as_CSA the_AT Caxton_NP1 Press_NNJ 's_GE flagship_NN1 ,_, while_CS *1_NULL 
Islands_NN2 ,_, *0_NULL like_II some_DD down-at-heels_NN2 scholar_NN1 
whose_DDQGE private_JJ means_NN had_VHD long_RR since_CS declined_VVN ,_, 
struggled_VVD to_TO keep_VVI up_RP appearances_NN2 ,_, and_CC while_CS *1_NULL 
Parallax_NP1 ,_, *0_NULL designed_VVN by_II the_AT meticulous_JJ craftsman_NN1 
Loney_NP1 ,_, was_VBDZ handsomely_RR done_VDN on_II good_JJ quality_NN1 
paper_NN1 with_IW proper_JJ binding_NN1 ,_, *1_NULL And_CC *0_NULL 
emulated_VVD the_AT producers_NN2 of_IO underground_JJ comics_NN2 and_CC 
punk_NN1 handbills_VVZ by_II using_VVG available_JJ technology_NN1 and_CC 
the_AT enthusiasm_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE contributors_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT editors_NN2 simply_RR stapled_VVD the_AT xeroxed_JJ blocks_NN2 
of_IO contributors_NN2 '_GE articles_NN2 inside_II A4_FU covers_NN2 and_CC 
let_VV0 the_AT readers_NN2 '_GE eyes_NN2 cope_VV0 with_IW the_AT plethora_NN1 
of_IO typefaces_NN2 and_CC the_AT occasional_JJ transposition_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL And_CC *0_NULL was_VBDZ dense_JJ with_IW information_NN1 ,_, 
liable_JJ to_TO disintegrate_VVI (_( like_II other_JJ consumer_NN1 
durables_VVZ it_PPH1 requires_VVZ to_TO be_VBI repurchased_VVN every_RR31 
so_RR32 often_RR33 )_) ,_, recalcitrant_NN1 against_II plain_JJ writing_NN1 
and_CC abominably_RR difficult_JJ to_TO shelve_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL More_RGR important_JJ ,_, it_PPH1 saw_VVD no_AT need_NN1 to_TO 
disguise_VVI its_APPGE poverty_NN1 by_II clinging_VVG ,_, like_II the_AT 
revived_JJ *1_NULL Islands_NN2 ,_, *0_NULL to_II *'_" an_AT1 old_JJ and_CC 
expensive_JJ format_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ n't_XX hip_JJ to_TO aim_VVI for_IF longevity_NN1 
any_RR21 longer_RR22 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL What_DDQ is_VBZ most_RGT telling_JJ here_RL is_VBZ *1_NULL 
And_CC 's_VBZ difference_NN1 not_XX only_RR from_II *1_NULL Landfall_NN1 
*0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL Islands_NN2 *0_NULL but_CCB also_RR from_II *1_NULL 
Parallax_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC *0_NULL departed_VVD from_II Loney_NP1 's_GE magazine_NN1 
in_II more_DAR than_CSN the_AT cost_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE production_NN1 and_CC 
the_AT permanence_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE binding_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL And_CC *0_NULL started_VVD out_RP with_IW a_AT1 clear_JJ 
sense_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE intended_JJ market_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 market_NN1 
which_DDQ needed_VVD not_XX so_RG much_DA1 to_TO be_VBI reached_VVN as_CSA 
created_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Moreover_RR it_PPH1 started_VVD out_RP with_IW no_AT sense_NN1 of_IO 
grudge_NN1 against_II local_JJ *'_" authorities_NN2 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL And_CC *0_NULL did_VDD n't_XX see_VVI itself_PPX1 as_RG 
excluded_JJ ,_, as_CSA Loney_NP1 did_VDD ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT post-structuralist_NN1 constituency_NN1 which_DDQ *1_NULL 
And_CC *0_NULL claimed_VVD as_RG its_APPGE own_DA was_VBDZ ,_, as_CSA 
Davis_NP1 cheerfully_RR acknowledged_VVD in_II the_AT first_MD number_NN1 ,_, 
not_XX large_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR *1_NULL And_CC *0_NULL pushed_VVD off_RP exuberantly_RR to_II 
a_AT1 zero_NN1 market_NN1 share_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 358+TEXT+J64_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Many_DA2 of_IO the_AT stories_NN2 about_II this_DD1 
artist_NN1 have_VH0 been_VBN written_VVN and_CC published_VVN ,_, others_NN2 
have_VH0 been_VBN passed_VVN on_II verbally_RR ,_, some_RR have_VH0 been_VBN 
filmed_VVN for_IF television_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Most_RRT operate_VV0 at_II the_AT personal_JJ ,_, anecdotal_JJ 
level_NN1 ,_, although_CS we_PPIS2 are_VBR not_XX concerned_JJ here_RL with_IW 
investigating_VVG these_DD2 private_JJ meanings_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Our_APPGE sphere_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 of_IO public_JJ record_NN1 
and_CC that_DD1 record_NN1 focuses_VVZ very_RG sharply_RR on_II his_APPGE 
image_NN1 as_II a_AT1 certain_JJ type_NN1 of_IO artist_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT presentation_NN1 of_IO him_PPHO1 ,_, there_EX are_VBR 
certain_JJ constants_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT stories_NN2 are_VBR diverse_JJ but_CCB they_PPHS2 do_VD0 
converge_VVI and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ at_II these_DD2 points_NN2 of_IO 
intersection_NN1 that_CST the_AT central_JJ formulas_NN2 emerge_VV0 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ well_RR known_VVN that_CST Philip_NP1 
Clairmont_NP1 committed_VVD suicide_NN1 at_II the_AT age_NN1 of_IO thirty_MC 
four_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Looking_VVG back_RP over_II his_APPGE life_NN1 this_DD1 knowledge_NN1 
now_RT colours_VVZ all_DB our_APPGE interpretations_NN2 of_IO and_CC 
speculations_NN2 about_II the_AT work_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT end_NN1 ,_, its_APPGE suddenness_NN1 ,_, narrows_VVZ our_APPGE 
range_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 ;_; precursors_NN2 of_IO it_PPH1 seize_VV0 
our_APPGE attention_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 seems_VVZ to_TO have_VHI been_VBN inevitable_JJ so_CS 
there_EX is_VBZ pathos_NN1 in_II the_AT pride_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 smiling_JJ 
child_NN1 holding_VVG up_RP a_AT1 prize-winning_JJ drawing_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Our_APPGE understanding_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE life_NN1 changed_VVN 
with_IW his_APPGE death_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II realising_VVG that_CST ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM realise_VVI how_RGQ 
unstable_JJ the_AT past_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, how_RRQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ remade_VVN 
constantly_RR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL While_CS accepting_VVG that_CST there_EX are_VBR 
psychological_JJ ,_, biographical_JJ and_CC social_JJ reasons_NN2 for_IF 
the_AT things_NN2 we_PPIS2 do_VD0 ,_, we_PPIS2 wish_VV0 to_TO concentrate_VVI 
on_II the_AT last_MD ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO start_VVI first_MD a_DD221 few_DD222 steps_NN2 away_II21 
from_II22 Clairmont_NP1 himself_PPX1 and_CC to_TO look_VVI at_II some_DD of_IO 
the_AT terms_NN2 from_II which_DDQ the_AT very_JJ idea_NN1 of_IO *'_" 
artist_NN1 **'_" is_VBZ arrived_VVN at_II and_CC what_DDQ this_DD1 means_VVZ 
in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II examining_VVG these_DD2 concepts_NN2 we_PPIS2 hope_VV0 to_TO 
open_VVI up_RP the_AT area_NN1 available_JJ for_IF looking_VVG at_II 
Clairmont_NP1 's_GE work_NN1 ;_; perhaps_RR to_TO untangle_VVI it_PPH1 a_RR21 
little_RR22 from_II his_APPGE personality_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Myths_NP1 about_II artists_NN2 ,_, myths_NN2 about_II 
Clairmont_NP1 ,_, are_VBR a_AT1 shorthand_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 code_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Like_II most_DAT codes_NN2 the_AT terms_NN2 are_VBR seldom_RR 
examined_VVN as_CSA they_PPHS2 are_VBR passed_VVN on_RP and_CC so_RR 
become_VV0 increasingly_RR arbitrary_JJ when_RRQ forced_VVN onto_II a_AT1 
particular_JJ situation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 Clairmont_NP1 *'_" package_NN1 **'_" is_VBZ developed_VVN to_TO 
give_VVI a_AT1 coherent_JJ personality_NN1 to_II a_AT1 body_NN1 of_IO works_NN 
:_: to_TO impose_VVI unity_NN1 upon_II it_PPH1 and_CC explain_VVI it_PPH1 
without_IW undue_JJ complication_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II doing_VDG so_RG a_AT1 continuity_NN1 is_VBZ established_VVN ,_, 
an_AT1 order_NN1 of_IO priorities_NN2 set_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 packaging_VVG ideally_RR suits_VVZ the_AT art_NN1 market_NN1 
which_DDQ requires_VVZ recognisable_JJ product_NN1 predicated_VVD on_II the_AT 
difference_NN1 *1_NULL between_II *0_NULL artists_NN2 and_CC the_AT 
coherence_NN1 of_IO the_AT individual_JJ artist_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 also_RR easily_RR accommodates_VVZ the_AT fetishism_NN1 of_IO 
personality_NN1 cults_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II presenting_VVG artists_NN2 in_II this_DD1 way_NN1 
information_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ not_XX easily_RR fitted_VVN into_II the_AT 
story_NN1 is_VBZ forgotten_VVN ,_, suppressed_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT point_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 stories_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST 
they_PPHS2 make_VV0 us_PPIO2 feel_VVI that_CST we_PPIS2 understand_VV0 at_II 
the_AT very_JJ moment_NN1 we_PPIS2 should_VM be_VBI beginning_VVG to_TO 
ask_VVI questions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Relying_VVG on_II the_AT bulwark_NN1 of_IO the_AT mystifying_NN1 
and_CC inaccessible_JJ genius_NN1 of_IO the_AT artist_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 
allow_VV0 ourselves_PPX2 to_TO be_VBI passive_JJ consumers_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL *'_" ^_NULL The_AT first_MD obstacle_NN1 
[_( to_II an_AT1 understanding_NN1 of_IO art_NN1 ]_) is_VBZ the_AT 
conception_NN1 of_IO art_NN1 history_NN1 as_II a_AT1 history_NN1 of_IO 
artists_NN2 ._. 

^ **'_" |_NULL (_( Hadjinicolaou_NP1 :_: 17_MC )_) **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
|_NULL ^_NULL Art_NN1 institutions_NN2 are_VBR largely_RR based_VVN on_II 
this_DD1 assumption_NN1 with_IW exhibitions_NN2 usually_RR conceived_VVD to_TO 
show_VVI the_AT unity_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 individual_JJ 
artistic_JJ personality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR group_NN shows_VVZ ,_, with_IW few_DA2 exceptions_NN2 in_II 
this_DD1 country_NN1 ,_, are_VBR presented_VVN as_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO 
individuals_NN2 rather_II21 than_II22 a_AT1 community_NNJ of_IO shared_JJ 
interests_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL More_RGR rare_JJ are_VBR *'_" theme_NN1 **'_" exhibitions_NN2 
which_DDQ attempt_VV0 to_TO show_VVI how_RRQ individuals_NN2 have_VH0 
operated_VVN in_II the_AT same_DA area_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Yet_RR the_AT building_NN1 block_NN1 for_IF all_DB of_IO them_PPHO2 
is_VBZ the_AT same_DA :_: the_AT artist_NN1 ,_, who_PNQS is_VBZ seen_VVN as_II 
the_AT source_NN1 ,_, origin_NN1 and_CC meaning_NN1 of_IO the_AT work_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT overwhelming_JJ weight_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 trend_NN1 leads_VVZ 
to_II the_AT smoothing_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 contradiction_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 
neutralising_NN1 of_IO questions_NN2 and_CC a_AT1 limitation_NN1 on_II too_RG 
many_DA2 possibilities_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF ,_, when_CS all_DB else_RR fails_VVZ ,_, the_AT 
eccentricities_NN2 of_IO artistic_JJ personality_NN1 can_VM be_VBI wheeled_VVN 
out_RP in_II easy_JJ explanation_NN1 of_IO any_DD frightening_JJ 
inconsistency_NN1 or_CC proliferation_NN1 of_IO meanings_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT insistence_NN1 on_II this_DD1 individualised_JJ 
formula_NN1 means_VVZ that_CST ways_NN2 of_IO making_VVG and_CC doing_VDG 
art_NN1 outside_II it_PPH1 must_VM be_VBI marginalised_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 are_VBR branded_VVN *'_" not_XX art_NN1 **'_" ,_, or_CC 
at_RR21 least_RR22 ,_, *'_" not_XX Real_JJ art_NN1 **'_" and_CC banished_VVD 
to_II popular_JJ culture_NN1 ,_, folk_NN2 art_NN1 ,_, craft_NN1 ,_, 
ethnography_NN1 or_CC even_RR *'_" women_NN2 's_GE art_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT standard_JJ art_NN1 gallery_NN1 monograph_NN1 format_NN1 
exacerbates_VVZ this_DD1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 monograph_NN1 we_PPIS2 
will_VM examine_VVI the_AT *'_" signifiers_NN2 of_IO artistness_NN1 **'_" 
which_DDQ have_VH0 dominated_VVN the_AT way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ Philip_NP1 
Clairmont_NP1 has_VHZ been_VBN seen_VVN and_CC unstitch_VV0 some_DD of_IO 
the_AT formulas_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL follow_VV0 his_APPGE path_NN1 alone_JJ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT artist_NN1 alone_RR in_II his_APPGE studio_NN1 ,_, 
battling_VVG with_IW the_AT visions_NN2 that_DD1 torment_NN1 him_PPHO1 is_VBZ 
one_MC1 of_IO the_AT pervasive_JJ phallocratic_JJ art_NN1 images_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT twentieth_MD century_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ become_VVN the_AT accepted_JJ shorthand_NN1 for_IF 
representing_VVG art_NN1 and_CC artists_NN2 in_II the_AT mass_JJ media_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA a_AT1 natural_JJ image_NN1 ,_, so_RG obvious_JJ ,_, so_RG 
seldom_RR questioned_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Why_RRQ even_RR its_APPGE exclusions_NN2 seem_VV0 like_II 
commonsense_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL And_CC so_CS the_AT way_NN1 of_IO working_VVG of_IO some_DD 
artists_NN2 becomes_VVZ the_AT norm_NN1 for_IF all_DB artists_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Group_NNJ and_CC anonymous_JJ activities_NN2 are_VBR particularly_RR 
feared_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL *'_" Artist-ness_NN1 **'_" is_VBZ largely_RR defined_VVN in_II31 
terms_II32 of_II33 solitary_JJ work_NN1 ,_, usually_RR with_IW some_DD 
implications_NN2 of_IO struggle_NN1 and_CC turmoil_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT connections_NN2 of_IO artists_NN2 to_II social_JJ ,_, 
political_JJ and_CC economic_JJ life_NN1 ,_, to_II gender_NN1 ,_, race_NN1 
and_CC class_NN1 are_VBR suppressed_VVN ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL *'_" ^_NULL An_AT1 essential_JJ 
quality_NN1 of_IO any_DD true_JJ artist_NN1 is_VBZ separateness_NN1 ,_, 
whether_CSW he_PPHS1 works_VVZ in_II defiant_JJ solitude_NN1 or_CC within_II 
the_AT discipline_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 established_JJ style_NN1 ._. 

^ **'_" |_NULL (_( Foreword_NP1 to_II Alexander_NP1 Liberman_NP1 ._. 

^ *1_NULL The_AT artist_NN1 in_II his_APPGE studio_NN1 ._. 

^ *0_NULL London_NP1 :_: Thames_NP1 and_CC Hudson_NP1 ;_; 1969_MC )_) |_NULL 
*'_" ^_NULL I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ taught_VVN how_RRQ to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 painter_NN1 
,_, and_CC all_DB the_AT implications_NN2 ,_, the_AT solitary_JJ 
confinement_NN1 which_DDQ makes_VVZ a_AT1 painter_NN1 's_VBZ life_NN1 ._. 

^ **'_" |_NULL (_( *1_NULL Colin_NP1 McCahon/_FO a_ZZ1 survey_NN1 
exhibition_NN1 ._. 

^ *0_NULL Auckland_NP City_NNL1 Art_NP1 Gallery_NNL1 ;_; 1972_MC :_: 21_MC )_) 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT image_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT lone_JJ artist_NN1 that_CST is_VBZ the_AT foundation_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
present_JJ art_NN1 market_NN1 with_IW huge_JJ swings_NN2 in_II value_NN1 on_II 
the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 signature_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 name_NN1 ._. 

^ (_( ^_NULL So_RG much_DA1 so_CS that_DD1 at_RR21 least_RR22 one_MC1 
punter_NN1 was_VBDZ encouraged_VVN to_TO add_VVI signatures_NN2 to_II 
authentic_JJ works_NN by_II Van_NP1 \_NULL der_NP1 Velden_NP1 ,_, 
presumably_RR to_TO make_VVI them_PPHO2 more_RGR authentic_JJ still_RR !_! )_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 revealing_JJ 
shorthand_NN1 whereby_RRQ artworks_NN2 are_VBR constantly_RR referred_VVN 
to_II and_CC classified_VVN solely_RR by_II the_AT artist_NN1 's_VBZ name_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II artspeak_NN1 who_PNQS does_VDZ n't_XX know_VVI what_DDQ *'_" 
a_AT1 Gully_NN1 **'_" ,_, *'_" a_AT1 Killeen_NP1 **'_" or_CC *'_" a_AT1 
Clairmont_NP1 **'_" is_VBZ ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Again_RT it_PPH1 seems_VVZ like_II commonsense_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB books_NN2 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, are_VBR not_XX 
referred_VVN to_II in_II this_DD1 interchangeable_JJ way_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *'_" A_AT1 Frame_NN1 **'_" ,_, *'_" a_AT1 Mansfield_NP1 **'_" 
sounds_VVZ absurd_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI amplified_VVN by_II *'_" novel_NN1 
**'_" or_CC *'_" poem_NN1 **'_" to_TO slip_VVI into_II the_AT language_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB art_NN1 shorthand_NN1 has_VHZ gone_VVN one_MC1 step_NN1 
further_RRR ._. 

^ ^_NULL *'_" Painting_NN1 **'_" or_CC *'_" drawing_NN1 **'_" or_CC even_RR 
the_AT very_RG generalised_JJ *'_" work_NN1 **'_" can_VM be_VBI dropped_VVN 
and_CC yet_RR we_PPIS2 still_RR understand_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT name_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT important_JJ category_NN1 
and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT guardian_NN1 of_IO authenticity_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Artists_NN2 are_VBR defined_VVN as_CSA exempt_JJ from_II 
social_JJ and_CC political_JJ responsibility_NN1 ,_, except_CS21 that_CS22 
of_IO expressing_VVG their_APPGE own_DA inner_JJ being_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC the_AT riddle_NN1 is_VBZ complete_JJ when_CS they_PPHS2 
are_VBR judged_VVN by_II how_RGQ close_RR they_PPHS2 get_VV0 to_II 
expressing_VVG that_DD1 inner_JJ being_NN1 ,_, even_CS21 though_CS22 we_PPIS2 
(_( the_AT audience_NN )_) are_VBR excluded_VVN by_II definition_NN1 from_II 
knowing_VVG what_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *'_" Well_RR ,_, first_MD of_IO 
all_DB ,_, if_CS you_PPY 're_VBR an_AT1 artist_NN1 ,_, you_PPY get_VV0 it_PPH1 
by_II just_RR trying_VVG to_TO meet_VVI your_APPGE own_DA standards_NN2 ,_, 
not_XX anybody_PN1 else_RR 's_VHZ ,_, but_CCB your_APPGE own_DA ,_, a_AT1 
deep_JJ self-expression_NN1 ._. 

^ **'_" |_NULL (_( Len_NP1 Lye_NP1 ._. 

^ *1_NULL Spleen_NN1 ;_; *0_NULL [_( 1977_MC ]_) ;_; 7_MC :_: {_NULL np_NNU 
}_NULL )_) |_NULL ^_NULL *'_" *"_" Art_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 random_JJ 
thing_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Art_NP1 has_VHZ to_TO come_VVI from_II the_AT heart_NN1 ,_, mind_NN1 
,_, experience_NN1 and_CC soul_NN1 and_CC body_NN1 of_IO the_AT artist_NN1 ,_, 
**"_" \_NULL Mr_NNB McIntyre_NP1 said_VVD ._. 

^ **'_" |_NULL (_( Peter_NP1 McIntyre_NP1 ._. 

^ *1_NULL Auckland_NP1 Star_NN1 ;_; *0_NULL 31_MC May_NPM1 1976_MC )_) 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL So_CS used_VVN have_VH0 we_PPIS2 
become_VV0 to_II looking_VVG at_II art_NN1 in_II this_DD1 way_NN1 that_CST 
the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 individual_NN1 of_IO particular_JJ 
sensitivity_NN1 expressing_VVG his_APPGE thoughts_NN2 and_CC feelings_NN2 
seems_VVZ commonplace_JJ *-_- inevitable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC on_II this_DD1 *'_" inevitability_NN1 **'_" we_PPIS2 have_VH0 
built_VVN the_AT large_JJ part_NN1 of_IO our_APPGE art_NN1 history_NN1 ,_, 
exhibitions_NN2 and_CC art_NN1 marketing_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ on_II the_AT commonsense_JJ theory_NN1 we_PPIS2 
have_VH0 constructed_VVN the_AT past_NN1 in_II a_AT1 linked_JJ sequence_NN1 
of_IO masters_NN2 and_CC masterpieces_NN2 and_CC which_DDQ governs_VVZ 
our_APPGE expectations_NN2 of_IO the_AT future_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL But_CCB there_EX is_VBZ change_NN1 and_CC the_AT 
contention_NN1 that_DD1 art_NN1 does_VDZ operate_VVI this_DD1 way_NN1 is_VBZ 
under_II seige_NN1 (_( largely_RR by_II the_AT feminist_NN1 critique_NN1 )_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ models_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG proposed_VVN ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL *'_" ^_NULL There_EX 's_VBZ a_AT1 myth_NN1 
that_CST artists_NN2 spring_VV0 into_II the_AT world_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 
full-blown_JJ ,_, singular_JJ sensibility_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ theirs_PPGE 
to_TO develop_VVI ,_, their_APPGE core_NN1 ,_, their_APPGE inner_JJ being_NN1 
._. 

^ **'_" |_NULL (_( Barbara_NP1 Kruger_NP1 ._. 

^ Interview_NN1 ._. 

^ *1_NULL Flash_JJ art_NN1 ;_; *0_NULL March_NPM1 1985_MC :_: 36_MC )_) 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT theory_NN1 of_IO art_NN1 
as_CSA individual_JJ expressiveness_NN1 makes_VVZ a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO 
assumptions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Firstly_RR that_CST the_AT world_NN1 is_VBZ made_VVN up_RP of_IO 
autonomous_JJ and_CC fundamentally_RR unalterable_JJ individuals_NN2 (_( 
they_PPHS2 who_PNQS do_VD0 the_AT expressing_NN1 )_) and_CC that_CST it_PPH1 
is_VBZ from_II their_APPGE unmediated_JJ consciousness_NN1 meaning_NN1 is_VBZ 
born_VVN (_( that_DD1 which_DDQ they_PPHS2 express_RR )_) ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL *'_" ^_NULL Philip_NP1 Clairmont_NP1 's_GE 
paintings_NN2 express_VV0 his_APPGE ideas_NN2 ,_, beliefs_NN2 and_CC 
emotions_NN2 ,_, and_CC attempt_VV0 to_TO set_VVI down_RP in_II paint_NN1 
the_AT way_NN1 that_CST these_DD2 reflect_VV0 the_AT overriding_JJ mood_NN1 
of_IO our_APPGE time_NNT1 ._. 

^ **'_" |_NULL (_( Alexa_NP1 \_NULL M_NN1 Johnston_NP1 ._. 

^ *1_NULL Anxious_JJ images_NN2 ._. 

^ *0_NULL Auckland_NP City_NNL1 Art_NP1 Gallery_NNL1 ;_; 1984_MC :_: 12_MC )_) 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Such_DA an_AT1 explanation_NN1 
spills_VVZ over_RP into_II the_AT life_NN1 and_CC personality_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
artist_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 start_VV0 to_TO be_VBI concerned_JJ about_II his_APPGE *'_" 
sincerity_NN1 **'_" and_CC how_RRQ he_PPHS1 lives_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 becomes_VVZ important_JJ to_II us_PPIO2 that_CST the_AT 
life_NN1 and_CC the_AT work_NN1 share_VV0 an_AT1 obvious_JJ logic_NN1 *-_- 
proof_NN1 that_CST we_PPIS2 are_VBR getting_VVG the_AT *'_" real_JJ thing_NN1 
**'_" in_II the_AT work_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 authentic_JJ fragment_NN1 of_IO 
another_DD1 person_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT work_NN1 ,_, seen_VVN in_II this_DD1 way_NN1 ,_, becomes_VVZ 
a_AT1 very_RG powerful_JJ fetish_NN1 indeed_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT work_NN1 is_VBZ conclusively_RR explained_VVN to_II us_PPIO2 
by_II the_AT personality_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE maker_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL As_II a_AT1 metaphor_NN1 for_IF 
the_AT artist_NN1 's_GE pure_JJ individuality_NN1 aloneness_NN1 is_VBZ 
crucial_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC the_AT place_NN1 where_RRQ the_AT artist_NN1 is_VBZ seen_VVN 
to_TO be_VBI most_RGT alone_JJ ,_, (_( and_CC therefore_RR most_DAT 
himself_PPX1 ?_? )_) ,_, is_VBZ in_II the_AT studio_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL But_CCB none_PN of_IO us_PPIO2 
is_VBZ alone_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Our_APPGE experience_NN1 is_VBZ social_JJ to_II its_APPGE core_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Artists_NN2 need_VV0 an_AT1 audience_NN but_CCB the_AT 
reciprocity_NN1 of_IO culture_NN1 is_VBZ ignored_VVN in_II the_AT drive_NN1 
to_TO set_VVI up_RP unbreachable_JJ dichotomies_NN2 :_: maker/_FO consumer_NN1 
,_, active/_FO passive_JJ ,_, male/_FO female_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL So_RR why_RRQ is_VBZ there_RL such_DA 
a_AT1 determination_NN1 to_TO detach_VVI artists_NN2 from_II any_DD 
specific_JJ social_JJ context_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Why_RRQ this_DD1 need_NN1 to_TO make_VVI them_PPHO2 appear_VVI to_TO 
float_VVI free_JJ from_II gender_NN1 ,_, power_NN1 ,_, money_NN1 in_II 
that_DD1 autonomous_JJ sphere_NN1 aesthetics_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ allowed_VVD Clement_NP1 Greenberg_NP1 to_TO assert_VVI on_II 
the_AT one_MC1 hand_NN1 that_DD1 art_NN1 was_VBDZ crucial_JJ and_CC yet_RR 
on_II the_AT other_JJ that_CST it_PPH1 has_VHZ never_RR ,_, in_II a_AT1 
real_JJ sense_NN1 ,_, affected_VVN the_AT course_NN1 of_IO human_JJ 
affairs_NN2 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 's_VBZ like_II all_DB good_JJ stories_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Once_RR upon_II a_AT1 time_NNT1 ..._... 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Pre_NP1 Renaissance_NN1 artists_NN2 did_VDD not_XX work_VVI 
alone_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA members_NN2 of_IO guilds_NNJ2 ,_, artisans_NN2 were_VBDR 
organised_VVN into_II workshops_NN2 whose_DDQGE projects_NN2 were_VBDR 
planned_VVN and_CC executed_VVN communally_RR ,_, usually_RR in_II close_JJ 
consultation_NN1 with_IW the_AT commissioners_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 were_VBDR men_NN2 along_II21 with_II22 women_NN2 ,_, 
in_II31 spite_II32 of_II33 history_NN1 's_VBZ suppression_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
female_JJ record_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, by_II the_AT late_JJ fifteenth_MD century_NNT1 a_AT1 
differential_JJ fee_NN1 structure_NN1 was_VBDZ developing_VVG as_II 
competition_NN1 for_IF artists_NN2 '_GE services_NN2 intensified_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 rising_JJ market_NN1 was_VBDZ explained_VVN in_II art_NN1 
terms_NN2 ,_, not_XX economic_JJ ones_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD artists_NN2 came_VVD to_TO be_VBI seen_VVN as_CSA superior_JJ 
individuals_NN2 with_IW special_JJ creative_JJ powers_NN2 and_CC artists_NN2 
were_VBDR eager_JJ to_TO seize_VVI this_DD1 avenue_NN1 to_II independence_NN1 
,_, to_II fame_NN1 ,_, wealth_NN1 and_CC honour_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD artists_NN2 that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, for_IF the_AT former_DA 
differentiations_NN2 of_IO skill_NN1 and_CC ingenuity_NN1 were_VBDR 
exaggerated_VVN and_CC essentialised_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 very_RG few_DA2 were_VBDR regarded_VVN as_II truly_RR 
creative_JJ and_CC the_AT rest_NN1 *-_- their_APPGE former_DA companions_NN2 
*-_- as_CSA subservient_JJ to_II those_DD2 of_IO unique_JJ vision_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR the_AT liberation_NN1 of_IO the_AT artist_NN1 meant_VVD the_AT 
domination_NN1 of_IO others_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Now_RT the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT male_JJ pronoun_NN1 is_VBZ 
totally_RR appropriate_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL With_IW the_AT romanticism_NN1 of_IO the_AT late_JJ 
eighteenth_MD and_CC early_JJ nineteenth_MD centuries_NNT2 today_RT 's_GE 
view_NN1 of_IO artists_NN2 was_VBDZ crystallised_VVN :_: the_AT only_JJ 
authentic_JJ source_NN1 of_IO art_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT creative_JJ individual_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Art_NN1 is_VBZ about_II his_PPGE (_( almost_RR always_RR )_) 
expression_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE feelings_NN2 about_II reality_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_RR21 course_RR22 at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 other_JJ 
models_NN2 of_IO art_NN1 and_CC artists_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN operating_VVG 
,_, but_CCB that_DD1 of_IO expressive_JJ realism_NN1 has_VHZ dominated_VVN 
in_II a_AT1 New_NP Zealand_NP1 wary_JJ of_IO theory_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 the_AT image_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
individual_NN1 ,_, the_AT loner_NN1 resonates_VVZ very_RG satisfactorily_RR 
._. 

^ ^_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 men_NN2 publicly_RR revel_VV0 in_II the_AT 
struggle_NN1 against_II *'_" overwhelming_JJ odds_NN2 **'_" whether_CSW in_II 
war_NN1 or_CC rugby_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Or_CC art_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL *'_" *"_" ^_NULL A_AT1 man_NN1 spends_VVZ 
too_RG much_DA1 time_NNT1 alone_JJ ,_, **"_" Johnson_NP1 said_VVD to_II 
himself_PPX1 ._. 

^ **'_" |_NULL (_( John_NP1 Mulgan_NP1 ._. 

^ *1_NULL Man_NP1 alone_JJ ._. 

^ *0_NULL Hamilton_NP1 :_: Paul_NP1 's_GE Book_NN1 Arcade_NN1 ;_; 1950_MC :_: 
206_MC )_) |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
|_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL *'_" ^_NULL The_AT artist_NN1 
today_RT is_VBZ free_JJ as_II a_AT1 bird_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 paints_VVZ what_DDQ he_PPHS1 likes_VVZ ._. 

^ **'_" |_NULL (_( Peter_NP1 Tomory_NP1 ._. 

^ *1_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 Women_NN2 's_GE Weekly_JJ ;_; *0_NULL 27_MC 
March_NPM1 1961_MC )_) **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL And_CC 
there_RL it_PPH1 is_VBZ again_RT ,_, aloneness_NN1 as_II freedom_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL He_PPHS1 can_VM paint_VVI what_DDQ he_PPHS1 likes_VVZ because_CS 
no_PN121 one_PN122 much_RR cares_VVZ what_DDQ he_PPHS1 paints_VVZ ,_, 
except_CS21 that_CS22 it_PPH1 be_VBI identifiable_JJ ,_, stamped_VVN by_II 
a_AT1 unique_JJ sensibility_NN1 :_: original_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF in_II this_DD1 argument_NN1 originality_NN1 is_VBZ 
acknowledged_VVN as_II the_AT authentic_JJ sign_NN1 of_IO the_AT true_JJ 
artist_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL *'_" ^_NULL The_AT savage_NN1 and_CC 
inescapable_JJ guts_NN2 of_IO Philip_NP1 Clairmont_NP1 's_GE three_MC 
paintings_NN2 establish_VV0 him_PPHO1 further_RRR as_II one_MC1 of_IO the_AT 
country_NN1 's_VBZ most_RGT original_JJ and_CC courageous_JJ young_JJ 
painters_NN2 ._. 

^ **'_" |_NULL (_( Hamish_NP1 Keith_NP1 ._. 

^ *1_NULL Auckland_NP1 Star_NN1 ;_; *0_NULL 15_MC March_NPM1 1975_MC )_) 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL And_CC what_DDQ of_IO this_DD1 
originality_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 oppressive_JJ retrospective_JJ labeling_NN1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL For_IF nothing_PN1 can_VM be_VBI termed_VVN original_JJ unless_CS 
by_II comparison_NN1 with_IW similar_JJ *-_- but_CCB not_XX identical_JJ *-_- 
components_NN2 of_IO the_AT same_DA system_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 359+TEXT+J65_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Ideologies_NN2 are_VBR embodied_VVN in_II cultural_JJ 
institutions_NN2 *-_- schools_NN2 ,_, galleries_NN2 ,_, churches_NN2 *-_- 
as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 in_II cultural_JJ artefacts_NN2 *-_- paintings_NN2 
,_, architecture_NN1 ,_, texts_NN2 ,_, photographs_NN2 *-_- and_CC by_II 
these_DD2 means_NN they_PPHS2 are_VBR broadcast_VVN and_CC reproduced_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ideology_NP1 both_DB2 supports_NN2 and_CC reflects_VVZ the_AT 
distribution_NN1 of_IO power_NN1 within_II a_AT1 society_NN ,_, which_DDQ 
in_II turn_NN1 (_( from_II a_AT1 Marxist_JJ point_NN1 of_IO view_NN1 )_) 
is_VBZ determined_VVN ,_, in_II the_AT last_MD instance_NN1 ,_, by_II 
economic_JJ factors_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT following_JJ section_NN1 looks_VVZ at_II some_DD of_IO the_AT 
ideologies_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW the_AT economic_JJ form_NN1 of_IO 
our_APPGE own_DA society_NN (_( capitalism_NN1 )_) and_CC how_RRQ they_PPHS2 
are_VBR reflected_VVN in_II photographs_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT Age_NN1 of_IO Enlightenment_NN1 of_IO the_AT 18th_MD 
century_NNT1 had_VHD seen_VVN a_AT1 shift_NN1 away_II21 from_II22 the_AT 
unchallenged_JJ authority_NN1 of_IO church_NN1 and_CC sovereign_NN1 towards_II 
a_AT1 new_JJ order_NN1 based_VVN upon_II observation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 new_JJ attitude_NN1 found_VVD its_APPGE purest_JJT 
expression_NN1 in_II the_AT philosophy_NN1 of_IO positivism_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Positivism_NN1 holds_VVZ that_CST nothing_PN1 exists_VVZ except_CS21 
that_CS22 which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI perceived_VVN by_II the_AT senses_NN2 ;_; 
that_CST unless_CS we_PPIS2 can_VM measure_VVI and_CC observe_VVI then_RT 
we_PPIS2 are_VBR dealing_VVG only_RR with_IW figments_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
imagination_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Nineteenth-century_JJ capitalism_NN1 *-_- epitomised_VVD by_II 
the_AT factory_NN1 and_CC the_AT harnessing_NN1 of_IO new_JJ technologies_NN2 
*-_- was_VBDZ engaged_VVN with_IW solving_VVG the_AT problems_NN2 of_IO 
mass_JJ production_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Resources_NN2 needed_VVD to_TO be_VBI discovered_VVN ,_, measured_VVD 
,_, and_CC manipulated_VVN ,_, requiring_VVG information_NN1 on_II a_AT1 
scale_NN1 never_RR before_RT imagined_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Knowledge_NN1 of_IO the_AT visible_JJ took_VVD precedence_NN1 ,_, 
since_CS only_RR the_AT practical_JJ qualities_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 object_NN1 
were_VBDR usable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Positivism_NN1 was_VBDZ thus_RR a_AT1 form_NN1 of_IO knowledge_NN1 
typifing_VVG a_AT1 society_NN in_II which_DDQ the_AT production_NN1 and_CC 
ownership_NN1 of_IO objects_NN2 had_VHD become_VVN a_AT1 paramount_JJ 
value_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL When_CS photography_NN1 entered_VVD this_DD1 state_NN1 of_IO 
affairs_NN2 in_II the_AT mid-19th_MD century_NNT1 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ 
recognised_VVN and_CC acclaimed_VVN for_IF its_APPGE 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL realism_NN1 ,_, for_IF its_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO 
*'_" stand_VVI in_RP **'_" for_IF the_AT objects_NN2 depicted_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA such_DA ,_, it_PPH1 provided_VVD an_AT1 ideal_JJ form_NN1 
for_IF the_AT collection_NN1 and_CC manipulation_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT natural_JJ sciences_NN2 of_IO the_AT 18th_MD and_CC 19th_MD 
centuries_NNT2 were_VBDR particularly_RR concerned_JJ with_IW the_AT 
collection_NN1 and_CC classification_NN1 of_IO *'_" facts_NN2 **'_" or_CC 
specimens_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Photographs_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 those_DD2 taken_VVN by_II 
Thomas_NP1 Andrew_NP1 were_VBDR greatly_RR sought_VVN by_II museums_NNL2 
and_CC universities_NN2 world-wide_RL as_CSA ethnographic_JJ records_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT common_JJ approach_NN1 of_IO 19th_MD century_NNT1 
capitalism_NN1 ,_, science_NN1 ,_, and_CC ethnographic_JJ photography_NN1 
was_VBDZ one_MC1 of_IO appropriation_NN1 ;_; something_PN1 was_VBDZ taken_VVN 
from_II its_APPGE original_JJ context_NN1 and_CC given_VVN a_AT1 different_JJ 
use_NN1 or_CC meaning_NN1 in_II another_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_CS31 long_CS32 as_CS33 photographs_NN2 are_VBR regarded_VVN as_CS 
appropriative_JJ *-_- that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, that_CST *'_" something_PN1 
**'_" is_VBZ removed_VVN *-_- then_RT power_NN1 can_VM be_VBI said_VVN to_TO 
be_VBI exerted_VVN over_II the_AT subject_NN1 ._. 

^ (_( ^_NULL Many_DA2 of_IO us_PPIO2 do_VD0 feel_VVI ,_, at_II some_DD 
level_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 photography_NN1 *'_" steals_VVZ **'_" something_PN1 
of_IO our_APPGE spirit_NN1 or_CC self_NN1 ._. )_) 

^ ^_NULL The_AT power_NN1 of_IO photography_NN1 also_RR lies_VVZ ,_, as_CSA 
Susan_NP1 Sontag_NP1 points_VVZ out_RP ,_, in_II its_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO 
obtain_VVI information_NN1 about_II someone_PN1 which_DDQ they_PPHS2 could_VM 
never_RR have_VHI themselves_PPX2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS the_AT subject_NN1 is_VBZ unaware_JJ of_IO being_VBG 
photographed_VVN ,_, or_CC of_IO the_AT uses_NN2 to_II which_DDQ the_AT 
photograph_NN1 may_VM be_VBI put_VVN ,_, that_DD1 power_NN1 is_VBZ further_RRR 
multiplied_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Even_CS21 when_CS22 photographs_NN2 are_VBR not_XX used_VVN 
in_II exploitative_JJ ways_NN2 ,_, photographic_JJ appropriation_NN1 may_VM 
still_RR ideologically_RR reflect_VVI or_CC support_VVI material_JJ 
exploitation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Photographs_NN2 by_II pakeha_NP1 of_IO Maori_NP1 are_VBR sometimes_RT 
seen_VVN by_II the_AT latter_DA as_CSA offensive_JJ in_II that_DD1 they_PPHS2 
are_VBR symptomatic_JJ of_IO pakeha_NP1 appropriation_NN1 in_RR21 general_RR22 
._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Closely_NP1 linked_VVD with_IW 
appropriation_NN1 is_VBZ voyeurism_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Strictly_RR speaking_VVG ,_, voyeurism_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 
exaggerated_JJ interest_NN1 in_II viewing_VVG sexual_JJ objects_NN2 or_CC 
scenes_NN2 ,_, often_RR from_II a_AT1 *'_" distant_JJ **'_" or_CC hidden_JJ 
position_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Photographers_NP1 are_VBR often_RR accused_VVN of_IO voyeurism_NN1 
in_II serving_VVG up_RP ,_, as_CSA objects_NN2 for_IF contemplation_NN1 ,_, 
depictions_NN2 of_IO those_DD2 (_( often_RR defenceless_JJ )_) groups_NN2 
regarded_VVN as_CS *'_" other_JJ **'_" ;_; the_AT poor_JJ ,_, aged_VVN ,_, 
handicapped_VVD ,_, eccentric_JJ ,_, deviant_JJ ,_, or_CC culturally_RR 
different_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT reproduced_JJ images_NN2 of_IO Glenn_NP1 Busch_NP1 ,_, 
Diane_NP1 Arbus_NP1 and_CC Walker_NP1 Evans_NP1 can_VM be_VBI described_VVN 
as_CSA voyeuristic_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Before_II equating_VVG voyeurism_NN1 with_IW *'_" bad_JJ **'_" 
though_CS ,_, consideration_NN1 should_VM be_VBI given_VVN to_II the_AT 
implications_NN2 of_IO voyeurism_NN1 in_II each_DD1 instance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, as_CSA suggested_VVN above_RL ,_, whether_CSW 
they_PPHS2 reflect_VV0 or_CC support_VV0 actual_JJ relations_NN2 of_IO 
dominance_NN1 or_CC exploitation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Evans_NP1 '_GE image_NN1 seems_VVZ ,_, on_II the_AT surface_NN1 ,_, 
the_AT most_RGT innocuous_JJ of_IO the_AT three_MC ,_, for_CS there_EX is_VBZ 
nothing_PN1 strange_JJ or_CC unusual_JJ about_II the_AT woman_NN1 and_CC 
child_NN1 to_TO excite_VVI our_APPGE interest_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, further_JJR questions_NN2 are_VBR raised_VVN on_II 
learning_VVG that_CST Evans_NP1 used_VVD a_AT1 concealed_JJ camera_NN1 in_II 
an_AT1 experiment_NN1 to_TO see_VVI how_RRQ people_NN would_VM appear_VVI 
when_RRQ photo-_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL graphed_VVD unawares_RR in_II 
the_AT defenceless_JJ state_NN1 of_IO reverie_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT fundamental_JJ ideologies_NN2 
underlying_JJ capitalism_NN1 is_VBZ individualism_NN1 *-_- a_AT1 belief_NN1 
in_II the_AT ability_NN1 of_IO individuals_NN2 to_TO define_VVI the_AT 
conditions_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE own_DA life_NN1 (_( including_II economic_JJ 
activities_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II operation_NN1 ,_, such_DA an_AT1 ideology_NN1 supports_VVZ 
the_AT continued_JJ functioning_NN1 of_IO capitalism_NN1 by_II proposing_VVG 
the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO self-determination_NN1 when_RRQ ,_, in_II 
practice_NN1 ,_, such_DA a_AT1 possibility_NN1 is_VBZ systematically_RR 
denied_VVN to_II the_AT majority_NN of_IO people_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Art_NN1 functions_NN2 as_CSA one_MC1 of_IO the_AT fields_NN2 of_IO 
this_DD1 operation_NN1 :_: ^_NULL Since_CS the_AT Renaissance_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
artist_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN *1_NULL constructed_VVN *0_NULL as_II an_AT1 
autonomous_JJ ,_, self-defining_NN1 ,_, creative_JJ individual_NN1 *-_- an_AT1 
*1_NULL {_NULL auteur_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Thus_RR art_NN1 offers_VVZ evidence_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
supreme_JJ expression_NN1 of_IO individualism_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, the_AT activities_NN2 and_CC products_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
artist_NN1 are_VBR also_RR defined_VVN by_II society_NN and_CC art_NN1 
itself_PPX1 (_( at_RR21 least_RR22 modernist_NN1 art_NN1 )_) as_CSA 
independent_JJ of_IO and_CC marginal_JJ to_II the_AT practical_JJ ,_, 
day-to-day_JJ concerns_NN2 of_IO society_NN in_RR21 general_RR22 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT history_NN1 of_IO art_NN1 
photography_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT history_NN1 of_IO symbolic_JJ attempts_NN2 to_TO 
reconcile_VVI the_AT incompatibility_NN1 of_IO self_NN1 definition_NN1 (_( 
creativity_NN1 )_) and_CC the_AT conditions_NN2 of_IO industrial_JJ living_NN1 
(_( technology_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Around_II the_AT beginning_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 century_NNT1 ,_, a_AT1 
number_NN1 of_IO (_( mostly_RR leisured_VVD )_) individuals_NN2 strove_VVD 
to_TO show_VVI that_DD1 creativity_NN1 could_VM be_VBI found_VVN in_II the_AT 
mechanical_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE approach_NN1 *-_- called_VVN pictorialism_NN1 *-_- 
de-emphasised_VVD as_RG much_DA1 as_CSA possible_JJ the_AT machine-made_JJ 
appearance_NN1 of_IO photographs_NN2 in_II31 favour_II32 of_II33 the_AT 
handmade_JJ look_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL The_AT Camera_NP1 Doctor_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL by_II {_NULL J.W._NP 
}_NULL Johnson_NP1 ,_, is_VBZ an_AT1 almost_RR pure_JJ expression_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT values_NN2 held_VVN by_II the_AT early_JJ pictorialists_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 seems_VVZ determined_JJ to_TO project_VVI a_AT1 thoroughly_RR 
non-industrial_JJ image_NN1 of_IO photography_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT subjects_NN2 ,_, an_AT1 elderly_JJ man_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 
camera_NN1 (_( probably_RR an_AT1 old_JJ model_NN1 even_RR in_II its_APPGE 
own_DA time_NNT1 )_) ,_, as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 the_AT depiction_NN1 of_IO 
craftsmanship_NN1 ,_, all_DB suggest_VV0 a_AT1 prior_JJ age_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT title_NN1 proposes_VVZ that_CST 
the_AT camera_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX a_AT1 mechanical_JJ device_NN1 but_CCB a_AT1 
living_JJ entity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Reinforcing_VVG this_DD1 content_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
are_VBR the_AT soft_JJ focus_NN1 ,_, textured_JJ surface_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
warm_JJ toned_JJ appearance_NN1 of_IO the_AT print_NN1 ,_, all_DB 
suggestive_JJ of_IO non-photographic_JJ artistic_JJ media_NN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 denial_NN1 of_IO the_AT technology_NN1 of_IO 
photography_NN1 by_II31 means_II32 of_II33 inserting_VVG the_AT *'_" human_JJ 
hand_NN1 **'_" into_II the_AT process_NN1 appeared_VVD unconvincing_JJ to_II 
some_DD photographers_NN2 by_II the_AT 1920s_MC2 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 new_JJ 
approach_NN1 developed_VVD placing_VVG the_AT point_NN1 of_IO creative_JJ 
engagement_NN1 at_II a_AT1 more_RGR sophisticated_JJ level_NN1 ,_, 
emphasising_VVG intellectual_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 manual_JJ control_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 new_JJ movement_NN1 ,_, referred_VVN to_II by_II its_APPGE 
German_JJ name_NN1 ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL Neue_NP1 Sachlichkeit_NP1 }_NULL *0_NULL 
or_CC New_JJ Objectivity_NN1 ,_, celebrated_VVD the_AT machine-made_JJ 
qualities_NN2 of_IO photography_NN1 (_( often_RR in_II fact_NN1 depicting_VVG 
machines_NN2 )_) and_CC aimed_VVD at_II transforming_VVG record_NN1 
photography_NN1 into_II art_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Photographers_NP1 such_II21 as_II22 Edward_NP1 Weston_NP1 and_CC 
Paul_NP1 Strand_NP1 in_II the_AT {_NULL USA_NP }_NULL ,_, and_CC 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL Albert_NP1 Renger-Patzsch_NP1 in_II Germany_NP1 ,_, 
worked_VVN by_II isolating_VVG and_CC detaching_VVG objects_NN2 from_II 
their_APPGE wider_JJR context_NN1 in_II an_AT1 attempt_NN1 to_TO redeem_VVI 
positivism_NN1 by_II sheer_JJ intensity_NN1 of_IO observation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Beauty_NN1 ,_, truth_NN1 and_CC spiritual_JJ knowledge_NN1 were_VBDR 
all_DB held_VVN to_TO be_VBI discoverable_JJ in_II the_AT physical_JJ 
world_NN1 ,_, provided_CS one_PN1 had_VHD sufficient_JJ sensitivity_NN1 of_IO 
vision_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ this_DD1 vision_NN1 ,_, the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO 
choose_VVI the_AT object_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE framing_VVG that_DD1 was_VBDZ 
all-important_JJ ,_, not_XX the_AT everyday_JJ significance_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
object_NN1 itself_PPX1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Capitalism_NN1 in_II the_AT same_DA period_NN1 ,_, having_VHG 
solved_VVN the_AT problems_NN2 of_IO production_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ 
attempting_VVG to_TO come_VVI to_II grips_NN2 with_IW those_DD2 of_IO the_AT 
distribution_NN1 and_CC consumption_NN1 of_IO goods_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Attitudes_NN2 of_IO thrift_NN1 and_CC accumulation_NN1 had_VHD to_TO 
be_VBI re-oriented_VVN to_II those_DD2 of_IO consumption_NN1 if_CS the_AT 
market_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO absorb_VVI the_AT quantity_NN1 of_IO goods_NN2 
which_DDQ could_VM now_RT be_VBI produced_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Advertising_NN1 images_NN2 provided_VVD the_AT ability_NN1 to_TO 
achieve_VVI this_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II taking_VVG advantage_NN1 of_IO the_AT new_JJ technology_NN1 
of_IO photomechanical_JJ reproduction_NN1 and_CC the_AT offerings_NN2 of_IO 
New_JJ Objectivity_NN1 *-_- better_JJR means_NN of_IO signification_NN1 *-_- 
images_NN2 of_IO goods_NN2 more_RGR *'_" real_JJ **'_" and_CC 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL attractive_JJ than_CSN the_AT goods_NN2 
themselves_PPX2 were_VBDR able_JK to_TO be_VBI widely_RR disseminated_VVN ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 new_JJ mode_NN1 of_IO 
economic_JJ activity_NN1 *-_- the_AT mass_JJ production_NN1 of_IO 
signifiers_NN2 *-_- means_VVZ that_CST we_PPIS2 live_VV0 in_II a_AT1 
society_NN of_IO spectacle_NN1 in_II which_DDQ no_AT objects_NN2 of_IO 
representation_NN1 can_VM be_VBI found_VVN ,_, only_JJ images_NN2 which_DDQ 
refer_VV0 to_II other_JJ images_NN2 ,_, ad_RR21 infinitum_RR22 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Andrew_NP1 Bogle_NP1 's_GE photograph_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 wall_NN1 
mural_NN1 illustrates_VVZ perfectly_RR the_AT way_NN1 images_NN2 hem_VV0 
us_PPIO2 in_RP on_II all_DB sides_NN2 ;_; even_RR the_AT physical_JJ 
solidity_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 wall_NN1 is_VBZ transformed_VVN into_II picture_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA Baudrillard_NP1 has_VHZ pointed_VVN out_RP ,_, the_AT 
fears_NN2 of_IO the_AT iconoclasts_NN2 were_VBDR justified_JJ ,_, since_CS 
images_NN2 eventually_RR come_VV0 to_TO simulate_VVI ,_, rather_CS21 than_CS22 
represent_VVI ,_, the_AT real_JJ ._. 

^ (_( ^_NULL Admittedly_NP1 ,_, a_AT1 more_RGR real_JJ world_NN1 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL did_VDD not_XX exist_VVI before_II the_AT 
society_NN of_IO the_AT spectacle_NN1 ;_; positivism_NN1 had_VHD worked_VVN 
hard_RR to_TO create_VVI *'_" the_AT fact_NN1 **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rather_RR ,_, what_DDQ has_VHZ taken_VVN place_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 
movement_NN1 within_II ideology_NN1 ._. )_) 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT political_JJ significance_NN1 of_IO advertising_NN1 
is_VBZ that_CST it_PPH1 offers_VVZ a_AT1 single_JJ proposal_NN1 :_: that_CST 
we_PPIS2 transform_VV0 ourselves_PPX2 ,_, our_APPGE lives_NN2 ,_, by_II 
changing_VVG our_APPGE possessions_NN2 or_CC style_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Only_RR by_II purchasing_VVG goods_NN2 can_VM happiness_NN1 and_CC 
satisfaction_NN1 be_VBI attained_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA a_AT1 proposal_NN1 recognises_VVZ no_AT other_JJ values_NN2 
than_CSN those_DD2 of_IO novelty_NN1 and_CC the_AT power_NN1 to_TO acquire_VVI 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Since_CS all_DB reference_NN1 is_VBZ now_RT reflexive_VV0 there_RL 
is_VBZ no_AT point_NN1 of_IO exit_NN1 from_II this_DD1 system_NN1 ,_, only_RR 
endless_JJ consumption_NN1 of_IO images_NN2 of_IO short_JJ currency_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Real_JJ political_JJ choice_NN1 is_VBZ narrowed_VVN to_II freedom_NN1 
of_IO consumption_NN1 *-_- the_AT choice_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 product_NN1 over_II 
another_DD1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 society_NN of_IO the_AT spectacle_NN1 has_VHZ 
made_VVN photographic_JJ reference_NN1 to_II the_AT *'_" real_JJ **'_" 
world_NN1 a_AT1 problematic_JJ activity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Documentary_NN1 photographs_NN2 of_IO suffering_VVG ,_, for_REX21 
instance_REX22 ,_, simply_RR become_VV0 irrelevant_JJ ,_, impotent_JJ ,_, 
and_CC unusable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO claim_VVI that_CST we_PPIS2 are_VBR inured_VVN to_II such_DA 
images_NN2 is_VBZ really_RR only_RR half_DB the_AT truth_NN1 ;_; vision_NN1 
as_RG spectacle_NN1 ,_, not_XX vision_NN1 as_CSA knowledge_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ 
how_RRQ we_PPIS2 participate_VV0 in_II our_APPGE culture_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL John_NP1 Berger_NP1 argues_VVZ that_CST the_AT feelings_NN2 of_IO 
awkwardness_NN1 and_CC discontinuity_NN1 we_PPIS2 may_VM experience_VVI on_II 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL seeing_VVG horrific_JJ images_NN2 of_IO war_NN1 
and_CC suffering_VVG are_VBR due_JJ not_XX so_RG much_DA1 to_II their_APPGE 
content_NN1 ,_, but_CCB to_II the_AT discontinuity_NN1 of_IO photography_NN1 
*-_- its_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO wrench_VVI things_NN2 from_II their_APPGE 
context_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS we_PPIS2 were_VBDR present_JJ at_II the_AT occasion_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT photograph_NN1 we_PPIS2 could_VM act_VVI appropriately_RR but_CCB 
we_PPIS2 are_VBR not_XX ,_, therefore_RR any_DD response_NN1 we_PPIS2 make_VV0 
is_VBZ inadequate_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Don_NP1 Slater_NP1 offers_VVZ an_AT1 alternative_JJ 
interpretation_NN1 by_II suggesting_VVG that_CST feelings_NN2 of_IO 
discomfort_NN1 and_CC shock_NN1 arise_VV0 from_II our_APPGE realisation_NN1 
that_CST images_NN2 of_IO suffering_NN1 have_VH0 become_VVN entertainment_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR the_AT ultimate_JJ real_JJ of_IO death_NN1 can_VM be_VBI 
drained_VVN of_IO reality_NN1 ,_, can_VM be_VBI processed_VVN *-_- without_IW 
embarrassment_NN1 *-_- through_II the_AT same_DA machine_NN1 used_VVN for_IF 
soapsuds_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Art_NN1 photographers_NN2 also_RR have_VH0 difficulty_NN1 
working_VVG in_II the_AT modes_NN2 of_IO reference_NN1 employed_VVN by_II 
pre-spectacle_NN1 ,_, New_JJ Objectivity_NN1 photographers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Recent_JJ work_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 that_DD1 by_II Hilla_NP1 and_CC 
Bernd_NP1 Becher_NP1 or_CC Peter_NP1 Hannken_NP1 is_VBZ much_RR more_RGR 
equivocal_JJ about_II realism_NN1 ,_, making_VVG no_AT claims_NN2 of_IO 
capturing_VVG essences_NN2 or_CC spiritual_JJ truths_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT current_JJ appeal_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 work_NN1 lies_VVZ in_II 
its_APPGE ambiguity_NN1 between_II abstraction_NN1 ,_, documentation_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC expression_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR ideological_JJ investments_NN2 in_II all_DB three_MC 
areas_NN2 (_( abstraction_NN1 serves_VVZ to_TO guarantee_VVI art_NN1 's_VBZ 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL irrelevance_NN1 )_) ,_, yet_RR it_PPH1 has_VHZ 
become_VVN difficult_JJ to_TO believe_VVI wholeheartedly_RR in_II any_DD 
single_JJ one_PN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_RR the_AT pervasive_JJ ideological_JJ construct_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
photographic_JJ artist_NN1 as_RG *0_NULL is_VBZ eroding_VVG as_CSA we_PPIS2 
recognise_VV0 in_II the_AT society_NN of_IO the_AT spectacle_NN1 that_CST 
there_EX is_VBZ no_AT *'_" starting_NN1 point_NN1 **'_" for_IF photographic_JJ 
meaning_NN1 ;_; that_DD1 in_II a_AT1 sense_NN1 ,_, all_DB images_NN2 have_VH0 
already_RR been_VBN taken_VVN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Some_DD *'_" political_JJ **'_" photographs_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Having_VHG suggested_VVN that_CST photographs_NN2 
are_VBR inevitably_RR political_JJ ,_, and_CC that_DD1 most_RRT operate_VV0 
in_II ways_NN2 which_DDQ actively_RR support_VV0 the_AT status_NN121 quo_NN122 
,_, the_AT question_NN1 must_VM now_RT be_VBI asked_VVN :_: is_VBZ it_PPH1 
possible_JJ for_IF photographs_NN2 to_TO challenge_VVI (_( and_CC with_IW 
what_DDQ degree_NN1 of_IO effectiveness_NN1 )_) dominant_JJ ideologies_NN2 
and_CC oppressive_JJ social/_FO economic_JJ structures_NN2 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL That_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, is_VBZ it_PPH1 possible_JJ to_TO change_VVI 
social_JJ and_CC economic_JJ conditions_NN2 with_IW the_AT very_JJ tools_NN2 
*-_- visual_JJ representations_NN2 *-_- which_DDQ tend_VV0 to_TO help_VVI 
reproduce_VVI them_PPHO2 in_II their_APPGE present_JJ forms_NN2 ?_? 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Any_DD answers_NN2 to_II these_DD2 questions_NN2 must_VM 
consider_VVI the_AT nature_NN1 and_CC degree_NN1 of_IO determination_NN1 in_II 
society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 simple_JJ reflection_NN1 model_NN1 of_IO ideology_NN1 views_VVZ 
cultural_JJ artefacts_NN2 (_( such_II21 as_II22 photographs_NN2 )_) as_CSA 
reflecting_VVG ideology_NN1 ,_, while_CS in_II turn_NN1 the_AT nature_NN1 
of_IO this_DD1 ideology_NN1 is_VBZ determined_VVN by_II economic_JJ 
factors_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, artists_NN2 and_CC photographers_NN2 
are_VBR mere_JJ accomplices_NN2 and_CC propagandists_NN2 in_II the_AT 
service_NN1 of_IO ruling_JJ ideologies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, more_RGR complex_JJ and_CC sophisticated_JJ 
interpretations_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 basic_JJ scheme_NN1 are_VBR possible_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II these_DD2 ,_, cultural_JJ artefacts_NN2 also_RR play_VV0 a_AT1 
part_NN1 in_II constituting_VVG and_CC constructing_VVG ideology_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC economic_JJ structures_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 less_RGR direct_JJ ,_, 
though_CS not_XX necessarily_RR less_RGR profound_JJ influence_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT original_JJ questions_NN2 tend_VV0 then_RT to_TO devolve_VVI 
into_II complex_JJ empirical_JJ ones_NN2 :_: ^_NULL The_AT many_DA2 
contexts_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 image_NN1 must_VM all_RR be_VBI considered_VVN ,_, 
as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 its_APPGE content_NN1 ,_, before_II assessing_VVG 
its_APPGE potential_NN1 to_TO provoke_VVI change_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT following_JJ section_NN1 examines_VVZ some_DD 
photographs_NN2 which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI regarded_VVN as_II intentionally_RR 
,_, though_CS not_XX necessarily_RR explicitly_RR ,_, political_JJ *-_- 
that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, images_NN2 aimed_VVD at_II altering_VVG existing_JJ 
power_NN1 relations_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 strong_JJ emphasis_NN1 in_II modernist_NN1 art_NN1 
photography_NN1 concerns_VVZ the_AT individual_NN1 expressing_VVG him_PPHO1 
or_CC herself_PPX1 against_II the_AT oppresive_JJ weight_NN1 of_IO mass_JJ 
imagery_NN1 and_CC the_AT dehumanising_JJ conditions_NN2 of_IO industrial_JJ 
society_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS the_AT *1_NULL effect_NN1 *0_NULL of_IO such_DA an_AT1 
emphasis_NN1 may_VM simply_RR be_VBI to_TO reproduce_VVI 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL an_AT1 ideology_NN1 of_IO individualism_NN1 ,_, 
thereby_RR disguising_VVG the_AT causes_NN2 of_IO such_DA dehumanisation_NN1 
,_, the_AT *1_NULL intention_NN1 *0_NULL is_VBZ implicitly_RR political_JJ ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 360+TEXT+J66_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *5_NULL 1_MC1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT word_NN1 *"_" primitive_NN1 **"_" has_VHZ 
become_VVN the_AT exhausted_JJ slushy_JJ of_IO modern_JJ art_NN1 history_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Its_APPGE part_NN1 in_II that_DD1 history_NN1 has_VHZ involved_VVN 
many_DA2 mediations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA Kirk_NP Varnedoe_NP1 writes_VVZ in_II an_AT1 essay_NN1 on_II 
Gauguin_NP1 (_( 1_MC1 )_) ,_, the_AT word_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
^_NULL Though_CS he_PPHS1 does_VDZ not_XX ,_, Varnedoe_NP1 could_VM have_VHI 
included_VVN gender_NN1 among_II these_DD2 disparative_JJ terms_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL But_CCB it_PPH1 's_VBZ important_JJ to_TO note_VVI ,_, as_CSA 
Varnedoe_NP1 does_VDZ ,_, that_CST the_AT terms_NN2 are_VBR not_XX 
necessarily_RR exclusive_JJ ,_, but_CCB more_RGR usually_RR paired_VVD in_II 
some_DD way_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT *"_" primitive_NN1 **"_" may_VM be_VBI what_DDQ a_AT1 
civilisation_NN1 sees_VVZ as_CSA other_II21 than_II22 itself_PPX1 ;_; it_PPH1 
is_VBZ also_RR what_DDQ a_AT1 civilisation_NN1 must_VM invent_VVI as_II a_AT1 
self-critique_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, European_JJ court_NN1 
Arcadianism_NN1 ,_, nobles_NN2 playing_VVG at_II being_VBG shepherds_NN2 
and_CC shepherdesses_NN2 ,_, was_VBDZ a_AT1 kind_NN1 of_IO *"_" 
primitivism_NN1 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 addressed_VVD not_XX only_RR the_AT aristocracy_NN1 's_VBZ 
sense_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE class_NN1 difference_NN1 from_II the_AT peasant_NN1 
,_, but_CCB also_RR a_AT1 sense_NN1 of_IO loss_NN1 *-_- a_AT1 ritualised_JJ 
admission_NN1 ,_, however_RGQV sentimental_JJ or_CC cynical_JJ ,_, of_IO 
corruption_NN1 *-_- of_IO the_AT loss_NN1 of_IO authenticity_NN1 or_CC 
innocence_NN1 to_II cultivation_NN1 ,_, manners_NN2 ,_, consciousness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 game_NN1 in_II which_DDQ consciousness_NN1 
was_VBDZ turned_VVN around_RP in_II a_AT1 gaze_NN1 upon_II what_DDQ it_PPH1 
imagined_VVD was_VBDZ instinct_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT implications_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 *"_" primitivism_NN1 **"_" 
therefore_RR adhered_VVD very_RG closely_RR to_II the_AT civilised_JJ *-_- 
were_VBDR *1_NULL of_IO *0_NULL the_AT latter_DA ,_, as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 
different_JJ ,_, other_JJ ,_, from_II it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 retrospective_JJ narrative_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 drama_NN1 ,_, 
has_VHZ been_VBN the_AT subject_NN1 of_IO much_DA1 court_NN1 painting_NN1 ,_, 
as_II21 for_II22 example_NN1 Watteau_NP1 's_GE *1_NULL The_AT Embarcation_NN1 
From_II Cythera_NP1 ,_, *0_NULL a_AT1 narrative_NN1 of_IO nostalgia_NN1 for_IF 
lost_JJ innocence_NN1 ,_, whose_DDQGE self-critique_NN1 adheres_VVZ firmly_RR 
,_, if_CS speciously_RR ,_, to_II it_PPH1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Christina_NP1 Conrad_NP1 has_VHZ usually_RR chosen_VVN to_TO 
move_VVI away_II21 from_II22 the_AT centre_NN1 ,_, to_II remote_JJ areas_NN2 
and_CC austere_JJ circumstances_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT bookshelves_NN2 in_II these_DD2 Cytheran_JJ houses_NN2 ,_, 
however_RR ,_, are_VBR full_JJ of_IO art_NN1 books_NN2 referring_VVG to_II 
Primitive_JJ Painting_NN1 ,_, African_JJ Art_NN1 ,_, Henri_NP1 Rousseau_NP1 
,_, Art_NP1 Brut_NP1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *5_NULL 2_MC *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Clearly_RR ,_, Conrad_NP1 is_VBZ involved_JJ in_II 
a_AT1 version_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 age-old_JJ drama_NN1 and_CC quest_NN1 ,_, 
the_AT Arcadian_JJ one_PN1 ,_, whose_DDQGE double_JJ consciousness_NN1 has_VHZ 
invented_VVN the_AT word_NN1 *"_" primitive_NN1 **"_" to_TO explain_VVI 
why_RRQ it_PPH1 should_VM seek_VVI to_TO turn_VVI back_RP upon_II itself_PPX1 
those_DD2 imagined_JJ qualities_NN2 of_IO innocence_NN1 ,_, primary_JJ 
experience_NN1 ,_, and_CC instinct_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ it_PPH1 knows_VVZ (_( 
or_CC feels_VVZ )_) it_PPH1 has_VHZ forfeited_VVN to_II disenchantment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *"_" Primitive_NN1 **"_" is_VBZ the_AT magic_JJ word_NN1 which_DDQ 
allows_VVZ that_CST double_JJ consciousness_NN1 to_TO believe_VVI again_RT 
in_II what_DDQ it_PPH1 knows_VVZ does_VDZ not_XX exist_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT word_NN1 allows_VVZ the_AT sceptic_NN1 to_TO become_VVI 
rapturous_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 allows_VVZ Christina_NP1 Conrad_NP1 ,_, in_II a_AT1 
telling_JJ moment_NN1 ,_, to_TO successively_RR abjure_VVI the_AT terms_NN2 
*"_" Christian_JJ **"_" and_CC *"_" spiritual_JJ **"_" ,_, preferring_VVG 
finally_RR to_TO speak_VVI of_IO *"_" logic_NN1 **"_" (_( 2_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II *"_" The_AT Rise_NN1 of_IO Primitivism_NN1 **"_" (_( 3_MC )_) 
,_, Christopher_NP1 Middleton_NP1 uses_VVZ the_AT phrase_NN1 *"_" art_NN1 
as_CSA visionary_JJ fact_NN1 **"_" :_: this_DD1 he_PPHS1 sets_VVZ against_II 
*"_" art_NN1 as_II a_AT1 perspectival_JJ simulation_NN1 of_IO nature_NN1 **"_" 
;_; he_PPHS1 traces_VVZ the_AT concept_NN1 to_II Kandinsky_NP1 's_GE *1_NULL 
{_NULL Uber_NN1 das_NN2 Geistige_VV0 in_II der_FU Kunst_NP1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( 
1912_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL An_AT1 understanding_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 double_JJ 
consciousness_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ involves_VVZ not_XX (_( self-_NN1 )_) 
deception_NN1 but_CCB a_AT1 quality_NN1 of_IO theatricality_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ 
vital_JJ to_II the_AT consideration_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 artist_NN1 like_II 
Christina_NP1 Conrad_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS so_RG often_RR and_CC so_RG obviously_RR 
pushes_VVZ artfulness_NN1 and_CC artlessness_NN1 against_II each_PPX221 
other_PPX222 in_II her_APPGE work_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL And_CC that_CST something_PN1 adhesive_JJ *-_- a_AT1 magic_JJ 
or_CC mediation_NN1 *-_- is_VBZ involved_JJ in_II this_DD1 primitivist_NN1 
consciousness_NN1 ,_, must_VM be_VBI the_AT starting_NN1 point_NN1 for_IF 
an_AT1 introduction_NN1 to_II the_AT art_NN1 of_IO Christina_NP1 Conrad_NP1 
._. 

^ *<_NULL *5_NULL 3_MC *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL When_CS she_PPHS1 jokingly_RR proposes_VVZ a_AT1 
painting_NN1 *"_" The_AT Artist_NN1 as_II a_AT1 Bloody_JJ Loony_NN1 **"_" ,_, 
the_AT title_NN1 pivots_VVZ sharply_RR upon_II the_AT word_NN1 *"_" as_CSA 
**"_" *-_- Conrad_NP1 is_VBZ turning_VVG her_APPGE theatrical_JJ 
consciousness_NN1 in_II some_DD derision_NN1 upon_II those_DD2 who_PNQS 
imagine_VV0 that_CST Cythera_NP1 really_RR exists_VVZ and_CC that_CST 
she_PPHS1 has_VHZ already_RR arrived_VVN there_RL *-_- pre-lapsarian_JJ ,_, 
gifted_JJ with_IW infantile_JJ creativity_NN1 ,_, without_IW modern_JJ 
consciousness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT title_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 wry_JJ self-admission_NN1 
that_CST you_PPY have_VH0 to_TO be_VBI mad_JJ to_TO get_VVI involved_JJ in_II 
this_DD1 game_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC mad_JJ not_XX to_TO ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL I_PPIS1 'd_VM guess_VVI ,_, too_RR ,_, that_CST some_DD 
attention_NN1 is_VBZ solicited_VVN by_II the_AT word_NN1 *"_" bloody_JJ **"_" 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Conrad_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 wordsmith_NN1 whose_DDQGE sense_NN1 of_IO 
language_NN1 in_II her_APPGE speech_NN1 ,_, poetry_NN1 ,_, and_CC titles_NN2 
,_, is_VBZ both_RR exact_JJ and_CC ornate_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT precise_JJ words_NN2 are_VBR also_RR embellished_VVN *-_- 
they_PPHS2 whirl_VV0 out_RP from_II accuracy_NN1 into_II metaphor_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR the_AT *"_" bloody_JJ loony_NN1 **"_" of_IO her_APPGE 
title_NN1 comments_NN2 not_XX only_RR on_II one_MC1 predictable_JJ 
perception_NN1 of_IO her_APPGE work_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE extravagant_JJ 
gestures_NN2 ;_; the_AT phrase_NN1 also_RR backloads_VVZ suffering_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 may_VM even_RR co-opt_VVI a_AT1 male_JJ language_NN1 of_IO 
religious_JJ experience_NN1 ,_, remotely_RR Christian_JJ and_CC possibly_RR 
mediaeval_JJ ,_, to_II a_AT1 female_JJ zone_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 may_VM perform_VVI an_AT1 elision_NN1 of_IO stigmata_NN2 
with_IW menstruation_NN1 ,_, a_ZZ1 gesture_VV0 that_DD1 is_VBZ at_RR21 
once_RR22 a_AT1 transformation_NN1 of_IO suffering_VVG and_CC a_AT1 
defence_NN1 against_II its_APPGE causes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT term_NN1 even_RR seems_VVZ to_TO be_VBI signalling_VVG at_II 
a_AT1 remote_JJ mystical_JJ history_NN1 occupied_VVN ,_, for_REX21 
example_REX22 ,_, by_II the_AT persecuted_JJ Albigenses_NP2 *-_- a_AT1 
sect_NN1 that_CST sought_VVD to_TO advance_VVI feminine_JJ terms_NN2 as_CSA 
major_JJ ,_, to_TO subvert_VVI a_AT1 language_NN1 whose_DDQGE Christian_JJ 
masters_NN2 would_VM respond_VVI with_IW persecution_NN1 ,_, bloody_JJ 
persecution_NN1 at_II that_DD1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL And_CC further_RRR ,_, it_PPH1 's_VBZ important_JJ to_TO 
note_VVI that_CST Conrad_NP1 's_GE art_NN1 is_VBZ never_RR secular_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 nearly_RR always_RR conveys_VVZ a_AT1 deep_JJ tone_NN1 of_IO 
mystical_JJ or_CC spiritual_JJ experience_NN1 *-_- of_IO the_AT fundamental_JJ 
,_, factual_JJ ,_, *1_NULL logical_JJ *0_NULL nature_NN1 of_IO such_DA 
experience_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC while_CS this_DD1 kind_NN1 of_IO perception_NN1 is_VBZ 
often_RR attributed_VVN to_II *"_" primitive_JJ **"_" non-Western_JJ 
cultures_NN2 and_CC to_II polytheistic_JJ or_CC animistic_JJ religions_NN2 ,_, 
and_CC while_CS the_AT modelling_NN1 of_IO Conrad_NP1 's_GE figures_NN2 
obviously_RR owes_VVZ something_PN1 to_II Modernist_JJ primitivism_NN1 (_( 
Picasso_NP1 's_GE Africanism_NN1 in_RR21 particular_RR22 )_) ,_, Conrad_NP1 
's_GE links_NN2 are_VBR really_RR old_JJ European_JJ ones_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Her_APPGE art_NN1 reaches_VVZ back_RP to_II a_AT1 mediaeval_NN1 ,_, 
or_CC Gothic_JJ ,_, iconography_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II a_AT1 sense_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 returns_VVZ the_AT recent_JJ 
legacy_NN1 of_IO Modernist_JJ primitivism_NN1 to_II a_AT1 remote_JJ 
European_JJ history_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 enters_VVZ that_CST visual_JJ language_NN1 in_II a_AT1 
mediaeval_JJ drama_NN1 in_II which_DDQ no_AT aspect_NN1 of_IO life_NN1 ,_, 
however_RGQV domestic_JJ ,_, was_VBDZ merely_RR secular_JJ *-_- in_II 
which_DDQ the_AT very_JJ objects_NN2 of_IO domestic_JJ life_NN1 were_VBDR 
imbued_VVN with_IW malevolent_JJ or_CC benign_JJ powers_NN2 ,_, in_II 
which_DDQ the_AT most_RGT banal_JJ characters_NN2 could_VM be_VBI seen_VVN 
as_CSA satanic_JJ or_CC saintly_RR ,_, in_II which_DDQ sexual_JJ and_CC 
religious_JJ forces_NN2 ran_VVD back_RP together_RL toward_II some_DD 
suppressed_JJ ,_, pagan_JJ source_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Conrad_NP1 's_GE Cythera_NP1 ,_, then_RT ,_, is_VBZ not_XX 
a_AT1 serene_JJ place_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 haven_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 place_NN1 of_IO 
lotus-eaters_NN2 or_CC born-again_JJ innocents_NN2 ,_, but_CCB a_AT1 site_NN1 
of_IO turbulence_NN1 ,_, shape-changing_NN1 ,_, conflict_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
ecstasy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II her_APPGE paintings_NN2 ,_, those_DD2 morbid_JJ 
personifications_NN2 of_IO the_AT secular_JJ ,_, the_AT art_NN1 dealers_NN2 
,_, become_VVN demonic_JJ undertakers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_RR21 course_RR22 ,_, this_DD1 is_VBZ also_RR a_AT1 drama_NN1 ,_, 
a_AT1 costume_NN1 drama_NN1 at_II that_DD1 ,_, and_CC so_CS the_AT scenes_NN2 
are_VBR not_XX without_IW humour_NN1 *-_- even_RR humouring_VVG ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL What_DDQ the_AT dealers_NN2 signify_VV0 now_RT ,_, as_CSA 
they_PPHS2 pay_VV0 their_APPGE call_NN1 on_II the_AT *"_" bloody_JJ loony_NN1 
**"_" whose_DDQGE visions_NN2 they_PPHS2 will_VM stun_VVI into_II currency_NN1 
,_, is_VBZ the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST Conrad_NP1 's_GE primitivism_NN1 is_VBZ 
not_XX the_AT innocent_JJ sort_NN1 ,_, but_CCB rather_RR a_AT1 kind_NN1 of_IO 
vitalism_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ Conrad_NP1 's_GE art_NN1 resists_VVZ are_VBR the_AT 
devitalising_JJ claims_NN2 of_IO the_AT merely_RR secular_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II this_DD1 level_NN1 ,_, however_RGQV deliberately_RR 
theatrical_JJ ,_, grotesque_JJ ,_, comic_NN1 ,_, and_CC double-conscious_JJ 
her_APPGE art_NN1 may_VM seem_VVI ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ profoundly_RR ,_, 
deadly_JJ ,_, serious_JJ ._. 

^ *<_NULL *5_NULL 4_MC *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT term_NN1 *"_" primitive_NN1 **"_" seems_VVZ 
to_TO have_VHI entered_VVN the_AT art_NN1 lexicon_NN1 through_II French_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT mid_NN1 nineteenth_MD century_NNT1 *1_NULL {_NULL *"_" 
primitif_NN1 **"_" }_NULL *0_NULL was_VBDZ used_VVN to_TO denote_VVI 
fourteenth_MD and_CC fifteenth_MD century_NNT1 Italian_JJ artists_NN2 
such_II21 as_II22 Cimaboue_NP1 and_CC Giotto_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Later_RRR in_II the_AT century_NNT1 the_AT term_NN1 would_VM 
attach_VVI to_II the_AT Limbourg_NP1 Brothers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Later_RRR still_RR ,_, as_CSA the_AT century_NNT1 began_VVD to_TO 
turn_VVI towards_II the_AT kind_NN1 of_IO primitivist_NN1 crisis_NN1 
engendered_VVD by_II *1_NULL {_NULL Der_FU Blaue_NP1 Reiter_NP1 }_NULL ,_, 
*0_NULL the_AT word_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN of_IO mediaeval_JJ icons_NN2 ,_, 
of_IO eighteenth_MD and_CC nineteenth_MD century_NNT1 ex_II votos_NN2 and_CC 
other_JJ religious_JJ works_NN ,_, especially_RR Rumanian_JJ ,_, Bavarian_JJ 
,_, and_CC Spanish_JJ glass_NN1 paintings_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL By_II the_AT *1_NULL {_NULL fin_NN1 de_NP1 sie_NN1 *?_NULL 
3cle_FO }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL *"_" primitive_NN1 **"_" was_VBDZ being_VBG 
used_VVN of_IO all_DB of_IO the_AT above_JJ ,_, and_CC of_IO European_JJ 
folk_NN2 art_NN1 of_IO the_AT period_NN1 which_DDQ extended_VVD into_II the_AT 
twentieth_MD century_NNT1 ,_, including_II secular_JJ glass_NN1 paintings_NN2 
,_, painted_VVN Slovenian_JJ beehives_NN2 ,_, rustic_JJ painted_JJ 
furniture_NN1 ,_, and_CC god_NN1 knows_VVZ what_DDQ else_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT term_NN1 was_VBDZ also_RR used_VVN indiscriminately_RR of_IO 
tribal_JJ art_NN1 from_II Africa_NP1 and_CC Oceania_NP1 ,_, of_IO archaic_JJ 
art_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT Iberian_JJ sculpture_NN1 that_CST would_VM 
later_RRR influence_VVI Picasso_NP1 ,_, of_IO Oriental_JJ court_NN1 art_NN1 
,_, and_RR31 so_RR32 on_RR33 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 ballooning_NN1 of_IO the_AT territory_NN1 of_IO *"_" 
primitive_NN1 **"_" reflects_VVZ a_AT1 shrinkage_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 crisis_NN1 
in_II the_AT metropolitan_JJ zone_NN1 *-_- reveals_VVZ a_AT1 garrison_NN1 
mentality_NN1 whose_DDQGE sense_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE own_DA centrality_NN1 
was_VBDZ megalomanic_JJ and_CC certainly_RR (_( as_CSA events_NN2 would_VM 
reveal_VVI )_) proto-fascist_NN1 ;_; and_CC which_DDQ was_VBDZ 
simultaneously_RR aware_JJ of_IO the_AT growing_JJ scope_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
other_NN1 *-_- of_IO the_AT *"_" primitive_NN1 **"_" :_: the_AT savage_NN1 ,_, 
the_AT folk_NN2 ,_, the_AT naive_JJ ,_, the_AT archaic_JJ ,_, the_AT 
oriental_JJ ,_, the_AT provincial_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Metropolitan_JJ taste_NN1 and_CC scholarship_NN1 would_VM 
soon_RR admit_VVI the_AT *"_" Italian_JJ primitives_NN2 **"_" to_II the_AT 
mainstream_NN1 of_IO European_JJ art_NN1 history_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 would_VM accredit_VVI the_AT syncretic_JJ sophistication_NN1 
of_IO the_AT Brothers_NN2 Limbourg_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT first_MD decades_NNT2 of_IO the_AT twentieth_MD 
century_NNT1 ,_, urged_VVN by_II *1_NULL {_NULL Der_FU Blaue_NP1 Reiter_NP1 
}_NULL ,_, *0_NULL the_AT metropolitan_JJ would_VM argue_VVI for_IF the_AT 
deprovincialising_NN1 of_IO such_DA phenomena_NN2 as_CSA Bavarian_JJ glass_NN1 
painting_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 had_VHD the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO attacking_VVG 
bourgeois_JJ or_CC academic_JJ taste_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 Oedipal_JJ motive_NN1 
also_RR in_II Picasso_NP1 's_GE Africanism_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II an_AT1 appropriation_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, it_PPH1 had_VHD 
in_RR21 addition_RR22 the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO enlarging_VVG the_AT 
metropolitan_JJ zone_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT great_JJ Modernist_NN1 Weltanschauung_NP1 was_VBDZ 
launched_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL By_II mid-century_NNT1 the_AT move_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN 
taken_VVN further_RRR by_II Dubuffet_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT *"_" art_NN1 brut_NN1 **"_" of_IO the_AT mentally_RR ill_JJ 
,_, of_IO children_NN2 ,_, and_CC of_IO makers_NN2 working_VVG entirely_RR 
outside_II the_AT metropolitan_JJ art_NN1 economy_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ 
proposed_VVN as_II an_AT1 authentic_JJ alternative_NN1 to_II the_AT 
products_NN2 of_IO that_DD1 economy_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ would_VM certainly_RR 
by_RT21 now_RT22 include_VVI countless_JJ samples_NN2 of_IO Modernist_JJ 
primitivism_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 move_NN1 installed_VVD Cythera_NP1 in_II31 place_II32 
of_II33 the_AT metropolitan_JJ centre_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX was_VBDZ no_RR21 longer_RR22 any_DD need_NN1 to_TO be_VBI 
somewhere_RL else_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB that_DD1 was_VBDZ required_VVN was_VBDZ the_AT repudiation_NN1 
of_IO an_AT1 economy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Conrad_NP1 's_GE art_NN1 dealers_NN2 are_VBR the_AT phantoms_NN2 
of_IO this_DD1 scenario_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Much_DA1 of_IO her_APPGE writing_NN1 and_CC art_NN1 *-_- the_AT 
signature_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE style_NN1 *-_- might_VM seem_VVI of_IO 
Dubuffet_NP1 ,_, or_CC of_IO Michel_NP1 The_AT *?_NULL 2voz_FO (_( *1_NULL 
Art_NP1 Brut_NP1 ,_, *0_NULL 1976_MC ;_; *1_NULL {_NULL Le_AT langage_NN1 
de_FW la_FW rupture_NN1 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL 1978_MC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *5_NULL 5_MC *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT successive_JJ repudiations_NN2 and_CC movements_NN2 
in_II Modernist_JJ *"_" progress_NN1 **"_" have_VH0 all_RR seemed_VVN 
versions_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 primitivist_NN1 recidivism_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT primitivism_NN1 of_IO such_DA late_JJ Modernist_JJ 
phenomena_NN2 as_CSA American_JJ sculptural_JJ earthworks_NN2 (_( Robert_NP1 
Smithson_NP1 ,_, Michael_NP1 Heizer_NP1 ,_, Robert_NP1 Morris_NP1 )_) ;_; 
the_AT monumentalism_NN1 of_IO Nancy_NP1 Holt_NP1 or_CC Michelle_NP1 
Stuart_NP1 ;_; the_AT *"_" fetishism_NN1 **"_" of_IO Eva_NP1 Hesse_NP1 or_CC 
Jackie_NP1 Windsor_NP1 or_CC ,_, in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, of_IO 
Jacqueline_NP1 Fraser_NP1 ;_; the_AT 1970s_MC2 walks_NN2 of_IO Richard_NP1 
Long_RR ,_, the_AT shamanism_NN1 of_IO Beuys_NP1 ;_; the_AT sympathetic_JJ 
magic_NN1 invoked_VVD by_II much_RR women_NN2 's_GE movement_NN1 art_NN1 *-_- 
the_AT primitivism_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 is_VBZ readily_RR identifiable_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL But_CCB by_II the_AT seventies_MC2 ,_, the_AT idea_NN1 of_IO 
*"_" the_AT primitive_NN1 **"_" had_VHD been_VBN *"_" demagnetised_VVN **"_" 
,_, as_CSA Christopher_NP1 Middleton_NP1 puts_VVZ it_PPH1 (_( 4_MC )_) by_II 
the_AT thought_NN1 of_IO two_MC and_CC even_RR three_MC generations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 postmodern_NN1 generation_NN1 (_( such_II21 as_II22 
Jacqueline_NP1 Fraser_NP1 's_GE )_) has_VHZ been_VBN less_RGR 
self-conscious_JJ about_II the_AT Late_JJ Capitalist_JJ economy_NN1 it_PPH1 
occupies_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Primitivism_NN1 raised_VVN against_II the_AT metropolitan_JJ 
economy_NN1 has_VHZ seemed_VVN ,_, for_IF this_DD1 generation_NN1 ,_, to_TO 
be_VBI as_RG effective_JJ as_CSA a_AT1 bow_NN1 and_CC arrow_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT 1980s_MC2 ,_, the_AT primitivism_NN1 of_IO 
Jacqueline_NP1 Fraser_NP1 ,_, of_IO Christina_NP1 Conrad_NP1 ,_, has_VHZ a_AT1 
different_JJ frame_NN1 from_II that_DD1 available_JJ to_II it_PPH1 in_II 
the_AT early_JJ 70s_MC2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 different_JJ kind_NN1 of_IO alternative_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC it_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN in_II the_AT 1980s_MC2 that_CST 
Christina_NP1 Conrad_NP1 ,_, notwithstanding_II her_APPGE sardonic_JJ 
asides_NN2 in_II the_AT direction_NN1 of_IO the_AT art_NN1 dealers_NN2 ,_, 
has_VHZ advanced_VVN into_II the_AT art_NN1 economy_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *5_NULL 6_MC *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ now_RT very_RG hard_JJ to_TO make_VVI 
primitivist_NN1 art_NN1 that_CST does_VDZ not_XX install_VVI quotation_NN1 
marks_NN2 around_II *"_" primitive_NN1 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Women_NN2 artists_NN2 have_VH0 featured_VVN prominently_RR in_II 
this_DD1 process_NN1 *-_- the_AT term_NN1 *"_" other_NN1 **"_" like_II the_AT 
Derridaean_JJ pun_NN1 *"_" diffe_NN1 *?_NULL 2rence_FO **"_" has_VHZ 
become_VVN a_AT1 commonplace_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 consciousness_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 's_VBZ a_AT1 consciousness_NN1 widely_RR separated_VVN 
from_II the_AT Modernist_JJ primitivism_NN1 of_IO Gauguin_NP1 and_CC 
Picasso_NP1 ,_, who_PNQS now_RT ,_, themselves_PPX2 ,_, might_VM almost_RR 
seem_VVI naive_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Indeed_RR ,_, the_AT consciousness_NN1 frequently_RR repudiates_VVZ 
their_APPGE example_NN1 ;_; or_CC quotes_VVZ them_PPHO2 in_II knowing_VVG 
contexts_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Robin_NP1 White_NP1 's_GE Kiribati_NP1 woodcuts_NN2 come_VV0 to_TO 
mind_VVI :_: their_APPGE Gauguinesque_JJ qualities_NN2 involve_VV0 a_AT1 
highly_RR conscious_JJ historical_JJ sense_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL And_CC Christina_NP1 Conrad_NP1 's_GE Picassoesque_JJ modelling_JJ 
needs_NN2 looking_VVG at_II in_II this_DD1 regard_NN1 also_RR ._. 

^ *<_NULL *5_NULL 7_MC *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Paintings_NN2 titled_VVD *"_" ^_NULL The_AT Artist_NN1 
Contemplating_VVG Her_APPGE Finances_NN2 **"_" ,_, or_CC *"_" ^_NULL The_AT 
Artist_NN1 Entertaining_VVG the_AT Gentlemen_NN2 of_IO the_AT Artworld_NN1 
**"_" ,_, or_CC ,_, most_RGT blatantly_RR ,_, *"_" ^_NULL The_AT Artist_NN1 
Asking_VVG for_IF Time_NNT1 to_II Paint_NP1 **"_" ,_, are_VBR hardly_RR 
unselfconsciously_RR primitivist_NN1 *-_- their_APPGE claims_NN2 on_II the_AT 
primitivist_NN1 site_NN1 have_VH0 a_AT1 very_RG large_JJ historical_JJ 
context_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL What_DDQ the_AT conscious_JJ primitivism_NN1 of_IO 
Christina_NP1 Conrad_NP1 does_VDZ have_VHI in_II31 common_II32 with_II33 
that_DD1 of_IO its_APPGE Modernist_JJ masters_NN2 (_( with_IW whom_PNQO 
her_APPGE relationship_NN1 is_VBZ certainly_RR ironic_JJ )_) is_VBZ a_AT1 
tendency_NN1 to_TO iconise_VVI subjects_NN2 *-_- to_TO transform_VVI 
narrative_JJ into_II icon_NN1 ,_, depth_NN1 into_II surface_NN1 ,_, and_RR31 
so_RR32 on_RR33 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 significant_JJ mark_NN1 of_IO Conrad_NP1 's_GE 
consciousness_NN1 can_VM be_VBI read_VVN right_RR here_RL *-_- where_RRQ 
her_APPGE narrative_NN1 or_CC discursive_JJ qualities_NN2 (_( as_CSA 
inscribed_VVN in_II her_APPGE titles_NN2 )_) encounter_VV0 her_APPGE *"_" 
primitive_JJ **"_" iconic_JJ ones_NN2 (_( as_CSA revealed_VVN in_II the_AT 
static_JJ ,_, sculptural_NN1 ,_, frontal_JJ qualities_NN2 of_IO both_DB2 
paintings_NN2 and_CC clay_NN1 works_VVZ )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT one_MC1 tends_VVZ to_TO apply_VVI pressure_NN1 to_II the_AT 
other_JJ ;_; the_AT result_NN1 is_VBZ theatrical_JJ ,_, often_RR humorous_JJ 
,_, and_CC certainly_RR involves_VVZ a_AT1 deal_NN1 of_IO calculated_JJ 
display_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 display_NN1 *-_- this_DD1 transformation_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT discredited_JJ optimisms_NN2 of_IO Modernist_JJ primitivism_NN1 *-_- 
involves_VVZ a_AT1 repudiation_NN1 of_IO the_AT *"_" old_JJ master_NN1 **"_" 
history_NN1 of_IO Modernist_JJ anti-bourgeois_JJ primitivism_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Like_II Mimmo_NP1 Paladino_NP1 's_GE ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, 
Conrad_NP1 's_GE primitivism_NN1 has_VHZ had_VHN to_TO reduce_VVI its_APPGE 
Modernist_JJ masters_NN2 (_( for_REX21 instance_REX22 Picasso_NP1 )_) to_II 
an_AT1 available_JJ status_NN1 *-_- her_APPGE quotation_NN1 of_IO such_DA *"_" 
masters_NN2 **"_" is_VBZ not_XX deferential_JJ ,_, but_CCB equal_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ even_RR ,_, perhaps_RR ,_, reappropriative_JJ 
*-_- as_II the_AT Modernist_JJ masters_NN2 in_II their_APPGE day_NNT1 
appropriated_VVD tribal_JJ art_NN1 ,_, transforming_VVG it_PPH1 into_II a_AT1 
memory_NN1 ,_, so_CS Conrad_NP1 *"_" remembers_VVZ **"_" them_PPHO2 ;_; 
less_RRR because_CS they_PPHS2 might_VM transform_VVI the_AT art_NN1 of_IO 
her_APPGE time_NNT1 ,_, as_CSA because_CS the_AT transformation_NN1 they_PPHS2 
did_VDD accomplish_VVI now_RT needs_VVZ to_TO be_VBI written_VVN back_RP 
into_II art_NN1 as_II an_AT1 ordinary_JJ ingredient_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE 
vocabulary_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 361+TEXT+J67_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Metamorphosis_NN1 :_: change_NN1 of_IO form_NN1 \_NULL 
esp_RG ._. 

^ magic_JJ transformation_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL We_PPIS2 are_VBR experiencing_VVG a_AT1 moment_NN1 when_RRQ 
contradictions_NN2 and_CC ambiguities_NN2 impress_VV0 themselves_PPX2 on_II 
our_APPGE consciousness_NN1 with_IW compelling_VVG urgency_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ no_RR21 longer_RR22 possible_JJ to_TO assess_VVI 
art_NN1 activity_NN1 in_II the_AT eighties_MC2 in_II the_AT same_DA 
framework_NN1 as_CSA even_RR that_DD1 of_IO five_MC years_NNT2 ago_RA ._. 

^ ^_NULL Postmodernism_NN1 has_VHZ urged_VVN a_AT1 more_RGR critical_JJ 
discourse_NN1 abroad_RL which_DDQ in_II turn_NN1 is_VBZ gathering_VVG 
momentum_NN1 in_II this_DD1 country_NN1 and_CC the_AT premise_NN1 on_II 
which_DDQ artmaking_NN1 takes_VVZ place_NN1 is_VBZ under_RG close_JJ 
scrutiny_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ impossible_JJ to_TO ignore_VVI the_AT fact_NN1 
that_CST for_IF the_AT past_JJ twenty_MC years_NNT2 there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN 
a_AT1 disillusionment_NN1 with_IW avant-garde_JJ progressivism_NN1 and_CC 
a_AT1 dissatisfaction_NN1 with_IW so-called_JJ *'_" modernist_NN1 **'_" 
painting_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF those_DD2 most_RGT keenly_RR aware_JJ of_IO this_DD1 
rupture_NN1 with_IW the_AT past_NN1 ,_, there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN a_AT1 
radical_JJ reassessment_NN1 of_IO the_AT notions_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
individual_JJ genius_NN1 of_IO the_AT artist_NN1 ,_, the_AT uniqueness_NN1 
of_IO the_AT object_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT privileged_JJ context_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT museum_NNL1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL How_RRQ then_RT do_VD0 we_PPIS2 come_VVI to_II terms_NN2 
with_IW a_AT1 New_NP Zealand_NP1 artist_NN1 like_II Philippa_NP1 Blair_NP1 
who_PNQS at_II face_NN1 value_NN1 continues_VVZ to_TO evolve_VVI an_AT1 
expressionist_NN1 mode_NN1 of_IO painting_NN1 in_II31 keeping_II32 with_II33 
the_AT tenets_NN2 operating_VVG earlier_RRR this_DD1 century_NNT1 ?_? 

^ ^_NULL Can_VM we_PPIS2 afford_VVI to_TO assess_VVI her_APPGE work_NN1 
only_RR in_II terms_NN2 according_II21 to_II22 Worringer_NP1 and_CC 
Kandinsky_NP1 or_CC those_DD2 espoused_VVN by_II the_AT existentialists_NN2 
or_CC do_VD0 we_PPIS2 now_RT attempt_VVI to_TO evaluate_VVI Blair_NP1 in_II 
the_AT nexus_NN1 of_IO Postmodernism_NN1 **[_NULL sic_RR **]_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA Suzi_NP1 Gablik_NP1 has_VHZ commented_VVN :_: |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ no_AT denying_NN1 
that_CST Blair_NP1 's_GE work_NN1 has_VHZ always_RR reflected_VVN a_AT1 
pluralist_JJ standpoint_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL From_II the_AT *1_NULL Packapoo_NN1 *0_NULL series_NN of_IO 
paintings_NN2 and_CC screenprints_VVZ in_II 1980_MC ,_, the_AT *1_NULL 
tipi_NN2 *0_NULL works_NN of_IO 1982-83_MCMC ,_, *1_NULL Canberra_NP1 :_: 
Snakes_NN2 and_CC Circles_NNJ2 *0_NULL in_II 1984_MC ,_, the_AT 
Christchurch_NP1 series_NN of_IO cut-out_NN1 canvases_VVZ in_II 1985_MC to_II 
the_AT *1_NULL Macbeth_NP1 *0_NULL cloaks_NN2 and_CC drawings_NN2 of_IO 
1986_MC ,_, she_PPHS1 has_VHZ freely_RR explored_VVN a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO 
directions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Making_VVG no_AT apology_NN1 for_IF her_APPGE eclecticism_NN1 ,_, 
she_PPHS1 has_VHZ taken_VVN on_RL21 board_RL22 a_AT1 style_NN1 that_CST at_II 
times_NNT2 has_VHZ reiterated_VVN similar_JJ concerns_NN2 of_IO close_JJ 
colleagues_NN2 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, Jackson_NP1 Pollock_NP1 's_GE 
action_NN1 painting_NN1 ,_, the_AT experimental_JJ films_NN2 of_IO Len_NP1 
Lye_NP1 ,_, Jim_NP1 Dine_VV0 's_VBZ particular_JJ brand_NN1 of_IO pop_NN1 
art_NN1 ,_, symbols_NN2 and_CC formal_JJ structures_NN2 derived_VVN from_II 
the_AT American_JJ Indian_NN1 ,_, explorations_NN2 in_II abstraction_NN1 a_ZZ1 
*?_NULL 3_MC la_FW the_AT Bauhaus_NP1 and_RR31 so_RR32 forth_RR33 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL On_II the_AT local_JJ front_NN1 ,_, Philippa_NP1 Blair_NP1 ,_, 
like_II Philip_NP1 Trusttum_NP1 ,_, Allen_NP1 Maddox_NP1 and_CC Philip_NP1 
Clairmont_NP1 was_VBDZ nurtured_VVN in_II the_AT expressionist_NN1 formula_NN1 
by_II Rudi_NP1 Gopas_NP1 at_II the_AT Canterbury_NP1 School_NNL1 of_IO Art_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT '_" sixties_MC2 he_PPHS1 had_VHD urged_VVN his_APPGE 
students_NN2 to_TO choose_VVI colour_NN1 freely_RR and_CC examine_VVI 
its_APPGE psychological_JJ effects_NN2 and_CC to_TO abstract_VVI from_II 
specific_JJ natural_JJ forms_NN2 to_TO produce_VVI visual_JJ statements_NN2 
that_CST evoked_VVD the_AT universal_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT validity_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 endeavour_NN1 has_VHZ 
subsequently_RR been_VBN disputed_VVN by_II ,_, among_II others_NN2 ,_, 
Hal_NP1 Foster_NP1 ,_, in_II his_APPGE essay_NN1 *'_" The_AT Expressive_JJ 
Fallacy_NN1 **'_" ,_, where_CS he_PPHS1 argues_VVZ that_DD1 expressionism_NN1 
is_VBZ a_AT1 specific_JJ language_NN1 which_DDQ *'_" encodes_VVZ the_AT 
natural_JJ and_CC simulates_VVZ the_AT immediate_JJ ._. 

^ **'_" ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ ,_, in_II effect_NN1 ,_, no_AT such_DA 
thing_NN1 as_II an_AT1 unmediated_JJ or_CC pure_JJ response_NN1 to_II 
nature_NN1 or_CC to_II one_PN1 's_GE feelings_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Expressionism_NN1 per_RR21 se_RR22 runs_VVZ the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO 
being_VBG seductive_JJ and_CC without_IW sufficient_JJ content_NN1 for_IF 
the_AT postmodern_NN1 sensibility_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT questioning_NN1 of_IO the_AT integrity_NN1 of_IO 
this_DD1 formula_NN1 by_II today_RT 's_GE standards_NN2 is_VBZ just_RR one_MC1 
of_IO the_AT dilemmas_NN2 Blair_NP1 faces_VVZ in_II her_APPGE career_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Her_APPGE relationship_NN1 to_II German_NN1 and_CC Abstract_JJ 
Expressionism_NN1 ,_, to_II specific_JJ international_JJ figures_NN2 named_VVD 
above_RL as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 art_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 similar_JJ 
persuasion_NN1 by_II other_JJ New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 is_VBZ equivocal_JJ 
since_CS the_AT system_NN1 it_PPH1 evolved_VVD from_II was_VBDZ a_AT1 
patriarchal_JJ one_PN1 and_CC the_AT visual_JJ language_NN1 it_PPH1 used_VVD 
served_VVN a_AT1 masculine_JJ viewpoint_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II a_AT1 woman_NN1 artist_NN1 she_PPHS1 is_VBZ therefore_RR 
operating_VVG in_II a_AT1 tradition_NN1 that_CST tends_VVZ to_TO negate_VVI 
femininity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_II some_DD extent_NN1 Blair_NP1 has_VHZ disrupted_VVN this_DD1 
hegemony_NN1 by_II building_NN1 into_II her_APPGE style_NN1 imagery_NN1 
that_CST ,_, in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 American_JJ feminist_NN1 theory_NN1 
of_IO the_AT '_" seventies_MC2 ,_, has_VHZ a_AT1 symbolic_JJ parallel_NN1 
to_II women_NN2 's_GE experience_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Her_APPGE canvases_NN2 may_VM have_VHI a_AT1 scale_NN1 and_CC 
emotional_JJ strength_NN1 that_CST disqualify_VV0 such_DA adjectives_NN2 
used_VVD traditionally_RR for_IF *'_" feminine_JJ **'_" art_NN1 (_( such_II21 
as_II22 *'_" delicate_JJ **'_" ,_, *'_" refined_JJ **'_" and_CC *'_" pretty_JJ 
**'_" )_) but_CCB they_PPHS2 incorporate_VV0 a_AT1 strong_JJ sexual_JJ 
component_NN1 which_DDQ can_VM be_VBI seen_VVN as_CSA especially_RR female_JJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ manifested_VVN in_II her_APPGE *1_NULL tipi_NN2 
*0_NULL paintings_NN2 where_RRQ she_PPHS1 is_VBZ preoccupied_JJ with_IW 
formal_JJ relationships_NN2 between_II *'_" inside_RL **'_" and_CC *'_" 
outside_JJ **'_" and_CC in_II works_NN like_II the_AT *1_NULL Journey_NN1 
Cloak_NN1 *0_NULL (_( 1983_MC )_) where_CS there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 sense_NN1 
of_IO enclosure_NN1 ,_, barriers_NN2 ,_, constrictions_NN2 as_CC31 well_CC32 
as_CC33 of_IO growth_NN1 ,_, unwinding_VVG and_CC unfolding_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL Lucy_NP1 Lippard_NP1 suggested_VVD in_RP *1_NULL From_II the_AT 
Center_NN1 *0_NULL that_CST **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Blair_NP1 
has_VHZ steered_VVN clear_JJ of_IO acknowledging_VVG the_AT erotic_JJ 
component_NN1 in_II her_APPGE imagery_NN1 until_II 1985_MC when_RRQ a_AT1 
series_NN of_IO etchings_NN2 and_CC paintings_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT 
dichotomy_NN1 of_IO male/_FO female_NN1 appeared_VVD ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL These_DD2 were_VBDR among_II the_AT 
few_DA2 obviously_RR figurative_JJ compositions_NN2 the_AT artist_NN1 has_VHZ 
produced_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL She_PPHS1 prefers_VVZ to_TO describe_VVI the_AT content_NN1 of_IO 
her_APPGE work_NN1 in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 intangible_JJ polarities_NN2 
*-_- Shelter/_FO Exposure_NN1 ,_, Energy/_FO Rest_NN1 ,_, Night/_FO Day_NP1 
,_, Personal/_FO Universal_JJ ,_, Spirit/_FO Matter_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Such_DA metaphysical_JJ oppositions_NN2 ,_, according_II21 to_II22 
Foster_NP1 ,_, are_VBR the_AT very_JJ basis_NN1 of_IO Expressionism_NN1 and_CC 
since_CS the_AT '_" seventies_MC2 ,_, they_PPHS2 have_VH0 recurred_VVN over_RP 
and_CC over_RP again_RT in_II Blair_NP1 's_GE work_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II a_AT1 typewritten_JJ statement_NN1 of_IO July_NPM1 1984_MC ,_, 
she_PPHS1 wrote_VVD **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 
attempt_NN1 to_TO balance_VVI opposites_NN2 ,_, the_AT viewer_NN1 is_VBZ 
constantly_RR aware_JJ of_IO the_AT formal_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO her_APPGE 
work_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Exuberant_JJ in_II colour_NN1 and_CC gesture_NN1 ,_, large_JJ 
unstretched_JJ canvases_NN2 are_VBR pinned_JJ flat_NN1 to_II the_AT wall_NN1 
or_CC given_VVN the_AT freedom_NN1 to_TO fall_VVI as_II a_AT1 fold_NN1 ,_, 
capable_JJ of_IO transforming_VVG themselves_PPX2 visually_RR in_II a_AT1 
variety_NN1 of_IO ways_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 are_VBR at_RR21 once_RR22 painting_NN1 ,_, sculpture_NN1 
,_, cloaks_NN2 and_CC shelters_NN2 ,_, unrestricted_JJ by_II the_AT 
constraints_NN2 of_IO stretcher_NN1 and_CC frame_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS interviewed_VVN by_II Chris_NP1 Parr_NP1 in_II late_RR 
1982_MC she_PPHS1 explained_VVD ,_, **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 
is_VBZ a_AT1 distinctive_JJ trait_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 artist_NN1 that_CST 
she_PPHS1 has_VHZ placed_VVN particular_JJ emphasis_NN1 on_II breaking_VVG 
down_RP the_AT barriers_NN2 of_IO traditional_JJ artmaking_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
continues_VVZ to_TO be_VBI innovatory_JJ in_II this_DD1 respect_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT four_MC years_NNT2 since_CS Parr_NP1 's_GE 
article_NN1 was_VBDZ published_VVN Philippa_NP1 Blair_NP1 has_VHZ remained_VVN 
open-ended_JJ and_CC all-inclusive_JJ in_II her_APPGE imagery_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Regular_JJ travel_NN1 outside_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 has_VHZ 
contributed_VVN to_II a_AT1 widening_NN1 of_IO her_APPGE visual_JJ 
vocabulary_NN1 and_CC she_PPHS1 maintains_VVZ an_AT1 energy_NN1 and_CC 
confident_JJ hedonism_NN1 in_II canvases_NN2 ,_, prints_NN2 and_CC 
drawings_NN2 that_CST is_VBZ life-affirming_JJ rather_II21 than_II22 
nihilistic_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Her_APPGE appropriation_NN1 of_IO American_JJ Indian_JJ symbols_NN2 
and_CC the_AT *1_NULL tipi_NN2 *0_NULL device_NN1 of_IO the_AT early_JJ '_" 
eighties_MC2 gradually_RR gave_VVD way_NN1 to_II cloaks_NN2 which_DDQ 
were_VBDR less_RGR didactic_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT artist_NN1 's_VBZ exhibition_NN1 *1_NULL 
Transformations_NN2 *0_NULL at_II {_NULL RKS_NP }_NULL Art_NN1 in_II 
September_NPM1 1983_MC ,_, works_NN were_VBDR given_VVN titles_NN2 such_II21 
as_II22 *1_NULL Spring_NN1 Cloak_NN1 ,_, Hiroshima_NP1 Cloak_NN1 *0_NULL 
and_CC *1_NULL Metaphysical_JJ Cloak_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Lines_NN2 ,_, shapes_NN2 and_CC colour_NN1 areas_NN2 ran_VVD 
arbitrarily_RR into_II one_PPX121 another_PPX122 imaging_VVG a_AT1 world_NN1 
of_IO shifting_VVG ,_, unpredictable_JJ relationships_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT addition_NN1 of_IO black-and-white_JJ striped_JJ poles_NN2 (_( 
which_DDQ had_VHD an_AT1 anthropomorphic_JJ presence_NN1 )_) and_CC 
ladders_NN2 were_VBDR extended_VVN out_RP from_II the_AT canvas_NN1 into_II 
the_AT gallery_NN1 space_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Explicit_JJ signs_NN2 ,_, drawn_VVN from_II a_AT1 non-Western_JJ 
culture_NN1 ,_, were_VBDR no_RR21 longer_RR22 present_JJ and_CC thus_RR the_AT 
artist_NN1 avoided_VVD the_AT trap_NN1 of_IO overt_JJ image-scavenging_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Instead_RR ,_, the_AT paintwork_NN1 was_VBDZ freer_JJR and_CC 
endeavoured_VVD to_TO be_VBI associated_VVN more_RRR with_IW personal_JJ 
experience_NN1 than_CSN with_IW tribal_JJ art_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II April_NPM1 1984_MC Blair_NP1 participated_VVD in_II 
the_AT artist-in-residency_JJ programme_NN1 at_II the_AT Canberra_NP1 
School_NNL1 of_IO Art_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF a_AT1 period_NN1 of_IO three_MC months_NNT2 she_PPHS1 
developed_VVD canvases_NN2 and_CC drawings_NN2 that_CST gave_VVD primacy_NN1 
to_II the_AT autobiographical_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL She_PPHS1 sees_VVZ most_DAT of_IO her_APPGE output_NN1 as_CSA 
reflecting_VVG a_AT1 journey_NN1 *-_- both_RR actual_JJ and_CC in_II 
metaphysical_JJ terms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II Canberra_NP1 ,_, the_AT city_NN1 's_GE topographical_JJ 
complexity_NN1 formed_VVD a_AT1 base_JJ structure_NN1 for_IF her_APPGE 
images_NN2 with_IW analogies_NN2 to_II the_AT game_NN1 of_IO *'_" snakes_NN2 
and_CC ladders_NN2 **'_" ,_, and_CC to_II Kandinsky_NP1 's_GE work_NN1 in_II 
the_AT Australian_JJ National_JJ Gallery_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Exhibited_JJ first_MD in_II Canberra_NP1 and_CC subsequently_RR in_II 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, the_AT paintings_NN2 especially_RR were_VBDR her_APPGE 
most_RGT complex_JJ to_TO date_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 frenetic_JJ configuration_NN1 of_IO lines_NN2 ,_, circles_NN2 
and_CC colours_NN2 combined_VVD in_II compositions_NN2 called_VVN *1_NULL 
Kangaroo_NP1 :_: Gininderra_NP1 ,_, Glenloch_NP1 Interchange_NN1 *0_NULL 
and_CC *1_NULL Snaking_VVG Through_RP :_: Woden_NP Valley_NNL1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Among_II the_AT constructions_NN2 ,_, *1_NULL 
Snake_NN1 with_IW Ladder_NN1 *0_NULL was_VBDZ typical_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 featured_VVD a_AT1 darkly_RR coiled_JJ canvas_NN1 strip_NN1 
and_CC inserted_VVD coloured_JJ wooden_JJ batons_NN2 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 
small_JJ black_JJ ladder_NN1 leaning_VVG on_II the_AT wall_NN1 alongside_RL 
._. 

^ ^_NULL What_DDQ was_VBDZ perhaps_RR surprising_JJ in_II the_AT *1_NULL 
Snakes_NN2 and_CC Circles_NN2 *0_NULL series_NN was_VBDZ the_AT inclusion_NN1 
of_IO a_AT1 group_NN of_IO conte_NN1 *?_NULL 2_MC and_CC charcoal_NN1 
drawings_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Here_RL the_AT artist_NN1 deliberately_RR restricted_VVD the_AT 
scale_NN1 and_CC colour_NN1 of_IO her_APPGE imagery_NN1 ,_, allowing_VVG 
the_AT strong_JJ centrifugal_JJ movement_NN1 of_IO line_NN1 and_CC form_VV0 
to_TO come_VVI to_II the_AT fore_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Curved_JJ rhythms_NN2 suggested_VVD motorway_NN1 intersections_NN2 
at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 as_CSA sexually_RR organic_JJ forms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT corporeality_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 drawings_NN2 implied_VVD 
movement_NN1 both_RR across_RL and_CC out_RP from_II the_AT surface_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL Canberra_NP1 Kimono_NP1 *0_NULL comprised_VVD one_MC1 of_IO 
several_DA2 canvases_NN2 folded_VVD to_TO suggest_VVI clothes_NN2 ,_, with_IW 
richly_RR coloured_VVD outer_JJ folds_NN2 ,_, split_JJ and_CC divided_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Inside_II these_DD2 the_AT tonality_NN1 was_VBDZ sombre_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT duality_NN1 was_VBDZ characteristically_RR intended_VVN to_TO 
act_VVI as_II a_AT1 metaphor_NN1 for_IF change_NN1 from_II one_MC1 
transient_JJ state_NN1 to_II another_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 series_NN of_IO cloaks_NN2 which_DDQ 
largely_RR made_VVN up_RP the_AT artist_NN1 's_VBZ exhibition_NN1 later_RRR 
in_II the_AT year_NNT1 at_II the_AT Shippee_NP1 Gallery_NNL1 ,_, New_NP 
York_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Much_DA1 of_IO 1985_MC was_VBDZ spent_VVN in_II 
Christchurch_NP1 as_II a_AT1 visiting_JJ lecturer_NN1 in_II painting_NN1 at_II 
the_AT School_NN1 of_IO Fine_JJ Arts_NN2 (_( where_CS she_PPHS1 had_VHD 
graduated_VVN in_II 1967_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL A_AT1 Tree_NN1 has_VHZ its_APPGE Heart_NN1 in_II its_APPGE 
Roots_NN2 ,_, *0_NULL named_VVN after_II a_AT1 fable_NN1 written_VVN by_II 
Lye_NP1 in_II 1948_MC ,_, set_VVD the_AT theme_NN1 for_IF works_NN from_II 
this_DD1 period_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Seeing_CS it_PPH1 as_RG symbolical_JJ of_IO the_AT life-force_NN1 ,_, 
Blair_NP1 adopted_VVD a_AT1 schematised_JJ trunk_NN1 and_CC branch_NN1 
form_NN1 as_II a_AT1 way_NN1 of_IO suggesting_VVG growth-change_JJ *-_- 
birth_NN1 *-_- and_CC death_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT speed_NN1 and_CC considerable_JJ physical_JJ action_NN1 
involved_JJ in_II such_DA paintings_NN2 is_VBZ crucial_JJ for_IF conveying_VVG 
the_AT desired_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO immediacy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Moving_VVG rapidly_RR with_IW brush_NN1 and_CC pigment_NN1 across_II 
the_AT rectangular_JJ canvas_NN1 covering_VVG her_APPGE studio_NN1 floor_NN1 
,_, the_AT artist_NN1 performs_VVZ what_DDQ is_VBZ almost_RR a_AT1 
choreographed_JJ dance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS displayed_VVN at_II the_AT Robert_NP1 McDougall_NP1 Art_NP1 
Gallery_NNL1 in_II early_RR 1986_MC ,_, paintings_NN2 based_VVN on_II the_AT 
tree_NN1 were_VBDR accompanied_VVN by_II those_DD2 using_VVG an_AT1 
emblematic_JJ heart_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 in_II *1_NULL Queen_NNB of_IO 
Hearts_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL These_DD2 recalled_VVD her_APPGE *'_" heart_NN1 books_NN2 
**'_" of_IO the_AT previous_JJ year_NNT1 where_RRQ the_AT canvas_NN1 could_VM 
be_VBI opened_VVN out_RP at_RR21 random_RR22 from_II its_APPGE position_NN1 
on_II the_AT wall_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Christchurch_NP1 show_VV0 also_RR featured_VVD an_AT1 
installation_NN1 of_IO *'_" cut-outs_NN2 **'_" where_RRQ the_AT rectangular_JJ 
edge_NN1 of_IO the_AT canvas_NN1 was_VBDZ cut_VVN and_CC draped_VVN in_II 
partial_JJ imitation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 garment_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL Sailing_VVG in_II Hagley_NP Park_NNL1 *0_NULL was_VBDZ the_AT 
most_RGT ambitious_JJ of_IO these_DD2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II recent_JJ months_NNT2 Blair_NP1 has_VHZ taken_VVN the_AT 
theatrical_JJ implications_NN2 of_IO her_APPGE installation_NN1 to_II a_AT1 
natural_JJ conclusion_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 series_NN of_IO cloaks_NN2 and_CC 
pastel_JJ drawings_NN2 based_VVN on_II *1_NULL Macbeth_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Inspired_JJ by_II rehearsals_NN2 she_PPHS1 attended_VVD at_II 
Auckland_NP1 's_GE Theatre_NP1 Corporate_JJ in_II May_NPM1 1986_MC ,_, 
she_PPHS1 arrived_VVD at_II statements_NN2 like_II the_AT *1_NULL King_NP1 
's_GE Cloak_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT work_NN1 is_VBZ among_II her_APPGE most_RGT 
imposing_JJ to_TO date_VVI in_II its_APPGE three-dimensional_JJ quality_NN1 
and_CC vibrant_JJ colour_NN1 with_IW free_JJ gestural_JJ brushstroke_NN1 
and_CC dripped_JJ paint_NN1 drenching_VVG and_CC opening_VVG up_RP the_AT 
heavier_JJR forms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT whole_JJ vocabulary_NN1 of_IO expressionist_NN1 technique_NN1 
so_RG richly_RR displayed_VVN encourages_VVZ the_AT viewer_NN1 to_TO 
experience_VVI vicariously_RR ,_, to_TO identify_VVI emotionally_RR with_IW 
dramatic_JJ changes_NN2 and_CC contrasts_NN2 of_IO mood_NN1 implied_VVD by_II 
the_AT theme_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Not_XX surprisingly_RR a_AT1 year_NNT1 before_CS ,_, 
Philippa_NP1 Blair_NP1 had_VHD read_VVN Franc_NNU1 *?_NULL 6oise_FO Gilot_NP1 
's_GE **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL book_NN1 *1_NULL Interface_NN1 :_: The_AT 
Painter_NN1 and_CC the_AT Mask_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II Gilot_NP1 's_GE description_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
supremacy_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 individual_NN1 's_VBZ creativity_NN1 ,_, she_PPHS1 
sensed_VVD a_AT1 parallel_JJ approach_NN1 to_II her_APPGE own_DA :_: |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT problem_NN1 remains_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Is_VBZ it_PPH1 sufficient_JJ for_IF an_AT1 artist_NN1 working_VVG 
in_II the_AT mid-'eighties_NN2 to_TO see_VVI paintings_NN2 as_II a_AT1 
Romantic_JJ self-identification_NN1 with_IW nature_NN1 or_CC the_AT 
universe_NN1 ?_? 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Gillian_NP1 Chaplin_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL ANNE_NP1 KIRKER_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Since_CS the_AT early_JJ nineteen-eighties_MC2 ,_, 
Gillian_NP1 Chaplin_NP1 has_VHZ no_RR21 longer_RR22 worked_VVN exclusively_RR 
as_II a_AT1 photographer_NN1 in_II the_AT conventional_JJ sense_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF practical_JJ reasons_NN2 ,_, as_RG much_DA1 as_CSA the_AT 
need_NN1 to_TO articulate_VVI shifts_NN2 in_II her_APPGE own_DA creative_JJ 
thought_NN1 ,_, she_PPHS1 has_VHZ largely_RR by-passed_VVN direct_JJ use_NN1 
of_IO the_AT camera_NN1 ,_, to_TO convey_VVI instead_RR a_AT1 
confrontation_NN1 between_II past_NN1 and_CC present_NN1 *-_- in_II her_APPGE 
own_DA life_NN1 particularly_RR ,_, and_CC the_AT intangible_JJ realm_NN1 
of_IO fantasy_NN1 and_CC dream_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Employed_VVN full-time_JJ at_II the_AT Auckland_NP1 
Institute_NNJ and_CC Museum_NNL1 in_II 1981_MC ,_, the_AT artist_NN1 found_VVD 
she_PPHS1 had_VHD less_RRR time_VV0 at_II her_APPGE disposal_NN1 (_( and_CC 
no_AT dark-room_NN1 )_) to_TO maintain_VVI the_AT output_NN1 of_IO 
photography_NN1 she_PPHS1 was_VBDZ used_JJ to_II ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT Museum_NNL1 's_GE U-bix_JJ photocopier_NN1 she_PPHS1 
discovered_VVD a_AT1 readily_RR accessible_JJ means_NN to_TO simultaneously_RR 
transpose_VVI a_AT1 variety_NN1 of_IO images_NN2 :_: |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Chaplin_NP1 has_VHZ in_II fact_NN1 
come_VV0 to_TO regard_VVI the_AT photocopying_JJ machine_NN1 as_II a_AT1 
super-efficient_JJ camera_NN1 ,_, capable_JJ of_IO exposing_VVG and_CC 
printing_VVG an_AT1 image_NN1 *'_" in_II a_AT1 flash_NN1 **'_" ,_, but_CCB 
its_APPGE special_JJ ability_NN1 to_TO combine_VVI eerily_RR stark_JJ 
precision_NN1 with_IW ghostly_JJ shading_NN1 and_CC also_RR to_TO skid_VVI 
the_AT impression_NN1 out_II21 of_II22 definition_NN1 is_VBZ perfect_JJ for_IF 
her_APPGE enigmatic_JJ perception_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT artist_NN1 's_GE initial_JJ use_NN1 of_IO xerox_NN1 was_VBDZ 
demonstrated_VVN as_II part_NN1 of_IO her_APPGE exhibition_NN1 at_II 
Photo-Forum_NP1 in_II 1981_MC and_CC took_VVD the_AT form_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
single_JJ sheet_NN1 supporting_VVG an_AT1 image_NN1 of_IO velvety_JJ soft_JJ 
blacks_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_IW time_NNT1 she_PPHS1 started_VVD tearing_VVG ,_, cutting_VVG 
and_CC pasting_VVG pieces_NN2 of_IO the_AT xeroxed_JJ sheets_NN2 together_RL 
,_, heightening_VVG the_AT complexity_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE various_JJ 
relationships_NN2 and_CC she_PPHS1 also_RR began_VVD adding_VVG colour_NN1 
by_II hand_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX has_VHZ been_VBN one_MC1 consistent_JJ motif_NN1 
within_II these_DD2 transient_JJ interior_JJ worlds_NN2 *-_- that_DD1 of_IO 
the_AT artist_NN1 's_GE physical_JJ self_NN1 as_II subject_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 362+TEXT+J68_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL When_CS we_PPIS2 hear_VV0 a_AT1 modern_JJ day_NNT1 
concert_NN1 pianist_NN1 dashing_VVG through_II a_AT1 jungle_NN1 of_IO 
trills_NN2 ,_, rapid_JJ scale_NN1 passages_NN2 ,_, arpeggios_NN2 ,_, broken_JJ 
chords_NN2 and_CC double_JJ octaves_NN2 in_II a_AT1 cadenza_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
piano_NN1 concerto_NN1 ,_, how_RGQ often_RR do_VD0 we_PPIS2 stop_VVI and_CC 
think_NN1 of_IO the_AT source_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO keyboard_NN1 
bravura_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT cradle_NN1 of_IO keyboard_NN1 virtuoso_NN1 writing_NN1 
was_VBDZ the_AT English_JJ virginal_JJ school_NN1 of_IO which_DDQ Byrd_NP1 
's_GE Sellinger_NP1 's_GE Round_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 representative_JJ example_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Of_RR21 course_RR22 keyboard_NN1 instruments_NN2 existed_VVD well_RR 
before_II the_AT lifetime_NNT1 of_IO William_NP1 Byrd_NP1 (_( 1543-1623_MCMC 
)_) but_CCB a_AT1 true_JJ keyboard_NN1 idiom_NN1 as_CSA distinct_JJ from_II 
a_AT1 vocal_JJ idiom_NN1 did_VDD not_XX develop_VVI till_II the_AT late_JJ 
renaissance_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Historical_JJ Background_NN1 of_IO Keyboard_NN1 Music_NN1 
*>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT keyboard_NN1 instruments_NN2 in_II 
existence_NN1 up_II21 to_II22 and_CC during_II the_AT renaissance_NN1 era_NN1 
were_VBDR the_AT organ_NN1 ,_, clavichord_NN1 ,_, virginals_NN2 ,_, spinet_NN1 
and_CC harpsichord_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Of_IO these_DD2 the_AT organ_NN1 is_VBZ of_RR21 course_RR22 
the_AT oldest_JJT with_IW a_AT1 history_NN1 stretching_VVG back_RP to_II 
about_RG 246_MC {_NULL B.C._RA }_NULL ^_NULL The_AT first_MD composer_NN1 
of_IO importance_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT German_JJ Konrad_NP1 Paumann_NP1 who_PNQS 
wrote_VVD a_AT1 pioneering_JJ organ_NN1 method_NN1 in_II 1452_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL His_APPGE Buxheimer_NP1 Orgelbuch_NP1 (_( \_NULL cl460_FO )_) 
contains_VVZ a_AT1 collection_NN1 of_IO some_DD 250_MC solo_JJ organ_NN1 
works_VVZ ,_, most_DAT of_IO them_PPHO2 ornamented_VVD pieces_NN2 of_IO 
vocal_JJ works_NN by_II German_JJ composers_NN2 ,_, who_PNQS dominated_VVD 
early_JJ organ_NN1 literature_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT main_JJ composers_NN2 of_IO organ_NN1 much_RR **[_NULL sic_RR 
**]_NULL in_II the_AT 1500s_MC2 were_VBDR Cabezon_NP1 of_IO Spain_NP1 and_CC 
Merulo_NP1 of_IO Venice_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT style_NN1 of_IO organ_NN1 works_NN was_VBDZ mainly_RR vocal_JJ 
and_CC polyphonic_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Little_DA1 virtuosity_NN1 appeared_VVN in_II organ_NN1 writing_VVG 
before_II the_AT Baroque_NN1 era_NN1 ,_, although_CS some_DD of_IO the_AT 
organ_NN1 toccatas_NN2 of_IO Merulo_NP1 written_VVN between_II 1598-1604_MCMC 
show_NN1 clear_JJ signs_NN2 of_IO an_AT1 independent_JJ keyboard_NN1 style_NN1 
and_CC bravura_NN1 writing_NN1 beginning_VVG to_TO emerge_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Clavichords_NP1 which_DDQ developed_VVD from_II the_AT old_JJ 
monochord_NN1 were_VBDR in_II evidence_NN1 as_RG early_RR as_CSA the_AT 
1430s_MC2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II the_AT strings_NN2 are_VBR *1_NULL struck_VVN *0_NULL by_II 
a_AT1 tangent_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ the_AT true_JJ predecessor_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
piano_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 the_AT harpsichord_NN1 family_NN whose_DDQGE 
strings_NN2 were_VBDR *1_NULL plucked_VVN *0_NULL by_II a_AT1 quill_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT very_RG quiet_JJ volume_NN1 level_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
clavichord_NN1 confined_VVD its_APPGE use_NN1 largely_RR to_II that_DD1 of_IO 
a_AT1 domestic_JJ household_NN1 instrument_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Harpischord_NP1 ,_, spinet_NN1 and_CC virginals_NN2 are_VBR 
one_MC1 family_NN of_IO plucked-string_JJ keyboard_NN1 instruments_NN2 and_CC 
indeed_RR the_AT three_MC words_NN2 tended_VVD to_TO be_VBI interchangeable_JJ 
as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 meaning_VVG different_JJ things_NN2 at_II 
different_JJ times_NNT2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Thus_RR ,_, in_II 16th_MD and_CC 17th_MD century_NNT1 
England_NP1 the_AT term_NN1 *"_" virginal_JJ **"_" mean_NN1 **[_NULL sic_RR 
**]_NULL any_DD string_NN1 keyboard_NN1 instrument_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT well-known_JJ Fitzwilliam_NP1 Virginal_NP1 Book_NN1 in_II 
which_DDQ this_DD1 Byrd_NP1 Sellinger_NP1 's_GE Round_NN1 is_VBZ printed_VVN 
,_, was_VBDZ largely_RR played_VVN on_II the_AT harpsichord_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Consult_VV0 a_AT1 
reputable_JJ music_NN1 dictionary_NN1 and_CC find_VV0 out_RP the_AT 
differences_NN2 in_II shape_NN1 and_CC technical_JJ specifications_NN2 
between_II a_AT1 harpsichord_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 spinet_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 virginal_JJ 
._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Because_II21 of_II22 
its_APPGE compact_JJ shape_NN1 ,_, the_AT virginal_JJ was_VBDZ the_AT true_JJ 
domestic_JJ instrument_NN1 used_VVD most_RGT commonly_RR in_II households_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD designs_NN2 were_VBDR a_AT1 pair_NN of_IO virginals_NN2 
laid_VVD side_NN1 by_II side_NN1 on_II one_MC1 case_NN1 in_II which_DDQ the_AT 
right-hand_JJ virginal_NN1 could_VM be_VBI removed_VVN from_II the_AT case_NN1 
,_, placed_VVN on_II a_AT1 table_NN1 and_CC used_VVN as_II a_AT1 portable_JJ 
keyboard_NN1 rather_RG like_JJ today_RT 's_GE electronic_JJ organ_NN1 
keyboards_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hence_RR the_AT term_NN1 *"_" a_AT1 pair_NN of_IO virginals_NN2 **"_" 
which_DDQ is_VBZ sometimes_RT encountered_VVN in_II contemporary_JJ 
descriptions_NN2 of_IO seventeenth_MD century_NNT1 virginals_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT first_MD instruments_NN2 of_IO the_AT harpsichord_NN1 
family_NN were_VBDR developed_VVN near_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT 14th_MD 
century_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT earliest_JJT written_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO such_DA an_AT1 
instrument_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II 1404_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II a_AT1 treatise_NN1 of_IO about_RG 1440_MC Arnaut_NP1 of_IO 
Zwolle_NP1 describes_VVZ the_AT harpsichord_NN1 in_II great_JJ detail_NN1 
with_IW accompanying_VVG diagrams_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT wide_JJ geographical_JJ distribution_NN1 and_CC 
acceptance_NN1 of_IO the_AT harpsichord_NN1 in_II the_AT 15th_MD century_NNT1 
led_VVD to_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO schools_NN2 of_IO harpsichord_NN1 
building_NN1 in_II various_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, the_AT most_RGT important_JJ 
being_NN1 Italy_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ schools_NN2 sprang_VVD up_RP in_II Germany_NP1 ,_, 
Flanders_NP1 ,_, France_NP1 and_CC England_NP1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL String_NN1 Keyboard_NN1 Music_NN1 in_II England_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II 1502_MC Edward_NP1 Stanley_NP1 was_VBDZ 
known_VVN to_TO have_VHI sung_VVN and_CC accompanied_VVN himself_PPX1 on_II 
the_AT virginal_JJ before_II the_AT King_NNB of_IO Scotland_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Virginal_JJ music_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II great_JJ favour_NN1 at_II the_AT 
courts_NN2 of_IO Henry_NP1 *=_NULL VII_MC and_CC Henry_NP1 *=_NULL VIII_MC 
who_PNQS was_VBDZ himself_PPX1 a_AT1 skilled_JJ virginal_JJ player_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL While_CS much_RR early_RR English_JJ keyboard_NN1 music_NN1 
is_VBZ apt_JJ for_IF virginal_JJ or_CC organ_NN1 later_JJR music_NN1 
differentiated_VVD between_II the_AT two_MC styles_NN2 in_II a_AT1 way_NN1 
which_DDQ the_AT keyboard_NN1 music_NN1 of_IO Italy_NP1 did_VDD n't_XX ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT English_JJ virginalists_NN2 can_VM therefore_RR claim_VVI 
to_TO have_VHI pioneered_VVN the_AT truly_RR independent_JJ string-keyboard_JJ 
style_NN1 as_CSA exemplified_VVN in_II the_AT works_NN of_IO the_AT mature_JJ 
English_JJ virginal_JJ school_NN1 from_II composers_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 
Bull_NP1 ,_, Farnaby_NP1 ,_, Gibbons_NP1 and_CC Byrd_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL An_AT1 important_JJ forerunner_NN1 to_II this_DD1 mature_JJ 
virginal_JJ style_NN1 is_VBZ Hornpipe_NN1 by_II Aston_NP1 as_CC31 well_CC32 
as_CC33 two_MC anonymous_JJ works_NN sometimes_RT attributed_VVD to_II 
Aston_NP1 *-_- *"_" My_APPGE Lady_NNB Carey_NP1 's_GE \_NULL Dompe_NP1 **"_" 
and_CC *"_" My_APPGE Lady_NNB Wynkfyld_NP1 's_GE \_NULL Rownde_NN1 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB three_MC pieces_NN2 appeared_VVN between_II about_II 
1530-1535_MCMC ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 pieces_NN2 show_VV0 clear_JJ evidence_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
use_NN1 of_IO variation_NN1 technique_NN1 by_II English_JJ keyboard_NN1 
writers_NN2 before_II 1550_MC ,_, as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 displaying_VVG 
a_AT1 remarkable_JJ grasp_NN1 of_IO keyboard_NN1 technique_NN1 using_VVG 
scalic_JJ runs_NN2 ,_, broken_JJ chords_NN2 and_CC arpeggios_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 paved_VVD the_AT way_NN1 for_IF the_AT flowering_NN1 
of_IO the_AT great_JJ English_JJ virginalists_NN2 a_AT1 generation_NN1 
later_RRR ,_, the_AT most_RGT important_JJ of_IO whom_PNQO was_VBDZ 
William_NP1 Byrd_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ prominent_JJ writers_NN2 were_VBDR Orlando_NP1 Gibbons_NP1 
(_( 1583-1625_MCMC )_) ,_, Thomas_NP1 Tomkins_NP1 (_( 1572-1656_MCMC )_) ,_, 
John_NP1 Bull_NP1 (_( 1562-1628_MCMC )_) and_CC Giles_NP1 Farnaby_NP1 (_( 
\_NULL cl563-1640_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Important_JJ Keyboard_NN1 Music_NN1 Collections_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL The_AT Mulliner_NP1 Book_NN1 *0_NULL compiled_VVD 
by_II Thomas_NP1 Mulliner_NP1 from_II \_NULL cl545_FO to_II \_NULL cl585_FO 
is_VBZ the_AT oldest_JJT and_CC most_RGT important_JJ of_IO the_AT 
keyboard_NN1 sources_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 contains_VVZ dances_NN2 ,_, transcriptions_NN2 of_IO 
secular_JJ songs_NN2 and_CC anthems_NN2 ,_, settings_NN2 of_IO psalm_NN1 
tunes_NN2 and_CC chants_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS these_DD2 are_VBR mainly_RR for_IF organ_NN1 there_EX 
are_VBR a_DD221 few_DD222 in_II the_AT collection_NN1 intended_VVN for_IF 
virginals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT manuscripts_NN2 in_II this_DD1 collection_NN1 comprise_VV0 
works_NN by_II Redford_NP1 ,_, Tallis_NP1 ,_, Blytheman_NP1 ,_, Shepherd_NP1 
,_, Alwood_NP1 ,_, Edwards_NP1 ,_, Robert_NP1 Johnson_NP1 ,_, Mundy_NP1 ,_, 
Taverner_NP1 ,_, Tye_NP1 and_CC others_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT most_RGT carefully_RR and_CC beautifully_RR written_JJ 
manuscript_NN1 is_VBZ *1_NULL My_APPGE Lady_NNB Nevell_NP1 's_GE Book_NN1 
*0_NULL containing_VVG 42_MC works_VVZ all_DB by_II Byrd_NP1 ,_, including_II 
Sellinger_NP1 's_VBZ Round_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL Parthenia_NP1 ,_, or_CC the_AT \_NULL Maydenhead_NN1 
of_IO the_AT First_MD \_NULL Musicke_NN1 that_CST ever_RR was_VBDZ printed_VVN 
for_IF the_AT \_NULL Virginalls_NP1 *0_NULL (_( 1611_MC )_) is_VBZ the_AT 
first_MD known_JJ English_JJ publication_NN1 of_IO virginal_JJ music_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 contains_VVZ 21_MC pieces_NN2 by_II Byrd_NP1 ,_, Bull_NP1 
and_CC Gibbons_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 are_VBR mostly_RR pavans_NN2 and_CC galliards_NN2 plus_II 
one_MC1 set_NN1 of_IO variations_NN2 ,_, a_AT1 fancy_JJ and_CC some_DD 
preludes_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL By_RR21 far_RR22 the_AT most_RGT comprehensive_JJ 
anthology_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT *1_NULL *"_" Fitzwilliam_NP1 Virginal_NP1 Book_NN1 
**"_" ._. 

^ *0_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ copied_VVN by_II Francis_NP1 Tregian_JJ during_II 
his_APPGE ten_MC year_NNT1 confinement_NN1 in_II Fleet_NNJ Prison_NNL1 for_IF 
refusing_VVG to_TO renounce_VVI his_APPGE Catholic_JJ religion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 contains_VVZ nearly_RR 300_MC compositions_NN2 (_( 
including_II Byrd_NP1 's_GE Sellinger_NP1 's_GE Round_JJ )_) by_II nearly_RR 
all_DB the_AT major_JJ English_JJ keyboard_NN1 writers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 include_VV0 madrigal_NN1 transcriptions_NN2 ,_, 
contrapuntal_JJ fantasias_NN2 ,_, preludes_NN2 ,_, dances_NN2 ,_, 
descriptive_JJ pieces_NN2 and_CC many_DA2 sets_NN2 of_IO variations_NN2 ,_, 
all_RR written_VVN between_II \_NULL cl562_FO to_II \_NULL cl6l2_FO ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO the_AT last_MD collections_NN2 to_TO appear_VVI 
was_VBDZ *1_NULL *"_" Elizabeth_NP1 Rogers_NP1 her_APPGE {_NULL Virginall_NP1 
Booke_NP1 }_NULL **"_" *0_NULL dated_VVD 1656_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Titles_NN2 of_IO works_NN and_CC collections_NN2 ,_, 
contemporary_JJ paintings_NN2 and_CC works_NN of_IO literature_NN1 would_VM 
seem_VVI to_TO reinforce_VVI the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT virginal_JJ 
was_VBDZ largely_RR an_AT1 instrument_NN1 for_IF ladies_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Keyboard_NN1 Forms_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Because_CS an_AT1 independent_JJ keyboard_NN1 
style_NN1 was_VBDZ still_RR in_II its_APPGE infancy_NN1 ,_, the_AT 16th_MD 
century_NNT1 forms_NN2 reflected_VVD a_AT1 heterogeneous_JJ mixture_NN1 of_IO 
vocal_JJ ,_, dance_NN1 and_CC emergent_JJ keyboard_NN1 forms_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ 
could_VM be_VBI grouped_VVN into_II four_MC categories_NN2 :_: vocal_JJ 
forms_NN2 ,_, dance_NN1 forms_NN2 ,_, pieces_NN2 based_VVN on_II an_AT1 
style_NN1 and_CC variation_NN1 forms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 should_VM not_XX be_VBI forgotten_VVN that_DD1 keyboard_NN1 
composers_NN2 in_II those_DD2 days_NNT2 were_VBDR both_RR competent_JJ 
organists_NN2 and_CC virginalists_NN2 and_CC that_RG much_DA1 of_IO the_AT 
keyboard_NN1 repertoire_NN1 was_VBDZ therefore_RR interchangeable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 of_IO the_AT forms_NN2 could_VM be_VBI played_VVN equally_RR 
well_RR on_II either_DD1 instrument_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ Vocally_RR derived_JJ forms_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL There_EX were_VBDR four_MC categories_NN2 of_IO 
keyboard_NN1 works_NN allied_VVN with_IW vocal_JJ music_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD of_IO these_DD2 consisted_JJ of_IO straight_JJ 
transcriptions_NN2 of_IO popular_JJ motets_NN2 ,_, chansons_NN2 and_CC 
madrigals_NN2 decorated_VVN by_II trills_NN2 runs_NN2 and_CC 
embellishments_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD of_IO these_DD2 stayed_VVD close_RR to_II their_APPGE 
models_NN2 like_II Farnaby_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Farnaby_NP1 's_GE transcription_NN1 of_IO his_APPGE own_DA 
canzonet_NN1 *"_" {_NULL Ay_UH me_PPIO1 ,_, poore_NN1 heart_NN1 }_NULL **"_" 
is_VBZ never_RR obscured_VVN by_II figuration_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Others_NN2 like_II Byrd_NP1 and_CC Philips_NP1 were_VBDR much_RR 
freer_JJR with_IW their_APPGE transcriptions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Philips_NP1 '_GE transcription_NN1 of_IO Lassus_NP1 's_GE chanson_NN1 
*"_" Margot_NP1 labourez_NN1 les_FW vignes_NN2 **"_" makes_VVZ a_AT1 much_RR 
freer_JJR use_NN1 of_IO keyboard_NN1 decoration_NN1 and_CC scale_NN1 runs_VVZ 
in_II the_AT part_NN1 writing_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Cantus_NP1 firmus_NN1 compositions_NN2 based_VVN on_II 
Gregorian_JJ chants_NN2 ,_, and_CC later_RRR ,_, secular_JJ tunes_NN2 ,_, 
formed_VVD another_DD1 popular_JJ category_NN1 of_IO vocally-derived_JJ 
keyboard_NN1 music_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 style_NN1 appeared_VVN in_II the_AT middle_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
16th_MD century_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Later_JJR composers_NN2 like_II Byrd_NP1 and_CC Gibbons_NP1 were_VBDR 
able_JK to_TO decorate_VVI popular_JJ sacred_JJ cantus_NN1 firmus_NN1 
melodies_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 their_APPGE various_JJ settings_NN2 of_IO *"_" 
Miserere_NP1 **"_" and_CC *"_" In_II Nomine_NP1 **"_" with_IW quite_RG 
enterprising_JJ figurations_NN2 of_IO virginal_JJ technique_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 cantus_NN1 firmus_NN1 
compositions_NN2 are_VBR included_VVN in_II the_AT popular_JJ anthologies_NN2 
such_II21 as_II22 the_AT Fitzwilliam_NP1 Virginal_NP1 Book_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT instrumental_JJ *1_NULL ricercar_NN1 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL 
It_PPH1 ._. 

^ ricercare_NN1 to_TO seek_VVI ,_, search_NN1 )_) was_VBDZ the_AT 
instrumental_JJ equivalent_NN1 of_IO the_AT vocal_JJ motet_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT earliest_JJT ,_, dating_VVG from_II the_AT mid_NN1 16th_MD 
century_NNT1 ,_, were_VBDR written_VVN in_II the_AT same_DA tradition_NN1 
as_CSA polyphonic_JJ church_NN1 music_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT ricercare_NN1 generally_RR displayed_VVD great_JJ 
contrapuntal_JJ learnedness_NN1 with_IW much_DA1 use_NN1 of_IO inversion_NN1 
,_, augmentation_NN1 ,_, diminution_NN1 and_CC retrograde_NN1 treatment_NN1 
of_IO polyphonic_JJ material_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 were_VBDR written_VVN for_IF instrumental_JJ consorts_NN2 
and_CC sometimes_RT for_IF keyboard_NN1 instruments_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT form_NN1 was_VBDZ favoured_VVN in_II Italy_NP1 especially_RR 
,_, and_CC reached_VVN its_APPGE vogue_NN1 in_II the_AT later_JJR part_NN1 
of_IO the_AT 16th_MD century_NNT1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT *1_NULL canzona_NN1 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL It_PPH1 ._. 

^ *"_" song_NN1 **"_" )_) was_VBDZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT most_RGT important_JJ 
instrumental_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO the_AT 16th_MD century_NNT1 and_CC 
favoured_VVD in_II Italy_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT earliest_JJT canzonas_NN2 from_II 1520-1540_MCMC developed_VVD 
from_II the_AT practice_NN1 of_IO lutenists_NN2 and_CC keyboard_NN1 
players_NN2 making_VVG instrumental_JJ arrangements_NN2 of_IO French_JJ 
chansons_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT lively_JJ rhythm_NN1 ,_, clear-cut_JJ structure_NN1 and_CC 
simple_JJ tunefulness_NN1 of_IO the_AT chanson_NN1 made_VVD the_AT canzona_NN1 
a_AT1 more_RGR popular_JJ ,_, secular_JJ and_CC less_RGR learned_JJ 
counterpart_NN1 of_IO the_AT ricercar_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 employs_VVZ long_RR fugue-like_JJ themes_NN2 imitated_VVD 
in_II all_DB voices_NN2 but_CCB with_IW more_DAR freedom_NN1 and_CC 
rhythmic_JJ vitality_NN1 than_CSN the_AT ricercar_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Keyboard_NN1 canzonas_NN2 continued_VVD their_APPGE popularity_NN1 
in_II the_AT early_JJ Baroque_NN1 and_CC became_VVD an_AT1 important_JJ 
forerunner_NN1 to_II the_AT Baroque_NN1 organ_NN1 fugue_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ Forms_NN2 based_VVN on_II an_AT1 improvisatory_JJ style_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL These_DD2 are_VBR closely_RR allied_VVN to_II the_AT 
vocally_RR derived_JJ forms_NN2 above_RL ,_, in_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 
were_VBDR still_RR written_VVN in_II the_AT old_JJ polyphonic_JJ tradition_NN1 
during_II the_AT renaissance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT three_MC most_RGT popular_JJ keyboard_NN1 forms_VVZ in_II 
this_DD1 category_NN1 were_VBDR the_AT *1_NULL toccata_NN1 ,_, prelude_NN1 ,_, 
*0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL fantasia_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT *1_NULL toccatas_NN2 *0_NULL and_CC *1_NULL 
preludes_NN2 *0_NULL are_VBR the_AT freest_JJT in_II structure_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT preludes_NN2 for_IF virginal_JJ by_II both_DB2 Byrd_NP1 and_CC 
Bull_NP1 use_VV0 considerable_JJ keyboard_NN1 figuration_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Bull_NP1 's_GE eight_MC preludes_NN2 make_VV0 considerable_JJ 
demands_NN2 on_II keyboard_NN1 virtuosity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT toccata_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 speciality_NN1 of_IO Italian_JJ 
organ_NN1 composers_NN2 ,_, especially_RR the_AT Venetian_JJ Merulo_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ written_VVN in_II one_MC1 movement_NN1 in_II a_AT1 
free_JJ form_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT few_DA2 toccatas_NN2 in_II English_JJ collections_NN2 show_VV0 
a_AT1 strong_JJ Italian_JJ influence_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT *1_NULL Fantasia_NP1 *0_NULL or_CC *1_NULL Fancy_NN1 
*0_NULL is_VBZ similar_JJ in_II structure_NN1 to_II the_AT Toccata_NN1 but_CCB 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ more_RGR contrapuntal_JJ and_CC imitative_JJ in_II style_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 range_VV0 from_II scholastic_JJ contrapuntal_JJ 
exercises_NN2 to_II very_RG free_JJ works_NN in_II an_AT1 improvisational_JJ 
style_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 tendency_NN1 to_TO develop_VVI one_MC1 
subject_NN1 extensively_RR in_II this_DD1 genre_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Giles_NP1 Farnaby_NP1 excelled_VVD in_II this_DD1 form_NN1 ,_, 
combining_VVG contrapuntal_JJ skill_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 true_JJ virginal_JJ 
keyboard_NN1 style_NN1 of_IO broken_JJ chords_NN2 ,_, wide_JJ skips_NN2 ,_, 
ornamentation_NN1 and_CC rapid_JJ passages_NN2 in_II thirds_MF ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT renaissance_NN1 keyboard_NN1 writers_NN2 laid_VVD 
the_AT foundation_NN1 for_IF the_AT full_JJ flowering_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
prelude_NN1 ,_, toccata_NN1 and_CC fantasia_NN1 in_II the_AT Baroque_NN1 ,_, 
reaching_VVG their_APPGE peak_NN1 in_II the_AT organ_NN1 and_CC 
harpsichord_NN1 works_NN of_IO {_NULL J.S._NP1 }_NULL Bach_NP1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ Dance_NN1 Forms_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Among_II the_AT dance_NN1 forms_VVZ the_AT most_RGT 
plentiful_JJ in_II virginal_JJ collections_NN2 are_VBR pavans_NN2 and_CC 
galliards_NN2 ,_, allemandes_NN2 and_CC courantes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Jigs_NP1 ,_, brawls_NN2 (_( \_NULL branles_NN2 )_) ,_, masks_NN2 ,_, 
lavoltas_NN2 ,_, morescas_NN2 and_CC spagniolettas_NN2 also_RR appear_VV0 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Dances_NN2 were_VBDR often_RR grouped_VVN in_II pairs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 slow_JJ 4/4_MF dance_NN1 followed_VVN by_II a_AT1 quicker_JJR 
3/4_MF one_PN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT pavan_NN1 and_CC galliard_NN1 ,_, 
was_VBDZ a_AT1 common_JJ formula_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 dance_VV0 pairs_NN2 were_VBDR often_RR grouped_VVN like_II 
this_DD1 in_II Europe_NP1 too_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Italian_JJ ronde_NN1 and_CC saltarello_NN1 and_CC the_AT 
German_JJ Tanz_NP1 and_CC Nachtanz_NP1 were_VBDR two_MC typical_JJ 
examples_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Allemande_NN1 (_( or_CC \_NULL Alman_NP1 )_) and_CC 
Courante_NN1 emerged_VVD in_II the_AT middle_NN1 of_IO the_AT 16th_MD 
century_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Both_DB2 these_DD2 were_VBDR retained_VVN for_IF the_AT later_JJR 
stylized_JJ dance_NN1 suites_NN2 of_IO the_AT Baroque_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 works_NN were_VBDR often_RR written_VVN specifically_RR 
for_IF dancing_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Others_NN2 ,_, although_CS retaining_VVG their_APPGE basic_JJ 
characteristics_NN2 were_VBDR extended_VVN and_CC stylized_VVN beyond_II 
the_AT functional_JJ dance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Gibbons_NP1 's_GE *"_" \_NULL Pavane_NP1 Lord_NNB Salisbury_NP1 **"_" 
is_VBZ such_DA an_AT1 example_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II all_DB these_DD2 dance_NN1 forms_VVZ the_AT rhythmic_JJ 
and_CC harmonic_JJ aspects_NN2 predominated_VVD even_CS21 when_CS22 
composers_NN2 gave_VVD them_PPHO2 elaborate_JJ contrapuntal_JJ treatment_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Sometimes_RT sets_VVZ of_IO variations_NN2 are_VBR built_VVN on_II 
dances_NN2 ,_, especially_RR the_AT passamezzo_NN1 pavans_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO Byrd_NP1 's_GE eight_MC pavan-galliards_NN2 in_II 
the_AT *"_" My_APPGE \_NULL Ladye_NP1 Nevell_NP1 's_GE \_NULL Booke_NP1 **"_" 
includes_VVZ such_DA a_AT1 pavan_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Borrowed_JJ material_NN1 occasionally_RR appears_VVZ in_II 
keyboard_NN1 pavans_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Farnaby_NP1 's_GE Lachrimae_NP1 Pavana_NP1 and_CC Byrd_NP1 's_GE 
Pavana_NP1 Lachrimae_NP1 are_VBR both_RR based_VVN on_II Dowland_NP1 's_GE 
*"_" Flow_NN1 My_APPGE Tears_NN2 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Dances_NN2 are_VBR sometimes_RT named_VVN after_II an_AT1 
individual_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 pavan-galliard_NN1 each_DD1 by_II Byrd_NP1 and_CC Gibbons_NP1 
for_REX21 example_REX22 are_VBR titled_JJ *"_" Pavan_NN1 and_CC Galliard_NP1 
,_, the_AT Earl_NNB of_IO Salisbury_NP1 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD titles_NN2 have_VH0 descriptive_JJ connotations_NN2 too_RR 
,_, such_II21 as_II22 Bull_NP1 's_GE Spanish_JJ Pavan_NN1 ,_, Tomkin_NP1 's_GE 
Hunting_NN1 Galliard_NP1 and_CC Philips_NP1 's_GE Pavana_NP1 Dolorosa_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Next_MD in_II popularity_NN1 are_VBR the_AT allemandes_NN2 
and_CC courantes_NN2 which_DDQ were_VBDR likewise_RR paired_VVN together_RL 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT jig_NN1 is_VBZ usually_RR in_II a_AT1 lively_JJ modern_JJ 
day_NNT1 equivalent_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 6/8_MF or_CC 12/8_MF metre_NNU1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 363+TEXT+J69_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Since_CS the_AT apical_JJ and_CC basal_JJ walls_NN2 of_IO 
a_AT1 cell_NN1 are_VBR denoted_VVN by_II *2_NULL \_NULL LOWWALL_NP1 *0_NULL 
and_CC *2_NULL \_NULL HIGHWALL_NP *0_NULL (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 5_MC )_) ,_, 
this_DD1 corresponds_VVZ to_TO |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL 
in_II *=_NULL I_ZZ1 (_( for_IF notation_NN1 see_VV0 Table_NN1 1_MC1 )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL 3.2_MC Time_NNT1 in_II the_AT simulation_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 complete_JJ simulation_NN1 requires_VVZ 120_MC 1-_JJ 
\_NULL h_ZZ1 time_VV0 steps_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD 60_MC time_NNT1 steps_NN2 are_VBR required_VVN to_TO 
fill_VVI the_AT meristem_NN1 and_CC the_AT second_MD 60_MC for_IF data_NN 
collection_NN1 (_( *=_NULL I_ZZ1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 constant_JJ *2_NULL {_NULL ZEROTIME_NN1 =_FO 60_MC }_NULL 
*0_NULL is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO adjust_VVI time_NNT1 scales_NN2 to_TO zero_VVI 
at_II the_AT beginning_NN1 of_IO data_NN collection_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Each_DD1 family_NN has_VHZ its_APPGE own_DA time_NNT1 
scale_NN1 which_DDQ runs_VVZ from_II 1_MC1 to_II 74_MC \_NULL h_ZZ1 and_CC 
which_DDQ is_VBZ related_VVN to_II the_AT time_NNT1 step_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
simulation_NN1 by_II the_AT parameters_NN2 *2_NULL \_NULL ZEROTIME_NN1 ,_, 
\_NULL TZERO_NN1 *0_NULL and_CC *2_NULL \_NULL NEWTIM_NN1 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL 
p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A10_FU ,_, \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A14_FU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL *2_NULL \_NULL TZERO_NN1 *0_NULL is_VBZ the_AT age_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
family_NN at_II the_AT beginning_NN1 of_IO data_NN collection_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
*2_NULL \_NULL NEWTIM_NN1 *0_NULL is_VBZ the_AT time_NNT1 between_II the_AT 
introduction_NN1 of_IO one_MC1 family_NN and_CC the_AT next_MD (_( Section_NN1 
4.2_MC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL 3.3_MC Implementation_NN1 of_IO the_AT division_NNJ rules_NN2 
*>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Division_NNJ rules_NN2 are_VBR given_VVN in_II *=_NULL I_ZZ1 
and_CC correspondence_NN1 between_II the_AT notations_NN2 used_VVN in_II 
*=_NULL I_ZZ1 and_CC in_II the_AT program_NN1 is_VBZ given_VVN in_II Table_NN1 
1_MC1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Division_NNJ rules_NN2 are_VBR based_VVN on_II relationships_NN2 
between_II cell_NN1 lengths_NN2 and_CC observed_JJ cell_NN1 size_NN1 
limits_NN2 (_( *=_NULL I_ZZ1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT rules_NN2 are_VBR implemented_VVN in_II subroutine_NN1 *2_NULL 
\_NULL GROW_VV0 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A18_FU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 subroutine_NN1 ,_, two_MC times_NNT2 are_VBR 
assigned_VVN to_II each_DD1 cell_NN1 (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 6_MC ;_; \_NULL p_ZZ1 
._. 

^ A18_FU )_) :_: *2_NULL \_NULL TMIN_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL the_AT first_MD time_NNT1 
step_NN1 after_CS twice_RR the_AT minimum_JJ size_NN1 is_VBZ reached_VVN (_( 
rule_NN1 **=_NULL ii_MC ,_, *=_NULL I_ZZ1 )_) ,_, and_CC *2_NULL \_NULL 
TMAX_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL the_AT first_MD time_NNT1 step_NN1 after_II the_AT 
maximum_JJ size_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN reached_VVN (_( rule_NN1 **=_NULL iii_MC 
,_, *=_NULL I_ZZ1 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT process_NN1 of_IO transverse_JJ division_NN1 is_VBZ 
handled_VVN in_II subroutine_JJ *2_NULL \_NULL DIVIDE_NN1 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL 
p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A17_FU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS a_AT1 cell_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO undergo_VVI division_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 
division_NN1 time_NNT1 *2_NULL \_NULL TDIV_NN1 *0_NULL must_VM be_VBI 
selected_VVN from_II the_AT interval_NN1 *2_NULL {_NULL RANGE_NN1 (_( =_FO 
TMAX_NN1 -_- TMIN_NN1 )_) (_( DIVIDE_NN1 )_) }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Three_MC procedures_NN2 ,_, *'_" midpoint_NN1 **'_" ,_, *'_" 
uniform_JJ **'_" and_CC *'_" binomial_JJ **'_" ,_, are_VBR available_JJ for_IF 
setting_VVG *2_NULL \_NULL TDIV_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL and_CC the_AT procedure_NN1 
to_TO be_VBI used_VVN is_VBZ set_VVN in_II file_NN1 *2_NULL {_NULL 
CONDITION.DAT_NP1 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 2_MC ;_; Section_NN1 
2.2_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT midpoint_NN1 procedure_NN1 sets_VVZ *2_NULL \_NULL TDIV_NN1 
*0_NULL to_II the_AT midpoint_NN1 of_IO the_AT interval_NN1 ,_, or_CC ,_, 
more_RGR precisely_RR ,_, to_II the_AT midpoint_NN1 if_CS the_AT interval_NN1 
contains_VVZ an_AT1 odd_JJ number_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 steps_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
to_II the_AT time_NNT1 step_NN1 before_II the_AT midpoint_NN1 if_CS the_AT 
number_NN1 of_IO time_NNT1 steps_NN2 is_VBZ even_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT other_JJ two_MC procedures_NN2 involve_VV0 sampling_VVG 
at_RR21 random_RR22 from_II probability_NN1 density_NN1 distributions_NN2 
by_II using_VVG random_JJ number_NN1 generators_NN2 (_( Sections_NN2 2.2_MC 
,_, 2.3_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT uniform_JJ procedure_NN1 ,_, *2_NULL \_NULL TDIV_NN1 
*0_NULL is_VBZ selected_VVN by_II sampling_VVG a_AT1 random_JJ number_NN1 
from_II a_AT1 discrete_JJ uniform_JJ density_NN1 function_NN1 so_CS21 
that_CS22 every_AT1 time_NNT1 step_NN1 in_II the_AT interval_NN1 ,_, 
including_II *2_NULL \_NULL TMIN_NN1 *0_NULL and_CC *2_NULL \_NULL TMAX_NN1 
,_, *0_NULL has_VHZ an_AT1 equal_JJ chance_NN1 of_IO being_VBG chosen_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT binomial_JJ procedure_NN1 ,_, *2_NULL \_NULL TDIV_NN1 
*0_NULL is_VBZ selected_VVN by_II sampling_VVG from_II a_AT1 symmetric_JJ 
binomial_JJ density_NN1 function_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 makes_VVZ *2_NULL \_NULL TDIV_NN1 *0_NULL more_RGR likely_JJ 
to_TO fall_VVI in_II the_AT middle_NN1 of_IO the_AT time_NNT1 interval_NN1 
than_CSN at_II the_AT beginning_NN1 or_CC end_NN1 ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT 
binomial_JJ procedure_NN1 is_VBZ intermediate_JJ between_II the_AT 
midpoint_NN1 and_CC uniform_JJ procedures_NN2 (_( *=_NULL I_ZZ1 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL If_CS a_AT1 cell_NN1 cycle_NN1 duration_NN1 (_( {_NULL CCD_NP 
}_NULL )_) found_VVD by_II one_MC1 of_IO these_DD2 procedures_NN2 is_VBZ 
less_RR21 than_RR22 two_MC hours_NNT2 (_( which_DDQ may_VM occur_VVI if_CSW 
the_AT initial_JJ length_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 cell_NN1 exceeds_VVZ twice_RR the_AT 
minimum_JJ size_NN1 )_) ,_, *2_NULL \_NULL TMIN_NN1 *0_NULL is_VBZ 
redefined_VVN (_( *=_NULL I_ZZ1 ,_, rule_NN1 **=_NULL iv_MC ;_; \_NULL p_ZZ1 
._. 

^ A19-20_NN1 )_) as_CSA |_NULL *2_NULL {_NULL TMIN_NN1 =_FO BEGIN_NP1 +_II 
2_MC }_NULL ,_, |_NULL *0_NULL where_CS *2_NULL \_NULL BEGIN_NP1 *0_NULL 
is_VBZ the_AT time_NNT1 the_AT cell_NN1 was_VBDZ formed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT division_NN1 time_NNT1 is_VBZ then_RT calculated_VVN as_CSA 
before_RT ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Use_NN1 of_IO discrete_JJ time_NNT1 steps_NN2 means_VVZ 
that_CST a_AT1 convention_NN1 is_VBZ required_VVN to_TO determine_VVI 
whether_CSW the_AT mother_NN1 or_CC daughter_NN1 cells_NN2 are_VBR in_II 
existence_NN1 at_II *2_NULL \_NULL TDIV_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT data_NN collection_NN1 routines_NN2 treat_VV0 *2_NULL 
{_NULL TDIV-1_MC1 }_NULL *0_NULL as_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO 
disappearance_NN1 of_IO mother_NN1 cells_NN2 and_CC *2_NULL \_NULL TDIV_NN1 
*0_NULL as_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO appearance_NN1 of_IO daughter_NN1 
cells_NN2 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A29_FU )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL 3.4_MC File_NN1 splitting_VVG *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Longitudinal_JJ splitting_NN1 is_VBZ implemented_VVN in_II 
subroutine_NN1 *2_NULL \_NULL GROW_VV0 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 6_MC ;_; 
\_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A18_FU )_) and_CC split_JJ points_NN2 are_VBR set_VVN up_RP in_II 
subroutine_JJ *2_NULL \_NULL TISSUEINIT_NN1 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A9_FU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS a_AT1 cell_NN1 passes_VVZ the_AT split-point_NN1 for_IF 
that_DD1 file_NN1 (_( *2_NULL {_NULL FSPLIT(FILE)_NN1 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL 
\_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A9_FU )_) it_PPH1 is_VBZ assigned_VVN a_AT1 time_NNT1 *2_NULL \_NULL 
TSPLIT_JJ *0_NULL (_( \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A18_FU )_) and_CC must_VM then_RT undergo_VVI a_AT1 longitudinal_JJ 
split_NN1 (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 6_MC ;_; \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A20_FU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Splitting_NP1 results_VVZ in_II two_MC progeny_NN1 the_AT same_DA 
length_NN1 as_CSA the_AT original_JJ cell_NN1 ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 
half_DB the_AT length_NN1 as_CSA in_II transverse_JJ division_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Splitting_NP1 times_NNT2 must_VM therefore_RR lie_VVI between_II (_( 
*2_NULL {_NULL BEGIN_NP1 +_II 2_MC }_NULL )_) *0_NULL and_CC (_( *2_NULL 
{_NULL TDIV_NN1 -_- 2_MC }_NULL )_) ,_, *0_NULL to_TO allow_VVI the_AT 
progeny_NN1 of_IO splits_NN2 to_TO divide_VVI before_II exceeding_VVG the_AT 
maximum_JJ length_NN1 (_( *2_NULL \_NULL MAXL_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A19_FU )_) without_IW violating_VVG the_AT two-hour_JJ minimum_NN1 {_NULL 
CCD_NP }_NULL rule_NN1 (_( *=_NULL I_ZZ1 ,_, rules_NN2 **=_NULL vii_MC ,_, 
**=_NULL viii_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Cells_NN2 split_VV0 at_II the_AT times_NNT2 when_RRQ their_APPGE 
positions_NN2 are_VBR closest_JJT to_TO the_AT split-points_NN2 assigned_VVN 
to_II them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 times_NNT2 (_( *2_NULL \_NULL TDIV_NN1 )_) *0_NULL equal_JJ 
either_RR *2_NULL \_NULL TSPLIT_JJ *0_NULL or_CC *2_NULL {_NULL TSPLIT-1_MC1 
}_NULL *0_NULL (_( \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A20_FU )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT stele_NN1 ,_, some_DD files_NN2 must_VM split_VVI 
twice_RR to_TO give_VVI the_AT observed_JJ increase_NN1 in_II file_NN1 
number_NN1 (_( *=_NULL I_ZZ1 ;_; Appendix_NN1 C.6_FO )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, each_DD1 file_NN1 is_VBZ assigned_VVN 
a_AT1 second_NNT1 split_JJ position_NN1 ,_, *2_NULL \_NULL NEWSPLIT_JJ ,_, 
*0_NULL and_CC the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST it_PPH1 has_VHZ already_RR split_VVN 
once_RR is_VBZ recorded_VVN (_( *2_NULL \_NULL CLEFT_NN1 ;_; *0_NULL \_NULL 
p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A20_FU )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL 4_MC ._. 

^ *2_NULL GROWING_VVG A_AT1 ROOT_NN1 MERISTEM_NN1 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL 4.1_MC *0_NULL Initialisation_NN1 and_CC boundary_NN1 conditions_NN2 
._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *'_" Initial_JJ **'_" cells_NN2 are_VBR introduced_VVN into_II 
the_AT model_NN1 over_II an_AT1 apical_JJ boundary_NN1 at_II 0.1_MC \_NULL 
mm_NNU (_( *=_NULL I_ZZ1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Files_NN2 of_IO cells_NN2 are_VBR made_VVN up_RP of_IO a_AT1 
series_NN of_IO families_NN2 with_IW the_AT apical_JJ boundary_NN1 of_IO 
one_MC1 family_NN coincident_NN1 with_IW the_AT basal_NN1 bound_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT next_MD (_( *=_NULL I_ZZ1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT apical_JJ bound_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 family_NN is_VBZ the_AT 
pathline_NN1 of_IO the_AT apical_JJ wall_NN1 (_( *2_NULL \_NULL LOWWALL_NP1 
)_) *0_NULL of_IO its_APPGE initial_JJ cell_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT apical_JJ wall_NN1 of_IO the_AT initial_JJ cell_NN1 
of_IO the_AT first_MD family_NN in_II each_DD1 file_NN1 is_VBZ set_VVN at_II 
the_AT apical_JJ boundary_NN1 in_II subroutine_JJ *2_NULL \_NULL FILEINIT_NN1 
*0_NULL (_( \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A10_FU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT lengths_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 cell_NN1 and_CC of_IO all_DB 
subsequent_JJ initial_JJ cells_NN2 are_VBR selected_VVN from_II the_AT 
density_NN1 distribution_NN1 of_IO initial_JJ cell_NN1 lengths_NN2 (_( 
Section_NN1 C.5_FO )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA initial_JJ cells_NN2 move_VV0 away_II21 from_II22 the_AT 
apical_JJ boundary_NN1 ,_, gaps_NN2 are_VBR left_VVN between_II the_AT 
boundary_NN1 and_CC their_APPGE apical_JJ walls_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT length_NN1 selected_VVN for_IF a_AT1 new_JJ initial_JJ 
cell_NN1 is_VBZ compared_VVN with_IW the_AT length_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 gap_NN1 (_( 
test_NN1 *2_NULL \_NULL GAP1_FO ,_, \_NULL GAP2_FO ,_, *0_NULL \_NULL p_ZZ1 
._. 

^ A13_FU )_) ,_, and_CC a_AT1 new_JJ initial_JJ cell_NN1 is_VBZ introduced_VVN 
when_CS this_DD1 length_NN1 is_VBZ nearest_JJT to_TO the_AT new_JJ cell_NN1 
length_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_CS the_AT simulation_NN1 operates_VVZ in_II discrete_JJ 
time_NNT1 steps_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 procedure_NN1 causes_VVZ the_AT positions_NN2 
of_IO initial_JJ cells_NN2 to_TO fluctuate_VVI about_II the_AT apical_JJ 
boundary_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL If_CS very_RG large_JJ cells_NN2 are_VBR introduced_VVN at_II 
the_AT apical_JJ boundary_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 situation_NN1 may_VM arise_VVI 
where_RRQ a_AT1 cell_NN1 's_VBZ *2_NULL \_NULL TMIN_NN1 *0_NULL and_CC *2_NULL 
\_NULL TMAX_NN1 *0_NULL (_( Section_NN1 3.3_MC )_) are_VBR both_RR one_MC1 ,_, 
or_CC are_VBR one_MC1 and_CC two_MC ;_; such_DA cells_NN2 would_VM tend_VVI 
to_TO have_VHI very_RG short_JJ cell_NN1 cycles_NN2 for_IF the_AT first_MD 
two_MC or_CC three_MC generations_NN2 after_II introduction_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ 
would_VM be_VBI unrealistic_JJ given_VVN the_AT slow_JJ cell_NN1 growth_NN1 
in_II this_DD1 region_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Initial_JJ cells_NN2 larger_JJR than_CSN 0.014_MC \_NULL mm_NNU (_( 
twice_RR the_AT minimum_JJ length_NN1 at_II 0.1_MC \_NULL mm_NNU )_) are_VBR 
therefore_RR subjected_VVN to_II the_AT division_NNJ rules_NN2 as_CS21 if_CS22 
they_PPHS2 existed_VVD before_II introduction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 procedure_NN1 was_VBDZ set_VVN up_RP as_CSA follows_VVZ ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 earliest_JJT possible_JJ time_NNT1 of_IO division_NN1 
prior_II21 to_II22 introduction_NN1 at_II the_AT apical_JJ boundary_NN1 can_VM 
be_VBI assigned_VVN to_II these_DD2 calls_NN2 by_II assuming_VVG that_CST 
they_PPHS2 are_VBR of_IO minimum_JJ size_NN1 at_II birth_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT time_NNT1 at_II which_DDQ the_AT cells_NN2 
would_VM have_VHI reached_VVN twice_RR the_AT minimum_JJ size_NN1 while_CS 
in_II the_AT region_NN1 between_II the_AT tip_NN1 and_CC the_AT apical_JJ 
boundary_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Earliest_RRT possible_JJ times_NNT2 of_IO division_NNJ are_VBR 
calculated_VVN using_VVG the_AT equation_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ,_, |_NULL where_CS L_ZZ1 is_VBZ cell_NN1 
length_NN1 sampled_VVD from_II the_AT initial_JJ size_NN1 distribution_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 equation_NN1 was_VBDZ obtained_VVN by_II fitting_VVG a_AT1 
quadratic_JJ curve_NN1 to_II data_NN for_IF the_AT time_NNT1 taken_VVN by_II 
cells_NN2 of_IO minimum_JJ size_NN1 introduced_VVN at_II positions_NN2 
below_RG 0.1_MC \_NULL mm_NNU to_TO reach_VVI the_AT apical_JJ boundary_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL *2_NULL \_NULL TMAX_NN1 *0_NULL and_CC *2_NULL \_NULL TDIV_NN1 
*0_NULL are_VBR then_RT found_VVN in_II the_AT normal_JJ way_NN1 (_( \_NULL 
p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A11_FU ,_, A13_FU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS this_DD1 *2_NULL \_NULL TDIV_NN1 *0_NULL occurs_VVZ at_II or_CC 
before_II introduction_NN1 (_( {_NULL i.e._REX }_NULL less_RR21 than_RR22 
one_MC1 )_) ,_, then_RT instead_II21 of_II22 the_AT selected_JJ initial_JJ 
cell_NN1 ,_, two_MC progeny_NN1 cells_NN2 half_DB the_AT length_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT original_JJ are_VBR introduced_VVN ,_, one_PN1 after_II the_AT other_JJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Each_DD1 of_IO these_DD2 is_VBZ assigned_VVN (_( \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A11_FU ,_, A14_FU )_) a_AT1 *'_" birth_NN1 time_NNT1 **'_" ,_, *2_NULL 
\_NULL NEWBEGIN_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL equal_JJ to_II *2_NULL \_NULL TDIV_NN1 *0_NULL 
at_II introduction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *2_NULL \_NULL NEWBEGIN_NN1 *0_NULL is_VBZ used_VVN in_II all_DB 
subsequent_JJ calculations_NN2 of_IO age_NN1 ,_, cell_NN1 cycle_NN1 time_NNT1 
,_, and_RR31 so_RR32 on_RR33 for_IF these_DD2 cells_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT assigned_JJ *2_NULL \_NULL TDIV_NN1 *0_NULL is_VBZ 
greater_JJR than_CSN one_PN1 ,_, the_AT original_JJ cell_NN1 is_VBZ 
introduced_VVN ,_, and_CC *2_NULL \_NULL NEWBEGIN_NN1 *0_NULL is_VBZ set_VVN 
equal_JJ to_II the_AT calculated_JJ *2_NULL \_NULL TMIN_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT net_JJ effect_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 procedure_NN1 
is_VBZ that_CST the_AT division_NNJ rules_NN2 are_VBR applied_VVN 
consistently_RR to_II all_DB initial_JJ cells_NN2 ,_, including_II those_DD2 
that_CST might_VM have_VHI divided_VVN prior_II21 to_II22 appearance_NN1 
**[_NULL sic_RR **]_NULL the_AT apical_JJ boundary_NN1 had_VHD the_AT 
region_NN1 between_II the_AT tip_NN1 and_CC 0.1_MC \_NULL mm_NNU existed_VVD 
in_II the_AT simulation_NN1 model_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 4.2_MC Growing_VVG a_AT1 family_NN of_IO cells_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Cells_NN2 introduced_VVN over_II the_AT apical_JJ boundary_NN1 
at_II 0.1_MC \_NULL mm_NNU ,_, and_CC their_APPGE descendants_NN2 ,_, form_NN1 
*'_" families_NN2 **'_" (_( *=_NULL I_ZZ1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Growth_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 family_NN is_VBZ controlled_VVN by_II the_AT 
main_JJ program_NN1 *2_NULL \_NULL CELLGROW_NN1 *0_NULL using_VVG 
subroutines_NN2 *2_NULL \_NULL FAMILYINIT_NP ,_, \_NULL STORE_NN1 ,_, *0_NULL 
and_CC *2_NULL \_NULL RESTORE_VV0 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 8_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 series_NN of_IO families_NN2 is_VBZ organised_VVN to_TO 
form_VVI a_AT1 file_NN1 of_IO cells_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Files_NN2 are_VBR initialised_VVN using_VVG *2_NULL \_NULL 
FILEINIT_NN1 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A10_FU )_) ,_, while_CS stele_NN1 and_CC cortex_NN1 tissues_NN2 are_VBR 
organised_VVN in_II *2_NULL \_NULL TISSUEINIT_NN1 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A9_FU )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT size_NN1 of_IO the_AT initial_JJ cell_NN1 in_II 
each_DD1 family_NN is_VBZ selected_VVN in_II subroutine_NN1 *2_NULL \_NULL 
FAMILYINIT_NP *0_NULL (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 8_MC ;_; \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A13_FU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Cells_NN2 introduced_VVN over_II the_AT apical_JJ boundary_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT model_NN1 grow_VV0 as_II the_AT pathlines_NN2 of_IO their_APPGE 
walls_NN2 diverge_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Subroutine_NP1 *2_NULL \_NULL FAMILYINIT_NP *0_NULL also_RR 
initialises_VVZ a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO state_NN1 variables_NN2 for_IF each_DD1 
initial_JJ cell_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS the_AT cell_NN1 divides_NN2 ,_, the_AT values_NN2 of_IO 
state_NN1 variables_NN2 *2_NULL \_NULL BEGIN_VV0 ,_, \_NULL TDIV_NN1 ,_, 
\_NULL HIGHWALL_NP ,_, \_NULL LOWWALL_NP1 ,_, \_NULL LABEL_NN1 ,_, \_NULL 
NEXT_MD ,_, \_NULL NEW_JJ ,_, \_NULL SPLIT_VVD ,_, \_NULL SIZELIM_NP ,_, 
\_NULL STATUS_NN1 ,_, \_NULL CLEFT_VVD ,_, \_NULL POSITION_NN1 ,_, \_NULL 
NEWSPLIT_JJ ,_, *0_NULL and_CC *2_NULL \_NULL IMMIGRE_NN1 *0_NULL are_VBR 
recorded_VVN by_II subroutine_JJ *2_NULL \_NULL STORE_NN1 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL 
p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A32_FU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT pseudo-recursive_JJ procedure_NN1 (_( \_NULL Fig._NN1 3_MC )_) 
is_VBZ then_RT followed_VVN until_II a_AT1 descendant_NN1 is_VBZ produced_VVN 
which_DDQ does_VDZ not_XX reach_VVI its_APPGE *2_NULL \_NULL TMAX_NN1 *0_NULL 
before_II passing_VVG the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT meristem_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ 
therefore_RR non-proliferative_JJ (_( *2_NULL {_NULL STATUS_NN1 =_FO -1_MC 
}_NULL ,_, *0_NULL \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A18_FU ,_, A19_FU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 cell_NN1 is_VBZ grown_VVN on_RP until_CS it_PPH1 passes_VVZ 
the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT growth_NN1 zone_NN1 with_IW data_NN on_II 
its_APPGE size_NN1 recorded_VVD once_RR in_II the_AT elongation_NN1 zone_NN1 
at_II 4.5_MC \_NULL mm_NNU (_( \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A18_FU ,_, A19_FU )_) and_CC at_II the_AT end_NN1 of_IO the_AT growth_NN1 
zone_NN1 in_II subroutine_JJ *2_NULL \_NULL ENDZONE_NN1 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL 
p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A34_FU )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL 4.3_MC Stele_NP1 and_CC cortex_NN1 tissues_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT simulated_JJ root_NN1 is_VBZ made_VVN up_RP of_IO 
two_MC tissues_NN2 ,_, stele_NN1 and_CC cortex_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT split_JJ points_NN2 required_VVN for_IF each_DD1 tissue_NN1 
are_VBR set_VVN in_II subroutine_JJ *2_NULL \_NULL TISSUEINIT_NN1 *0_NULL (_( 
\_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A9_FU )_) ,_, based_VVN on_II data_NN in_II Section_NN1 C.6_FO ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT variable_NN1 *2_NULL \_NULL SIZELIM_NP ,_, *0_NULL which_DDQ 
determines_VVZ cell_NN1 size_NN1 limits_VVZ for_IF each_DD1 tissue_NN1 (_( 
Table_NN1 C.2_FO )_) ,_, is_VBZ set_VVN in_II subroutine_JJ *2_NULL \_NULL 
FILEINIT_NN1 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A10_FU )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL 5_MC ._. 

^ *2_NULL SIMULATION_NN1 RESULTS_VVZ :_: SPATIAL_JJ DATA_NN *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL An_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO simulation_NN1 results_NN2 
,_, with_IW abbreviated_JJ tables_NN2 is_VBZ given_VVN in_II Appendix_NN1 
B._NP1 ^_NULL Here_RL we_PPIS2 give_VV0 notes_NN2 on_II Sections_NN2 
B.1-B.3_NP1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 5.1_MC Initialisation_NN1 and_CC operational_JJ checks_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT data_NN in_II this_DD1 section_NN1 of_IO output_NN1 
provide_VV0 some_DD checks_NN2 on_II performance_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
simulation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD table_NN1 shows_VVZ the_AT results_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
procedure_NN1 for_IF dividing_VVG initial_JJ cells_NN2 described_VVN in_II 
Section_NN1 4.1_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD line_NN1 gives_VVZ the_AT numbers_NN2 of_IO cells_NN2 
in_II size_NN1 classes_NN2 as_CSA sampled_VVN from_II the_AT observed_JJ 
distribution_NN1 ;_; the_AT second_MD is_VBZ the_AT numbers_NN2 in_II 
those_DD2 size_NN1 classes_NN2 after_II application_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
division_NNJ rules_NN2 as_CSA described_VVN in_II Section_NN1 4.1_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT next_MD two_MC tables_NN2 are_VBR concerned_JJ with_IW 
the_AT cell_NN1 production_NN1 rate_NN1 below_RG 0.125_MC \_NULL mm_NNU (_( 
where_CS the_AT spatial_JJ data_NN collection_NN1 starts_VVZ )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD gives_VVZ the_AT rate_NN1 of_IO introduction_NN1 
of_IO initial_JJ cells_NN2 over_II the_AT apical_JJ boundary_NN1 in_II a_AT1 
sector_NN1 (_( for_IF a_AT1 30_MC degree_NN1 sector_NN1 ,_, multiplication_NN1 
by_II 12_MC will_VM give_VVI the_AT cell_NN1 flux_NN1 at_II 0.1_MC \_NULL 
mm_NNU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT second_MD is_VBZ a_AT1 count_NN1 of_IO the_AT number_NN1 of_IO 
cell_NN1 divisions_NNJ2 observed_VVN between_II the_AT apical_JJ boundary_NN1 
and_CC 0.125_MC \_NULL mm_NNU in_II 15_MC observations_NN2 ;_; 
multiplication_NN1 by_II 12/15_MF yields_NN2 an_AT1 average_JJ rate_NN1 of_IO 
cell_NN1 production_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 whole_JJ root_NN1 in_II the_AT 
segment_NN1 0.1-0.125_MCMC \_NULL mm_NNU ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT third_MD group_NN of_IO tables_NN2 is_VBZ concerned_JJ 
with_IW statistics_NN on_II cell_NN1 length_NN1 outside_II the_AT meristem_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Cell_NN1 length_NN1 densities_NN2 and_CC mean_JJ cell_NN1 lengths_NN2 
are_VBR tabulated_VVN for_IF cells_NN2 leaving_VVG the_AT growth_NN1 zone_NN1 
at_II 8.0_MC \_NULL mm_NNU ,_, and_CC for_IF cells_NN2 in_II the_AT 
segment_NN1 4.375-4.625_MCMC \_NULL mm_NNU ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT data_NN on_II cell_NN1 division_NNJ rates_NN2 in_II 
Sections_NN2 B.1_FO and_CC B.3_FO can_VM be_VBI used_VVN to_TO check_VVI 
simulated_JJ results_NN2 against_II those_DD2 given_VVN by_II Erickson_NP1 
and_CC Sax_NP1 (_( 1956_MC )_) (_( *=_NULL I_ZZ1 )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL 5.2_MC ._. 

^ Cell_NN1 length_NN1 data_NN *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT data_NN in_II Sections_NN2 B.2_FO and_CC B.3_FO are_VBR 
collected_VVN in_II subroutine_JJ *2_NULL \_NULL RECORD_NN1 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL 
p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A23_FU )_) for_IF 0.25_MC \_NULL mm_NNU segments_NN2 ,_, starting_VVG at_II 
0.125_MC \_NULL mm_NNU from_II the_AT apex_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Column_NN1 headings_NN2 are_VBR the_AT midpoints_NN2 of_IO 
segments_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB calculations_NN2 are_VBR carried_VVN out_RP in_II 
subroutine_JJ *2_NULL \_NULL FREQUENCY_NN1 *0_NULL (_( \_NULL p_ZZ1 ._. 

^ A35_FU )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT table_NN1 of_IO mean_JJ cell_NN1 length_NN1 by_II 
segment_NN1 at_II four_MC hour_NNT1 intervals_NN2 is_VBZ a_AT1 check_NN1 on_II 
the_AT stochastic_JJ behaviour_NN1 of_IO the_AT simulation_NN1 (_( Section_NN1 
8.1_MC ;_; \_NULL Fig._NN1 9_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Cell_NN1 length_NN1 densities_NN2 by_II segment_NN1 ,_, in_II 5_MC 
\_NULL \_NULL mm_NNU size_NN1 classes_NN2 ,_, are_VBR presented_VVN for_IF 
total_JJ cells_NN2 ,_, for_IF newly-produced_JJ daughter_NN1 cells_NN2 ,_, 
for_IF mother_NN1 cells_NN2 about_RPK to_TO divide_VVI ,_, for_IF 
non-proliferative_JJ cells_NN2 and_CC for_IF proliferative_JJ cells_NN2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 364+TEXT+J70_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Concentrated_JJ load_NN1 tests_NN2 on_II three_MC 
one-way_JJ reinforced_JJ concrete_JJ slabs_NN2 are_VBR described_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Instrumentation_NN1 of_IO the_AT main_JJ reinforcing_JJ bars_NN2 
enabled_VVD the_AT tension_NN1 forces_VVZ to_TO be_VBI measured_VVN and_CC 
compared_VVN with_IW the_AT predicted_JJ response_NN1 from_II standard_JJ 
thin_JJ plate_NN1 flexural_JJ theory_NN1 for_IF load_NN1 levels_NN2 
ranging_VVG from_II the_AT first_MD cracking_JJ load_NN1 through_RP to_II 
the_AT failure_NN1 condition_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Simple_JJ supports_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN for_IF the_AT first_MD 
slab_NN1 and_CC the_AT second_NNT1 was_VBDZ flexurally_RR restrained_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II both_DB2 cases_NN2 care_VV0 was_VBDZ taken_VVN to_TO 
introduce_VVI no_AT lateral_JJ restraint_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT peak_NN1 reinforcement_NN1 forces_NN2 were_VBDR found_VVN 
to_TO be_VBI between_II 50_MC and_CC 75_MC percent_NNU of_IO the_AT 
theoretical_JJ thin_JJ plate_NN1 values_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT third_MD slab_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT supports_NN2 
provided_VVD flexural_JJ and_CC lateral_JJ restraint_NN1 approaching_VVG 
full_JJ fixity_NN1 ,_, the_AT peak_NN1 bar_NN1 forces_NN2 were_VBDR close_JJ 
to_II 35_MC percent_NNU of_IO the_AT theoretical_JJ value_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT discrepancies_NN2 between_II the_AT theoretical_JJ and_CC 
experimental_JJ results_NN2 are_VBR explained_VVN by_II membrane_NN1 
action_NN1 ,_, the_AT tensile_JJ resistance_NN1 of_IO concrete_NN1 at_II a_AT1 
cracked_JJ section_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 greater_JJR spread_NN1 of_IO flexural_JJ 
actions_NN2 in_II the_AT slab_NN1 than_CSN is_VBZ indicated_VVN by_II thin_JJ 
plate_NN1 theory_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ *2_NULL INTRODUCTION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Most_DAT current_JJ design_NN1 methods_NN2 for_IF 
reinforced_JJ concrete_JJ slabs_NN2 subjected_VVD to_II concentrated_JJ 
loading_NN1 require_VV0 tension_NN1 reinforcement_NN1 to_TO be_VBI 
provided_VVN to_TO resist_VVI flexural_JJ actions_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR 
based_VVN either_RR on_II elastic_JJ thin_JJ plate_NN1 theory_NN1 or_CC 
strength_NN1 limit_NN1 state_NN1 analyses_VVZ such_II21 as_II22 yield_NN1 
line_NN1 theory_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Experimental_JJ work_NN1 on_II full_JJ scale_NN1 structures_NN2 
and_CC laboratory_NN1 specimens_NN2 has_VHZ shown_VVN that_CST the_AT 
flexural_JJ performance_NN1 of_IO slabs_NN2 is_VBZ generally_RR 
considerably_RR better_RRR than_CSN would_VM be_VBI predicted_VVN from_II 
these_DD2 analyses_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT enhancement_NN1 in_II performance_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN 
attributed_VVN to_II the_AT presence_NN1 of_IO inplane_NN1 compressive_JJ 
forces_NN2 in_II the_AT slab_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 arise_VV0 ,_, as_CSA illustrated_VVN in_II the_AT next_MD 
section_NN1 ,_, from_II the_AT coupling_NN1 of_IO inplane_NN1 and_CC 
bending_VVG deformations_NN2 in_II flexurally_RR cracked_VVD reinforced_JJ 
concrete_JJ members_NN2 and_CC the_AT restraint_NN1 to_II the_AT inplane_NN1 
deformation_NN1 provided_VVN by_II the_AT surrounding_JJ structure_NN1 and_CC 
the_AT boundaries_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 phenomenon_NN1 is_VBZ commonly_RR referred_VVN to_II as_II 
membrane_NN1 action_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT design_NN1 method_NN1 for_IF slabs_NN2 contained_VVN 
in_II the_AT Ontario_NP Highway_NP Bridge_NNL1 Design_NN1 Code_NN1 is_VBZ 
one_MC1 method_NN1 of_IO design_NN1 which_DDQ does_VDZ make_VVI an_AT1 
allowance_NN1 for_IF the_AT enhancement_NN1 in_II performance_NN1 
resulting_VVG from_II membrane_NN1 action_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_RRQ slabs_NN2 meet_VV0 certain_JJ criteria_NN2 ,_, designed_VVD 
to_TO ensure_VVI that_CST the_AT boundaries_NN2 can_VM provide_VVI adequate_JJ 
lateral_JJ restraint_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 may_VM be_VBI proportioned_VVN to_TO 
contain_VVI a_AT1 nominal_JJ 0.3%_FO percent_NNU flexural_JJ reinforcement_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ considerably_RR less_RRR than_CSN that_CST 
required_VVD by_II the_AT more_RGR usual_JJ methods_NN2 of_IO analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT requirements_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ have_VH0 been_VBN 
established_VVN from_II field_NN1 and_CC laboratory_NN1 tests_NN2 ,_, are_VBR 
empirical_JJ in_II nature_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 rational_JJ method_NN1 of_IO analysis_NN1 that_CST 
makes_VVZ allowance_NN1 for_IF the_AT beneficial_JJ effects_NN2 of_IO 
membrane_NN1 action_NN1 is_VBZ desirable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, before_CS such_DA a_AT1 method_NN1 can_VM be_VBI 
established_VVN it_PPH1 is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO have_VHI a_AT1 clear_JJ 
understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT general_JJ mode_NN1 of_IO resistance_NN1 of_IO 
such_DA structures_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ to_TO help_VVI provide_VVI this_DD1 basic_JJ 
information_NN1 that_CST the_AT three_MC slabs_NN2 and_CC the_AT associated_JJ 
beam_NN1 specimens_NN2 described_VVN in_II this_DD1 report_NN1 were_VBDR 
constructed_VVN and_CC tested_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Extensive_JJ instrumentation_NN1 was_VBDZ built_VVN into_II the_AT 
slabs_NN2 to_TO enable_VVI forces_NN2 at_II critical_JJ sections_NN2 to_TO 
be_VBI measured_VVN in_II the_AT slabs_NN2 with_IW different_JJ boundary_NN1 
conditions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Emphasis_NP1 was_VBDZ placed_VVN on_II the_AT behaviour_NN1 of_IO 
flexurally_RR cracked_JJ slabs_NN2 under_II elastic_JJ conditions_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ *2_NULL THE_AT COUPLING_NN1 OF_IO BENDING_VVG AND_CC INPLANE_NN1 
DEFORMATIONS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT way_NN1 in_II which_DDQ membrane_NN1 action_NN1 
arises_VVZ and_CC enhances_VVZ the_AT flexural_JJ performance_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
reinforced_JJ concrete_JJ structure_NN1 is_VBZ illustrated_VVN in_II 
Figure_NN1 1_MC1 for_IF the_AT case_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 beam_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT end_NN1 supports_NN2 are_VBR assumed_VVN to_TO provide_VVI 
complete_JJ fixity_NN1 against_II rotation_NN1 while_CS any_DD change_NN1 
in_II length_NN1 is_VBZ resisted_VVN by_II a_AT1 spring_NN1 of_IO 
stiffness_NN1 K._NP1 ^_NULL In_II conventional_JJ flexural_JJ theory_NN1 
changes_NN2 in_II length_NN1 are_VBR ignored_VVN ,_, and_CC consequently_RR 
the_AT force_NN1 resisted_VVD by_II the_AT axial_JJ restraint_NN1 springs_NN2 
is_VBZ taken_VVN as_II zero_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 inherent_JJ assumption_NN1 is_VBZ incorrect_JJ once_CS 
the_AT concrete_JJ cracks_NN2 in_II flexure_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA illustrated_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 1(b)_FO ,_, standard_JJ 
elastic_JJ flexural_JJ theory_NN1 indicates_VVZ that_CST the_AT neutral_JJ 
axis_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 cracked_JJ section_NN1 lies_VVZ on_II the_AT 
compression_NN1 side_NN1 of_IO the_AT mid-depth_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hence_RR the_AT strain_NN1 at_II the_AT mid-depth_NN1 along_II the_AT 
beam_NN1 is_VBZ tensile_JJ over_II the_AT full_JJ length_NN1 indicating_VVG 
that_DD1 expansion_NN1 occurs_VVZ ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL For_IF a_AT1 
restrained_JJ beam_NN1 the_AT spring_NN1 K_ZZ1 induces_VVZ a_AT1 
compressive_JJ axial_JJ force_NN1 in_II the_AT member_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 
crack_JJ pattern_NN1 similar_JJ to_II that_DD1 shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 
1(c)_FO is_VBZ developed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT compressive_JJ force_NN1 *'_" enhances_VVZ **'_" the_AT 
performance_NN1 of_IO the_AT beam_NN1 by_II reducing_VVG the_AT stress_NN1 
in_II the_AT reinforcement_NN1 for_IF a_AT1 given_JJ load_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II a_AT1 slab_NN1 membrane_NN1 action_NN1 can_VM act_VVI 
in_II two_MC directions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS a_AT1 one-way_JJ flexurally_RR restrained_JJ slab_NN1 is_VBZ 
envisaged_VVN as_II a_AT1 series_NN of_IO beam_NN1 strips_VVZ it_PPH1 can_VM 
be_VBI seen_VVN that_CST restraint_VV0 to_II expansion_NN1 may_VM be_VBI 
provided_VVN by_II adjacent_JJ strips_NN2 ,_, causing_VVG the_AT most_RGT 
heavily_RR loaded_VVN strip_VV0 to_TO go_VVI into_II compression_NN1 and_CC 
the_AT neighbouring_JJ ones_NN2 to_TO be_VBI subjected_VVN to_II tension_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR membrane_NN1 forces_NN2 may_VM be_VBI provided_VVN by_II 
internal_JJ restraint_NN1 in_II a_AT1 slab_NN1 ,_, and_CC such_DA actions_NN2 
might_VM give_VVI some_DD enhancement_NN1 to_II the_AT flexural_JJ 
performance_NN1 under_II the_AT action_NN1 of_IO concentrated_JJ loads_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Very_RG much_RR greater_JJR enhancement_NN1 can_VM be_VBI 
expected_VVN where_RRQ the_AT slab_NN1 boundaries_NN2 provide_VV0 
restraint_NN1 against_II expansion_NN1 as_CSA is_VBZ the_AT case_NN1 with_IW 
the_AT internal_JJ slab_NN1 spans_VVZ in_II multi-beam_JJ bridge_NN1 decks_NN2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL To_TO investigate_VVI the_AT potential_NN1 that_DD1 
membrane_NN1 action_NN1 has_VHZ for_IF enhancing_VVG flexural_JJ 
performance_NN1 under_II cracked_JJ elastic_JJ conditions_NN2 the_AT fixed_JJ 
ended_VVN beam_VV0 shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 1_MC1 was_VBDZ analysed_VVN 
for_IF a_AT1 series_NN of_IO differing_VVG steel_NN1 contents_NN2 and_CC 
axial_JJ restraint_NN1 spring_NN1 stiffnesses_NN2 (_( K_ZZ1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT computations_NN2 the_AT concrete_NN1 and_CC steel_NN1 
were_VBDR assumed_VVN to_TO remain_VVI in_II the_AT linear_JJ elastic_JJ 
range_NN1 and_CC the_AT flexural_JJ tensile_JJ strength_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
concrete_NN1 together_II21 with_II22 the_AT consequent_JJ tension_NN1 
stiffening_NN1 was_VBDZ ignored_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD of_IO the_AT results_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 analyses_NN2 are_VBR 
shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 2_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL Three_MC significant_JJ points_NN2 
were_VBDR evident_JJ from_II this_DD1 study_NN1 :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
|_NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL The_AT improvement_NN1 in_II flexural_JJ 
performance_NN1 ,_, as_CSA measured_VVN by_II the_AT steel_NN1 stress_NN1 
induced_VVD for_IF a_AT1 given_JJ load_NN1 level_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ independent_JJ 
of_IO the_AT span_NN1 to_II depth_NN1 ratio_NN1 of_IO the_AT member_NN1 
provided_CS deflections_NN2 are_VBR small_RR compared_VVN with_IW the_AT 
depth_NN1 of_IO the_AT slab_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL The_AT potential_JJ enhancement_NN1 in_II 
performance_NN1 increases_VVZ as_II the_AT flexural_JJ steel_NN1 content_NN1 
is_VBZ reduced_VVN (_( see_VV0 Figure_NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL Relatively_RR small_JJ restraint_NN1 
stiffnesses_NN2 ,_, measured_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT axial_JJ 
stiffness_NN1 of_IO the_AT uncracked_JJ beam_NN1 ,_, have_VH0 a_AT1 marked_JJ 
influence_NN1 on_II the_AT performance_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ *2_NULL TEST_NN1 SPECIMENS_NN2 AND_CC INSTRUMENTATION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Three_MC one-way_JJ slab_NN1 strips_NN2 were_VBDR 
constructed_VVN and_CC tested_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Details_NN2 are_VBR given_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 3_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB three_MC were_VBDR 102_MC \_NULL mm_NNU deep_RR ,_, had_VHD 
a_AT1 span_NN1 to_TO total_VVI depth_NN1 ratio_NN1 of_IO 12_MC and_CC a_AT1 
width_NN1 of_IO twice_RR the_AT span_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT reinforcement_NN1 consisted_VVD of_IO 10_MC \_NULL mm_NNU 
deformed_JJ bars_NN2 at_II 152.5_MC \_NULL mm_NNU spacing_NN1 placed_VVN in_II 
the_AT top_NN1 and_CC bottom_JJ faces_NN2 of_IO the_AT slab_NN1 in_II both_DB2 
directions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_IW each_DD1 slab_NN1 two_MC beams_NN2 were_VBDR cast_VVN 
together_II21 with_II22 a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO concrete_JJ test_NN1 
specimens_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT beams_NN2 were_VBDR 305_MC \_NULL mm_NNU wide_JJ and_CC 102_MC 
\_NULL mm_NNU deep_RR ,_, with_IW the_AT same_DA longitudinal_JJ steel_NN1 
as_CSA the_AT slab_NN1 but_CCB with_IW the_AT transverse_JJ reinforcement_NN1 
omitted_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT concrete_NN1 was_VBDZ supplied_VVN by_II a_AT1 local_JJ 
ready_JJ mix_NN1 firm_NNJ ,_, with_IW each_DD1 slab_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE 
associated_JJ beams_NN2 and_CC test_NN1 specimens_NN2 being_VBG cast_VVN 
from_II the_AT same_DA mix_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB test_NN1 specimens_NN2 were_VBDR damp_JJ cured_JJ for_IF 
seven_MC days_NNT2 after_II casting_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 were_VBDR then_RT left_VVN to_TO dry_VVI for_IF a_DD221 
few_DD222 days_NNT2 before_II being_VBG instrumented_VVN prior_II21 to_II22 
testing_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL Concrete_JJ properties_NN2 obtained_VVN from_II testing_VVG 
specimens_NN2 cured_VVD with_IW the_AT slabs_NN2 are_VBR given_VVN in_II 
Figure_NN1 3_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Each_DD1 of_IO the_AT three_MC slab_NN1 strips_NN2 had_VHD 
different_JJ boundary_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_, as_CSA shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 
3_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD slab_NN1 was_VBDZ simply_RR supported_VVN with_IW 
the_AT boundaries_NN2 providing_VVG no_AT restraint_NN1 against_II 
rotational_JJ or_CC inplane_NN1 movements_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_IW the_AT second_MD slab_NN1 the_AT supports_NN2 provided_VVD 
restraint_NN1 against_II rotation_NN1 but_CCB no_AT restraint_NN1 against_II 
inplane_NN1 displacements_NN2 ,_, while_CS in_II the_AT third_MD slab_NN1 
the_AT boundaries_NN2 provided_VVD a_AT1 condition_NN1 close_RR to_II full_JJ 
fixity_NN1 for_IF rotation_NN1 and_CC translation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Prestressing_VVG strands_NN2 clamped_VVD Slabs_NN2 1_MC1 and_CC 2_MC 
onto_II {_NULL PTFE_NP1 }_NULL sliding_VVG supports_NN2 ,_, with_IW the_AT 
initial_JJ force_NN1 in_II each_DD1 strand_NN1 being_VBG in_II the_AT 
range_NN1 of_IO 55-60_MCMC \_NULL kN_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL Tests_NN2 on_II the_AT bearing_NN1 units_NN2 indicated_VVD that_DD1 
friction_NN1 forces_NN2 of_IO 2_MC percent_NNU or_CC less_DAR could_VM be_VBI 
expected_VVN under_II the_AT load_NN1 levels_NN2 sustained_VVD during_II 
the_AT tests_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT boundaries_NN2 of_IO Slab_NN1 3_MC were_VBDR sandwiched_VVN 
between_II two_MC reinforced_VVD concrete_JJ blocks_NN2 and_CC the_AT whole_JJ 
assembly_NN1 was_VBDZ stressed_VVN to_II the_AT floor_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 15_MC \_NULL mm_NNU crack_NN1 initiator_NN1 was_VBDZ 
cast_VVN into_II the_AT cover_NN1 concrete_NN1 on_II the_AT tension_NN1 
side_NN1 of_IO the_AT member_NN1 along_II the_AT slab_NN1 centre-line_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II slabs_NN2 2_MC and_CC 3_MC similar_JJ crack_NN1 initiators_NN2 
were_VBDR also_RR placed_VVN on_II the_AT tension_NN1 side_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
member_NN1 50_MC \_NULL mm_NNU from_II each_DD1 support_NN1 line_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB the_AT *'_" tension_NN1 **'_" reinforcing_VVG bars_NN2 
crossing_VVG the_AT crack_NN1 initiated_VVD section_NN1 on_II the_AT slab_NN1 
centre-line_NN1 were_VBDR instrumented_VVN at_II this_DD1 location_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC every_AT1 second_MD bar_NN1 was_VBDZ instrumented_VVN at_II the_AT 
initiated_JJ sections_NN2 close_RR to_II the_AT supports_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL At_II all_DB points_NN2 where_RRQ 
the_AT bars_NN2 were_VBDR instrumented_VVN a_AT1 pair_NN of_IO strain_NN1 
gauges_NN2 were_VBDR used_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 were_VBDR located_VVN on_II opposite_JJ sides_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT bar_NN1 to_TO eliminate_VVI possible_JJ errors_NN2 due_II21 to_II22 
local_JJ bending_NN1 of_IO the_AT bar_NN1 at_II the_AT crack_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO attach_VVI these_DD2 gauges_NN2 the_AT deformations_NN2 
were_VBDR filed_VVN off_II the_AT sides_NN2 of_IO the_AT bar_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT gauges_NN2 were_VBDR fixed_VVN and_CC waterproofed_VVN ,_, 
and_CC the_AT 30_MC \_NULL mm_NNU length_NN1 of_IO bar_NN1 containing_VVG 
the_AT instrumentation_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT covered_VVN by_II a_AT1 grease_NN1 
impregnated_VVD tape_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ added_VVN to_TO destroy_VVI bond_NN1 in_II the_AT 
immediate_JJ vicinity_NN1 of_IO the_AT initiated_JJ crack_NN1 so_CS21 
that_CS22 tension_NN1 in_II the_AT concrete_NN1 could_VM not_XX reduce_VVI 
the_AT force_NN1 carried_VVN by_II the_AT reinforcement_NN1 at_II this_DD1 
location_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Before_CS the_AT bars_NN2 were_VBDR placed_VVN in_II the_AT 
boxing_NN1 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR calibrated_VVN in_II axial_JJ tension_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL After_CS the_AT concrete_NN1 was_VBDZ cured_VVN electrical_JJ 
resistance_NN1 gauges_NN2 were_VBDR applied_VVN to_II the_AT compression_NN1 
surface_NN1 of_IO the_AT slab_NN1 along_II the_AT member_NN1 centre-line_NN1 
with_IW one_MC1 gauge_NN1 being_VBG placed_VVN above_II each_DD1 bar_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO gauge_NN1 points_NN2 
were_VBDR attached_VVN to_II the_AT concrete_JJ to_TO enable_VVI a_AT1 
mechanical_JJ demountable_JJ gauge_NN1 to_TO measure_VVI the_AT opening_NN1 
of_IO the_AT initiated_JJ crack_NN1 at_II the_AT slab_NN1 centre-line_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Deflection_NN1 measurements_NN2 were_VBDR made_VVN with_IW a_AT1 
precise_JJ level_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT beams_NN2 were_VBDR instrumented_VVN in_II a_AT1 
similar_JJ manner_NN1 and_CC were_VBDR tested_VVN under_RG statically_RR 
determinate_JJ conditions_NN2 so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT section_NN1 
response_NN1 ,_, as_CSA measured_VVN by_II the_AT output_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
strain_NN1 gauges_NN2 ,_, could_VM be_VBI calibrated_VVN against_II the_AT 
applied_JJ bending_JJ moment_NN1 and_CC axial_JJ load_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 had_VHD been_VBN intended_VVN to_TO use_VVI these_DD2 
beam_VV0 tests_NN2 to_TO interpret_VVI the_AT slab_NN1 results_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unfortunately_RR differences_NN2 in_II crack_NN1 spacing_VVG 
between_II the_AT beams_NN2 and_CC the_AT slabs_NN2 reduced_VVD the_AT 
value_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 calibration_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD of_IO the_AT results_NN2 from_II these_DD2 beam_VV0 tests_NN2 
are_VBR described_VVN in_II Part_NN1 *=_NULL I_MC1 of_IO this_DD1 report_NN1 
._. 

^ *<_NULL 4_MC ._. 

^ *2_NULL SEQUENCE_NN1 OF_IO LOAD_NN1 CYCLES_NN2 FOR_IF SLABS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT slabs_NN2 were_VBDR loaded_VVN with_IW a_AT1 
203_MC by_II 203_MC steel_NN1 plate_NN1 fitted_VVD with_IW a_AT1 rubber_JJ 
washer_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ pulled_VVN against_II the_AT underside_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT slab_NN1 by_II a_AT1 Macalloy_NP1 bar_NN1 passing_VVG through_II a_AT1 
duct_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT load_NN1 was_VBDZ applied_VVN by_II a_AT1 hydraulic_JJ 
jack_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE value_NN1 was_VBDZ monitored_VVN by_II a_AT1 
load_NN1 cell_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_IW each_DD1 slab_NN1 there_EX were_VBDR three_MC loading_JJ 
positions_NN2 located_VVN on_II the_AT member_NN1 centre-line_NN1 (_( a_ZZ1 
,_, b_ZZ1 and_CC c_ZZ1 )_) ,_, as_CSA indicated_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 3_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 major_JJ aim_NN1 of_IO the_AT testing_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO 
observe_VVI the_AT response_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 uniformly_RR cracked_JJ slab_NN1 
,_, as_CSA it_PPH1 was_VBDZ felt_VVN that_CST this_DD1 would_VM be_VBI 
representative_JJ of_IO actual_JJ service_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO achieve_VVI this_DD1 with_IW two_MC different_JJ degrees_NN2 
of_IO cracking_VVG the_AT loading_JJ sequence_NN1 described_VVN in_II the_AT 
following_JJ paragraphs_NN2 was_VBDZ used_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL Stage_NN1 1_MC1 *-_- *0_NULL 
the_AT load_NN1 plate_NN1 was_VBDZ positioned_VVN at_II the_AT centre_NN1 
of_IO the_AT slab_NN1 in_II position_NN1 b_ZZ1 (_( see_VV0 Figure_NN1 3_MC )_) 
,_, and_CC two_MC cycles_NN2 of_IO load_NN1 were_VBDR applied_VVN (_( 1_MC1 
**=_NULL i_ZZ1 and_CC 1_MC1 **=_NULL ii_MC )_) so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT 
strains_NN2 in_II the_AT bars_NN2 adjacent_II21 to_II22 the_AT load_NN1 
increased_VVN to_II a_AT1 predetermined_JJ value_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT load_NN1 plate_NN1 was_VBDZ moved_VVN to_TO 
position_VVI *"_" a_ZZ1 **"_" and_CC two_MC cycles_NN2 of_IO load_NN1 
were_VBDR applied_VVN as_II21 for_II22 position_NN1 *"_" b_ZZ1 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Then_RT the_AT same_DA process_NN1 was_VBDZ followed_VVN at_II 
position_NN1 *"_" c_ZZ1 **"_" ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL Stage_NN1 2_MC *-_- *0_NULL the_AT 
load_NN1 plate_NN1 was_VBDZ positioned_VVN at_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT slab_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 load_NN1 cycle_NN1 was_VBDZ applied_VVN (_( 
stage_NN1 2_MC **=_NULL i_ZZ1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT measured_JJ response_NN1 in_II this_DD1 cycle_NN1 was_VBDZ 
taken_VVN as_CSA that_DD1 corresponding_JJ to_II a_AT1 uniformly_RR cracked_JJ 
slab_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT second_MD cycle_NN1 in_II this_DD1 load_NN1 position_NN1 
the_AT load_NN1 was_VBDZ increased_VVN until_II the_AT new_JJ predetermined_JJ 
strain_NN1 level_NN1 for_IF stage_NN1 2_MC was_VBDZ reached_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT load_NN1 was_VBDZ then_RT moved_VVN to_TO position_VVI 
*"_" a_ZZ1 **"_" ,_, followed_VVN by_II position_NN1 *"_" c_ZZ1 **"_" ,_, 
with_IW the_AT two_MC load_NN1 cycles_NN2 being_VBG applied_VVN to_II the_AT 
predetermined_JJ level_NN1 at_II each_DD1 position_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL *1_NULL Stage_NN1 3_MC *-_- *0_NULL the_AT 
load_NN1 was_VBDZ positioned_VVN at_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO the_AT slab_NN1 
and_CC the_AT load_NN1 was_VBDZ applied_VVN (_( stage_NN1 3_MC **=_NULL i_ZZ1 
)_) ,_, and_CC the_AT measured_JJ response_NN1 was_VBDZ taken_VVN as_CSA 
that_DD1 for_IF a_AT1 uniformly_RR cracked_JJ slab_NN1 to_II the_AT stage_NN1 
2_MC strain_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 4_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL *1_NULL Stage_NN1 4_MC *-_- *0_NULL the_AT load_NN1 was_VBDZ 
increased_VVN in_II the_AT middle_JJ position_NN1 of_IO the_AT slab_NN1 in_II 
stage_NN1 4_MC until_II failure_NN1 occurred_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II all_DB cases_NN2 the_AT slab_NN1 was_VBDZ loaded_VVN and_CC 
unloaded_VVN a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO times_NNT2 in_II this_DD1 stage_NN1 
before_II failure_NN1 finally_RR occurred_VVD ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 365+TEXT+J71_FO **]_NULL 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Ten_MC of_IO eleven_MC 
tunnels_NN2 on_II a_AT1 section_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE {_NULL 
NIMT_NN1 }_NULL railway_NN1 were_VBDR too_RG small_JJ for_IF the_AT 
proposed_JJ electric_JJ locomotives_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT problem_NN1 was_VBDZ resolved_VVN by_II lowering_VVG the_AT 
track_NN1 in_II five_MC tunnels_NN2 ,_, by_II passing_VVG four_MC ,_, and_CC 
daylighting_VVG one_MC1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT first_MD 85_MC of_IO the_AT 200_MC or_CC so_RR 
tunnels_NN2 built_VVN for_IF {_NULL NZR_NP }_NULL were_VBDR of_IO very_RG 
small_JJ section_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 have_VH0 severely_RR limited_VVN the_AT loading_JJ 
gauge_NN1 ever_RR since_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Over_II the_AT years_NNT2 ,_, many_DA2 of_IO the_AT small_JJ 
tunnels_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN eliminated_VVN by_II line_NN1 closures_NN2 or_CC 
deviations_NN2 ,_, and_CC some_RR have_VH0 been_VBN daylighted_VVN or_CC 
enlarged_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL After_II completion_NN1 of_IO the_AT electrification_NN1 works_VVZ 
so_RG few_DA2 of_IO the_AT small_JJ tunnels_NN2 remain_VV0 on_II the_AT 
principal_JJ lines_NN2 that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ becoming_VVG increasingly_RR 
viable_JJ for_IF {_NULL NZR_NP }_NULL to_TO enlarge_VVI or_CC eliminate_VVI 
them_PPHO2 all_DB and_CC then_RT increase_VV0 its_APPGE effective_JJ 
loading_JJ gauge_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT paper_NN1 outlines_VVZ the_AT development_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT {_NULL NZR_NP }_NULL network_NN1 and_CC describes_VVZ the_AT tunnel_NN1 
size_NN1 problem_NN1 ,_, with_IW particular_JJ reference_NN1 to_II 
enlarging_VVG tunnel_NN1 sections_NN2 by_II track_NN1 lowering_VVG ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *3_NULL INTRODUCTION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II December_NPM1 1981_MC Government_NNJ 
approval_NN1 was_VBDZ given_VVN to_TO electrify_VVI a_AT1 408_MC 
kilometre_NNU1 section_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE North_NP Island_NP1 
Main_JJ Trunk_NN1 Railway_NN1 (_( {_NULL NIMT_NN1 }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Work_NN1 began_VVD soon_RR after_CS ,_, and_CC is_VBZ scheduled_VVN 
for_IF completion_NN1 in_II mid_NN1 1988_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT viability_NN1 of_IO the_AT project_NN1 depended_VVD on_II 
the_AT greater_JJR ability_NN1 of_IO electric_JJ locomotives_NN2 to_TO 
haul_VVI heavy_JJ trains_NN2 up_II the_AT steeper_JJR gradients_NN2 at_II 
higher_JJR speeds_NN2 than_CSN the_AT diesel_JJ electric_JJ locomotives_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Hence_RR the_AT electric_JJ locomotives_NN2 had_VHD to_TO be_VBI 
both_RR heavy_JJ and_CC powerful_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE adhesive_JJ weight_NN1 and_CC maximum_JJ axle_NN1 
weight_NN1 were_VBDR limited_VVN by_II the_AT strength_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
track_NN1 and_CC bridges_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE size_NN1 was_VBDZ limited_VVN by_II the_AT tunnels_NN2 
on_II the_AT route_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ had_VHD to_TO accommodate_VVI not_XX 
only_RR the_AT locomotives_NN2 but_CCB also_RR the_AT overhead_JJ electric_JJ 
traction_NN1 wire_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE power_NN1 was_VBDZ limited_VVN by_II the_AT space_NN1 
for_IF axle_NN1 hung_VVD traction_NN1 motors_NN2 between_II the_AT wheels_NN2 
on_II the_AT 1067_MC \_NULL mm_NNU track_NN1 gauge_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Investigations_NN2 had_VHD shown_VVN that_DD1 of_IO all_DB 
the_AT technical_JJ constraints_NN2 ,_, the_AT small_JJ tunnel_NN1 size_NN1 
was_VBDZ the_AT most_RGT severe_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Locomotives_NN2 of_IO sufficient_JJ power_NN1 could_VM be_VBI 
built_VVN within_II the_AT weight_NN1 limitations_NN2 but_CCB not_XX within_II 
the_AT size_NN1 limitation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT approved_JJ project_NN1 therefore_RR included_VVD 
deviating_VVG the_AT track_NN1 around_RG four_MC of_IO the_AT restrictive_JJ 
tunnels_NN2 ,_, daylighting_VVG one_MC1 (_( {_NULL i.e._REX }_NULL opening_VVG 
it_PPH1 out_RP into_II a_AT1 cutting_NN1 )_) and_CC increasing_VVG their_APPGE 
effective_JJ size_NN1 by_II lowering_VVG the_AT track_NN1 in_II five_MC 
more_DAR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Only_RR one_MC1 of_IO the_AT eleven_MC tunnels_NN2 on_II the_AT 
section_NN1 of_IO the_AT line_NN1 concerned_JJ was_VBDZ large_JJ enough_RR 
without_IW change_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 second_NNT1 potential_JJ benefit_NN1 
from_II the_AT electrification_NN1 tunnel_NN1 work_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 could_VM now_RT carry_VVI larger_JJR wagons_NN2 as_CC31 
well_CC32 as_CC33 larger_JJR locomotives_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_IW relatively_RR little_RR further_RRR work_VV0 ,_, all_DB 
remaining_JJ small_JJ tunnels_NN2 on_II the_AT principal_NN1 {_NULL NZR_NP 
}_NULL routes_NN2 could_VM also_RR be_VBI enlarged_VVN or_CC eliminated_VVD 
._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 would_VM then_RT be_VBI possible_JJ for_IF wagons_NN2 with_IW 
up_II21 to_II22 25%_NNU greater_JJR cubic_JJ capacity_NN1 to_TO run_VVI on_II 
all_DB principal_JJ routes_NN2 and_CC most_RGT secondary_JJ and_CC minor_JJ 
routes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT resulting_JJ commercial_JJ benefit_NN1 would_VM be_VBI 
substantial_JJ ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 2_MC ._. 

^ *<_NULL *3_NULL THE_AT NEW_NP ZEALAND_NP1 RAILWAY_NN1 NETWORK_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 long_JJ ,_, narrow_JJ 
mountainous_JJ country_NN1 divided_VVN by_II Cook_NP Strait_NNL1 into_II 
two_MC main_JJ islands_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT pioneer_NN1 railway_NN1 builders_NN2 had_VHD to_TO 
overcome_VVI many_DA2 problems_NN2 to_TO construct_VVI the_AT original_JJ 
5700_MC route_VV0 kilometre_NNU1 network_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_II many_DA2 of_IO these_DD2 problems_NN2 ,_, the_AT cheapest_JJT 
answer_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 tunnel_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Today_RT ,_, the_AT network_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN reduced_VVN to_RP 
about_RG 4,200_MC route_NN1 \_NULL km_NNU ,_, but_CCB about_RG 160_MC of_IO 
the_AT original_JJ 200_MC or_CC so_RR tunnels_VVZ still_RR remain_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD seventeen_MC of_IO these_DD2 tunnels_NN2 are_VBR over_II 
one_MC1 \_NULL km_NNU long_JJ ;_; three_MC are_VBR over_RG 8_MC \_NULL km_NNU 
long_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_II21 of_II22 the_AT weak_JJ soils_NN2 through_II which_DDQ 
they_PPHS2 were_VBDR driven_VVN ,_, most_DAT {_NULL NZR_NP }_NULL tunnels_NN2 
are_VBR fully_RR lined_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Almost_RR all_DB of_IO the_AT network_NN1 was_VBDZ built_VVN 
after_II 1870_MC ,_, to_II standards_NN2 laid_VVD down_RP by_II the_AT New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 Government_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF the_AT first_MD thirty_MC years_NNT2 ,_, the_AT standards_NN2 
under_II the_AT policies_NN2 of_IO Sir_NNB Julius_NP1 Vogel_NP1 were_VBDR 
simple_JJ and_CC austere_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT single_JJ track_NN1 main_JJ lines_NN2 were_VBDR laid_VVN to_II 
a_AT1 gauge_NN1 of_IO 3_MC *?_NULL 7_MC -_- 6_MC *?_NULL 8_MC (_( 1067_MC 
\_NULL mm_NNU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Earthworks_NN2 were_VBDR minimised_VVN by_II steep_JJ grades_NN2 ,_, 
sharp_JJ curves_NN2 ,_, and_CC narrow_JJ formation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT tunnels_NN2 were_VBDR generally_RR about_RG 14_MC *?_NULL 7_MC 
-_- 0_MC *?_NULL 8_MC (_( say_NN1 4300_MC \_NULL mm_NNU )_) high_JJ above_II 
rail_NN1 level_NN1 ,_, and_CC 12_MC *?_NULL 7_MC -_- 6_MC *?_NULL 8_MC (_( 
say_NN1 3800_MC \_NULL mm_NNU )_) wide_JJ ,_, to_TO accommodate_VVI a_AT1 
loading_JJ gauge_NN1 11_MC *?_NULL 7_MC -_- 6_MC *?_NULL 8_MC (_( 3505_MC 
\_NULL mm_NNU )_) high_JJ by_II 8_MC *?_NULL 7_MC -_- 0_MC *?_NULL 8_MC (_( 
2438_MC \_NULL mm_NNU )_) wide_JJ ,_, with_IW chamfered_JJ upper_JJ 
corners_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT six_MC smallest_JJT tunnels_NN2 of_IO the_AT {_NULL NIMT_NN1 
}_NULL electrification_NN1 section_NN1 were_VBDR built_VVN to_II the_AT 
standards_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 era_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL By_II the_AT turn_NN1 of_IO the_AT century_NNT1 ,_, the_AT 
transport_NN1 demands_NN2 of_IO the_AT developing_JJ colony_NN1 could_VM 
not_XX be_VBI satisfied_VVN by_II the_AT Vogel_NP1 network_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 second_MD period_NN1 of_IO railway_NN1 construction_NN1 
began_VVD about_RG 1901_MC under_II the_AT direction_NN1 of_IO Ministers_NN2 
of_IO Railways_NN2 Ward_NP1 and_CC Cadman_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT new_JJ lines_NN2 were_VBDR laid_VVN in_II heavier_JJR 
rail_NN1 to_TO carry_VVI the_AT bigger_JJR ,_, more_RGR powerful_JJ 
locomotives_NN2 required_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL But_CCB the_AT heat_NN1 and_CC smoke_NN1 from_II these_DD2 ,_, and_CC 
from_II the_AT even_RR larger_JJR locomotives_NN2 that_CST followed_VVD ,_, 
made_VVD working_VVG and_CC travelling_JJ conditions_NN2 in_II the_AT 
Vogel_NP1 tunnels_VVZ very_RG unpleasant_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO improve_VVI ventilation_NN1 ,_, tunnels_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
Ward-Cadman_NP1 era_NN1 were_VBDR typically_RR constructed_VVN 15_MC *?_NULL 
7_MC -_- 2_MC *?_NULL 8_MC (_( about_RG 4630_MC \_NULL mm_NNU )_) high_JJ 
by_II 14_MC *?_NULL 7_MC -_- 10_MC *?_NULL 8_MC (_( about_RG 4530_MC \_NULL 
mm_NNU )_) wide_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Figure_NN1 1_MC1 compares_VVZ the_AT typical_JJ Vogel_NP1 and_CC 
Ward-Cadman_NP1 tunnel_NN1 sections_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 also_RR shows_VVZ the_AT standard_NN1 1870_MC loading_JJ 
gauge_NN1 which_DDQ was_VBDZ retained_VVN until_II 1974_MC ,_, even_CS21 
though_CS22 the_AT larger_JJR tunnels_NN2 would_VM pass_VVI rolling_VVG 
stock_NN1 of_IO greater_JJR dimensions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_CS21 when_CS22 metricated_VVN in_II 1974_MC ,_, the_AT 
loading_JJ gauge_NN1 was_VBDZ only_RR slightly_RR increased_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT remaining_JJ Vogel_NP1 section_NN1 tunnels_NN2 continued_VVD 
to_TO dominate_VVI the_AT maximum_JJ practicable_JJ size_NN1 of_IO all_DB 
rolling_JJ stock_NN1 with_IW universal_JJ running_JJ rights_NN2 on_II the_AT 
{_NULL NZR_NP }_NULL network_VV0 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Figure_NN1 1_MC1 also_RR shows_VVZ the_AT profile_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT Porotarao_NP1 tunnel_NN1 ,_, completed_VVN in_II 1980_MC ,_, and_CC 
a_AT1 possible_JJ new_JJ loading_JJ gauge_NN1 currently_RR under_II 
consideration_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *3_NULL THE_AT NORTH_ND1 ISLAND_NN1 
MAIN_JJ TRUNK_NN1 TUNNELS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT 680_MC \_NULL km_NNU {_NULL NIMT_NN1 }_NULL 
is_VBZ the_AT network_NN1 's_GE busiest_JJT freight_NN1 route_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 joins_VVZ the_AT capital_NN1 city_NN1 of_IO Wellington_NP1 
with_IW New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE largest_JJT city_NN1 ,_, Auckland_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Much_DA1 of_IO the_AT route_NN1 is_VBZ mountainous_JJ and_CC it_PPH1 
includes_VVZ three_MC summits_NN2 higher_JJR than_CSN 800_MC \_NULL m_NNU 
above_II sea_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ruling_JJ grades_NN2 are_VBR 1_MC1 in_II 50_MC uncompensated_JJ ,_, 
and_CC the_AT sharpest_JJT curves_NN2 are_VBR of_IO 150_MC \_NULL m_NNU 
radius_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT 408_MC \_NULL km_NNU electrification_NN1 section_NN1 
between_II the_AT cities_NN2 of_IO Palmerston_NP1 North_NP1 and_CC 
Hamilton_NP1 includes_VVZ the_AT most_RGT mountainous_JJ country_NN1 and_CC 
the_AT steepest_JJT grades_NN2 on_II the_AT route_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Figure_NN1 2_MC shows_VVZ the_AT location_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
tunnels_NN2 within_II the_AT electrification_NN1 section_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
{_NULL NIMT_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Most_DAT of_IO the_AT line_NN1 was_VBDZ constructed_VVN in_II 
the_AT pioneer_NN1 period_NN1 of_IO railway_NN1 building_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX were_VBDR originally_RR 33_MC tunnels_NN2 on_II the_AT 
route_NN1 ,_, 29_MC to_II Vogel_NP1 standards_NN2 and_CC 4_MC larger_JJR ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR by_II 1981_MC ,_, in_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO separate_JJ 
route_NN1 improvement_NN1 projects_NN2 ,_, 18_MC of_IO the_AT small_JJ 
tunnels_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN eliminated_VVN and_CC 4_MC larger_JJR tunnels_NN2 
constructed_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL During_II electrification_NN1 works_VVZ ,_, 4_MC more_RGR small_JJ 
tunnels_NN2 and_CC one_MC1 of_IO the_AT original_JJ larger_JJR tunnels_NN2 
were_VBDR eliminated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR now_RT only_RR 7_MC smaller_JJR tunnels_NN2 (_( 
of_IO which_DDQ two_MC have_VH0 been_VBN enlarged_VVN )_) and_CC 7_MC 
larger_JJR tunnels_NN2 remaining_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT five_MC small_JJ restrictive_JJ tunnels_NN2 are_VBR 
located_VVN near_II Paekakariki_NP1 ,_, some_DD 40_MC \_NULL km_NNU north_ND1 
of_IO Wellington_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Table_NN1 *=_NULL I_ZZ1 lists_VVZ the_AT tunnels_NN2 
remaining_VVG in_II 1981_MC between_II Palmerston_NP1 North_NP1 and_CC 
Hamilton_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 shows_VVZ which_DDQ tunnels_NN2 were_VBDR of_IO 
insufficient_JJ size_NN1 for_IF electrification_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT 
action_NN1 taken_VVN to_TO improve_VVI them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT surface_NN1 rocks_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT central_JJ North_NP Island_NP1 are_VBR generally_RR tertiary_JJ 
marine_JJ sediments_NN2 (_( papa_NN1 )_) overlaid_VVD on_II the_AT volcanic_JJ 
plateau_NN1 by_II volcanic_JJ deposits_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Tunnels_NN2 \_NULL T15_FU ,_, \_NULL T16_FU and_CC \_NULL T17_FU 
were_VBDR driven_VVN through_II volcanic_JJ materials_NN2 ,_, but_CCB 
tunnels_NN2 \_NULL T8_FU ,_, \_NULL T9_FU ,_, \_NULL T10_FU ,_, \_NULL T11_FU 
,_, \_NULL T12_FU ,_, \_NULL T13_FU ,_, \_NULL T14_FU and_CC \_NULL T18_FU 
were_VBDR constructed_VVN in_II mudstones_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II all_DB cases_NN2 the_AT tunnels_NN2 were_VBDR fully_RR 
lined_VVN ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 4_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *3_NULL LOCOMOTIVE_NN1 SPECIFICATION_NN1 
*>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL International_JJ tenders_NN2 were_VBDR invited_VVN 
for_IF the_AT supply_NN1 of_IO locomotives_NN2 for_IF the_AT project_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT specification_NN1 called_VVN for_IF a_AT1 six_MC axled_JJ 
locomotive_NN1 of_IO maximum_JJ mass_NN1 108_MC tonnes_NNU2 ,_, in_II 
either_RR Bo-Bo-Bo_NP1 or_CC Co-Co_NP1 configuration_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT main_JJ physical_JJ dimensions_NN2 had_VHD to_TO be_VBI 
contained_VVN within_II the_AT limits_NN2 shown_VVN in_II Figure_NN1 3_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 Railways_NN2 developed_VVD the_AT 
specification_NN1 from_II a_AT1 knowledge_NN1 of_IO locomotives_NN2 that_CST 
were_VBDR commercially_RR available_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Maximum_JJ dimensions_NN2 were_VBDR estimated_VVN from_II 
preliminary_JJ reports_NN2 on_II the_AT tunnels_NN2 ,_, using_VVG the_AT 
clearance_NN1 standards_NN2 described_VVD later_RRR in_II this_DD1 paper_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT event_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 tender_JJ for_IF the_AT 
supply_NN1 of_IO 22_MC locomotives_NN2 was_VBDZ let_VVN to_II Brush_NN1 
Electric_JJ Machines_NN2 \_NULL Ltd_JJ ,_, of_IO England_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Their_APPGE design_NN1 complied_VVD with_IW the_AT specified_JJ 
maximum_JJ height_NN1 of_IO 3950_MC \_NULL mm_NNU ,_, but_CCB some_DD minor_JJ 
and_CC acceptable_JJ changes_NN2 to_II non-critical_JJ dimensions_NN2 
were_VBDR negotiated_VVN ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 5_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *3_NULL CLEARANCE_NP1 STANDARDS_NN2 
*>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT annular_JJ space_NN1 (_( or_CC clearance_NN1 
)_) between_II rolling_VVG stock_NN1 and_CC the_AT interior_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
tunnel_NN1 provides_VVZ more_DAR than_CSN just_RR mechanical_JJ separation_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II tunnels_NN2 with_IW traction_NN1 overhead_JJ wires_NN2 ,_, 
it_PPH1 gives_VVZ electrical_JJ insulation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_CS steam_NN1 or_CC diesel_JJ powered_JJ locomotives_NN2 
operate_VV0 the_AT space_NN1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ for_IF ventilation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II some_DD circumstances_NN2 ,_, the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO 
sudden_JJ pressure_NN1 rise_NN1 from_II high_JJ speed_NN1 entry_NN1 ,_, may_VM 
also_RR be_VBI relevant_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT {_NULL NIMT_NN1 }_NULL tunnels_NN2 were_VBDR of_IO adequate_JJ 
size_NN1 for_IF the_AT existing_JJ locomotives_NN2 and_CC rolling_VVG 
stock_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO determine_VVI the_AT maximum_JJ size_NN1 of_IO electric_JJ 
loco_NN1 that_CST could_VM operate_VVI in_II the_AT existing_JJ or_CC 
enlarged_JJ tunnels_NN2 it_PPH1 was_VBDZ necessary_JJ to_TO redefine_VVI 
the_AT minimum_JJ acceptable_JJ clearance_NN1 standards_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 had_VHD to_TO include_VVI sufficient_JJ allowance_NN1 
for_IF all_DB likely_JJ intrusions_NN2 into_II the_AT theoretical_JJ 
clearance_NN1 space_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT chief_JJ sources_NN2 of_IO clearance_NN1 intrusions_NN2 
are_VBR dynamic_JJ movements_NN2 of_IO the_AT rolling_JJ stock_NN1 ,_, 
track_NN1 imperfections_NN2 ,_, tunnel_NN1 lining_VVG irregularities_NN2 ,_, 
and_CC rolling_VVG stock_NN1 profile_NN1 infringements_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
nominal_JJ loading_JJ gauge_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL While_CS it_PPH1 is_VBZ relatively_RR easy_JJ to_TO define_VVI 
and_CC measure_VV0 the_AT profile_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 locomotive_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 
is_VBZ more_RGR difficult_JJ to_TO define_VVI and_CC measure_VVI the_AT 
geometry_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 long_JJ tunnel_NN1 interior_NN1 ,_, especially_RR 
if_CS the_AT tunnel_NN1 is_VBZ unlined_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT {_NULL NIMT_NN1 }_NULL tunnels_NN2 present_VV0 typical_JJ 
problems_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 extend_VV0 over_RP several_DA2 kilometres_NNU2 ,_, some_DD 
are_VBR on_II single_JJ track_NN1 and_CC some_DD on_II double_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
while_CS most_DAT are_VBR on_II straight_JJ track_NN1 ,_, some_DD are_VBR 
on_II curves_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Usual_JJ practice_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO plot_VVI a_AT1 composite_JJ 
profile_NN1 of_IO the_AT least_DAT dimensions_NN2 of_IO all_DB tunnels_NN2 
on_II a_AT1 route_NN1 ,_, relative_II21 to_II22 the_AT existing_JJ track_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Where_CS the_AT track_NN1 is_VBZ curved_VVN ,_, a_AT1 correction_NN1 
is_VBZ made_VVN for_IF versine_NN1 and_CC end_NN1 throw_NN1 effects_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT past_NN1 ,_, least_DAT dimensions_NN2 were_VBDR 
measured_VVN using_VVG a_AT1 wagon_NN1 mounted_VVD frame_NN1 hauled_VVD 
through_II tunnels_NN2 at_II slow_JJ speed_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ductile_JJ lead_NN1 fingers_NN2 attached_VVD to_II the_AT frame_NN1 
contacted_VVD the_AT lining_NN1 and_CC bent_VVN to_II the_AT least_DAT 
dimension_NN1 they_PPHS2 encountered_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL More_RGR recently_RR a_AT1 video_JJ camera_NN1 mounted_VVD on_II 
a_AT1 wagon_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO record_VVI at_II frequent_JJ 
intervals_NN2 a_AT1 band_NN1 of_IO light_NN1 illuminating_VVG the_AT 
tunnel_NN1 lining_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL That_DD1 record_NN1 is_VBZ digitised_VVN and_CC can_VM then_RT be_VBI 
processed_VVN electronically_RR or_CC an_AT1 analogue_NN1 plotted_VVD ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT maximum_JJ permissible_JJ rolling_JJ stock_NN1 
profile_NN1 is_VBZ derived_VVN by_II subtracting_VVG appropriate_JJ 
horizontal_JJ and_CC vertical_JJ clearance_NN1 standards_NN2 from_II the_AT 
composite_JJ tunnel_NN1 profile_NN1 for_IF the_AT route_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Clearance_NP1 standards_NN2 must_VM allow_VVI for_IF the_AT 
inherent_JJ inaccuracies_NN2 of_IO the_AT rolling_JJ stock_NN1 and_CC 
composite_JJ tunnel_NN1 profiles_NN2 ,_, the_AT probability_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
various_JJ clearance_NN1 gap_NN1 intrusions_NN2 occurring_VVG together_RL ,_, 
and_CC the_AT consequences_NN2 of_IO mechanical_JJ (_( or_CC electrical_JJ )_) 
contact_NN1 or_CC proximity_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Through_II experience_NN1 ,_, aggregate_JJ clearance_NN1 
standards_NN2 had_VHD been_VBN determined_VVN for_IF rolling_VVG stock_NN1 
with_IW traditional_JJ suspensions_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 were_VBDR believed_VVN to_TO be_VBI excessively_RR 
conservative_JJ in_II some_DD respects_NN2 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ not_XX 
known_VVN if_CS they_PPHS2 would_VM apply_VVI to_II the_AT more_RGR 
innovative_JJ suspensions_NN2 expected_VVD to_TO be_VBI offered_VVN by_II 
some_DD locomotive_NN1 tenderers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL New_JJ standards_NN2 were_VBDR required_VVN which_DDQ included_VVD 
explicit_JJ components_NN2 for_IF dynamic_JJ body_NN1 movement_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL For_IF an_AT1 electric_JJ locomotive_NN1 of_IO 
approximately_RR rectangular_JJ profile_NN1 in_II a_AT1 tunnel_NN1 of_IO 
horseshoe_NN1 section_NN1 ,_, horizontal_JJ clearances_NN2 are_VBR critical_JJ 
at_II rail_NN1 level_NN1 ,_, loco_JJ floor_NN1 level_NN1 ,_, loco_JJ eaves_NN2 
level_JJ and_CC at_II pantograph_NN1 level_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Table_NN1 *=_NULL II_MC shows_VVZ the_AT clearance_NN1 standards_NN2 
that_CST were_VBDR set_VVN for_IF these_DD2 positions_NN2 ,_, and_CC how_RRQ 
they_PPHS2 were_VBDR derived_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 include_VV0 components_NN2 for_IF :_: |_NULL __NULL (_( 
a_ZZ1 )_) **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL track_NN1 misalignment_NN1 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL (_( b_ZZ1 )_) **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
slack_JJ track_NN1 gauge_NN1 and_CC wheel_NN1 flange_NN1 wear_NN1 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL (_( c_ZZ1 )_) **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
lateral_JJ suspension_NN1 movement_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL (_( 
d_ZZ1 )_) **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL body_NN1 roll_NN1 and_CC track_NN1 
cross_NN1 level_NN1 (_( cant_NN1 )_) error_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
|_NULL (_( e_ZZ1 )_) **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL tunnel_NN1 lining_NN1 and_CC 
locomotive_NN1 profile_NN1 error_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT relative_JJ 
importance_NN1 of_IO contact_NN1 or_CC proximity_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT 
vertical_JJ tolerance_NN1 standards_NN2 adopted_VVN were_VBDR permissible_JJ 
variations_NN2 of_IO **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT 
adopted_JJ standards_NN2 are_VBR designed_VVN to_TO give_VVI negligible_JJ 
likelihood_NN1 of_IO locomotive_NN1 body_NN1 contact_NN1 with_IW the_AT 
tunnels_NN2 ,_, but_CCB occasional_JJ *"_" flashover_NN1 **"_" from_II the_AT 
pantographs_NN2 may_VM occur_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT relatively_RR minor_JJ consequences_NN2 of_IO flashover_NN1 
are_VBR an_AT1 acceptable_JJ tradeoff_NN1 for_IF the_AT advantages_NN2 of_IO 
longer_JJR pantographs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR where_CS the_AT original_JJ Vogel_NP1 tunnels_NN2 
allowed_VVD a_AT1 horizontal_JJ clearance_NN1 of_IO 450_MC \_NULL mm_NNU 
up_II21 to_II22 man_NN1 height_NN1 above_II the_AT invert_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
new_JJ standards_NN2 of_IO 300_MC \_NULL mm_NNU would_VM reduce_VVI the_AT 
chance_NN1 of_IO survival_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 workman_NN1 accidentally_RR 
surprised_JJ by_II a_AT1 train_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO compensate_VVI ,_, the_AT spacing_NN1 of_IO manhole_NN1 
refuges_NN2 in_II tunnels_NN2 with_IW less_RR21 than_RR22 450_MC \_NULL mm_NNU 
side_NN1 clearances_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN reduced_VVN from_II a_AT1 maximum_NN1 
of_IO 111_MC \_NULL m_NNU to_II a_AT1 maximum_NN1 of_IO 38_MC \_NULL m_NNU 
at_II tunnel_NN1 centres_NN2 and_CC 20_MC \_NULL m_NNU near_II the_AT 
tunnel_NN1 portals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT hazard_NN1 is_VBZ further_RRR reduced_VVN because_CS with_IW 
modern_JJ communications_NN2 ,_, the_AT risk_NN1 of_IO staff_NN being_VBG 
surprised_VVN by_II a_AT1 train_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN virtually_RR 
eliminated_VVN ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 6_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *3_NULL ALTERNATIVES_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Although_CS the_AT final_JJ decisions_NN2 were_VBDR to_TO 
improve_VVI the_AT restrictive_JJ tunnels_NN2 by_II lowering_VVG the_AT 
track_NN1 in_II five_MC ,_, by_II passing_VVG four_MC and_CC daylighting_VVG 
one_MC1 ,_, in_II most_DAT cases_NN2 there_EX were_VBDR technical_JJ 
alternatives_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *#_NULL **[_NULL 366+TEXT+J72_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Much_DA1 of_IO this_DD1 early_JJ growth_NN1 was_VBDZ 
further_RRR stimulated_VVN by_II the_AT oil_NN1 price_NN1 hike_NN1 that_CST 
occurred_VVD in_RP late_RR 1973_MC ,_, which_DDQ consequently_RR heightened_JJ 
public_NN and_CC scientific_JJ awareness_NN1 of_IO the_AT vital_JJ role_NN1 
of_IO energy_NN1 in_II economic_JJ processes_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL From_II this_DD1 early_JJ work_NN1 ,_, emerged_VVD an_AT1 
obvious_JJ requirement_NN1 to_TO establish_VVI conventions_NN2 ,_, methods_NN2 
and_CC techniques_NN2 ;_; and_CC to_TO standardise_VVI terminologies_NN2 
used_VVN in_II {_NULL EA_NP }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1974_MC ,_, the_AT {_NULL I.F.I.A.S._NP1 }_NULL (_( 1974_MC )_) 
,_, held_VVD a_AT1 workshop_NN1 attended_VVD by_II many_DA2 of_IO the_AT 
early_JJ workers_NN2 in_II the_AT field_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ aimed_VVD to_TO 
fulfill_VVI this_DD1 requirement_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 workshop_NN1 recommended_VVD a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO 
conventions_NN2 and_CC methodologies_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ have_VH0 since_RR 
been_VBN used_VVN quite_RG widely_RR ,_, although_CS far_RR from_II 
universally_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II this_DD1 time_NNT1 ,_, {_NULL EA_NP }_NULL studies_NN2 
continued_VVD to_TO proliferate_VVI in_II the_AT scientific_JJ literature_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 of_IO the_AT more_RGR influential_JJ articles_NN2 were_VBDR 
published_VVN in_II the_AT journal_NN1 *"_" Energy_NN1 Policy_NN1 **"_" (_( 
Chapman_NP1 ,_, 1974_MC ;_; Chapman_NP1 ,_, Leach_NP1 and_CC Slesser_NP1 ,_, 
1974_MC ;_; Wright_NP1 ,_, 1974_MC ;_; Chapman_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC ;_; Berry_NP1 
,_, Long_RR and_CC Makino_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC )_) ,_, with_IW the_AT entire_JJ 
issue_NN1 of_IO the_AT December_NPM1 1975_MC journal_NN1 being_VBG devoted_JJ 
to_TO {_NULL EA_NP }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 papers_NN2 covered_VVD a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO 
subjects_NN2 including_II energy_NN1 analyses_NN2 of_IO chemicals_NN2 ,_, 
materials_NN2 and_CC energy_NN1 production_NN1 ,_, and_CC addressed_VVD the_AT 
methodological_JJ issues_NN2 facing_VVG {_NULL EA_NP }_NULL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Other_JJ important_JJ articles_NN2 ,_, covered_VVD new_JJ 
areas_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT energy_NN1 requirements_NN2 of_IO 
packaging_VVG (_( Bousted_JJ ,_, 1974_MC )_) and_CC nuclear_JJ power_NN1 
stations_NN2 (_( Chapman_NP1 and_CC Mortimer_NP1 ,_, 1974_MC )_) ;_; as_CC31 
well_CC32 as_CC33 further_JJR studies_NN2 of_IO agro-food_JJ systems_NN2 (_( 
Steinhart_NP1 and_CC Steinhart_NP1 ;_; 1974_MC ,_, Leach_NP1 ,_, 1976_MC )_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1976_MC ,_, {_NULL H.T._NN1 }_NULL and_CC {_NULL E.C._NP1 
}_NULL Odum_NP1 published_VVD their_APPGE second_MD book_NN1 in_II this_DD1 
field_NN1 ,_, entitled_JJ *"_" Energy_NN1 Basis_NN1 for_IF Man_NP1 and_CC 
Nature_NN1 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 book_NN1 (_( Odum_NP1 and_CC Odum_NP1 ,_, 1976_MC )_) 
further_VV0 expanded_VVN upon_II and_CC clarified_JJ concepts_NN2 first_MD 
developed_VVN in_II 1971_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS this_DD1 book_NN1 again_RT had_VHD quite_RR an_AT1 
influential_JJ effect_NN1 on_II {_NULL EA_NP }_NULL ,_, the_AT growth_NN1 
of_IO {_NULL EA_NP }_NULL consolidated_VVD further_RRR both_RR in_II31 
terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT volume_NN1 of_IO literature_NN1 produced_VVD ,_, 
and_CC in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO new_JJ 
concepts_NN2 and_CC methodologies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST many_DA2 
of_IO the_AT original_JJ controversies_NN2 over_II methodology_NN1 and_CC 
the_AT application_NN1 of_IO {_NULL EA_NP }_NULL ,_, still_RR exist_VV0 and_CC 
are_VBR yet_RR to_TO be_VBI resolved_VVN ._. 

^ *<_NULL 1.1.3_MC *1_NULL Methodological_JJ Approaches_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Several_DA2 methodological_JJ approaches_NN2 have_VH0 
emerged_VVN over_II the_AT last_MD decade_NNT1 :_: |_NULL (_( 1_MC1 )_) ^_NULL 
*1_NULL Process_NN1 Analysis_NN1 ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ probably_RR 
the_AT most_RGT commonly_RR used_JJ method_NN1 in_II {_NULL EA_NP }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT main_JJ aim_NN1 of_IO the_AT analysis_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO 
calculate_VVI the_AT total_JJ energy_NN1 requirement_NN1 for_IF producing_VVG 
a_AT1 product_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT first_MD stage_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO identify_VVI all_DB the_AT 
inputs_NN2 (_( direct_JJ and_CC indirect_JJ )_) required_VVD to_TO produce_VVI 
a_AT1 product_NN1 *-_- this_DD1 is_VBZ sometimes_RT done_VDN by_II31 way_II32 
of_II33 using_VVG the_AT flow_NN1 diagram_NN1 symbols_NN2 recommended_VVN 
by_II the_AT {_NULL I.F.I.A.S._NP1 }_NULL (_( 1974_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT second_MD stage_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO assign_VVI energy_NN1 
values_NN2 to_II each_DD1 input_NN1 ,_, so_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 can_VM 
be_VBI summed_VVN so_BCL21 as_BCL22 to_TO determine_VVI the_AT total_JJ 
energy_NN1 requirement_NN1 of_IO the_AT product_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 method_NN1 is_VBZ generally_RR accepted_VVN to_TO be_VBI 
the_AT most_RGT accurate_JJ method_NN1 of_IO determining_VVG the_AT Energy_NN1 
Requirement_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 product_NN1 or_CC process_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, the_AT partitioning_JJ problem_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR 
encountered_VVN when_CS using_VVG Process_NN1 Analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT partitioning_JJ problem_NN1 refers_VVZ to_II the_AT 
problem_NN1 of_IO allocating_VVG one_MC1 energy_NN1 input_NN1 ,_, to_II 
several_DA2 outputs_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 process_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Problems_NN2 can_VM also_RR be_VBI encountered_VVN in_II 
obtaining_VVG data_NN which_DDQ is_VBZ representative_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
processes_NN2 involved_VVD *-_- that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, a_AT1 sampling_JJ 
problem_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR encountered_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL (_( 2_MC )_) ^_NULL *1_NULL Input-Output_NN1 Analysis_NN1 ^_NULL 
*0_NULL Input-Output_NN1 (_( {_NULL I-O_NN1 }_NULL )_) tables_NN2 are_VBR 
used_VVN to_TO determine_VVI the_AT total_JJ energy_NN1 requirements_NN2 (_( 
\_NULL MJ_NP )_) ,_, per_II unit_NN1 output_NN1 (_( *+_NULL $_NN )_) of_IO 
any_DD sector_NN1 in_II the_AT economy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Since_CS {_NULL I-O_NN1 }_NULL tables_NN2 are_VBR available_JJ in_II 
almost_RR all_DB countries_NN2 ,_, the_AT method_NN1 is_VBZ widely_RR 
applicable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, there_EX are_VBR many_DA2 problems_NN2 and_CC 
limitations_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW {_NULL I-0_JJ }_NULL analysis_NN1 :_: 
(_( a_ZZ1 )_) ^_NULL There_EX is_VBZ quite_RR a_AT1 substantial_JJ time_NNT1 
delay_NN1 ,_, from_II the_AT time_NNT1 of_IO the_AT survey_NN1 to_II the_AT 
time_NNT1 the_AT tables_NN2 are_VBR published_VVN (_( often_RR 5-10_MCMC 
years_NNT2 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL During_II this_DD1 time_NNT1 many_DA2 technical_JJ and_CC economic_JJ 
factors_NN2 could_VM have_VHI changed_VVN the_AT coefficient_NN1 in_II the_AT 
{_NULL I-O_NN1 }_NULL matrix_NN1 ._. 

^ (_( b_ZZ1 )_) ^_NULL The_AT outputs_NN2 (_( *+_NULL $_NN )_) of_IO many_DA2 
sectors_NN2 are_VBR often_RR very_RG heterogeneous_JJ ,_, so_RG therefore_RR 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO identify_VVI exactly_RR what_DDQ the_AT 
output_NN1 is_VBZ ,_, and_CC attribute_VV0 an_AT1 energy_NN1 requirement_NN1 
per_II unit_NN1 of_IO product_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II reality_NN1 there_EX is_VBZ often_RR a_AT1 quite_RG 
substantial_JJ variation_NN1 in_II the_AT energy_NN1 requirements_NN2 of_IO 
different_JJ products_NN2 produced_VVN by_II the_AT same_DA industry_NN1 ,_, 
but_CCB {_NULL I-O_NN1 }_NULL analysis_NN1 assumes_VVZ these_DD2 energy_NN1 
requirements_NN2 to_TO be_VBI the_AT same_DA ._. 

^ (_( c_ZZ1 )_) ^_NULL Difficulties_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR not_XX 
insurmountable_JJ ,_, are_VBR often_RR encountered_VVN in_II dealing_VVG 
with_IW imported_JJ commodities_NN2 ,_, as_CSA no_AT energy_NN1 
coefficients_NN2 are_VBR available_JJ for_IF these_DD2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT main_JJ advantage_NN1 of_IO {_NULL I-O_NN1 }_NULL analysis_NN1 
,_, is_VBZ its_APPGE systems_NN2 approach_VV0 ,_, which_DDQ makes_VVZ it_PPH1 
useful_JJ in_II macro-systems_NN2 studies_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL (_( 3_MC )_) ^_NULL *1_NULL Thermodynamic_JJ Analyses_NN2 ^_NULL 
*0_NULL These_DD2 sets_NN2 of_IO methods_NN2 include_VV0 Second_MD Law_NN1 
Analysis_NN1 (_( Connolly_NP1 and_CC Spraul_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC )_) ,_, 
Availability_NP1 Analysis_NN1 (_( Sussman_NP1 ,_, 1977_MC )_) ,_, and_CC 
Energy_NN1 Analysis_NN1 (_( Ahern_NP1 ,_, 1980_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB these_DD2 methods_NN2 aim_VV0 to_TO examine_VVI the_AT 
thermodynamic_JJ efficiencies_NN2 and_CC limits_VVZ to_II processes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 analyses_NN2 tend_VV0 to_TO focus_VVI on_II theoretical_JJ 
rather_II21 than_II22 actual_JJ energy_NN1 requirements_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
therefore_RR often_RR provide_VV0 insights_NN2 to_II future_JJ energy_NN1 
requirements_NN2 and_CC the_AT development_NN1 of_IO technology_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT major_JJ problem_NN1 with_IW these_DD2 methods_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ 
that_DD1 they_PPHS2 lack_VV0 applicability_NN1 to_II larger_JJR scale_NN1 
problems_NN2 ,_, and_CC often_RR because_II21 of_II22 the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO 
data_NN can_VM only_RR be_VBI applied_VVN to_II small_JJ scale_NN1 ,_, 
narrowly_RR defined_JJ problems_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Georgescu-Roegen_NP1 (_( 1971_MC )_) has_VHZ ,_, nevertheless_RR ,_, 
provided_CS theoretical_JJ thermodynamic_JJ constructs_NN2 for_IF larger_JJR 
scale_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, but_CCB they_PPHS2 are_VBR as_RR21 yet_RR22 to_TO 
be_VBI applied_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL (_( 4_MC )_) ^_NULL *1_NULL Eco-Energetics_NN1 ^_NULL *0_NULL 
This_DD1 refers_VVZ to_II the_AT methodological_JJ approach_NN1 used_VVN by_II 
Odum_NP1 and_CC Odum_NP1 (_( 1976_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ based_VVN on_II ecological_JJ systems_NN2 
modelling_VVG ,_, which_DDQ uses_VVZ a_AT1 circuit_NN1 language_NN1 to_TO 
describe_VVI energy_NN1 flows_VVZ in_II systems_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ notably_RR different_JJ from_II {_NULL I-O_NN1 }_NULL 
and_CC Process_NN1 Analysis_NN1 ,_, in_CS21 that_CS22 it_PPH1 includes_VVZ 
energy_NN1 values_NN2 for_IF solar_JJ energy_NN1 and_CC labour_NN1 ;_; and_CC 
it_PPH1 attempts_VVZ to_TO convert_VVI all_DB forms_NN2 of_IO energy_NN1 to_II 
common_JJ quality_NN1 units_NN2 (_( Fossil_NN1 Fuel_NN1 Equivalents_NN2 )_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD analysts_NN2 from_II this_DD1 school_NN1 of_IO thought_NN1 
,_, view_NN1 eco-energetics_NN1 as_II a_AT1 replacement_NN1 for_IF 
conventional_JJ economics_NN ,_, and_CC as_II the_AT basis_NN1 for_IF an_AT1 
*"_" energy_NN1 theory_NN1 of_IO value_NN1 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Understandably_NP1 ,_, this_DD1 view_NN1 has_VHZ drawn_VVN much_DA1 
criticism_NN1 from_II economists_NN2 (_( Edwards_NP1 ,_, 1976_MC )_) ,_, 
and_CC those_DD2 who_PNQS practice_VV0 the_AT other_JJ methods_NN2 of_IO 
{_NULL EA_NP }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT main_JJ advantage_NN1 of_IO Eco-energetics_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ 
its_APPGE systems_NN2 approach_VV0 which_DDQ focuses_VVZ on_II the_AT 
interdependencies_NN2 in_II and_CC between_II natural_JJ and_CC economic_JJ 
systems_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT first_MD three_MC approaches_NN2 to_II {_NULL EA_NP 
}_NULL are_VBR not_XX mutually_RR exclusive_JJ either_RR in_II theory_NN1 
or_CC in_II practice_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Process_NN1 analysis_NN1 often_RR utilizes_VVZ {_NULL I-O_NN1 }_NULL 
analyses_VVZ to_TO compute_VVI indirect_JJ inputs_NN2 or_CC at_RR21 least_RR22 
some_DD of_IO the_AT indirect_JJ inputs_NN2 (_( Bullard_NN1 *1_NULL {_NULL 
et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL 1976_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Process_NN1 Analysis_NN1 ,_, often_RR involves_VVZ elements_NN2 of_IO 
thermodynamic_JJ analysis_NN1 ,_, when_CS comparing_VVG the_AT actual_JJ 
with_IW the_AT theoretical_JJ energy_NN1 requirements_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 
process_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, Eco-energetics_NN1 has_VHZ rarely_RR ,_, if_CS ever_RR 
,_, been_VBN combined_VVN with_IW the_AT other_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO {_NULL EA_NP 
}_NULL and_CC is_VBZ often_RR singled_VVN out_RP as_CSA being_VBG *"_" 
fundamentally_RR **"_" different_JJ to_II other_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO {_NULL 
EA_NP }_NULL (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL Fluck_NP1 and_CC Baird_NP1 ,_, 1980_MC 
)_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL 1.1.4_MC *1_NULL Methodological_JJ Problems_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT following_JJ methodological_JJ problems_NN2 ,_, 
which_DDQ have_VH0 been_VBN often_RR used_VVN in_II criticism_NN1 of_IO {_NULL 
EA_NP }_NULL ,_, have_VH0 been_VBN widely_RR identified_VVN in_II the_AT 
literature_NN1 (_( {_NULL I.F.I.A.S._NP1 }_NULL ,_, 1974_MC ;_; Leach_NP1 ,_, 
1975_MC ;_; Pearson_NP1 ,_, 1977_MC )_) :_: |_NULL (_( 1_MC1 )_) ^_NULL 
*1_NULL Boundary_NN1 Problem_NN1 ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT problem_NN1 is_VBZ 
one_MC1 of_IO what_DDQ inputs_NN2 (_( and_CC sometimes_RT outputs_VVZ )_) 
should_VM be_VBI included_VVN in_II the_AT problem_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Firstly_RR ,_, what_DDQ energy_NN1 inputs_NN2 should_VM be_VBI 
included_VVN ?_? 

^ ^_NULL The_AT {_NULL I.F.I.A.S._NP1 }_NULL (_( 1974_MC )_) recommended_VVD 
,_, only_RR including_II *"_" non-renewable_JJ **"_" resources_NN2 ,_, 
although_CS this_DD1 recommendation_NN1 is_VBZ far_RR from_II universally_RR 
accepted_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Odum_NP1 and_CC Odum_NP1 (_( 1976_MC )_) ,_, and_CC others_NN2 
from_II the_AT eco-energetics_NN1 school_NN1 of_IO thought_NN1 include_VV0 
renewable_JJ resources_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 incident_NN1 solar_JJ energy_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Secondly_RR ,_, should_VM labour_VVI inputs_NN2 be_VBI included_VVN 
,_, and_CC if_CSW so_CS how_RRQ ?_? 

^ ^_NULL The_AT {_NULL I.F.I.A.S._NP1 }_NULL (_( 1974_MC )_) recommended_VVD 
,_, that_CST when_CS considering_VVG industrial_JJ or_CC developed_JJ 
systems_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ not_XX necessary_JJ to_TO include_VVI 
labour_NN1 inputs_NN2 ,_, as_CSA they_PPHS2 were_VBDR not_XX important_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, the_AT {_NULL I.F.I.A.S._NP1 }_NULL (_( 1974_MC )_) 
did_VDD recommend_VVI that_DD1 labour_NN1 inputs_NN2 be_VBI included_VVN in_II 
low_JJ intensity_NN1 agricultural_JJ systems_NN2 as_CSA in_II these_DD2 
systems_NN2 they_PPHS2 were_VBDR considered_VVN to_TO be_VBI important_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT problem_NN1 of_IO what_DDQ *"_" energy_NN1 value_NN1 **"_" 
to_TO attribute_VVI to_TO labour_VVI inputs_NN2 ,_, if_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR 
included_VVN ,_, is_VBZ difficult_JJ to_TO resolve_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT following_JJ methods_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN suggested_VVN :_: 
(_( a_ZZ1 )_) muscular_JJ energy_NN1 output_NN1 of_IO manual_JJ labour_NN1 (_( 
Makhijani_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC )_) ,_, (_( b_ZZ1 )_) total_JJ energy_NN1 
content_NN1 of_IO food_NN1 consumed_VVD ,_, sometimes_RT reduced_VVN for_IF 
the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO man-hours_NNT2 worked_VVN per_II day_NNT1 (_( 
Newcombe_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC ;_; Pimentel_NP1 ,_, \_NULL D._NP1 ,_, *1_NULL {_NULL 
et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL 1973_MC )_) ,_, (_( c_ZZ1 )_) lifestyle_NN1 support_NN1 
energy_NN1 (_( Odum_NP1 and_CC Odum_NP1 ,_, 1976_MC )_) *-_- this_DD1 has_VHZ 
the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO double_JJ counting_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW it_PPH1 
,_, (_( d_ZZ1 )_) energy_NN1 equivalent_NN1 of_IO labour_NN1 ,_, 
determined_VVN by_II examining_VVG labour_NN1 energy_NN1 substitutions_NN2 (_( 
Echiburu_NP1 ,_, 1977_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT third_MD boundary_NN1 problem_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ 
considered_VVN in_II the_AT literature_NN1 is_VBZ *-_- how_RRQ far_JJ back_NN1 
should_VM a_AT1 particular_NN1 input_VVI be_VBI traced_VVN ?_? 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, should_VM the_AT machines_NN2 that_CST 
make_VV0 the_AT machines_NN2 be_VBI included_VVN in_II the_AT analysis_NN1 ?_? 

^ |_NULL (_( 2_MC )_) ^_NULL *1_NULL Valuation_NN1 Problem_NN1 ^_NULL *0_NULL 
The_AT problem_NN1 here_RL ,_, is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO finding_VVG a_AT1 unit_NN1 
of_IO account_NN1 (_( or_CC numeraire_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Different_JJ forms_NN2 of_IO energy_NN1 have_VH0 different_JJ 
qualities_NN2 ,_, different_JJ supply_NN1 characteristics_NN2 (_( some_DD 
are_VBR flow_NN1 resources_NN2 ,_, some_DD are_VBR stock_JJ resources_NN2 )_) 
,_, different_JJ abilities_NN2 to_TO do_VDI work_NN1 ,_, different_JJ 
degrees_NN2 of_IO cleanliness_NN1 and_RR31 so_RR32 on_RR33 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD means_NN is_VBZ required_VVN to_TO equate_VVI these_DD2 
different_JJ energy_NN1 sources_NN2 ,_, particularly_RR one_PN1 which_DDQ 
takes_VVZ account_NN1 of_IO energy_NN1 quality_NN1 (_( this_DD1 is_VBZ 
often_RR referred_VVN to_II as_II the_AT energy_NN1 quality_NN1 problem_NN1 
)_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT normal_JJ means_NN of_IO measuring_VVG energy_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 
is_VBZ by_II enthalpy_NN1 (_( \_NULL DH_NP )_) or_CC heat_NN1 measurements_NN2 
,_, does_VDZ not_XX take_VVI into_II account_NN1 the_AT quality_NN1 or_CC 
grade_NN1 of_IO the_AT energy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Several_DA2 techniques_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN suggested_VVN for_IF 
overcoming_VVG the_AT energy_NN1 quality_NN1 problem_NN1 :_: Available_JJ 
Work_NN1 Analysis_NN1 ,_, Energy_NN1 Analysis_NN1 and_CC the_AT use_NN1 of_IO 
Fossil_NN1 Fuel_NN1 Equivalents_NN2 (_( {_NULL FFE_NP1 }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL None_PN of_IO these_DD2 techniques_NN2 has_VHZ gained_VVN anywhere_RL 
near_II universal_JJ acceptance_NN1 ,_, and_CC all_DB of_IO them_PPHO2 
have_VH0 problems_NN2 and_CC limitations_NN2 to_II their_APPGE use_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS {_NULL EA_NP }_NULL is_VBZ to_TO gain_VVI acceptance_NN1 as_II 
an_AT1 evaluative_JJ technique_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 fundamental_JJ 
requisite_NN1 that_CST this_DD1 valuation_NN1 problem_NN1 be_VBI resolved_VVN 
,_, particularly_RR the_AT energy_NN1 quality_NN1 element_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 
problem_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL (_( 3_MC )_) ^_NULL *1_NULL Partitioning_VVG Problem_NN1 ^_NULL 
*0_NULL This_DD1 refers_VVZ to_II the_AT problem_NN1 of_IO allocating_VVG 
one_MC1 energy_NN1 input_NN1 to_II several_DA2 (_( or_CC multiple_JJ )_) 
outputs_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 process_NN1 or_CC system_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, a_AT1 given_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO 
energy_NN1 (_( \_NULL MJ_NP )_) is_VBZ required_VVN to_TO produce_VVI 
essentially_RR 2_MC products_NN2 from_II a_AT1 sheep_NN farm_NN1 :_: wool_NN1 
(_( \_NULL kg_NNU )_) and_CC meat_NN1 (_( \_NULL kg_NNU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT problem_NN1 arises_VVZ ,_, when_CS the_AT energy_NN1 input_NN1 
(_( \_NULL MJ_NP )_) has_VHZ to_TO be_VBI allocated_VVN to_II the_AT 
outputs_NN2 (_( \_NULL kg_NNU )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT {_NULL I.F.I.A.S._NP1 }_NULL ,_, (_( 1974_MC )_) ,_, 
recommended_VVD 4_MC possible_JJ conventions_NN2 for_IF partitioning_VVG :_: 
(_( a_ZZ1 )_) assign_VV0 all_DB energy_NN1 requirements_NN2 to_II the_AT 
output_NN1 of_IO interest_NN1 (_( b_ZZ1 )_) assign_VV0 energy_NN1 
requirements_NN2 in_II31 proportion_II32 to_II33 financial_JJ value_NN1 or_CC 
payments_NN2 (_( c_ZZ1 )_) assign_VV0 energy_NN1 requirements_NN2 in_II31 
proportion_II32 to_II33 some_DD physical_JJ parameter_NN1 characterising_VVG 
the_AT system_NN1 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL weight_NN1 ,_, volume_NN1 ,_, 
energy_NN1 content_NN1 )_) (_( d_ZZ1 )_) assign_VV0 energy_NN1 
requirements_NN2 in_II31 proportion_II32 to_II33 marginal_JJ energy_NN1 
savings_NN2 which_DDQ could_VM be_VBI made_VVN if_CS the_AT good_JJ or_CC 
service_NN1 were_VBDR not_XX provided_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL All_DB these_DD2 conventions_NN2 ,_, are_VBR very_RG arbitrary_JJ ,_, 
and_CC none_PN of_IO them_PPHO2 has_VHZ gained_VVN widespread_JJ 
acceptance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Regression_NN1 analysis_NN1 has_VHZ provided_VVN a_AT1 useful_JJ 
tool_NN1 for_IF overcoming_VVG this_DD1 partitioning_NN1 (_( or_CC 
allocation_NN1 )_) problem_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT outputs_NN2 are_VBR 
produced_VVN in_II quantities_NN2 not_XX proportional_JJ to_II each_PPX221 
other_PPX222 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, Cleland_NP1 ,_, Earle_NP1 and_CC Boag_NP1 
(_( 1981_MC )_) ,_, used_JJ regression_NN1 analysis_NN1 to_TO allocate_VVI 
energy_NN1 inputs_NN2 to_II multiple_JJ products_NN2 from_II food_NN1 
factories_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS the_AT outputs_NN2 are_VBR proportional_JJ or_CC near_II 
proportional_JJ to_II each_PPX221 other_PPX222 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL 
in_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO meat_NN1 and_CC wool_NN1 production_NN1 from_II 
a_AT1 sheep_NN farm_NN1 )_) ,_, the_AT problem_NN1 is_VBZ said_VVN to_TO 
be_VBI confounded_VVN or_CC aliased_VVD ,_, and_CC can_VM not_XX be_VBI 
solved_VVN by_II regression_NN1 analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Regression_NN1 analysis_NN1 has_VHZ also_RR been_VBN used_VVN 
successfully_RR by_II others_NN2 (_( Jacobs_NP1 ,_, 1981_MC ;_; Rao_NN1 
*1_NULL {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL 1981_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST the_AT partitioning_JJ 
problem_NN1 is_VBZ less_RGR evident_JJ in_II {_NULL EA_NP }_NULL when_RRQ 
a_ZZ1 systems_NN2 modelling_VVG technique_NN1 is_VBZ used_VVN ,_, as_CSA 
systems_NN2 equations_NN2 can_VM accommodate_VVI multiple_JJ inputs_NN2 and_CC 
multiple_JJ outputs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT partitioning_JJ problem_NN1 only_RR really_RR arises_VVZ 
when_RRQ single_JJ products_NN2 are_VBR examined_VVN (_( {_NULL e.g._REX 
}_NULL in_II Process_NN1 Analysis_NN1 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Other_JJ methodological_JJ problems_NN2 arising_VVG from_II 
both_DB2 the_AT theory_NN1 and_CC practice_NN1 of_IO {_NULL EA_NP }_NULL 
have_VH0 been_VBN identified_VVN in_II the_AT literature_NN1 (_( refer_VV0 
to_II Pearson_NP1 ,_, 1977_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR less_RGR serious_JJ ,_, and_CC 
present_NN1 less_RGR fundamental_JJ criticisms_NN2 of_IO {_NULL EA_NP }_NULL 
._. 

^ *<_NULL 1.1.5_MC *1_NULL Uses_NN2 and_CC Applications_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Much_RR debate_VV0 on_II the_AT uses_NN2 and_CC 
applications_NN2 of_IO {_NULL EA_NP }_NULL has_VHZ taken_VVN place_NN1 in_II 
the_AT literature_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 {_NULL 
EA_NP }_NULL '_" s_ZZ1 relationship_NN1 with_IW Economics_NN (_( Webb_NP1 
and_CC Pearce_NP1 ,_, 1975_MC ;_; Edwards_NP1 ,_, 1976_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL However_RR ,_, there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 fairly_RR wide_JJ 
consensus_NN1 that_CST {_NULL EA_NP }_NULL has_VHZ an_AT1 important_JJ 
role_NN1 to_TO play_VVI in_II energy_NN1 conservation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 systematic_JJ {_NULL EA_NP }_NULL of_IO a_AT1 process_NN1 or_CC 
system_NN1 can_VM often_RR identify_VVI areas_NN2 of_IO inefficient_JJ 
energy_NN1 use_NN1 ,_, and_CC identify_VV0 areas_NN2 of_IO the_AT greatest_JJT 
potential_JJ savings_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ found_VVN to_TO be_VBI the_AT case_NN1 in_II the_AT 
author_NN1 's_GE systematic_JJ study_NN1 of_IO the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 
food_NN1 system_NN1 (_( Patterson_NP1 and_CC Earle_NP1 ,_, 1985_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Second_MD law_NN1 analyses_NN2 can_VM give_VVI a_AT1 particular_JJ 
insight_NN1 to_II the_AT potential_NN1 for_IF energy_NN1 conservation_NN1 *-_- 
the_AT theoretical_JJ minimum_JJ energy_NN1 requirements_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 
process_NN1 can_VM be_VBI compared_VVN with_IW the_AT actual_JJ energy_NN1 
requirements_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 minimum_JJ energy_NN1 requirements_NN2 can_VM be_VBI 
set_VVN as_CSA standards_NN2 to_TO attain_VVI both_RR in_II31 terms_II32 
of_II33 performance_NN1 and_CC design_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 367+TEXT+J73_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT most_RGT prominent_JJ feature_NN1 to_TO 
emerge_VVI from_II the_AT Brazilian_JJ tests_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT statistical_JJ 
nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT results_NN2 produced_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT specimen_NN1 tensile_JJ strengths_NN2 showed_VVD a_AT1 
reasonable_JJ correlation_NN1 with_IW the_AT specimen_NN1 dry_JJ density_NN1 
,_, such_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 could_VM be_VBI corrected_VVN to_II the_AT 
mean_JJ dry_JJ density_NN1 (_( see_VV0 \_NULL Fig._NN1 6.1.3_MC )_) ,_, 
but_CCB all_DB of_IO the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT data_NN recovered_VVD 
appeared_VVN to_TO be_VBI quite_RG random_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ evidenced_VVN by_II plotting_VVG the_AT vertical_JJ 
load_NN1 at_II failure_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 specimen_NN1 against_II the_AT 
vertical_JJ displacement_NN1 at_II failure_NN1 as_CSA shown_VVN in_II \_NULL 
Fig._NN1 8.1.1_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 graph_NN1 shows_VVZ a_AT1 considerable_JJ scatter_NN1 of_IO 
points_NN2 and_CC has_VHZ a_AT1 Pearson_NP1 correlation_NN1 coefficient_NN1 
of_IO r_ZZ1 =_FO 0.337_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Similarly_RR ,_, a_AT1 plot_NN1 of_IO specimen_NN1 failure_NN1 
load_NN1 against_II horizontal_JJ displacement_NN1 at_II failure_NN1 shows_VVZ 
a_AT1 large_JJ scatter_NN1 of_IO points_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 graph_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II \_NULL Fig._NN1 8.1.2_MC 
and_CC it_PPH1 has_VHZ a_AT1 Pearson_NP1 correlation_NN1 coefficient_NN1 of_IO 
r_ZZ1 =_FO 0.043_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Two_MC further_JJR plots_NN2 continue_VV0 to_TO show_VVI a_AT1 
lack_NN1 of_IO correlation_NN1 between_II parameters_NN2 which_DDQ may_VM 
have_VHI been_VBN expected_VVN to_TO be_VBI related_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL \_NULL Fig._NN1 8.1.3_MC shows_VVZ a_AT1 graph_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
vertical_JJ displacement_NN1 at_II failure_NN1 plotted_VVD against_II the_AT 
horizontal_JJ displacement_NN1 at_II failure_NN1 for_IF the_AT 50_MC 
specimens_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL No_AT relationship_NN1 between_II these_DD2 parameters_NN2 is_VBZ 
evidenced_VVN and_CC the_AT Pearson_NP1 correlation_NN1 coefficient_NN1 for_IF 
the_AT data_NN is_VBZ r_ZZ1 =_FO 0.100_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL \_NULL Fig._NN1 8.1.4_MC shows_VVZ a_AT1 plot_NN1 of_IO \_NULL DV_MC 
against_II \_NULL DH_NP which_DDQ again_RT shows_VVZ a_AT1 large_JJ 
scatter_NN1 of_IO points_NN2 with_IW r_ZZ1 =_FO 0.331_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Note_NN1 that_CST the_AT parameters_NN2 \_NULL DV_MC and_CC \_NULL 
DH_NP are_VBR as_CSA defined_VVN in_II \_NULL Fig._NN1 6.1.5_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT random_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT experimental_JJ observations_NN2 is_VBZ attributable_JJ to_II the_AT 
*'_" brittleness_NN1 **'_" of_IO the_AT lime-soil_JJ mixture_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II an_AT1 ideally_RR brittle_JJ material_NN1 failure_NN1 
occurs_VVZ due_II21 to_II22 the_AT propagation_NN1 of_IO cracks_NN2 while_CS 
the_AT internal_JJ stresses_NN2 of_IO the_AT specimen_NN1 are_VBR below_II 
the_AT yield_NN1 stress_NN1 of_IO the_AT material_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 implies_VVZ that_CST for_IF brittle_JJ type_NN1 
materials_NN2 ,_, deflections_NN2 are_VBR very_RG small_JJ and_CC failure_NN1 
is_VBZ sudden_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Real_JJ materials_NN2 always_RR experience_VV0 a_AT1 small_JJ 
amount_NN1 of_IO plasticity_NN1 near_II the_AT tip_NN1 of_IO the_AT crack_NN1 
which_DDQ produces_VVZ a_AT1 small_JJ amount_NN1 of_IO plastic_NN1 
deformation_NN1 and_CC helps_NN2 resist_VVI propagation_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
crack_NN1 (_( Jayatilaka_NP1 ,_, 1979_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Cracks_NN2 may_VM be_VBI caused_VVN within_II the_AT 
specimen_NN1 by_II any_DD flaws_NN2 present_VV0 in_II the_AT material_NN1 
which_DDQ cause_VV0 incompatible_JJ deformations_NN2 upon_II loading_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT specimen_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Propagation_NN1 of_IO the_AT cracks_NN2 is_VBZ perpetuated_VVN by_II 
the_AT stress_NN1 concentrations_NN2 they_PPHS2 generate_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Material_NN1 flaws_NN2 may_VM be_VBI in_II the_AT form_NN1 of_IO 
trapped_JJ air_NN1 or_CC water_NN1 ,_, or_CC any_DD inclusions_NN2 which_DDQ 
have_VH0 an_AT1 inconsistent_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO bonding_VVG with_IW the_AT 
surrounding_JJ material_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Having_VHG established_VVN that_DD1 failure_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
brittle_JJ material_NN1 is_VBZ due_II21 to_II22 the_AT presence_NN1 and_CC 
propagation_NN1 of_IO cracks_NN2 ,_, the_AT random_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
tensile_JJ testing_JJ results_NN2 is_VBZ explained_VVN by_II the_AT random_JJ 
distribution_NN1 of_IO cracks_NN2 within_II the_AT material_NN1 and_CC very_RG 
importantly_RR their_APPGE orientation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Cracks_NN2 which_DDQ occur_VV0 normal_JJ to_II a_AT1 tensile_JJ 
stress_NN1 distribution_NN1 are_VBR obviously_RR more_RGR likely_JJ to_TO 
lead_VVI to_II failure_NN1 than_CSN those_DD2 at_II an_AT1 angle_NN1 to_II 
it_PPH1 ,_, while_CS cracks_NN2 parallel_VV0 to_II the_AT stress_NN1 may_VM 
have_VHI no_AT effect_NN1 at_RR21 all_RR22 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT opposite_JJ to_II a_AT1 brittle_JJ material_NN1 is_VBZ 
a_AT1 *'_" ductile_JJ **'_" material_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 materials_NN2 also_RR contain_VV0 cracks_NN2 ,_, but_CCB 
crack_JJ propagation_NN1 and_CC stress_NN1 concentrations_NN2 are_VBR 
relieved_VVN by_II the_AT plasticity_NN1 of_IO the_AT material_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Failure_NN1 is_VBZ usually_RR due_II21 to_II22 the_AT motion_NN1 
of_IO defects_NN2 which_DDQ coalesce_VV0 to_TO cause_VVI *'_" slipping_VVG 
**'_" along_II interparticle_NN1 planes_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT brittle_JJ failure_NN1 mechanism_NN1 for_IF tensile_JJ 
strength_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR described_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT 
*'_" weakest_JJT link_NN1 **'_" or_CC *'_" series_NN **'_" theory_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 theory_NN1 draws_VVZ an_AT1 analogy_NN1 to_II the_AT 
tensile_JJ strength_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 chain_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Just_RR as_CSA the_AT strength_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 chain_NN1 is_VBZ 
dependent_JJ on_II the_AT strength_NN1 of_IO the_AT weakest_JJT link_NN1 ,_, 
the_AT strength_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 brittle_JJ material_NN1 is_VBZ dependent_JJ 
on_II the_AT size_NN1 and_CC orientation_NN1 of_IO some_DD critical_JJ 
crack_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT ductile_JJ failure_NN1 mechanism_NN1 is_VBZ described_VVN 
by_II the_AT *'_" bundle_NN1 **'_" or_CC *'_" parallel_JJ **'_" theory_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 theory_NN1 draws_VVZ an_AT1 analogy_NN1 to_II the_AT 
situation_NN1 where_RRQ a_AT1 bundle_NN1 of_IO threads_NN2 is_VBZ 
subjected_VVN to_II a_AT1 tensile_JJ force_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS the_AT applied_JJ force_NN1 reaches_VVZ the_AT strength_NN1 
of_IO the_AT weakest_JJT thread_NN1 ,_, that_DD1 thread_NN1 fails_VVZ and_CC 
the_AT force_NN1 it_PPH1 carried_VVD is_VBZ redistributed_VVN amongst_II 
the_AT remaining_JJ threads_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 sequence_NN1 is_VBZ repeated_VVN until_II macroscopic_JJ 
failure_NN1 occurs_VVZ when_RRQ the_AT redistributed_JJ forces_NN2 exceed_VV0 
the_AT strength_NN1 of_IO the_AT strongest_JJT thread_NN1 (_( Jayatilaka_NP1 
,_, 1979_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 plot_NN1 of_IO \_NULL DV_MC against_II V_ZZ1 (_( see_VV0 
\_NULL Fig._NN1 8.1.5_MC )_) again_RT shows_VVZ a_AT1 considerable_JJ 
scatter_NN1 of_IO points_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 correlation_NN1 coefficient_NN1 
r_ZZ1 =_FO 0.145_MC ,_, while_CS the_AT plot_NN1 of_IO \_NULL DH_NP against_II 
H_ZZ1 shown_VVN in_II \_NULL Fig._NN1 8.1.6_MC exhibits_VVZ a_AT1 
reasonable_JJ relationship_NN1 with_IW r_ZZ1 =_FO 0.627_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 possible_JJ explanation_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 observation_NN1 
is_VBZ that_CST the_AT lower_JJR stresses_NN2 (_( all_DB compressive_JJ )_) 
along_II the_AT horizontal_JJ diameter_NN1 make_VV0 the_AT specimen_NN1 
less_RGR dependent_JJ on_II the_AT material_NN1 flaws_NN2 which_DDQ may_VM 
be_VBI present_JJ in_II that_DD1 region_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT stresses_NN2 along_II the_AT vertical_JJ axis_NN1 however_RR 
are_VBR significantly_RR higher_JJR and_CC they_PPHS2 change_VV0 from_II 
being_VBG compressive_JJ under_II the_AT loading_JJ strips_NN2 to_II 
tensile_JJ in_II the_AT centre_NN1 of_IO the_AT specimen_NN1 ,_, thus_RR 
the_AT specimen_NN1 response_NN1 in_II this_DD1 region_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR 
dependent_JJ on_II the_AT random_JJ distribution_NN1 of_IO the_AT material_NN1 
flaws_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE orientation_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT data_NN gathered_VVD from_II the_AT Brazilian_JJ 
test_NN1 with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 evaluating_VVG Young_NP1 's_GE 
modulus_NN1 ,_, E_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC Poisson_NP1 's_GE ratio_NN1 ,_, \_NULL n_ZZ1 
,_, using_VVG the_AT equations_NN2 given_VVN by_II Kennedy_NP1 and_CC 
Anagnos_NP1 (_( 1983_MC )_) was_VBDZ not_XX satisfactory_JJ ,_, {_NULL ie._REX 
}_NULL |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT negative_JJ 
values_NN2 of_IO Poisson_NP1 's_GE ratio_NN1 calculated_VVD from_II the_AT 
Brazilian_JJ test_NN1 which_DDQ appear_VV0 in_II Table_NN1 6.1e_MC are_VBR 
very_RG consistent_JJ ,_, (_( mean_JJ =_FO -0.062_MC ,_, standard_JJ 
deviation_NN1 =_FO 0.007_MC for_IF the_AT 50_MC specimens_NN2 )_) but_CCB 
are_VBR obviously_RR incorrect_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Previous_JJ work_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 similar_JJ material_NN1 
reported_VVN by_II Bartley_NP1 (_( 1986_MC )_) also_RR showed_VVD anomalous_JJ 
stiffness_NN1 results_NN2 ,_, with_IW negative_JJ values_NN2 being_VBG 
obtained_VVN for_IF Poisson_NP1 's_GE ratio_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II correspondence_NN1 between_II \_NULL Mr_NNB Bartley_NP1 and_CC 
\_NULL Mr_NNB {_NULL J.N._NP }_NULL Anagnos_NP1 on_II this_DD1 matter_NN1 ,_, 
\_NULL Mr_NNB Anagnos_NP1 commented_VVD that_CST the_AT likely_JJ source_NN1 
of_IO error_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II the_AT measurement_NN1 of_IO the_AT value_NN1 
\_NULL DV_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT finite_JJ element_NN1 modelling_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
Brazilian_JJ test_NN1 demonstrated_VVD that_CST yielding_JJ of_IO the_AT 
material_NN1 beneath_II the_AT loading_JJ strips_NN2 had_VHD a_AT1 
significant_JJ effect_NN1 on_II the_AT calculated_JJ deflections_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT specimen_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT ratio_NN1 of_IO vertical_JJ deflection_NN1 at_II failure_NN1 
to_II horizontal_JJ deflection_NN1 at_II failure_NN1 ,_, {_NULL ie._REX }_NULL 
V/H_FO ,_, was_VBDZ found_VVN to_TO be_VBI approximately_RR 8_MC (_( \_NULL 
n_ZZ1 =_FO 0.1_MC )_) when_RRQ a_AT1 linear_JJ elastic_JJ model_NN1 was_VBDZ 
used_VVN ,_, whereas_CS if_CS yielding_VVG of_IO the_AT material_NN1 
adjacent_II21 to_II22 the_AT loading_JJ strips_NN2 occurred_VVD ,_, the_AT 
ratio_NN1 V/H_FO (_( \_NULL n_ZZ1 =_FO 0.1_MC )_) increased_VVD to_II 25_MC 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT value_NN1 of_IO 25_MC matches_VVZ the_AT ratio_NN1 
obtained_VVN from_II the_AT Brazilian_JJ tests_NN2 ,_, hence_RR the_AT 
nonlinear_JJ model_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR appropriate_JJ for_IF the_AT 
lime-soil_JJ mixture_NN1 than_CSN the_AT linear_JJ elastic_JJ model_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT extent_NN1 of_IO yielding_VVG beneath_II the_AT loading_JJ 
strips_NN2 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II \_NULL Fig._NN1 7.4.7_MC *-_- note_NN1 
that_CST the_AT edge_NN1 of_IO the_AT strip_NN1 causes_VVZ a_AT1 
significant_JJ stress_NN1 concentration_NN1 (_( see_VV0 \_NULL Fig._NN1 
7.4.8_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT consequence_NN1 of_IO the_AT nonlinearity_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT material_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO invalidate_VVI the_AT equations_NN2 for_IF 
Young_NP1 's_GE modulus_NN1 ,_, E_ZZ1 ,_, and_CC Poisson_NP1 's_GE ratio_NN1 
,_, \_NULL n_ZZ1 ,_, proposed_VVN by_II Kennedy_NP1 and_CC Anagnos_NP1 (_( 
1983_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 equations_NN2 require_VV0 parameters_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL and_CC **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL (_( see_VV0 
\_NULL Fig._NN1 6.1.5_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR predominantly_RR 
influenced_VVN by_II an_AT1 assumed_JJ linear_JJ elastic_JJ situation_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC if_CSW used_VVN for_IF nonlinear_JJ materials_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 
produce_VV0 anomalous_JJ results_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 negative_JJ values_NN2 
for_IF \_NULL n_ZZ1 (_( see_VV0 Table_NN1 6._MC le_AT and_CC Bartley_NP1 
1986_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT discussion_NN1 above_RL confirms_VVZ that_CST the_AT 
Kennedy_NP1 and_CC Anagnos_NP1 equations_NN2 are_VBR not_XX applicable_JJ 
for_IF the_AT testing_NN1 carried_VVD out_RP in_II this_DD1 work_NN1 ,_, 
however_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR sound_JJ when_CS the_AT material_NN1 
behaves_VVZ in_II a_AT1 linear_JJ elastic_JJ fashion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ confirmed_VVN by_II the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST the_AT 
linear_JJ elastic_JJ finite_JJ element_NN1 model_NN1 of_IO the_AT Brazilian_JJ 
test_NN1 required_VVD negative_JJ values_NN2 of_IO \_NULL n_ZZ1 to_TO 
achieve_VVI the_AT V/R_FO ratio_NN1 of_IO the_AT specimens_NN2 observed_VVN 
in_II the_AT Brazilian_JJ tests_NN2 ,_, while_CS the_AT Kennedy_NP1 and_CC 
Anagnos_NP1 equations_NN2 also_RR produced_VVN negative_JJ values_NN2 of_IO 
\_NULL n_ZZ1 from_II the_AT test_NN1 data_NN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT practice_NN1 of_IO coating_NN1 the_AT loading_JJ 
strips_NN2 with_IW dental_JJ plaster_NN1 as_CSA employed_VVN in_II this_DD1 
project_NN1 is_VBZ recommended_VVN for_IF future_JJ use_NN1 in_II Brazilian_JJ 
testing_NN1 of_IO lime-soil_JJ mixtures_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Its_APPGE use_NN1 is_VBZ justified_VVN for_IF the_AT following_JJ 
reasons_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL First_MD ,_, it_PPH1 decreases_VVZ the_AT *'_" sharpness_NN1 **'_" 
of_IO the_AT edge_NN1 of_IO the_AT loading_JJ strips_NN2 and_CC as_CSA 
shown_VVN by_II the_AT finite_JJ element_NN1 modelling_VVG this_DD1 region_NN1 
does_VDZ produce_VVI stress_NN1 concentrations_NN2 in_II the_AT specimen_NN1 
(_( see_VV0 \_NULL Fig._NN1 7.4.8_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Secondly_RR ,_, it_PPH1 performs_VVZ an_AT1 *'_" ironing_NN1 out_RP 
**'_" function_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT force_NN1 applied_VVN to_II the_AT 
loading_JJ strip_NN1 is_VBZ transferred_VVN to_II the_AT specimen_NN1 via_II 
a_AT1 smooth_JJ surface_NN1 ,_, free_JJ of_IO irregularities_NN2 which_DDQ 
may_VM cause_VVI stress_NN1 concentrations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, it_PPH1 must_VM be_VBI emphasized_VVN that_CST the_AT 
smoothing_NN1 of_IO the_AT specimen_NN1 surface_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX have_VHI 
a_AT1 major_JJ effect_NN1 on_II flaws_NN2 within_II the_AT material_NN1 
which_DDQ are_VBR responsible_JJ for_IF the_AT failure_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
specimen_NN1 ,_, since_CS failure_NN1 is_VBZ initiated_VVN in_II the_AT 
middle_JJ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT specimen_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT only_JJ questionable_JJ aspect_NN1 of_IO using_VVG the_AT 
plaster_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ (_( especially_RR 
on_II the_AT upper_JJ loading_JJ strip_NN1 )_) to_TO make_VVI an_AT1 
absolutely_RR consistent_JJ and_CC uniform_JJ application_NN1 for_IF 
numerous_JJ specimens_NN2 ,_, however_RRQV the_AT small_JJ variations_NN2 
which_DDQ inevitably_RR do_VD0 occur_VVI are_VBR not_XX considered_VVN to_TO 
be_VBI of_IO significant_JJ consequence_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL 8.2_MC Double_JJ Punch_NN1 Test_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Although_CS the_AT double_JJ punch_NN1 test_NN1 
was_VBDZ only_RR used_VVN to_TO gain_VVI comparative_JJ tensile_JJ 
strength_NN1 values_NN2 for_IF the_AT Brazilian_JJ test_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 
proved_VVD to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 very_RG effective_JJ tensile_JJ test_NN1 
considering_II the_AT relatively_RR simple_JJ apparatus_NN1 used_VVD ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT mean_JJ dry_JJ density_NN1 of_IO the_AT 15_MC double_JJ 
punch_NN1 specimens_NN2 was_VBDZ 1274.2_MC {_NULL kg/m_FO *:_NULL 3_MC 
**:_NULL }_NULL ,_, with_IW a_AT1 standard_JJ deviation_NN1 of_IO 5.4_MC 
{_NULL kg/m_FO *:_NULL 3_MC **:_NULL }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Comparing_VVG this_DD1 data_NN with_IW that_DD1 of_IO the_AT 50_MC 
Brazilian_JJ test_NN1 specimens_NN2 (_( {_NULL ie._REX }_NULL mean_JJ dry_JJ 
density_NN1 =_FO 1292.5_MC {_NULL kg/m_FO *:_NULL 3_MC **:_NULL }_NULL and_CC 
standard_JJ deviation_NN1 =_FO 12.4_MC {_NULL kg/m_FO *:_NULL 3_MC **:_NULL 
}_NULL )_) shows_VVZ that_CST the_AT dry_JJ density_NN1 of_IO the_AT double_JJ 
punch_NN1 specimens_NN2 was_VBDZ slightly_RR lower_JJR and_CC more_RGR 
consistent_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT resulting_JJ specimen_NN1 tensile_JJ strengths_NN2 (_( 
using_VVG the_AT Fang_NN1 and_CC Chen_NP1 equation_NN1 ,_, see_VV0 Table_NN1 
6.2b_MC )_) had_VHD a_AT1 mean_JJ value_NN1 of_IO 88.6_MC {_NULL kPa_NN1 
}_NULL and_CC a_AT1 standard_JJ deviation_NN1 of_IO 6.8_MC {_NULL kPa_NN1 
}_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 strength_NN1 value_NN1 is_VBZ just_RR under_RG two_MC 
thirds_MF of_IO that_DD1 found_VVD using_VVG the_AT Brazilian_JJ test_NN1 
and_CC the_AT standard_JJ deviation_NN1 approximately_RR one_MC1 third_MD ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT lower_JJR strength_NN1 value_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO be_VBI 
expected_VVN due_II21 to_II22 the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST in_II the_AT 
failure_NN1 mechanism_NN1 of_IO the_AT double_JJ punch_NN1 test_VV0 the_AT 
tension_NN1 crack_NN1 can_VM occur_VVI on_II any_DD one_MC1 of_IO an_AT1 
infinite_JJ number_NN1 of_IO planes_NN2 ,_, whereas_CS in_II the_AT case_NN1 
of_IO the_AT Brazilian_JJ test_NN1 ,_, failure_NN1 is_VBZ restricted_VVN to_II 
a_AT1 plane_NN1 through_II the_AT vertical_JJ diameter_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
specimen_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT variation_NN1 of_IO the_AT specimen_NN1 tensile_JJ 
strength_NN1 values_NN2 was_VBDZ lesser_JJ for_IF the_AT double_JJ punch_NN1 
test_NN1 than_CSN for_IF the_AT Brazilian_JJ test_NN1 ,_, however_RRQV the_AT 
population_NN1 sizes_NN2 were_VBDR different_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO decide_VVI if_CSW the_AT double_JJ punch_NN1 test_NN1 ,_, 
with_IW a_AT1 tensile_JJ strength_NN1 standard_JJ deviation_NN1 of_IO 6.8_MC 
{_NULL kPa_NN1 }_NULL for_IF 15_MC specimens_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ a_AT1 more_RGR 
consistent_JJ method_NN1 of_IO testing_JJ than_CSN the_AT Brazilian_JJ 
test_NN1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 tensile_JJ strength_NN1 standard_JJ deviation_NN1 
of_IO 18_MC ._. 

^ O_NP1 {_NULL kPa_NN1 }_NULL for_IF 50_MC specimens_NN2 ,_, the_AT 
statistical_JJ *'_" F_ZZ1 test_NN1 **'_" is_VBZ used_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF the_AT data_NN described_VVD above_RL ,_, an_AT1 F_ZZ1 
ratio_NN1 of_IO 7.0_MC results_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Given_VVN the_AT population_NN1 sizes_NN2 in_II this_DD1 
situation_NN1 ,_, tables_NN2 from_II Neville_NP1 and_CC Kennedy_NP1 (_( 
1964_MC )_) give_VV0 F_ZZ1 distribution_NN1 values_NN2 of_IO 2.3_MC and_CC 
3.2_MC for_IF 5%_NNU and_CC 1%_NNU levels_NN2 of_IO significance_NN1 
respectively_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL Since_CS the_AT calculated_JJ value_NN1 for_IF F_ZZ1 exceeds_VVZ 
the_AT tabulated_JJ values_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI concluded_VVN 
that_CST the_AT null_JJ hypothesis_NN1 should_VM be_VBI rejected_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 means_VVZ that_CST the_AT probability_NN1 that_CST the_AT 
difference_NN1 between_II the_AT variances_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW the_AT 
Brazilian_JJ test_NN1 and_CC the_AT double_JJ punch_NN1 test_NN1 is_VBZ 
due_II21 to_II22 chance_NN1 alone_JJ is_VBZ less_DAR than_CSN 1%_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL Hence_RR ,_, the_AT repeatability_NN1 of_IO the_AT double_JJ 
punch_NN1 test_NN1 results_VVZ is_VBZ significantly_RR better_RRR than_CSN 
those_DD2 of_IO the_AT Brazilian_JJ test_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 reasonable_JJ relationship_NN1 was_VBDZ found_VVN for_IF 
the_AT specimen_NN1 dry_JJ density_NN1 and_CC tensile_JJ strength_NN1 from_II 
the_AT Brazilian_JJ test_NN1 specimens_NN2 (_( see_VV0 \_NULL Fig._NN1 
6.1.2_MC )_) ,_, but_CCB plotting_VVG dry_JJ density_NN1 against_II tensile_JJ 
strength_NN1 for_IF the_AT double_JJ punch_NN1 specimens_NN2 does_VDZ not_XX 
show_VVI the_AT same_DA relationship_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT plot_NN1 is_VBZ shown_VVN in_II \_NULL Fig._NN1 8.2.1_MC 
and_CC it_PPH1 has_VHZ a_AT1 correlation_NN1 coefficient_NN1 ,_, r_ZZ1 =_FO 
-0.027_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT probable_JJ reason_NN1 for_IF the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO 
correlation_NN1 between_II specimen_NN1 dry_JJ density_NN1 and_CC tensile_JJ 
strength_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO specimens_NN2 and_CC 
the_AT relatively_RR narrow_JJ range_NN1 of_IO dry_JJ density_NN1 values_NN2 
compared_VVN with_IW the_AT Brazilian_JJ test_NN1 specimens_NN2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 368+TEXT+J74_FO **]_NULL 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT 
most_RGT favoured_JJ approach_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ being_VBG 
pursued_VVN by_II {_NULL KDD_NP }_NULL ,_, Philips_NP1 ,_, Xerox_NP1 ,_, 
Sharp_NP1 ,_, {_NULL IBM_NP }_NULL ,_, Matsushita_NP1 ,_, {_NULL NHK_NP }_NULL 
,_, {_NULL NTT_NP }_NULL ,_, {_NULL M_ZZ1 }_NULL ,_, Sony_NP ,_, Canon_NP1 ,_, 
Hitachi_NP ,_, Sanyo_NP1 ,_, {_NULL TDK_NP }_NULL ,_, Optimem_NP1 ,_, 
LaserDrive_NP1 ,_, Verbatim_RR ,_, Bull_NP1 ,_, and_CC no_RR21 doubt_RR22 
many_DA2 others_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT process_NN1 is_VBZ really_RR thermomagneto-optical_JJ 
rather_II21 than_II22 magneto-optical_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 uses_VVZ techniques_NN2 similar_JJ to_II those_DD2 
employed_VVN in_II vertical_JJ magnetic_JJ recording_NN1 and_CC may_VM be_VBI 
thought_VVN of_IO as_RG optically_RR assisted_VVD magnetic_JJ recording_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT disks_NN2 are_VBR covered_VVN with_IW a_AT1 very_RG 
thin_JJ layer_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 magnetic_JJ material_NN1 with_IW a_AT1 high_JJ 
coercivity_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 low_JJ Curie_NP1 point_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL During_II manufacture_NN1 they_PPHS2 are_VBR uniformly_RR 
magnetised_VVN in_II one_MC1 direction_NN1 ,_, either_RR up_RP or_CC down_RP 
._. 

^ ^_NULL During_II the_AT writing_NN1 process_NN1 the_AT laser_NN1 beam_NN1 
heats_VVZ up_RP the_AT target_NN1 spot_NN1 as_CSA in_II other_JJ 
techniques_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Once_CS its_APPGE temperature_NN1 reaches_VVZ the_AT Curie_NP1 
point_NN1 of_IO the_AT material_NN1 the_AT coercivity_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
material_NN1 at_II the_AT spot_NN1 vanishes_VVZ ,_, and_CC its_APPGE 
magnetisation_NN1 can_VM be_VBI reversed_VVN by_II31 means_II32 of_II33 a_AT1 
weak_JJ magnetic_JJ field_NN1 applied_VVN by_II a_AT1 small_JJ coil_NN1 
attached_VVD to_II the_AT write_VV0 head_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II cooling_VVG ,_, this_DD1 reversed_JJ magnetisation_NN1 is_VBZ 
*'_" frozen_VVN **'_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 way_NN1 ,_, the_AT bit_NN1 ,_, although_CS stored_VVN 
magnetically_RR ,_, has_VHZ its_APPGE areal_JJ extent_NN1 determined_VVN 
optically_RR ,_, by_II the_AT size_NN1 of_IO the_AT laser_NN1 beam_NN1 
spot_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT reading_NN1 process_NN1 uses_VVZ either_RR the_AT 
Faraday_NP1 effect_NN1 or_CC the_AT Kerr_NP1 magneto-optical_JJ effect_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Both_DB2 of_IO these_DD2 are_VBR rotations_NN2 of_IO the_AT plane_NN1 
of_IO polarisation_NN1 of_IO plane-polarised_JJ light_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Faraday_NP1 effect_NN1 occurs_VVZ on_II transmission_NN1 
through_II a_AT1 magnetised_JJ material_NN1 ,_, and_CC the_AT Kerr_NP1 
effect_NN1 on_II reflection_NN1 from_II a_AT1 magnetised_JJ material_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II either_DD1 case_NN1 ,_, the_AT areas_NN2 of_IO reversed_JJ 
magnetisation_NN1 on_II the_AT optical_JJ disk_NN1 ,_, when_CS viewed_VVN 
through_II the_AT polarising_JJ filters_NN2 of_IO the_AT objective_JJ lens_NN1 
,_, appear_VV0 as_CSA dark_JJ spots_NN2 against_II a_AT1 bright_JJ 
background_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT biggest_JJT advantage_NN1 that_CST this_DD1 
technique_NN1 has_VHZ over_II the_AT other_JJ erasable_JJ technologies_NN2 
is_VBZ that_CST it_PPH1 offers_VVZ an_AT1 apparently_RR unlimited_JJ 
number_NN1 of_IO write-erase-write_VV0 cycles_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT biggest_JJT problem_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO develop_VVI the_AT 
best_JJT possible_JJ material_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 must_VM have_VHI high_JJ coercivity_NN1 at_II room_NN1 
temperature_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 low_JJ Curie_NP1 point_NN1 ,_, and_CC a_AT1 high_JJ 
Kerr_NP1 or_CC Faraday_NP1 rotation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 must_VM also_RR be_VBI stable_JJ ,_, so_BCL21 as_BCL22 to_TO 
provide_VVI dependable_JJ storage_NN1 ,_, and_CC it_PPH1 must_VM be_VBI 
possible_JJ to_TO sputter_VVI deposit_NN1 it_PPH1 as_II a_AT1 thin_JJ ,_, 
ultra-smooth_JJ layer_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Last_MD but_CCB not_XX least_RRT ,_, it_PPH1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI 
too_RG expensive_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT most_RGT favoured_JJ materials_NN2 are_VBR iron_NN1 
garnets_NN2 ,_, consisting_VVG of_IO iron_NN1 in_II combination_NN1 with_IW 
one_MC1 or_CC more_DAR of_IO the_AT rare_JJ earth_NN1 transition_NN1 
metals_NN2 ,_, terbium_NN1 ,_, gadolinium_NN1 ,_, and_CC dysprosium_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Amorphous_JJ material_NN1 is_VBZ better_JJR than_CSN crystalline_JJ 
because_CS ,_, although_CS the_AT magneto-optic_JJ rotations_NN2 are_VBR 
smaller_JJR ,_, there_EX are_VBR no_AT grain_NN1 boundaries_NN2 to_TO 
create_VVI noise_NN1 and_CC the_AT {_NULL S/N_FO }_NULL ratios_NN2 are_VBR 
much_RR better_JJR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT basic_JJ Kerr_NP1 or_CC Faraday_NP1 rotations_NN2 
may_VM be_VBI as_RG small_JJ as_CSA 0.1_MC *@_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 may_VM be_VBI increased_VVN by_II the_AT addition_NN1 
of_IO \_NULL Sm_NP1 ,_, \_NULL Ag_FO ,_, \_NULL Cu_FO ,_, or_CC \_NULL Mg_FO 
to_II the_AT {_NULL TbGdFe_NP1 }_NULL film_NN1 but_CCB this_DD1 tends_VVZ 
to_TO affect_VVI the_AT coercivity_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 may_VM also_RR be_VBI increased_VVN by_II using_VVG 
multi-layered_JJ constructions_NN2 in_II which_DDQ the_AT magnetic_JJ 
layer_NN1 is_VBZ sandwiched_VVN between_II precise_JJ thicknesses_NN2 of_IO 
other_JJ reflecting_NN1 and_CC refracting_VVG layers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, engineers_NN2 from_II Sharp_NP1 
Corporation_NNJ were_VBDR able_JK to_TO increase_VVI the_AT Kerr_NP1 
rotation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 {_NULL GdTbFe_NN1 }_NULL film_NN1 from_II 0.27_MC 
to_II 1.75_MC *@_NNU using_VVG a_AT1 multi-layered_JJ disk_NN1 consisting_NN1 
of_IO 0.12_MC \_NULL \_NULL mm_NNU of_IO {_NULL SiO_NP1 }_NULL ,_, 0.015_MC 
\_NULL \_NULL mm_NNU of_IO the_AT {_NULL GdTbFe_NP1 }_NULL material_NN1 ,_, 
0.030_MC \_NULL \_NULL mm_NNU of_IO {_NULL SiO_NP1 *;_NULL 2_MC **;_NULL 
}_NULL ,_, and_CC 0.040_MC \_NULL \_NULL mm_NNU of_IO copper_NN1 on_II a_AT1 
glass_NN1 substrate_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Later_JJR work_NN1 has_VHZ shown_VVN that_DD1 replacement_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT silicon_NN1 oxide_NN1 layers_NN2 by_II aluminium_NN1 nitride_NN1 (_( 
{_NULL AlN_NP1 }_NULL )_) leads_VVZ to_II a_AT1 marked_JJ improvement_NN1 
in_II stability_NN1 ,_, apparently_RR because_CS oxygen_NN1 from_II the_AT 
oxide_NN1 layers_NN2 selectively_RR oxidises_VVZ the_AT rare_JJ earth_NN1 
elements_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *4_NULL Prototype_NP1 Units_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT first_MD 
magneto-optical_JJ disk_NN1 storage_NN1 prototype_NN1 was_VBDZ 
demonstrated_VVN as_RG long_RR ago_RA as_CSA January_NPM1 1982_MC by_II 
Sharp_NP1 Corporation_NNJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT unit_NN1 was_VBDZ described_VVN as_II a_AT1 videodisk_NN1 
system_NN1 with_IW recording_VVG capabilities_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 used_VVD a_AT1 5_MC *?_NULL 8_MC {_NULL TbDyFe_NP1 }_NULL 
based_VVD disk_NN1 which_DDQ stored_VVD up_RG21 to_RG22 200_MC \_NULL 
Mbyte_NNU ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Philips_NP1 also_RR demonstrated_VVD a_AT1 prototype_NN1 
disk_NN1 storage_NN1 unit_NN1 in_II 1982_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 had_VHD a_AT1 2_MC *?_NULL 8_MC disk_NN1 covered_VVN with_IW 
an_AT1 0.05_MC \_NULL \_NULL mm_NNU layer_NN1 of_IO amorphous_JJ {_NULL 
GdTbFe_NN1 }_NULL material_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 rotated_VVD at_II 600_MC {_NULL rpm_NNU }_NULL and_CC 
stored_VVD 10_MC {_NULL Mbyte_NNU }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT developed_JJ product_NN1 was_VBDZ intended_VVN to_TO be_VBI 
a_AT1 peripheral_NN1 for_IF personal_JJ computers_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II mid-1982_NN1 {_NULL NHK_NP }_NULL (_( Japan_NP1 
Broadcasting_NN1 Corporation_NNJ )_) announced_VVD a_AT1 prototype_NN1 
magneto-optical_JJ videodisk_NN1 using_VVG a_AT1 0.2_MC \_NULL \_NULL mm_NNU 
gadolinium-cobalt_JJ amorphous_JJ thin_JJ film_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Kerr_NP1 magneto-optic_JJ rotation_NN1 was_VBDZ 0.3_MC *@_NNU 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT system_NN1 used_VVD 150_MC \_NULL mm_NNU (_( 6_MC *?_NULL 8_MC 
)_) disks_NN2 which_DDQ stored_VVD 3.4_MC \_NULL Gbyte_NNU ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL {_NULL KDD_NP }_NULL and_CC Sony_NP have_VH0 also_RR been_VBN 
active_JJ in_II magneto-optics_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_RG long_RR ago_RA as_CSA August_NPM1 1981_MC ,_, {_NULL KDD_NP 
}_NULL engineers_NN2 were_VBDR reported_VVN as_CSA storing_VVG 5_MC {_NULL 
Mbit/cm_FO *:_NULL 2_MC **:_NULL }_NULL on_II glass_NN1 disks_NN2 coated_VVD 
with_IW a_AT1 film_NN1 of_IO {_NULL TbFe_NP1 }_NULL or_CC {_NULL GdTbFe_NP1 
}_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL More_RGR recently_RR they_PPHS2 have_VH0 been_VBN co-operating_VVG 
with_IW Sony_NP ,_, and_CC in_II October_NPM1 1983_MC the_AT partners_NN2 
demonstrated_VVD a_AT1 prototype_NN1 system_NN1 using_VVG 12_MC *?_NULL 8_MC 
disks_NN2 incorporating_VVG a_AT1 {_NULL TbFeCo_NP1 }_NULL magnetic_JJ 
film_NN1 developed_VVN by_II {_NULL KDD_NP }_NULL and_CC the_AT grooved_JJ 
double-sided_JJ substrate_NN1 used_VVN by_II Sony_NP for_IF digital_JJ 
audio_NN1 disks_NN2 and_CC for_IF write-once_JJ disks_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT prototype_NN1 12_MC *?_NULL 8_MC disks_NN2 stored_VVD about_RG 
40,000_MC A4_FU pages_NN2 ,_, equivalent_NN1 to_II about_RG 3.7_MC \_NULL 
Gbyte_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 similar_JJ 8_MC *?_NULL 8_MC disk_NN1 stored_VVD 
approximately_RR half_DB this_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II October_NPM1 1984_MC Sony_NP delivered_VVD two_MC 12_MC *?_NULL 
8_MC drives_NN2 to_II {_NULL KDD_NP }_NULL and_CC claimed_VVD that_CST 
they_PPHS2 were_VBDR the_AT first_MD erasable_JJ magneto-optic_JJ disk_NN1 
storage_NN1 systems_NN2 in_II practical_JJ use_NN1 for_IF computer_NN1 data_NN 
storage_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II the_AT Data_NN Show_VV0 in_II Tokyo_NP1 during_II October_NPM1 
1985_MC {_NULL KDD_NP }_NULL demonstrated_VVD a_AT1 further_JJR 
development_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 consisted_VVD of_IO a_AT1 microcomputer-controlled_JJ 
system_NN1 for_IF digitising_VVG and_CC storing_VVG video_JJ still_JJ 
frames_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Each_DD1 12_MC *?_NULL 8_MC magneto-optical_JJ disk_NN1 held_VVD 
2300_MC digitised_JJ frames_NN2 on_II each_DD1 side_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT course_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 research_NN1 {_NULL KDD_NP 
}_NULL needed_VVD a_AT1 device_NN1 to_TO test_VVI its_APPGE experimental_JJ 
disks_NN2 and_CC asked_VVD Nakamichi_NP1 to_TO build_VVI one_PN1 for_IF 
them_PPHO2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT resulting_JJ drive_NN1 ,_, the_AT {_NULL OMS_NN2 }_NULL 
-1000_MC ,_, is_VBZ really_RR a_AT1 laboratory_NN1 tool_NN1 for_IF testing_VVG 
magneto-optical_JJ media_NN ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ commercially_RR 
available_JJ and_CC advertisements_NN2 for_IF it_PPH1 may_VM be_VBI seen_VVN 
in_II electronics_NN1 magazines_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II May_NPM1 1984_MC Canon_NP1 showed_VVD a_AT1 document_NN1 
filing_VVG system_NN1 using_VVG its_APPGE prototype_NN1 magneto-optical_JJ 
drive_NN1 and_CC an_AT1 8_MC *?_NULL 8_MC disk_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II October_NPM1 1984_MC Hitachi_NP presented_VVD a_AT1 
series_NN of_IO papers_NN2 on_II a_AT1 12_MC \_NULL cm_NNU disk_NN1 with_IW 
a_AT1 total_JJ capacity_NN1 on_II both_DB2 sides_NN2 of_IO 0.55_MC \_NULL 
Gbyte_NNU and_CC implied_VVD that_CST a_AT1 commercial_JJ product_NN1 was_VBDZ 
about_RG 2_MC years_NNT2 away_RL ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL At_II the_AT Japan_NP1 Electronic_JJ Show_NN1 in_II Tokyo_NP1 
in_II October_NPM1 1984_MC Sanyo_NP1 showed_VVD a_AT1 prototype_NN1 
magneto-optical_JJ compact_JJ disk_NN1 recorder_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF the_AT sake_NN1 of_IO compatability_NN1 the_AT machine_NN1 
used_VVD the_AT same_DA sampling_NN1 and_CC coding_VVG format_NN1 as_CSA 
the_AT standard_NN1 {_NULL CD_MC }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, to_TO overcome_VVI a_AT1 poor_JJ signal-to-noise_JJ 
level_NN1 the_AT magneto-optic_JJ disks_NN2 had_VHD to_TO be_VBI played_VVN 
at_II an_AT1 increased_JJ disk_NN1 speed_NN1 which_DDQ cut_VV0 down_RP the_AT 
maximum_NN1 playing_VVG time_NNT1 from_II 74_MC to_II 30_MC minutes_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sanyo_NP1 engineers_NN2 were_VBDR optimistic_JJ that_CST they_PPHS2 
could_VM improve_VVI the_AT {_NULL S/N_FO }_NULL ratio_NN1 enough_RR to_TO 
allow_VVI the_AT standard_NN1 {_NULL CD_MC }_NULL disk_NN1 speed_NN1 to_TO 
be_VBI used_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT prototype_NN1 player_NN1 was_VBDZ designed_VVN so_CS21 
that_CS22 it_PPH1 could_VM play_VVI standard_JJ {_NULL CD_MC }_NULL s_ZZ1 
as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 the_AT magneto-optical_JJ ones_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Another_DD1 recent_JJ demonstration_NN1 was_VBDZ made_VVN 
by_II Verbatim_JJ at_II the_AT {_NULL U.S._NP }_NULL National_JJ Computer_NN1 
Conference_NNJ of_IO 1985_MC in_II Chicago_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT prototype_NN1 that_CST was_VBDZ demonstrated_VVN stored_VVD 
40_MC \_NULL Mbyte_NNU of_IO data_NN on_II a_AT1 single-sided_JJ 3.5_MC 
*?_NULL 8_MC disk_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT developed_JJ product_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO store_VVI as_RG 
much_DA1 as_CSA 100_MC \_NULL Mbyte_NNU and_CC was_VBDZ to_TO be_VBI aimed_VVN 
at_II the_AT personal_JJ computer_NN1 storage_NN1 market_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Instead_II21 of_II22 the_AT more_RGR usual_JJ Kerr_NP1 effect_NN1 ,_, 
the_AT prototype_NN1 used_VVD the_AT Faraday_NP1 effect_NN1 for_IF readout_NN1 
,_, with_IW the_AT detector_NN1 and_CC the_AT laser_NN1 diode_NN1 on_II 
opposite_JJ sides_NN2 of_IO the_AT disk_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ designed_VVN to_TO reduce_VVI expense_NN1 ,_, 
but_CCB it_PPH1 meant_VVD that_CST the_AT disks_NN2 had_VHD to_TO be_VBI 
single-sided_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT information_NN1 layer_NN1 was_VBDZ a_AT1 proprietary_JJ 
mix_NN1 of_IO \_NULL Tb_NN1 ,_, \_NULL Fe_NP1 ,_, and_CC \_NULL Co_NP1 
about_II 0.06-0.08_MCMC \_NULL \_NULL mm_NNU thick_RR sputtered_VVD onto_II 
a_AT1 glass_NN1 disk_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT active_JJ layer_NN1 was_VBDZ sandwiched_VVN between_II 0.06_MC 
\_NULL \_NULL mm_NNU thick_JJ layers_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 dielectric_JJ for_IF 
protection_NN1 and_CC for_IF its_APPGE anti-reflection_JJ properties_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Verbatim_RR 's_VHZ goal_NN1 was_VBDZ to_TO begin_VVI large-scale_JJ 
manufacturing_NN1 in_II the_AT third_MD quarter_NN1 of_IO 1987_MC ,_, 
selling_VVG drives_NN2 for_IF about_II {_NULL US_NP }_NULL *+_NULL $300_NNU 
and_CC disks_NN2 for_IF about_II {_NULL US_NP }_NULL *+_NULL $20-30_NNU to_TO 
{_NULL OEM_VVI }_NULL manufacturers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Since_CS that_DD1 conference_NN1 Verbatim_RR has_VHZ been_VBN 
bought_VVN by_II Kodak_NP1 ,_, and_CC the_AT direction_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
project_NN1 has_VHZ changed_VVN slightly_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT main_JJ change_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 move_NN1 to_II reflective_JJ 
media_NN and_CC the_AT Kerr_NP1 effect_NN1 rather_II21 than_II22 
transmissive_JJ media_NN and_CC the_AT Faraday_NP1 effect_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 will_VM allow_VVI higher_JJR capacities_NN2 to_TO be_VBI 
achieved_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Reasonable_JJ quantities_NN2 of_IO the_AT product_NN1 are_VBR not_XX 
now_RT expected_VVN until_II 1988_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL At_II the_AT *2_NULL COMDEX/_FO FALL_NN1 *0_NULL trade_NN1 
show_NN1 in_II November_NPM1 1985_MC Optimem_NP1 and_CC {_NULL M_NN1 }_NULL 
announced_VVD a_AT1 partnership_NN1 to_TO produce_VVI a_AT1 200_MC \_NULL 
Mbyte_NNU 5_MC 1/4_MF *?_NULL 8_MC optical_JJ drive_NN1 that_CST will_VM 
operate_VVI interchangeably_RR with_IW read-only_JJ ,_, write-once_JJ ,_, 
and_CC erasable_JJ media_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 anticipated_VVD a_AT1 commercial_JJ product_NN1 during_II 
1986_MC with_IW volume_NN1 production_NN1 beginning_VVG in_II 1987_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Most_DAT of_IO the_AT announcements_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 
prototypes_NN2 have_VH0 suggested_VVN that_CST they_PPHS2 would_VM quickly_RR 
lead_VVI to_II commercial_JJ products_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL So_RR far_RR they_PPHS2 have_VH0 not_XX ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ only_RR possible_JJ to_TO guess_VVI at_II the_AT 
reasons_NN2 ,_, but_CCB uncertain_JJ stability_NN1 and_CC poor_JJ 
signal-to-noise_JJ ratios_NN2 seem_VV0 to_TO be_VBI the_AT most_RGT likely_JJ 
._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *6_NULL THE_AT PHASE-CHANGE_JJ 
APPROACH_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Description_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II this_DD1 approach_NN1 
the_AT sensitive_JJ surface_NN1 is_VBZ made_VVN to_TO switch_VVI from_II 
an_AT1 amorphous_JJ to_II a_AT1 crystalline_JJ form_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT point_NN1 at_II which_DDQ a_PN121 bit_PN122 is_VBZ to_TO 
be_VBI written_VVN must_VM be_VBI heated_VVN and_CC then_RT abruptly_RR 
quenched_VVD to_TO force_VVI the_AT material_NN1 to_TO crystallise_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_TO erase_VVI the_AT bit_NN1 it_PPH1 must_VM be_VBI heated_VVN 
again_RT and_CC cooled_VVN slowly_RR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 approach_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO 
advantages_NN2 over_II magneto-optics_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Higher_JJR bit_NN1 densities_NN2 are_VBR possible_JJ because_CS 
the_AT written_JJ bits_NN2 are_VBR smaller_JJR (_( 0.6_MC \_NULL \_NULL mm_NNU 
as_II21 against_II22 1.0_MC \_NULL \_NULL mm_NNU for_IF magneto-optics_NN1 )_) 
;_; signal-to-noise_JJ ratios_NN2 are_VBR better_RRR (_( 95_MC \_NULL dB_NNU 
as_II21 against_II22 a_AT1 maximum_NN1 of_IO 85_MC \_NULL dB_NNU for_IF 
magneto-optics_NN1 )_) ;_; and_CC the_AT disks_NN2 are_VBR cheaper_JJR and_CC 
easier_RRR to_TO manufacture_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Unfortunately_RR ,_, the_AT repeated_JJ phase_NN1 changes_NN2 
eventually_RR cause_VV0 the_AT sensitive_JJ layer_NN1 to_TO deteriorate_VVI 
,_, so_CS limiting_VVG the_AT number_NN1 of_IO read-write_VV0 cycles_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT exact_JJ limits_NN2 are_VBR unclear_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 paper_NN1 suggests_VVZ 10,000_MC ;_; others_NN2 ,_, that_CST 
there_EX is_VBZ no_AT significant_JJ deterioration_NN1 before_CS about_RG 
100,000_MC cycles_NN2 ;_; while_CS Matsushita_NP1 claims_VVZ to_TO have_VHI 
successfully_RR performed_VVN 1,000,000_MC read-erase-write_VV0 cycles_NN2 
on_II its_APPGE disks_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Although_CS phase-change_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX as_RG popular_JJ 
as_CSA magneto-optics_JJ ,_, and_CC only_RR one_MC1 significant_JJ 
prototype_NN1 unit_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN displayed_VVN ,_, a_AT1 number_NN1 
of_IO important_JJ companies_NN2 are_VBR working_VVG with_IW it_PPH1 
including_II Matsushita_NP1 ,_, Sony_NP ,_, {_NULL JVC_NP }_NULL ,_, and_CC 
Hewlett-Packard_NP ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *4_NULL Prototype_NP1 Units_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Only_RR one_MC1 
prototype_NN1 erasable_JJ optical_JJ disk_NN1 recording_NN1 system_NN1 
using_VVG phase-change_JJ technology_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN demonstrated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 was_VBDZ in_II April_NPM1 1983_MC ,_, and_CC the_AT 
manufacturer_NN1 was_VBDZ Matsushita_NP1 ,_, known_VVN in_II consumer_NN1 
markets_VVZ though_CS its_APPGE brand-names_NN2 Panasonic_NP1 ,_, Technics_NP1 
,_, Quasar_NP1 ,_, and_CC National_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT prototype_NN1 unit_NN1 used_VVD an_AT1 8_MC *?_NULL 
8_MC disk_NN1 rotating_VVG at_II 1800_MC {_NULL rpm_NNU }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT sensitive_JJ layer_NN1 was_VBDZ tellurium_NN1 suboxide_NN1 
doped_VVD with_IW small_JJ amounts_NN2 of_IO germanium_NN1 ,_, indium_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC lead_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Originally_RR the_AT material_NN1 was_VBDZ in_II its_APPGE 
crystalline_JJ state_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Data_NN bits_NN2 were_VBDR written_VVN as_CSA spots_NN2 of_IO 
amorphous_JJ material_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 has_VHZ a_AT1 lower_JJR reflectivity_NN1 ,_, and_CC so_CS 
the_AT written_JJ bits_NN2 stood_VVD out_RP as_CSA dark_JJ spots_NN2 on_II 
a_AT1 light_JJ background_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 semiconductor_NN1 laser_NN1 operating_VVG at_II 0.83_MC 
\_NULL \_NULL mm_NNU was_VBDZ used_VVN both_RR for_IF reading_NN1 ,_, at_II 
a_AT1 power_NN1 of_IO 1_MC1 \_NULL mW_NNU ,_, and_CC for_IF writing_NN1 ,_, 
at_II 8_MC \_NULL mW_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 separate_JJ semiconductor_NN1 laser_NN1 ,_, operating_VVG at_II 
0.78_MC \_NULL \_NULL mm_NNU and_CC 10_MC \_NULL mW_NNU was_VBDZ used_VVN 
for_IF erasing_VVG ,_, but_CCB the_AT same_DA focussing_JJ lens_NN1 was_VBDZ 
used_VVN for_IF both_RR so_CS21 that_CS22 erasing_VVG and_CC rewriting_NN1 
could_VM take_VVI place_NN1 almost_RR simultaneously_RR ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT disks_NN2 had_VHD 15,000_MC concentric_JJ (_( not_XX 
spiral_JJ )_) tracks_VVZ with_IW a_AT1 pitch_NN1 of_IO 2.5_MC \_NULL \_NULL 
mm_NNU and_CC could_VM store_VVI 15,000_MC \_NULL TV_NN1 frames_NN2 ,_, 
equivalent_NN1 to_II about_RG 0.7_MC \_NULL Gbyte_NNU ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *6_NULL OTHER_JJ ERASABLE_JJ 
APPROACHES_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Polymer_NP1 Dye_NP1 Media_NN *>_NULL 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL After_CS magneto-optics_JJ 
and_CC phase-change_NN1 ,_, the_AT third_MD active_JJ technology_NN1 for_IF 
making_VVG erasable_JJ optical_JJ disks_NN2 is_VBZ to_TO use_VVI 
light-sensitive_JJ dyes_NN2 encased_VVD in_II polymer_NN1 films_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 low-cost_JJ method_NN1 and_CC does_VDZ not_XX 
use_VVI toxic_JJ materials_NN2 like_II tellurium_NN1 ,_, selenium_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC arsenic_NN1 ,_, but_CCB preliminary_JJ findings_NN2 suggest_VV0 
that_CST it_PPH1 has_VHZ a_AT1 severely_RR restricted_JJ lifetime_NNT1 of_IO 
only_RR about_RG 150_MC write-erase-write_VV0 cycles_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Kodak_NP1 and_CC Philips_NP1 are_VBR among_II the_AT 
firms_NNJ2 working_VVG with_IW this_DD1 media_NN ,_, and_CC Kodak_NP1 ,_, 
in_II a_AT1 paper_NN1 given_VVN at_II an_AT1 Optical_JJ Society_NNJ of_IO 
America_NP1 conference_NN1 on_II Optical_JJ Data_NN Storage_NN1 in_II 
California_NP1 during_II April_NPM1 1984_MC ,_, showed_VVD a_AT1 
microphotograph_NN1 of_IO the_AT data_NN bits_NN2 on_II a_AT1 disk_NN1 
using_VVG its_APPGE material_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT definition_NN1 was_VBDZ impressive_JJ and_CC gave_VVD an_AT1 
excellent_JJ signal-to-noise_JJ ratio_NN1 ,_, but_CCB it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX 
clear_JJ whether_CSW that_DD1 particular_JJ media_NN **[_NULL sic_RR **]_NULL 
was_VBDZ erasable_JJ or_CC only_RR write-once_JJ ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *4_NULL Colour-Change_NP1 Media_NN 
*>_NULL 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 media_NN **[_NULL 
sic_RR **]_NULL represents_VVZ an_AT1 interesting_JJ variant_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
phase_NN1 change_NN1 approach_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT material_NN1 was_VBDZ developed_VVN by_II Hitachi_NP \_NULL 
Ltd_JJ and_CC only_RR announced_VVN in_II December_NPM1 1985_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL Instead_II21 of_II22 a_AT1 reversible_JJ change_NN1 between_II 
crystalline_JJ and_CC amorphous_JJ forms_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 uses_VVZ a_AT1 
reversible_JJ change_NN1 between_II two_MC different_JJ crystalline_JJ 
forms_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 metallic_JJ alloy_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 369+TEXT+J75_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT properties_NN2 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 
coals_NN2 ,_, the_AT uses_NN2 to_II which_DDQ they_PPHS2 were_VBDR put_VVN ,_, 
the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO thermal_JJ power_NN1 stations_NN2 and_CC of_IO 
conventional_JJ steel_NN1 making_VVG ,_, brought_VVD an_AT1 early_JJ 
pattern_NN1 of_IO coal_NN1 usage_NN1 ,_, far_RR removed_VVN from_II that_DD1 
of_IO overseas_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT early_JJ coal_NN1 industry_NN1 ,_, based_VVN on_II 
West_NP Coast_NP1 bituminous_JJ coals_NN2 ,_, has_VHZ gradually_RR shifted_VVN 
its_APPGE dependence_NN1 to_II the_AT more-abundant_JJ ,_, 
more-cheaply-won_NN1 ,_, lower-rank_JJR coals_NN2 ,_, especially_RR of_IO 
the_AT North_NP Island_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT range_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 coals_NN2 and_CC 
their_APPGE properties_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT changing_JJ pattern_NN1 of_IO 
coal_NN1 use_NN1 *-_- in_II the_AT past_NN1 and_CC as_CSA forecast_NN1 for_IF 
the_AT future_NN1 *-_- are_VBR described_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT concern_NN1 is_VBZ largely_RR with_IW the_AT 
relatively-unique_JJ sub-bituminous_JJ coals_NN2 and_CC the_AT developing_JJ 
technology_NN1 for_IF their_APPGE use_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Examples_NN2 are_VBR described_VVN ,_, where_CS an_AT1 
understanding_NN1 of_IO coal_NN1 properties_NN2 and_CC of_IO the_AT energy_NN1 
circumstances_NN2 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, is_VBZ required_VVN to_TO 
ensure_VVI that_CST the_AT wisest_JJT energy_NN1 policies_NN2 are_VBR 
implemented_VVN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *7_NULL INTRODUCTION_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT history_NN1 of_IO coal_NN1 use_NN1 in_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 is_VBZ notable_JJ for_IF its_APPGE distinction_NN1 from_II 
that_DD1 of_IO most_RGT overseas_JJ countries_NN2 *-_- in_II the_AT general_JJ 
circumstances_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 dictated_VVN the_AT overall_JJ pattern_NN1 
of_IO energy_NN1 use_NN1 ,_, and_CC in_II the_AT properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
coal_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 understanding_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 distinguishing_VVG 
features_NN2 ,_, too_RG often_RR not_XX appreciated_VVN in_II the_AT past_NN1 
,_, is_VBZ essential_JJ to_II the_AT proper_JJ planning_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
wisest_JJT use_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE coal_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Our_APPGE coal_NN1 reserves_NN2 ,_, although_CS they_PPHS2 
constitute_VV0 93.6%_FO of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE reserves_NN2 of_IO 
fossil_NN1 fuels_NN2 ,_, are_VBR essentially_RR finite_JJ ;_; it_PPH1 
behoves_VVZ us_PPIO2 to_TO ensure_VVI that_CST they_PPHS2 are_VBR used_VVN 
with_IW maximum_JJ effectiveness_NN1 and_CC maximum_JJ efficiency_NN1 ,_, 
to_TO provide_VVI their_APPGE maximum_JJ contribution_NN1 to_II the_AT 
country_NN1 's_GE future_JJ economy_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL If_CS this_DD1 paper_NN1 does_VDZ nothing_PN1 else_RR ,_, 
it_PPH1 might_VM ,_, hopefully_RR ,_, make_VVI New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 aware_JJ 
of_IO the_AT need_NN1 to_TO be_VBI conversant_JJ with_IW all_DB these_DD2 
distinguishing_VVG features_NN2 ,_, before_CS we_PPIS2 start_VV0 to_TO 
apply_VVI overseas_JJ technology_NN1 in_II our_APPGE different_JJ 
conditions_NN2 ,_, and_CC especially_RR with_IW our_APPGE different_JJ (_( 
sub-bituminous_JJ )_) coals_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL If_CS we_PPIS2 are_VBR going_VVGK to_TO involve_VVI 
overseas_JJ consultants_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 will_VM not_XX appreciate_VVI 
some_DD of_IO these_DD2 peculiar_JJ issues_NN2 ,_, and_CC without_IW the_AT 
necessary_JJ insight_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR likely_JJ to_TO advise_VVI 
the_AT adoption_NN1 of_IO technology_NN1 proven_VVN in_II their_APPGE own_DA 
country_NN1 ,_, but_CCB not_XX necessarily_RR applicable_JJ in_II ours_PPGE 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL If_CS our_APPGE theoretical_JJ scientists_NN2 and_CC 
engineers_NN2 lack_VV0 the_AT proper_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 scene_NN1 ,_, no_RGQV31 matter_RGQV32 how_RGQV33 much_DA1 
they_PPHS2 engross_VV0 themselves_PPX2 with_IW overseas_JJ technical_JJ 
literature_NN1 and_CC textbooks_NN2 ,_, their_APPGE talents_NN2 are_VBR 
unlikely_JJ to_TO contribute_VVI much_RR to_II the_AT unique_JJ problems_NN2 
that_CST confront_VV0 the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 coal_NN1 industry_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Comprehension_NN1 of_IO overseas_JJ developments_NN2 in_II 
coal_NN1 use_NN1 is_VBZ certainly_RR important_JJ ,_, as_CS31 long_CS32 
as_CS33 it_PPH1 is_VBZ tempered_VVN with_IW local_JJ knowledge_NN1 *-_- to_II 
the_AT extent_NN1 ,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 ,_, that_DD1 overseas_JJ 
technology_NN1 might_VM even_RR be_VBI applied_VVN in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 
in_II a_AT1 different_JJ way_NN1 and_CC to_II a_AT1 different_JJ end_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL These_DD2 *"_" distinguishing_VVG features_NN2 **"_" of_IO 
the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 coal_NN1 scene_NN1 ,_, are_VBR described_VVN 
under_II the_AT following_JJ headings_NN2 :_: |_NULL __NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 
's_GE Pattern_NN1 of_IO Energy_NN1 Use_VV0 |_NULL The_AT Relative_JJ Lack_NN1 
of_IO Industrial_JJ Development_NN1 |_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 Coal_NN1 ,_, 
especially_RR Sub-bituminous_JJ Coal_NN1 *<_NULL *7_NULL NEW_NP ZEALAND_NP1 
'S_GE PATTERN_NN1 OF_IO ENERGY_NN1 USE_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT first_MD difference_NN1 in_II energy_NN1 
use_NN1 between_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 and_CC the_AT much_RR bigger_JJR 
world_NN1 outside_RL ,_, is_VBZ in_II the_AT pattern_NN1 of_IO fuel_NN1 
use_NN1 that_CST developed_VVD here_RL ,_, a_AT1 development_NN1 of_IO 
which_DDQ New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 ,_, realising_VVG on_II the_AT 
opportunities_NN2 offering_VVG ,_, can_VM feel_VVI justly_RR proud_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT abundance_NN1 of_IO hydro-electric_JJ potential_NN1 
was_VBDZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT early_JJ factors_NN2 that_CST determined_JJ 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE pattern_NN1 of_IO fuel_NN1 use_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 had_VHD no_AT need_NN1 for_IF thermal_JJ power_NN1 
stations_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 were_VBDR developing_VVG overseas_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 came_VVD to_TO regard_VVI cheap_JJ 
hydro-electricity_NN1 almost_RR as_II a_AT1 national_JJ heritage_NN1 and_CC 
the_AT country_NN1 's_VHZ leaders_NN2 were_VBDR careful_JJ to_TO keep_VVI 
increases_NN2 in_II cost_NN1 of_IO household_NN1 electricity_NN1 to_II a_AT1 
minimum_NN1 *-_- the_AT proportion_NN1 of_IO electricity_NN1 used_VVN by_II 
householders_NN2 ,_, was_VBDZ a_AT1 source_NN1 of_IO wonderment_NN1 to_II 
the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT western_JJ world_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT lack_NN1 of_IO suitable_JJ coking_JJ coal_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC competition_NN1 from_II cheap_JJ hydro-electricity_NN1 ,_, meant_VVD 
that_CST a_AT1 viable_JJ carbonising_JJ industry_NN1 did_VDD not_XX 
develop_VVI on_II the_AT scale_NN1 that_CST developed_VVD overseas_RL ,_, 
to_TO provide_VVI gas_NN1 as_II a_AT1 household_NN1 fuel_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Again_RT ,_, without_IW suitable_JJ coking_JJ coal_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
without_IW the_AT necessary_JJ minerals_NN2 or_CC a_AT1 market_NN1 for_IF 
the_AT product_NN1 ,_, there_EX was_VBDZ no_AT growth_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
conventional_JJ steel_NN1 industry_NN1 ,_, generally_RR associated_VVN 
overseas_RL with_IW the_AT distribution_NN1 of_IO *"_" town_NN1 **"_" gas_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL So_RR ,_, the_AT two_MC uses_NN2 for_IF coal_NN1 which_DDQ 
commonly_RR consume_VV0 80-90%_FO of_IO the_AT coal_NN1 production_NN1 in_II 
other_JJ countries_NN2 *-_- power_NN1 generation_NN1 and_CC steel_NN1 
production_NN1 *-_- were_VBDR almost_RR unknown_JJ in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL These_DD2 were_VBDR the_AT factors_NN2 which_DDQ 
determined_VVD the_AT country_NN1 's_VBZ fuel_NN1 utilisation_NN1 pattern_NN1 
in_II the_AT early_JJ years_NNT2 and_CC which_DDQ ,_, for_REX21 instance_REX22 
,_, left_VVD New_NP Zealand_NP1 without_IW a_AT1 viable_JJ gas_NN1 
industry_NN1 which_DDQ could_VM have_VHI provided_VVN some_DD immediate_JJ 
outlet_NN1 for_IF the_AT large_JJ reserves_NN2 of_IO natural_JJ gas_NN1 
which_DDQ have_VH0 come_VVN available_JJ in_II more_RGR recent_JJ years_NNT2 
._. 

^ |_NULL (_( ^_NULL Most_DAT of_IO the_AT circumstances_NN2 which_DDQ 
determined_VVD this_DD1 fuel-consumption_JJ pattern_NN1 are_VBR changing_VVG 
now_RT *-_- with_IW the_AT available_JJ hydro-electric_JJ sites_NN2 in_II 
the_AT North_NP Island_NP1 now_RT developed_VVD ,_, and_CC with_IW an_AT1 (_( 
unconventional_JJ )_) steel_NN1 industry_NN1 growing_VVG ,_, New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 can_VM expect_VVI to_TO see_VVI a_AT1 new_JJ pattern_NN1 of_IO 
coal_NN1 consumption_NN1 more_RGR similar_JJ to_II that_DD1 in_II other_JJ 
countries_NN2 ._. )_) 

^ *<_NULL *7_NULL THE_AT RELATIVE_JJ LACK_NN1 OF_IO INDUSTRIAL_JJ 
DEVELOPMENT_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 economy_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN 
basically_RR a_AT1 rural_JJ economy_NN1 ,_, depending_II21 on_II22 primary_NN1 
produce_VV0 *-_- not_XX an_AT1 industrial_JJ one_PN1 as_CSA we_PPIS2 find_VV0 
in_II most_DAT of_IO the_AT countries_NN2 whose_DDQGE technology_NN1 we_PPIS2 
often_RR tend_VV0 to_TO follow_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Most_DAT industrial_JJ development_NN1 ,_, apart_II21 
from_II22 that_DD1 associated_VVN with_IW primary_JJ produce_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ 
on_II a_AT1 smaller_JJR operating_NN1 scale_NN1 than_CSN is_VBZ found_VVN 
overseas_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Coal_NN1 production_NN1 and_CC use_NN1 has_VHZ invariably_RR been_VBN 
on_II a_AT1 smaller_JJR operating_NN1 scale_NN1 ,_, denied_VVD the_AT 
economies_NN2 of_IO scale_NN1 that_CST are_VBR often_RR available_JJ 
elsewhere_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_IW industrial-coal_JJ use_NN1 overseas_RL ,_, capital_JJ 
charges_NN2 on_II the_AT more_RGR expensive_JJ coal-handling_NN1 and_CC 
burning_JJ equipment_NN1 ,_, have_VH0 always_RR adversely_RR affected_VVN 
the_AT position_NN1 of_IO coal_NN1 as_II a_AT1 competitive_JJ fuel_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL On_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE smaller_JJR scale_NN1 ,_, capital_JJ 
charges_NN2 can_VM have_VHI an_AT1 even_RR more_RGR crippling_JJ effect_NN1 
on_II cost_NN1 competitiveness_NN1 ,_, and_CC promoters_NN2 of_IO 
industrial_JJ coal_NN1 are_VBR always_RR faced_VVN with_IW a_AT1 dilemma_NN1 
*-_- of_IO the_AT need_NN1 for_IF increased_JJ convenience_NN1 in_II coal_NN1 
use_NN1 (_( requiring_VVG more_RGR expensive_JJ equipment_NN1 )_) and_CC 
the_AT need_NN1 to_TO avoid_VVI unacceptable_JJ capital_NN1 costs_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *7_NULL NEW_NP ZEALAND_NP1 COAL_NN1 ,_, ESPECIALLY_RR 
SUB-BITUMINOUS_JJ COAL_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT major_JJ use_NN1 for_IF coal_NN1 in_II the_AT 
past_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN in_II industry_NN1 *-_- mainly_RR cement_NN1 
works_VVZ ,_, dairy_NN1 factories_NN2 and_CC meat_NN1 works_NN *-_- and_CC 
the_AT total_JJ consumption_NN1 of_IO industrial_JJ coal_NN1 has_VHZ not_XX 
changed_VVN much_RR over_RG recent_JJ years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD oil-burning_JJ plant_NN1 has_VHZ converted_VVN to_II coal_NN1 
*-_- some_DD North_NP Island_NP1 fuel_NN1 users_NN2 ,_, including_II coal_NN1 
users_NN2 ,_, have_VH0 converted_VVN to_II natural_JJ gas_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE reserves_NN2 of_IO coal_NN1 are_VBR 
of_IO the_AT bituminous_JJ ,_, sub-bituminous_JJ and_CC lignite_NN1 types_NN2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT bituminous_JJ coals_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
relatively-isolated_JJ West_NP Coast_NP1 (_( South_NP Island_NP1 )_) were_VBDR 
the_AT first_MD coals_NN2 to_TO be_VBI used_VVN ,_, mainly_RR because_CS 
they_PPHS2 were_VBDR similar_JJ to_II the_AT coals_NN2 the_AT early_JJ 
settlers_NN2 had_VHD known_VVN at_II home_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 were_VBDR suited_VVN to_II gas_NN1 manufacture_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC to_II manual_NN1 firing_VVG *-_- in_II ships_NN2 ,_, railways_NN2 
engines_NN2 ,_, and_CC industrial_JJ boilers_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT advent_NN1 of_IO the_AT mechanical_JJ stoker_NN1 ,_, 
designed_VVD primarily_RR for_IF use_NN1 with_IW overseas_JJ weakly-coking_JJ 
coals_NN2 ,_, did_VDD not_XX contribute_VVI as_RG much_DA1 as_CSA expected_VVN 
to_TO the_AT industrial_JJ use_NN1 of_IO coal_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT face_NN1 
of_IO the_AT growing_JJ competition_NN1 from_II the_AT new_JJ fuel_NN1 oil_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 bituminous_JJ coals_NN2 were_VBDR too_RG highly_RR 
swelling_VVG to_TO suit_VVI these_DD2 stokers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT sub-bituminous_JJ coals_NN2 were_VBDR not_XX properly_RR 
understood_VVN ,_, and_CC were_VBDR very_RG much_RR underestimated_VVN ,_, 
commonly_RR being_VBG dismissed_VVN as_CSA *"_" low-rank_JJ lignites_NN2 **"_" 
!_! 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL West_NP Coast_NP1 coal_NN1 production_NN1 is_VBZ still_RR 
an_AT1 important_JJ proportion_NN1 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE total_JJ 
production_NN1 ,_, but_CCB the_AT emphasis_NN1 has_VHZ gradually_RR 
shifted_VVN towards_II sub-bituminous_JJ coals_NN2 which_DDQ today_RT are_VBR 
the_AT coals_NN2 of_IO greatest_JJT economic_JJ significance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 coals_NN2 ,_, more_RGR widely_RR distributed_VVD 
throughout_II the_AT country_NN1 and_CC nearer_RRR the_AT centres_NN2 of_IO 
population_NN1 ,_, are_VBR unusual_JJ in_II31 comparison_II32 with_II33 
most_DAT overseas_JJ coals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II the_AT fuel_NN1 technologists_NN2 '_GE growing_JJ 
understanding_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE unique_JJ properties_NN2 brought_VVD 
modifications_NN2 to_II the_AT established_JJ firing_JJ systems_NN2 and_CC 
led_VVN to_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO new_JJ ones_NN2 ,_, the_AT 
special_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 coals_NN2 came_VVD to_TO be_VBI 
better_RRR exploited_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE most_RGT abundant_JJ coal_NN1 
reserves_NN2 are_VBR in_II Southland_NP1 and_CC Central_NP Otago_NP1 *-_- 
the_AT lignite_NN1 fields_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_RR21 present_RR22 ,_, consumption_NN1 of_IO lignite_NN1 by_II 
industry_NN1 ,_, although_CS increasing_VVG ,_, is_VBZ still_RR small_JJ ,_, 
but_CCB it_PPH1 will_VM be_VBI on_II these_DD2 lignites_NN2 that_CST New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 will_VM ultimately_RR depend_VVI for_IF her_APPGE energy_NN1 
reserves_VVZ in_II the_AT longer_JJR term_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *7_NULL SUB-BITUMINOUS_JJ COAL_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT developing_JJ pattern_NN1 of_IO coal_NN1 
use_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 has_VHZ been_VBN primarily_RR around_RG 
sub-bituminous_JJ coal_NN1 ,_, an_AT1 unusual_JJ coal_NN1 by_II world_NN1 
standards_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT reasons_NN2 for_IF the_AT 
different_JJ circumstances_NN2 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 and_CC of_IO the_AT 
expectations_NN2 for_IF the_AT future_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ dependent_JJ on_II an_AT1 
understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT properties_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 coals_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Much_DA1 of_IO this_DD1 paper_NN1 is_VBZ devoted_JJ to_II a_AT1 
description_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 properties_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT effect_NN1 
of_IO the_AT properties_NN2 on_II future_JJ developments_NN2 in_II the_AT 
coal_NN1 industry_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 sub-bituminous_JJ coal_NN1 is_VBZ typified_VVN by_II 
that_DD1 from_II the_AT Waikato_NP1 field_NN1 which_DDQ today_RT 
contributes_VVZ most_RRT to_II the_AT annual_JJ coal_NN1 production_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 typical_JJ average_JJ analysis_NN1 (_( on_II an_AT1 
as-sampled-at-the-mine_JJ basis_NN1 )_) of_IO industrial_JJ coal_NN1 from_II 
the_AT largest_JJT producing_JJ Waikato_NP1 mine_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ shown_VVN 
below_RL :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Moisture_NN1 
*-_- *0_NULL most_RGT industrial_JJ coal_NN1 contains_VVZ at_RR21 least_RR22 
2%_NNU or_CC 3%_NNU surface_NN1 moisture_NN1 ,_, depending_VVG largely_RR 
on_II the_AT fines_NN2 content_VV0 ,_, on_II the_AT condition_NN1 of_IO 
mining_NN1 and_CC subsequent_JJ handling_NN1 of_IO the_AT coal_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 typical_JJ Waikato_NP1 coal_NN1 will_VM have_VHI an_AT1 
equilibrium_NN1 moisture_NN1 content_NN1 (_( 70%_NNU Relative_JJ Humidity_NN1 
)_) of_IO about_II 16%_NNU and_CC a_AT1 moisture-holding_JJ capacity_NN1 (_( 
100%_NNU {_NULL RH_FO }_NULL )_) of_IO about_II 18%_NNU ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 high_JJ level_NN1 of_IO inherent_JJ moisture_NN1 is_VBZ 
the_AT main_JJ reason_NN1 for_IF the_AT relatively-low_JJ heating_NN1 
value_NN1 of_IO the_AT coal_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thoughts_NN2 of_IO removing_VVG some_DD of_IO this_DD1 inherent_JJ 
moisture_NN1 to_TO reduce_VVI transport_NN1 costs_NN2 and_CC improve_VVI 
firing_VVG ,_, are_VBR generally_RR tempered_VVN by_II concern_NN1 for_IF 
an_AT1 increased_JJ tendency_NN1 to_II spontaneous_JJ heating_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Ash_NP1 *-_- *0_NULL a_AT1 typical_JJ ash_NN1 
content_NN1 of_IO Waikato_NP1 coal_NN1 is_VBZ 4_MC or_CC 5%_NNU ,_, of_IO 
which_DDQ up_RG21 to_RG22 one_PN1 half_RR is_VBZ inherent_JJ ash_NN1 ,_, 
bound_VVN in_II the_AT coal_NN1 substance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Whereas_CS most_DAT industrial_JJ and_CC power-station_JJ coal_NN1 
in_II the_AT western_JJ world_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ washed_VVN before_II use_NN1 (_( 
to_TO reduce_VVI the_AT ash_NN1 content_NN1 )_) ,_, the_AT naturally-low_JJ 
ash_NN1 levels_NN2 with_IW New_NP Zealand_NP1 coals_NN2 ,_, have_VH0 not_XX 
required_VVN ,_, up_RP till_II now_RT ,_, the_AT installation_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
single_JJ coal_NN1 washery_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT ash_NN1 of_IO Waikato_NP1 coals_NN2 is_VBZ generally_RR 
characterised_VVN by_II a_AT1 high_JJ calcium_NN1 content_NN1 ,_, 
averaging_VVG 30-40%_FO {_NULL CaO_NN1 }_NULL ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS the_AT coal_NN1 is_VBZ burnt_VVN at_II relatively-low_JJ 
temperatures_NN2 ,_, much_DA1 of_IO the_AT ash_NN1 has_VHZ the_AT 
appearance_NN1 of_IO wood_NN1 ash_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Ash-Fusion_NN1 Temperatures_NN2 *-_- *0_NULL by_II 
world_NN1 standards_NN2 ,_, ash-fusion_NN1 temperatures_NN2 are_VBR low_JJ 
*-_- sometimes_RT the_AT hemisphere_NN1 temperature_NN1 in_II reducing_VVG 
conditions_NN2 is_VBZ below_RG 1200_MC *@_NNU \_NULL C._NP1 ^_NULL The_AT 
latest_JJT power-station_JJ boilers_NN2 ,_, designed_VVN for_IF use_NN1 
with_IW these_DD2 low_JJ ash-fusion_NN1 temperatures_NN2 ,_, have_VH0 an_AT1 
increased_JJ combustion-chamber_JJ volume_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II industrial_JJ use_NN1 ,_, (_( although_CS some_DD troubles_NN2 
are_VBR experienced_VVN with_IW these_DD2 low_JJ fusion_NN1 temperatures_NN2 
)_) ,_, the_AT problems_NN2 ,_, for_IF various_JJ reasons_NN2 described_VVD 
later_RRR ,_, are_VBR not_XX as_RG serious_JJ as_CSA overseas_JJ 
experience_NN1 might_VM forecast_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Volatile_JJ Matter_NN1 *-_- *0_NULL volatiles_NN2 
are_VBR high_RR *-_- generally_RR the_AT volatile_JJ matter/fixed_FO 
carbon_NN1 ratio_NN1 is_VBZ between_II 0.8_MC and_CC 1.0_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Sulphur_NN1 *-_- *0_NULL levels_NN2 are_VBR 
generally_RR less_RRR than_CSN 0.3%_FO and_CC most_DAT of_IO this_DD1 (_( 
typically_RR over_II 90%_NNU )_) is_VBZ organic_JJ sulphur_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD pockets_NN2 of_IO higher_JJR sulphur_NN1 coal_NN1 occur_VV0 
,_, mainly_RR outside_II the_AT Waikato_NP1 area_NN1 ,_, but_CCB these_DD2 
coals_NN2 are_VBR not_XX used_VVN to_II any_DD great_JJ extent_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Free-Burning_JJ Properties_NN2 *-_- *0_NULL the_AT 
sub-bituminous_JJ coals_NN2 are_VBR non-swelling_JJ and_CC non-coking_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA they_PPHS2 carbonise_VV0 ,_, the_AT particles_NN2 simply_RR 
shrink_VV0 ,_, retaining_VVG their_APPGE entity_NN1 and_CC their_APPGE 
original_JJ shape_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT resulting_JJ char_NN1 is_VBZ rather_RG similar_JJ in_II 
appearance_NN1 to_II the_AT original_JJ coal_NN1 ._. 

^ (_( ^_NULL Compare_VV0 this_DD1 with_IW the_AT behaviour_NN1 of_IO 
bituminous_JJ coals_NN2 ,_, commonly_RR used_VVN in_II most_DAT western_JJ 
countries_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ under_II these_DD2 conditions_NN2 ,_, soften_VV0 
and_CC fuse_NN1 together_RL in_II the_AT carbonising_JJ process_NN1 ,_, to_TO 
form_VVI coke_NN1 ._. )_) 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Reactivity_NN1 *-_- *0_NULL sub-bituminous_JJ coal_NN1 
and_CC its_APPGE char_NN1 ,_, are_VBR highly_RR reactive_JJ ,_, and_CC 
this_DD1 high_JJ reactivity_NN1 has_VHZ several_DA2 effects_NN2 on_II the_AT 
combustion_NN1 process_NN1 ,_, as_CSA described_VVN later_RRR ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II magazine-fed_JJ domestic_JJ appliances_NN2 for_REX21 
instance_REX22 ,_, where_CS a_AT1 bed_NN1 of_IO coal_NN1 remains_VVZ 
without_IW air_NN1 supplied_VVN to_II it_PPH1 ,_, the_AT apparently_RR 
inert_JJ coal_NN1 retains_VVZ a_AT1 condition_NN1 ,_, aided_VVN by_II the_AT 
insulation_NN1 provided_VVN by_II the_AT fluffy_JJ ash_NN1 ,_, where_CS the_AT 
fuel_NN1 bed_NN1 can_VM lie_VVI dormant_JJ for_IF more_DAR than_CSN a_AT1 
week_NNT1 ,_, to_TO be_VBI rekindled_VVN when_RRQ the_AT air_NN1 supply_NN1 
is_VBZ restored_VVN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *7_NULL PRODUCTION_NN1 OF_IO SUB-BITUMINOUS_JJ COAL_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Coal_NN1 seams_NN2 are_VBR relatively_RR thick_JJ 
and_CC close_RR to_II the_AT surface_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Currently_RR ,_, less_RRR than_CSN a_AT1 quarter_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
Waikato_NP1 production_NN1 is_VBZ taken_VVN by_II underground_JJ methods_NN2 
,_, but_CCB this_DD1 proportion_NN1 is_VBZ certain_JJ to_TO increase_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Mechanised_JJ mining_NN1 with_IW continuous_JJ miners_NN2 ,_, 
was_VBDZ introduced_VVN a_DD221 few_DD222 years_NNT2 ago_RA ,_, in_II two_MC 
of_IO the_AT larger_JJR Waikato_NP1 underground_JJ mines_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Previously_RR ,_, mining_NN1 was_VBDZ all_DB by_II manual_JJ 
methods_NN2 ,_, with_IW mechanisation_NN1 limited_VVN to_II loading_VVG 
operations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT faulted_JJ nature_NN1 of_IO the_AT seams_NN2 and_CC the_AT 
roof_NN1 conditions_NN2 ,_, have_VH0 not_XX suited_VVN continuous_JJ 
miners_NN2 ,_, and_CC longwall_NN1 techniques_NN2 are_VBR planned_VVN to_TO 
take_VVI their_APPGE place_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL With_IW these_DD2 faulted_JJ and_CC undulating_VVG seams_NN2 
,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ difficult_JJ ,_, with_IW mechanised_JJ mining_NN1 ,_, 
always_RR to_TO avoid_VVI floor_NN1 and_CC roof_NN1 material_NN1 or_CC 
intrusions_NN2 and_CC other_JJ seam_NN1 inconsistencies_NN2 ,_, as_CSA 
could_VM be_VBI more_RGR readily_RR achieved_VVN with_IW manual_JJ methods_NN2 
of_IO mining_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 370+TEXT+J76_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT term_NN1 on_II the_AT right_JJ hand_NN1 side_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT equation_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT effective_JJ load_NN1 vector_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2.2.2_MC *1_NULL Dynamic_JJ Modal_JJ Superposition_NN1 Analysis_NN1 
*>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT equations_NN2 of_IO motion_NN1 are_VBR in_RR21 
general_RR22 a_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO linear_JJ coupled_JJ equations_NN2 with_IW 
the_AT number_NN1 of_IO unknowns_NN2 and_CC number_NN1 of_IO equations_NN2 
equal_VV0 to_II the_AT chosen_JJ number_NN1 of_IO degrees_NN2 of_IO 
freedom_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI shown_VVN that_CST with_IW a_AT1 suitable_JJ 
choice_NN1 of_IO the_AT damping_JJ matrix_NN1 the_AT equations_NN2 of_IO 
motion_NN1 can_VM be_VBI uncoupled_JJ by_II transformation_NN1 to_II the_AT 
normal_JJ coordinates_NN2 of_IO the_AT elastic_JJ structural_JJ system_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT normal_JJ modes_NN2 are_VBR the_AT eigenvectors_NN2 
derived_VVN from_II the_AT equations_NN2 of_IO undamped_JJ free_JJ 
vibration_NN1 and_CC the_AT natural_JJ frequencies_NN2 are_VBR functions_NN2 
of_IO the_AT associated_JJ eigenvalues_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT normal_JJ modes_NN2 are_VBR a_AT1 linearly_RR independent_JJ 
set_NN1 of_IO vectors_NN2 and_CC so_RR form_VV0 a_AT1 basis_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
displacement_NN1 field_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Any_DD deformed_JJ shape_NN1 in_II the_AT real_JJ coordinate_NN1 
system_NN1 can_VM be_VBI represented_VVN as_II a_AT1 linear_JJ combination_NN1 
of_IO the_AT normal_JJ modes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT scalar_JJ quantities_NN2 by_II which_DDQ the_AT normal_JJ 
modes_NN2 are_VBR multiplied_VVN are_VBR referred_VVN to_II as_II the_AT 
modal_JJ amplitudes_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT equations_NN2 of_IO motion_NN1 can_VM be_VBI solved_VVN 
with_IW much_DA1 less_DAR computational_JJ effort_NN1 in_II the_AT modal_NN1 
coordinates_VVZ ,_, as_CSA the_AT equations_NN2 are_VBR uncoupled_JJ and_CC 
can_VM be_VBI solved_VVN independently_RR ,_, and_CC often_RR not_XX all_DB 
modes_NN2 of_IO response_NN1 need_VV0 to_TO be_VBI considered_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Once_RR the_AT modal_JJ responses_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN found_VVN 
the_AT responses_NN2 in_II the_AT actual_JJ coordinate_NN1 system_NN1 can_VM 
be_VBI determined_VVN by_II inverting_VVG the_AT coordinate_NN1 
transformation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT principle_NN1 of_IO superposition_NN1 ,_, applicable_JJ to_II 
linear_JJ elastic_JJ structures_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ then_RT used_VVN to_TO add_VVI 
the_AT responses_NN2 from_II all_DB of_IO the_AT normal_JJ modes_NN2 to_TO 
determine_VVI the_AT total_JJ dynamic_JJ response_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT steps_NN2 involved_JJ in_II carrying_VVG out_RP a_AT1 
modal_JJ superposition_NN1 analysis_NN1 are_VBR :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
|_NULL __NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL Formulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT structure_NN1 
mass_NN1 and_CC stiffness_NN1 matrices_VVZ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
2_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL Calculation_NN1 of_IO the_AT normal_JJ modes_NN2 
and_CC frequencies_NN2 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL Formation_NN1 of_IO the_AT generalised_JJ 
mass_NN1 ,_, damping_VVG and_CC stiffness_NN1 matrices_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT 
generalised_JJ load_NN1 vector_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 4_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL Solution_NN1 of_IO the_AT uncoupled_JJ 
equations_NN2 of_IO motion_NN1 in_II the_AT modal_NN1 coordinates_VVZ 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 5_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL Transformation_NN1 of_IO the_AT modal_JJ 
responses_NN2 back_RP to_II structural_NN1 coordinates_VVZ 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 6_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL Superposition_NN1 of_IO the_AT responses_NN2 
from_II each_DD1 normal_JJ mode_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT equations_NN2 of_IO motion_NN1 
will_VM only_RR uncouple_VVI if_CSW the_AT damping_JJ matrix_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 
suitable_JJ form_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rayleigh_NP1 showed_VVD that_CST the_AT equations_NN2 will_VM 
uncouple_VVI if_CSW the_AT damping_JJ matrix_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 linear_JJ 
combination_NN1 of_IO the_AT mass_NN1 and_CC stiffness_NN1 matrices_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 case_NN1 the_AT damping_JJ matrix_NN1 exhibits_VVZ 
properties_NN2 of_IO orthogonality_NN1 with_II31 respect_II32 to_II33 the_AT 
mode_NN1 shapes_NN2 ,_, as_CSA do_VD0 the_AT mass_NN1 and_CC stiffness_NN1 
matrices_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI shown_VVN that_CST Rayleigh_NP1 damping_VVG 
results_NN2 in_II a_AT1 hyperbolic_JJ variation_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
proportion_NN1 of_IO critical_JJ damping_NN1 with_IW modal_JJ frequency_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_CS little_DA1 is_VBZ known_VVN about_II the_AT mechanisms_NN2 
of_IO structural_JJ damping_NN1 ,_, the_AT Rayleigh_NP1 damping_VVG model_NN1 
is_VBZ often_RR used_VVN in_II modal_JJ superposition_NN1 analyses_VVZ as_CSA 
it_PPH1 is_VBZ convenient_JJ to_TO apply_VVI ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II analyses_NN2 including_II soil-structure_JJ 
interaction_NN1 effects_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ often_RR required_VVN to_TO 
model_VVI the_AT radiation_NN1 damping_VVG effects_NN2 with_IW the_AT use_NN1 
of_IO dashpot_NN1 members_NN2 incorporated_VVD at_II the_AT foundation_NN1 
of_IO a_AT1 structural_JJ model_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT introduction_NN1 of_IO the_AT additional_JJ damping_JJ 
terms_NN2 into_II the_AT global_JJ damping_JJ matrix_NN1 invariably_RR 
results_VVZ in_II the_AT damping_NN1 becoming_VVG non-proportional_JJ ,_, 
that_REX21 is_REX22 ,_, the_AT damping_JJ matrix_NN1 is_VBZ no_RR21 
longer_RR22 a_AT1 linear_JJ combination_NN1 of_IO the_AT mass_NN1 and_CC 
stiffness_NN1 matrices_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II that_DD1 case_NN1 the_AT equations_NN2 of_IO motion_NN1 do_VD0 
not_XX uncouple_VVI using_VVG the_AT undamped_JJ free_JJ vibration_NN1 
mode-shapes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 problem_NN1 is_VBZ discussed_VVN in_II detail_NN1 in_II 
Section_NN1 2.4_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Modal_JJ superposition_NN1 analyses_NN2 can_VM really_RR 
only_RR be_VBI used_VVN for_IF the_AT response_NN1 analysis_NN1 of_IO 
linearly_RR elastic_JJ structures_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF non-linear_JJ elastic_NN1 or_CC inelastic_JJ structures_NN2 
modal_JJ analyses_NN2 are_VBR not_XX strictly_RR valid_JJ although_CS 
approximate_JJ response_NN1 predictions_NN2 for_IF such_DA structures_NN2 
can_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN by_II estimating_VVG equivalent_JJ linear_JJ 
properties_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2.2.3_MC *1_NULL Response_NN1 Spectrum_NN1 Analysis_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II the_AT modal_JJ superposition_NN1 analysis_NN1 
method_NN1 an_AT1 actual_JJ accelerogram_NN1 record_NN1 is_VBZ input_VVN 
and_CC used_VVN to_TO determine_VVI the_AT effective_JJ loading_JJ 
function_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT modal_JJ responses_NN2 are_VBR calculated_VVN separately_RR 
and_CC combined_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT maximum_JJ response_NN1 in_II each_DD1 mode_NN1 will_VM 
in_RR21 general_RR22 occur_VVI at_II different_JJ times_NNT2 through_II the_AT 
dynamic_JJ response_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Response_NN1 spectrum_NN1 techniques_NN2 allow_VV0 the_AT maximum_JJ 
response_NN1 to_TO be_VBI predicted_VVN directly_RR from_II the_AT modal_JJ 
properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 and_CC the_AT calculated_JJ 
response_NN1 spectrum_NN1 [_( 2.3_MC ]_) of_IO the_AT earthquake_NN1 
accelerogram_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ thus_RR possible_JJ to_TO predict_VVI the_AT 
maximum_JJ response_NN1 in_II each_DD1 mode_NN1 and_CC to_TO estimate_VVI 
the_AT maximum_JJ response_NN1 which_DDQ would_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN from_II 
the_AT superposition_NN1 of_IO modal_JJ responses_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 can_VM be_VBI done_VDN by_II various_JJ simple_JJ 
combination_NN1 schemes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Probably_RR the_AT most_RGT common_JJ of_IO these_DD2 is_VBZ the_AT 
so-called_JJ Square_JJ Root_NN1 of_IO Sum_NN1 of_IO Squares_NN2 (_( {_NULL 
SRSS_NP }_NULL )_) method_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Any_DD maximum_JJ response_NN1 quantity_NN1 (_( displacement_NN1 ,_, 
velocity_NN1 ,_, member_NN1 force_NN1 ,_, base_NN1 shear_VV0 \_NULL etc_RA )_) 
of_IO interest_NN1 is_VBZ calculated_VVN for_IF each_DD1 mode_NN1 based_VVN 
on_II the_AT required_JJ response_NN1 spectrum_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT likely_JJ maximum_NN1 from_II the_AT combined_JJ modal_JJ 
responses_NN2 is_VBZ then_RT estimated_VVN by_II summing_VVG the_AT 
squares_NN2 of_IO the_AT modal_JJ maxima_NN2 and_CC taking_VVG the_AT 
square_JJ root_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT method_NN1 attempts_VVZ to_TO recognise_VVI that_CST it_PPH1 
is_VBZ unlikely_JJ that_CST all_DB modal_JJ maxima_NN2 will_VM occur_VVI 
simultaneously_RR but_CCB some_DD modes_NN2 could_VM combine_VVI 
unfavourably_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT {_NULL SRSS_NP }_NULL combination_NN1 method_NN1 has_VHZ 
been_VBN found_VVN to_TO give_VVI reasonable_JJ estimates_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
maximum_JJ response_NN1 obtained_VVN by_II including_VVG all_DB normal_JJ 
modes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ modal_JJ combination_NN1 methods_NN2 are_VBR also_RR 
available_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ often_RR 
not_XX necessary_JJ to_TO consider_VVI responses_NN2 of_IO all_DB modes_NN2 
of_IO vibration_NN1 of_IO the_AT structural_JJ model_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Normally_RR satisfactory_JJ predictions_NN2 of_IO overall_JJ 
response_NN1 can_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN by_II considering_VVG only_RR a_AT1 
few_DA2 dominant_JJ modes_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT steps_NN2 involved_JJ in_II carrying_VVG out_RP a_AT1 
response_NN1 spectrum_NN1 analysis_NN1 are_VBR :_: **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
|_NULL __NULL 1_MC1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL Formulation_NN1 of_IO the_AT structure_NN1 
mass_NN1 and_CC stiffness_NN1 matrices_VVZ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
2_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL Calculation_NN1 of_IO the_AT normal_JJ modes_NN2 
and_CC frequencies_NN2 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 3_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL Formation_NN1 of_IO the_AT generalised_JJ 
mass_NN1 and_CC stiffness_NN1 matrices_VVZ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 
4_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL Computation_NN1 of_IO the_AT maximum_JJ modal_JJ 
response_NN1 quantities_NN2 using_VVG the_AT response_NN1 spectrum_NN1 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 5_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL Transformation_NN1 of_IO the_AT maximum_JJ 
modal_JJ responses_NN2 back_RP to_II structural_NN1 coordinates_VVZ 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 6_MC ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL Combination_NN1 of_IO the_AT maximum_JJ 
responses_NN2 from_II each_DD1 normal_JJ mode_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 response_NN1 spectrum_NN1 
analysis_NN1 will_VM in_RR21 general_RR22 require_VVI less_DAR 
computational_JJ effort_NN1 than_CSN a_AT1 full_JJ modal_JJ superposition_NN1 
analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Damping_NP1 is_VBZ allowed_VVN for_IF in_II the_AT analysis_NN1 
method_NN1 in_II the_AT response_NN1 spectrum_NN1 itself_PPX1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ common_JJ to_TO 
specify_VVI approximately_RR 5_MC percent_NNU of_IO critical_JJ damping_NN1 
in_II building_NN1 structures_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT acceleration_NN1 (_( or_CC velocity_NN1 or_CC displacement_NN1 
)_) response_NN1 spectrum_NN1 for_IF 5_MC percent_NNU damped_JJ structures_NN2 
responding_VVG to_II the_AT required_JJ earthquake_NN1 accelerogram_NN1 
would_VM be_VBI calculated_VVN and_CC used_VVN as_II the_AT input_NN1 
response_NN1 spectrum_NN1 to_II the_AT analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT limitations_NN2 of_IO the_AT response_NN1 spectrum_NN1 
analysis_NN1 method_NN1 are_VBR as_II21 for_II22 the_AT modal_JJ 
superposition_NN1 method_NN1 except_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT maximum_JJ 
results_NN2 predicted_VVD are_VBR only_JJ estimates_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
combined_JJ modal_JJ responses_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2.2.4_MC *1_NULL Analysis_NN1 of_IO Nonlinear_JJ Structures_NN2 
*>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Accurate_JJ response_NN1 analysis_NN1 of_IO 
nonlinear_JJ structures_NN2 can_VM only_RR be_VBI obtained_VVN using_VVG 
nonlinear_JJ analysis_NN1 techniques_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_CS the_AT stiffness_NN1 matrix_NN1 changes_NN2 with_IW 
time_NNT1 in_II the_AT nonlinear_JJ structure_NN1 ,_, the_AT normal_JJ 
modes_NN2 and_CC frequencies_NN2 also_RR change_VV0 and_CC modal_JJ 
analysis_NN1 techniques_NN2 are_VBR no_RR21 longer_RR22 suitable_JJ for_IF 
the_AT response_NN1 analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, the_AT principle_NN1 of_IO 
superposition_NN1 can_VM only_RR be_VBI applied_VVN to_II linear_JJ 
structures_NN2 ,_, so_CS solution_NN1 of_IO the_AT equations_NN2 of_IO 
motion_NN1 for_IF nonlinear_JJ structures_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX possible_JJ in_II 
the_AT frequency_NN1 domain_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Approximate_JJ dynamic_JJ analyses_NN2 are_VBR often_RR 
carried_VVN out_RP on_II nonlinear_JJ structures_NN2 by_II assuming_VVG 
some_DD equivalent_JJ linear_JJ properties_NN2 to_TO be_VBI appropriate_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, in_II reinforced_JJ concrete_JJ 
structures_NN2 cracking_VVG can_VM reduce_VVI the_AT flexural_JJ stiffness_NN1 
of_IO the_AT members_NN2 significantly_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS carrying_VVG out_RP dynamic_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO 
reinforced_JJ concrete_JJ structures_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ common_JJ to_TO 
specify_VVI the_AT estimated_JJ cracked_JJ flexural_JJ stiffnesses_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 dynamic_JJ modal_JJ analysis_NN1 is_VBZ then_RT carried_VVN 
out_RP assuming_VVG linear_JJ elastic_JJ response_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT so-called_JJ Equivalent_JJ Linear_JJ 
Method_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Dynamic_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO structures_NN2 which_DDQ 
dissipate_VV0 energy_NN1 by_II hysteretic_JJ effects_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 
inelastic_JJ yielding_JJ ,_, can_VM also_RR be_VBI achieved_VVN 
approximately_RR using_VVG the_AT Equivalent_JJ Linear_JJ Method_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS hysteretic_JJ damping_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI 
incorporated_VVN in_II a_AT1 linear_JJ analysis_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ 
to_TO include_VVI additional_JJ viscous_JJ damping_NN1 in_II the_AT dynamic_JJ 
model_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Appropriate_JJ secant_JJ stiffnesses_NN2 and_CC damping_VVG 
levels_NN2 may_VM be_VBI difficult_JJ to_TO estimate_VVI though_CS ,_, and_CC 
the_AT accuracy_NN1 of_IO the_AT equivalent_JJ linear_JJ method_NN1 is_VBZ 
likely_JJ to_TO deteriorate_VVI as_II the_AT degree_NN1 of_IO nonlinearity_NN1 
increases_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 example_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 method_NN1 is_VBZ presented_VVN 
in_II Chapter_NN1 4_MC in_II which_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ attempted_VVN to_TO 
predict_VVI the_AT nonlinear_JJ response_NN1 of_IO soil_NN1 deposits_VVZ 
over_II bedrock_NN1 during_II earthquake_NN1 shaking_VVG ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Many_DA2 structures_NN2 will_VM display_VVI strongly_RR 
nonlinear_JJ behaviour_NN1 during_II response_NN1 to_II earthquake_NN1 
excitation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT only_JJ way_NN1 to_TO accurately_RR predict_VVI response_NN1 
is_VBZ by_II nonlinear_JJ dynamic_JJ analysis_NN1 using_VVG step_NN1 by_II 
step_NN1 solution_NN1 methods_NN2 in_II the_AT time_NNT1 domain_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT incremental_JJ form_NN1 of_IO the_AT equations_NN2 of_IO 
motion_NN1 is_VBZ set_VVN up_RP and_CC the_AT solution_NN1 precedes_VVZ in_II 
a_AT1 series_NN of_IO small_JJ time_NNT1 increments_NN2 using_VVG the_AT 
tangent_JJ stiffness_NN1 matrix_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL At_II each_DD1 time_NNT1 step_VV0 the_AT actions_NN2 in_II the_AT 
members_NN2 are_VBR determined_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS a_AT1 change_NN1 in_II the_AT stiffness_NN1 of_IO any_DD 
member_NN1 is_VBZ found_VVN then_RT the_AT global_JJ tangent_JJ stiffness_NN1 
matrix_NN1 is_VBZ updated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ to_TO follow_VVI the_AT nonlinear_JJ 
response_NN1 of_IO structures_NN2 very_RG accurately_RR using_VVG this_DD1 
approach_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Detailed_JJ nonlinear_JJ load-deformation_JJ behaviour_NN1 of_IO 
members_NN2 can_VM easily_RR be_VBI incorporated_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Nonlinear_JJ dynamic_JJ analysis_NN1 is_VBZ computationally_RR 
expensive_JJ compared_VVN with_IW modal_JJ analysis_NN1 and_CC response_NN1 
spectrum_NN1 methods_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR also_RR numerical_JJ difficulties_NN2 which_DDQ 
arise_VV0 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT load_NN1 overshoot_VV0 problem_NN1 ,_, 
which_DDQ is_VBZ due_II21 to_II22 sudden_JJ stiffness_NN1 changes_NN2 in_II 
a_AT1 structure_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 can_VM generally_RR be_VBI overcome_VVN by_II choosing_VVG 
a_AT1 suitably_RR small_JJ time_NNT1 step_NN1 for_IF the_AT analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II any_DD dynamic_JJ analysis_NN1 in_II the_AT time_NNT1 
domain_NN1 the_AT time_NNT1 step_NN1 chosen_VVN should_VM be_VBI small_JJ 
enough_RR so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT response_NN1 of_IO the_AT structure_NN1 
can_VM be_VBI accurately_RR followed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 criteria_VVZ **[_NULL sic_RR **]_NULL which_DDQ has_VHZ 
been_VBN suggested_VVN is_VBZ that_CST the_AT time_NNT1 step_NN1 should_VM 
be_VBI no_AT greater_JJR than_CSN about_II one_MC1 quarter_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
shortest_JJT significant_JJ natural_JJ period_NN1 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT time_NNT1 step_NN1 is_VBZ too_RG large_JJ the_AT 
contribution_NN1 of_IO high_JJ frequency_NN1 components_NN2 is_VBZ 
filtered_VVN out_RP ,_, but_CCB often_RR without_IW drastic_JJ loss_NN1 of_IO 
accuracy_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, for_IF some_DD structural_JJ systems_NN2 the_AT 
contributions_NN2 of_IO higher_JJR mode_NN1 effects_NN2 may_VM be_VBI 
important_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN suggested_VVN [_( 2.5_MC ]_) that_CST 
higher_JJR modes_NN2 may_VM be_VBI excited_VVN more_RRR in_II inelastically_RR 
responding_VVG structures_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL When_CS developing_VVG finite_JJ element_NN1 models_NN2 for_IF 
the_AT dynamic_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO structures_NN2 it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
necessary_JJ to_TO decide_VVI how_RRQ the_AT real_JJ structure_NN1 should_VM 
be_VBI represented_VVN by_II a_AT1 simple_JJ mesh_NN1 of_IO nodes_NN2 and_CC 
elements_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_RR21 general_RR22 ,_, a_AT1 larger_JJR the_AT **[_NULL sic_RR 
**]_NULL number_NN1 of_IO members_NN2 will_VM give_VVI a_AT1 more_RGR 
accurate_JJ solution_NN1 ,_, though_CS requiring_VVG more_RGR computational_JJ 
effort_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 finer_JJR mesh_NN1 will_VM result_VVI in_II a_AT1 larger_JJR 
number_NN1 of_IO high_JJ frequency_NN1 modes_NN2 of_IO response_NN1 being_VBG 
modelled_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT mesh_NN1 size_NN1 can_VM be_VBI related_VVN to_II the_AT 
maximum_JJ frequency_NN1 of_IO motion_NN1 for_IF which_DDQ accurate_JJ 
response_NN1 will_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN and_CC the_AT elastic_JJ wave_NN1 
propagation_NN1 speeds_NN2 in_II the_AT structure_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Consider_VV0 ,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, modelling_VVG the_AT 
dynamic_JJ response_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 continuous_JJ shear_VV0 beam_NN1 of_IO 
finite_JJ length_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 dynamic_JJ analysis_NN1 model_NN1 can_VM be_VBI chosen_VVN 
with_IW several_DA2 shear_VV0 beam_NN1 members_NN2 placed_VVN end_VV0 to_TO 
end_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS accurate_JJ predictions_NN2 of_IO the_AT motion_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 
particular_JJ frequency_NN1 are_VBR required_VVN ,_, then_RT the_AT length_NN1 
of_IO the_AT shear_VV0 beams_NN2 would_VM have_VHI to_TO be_VBI chosen_VVN 
small_JJ enough_RR so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT length_NN1 multiplied_VVN by_II 
the_AT required_JJ frequency_NN1 is_VBZ less_DAR than_CSN the_AT shear_VV0 
wave_NN1 velocity_NN1 in_II the_AT material_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 would_VM also_RR be_VBI necessary_JJ to_TO select_VVI a_AT1 
time_NNT1 step_NN1 for_IF the_AT analysis_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 
suitably_RR small_JJ fraction_NN1 ,_, say_VV0 one_MC1 quarter_NN1 or_CC 
less_RRR ,_, of_IO the_AT period_NN1 of_IO vibration_NN1 corresponding_VVG 
to_II the_AT required_JJ frequency_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II structures_NN2 which_DDQ respond_VV0 inelastically_RR the_AT 
problems_NN2 of_IO choosing_VVG suitable_JJ mesh_NN1 size_NN1 and_CC time_NNT1 
step_NN1 are_VBR compounded_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sensitivity_NP1 studies_NN2 can_VM be_VBI carried_VVN out_RP but_CCB 
the_AT choice_NN1 is_VBZ often_RR made_VVN on_II the_AT basis_NN1 of_IO 
experience_NN1 and_CC engineering_NN1 judgment_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 computer_NN1 program_NN1 developed_VVN by_II Sharpe_NP1 
and_CC Carr_NP1 [_( 2.6_MC ]_) ,_, for_IF the_AT dynamic_JJ analysis_NN1 of_IO 
inelastic_JJ plane_NN1 frame_NN1 structures_NN2 subject_II21 to_II22 
earthquake_NN1 excitation_NN1 ,_, was_VBDZ used_VVN extensively_RR in_II 
this_DD1 research_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2.3_MC **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *3_NULL WATER-STRUCTURE_NN1 
INTERACTION_NN1 EFFECTS_NN2 IN_II OFFSHORE_JJ CONCRETE_JJ GRAVITY_NN1 
PLATFORMS_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Water-structure_NN1 
interaction_NN1 effects_NN2 are_VBR extensively_RR reported_VVN in_II the_AT 
literature_NN1 ,_, mainly_RR with_II31 regard_II32 to_II33 wave_NN1 
loading_VVG on_II offshore_JJ platform_NN1 structures_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 of_IO the_AT principles_NN2 are_VBR the_AT same_DA in_II 
considering_VVG the_AT earthquake_NN1 response_NN1 of_IO submerged_JJ 
structures_NN2 but_CCB there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 fundamental_JJ difference_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT wave_NN1 loading_VVG case_NN1 the_AT structure_NN1 
is_VBZ essentially_RR stationary_JJ and_CC the_AT water_NN1 is_VBZ in_II 
motion_NN1 whereas_CS ,_, in_II the_AT earthquake_NN1 response_NN1 case_NN1 
,_, the_AT structure_NN1 is_VBZ moving_JJ and_CC the_AT surrounding_JJ 
water_NN1 is_VBZ essentially_RR still_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Wave_NN1 forces_NN2 on_II submerged_JJ objects_NN2 can_VM 
be_VBI calculated_VVN using_VVG the_AT Morison_NP1 equation_NN1 [_( 2.7_MC ]_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT application_NN1 of_IO the_AT Morison_NP1 equation_NN1 to_TO 
wave_VVI loading_VVG is_VBZ discussed_VVN more_RGR fully_RR in_II Chapter_NN1 
8_MC and_CC only_RR a_AT1 brief_JJ description_NN1 is_VBZ given_VVN here_RL 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT force_NN1 per_II unit_NN1 length_NN1 \_NULL F_ZZ1 exerted_VVD 
on_II a_AT1 stationary_JJ submerged_JJ cylindrical_JJ body_NN1 with_IW 
cross-sectional_JJ area_NN1 \_NULL A_ZZ1 and_CC diameter_NN1 \_NULL D_ZZ1 
by_II a_AT1 fluid_NN1 with_IW mass_JJ density_NN1 \_NULL r_ZZ1 is_VBZ 
given_VVN in_II \_NULL Eqn._NP1 2.4_MC ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT quantities_NN2 \_NULL a_ZZ1 and_CC \_NULL v_ZZ1 are_VBR the_AT 
instantaneous_JJ fluid_NN1 acceleration_NN1 and_CC velocity_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT first_MD term_NN1 
is_VBZ a_AT1 linear_JJ inertia_NN1 force_NN1 and_CC C_MC *;_NULL i_ZZ1 
**;_NULL is_VBZ the_AT inertia_NN1 coefficient_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 371+TEXT+J77_FO **]_NULL 

^ ^_NULL *0_NULL Avocado_NP1 oil_NN1 ,_, obtained_VVN in_II high_JJ levels_NN2 
from_II the_AT flesh_NN1 of_IO the_AT fruit_NN ,_, is_VBZ now_RT finding_VVG 
considerable_JJ use_NN1 within_II the_AT high_JJ profit_NN1 cosmetic_JJ 
industry_NN1 (_( Canto_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1980_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Additionally_NP1 ,_, jojoba_NN1 beans_NN2 provide_VV0 a_AT1 series_NN 
of_IO wax_NN1 esters_NN2 ,_, and_CC these_DD2 have_VH0 been_VBN suggested_VVN 
as_II a_AT1 potential_JJ replacement_NN1 for_IF sperm_NN whale_NN1 oil_NN1 (_( 
Coyle_NP1 1982_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Grape_NP1 seed_NN1 oil_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN produced_VVN 
for_IF many_DA2 years_NNT2 in_II Europe_NP1 but_CCB is_VBZ not_XX now_RT of_IO 
much_DA1 importance_NN1 as_II a_AT1 commodity_NN1 oil_NN1 (_( Amerine_NN1 
{_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1972_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, oils_NN2 extracted_VVD from_II the_AT seeds_NN2 and_CC 
stones_NN2 of_IO certain_JJ fruit_NN are_VBR finding_VVG applications_NN2 
in_II specific_JJ niches_NN2 of_IO the_AT market_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, the_AT fat_NN1 obtained_VVN by_II 
solvent_NN1 extraction_NN1 of_IO the_AT kernels_NN2 of_IO mango_NN1 fruit_NN 
has_VHZ been_VBN found_VVN to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 good_JJ partial_JJ 
substitute_NN1 for_IF cocoa_NN1 butter_NN1 (_( Baliga_NP1 &_CC Shitole_NP1 
1981_MC ,_, Moharram_NP1 &_CC Moustafa_NP1 1982_MC ,_, Lakshminarayana_NN1 
{_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1983_MC )_) ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ a_AT1 high-value_JJ fat_JJ 
product_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ fruit_NN seeds_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 also_RR been_VBN 
investigated_VVN on_II a_AT1 laboratory_NN1 scale_NN1 as_II a_AT1 source_NN1 
of_IO oil_NN1 are_VBR kokam_NN1 (_( Sampathu_NP1 &_CC Krishnamurthy_NP1 
1982_MC )_) ,_, prickly_JJ pear_NN1 seeds_NN2 (_( Sawaya_NP1 &_CC Khan_NP1 
1982_MC )_) ,_, apricot_NN1 kernels_NN2 (_( Dawes_NP1 &_CC Cleverley_NP1 
1966_MC )_) ,_, and_CC papaya_NN1 seeds_NN2 (_( Matsui_NP1 1980_MC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Food_NN1 colours_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT major_JJ groups_NN2 of_IO natural_JJ 
colouring_NN1 substances_NN2 in_II fruits_NN2 are_VBR carotenoids_NN2 ,_, 
anthocyanins_NN2 ,_, and_CC chlorophylls_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Last_MD century_NNT1 the_AT food-colour_JJ industry_NN1 was_VBDZ 
based_VVN entirely_RR around_II colours_NN2 from_II natural_JJ sources_NN2 ,_, 
and_CC it_PPH1 was_VBDZ not_XX until_CS the_AT early_JJ 1920s_MC2 that_DD1 
synthetic_JJ food_NN1 grade_NN1 colours_NN2 became_VVD available_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO the_AT first_MD to_TO be_VBI produced_VVN 
synthetically_RR was_VBDZ \_NULL b-carotene_NN1 which_DDQ had_VHD 
previously_RR been_VBN extracted_VVN from_II carrots_NN2 and_CC oranges_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 full_JJ spectrum_NN1 of_IO synthetic_JJ colours_NN2 is_VBZ 
now_RT available_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, with_IW the_AT increasing_JJ public_JJ awareness_NN1 
of_IO possible_JJ health_NN1 problems_NN2 associated_VVN with_IW their_APPGE 
use_NN1 (_( {_NULL e.g._REX }_NULL ,_, cancer_NN1 ,_, hyperactivity_NN1 in_II 
children_NN2 )_) ,_, interest_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG redeveloped_VVN in_II 
the_AT field_NN1 of_IO natural_JJ colours_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Carotenoids_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Carotenoids_NN2 are_VBR frequently_RR responsible_JJ 
for_IF the_AT red_JJ ,_, orange_NN1 ,_, and_CC yellow_JJ colours_NN2 of_IO 
fruits_NN2 ,_, vegetables_NN2 ,_, and_CC flowers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Natural_JJ carotenoid_JJ extracts_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN used_VVN 
as_II food_NN1 colourants_NN2 for_IF many_DA2 years_NNT2 ,_, for_REX21 
example_REX22 ,_, carrot_NN1 and_CC tomato_NN1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
extracts_NN2 ,_, annatto_NN1 from_II the_AT seeds_NN2 of_IO *1_NULL {_NULL 
Bixa_NP1 orellana_NN1 *0_NULL \_NULL L._NP1 }_NULL ,_, saffron_NN1 ,_, 
oleoresin_NN1 ,_, paprika_NN1 ,_, and_CC red_JJ palm_NN1 oil_NN1 (_( 
Preston_NP1 &_CC Rickard_NP1 1980_MC ,_, Gordon_NP1 &_CC Bauernfeind_NP1 
1982_MC ,_, Counsell_NP1 &_CC Knewstubb_NP1 1983_MC ,_, Lampila_NN1 {_NULL 
et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1984_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD natural_JJ carotenoids_NN2 have_VH0 provitamin_NN1 A_AT1 
activity_NN1 and_CC thus_RR nutritional_JJ value_NN1 in_II31 addition_II32 
to_II33 their_APPGE visual_JJ contribution_NN1 to_II foods_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 should_VM be_VBI noted_VVN that_CST large_JJ 
quantities_NN2 of_IO synthetic_JJ carotenoids_NN2 are_VBR produced_VVN as_II 
*'_" nature_NN1 identical_JJ **'_" *-_- {_NULL i.e._REX }_NULL ,_, having_VHG 
the_AT same_DA composition_NN1 as_CSA those_DD2 from_II natural_JJ sources_NN2 
._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Anthocyanins_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT other_JJ major_JJ group_NN of_IO food_NN1 
colourants_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT anthocyanins_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 red_JJ to_II purple_JJ compounds_NN2 are_VBR also_RR 
widely_RR distributed_VVN in_II nature_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Structurally_RR they_PPHS2 are_VBR glycosides_NN2 consisting_VVG 
of_IO an_AT1 anthocyanidin_NN1 moiety_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 sugar_NN1 residue_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT anthocyanidin_NN1 component_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT principal_JJ 
determinant_NN1 of_IO the_AT anthocyanin_NN1 colour_NN1 ,_, and_CC only_RR 
6_MC major_JJ anthocyanidins_NN2 are_VBR found_VVN in_II foods_NN2 (_( 
Table_NN1 2_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II contrast_NN1 to_II the_AT carotenoids_NN2 ,_, the_AT 
anthocyanins_NN2 are_VBR obtained_VVN entirely_RR by_II extraction_NN1 from_II 
natural_JJ sources_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT limitation_NN1 of_IO anthocyanins_NN2 over_II synthetic_JJ 
azo_NN1 dyes_VVZ is_VBZ mainly_RR in_II the_AT deterioration_NN1 of_IO 
colour_NN1 on_II processing_VVG and_CC storage_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, they_PPHS2 may_VM be_VBI used_VVN successfully_RR 
in_II high-acidity_JJ foods_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 soft_JJ drinks_NN2 ,_, 
jams_NN2 ,_, and_CC jellies_NN2 (_( Hrazdina_NP1 1981_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL An_AT1 additional_JJ problem_NN1 is_VBZ that_CST the_AT red_JJ 
colour_NN1 is_VBZ maintained_VVN only_RR in_II the_AT acidity_NN1 range_NN1 
of_IO {_NULL pH_NN1 }_NULL 1-4_MCMC (_( Francis_NP1 1977_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Anthocyanin_NP1 extracts_NN2 are_VBR produced_VVN commercially_RR 
in_II large_JJ quantities_NN2 from_II red_JJ grape_NN1 skins_NN2 because_II21 
of_II22 the_AT abundance_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 raw_JJ material_NN1 as_II a_AT1 
waste_JJ product_NN1 from_II the_AT wine_NN1 industry_NN1 (_( Salgues_NP1 
1980_MC ,_, Usseglio-Tomasset_NP1 1980_MC ,_, Pompei_NP1 &_CC Lucisano_NP1 
1983_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Many_DA2 other_JJ fruits_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN suggested_VVN 
as_CSA potential_JJ sources_NN2 of_IO anthocyanins_NN2 (_( Francis_NP1 1977_MC 
)_) ;_; recent_JJ pilot-plant_JJ extraction_NN1 studies_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN 
carried_VVN out_RP using_VVG the_AT Japanese_JJ plum_NN1 *1_NULL {_NULL 
Prunus_NN1 salicina_NN1 *0_NULL Lindl_NP1 ._. 

^ }_NULL (_( Itoo_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1982_MC )_) ,_, anil_NN1 trepador_NN1 *1_NULL {_NULL Cissus_NN1 
sicyoides_NN2 }_NULL *0_NULL (_( Toledo_NP1 {_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1983_MC )_) ,_, and_CC elderberries_NN2 (_( Pfannhauser_NP1 &_CC 
Riedl_NP1 1983_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT red_JJ beet_NN1 *1_NULL {_NULL Beta_NP1 vulgaris_NN1 
*0_NULL L._NP1 }_NULL shows_NN2 promise_VV0 as_II a_AT1 source_NN1 of_IO 
natural_JJ red_JJ colourant_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Depending_II21 on_II22 the_AT cultivar_NN1 ,_, beet_NN1 contains_VVZ 
various_JJ proportions_NN2 of_IO betacyanins_NN2 and_CC betaxanthines_NN2 (_( 
red_JJ and_CC yellow_JJ colourants_NN2 structurally_RR related_VVN to_II 
anthocyanins_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 compounds_NN2 are_VBR known_VVN as_II betalaines_VVZ ,_, 
and_CC their_APPGE use_NN1 in_II food_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN reviewed_VVN by_II 
\_NULL von_NP1 Elbe_NP1 (_( 1977_MC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *1_NULL Chlorophyll_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT natural_JJ form_NN1 of_IO chlorophyll_NN1 in_II 
plants_NN2 is_VBZ not_XX used_VVN widely_RR in_II foods_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Rather_RR ,_, a_AT1 modified_JJ form_NN1 (_( sodium_NN1 copper_NN1 
chlorophyll_NN1 )_) is_VBZ used_VVN ,_, where_CS the_AT central_JJ 
magnesium_NN1 atom_NN1 of_IO the_AT natural_JJ product_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN 
replaced_VVN by_II copper_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT substitution_NN1 improves_VVZ the_AT hue_NN1 and_CC the_AT 
stability_NN1 of_IO the_AT colour_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS chlorophyll_NN1 occurs_VVZ in_II some_DD fruits_NN2 ,_, 
such_II21 as_II22 kiwifruit_NN1 ,_, they_PPHS2 are_VBR not_XX a_AT1 rich_JJ 
source_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Sugars_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Although_CS sugars_NN2 occur_VV0 to_II high_JJ 
levels_NN2 in_II fruits_NN2 they_PPHS2 are_VBR rarely_RR extracted_VVN as_II 
a_AT1 primary_JJ product_NN1 because_CS glucose_NN1 and_CC fructose_NN1 can_VM 
be_VBI produced_VVN more_RGR cheaply_RR from_II other_JJ sources_NN2 such_II21 
as_II22 by_II enzymic_JJ treatment_NN1 of_IO starch_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR minor_JJ supplies_NN2 of_IO sugar_NN1 that_CST 
have_VH0 been_VBN produced_VVN from_II fruit_NN ;_; for_REX21 example_REX22 
a_AT1 part_NN1 of_IO the_AT annual_JJ production_NN1 of_IO currants_NN2 in_II 
Greece_NP1 is_VBZ used_VVN as_II a_AT1 raw_JJ material_NN1 for_IF sugar_NN1 
extraction_NN1 using_VVG hot_JJ water_NN1 (_( Sipitanos_NP1 &_CC 
Papargyris_NP1 1979_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Sugar_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR recovered_VVN from_II the_AT excess_JJ 
juice_NN1 ,_, skins_NN2 ,_, and_CC waste_JJ materials_NN2 from_II the_AT 
pineapple_NN1 canning_VVG industry_NN1 using_VVG ion-exchange_JJ 
techniques_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Purification_NN1 need_VM not_XX be_VBI complete_JJ as_II the_AT 
sugar_NN1 is_VBZ reused_VVN in_II the_AT canning_JJ syrup_NN1 (_( 
Lancrenan_NP1 1982_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 pilot-scale_JJ production_NN1 plant_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
extraction_NN1 of_IO both_DB2 sugar_NN1 and_CC tartrate_NN1 from_II grape_NN1 
pressings_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN described_VVN (_( Ropot_NN1 {_NULL et_RA21 
al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1983_MC )_) ;_; again_RT ,_, purification_NN1 proved_VVD to_TO be_VBI 
unnecessary_JJ as_II the_AT sugar_NN1 was_VBDZ used_VVN in_II a_AT1 
subsequent_JJ fermentation_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Acids_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Acid_NN1 extraction_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 important_JJ 
industry_NN1 which_DDQ has_VHZ developed_VVN in_II31 conjunction_II32 
with_II33 grape_NN1 wine_NN1 production_NN1 in_II Europe_NP1 (_( Amerine_NN1 
{_NULL et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1972_MC ,_, Cappelleri_NP1 1981_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Tartaric_JJ acid_NN1 (_( as_CSA potassium_NN1 bitartrate_NN1 )_) 
is_VBZ a_AT1 by-product_NN1 obtained_VVN as_CSA insoluble_JJ crystals_NN2 
which_DDQ settle_VV0 out_RP during_II the_AT storage_NN1 of_IO wine_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Grape_NP1 pomace_NN1 can_VM also_RR be_VBI extracted_VVN to_TO 
recover_VVI tartrates_NN2 ;_; precipitation_NN1 as_II calcium_NN1 tartrate_NN1 
improves_VVZ yields_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Citric_JJ acid_NN1 recovery_NN1 from_II citrus_NN1 fruits_NN2 
is_VBZ discussed_VVN subsequently_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ recently_RR been_VBN suggested_VVN that_CST 
Japanese_JJ quinces_NN2 (_( *1_NULL \_NULL Chaenomeles_NP1 *0_NULL \_NULL 
sp._NNU )_) ,_, which_DDQ are_VBR rich_JJ in_II malic_JJ acid_NN1 ,_, could_VM 
also_RR be_VBI an_AT1 important_JJ source_NN1 of_IO acid_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
food_NN1 processing_NN1 industry_NN1 (_( Lesinska_NP1 1983_MC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Pectin_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Pectin_NP1 is_VBZ a_AT1 substance_NN1 which_DDQ 
has_VHZ commercial_JJ value_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ present_JJ in_II many_DA2 
fruits_NN2 (_( Kertesz_NP1 1951_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT two_MC major_JJ sources_NN2 of_IO pectin_NN1 on_II the_AT 
world_NN1 market_NN1 are_VBR apples_NN2 and_CC citrus_NN1 fruits_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Even_CS21 though_CS22 these_DD2 two_MC fruits_NN2 contain_VV0 
relatively_RR high_JJ pectin_NN1 levels_NN2 ,_, the_AT main_JJ reason_NN1 
for_IF their_APPGE utilisation_NN1 lies_VVZ in_II the_AT huge_JJ tonnages_NN2 
of_IO pomace_NN1 and_CC skins_NN2 that_CST are_VBR available_JJ as_CSA 
waste_JJ products_NN2 from_II the_AT juicing_JJ industry_NN1 each_DD1 
year_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Many_DA2 different_JJ types_NN2 of_IO pectin_NN1 are_VBR produced_VVN 
including_II low_JJ esterified_JJ and_CC amidated_JJ pectins_NN2 (_( Valet_NP1 
&_CC Schoon_NP1 1983_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT pectin_NN1 produced_VVN depend_VV0 
on_II the_AT fruit_NN species_NN from_II which_DDQ it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
extracted_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR pectins_NN2 produced_VVN from_II mandarins_NN2 ,_, 
grapefruit_NN1 ,_, bitter_JJ orange_NN1 ,_, and_CC lemons_NN2 all_DB have_VH0 
slightly_RR different_JJ applications_NN2 (_( Royo_NP1 Tranzo_NN1 {_NULL 
et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 

^ }_NULL 1980_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT cashew_NN1 apple_NN1 (_( *'_" false_JJ fruit_NN **'_" of_IO 
*1_NULL {_NULL Anacardium_NN1 occidentale_NN1 }_NULL *0_NULL to_II which_DDQ 
the_AT cashew_NN1 nut_NN1 is_VBZ attached_VVN )_) has_VHZ been_VBN 
proposed_VVN as_II a_AT1 new_JJ source_NN1 of_IO pectin_NN1 (_( Ogunmoyela_NP1 
1983_MC )_) ;_; until_II now_RT there_EX has_VHZ been_VBN an_AT1 
under-utilisation_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 fruit_NN although_CS it_PPH1 contains_VVZ 
high_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO ascorbic_JJ acid_NN1 ,_, minerals_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
pectin_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Flavours_NN2 and_CC essential_JJ oils_NN2 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Essential_JJ oils_NN2 and_CC essences_NN2 contain_VV0 
the_AT flavour_NN1 and_CC aroma_NN1 compounds_NN2 that_CST may_VM be_VBI 
obtained_VVN from_II fruit_NN ,_, and_CC are_VBR **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
commonly_RR extracted_VVN in_II31 conjunction_II32 with_II33 the_AT juice_NN1 
concentration_NN1 process_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO reduce_VVI freight_NN1 charges_NN2 and_CC 
avoid_VVI fermentation_NN1 problems_NN2 at_II ambient_JJ storage_NN1 
temperatures_NN2 ,_, much_DA1 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 trade_NN1 in_II fruit_NN 
juices_NN2 is_VBZ as_II juice_NN1 concentrates_VVZ (_( 3-8_MCMC fold_NN1 )_) 
,_, with_IW the_AT level_NN1 of_IO concentration_NN1 depending_VVG upon_II 
the_AT initial_JJ level_NN1 of_IO sugar_NN1 in_II the_AT juice_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT concentration_NN1 procedure_NN1 usually_RR involves_VVZ a_AT1 
heating_NN1 step_NN1 under_II vacuum_NN1 in_BCL21 order_BCL22 that_CST the_AT 
volatile_JJ components_NN2 ,_, primarily_RR water_NN1 and_CC including_II 
some_DD of_IO the_AT flavour_NN1 and_CC aroma_NN1 compounds_NN2 ,_, are_VBR 
driven_VVN off_RP ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 volatile_JJ fraction_NN1 can_VM be_VBI further_RRR 
concentrated_VVN by_II distillation_NN1 to_TO produce_VVI a_AT1 final_JJ 
essence_NN1 containing_VVG the_AT volatile_JJ flavour_NN1 and_CC aroma_NN1 
compounds_NN2 at_II a_AT1 level_NN1 of_IO several_DA2 hundred-fold_JJ that_DD1 
of_IO the_AT original_JJ juice_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Essences_NP1 from_II apples_NN2 and_CC berry_NN1 fruit_NN are_VBR 
amongst_II the_AT most_RGT common_JJ available_JJ ,_, and_CC in_RR21 
addition_RR22 there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO synthetic_JJ 
equivalents_NN2 on_II the_AT market_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Essential_JJ oils_NN2 may_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN from_II 
many_DA2 herbs_NN2 and_CC spices_NN2 and_CC ,_, very_RG commonly_RR ,_, 
from_II the_AT skins_NN2 of_IO citrus_NN1 fruits_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 have_VH0 a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO applications_NN2 
,_, for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, in_II foods_NN2 and_CC drinks_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
in_II soaps_NN2 and_CC detergents_NN2 where_RRQ their_APPGE aroma_NN1 
properties_NN2 are_VBR particularly_RR useful_JJ ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Enzymes_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Several_DA2 fruits_NN2 are_VBR known_VVN to_TO 
contain_VVI relatively_RR high_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO proteolytic_JJ enzymes_NN2 
,_, and_CC various_JJ commercial_JJ procedures_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN 
developed_VVN for_IF their_APPGE extraction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Applications_NN2 of_IO these_DD2 enzymes_NN2 range_VV0 from_II 
use_NN1 as_II meat_NN1 tenderisers_NN2 to_TO soap_VVI powder_NN1 additives_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT purity_NN1 of_IO the_AT enzyme_NN1 preparations_NN2 is_VBZ 
not_XX generally_RR high_JJ because_CS most_DAT applications_NN2 do_VD0 not_XX 
require_VVI it_PPH1 ,_, and_CC this_DD1 feature_NN1 contributes_VVZ to_II 
their_APPGE relatively_RR low_JJ production_NN1 costs_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT most_RGT common_JJ and_CC cheapest_JJT enzyme_NN1 
extracted_VVD from_II fruit_NN is_VBZ papain_NN1 ,_, obtained_VVN from_II 
the_AT papaya_NN1 fruit_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT enzyme_NN1 is_VBZ found_VVN in_II its_APPGE highest_JJT 
concentration_NN1 in_II the_AT latex_NN1 present_NN1 in_II the_AT green_JJ 
unripe_JJ fruit_NN and_CC in_II the_AT leaves_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Pineapples_NN2 contain_VV0 stem_NN1 and_CC fruit_NN bromelain_NN1 (_( 
two_MC separate_JJ enzymes_NN2 )_) ,_, and_CC figs_NN2 contain_VV0 ficin_NN1 
(_( Gaughran_NP1 1976_MC ,_, Dev_NP1 &_CC Ingle_NP1 1982_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Although_CS more_RGR expensive_JJ than_CSN papain_NN1 ,_, both_DB2 
stem_VV0 bromelain_NN1 and_CC ficin_NN1 are_VBR obtainable_JJ commercially_RR 
._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 and_CC similar_JJ plant_NN1 proteases_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
their_APPGE industrial_JJ prospects_NN2 ,_, have_VH0 been_VBN reviewed_VVN 
by_II Caygill_NP1 (_( 1979_MC )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Actinidin_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ present_JJ in_II 
kiwifruit_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ discussed_VVN in_II the_AT section_NN1 dealing_VVG 
with_IW New_NP Zealand_NP1 fruit_NN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Vitamins_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Many_DA2 fruits_NN2 are_VBR rich_JJ in_II 
L-ascorbic_JJ acid_NN1 (_( Table_NN1 3_MC )_) and_CC have_VH0 been_VBN 
used_VVN as_II a_AT1 natural_JJ source_NN1 of_IO the_AT vitamin_NN1 either_RR 
as_CSA the_AT fresh_JJ fruit_NN or_CC in_II extract_NN1 form_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT commercial_JJ extraction_NN1 of_IO fruit_NN vitamin_NN1 C_ZZ1 
in_II a_AT1 purified_JJ form_NN1 has_VHZ not_XX been_VBN reported_VVN ,_, 
which_DDQ is_VBZ almost_RR certainly_RR a_AT1 reflection_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
fact_NN1 that_DD1 vitamin_NN1 C_ZZ1 is_VBZ much_RR more_RGR cheaply_RR 
obtained_VVN synthetically_RR ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL Miscellaneous_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Some_DD examples_NN2 of_IO more_RGR minor_JJ 
by-products_NN2 from_II fruit_NN processing_NN1 are_VBR extracts_NN2 of_IO 
apricot_NN1 ,_, peach_NN1 ,_, plum_NN1 ,_, and_CC cherry_NN1 stone_NN1 (_( 
all_DB contain_VV0 amygdalin_NN1 )_) as_II a_AT1 substitute_NN1 for_IF 
almond_NN1 flavouring_NN1 (_( Corradi_NP1 &_CC Micheli_NP1 1982_MC )_) ,_, 
and_CC an_AT1 edible_JJ flour_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN produced_VVN from_II 
finely_RR ground_JJ cherry_NN1 pits_NN2 (_( Hanson_NP1 1976_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Some_DD spices_NN2 are_VBR obtained_VVN specifically_RR from_II 
fruits_NN2 :_: allspice_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT dried_JJ unripe_JJ fruits_NN2 of_IO 
*1_NULL {_NULL Pimenta_NP1 dioica_NN1 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL a_AT1 small_JJ 
tree_NN1 native_NN1 to_II the_AT West_NP Indies_NP1 and_CC parts_NN2 of_IO 
Central_JJ and_CC South_NP America_NP1 (_( Hill_NP1 1952_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Various_JJ spices_NN2 and_CC oils_NN2 can_VM be_VBI prepared_VVN 
from_II capsicum_NN1 varieties_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 the_AT bell_NN1 
peppers_NN2 ,_, chilies_NN2 ,_, paprikas_NN2 ,_, pimientos_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
tabascos_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ spices_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR also_RR classed_VVN as_CSA 
fruits_NN2 are_VBR :_: juniper_NN1 berry_NN1 ,_, pepper_NN1 ,_, star_JJ 
anise_NN1 ,_, and_CC vanilla_NN1 (_( Hill_NP1 1952_MC )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 important_JJ fruit_NN which_DDQ yields_VVZ several_DA2 
processed_JJ products_NN2 is_VBZ the_AT cocoa_NN1 *'_" bean_NN1 **'_" (_( 
*1_NULL {_NULL Theobroma_NP1 cacao_NN1 }_NULL )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Not_XX only_RR are_VBR the_AT seeds_NN2 used_VVN in_II cocoa_NN1 
production_NN1 ,_, but_CCB a_AT1 hydrocolloid_NN1 may_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN 
from_II the_AT juice_NN1 expressed_VVN from_II the_AT flesh_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
fruit_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 has_VHZ found_VVN use_VV0 as_II a_AT1 valuable_JJ 
emulsifying_NN1 and_CC stabilising_VVG colloid_NN1 in_II foods_NN2 and_CC 
beverages_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT waste_NN1 flesh_NN1 is_VBZ then_RT further_RRR utilised_VVN 
as_II an_AT1 animal_NN1 feed_NN1 (_( Drevici_NP1 &_CC Drevici_NP1 1982_MC )_) 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Certain_JJ fruits_NN2 contain_VV0 proteins_NN2 that_CST 
are_VBR intensely_RR sweet_JJ and_CC are_VBR being_VBG evaluated_VVN for_IF 
use_NN1 in_II the_AT non-nutritive_JJ sweetener_NN1 market_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Monellin_NP1 *-_- extracted_VVD from_II the_AT serendipity_NN1 
berry_NN1 (_( *1_NULL {_NULL Dioscoreophyllum_NP1 cumminsii_NN2 }_NULL )_) 
*-_- is_VBZ approximately_RR 2000_MC times_NNT2 sweeter_JJR than_CSN 
sucrose_NN1 ,_, whereas_CS thaumatin_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 protein_NN1 isolated_JJ 
from_II the_AT fruit_NN of_IO a_ZZ1 West_NP African_JJ plant_NN1 *1_NULL 
{_NULL Thaumatococcus_NN1 daniellii_NN2 }_NULL ,_, *0_NULL is_VBZ the_AT 
sweetest_JJT substance_NN1 known_VVN ,_, being_VBG approximately_RR 4000_MC 
times_NNT2 sweeter_JJR than_CSN sucrose_NN1 (_( Parker_NP1 1978_MC )_) ._. 

^ *<_NULL *4_NULL The_AT citrus_NN1 industry_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL One_MC1 of_IO the_AT largest_JJT and_CC most_RGT 
complex_JJ processing_NN1 operations_NN2 involving_VVG fruit_NN is_VBZ 
that_DD1 of_IO the_AT citrus_NN1 industry_NN1 (_( Braverman_NP1 1949_MC )_) 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT principal_JJ products_NN2 are_VBR juice_NN1 and_CC juice_NN1 
concentrate_VV0 ,_, but_CCB because_II21 of_II22 the_AT huge_JJ quantities_NN2 
of_IO waste_NN1 produced_VVD ,_, the_AT manufacture_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 large_JJ 
range_NN1 of_IO by-products_NN2 is_VBZ also_RR economically_RR viable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Thus_RR the_AT industry_NN1 provides_VVZ a_AT1 useful_JJ case_NN1 
study_NN1 of_IO the_AT versatility_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ possible_JJ ,_, due_JJ 
at_RR21 least_RR22 in_II part_NN1 to_II the_AT scale_NN1 of_IO operation_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Juice_NN1 :_: ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ 
generally_RR the_AT primary_JJ product_NN1 ,_, the_AT majority_NN of_IO 
which_DDQ is_VBZ sold_VVN as_CSA frozen_VVN concentrate_VV0 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Juicing_NP1 produces_VVZ large_JJ quantities_NN2 of_IO skins_NN2 
and_CC fibrous_JJ waste_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Oil_NN1 :_: ^_NULL *0_NULL High-quality_JJ oil_NN1 
can_VM be_VBI obtained_VVN from_II the_AT glands_NN2 or_CC sacs_NN2 in_II 
the_AT flavedo_NN1 (_( outer_JJ skin_NN1 of_IO the_AT fruit_NN )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT value_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 oil_NN1 is_VBZ dependent_JJ upon_II 
the_AT species_NN and_CC the_AT particular_JJ variety_NN1 of_IO citrus_NN1 
used_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Oil_NN1 can_VM be_VBI used_VVN either_DD1 for_IF its_APPGE taste_NN1 
,_, aroma_NN1 ,_, or_CC for_IF both_DB2 attributes_NN2 in_II such_DA 
products_NN2 as_II food_NN1 and_CC beverages_NN2 and_CC in_II sanitisers_NN2 
and_CC cleansers_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *4_NULL Acid_NN1 :_: ^_NULL *0_NULL Citric_JJ acid_NN1 can_VM 
be_VBI extracted_VVN from_II fruits_NN2 with_IW high_JJ acid_NN1 content_NN1 
such_II21 as_II22 lemons_NN2 and_CC limes_NN2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 372+TEXT+J78_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *6_NULL The_AT balance_NN1 of_IO power_NN1 in_II 
information_NN1 systems_NN2 in_II both_DB2 hardware_NN1 and_CC software_NN1 
is_VBZ shifting_VVG from_II the_AT northern_JJ to_II the_AT southern_JJ 
hemisphere_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO hardware_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ shifting_VVG 
from_II the_AT {_NULL USA_NP }_NULL to_II Japan_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II my_APPGE opinion_NN1 the_AT balance_NN1 of_IO power_NN1 in_II 
non-hardware_JJ elements_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 application_NN1 
software_NN1 ,_, engineering_NN1 services_NN2 and_CC education_NN1 is_VBZ 
shifting_VVG to_II Australia_NP1 and_CC New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Why_RRQ ?_? 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Australia_NP1 and_CC New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE geographic_JJ 
isolation_NN1 ,_, previous_JJ archaic_JJ import_NN1 barriers_NN2 (_( 
ex-import_JJ licensing_NN1 ,_, duty_NN1 ,_, and_CC sales_NN2 tax_NN1 )_) ,_, 
and_CC traditional_JJ *"_" have_VH0 a_AT1 go_NN1 ,_, do_VD0 it_PPH1 
yourself_PPX1 **"_" attitudes_NN2 have_VH0 combined_VVN to_TO lead_VVI 
us_PPIO2 to_TO utilise_VVI computer_NN1 systems_NN2 to_II the_AT full_JJ 
before_II upgrading_VVG them_PPHO2 and_CC to_TO cram_VVI applications_NN2 
software_NN1 into_II the_AT smallest_JJT possible_JJ configuration_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 contrasts_VVZ with_IW the_AT {_NULL USA_NP }_NULL where_RRQ 
large_JJ powerful_JJ systems_NN2 are_VBR used_VVN for_IF one_MC1 specific_JJ 
purpose_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 personnel_NN2 ,_, finance_NN1 ,_, or_CC 
production_NN1 use_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 ,_, systems_NN2 must_VM of_IO necessity_NN1 
be_VBI multi_NN2 purpose_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL We_PPIS2 have_VH0 shaken_VVN off_II our_APPGE primary_JJ 
industry_NN1 mentality_NN1 and_CC womb_VV0 to_TO tomb_VVI Government_NNJ 
hand-out_NN1 welfare_NN1 state_NN1 attitude_NN1 ,_, and_CC with_IW 
deregulation_NN1 and_CC privatisation_NN1 has_VHZ come_VVN the_AT 
realisation_NN1 that_DD1 knowledge_NN1 is_VBZ power_NN1 and_CC information_NN1 
systems_NN2 are_VBR what_DDQ knowledge_NN1 is_VBZ all_DB about_RP ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL With_IW all_DB due_JJ modesty_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 are_VBR an_AT1 
intelligent_JJ well_RR educated_JJ society_NN with_IW plenty_PN of_IO 
creative_JJ capability_NN1 and_CC a_AT1 willingness_NN1 to_II *"_" 
have-a-go_NN1 **"_" even_CS21 when_CS22 others_NN2 say_VV0 it_PPH1 ca_VM 
n't_XX be_VBI done_VDN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT fact_NN1 that_CST we_PPIS2 speak_VV0 only_RR one_MC1 major_JJ 
language_NN1 ,_, while_CS culturally_RR objectionable_JJ ,_, is_VBZ good_JJ 
news_NN1 in_II31 respect_II32 of_II33 our_APPGE ability_NN1 to_TO compete_VVI 
and_CC communicate_VVI in_II the_AT information_NN1 and_CC technology_NN1 
arena_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 are_VBR also_RR a_AT1 computer_NN1 literate_JJ community_NNJ 
,_, despite_II complaints_NN2 about_II the_AT lack_NN1 of_IO computers_NN2 
in_II schools_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Japan_NP1 \_NULL Inc._JJ in_II the_AT past_NN1 seems_VVZ to_TO 
have_VHI difficulty_NN1 in_II mastering_VVG the_AT blend_NN1 of_IO 
creativity_NN1 and_CC logic_NN1 and_CC the_AT thought_NN1 processes_NN2 
necessary_JJ for_IF software_NN1 development_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Apart_II21 from_II22 our_APPGE advantages_NN2 in_II31 
terms_II32 of_II33 ability_NN1 to_TO develop_VVI application_NN1 solutions_NN2 
for_IF the_AT rest_NN1 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 have_VH0 a_AT1 
very_RG major_JJ geographic_JJ advantage_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ if_CS we_PPIS2 
choose_VV0 to_TO exploit_VVI it_PPH1 would_VM give_VVI us_PPIO2 a_AT1 
competitive_JJ edge_NN1 in_II the_AT electronic_JJ storage_NN1 and_CC 
dissemination_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 world-wide_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL Because_CS the_AT sun_NN1 rises_VVZ earlier_RRR in_II Gisborne_NP1 
than_CSN in_II any_DD other_JJ {_NULL OECD_NN1 }_NULL country_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 
are_VBR ahead_RL in_II time_NNT1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_IW electronic_JJ transfer_NN1 of_IO information_NN1 
instantaneous_JJ ,_, this_DD1 means_VVZ for_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, that_CST 
if_CS shares_NN2 become_VV0 available_JJ internationally_RR on_II a_AT1 
given_JJ date_NN1 ,_, New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 could_VM buy_VVI them_PPHO2 
before_II people_NN of_IO almost_RR any_DD other_JJ nation_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Futures_NN2 fall_VV0 due_JJ first_MD in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT implications_NN2 for_IF the_AT money_NN1 market_NN1 are_VBR 
considerable_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL Information_NN1 is_VBZ power_NN1 ,_, and_CC potentially_RR New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 could_VM become_VVI the_AT information_NN1 centre_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
world_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL For_IF years_NNT2 ,_, successive_JJ New_NP Zealand_NP1 
Governments_NNJ2 have_VH0 been_VBN berated_VVN for_IF insufficient_JJ 
support_NN1 to_II manufacturers_NN2 ,_, exporters_NN2 ,_, scientists_NN2 ,_, 
farmers_NN2 ,_, doctors_NN2 ,_, teachers_NN2 ,_, tax_NN1 payers_NN2 ,_, \_NULL 
etc_RA ,_, \_NULL etc_RA ._. 

^ ^_NULL Invariably_NP1 ,_, artificial_JJ constraints_NN2 on_II imports_NN2 
,_, local_JJ protectionist_NN1 policies_NN2 ,_, subsidies_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
support_NN1 incentives_NN2 have_VH0 all_RR been_VBN tried_VVN and_CC have_VH0 
in_II many_DA2 cases_NN2 created_VVD more_DAR anomalies_NN2 than_CSN 
benefits_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_CS31 far_CS32 as_CS33 information_NN1 systems_NN2 
technology_NN1 is_VBZ concerned_JJ ,_, local_JJ software_NN1 houses_NN2 ,_, 
would-be_JJ hardware_NN1 developers_NN2 and_CC organisations_NN2 such_II21 
as_II22 {_NULL NZCSA_NP1 }_NULL ,_, now_RT incorporated_VVD in_II {_NULL 
ITANZ_NP1 }_NULL ,_, have_VH0 lobbied_VVN for_IF Government_NNJ assistance_NN1 
for_IF years_NNT2 ,_, with_IW very_RG little_DA1 success_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Last_MD December_NPM1 the_AT Beattie_NP1 report_NN1 made_VVD some_DD 
major_JJ recommendations_NN2 on_II improving_VVG New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE 
record_NN1 in_II scientific_JJ research_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Despite_II considerable_JJ criticism_NN1 of_IO \_NULL Mr_NNB 
Tizard_NP1 and_CC the_AT Labour_JJ Government_NNJ for_IF not_XX 
implementing_VVG these_DD2 recommendations_NN2 ,_, nothing_PN1 significant_JJ 
seems_VVZ to_TO have_VHI been_VBN done_VDN to_TO date_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Beattie_NP1 report_NN1 got_VVD only_RR passing_VVG 
reference_NN1 in_II this_DD1 year_NNT1 's_GE budget_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Despite_II the_AT hand-wringing_NN1 of_IO the_AT scientific_JJ 
establishment_NN and_CC the_AT plaintive_JJ cries_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
technocrats_NN2 ,_, many_DA2 entrepreneurs_NN2 ,_, having_VHG come_VVN to_II 
the_AT conclusion_NN1 that_CST Government_NNJ assistance_NN1 will_VM not_XX 
be_VBI forthcoming_JJ ,_, and_CC that_CST it_PPH1 is_VBZ probably_RR 
undesirable_JJ anyway_RR ,_, are_VBR getting_VVG on_RP with_IW the_AT job_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL New_NP Zealand_NP1 in_II fact_NN1 ,_, has_VHZ an_AT1 
excellent_JJ track_NN1 record_NN1 of_IO innovative_JJ firsts_NN2 in_II 
science_NN1 and_CC technology_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 were_VBDR the_AT first_MD to_TO split_VVI 
the_AT atom_NN1 ,_, design_NN1 the_AT jet_NN1 propelled_VVD boat_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC isolate_VV0 thermophylic_JJ enzymes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II information_NN1 technology_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 New_JJ Zealander_NP1 
,_, Leslie_NP1 John_NP1 Comrie_NP1 ,_, in_II 1938_MC used_JJ mechanical_JJ 
calculators_NN2 to_TO establish_VVI what_DDQ has_VHZ been_VBN called_VVN 
the_AT first_MD computer_NN1 bureau_NN1 in_II the_AT world_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL During_II the_AT second_MD world_NN1 war_NN1 ,_, New_NP Zealand_NP1 
scientists_NN2 systematised_VVD data_NN for_IF the_AT Allied_JJ armies_NNJ2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Comrie_NP1 ,_, using_VVG his_APPGE calculator_NN1 ,_, provided_CS 
the_AT {_NULL US_PPIO2 }_NULL Air_NN1 Force_NNJ with_IW a_AT1 desperately_RR 
needed_VVN set_NN1 of_IO bombing_VVG tables_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II 1958_MC William_NP1 Pickering_NP1 ,_, another_DD1 remarkable_JJ 
New_JJ Zealander_NP1 ,_, led_VVD the_AT team_NN which_DDQ launched_VVD 
Explorer_NP1 1_MC1 ,_, the_AT first_MD artificial_JJ satellite_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 track_NN1 record_NN1 is_VBZ continuing_VVG ,_, 
both_RR within_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 through_II the_AT innovative_JJ use_NN1 
of_IO information_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_, and_CC internationally_RR through_II 
the_AT successful_JJ export_NN1 of_IO skills_NN2 ,_, hardware_NN1 and_CC 
software_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT platform_NN1 is_VBZ established_VVN ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL SKILLS_NN2 ,_, HARDWARE_NN1 AND_CC SOFTWARE_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_CS31 far_CS32 as_CS33 skill_NN1 is_VBZ concerned_JJ ,_, 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 systems_NN2 designers_NN2 ,_, analysts_NN2 and_CC 
programmers_NN2 are_VBR keenly_RR sought_VVN overseas_RL ,_, and_CC 
regretfully_RR we_PPIS2 lose_VV0 some_DD of_IO our_APPGE best_JJT talent_NN1 
to_II Europe_NP1 and_CC Australia_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Increasingly_NP1 ,_, however_RR ,_, as_CSA New_JJ Zealand-based_JJ 
software_NN1 and_CC consulting_VVG companies_NN2 establish_VV0 themselves_PPX2 
in_II Australia_NP1 ,_, Europe_NP1 ,_, Asia_NP1 and_CC the_AT United_NP 
States_NP1 ,_, these_DD2 people_NN will_VM be_VBI able_JK to_TO fulfil_VVI 
their_APPGE need_NN1 for_IF travel_NN1 and_CC challenge_NN1 while_CS still_RR 
contributing_VVG to_II the_AT international_JJ presence_NN1 of_IO New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 in_II information_NN1 technology_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT consulting_JJ field_NN1 ,_, once_RR21 more_RR22 
,_, New_JJ Zealanders_NP1 are_VBR highly_RR regarded_VVN overseas_RL ,_, 
particularly_RR in_II South_NP East_NP Asian_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO Eagle_NN1 Technology_NN1 's_GE associate_JJ 
companies_NN2 ,_, Worley_NP1 Consulting_NP1 ,_, is_VBZ heavily_RR involved_JJ 
in_II consulting_VVG on_II the_AT building_NN1 of_IO power_NN1 stations_NN2 
,_, design_NN1 of_IO plant_NN1 ,_, civil_JJ and_CC mechanical_JJ 
engineering_NN1 ,_, and_CC information_NN1 systems_NN2 throughout_II South_NP 
East_NP Asia_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL In_II the_AT hardware_NN1 arena_NN1 ,_, some_DD years_NNT2 
ago_RA there_EX was_VBDZ considerable_JJ noise_NN1 made_VVN about_II the_AT 
possibility_NN1 of_IO establishing_VVG a_AT1 silicon_NN1 chip_NN1 
manufacturing_VVG capability_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 using_VVG our_APPGE 
plentiful_JJ supply_NN1 of_IO ironsand_NN1 raw_JJ material_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL To_II my_APPGE mind_NN1 ,_, thankfully_RR the_AT idea_NN1 was_VBDZ 
abandoned_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 could_VM have_VHI been_VBN a_AT1 technology_NN1 
albatross_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 do_VD0 not_XX think_VVI it_PPH1 is_VBZ practical_JJ for_IF 
us_PPIO2 to_TO compete_VVI with_IW the_AT giants_NN2 of_IO Japan_NP1 \_NULL 
Inc._JJ and_CC Silicon_NP Valley_NNL1 in_II the_AT production_NN1 of_IO 
chips_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 production_NN1 facilities_NN2 require_VV0 massive_JJ 
investments_NN2 of_IO capital_NN1 ,_, suffer_VV0 from_II wild_JJ 
fluctuations_NN2 in_II demand_NN1 and_CC prices_NN2 for_IF their_APPGE 
products_NN2 ,_, and_CC have_VH0 to_TO keep_VVI pace_NN1 with_IW rapid_JJ 
and_CC increasing_VVG technology_NN1 changes_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL I_PPIS1 believe_VV0 it_PPH1 would_VM be_VBI naive_JJ of_IO 
us_PPIO2 to_TO attempt_VVI to_TO compete_VVI with_IW the_AT likes_NN2 of_IO 
{_NULL IBM_NP }_NULL ,_, Intel_NP1 ,_, National_JJ Semiconductor_NN1 ,_, 
Motorola_NP1 and_CC Japan_NP1 \_NULL Inc_JJ ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Only_RR one_MC1 significant_JJ computer_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
Poly_NP1 ,_, has_VHZ been_VBN designed_VVN and_CC made_VVN in_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 ,_, and_CC even_RR then_RT it_PPH1 was_VBDZ an_AT1 assembly_NN1 
of_IO imported_JJ disk_NN1 unit_NN1 ,_, screen_NN1 and_CC printer_NN1 into_II 
a_AT1 locally_RR built_VVN cabinet_NN1 ,_, rather_II21 than_II22 a_AT1 
locally_RR manufactured_JJ machine_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 was_VBDZ designed_VVN for_IF the_AT educational_JJ market_NN1 
and_CC incorporated_VVN sophisticated_JJ colour_NN1 graphics_NN ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS the_AT Poly_NP1 was_VBDZ launched_VVN in_II 1981_MC by_II 
Progeni_NP1 Systems_NN2 ,_, it_PPH1 was_VBDZ hoped_VVN that_CST the_AT 
Education_NN1 Department_NNJ would_VM endorse_VVI it_PPH1 as_II the_AT 
preferred_JJ computer_NN1 for_IF schools_NN2 ,_, but_CCB this_DD1 hope_NN1 
did_VDD not_XX eventuate_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL Ironically_RR ,_, the_AT machine_NN1 found_VVD an_AT1 export_NN1 
niche_NN1 with_IW an_AT1 order_NN1 from_II the_AT People_NN 's_GE Republic_NN1 
of_IO China_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Examples_NN2 of_IO successful_JJ specialised_JJ hardware_NN1 
products_NN2 developed_VVN in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 include_VV0 Delphi_NP1 
's_GE multi-channel_JJ radiometer_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ the_AT {_NULL US_PPIO2 
}_NULL space_NN1 agency_NN1 {_NULL NASA_NP1 }_NULL chose_VVD to_TO use_VVI 
aboard_II the_AT space_NN1 shuttle_VV0 to_TO measure_VVI energy_NN1 from_II 
the_AT sun_NN1 and_CC sky_NN1 ,_, the_AT oceans_NN2 of_IO the_AT world_NN1 ,_, 
snow_NN1 ,_, ice_NN1 and_CC rock_NN1 formations_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT same_DA company_NN1 ,_, Delphi_NP1 has_VHZ also_RR made_VVN 
and_CC marketed_VVN a_AT1 portable_JJ haemoglobinometer_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 small_JJ 
,_, robust_JJ blood_NN1 analyser_NN1 especially_RR useful_JJ in_II third_MD 
world_NN1 countries_NN2 where_RRQ patients_NN2 may_VM be_VBI far_RR from_II 
a_AT1 hospital_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Fisher_NP1 and_CC Paykel_NP1 have_VH0 exported_VVN over_II *+_NULL 
$12_NNU million_NNO of_IO respiratory_JJ humidifiers_NN2 to_II twenty_MC 
five_MC countries_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Other_JJ devices_NN2 include_VV0 an_AT1 electronic_JJ taximeter_NN1 
able_JJ to_TO divide_VVI fares_NN2 up_RP when_RRQ passengers_NN2 share_VV0 
rides_NN2 ,_, and_CC computerised_JJ petrol_NN1 pumps_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Given_VVN more_DAR attention_NN1 to_TO research_VVI and_CC 
development_NN1 and_CC the_AT willingness_NN1 of_IO Government_NNJ ,_, 
industry_NN1 and_CC scientific_JJ establishments_NN2 to_TO implement_VVI 
joint_JJ ventures_NN2 ,_, there_EX is_VBZ tremendous_JJ scope_NN1 for_IF 
successful_JJ export_NN1 of_IO niche_NN1 hardware_NN1 product_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Joint_JJ ventures_NN2 offer_VV0 an_AT1 excellent_JJ 
vehicle_NN1 for_IF development_NN1 of_IO such_DA products_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Our_APPGE own_DA company_NN1 right_RR now_RT is_VBZ involved_JJ in_II 
a_AT1 joint_JJ venture_NN1 with_IW Auckland_NP1 University_NNL1 and_CC an_AT1 
Auckland_NP1 manufacturing_VVG company_NN1 ,_, with_IW some_DD modest_JJ 
funding_NN1 from_II Trade_NN1 and_CC Industry_NN1 ,_, to_TO develop_VVI and_CC 
manufacture_NN1 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 an_AT1 advanced_JJ design_NN1 ,_, 
low_JJ cost_NN1 uninterruptible_JJ power_NN1 supply_NN1 unit_NN1 for_IF 
export_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT explosive_JJ demand_NN1 for_IF personal_JJ computers_NN2 ,_, 
the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST businesses_NN2 are_VBR becoming_VVG more_RRR and_CC 
more_RGR reliant_JJ on_II computers_NN2 ,_, and_CC the_AT fact_NN1 that_DD1 
power_NN1 supply_NN1 is_VBZ suspect_NN1 in_II many_DA2 countries_NN2 ,_, 
lead_NN1 us_PPIO2 to_TO invest_VVI in_II this_DD1 project_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Prototypes_NN2 are_VBR currently_RR under_II development_NN1 and_CC 
we_PPIS2 expect_VV0 to_TO be_VBI exporting_VVG volume_NN1 product_NN1 in_II 
1988_MC ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Apart_II21 from_II22 the_AT export_NN1 of_IO hardware_NN1 
products_NN2 ,_, the_AT maintenance_NN1 and_CC servicing_NN1 of_IO 
products_NN2 represents_VVZ an_AT1 excellent_JJ overseas_JJ earnings_NN2 
potential_JJ for_IF New_NP Zealand_NP1 companies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Typically_NP1 subsidiaries_NN2 of_IO multi-national_JJ computer_NN1 
suppliers_NN2 ship_VV0 products_NN2 back_RP to_II the_AT plant_NN1 for_IF 
servicing_VVG and_CC repair_NN1 as_CSA their_APPGE local_JJ expertise_NN1 
is_VBZ restricted_VVN to_II diagnosis_NN1 and_CC board_NN1 swapping_VVG ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Products_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 fixed_JJ disk_NN1 units_NN2 
are_VBR serviced_VVN on_II a_ZZ1 return_VV0 to_TO base_VVI arrangement_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL We_PPIS2 have_VH0 a_AT1 sophisticated_JJ repair_NN1 facility_NN1 
in_II Auckland_NP1 and_CC one_MC1 of_IO our_APPGE {_NULL US_PPIO2 }_NULL 
based_JJ suppliers_NN2 has_VHZ appointed_VVN us_PPIO2 as_II the_AT repair_NN1 
base_NN1 for_IF all_DB its_APPGE products_NN2 installed_VVN in_II South_NP 
East_NP Asia_NP1 ._. 

^ *|_NULL ^_NULL *6_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ in_II the_AT development_NN1 and_CC 
export_NN1 of_IO software_NN1 ,_, however_RR ,_, that_CST New_NP Zealand_NP1 
has_VHZ achieved_VVN considerable_JJ success_NN1 ,_, and_CC here_RL there_EX 
is_VBZ scope_NN1 for_IF significant_JJ export_NN1 earnings_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT most_RGT publicised_JJ success_NN1 story_NN1 in_II 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 software_NN1 development_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT Logic_NN1 
Information_NN1 Network_NN1 Compiler_NN1 or_CC {_NULL LINC_NP1 }_NULL 
product_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 product_NN1 was_VBDZ developed_VVN by_II Peter_NP1 
Hoskins_NP1 and_CC Gil_NP1 Simpson_NP1 and_CC launched_VVD in_II 1979_MC ,_, 
disastrously_RR ,_, until_CS they_PPHS2 persuaded_VVD Unisys_NP (_( then_RT 
the_AT Burroughs_NP1 Corporation_NNJ )_) to_TO support_VVI and_CC fund_NN1 
the_AT marketing_NN1 and_CC further_JJR development_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
product_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Within_II 18_MC months_NNT2 they_PPHS2 had_VHD sold_VVN 700_MC 
copies_NN2 of_IO the_AT system_NN1 in_II 35_MC countries_NN2 ,_, but_CCB 
interestingly_RR only_RR 20_MC of_IO these_DD2 sales_NN2 were_VBDR in_II 
New_NP Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Today_RT they_PPHS2 have_VH0 200_MC systems_NN2 in_II 
Japan_NP1 ,_, 160_MC in_II Brazil_NP1 ,_, and_CC 50_MC in_II New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Overseas_JJ earnings_NN2 for_IF this_DD1 year_NNT1 will_VM be_VBI 
in_II31 excess_II32 of_II33 *+_NULL $10_NNU million_NNO ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II May_NPM1 this_DD1 year_NNT1 David_NP1 Lange_NP1 opened_VVD 
the_AT latest_JJT {_NULL LINC_NN1 }_NULL Development_NN1 Centre_NN1 in_II 
Christchurch_NP1 in_II the_AT new_JJ Canterbury_NP Technology_NP Park_NNL1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ claimed_VVN to_TO be_VBI the_AT biggest_JJT 
software_NN1 development_NN1 centre_NN1 in_II the_AT southern_JJ 
hemisphere_NN1 ,_, with_IW a_AT1 lavish_JJ *+_NULL $6_NNU million_NNO ,_, 
three_MC storey_NN1 office_NN1 ,_, conference_NN1 and_CC training_VVG 
centre_NN1 ,_, complete_JJ with_IW a_AT1 grand_JJ mirror_NN1 glass_NN1 
circular_JJ building_NN1 ,_, hydraulically_RR raised_JJ stage_NN1 ,_, 
glass_NN1 fronted_VVD lift_NN1 ,_, pools_NN2 ,_, and_CC storey_NN1 high_JJ 
waterfall_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL *+_NULL $38_NNU million_NNO worth_NN1 of_IO hardware_NN1 is_VBZ 
installed_VVN in_II the_AT centre_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 success_NN1 story_NN1 in_II anyone_PN1 's_GE 
book_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 similar_JJ story_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 of_IO Fact_NN1 
International_JJ founded_JJ by_II Grant_NP1 Wallace_NP1 and_CC John_NP1 
Blackham_NP1 ,_, in_II 1978_MC with_IW the_AT support_NN1 of_IO Bill_NP1 
Foreman_NP1 ,_, chairman_NN1 of_IO Trigon_NP1 Industries_NNJ2 \_NULL Ltd_JJ 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Today_RT Fact_NN1 International_JJ has_VHZ total_JJ assets_NN2 
of_IO over_II *+_NULL $4_NNU million_NNO ,_, distributes_VVZ its_APPGE 
products_NN2 through_II 11_MC marketing_NN1 channels_NN2 in_II six_MC 
countries_NN2 ,_, and_CC has_VHZ over_RG 200_MC sites_NN2 using_VVG its_APPGE 
system_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 employs_VVZ 80_MC permanent_JJ staff_NN and_CC occupies_VVZ 
some_DD 26,000_MC square_JJ feet_NN2 of_IO office_NN1 space_NN1 in_II three_MC 
countries_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Fact_NN1 's_GE international_JJ customers_NN2 include_VV0 :_: 
International_JJ Harvester_NN1 ,_, Australia_NP1 ,_, Polymer_NP1 
Technology_NN1 in_II Massachusetts_NP1 and_CC Guangdong_NP1 Float_NP1 
Glass_NN1 in_II the_AT People_NN 's_GE Republic_NN1 of_IO China_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Right_RR from_II the_AT outset_NN1 ,_, Fact_NN1 has_VHZ had_VHN a_AT1 
very_RG close_JJ relationship_NN1 with_IW Wang_NP1 ,_, and_CC in_II fact_NN1 
Wang_NP1 recently_RR took_VVD equity_NN1 in_II the_AT company_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Another_DD1 locally_RR developed_JJ software_NN1 product_NN1 
released_VVD with_IW a_AT1 lot_NN of_IO razz-matazz_NN1 in_II 1985_MC is_VBZ 
Exsys_NP1 ,_, Data_NN General_NN1 's_GE *"_" logical_JJ successor_NN1 to_II 
fourth_MD generation_NN1 languages_NN2 **"_" ._. 

^ ^_NULL Data_NN General_NN1 's_VBZ brochure_NN1 claims_VVZ Exsys_NP1 is_VBZ 
*"_" the_AT world_NN1 's_GE first_MD expert_NN1 system_NN1 for_IF business_NN1 
software_NN1 development_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 major_JJ breakthrough_NN1 ,_, Exsys_NP1 makes_VVZ possible_JJ 
the_AT development_NN1 of_IO systems_NN2 directly_RR from_II statements_NN2 
of_IO fact_NN1 in_II English_JJ ._. **"_" 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL An_AT1 Auckland-based_JJ software_NN1 developer_NN1 ,_, 
Mana_NP1 Systems_NN2 has_VHZ just_RR recently_RR rung_VVN up_II *+_NULL $1_NNU 
million_NNO in_II export_NN1 sales_NN2 for_IF its_APPGE fourth_MD 
generation_NN1 language_NN1 product_NN1 Manasys_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ runs_VVZ 
on_II Fujitsu_NP systems_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Fujitsu_NP has_VHZ provided_VVN financial_JJ support_NN1 in_II the_AT 
form_NN1 of_IO advance_NN1 royalties_NN2 to_II fund_NN1 development_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Countercorp_NP1 ,_, another_DD1 Auckland_NP1 software_NN1 
house_NN1 ,_, in_II partnership_NN1 with_IW Digital_JJ Equipment_NN1 ,_, 
is_VBZ launching_VVG its_APPGE successful_JJ locally_RR developed_VVN 
financial_JJ management_NN system_NN1 ,_, Decfin_NP1 ,_, on_II the_AT 
Australian_JJ market_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL These_DD2 are_VBR excellent_JJ examples_NN2 of_IO New_NP 
Zealand_NP1 developed_VVD software_NN1 products_NN2 being_VBG successfully_RR 
marketed_VVN internationally_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 thing_NN1 they_PPHS2 all_DB have_VH0 in_RR21 common_RR22 ,_, 
however_RR ,_, is_VBZ that_CST they_PPHS2 have_VH0 been_VBN funded_VVN by_II 
multi-national_JJ hardware_NN1 suppliers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS there_EX is_VBZ not_XX necessarily_RR anything_PN1 wrong_JJ 
with_IW this_DD1 ,_, it_PPH1 does_VDZ mean_VVI that_CST obviously_RR the_AT 
products_NN2 will_VM be_VBI restricted_VVN to_II the_AT funding_JJ 
suppliers_NN2 '_GE equipment_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL There_EX are_VBR a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO significant_JJ 
software_NN1 developers_NN2 in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 who_PNQS have_VH0 
elected_VVN not_XX to_TO throw_VVI in_II their_APPGE lot_NN with_IW a_AT1 
specific_JJ supplier_NN1 ,_, and_CC have_VH0 developed_VVN broader-based_JJR 
solutions_NN2 for_IF the_AT international_JJ market_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Progeni_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ I_PPIS1 mentioned_VVD earlier_RRR 
regarding_II the_AT Poly_NP1 Computer_NN1 ,_, are_VBR one_MC1 of_IO the_AT 
longest_JJT established_JJ developers_NN2 of_IO products_NN2 for_IF 
international_JJ markets_NN2 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 373+TEXT+J79_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL With_IW the_AT possibility_NN1 of_IO using_VVG the_AT 
new_JJ techniques_NN2 to_TO add_VVI to_II our_APPGE knowledge_NN1 of_IO 
larger_JJR historical_JJ earthquakes_NN2 ,_, the_AT Division_NNJ plans_NN2 
to_TO comprehensively_RR review_VVI {_NULL N.Z._NP }_NULL '_" s_ZZ1 
historical_JJ seismicity_NN1 over_II the_AT next_MD five_MC years_NNT2 ,_, 
to_TO give_VVI as_RG complete_JJ a_AT1 description_NN1 of_IO it_PPH1 as_CSA 
the_AT data_NN from_II all_DB sources_NN2 permits_VVZ ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL ENGINEERING_NN1 SEISMOLOGY_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL {_NULL N.Z._NP }_NULL GEOLOGICAL_JJ SURVEY_NN1 ,_, {_NULL 
D.S.I.R._NP1 }_NULL *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Earthquake_NN1 related_JJ research_NN1 projects_NN2 
principally_RR involve_VV0 the_AT Earth_NP1 Deformation_NN1 and_CC 
Engineering_NN1 Geology_NN1 sections_NN2 ,_, which_DDQ together_RL 
constitute_VV0 the_AT Geotechnical_JJ Group_NNJ of_IO {_NULL NZGS_NP }_NULL 
._. 

^ *<_NULL 1_MC1 *1_NULL Deformation_NN1 Mapping_VVG *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT mapping_NN1 of_IO late_JJ Quaternary_JJ 
deformation_NN1 (_( active_JJ faults_NN1 and_CC deformed_VVD marine_JJ and_CC 
fluvial_JJ surfaces_NN2 )_) is_VBZ continuing_VVG ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2_MC *1_NULL Geodetic_JJ Monitoring_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT geodetic_JJ monitoring_NN1 of_IO crustal_JJ 
deformation_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG carried_VVN out_RP at_II some_DD 50_MC 
sites_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 3_MC *1_NULL Historical_JJ Geodetic_JJ Data_NN *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO historical_JJ geodetic_JJ 
data_NN is_VBZ being_VBG undertaken_VVN to_TO derive_VVI crustal_JJ 
deformation_NN1 parameters_NN2 for_IF approximately_RR the_AT last_MD 100_MC 
years_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 period_NN1 being_VBG one_PN1 which_DDQ includes_VVZ 
several_DA2 major_JJ crustal_JJ earthquakes_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Much_DA1 of_IO this_DD1 research_NN1 was_VBDZ initiated_VVN 
under_II the_AT Royal_JJ Society_NNJ of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 's_GE Earth_NP1 
Deformation_NN1 Studies_NN2 programme_VV0 which_DDQ coordinated_VVD the_AT 
activities_NN2 in_II this_DD1 field_NN1 of_IO the_AT {_NULL DSIR_NN1 }_NULL 
,_, Lands_NN2 and_CC Survey_NN1 ,_, {_NULL MWD_NP }_NULL and_CC the_AT 
Universities_NN2 ,_, and_CC has_VHZ been_VBN augmented_VVN by_II 
contributions_NN2 from_II overseas_JJ workers_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT objectives_NN2 of_IO the_AT current_JJ research_NN1 
projects_NN2 are_VBR :_: *-_- |_NULL 1_MC1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL 
The_AT improved_JJ description_NN1 of_IO paleoseismicity_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE 
effects_NN2 through_II dating_VVG both_RR deformation_NN1 of_IO marine_JJ 
and_CC fluvial_JJ terraces_NN2 and_CC fault_NN1 displacements_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT episodic_JJ movements_NN2 identified_VVN have_VH0 been_VBN 
attributed_VVN to_II major_JJ earthquakes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO such_DA earthquakes_NN2 is_VBZ 
induced_JJ landsliding_NN1 ,_, currently_RR being_VBG documented_VVN in_II 
the_AT Wellington_NP1 region_NN1 along_II the_AT Wellington_NP1 fault_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 2_MC **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL 
The_AT improved_JJ understanding_NN1 of_IO contemporary_JJ crustal_JJ 
deformation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT principal_JJ technique_NN1 being_VBG utilised_VVN for_IF 
this_DD1 is_VBZ the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO geodetic_JJ data_NN which_DDQ 
has_VHZ enabled_VVN description_NN1 of_IO significant_JJ deformation_NN1 in_II 
parts_NN2 of_IO New_NP Zealand_NP1 for_IF approximately_RR 100_MC years_NNT2 
._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 3_MC **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL 
Collaborative_JJ integration_NN1 of_IO {_NULL NZGS_NP }_NULL results_VVZ 
with_IW those_DD2 of_IO other_JJ researchers_NN2 for_IF investigation_NN1 
of_IO the_AT relationships_NN2 between_II crustal_JJ deformation_NN1 
kinematics_NN2 and_CC major_JJ earthquakes_NN2 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT information_NN1 obtained_VVN 
by_II the_AT above_JJ projects_NN2 is_VBZ utilised_VVN in_II applied_JJ 
projects_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 :_: *-_- |_NULL 1_MC1 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL Seismotectonic_JJ hazard_NN1 assessments_NN2 
of_IO major_JJ developments_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 hydroelectric_JJ 
power_NN1 schemes_NN2 and_CC major_JJ urban_JJ areas_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 studies_NN2 integrate_VV0 geological_JJ mapping_NN1 ,_, 
Quaternary_JJ mapping_NN1 ,_, geodetic_JJ monitoring_NN1 ,_, and_CC 
historical_JJ and_CC micro-seismicity_NN1 (_( in_II31 conjunction_II32 
with_II33 the_AT Geophysics_NN1 Division_NNJ ,_, {_NULL DSIR_NN1 }_NULL )_) 
._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 2_MC **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL 
The_AT promotion_NN1 of_IO mitigation_NN1 of_IO fault_NN1 rupture_NN1 
hazards_NN2 via_II the_AT utilisation_NN1 of_IO simple_JJ planning_NN1 
procedures_NN2 under_II the_AT Town_NN1 and_CC Country_NN1 Planning_NN1 
Act_NN1 ._. 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL |_NULL 3_MC **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL ^_NULL 
The_AT development_NN1 of_IO strong_JJ motion_NN1 records_NN2 related_VVN 
to_II the_AT earthquake_NN1 hazards_NN2 of_IO specific_JJ sites_NN2 ,_, to_TO 
be_VBI used_VVN for_IF the_AT dynamic_JJ displacements_NN2 analysis_NN1 of_IO 
embankments_NN2 or_CC slopes_NN2 (_( in_II31 conjunction_II32 with_II33 {_NULL 
PEL_NP1 }_NULL ,_, {_NULL DSIR_NN1 }_NULL ._. )_) 

^ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL *<_NULL *2_NULL PHYSICS_NN1 AND_CC 
ENGINEERING_NN1 LABORATORY_NN1 ,_, {_NULL D.S.I.R._NP1 }_NULL *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL 1_MC1 *1_NULL Strong-motion_JJ Recording_NN1 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL One_MC1 of_IO the_AT major_JJ thrusts_NN2 of_IO 
earthquake_NN1 engineering_NN1 research_NN1 at_II {_NULL PEL_NP1 }_NULL is_VBZ 
the_AT operation_NN1 of_IO the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 strong-motion_JJ 
earthquake_NN1 accelerograph_NN1 network_NN1 and_CC associated_JJ research_NN1 
on_II engineering_NN1 risk_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT primary_JJ aim_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO collect_VVI accelerograms_NN2 
in_II the_AT epicentral_JJ region_NN1 of_IO major_JJ damaging_JJ 
earthquakes_NN2 to_TO use_VVI in_II developing_JJ design_NN1 spectra_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Twenty_MC records_NN2 of_IO up_RG21 to_RG22 0.19_MC \_NULL g_NNU 
ground_NN1 acceleration_NN1 at_II epicentral_JJ distances_NN2 of_IO between_II 
20_MC and_CC 60_MC \_NULL km_NNU in_II earthquakes_NN2 of_IO magnitude_NN1 
4.8_MC to_II 6.0_MC indicate_VV0 that_DD1 {_NULL NZ_NP }_NULL spectra_NN2 
agree_VV0 well_RR with_IW those_DD2 predicted_VVN by_II a_AT1 Japanese_JJ 
response_NN1 spectra_NN2 model_VV0 ,_, but_CCB are_VBR matched_VVN poorly_RR 
by_II {_NULL US_PPIO2 }_NULL models_NN2 which_DDQ underestimate_VV0 the_AT 
response_NN1 at_II short_JJ periods_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT {_NULL NZ_NP }_NULL spectra_NN2 to_TO date_VVI ,_, 
admittedly_RR from_II medium_JJ magnitude_NN1 events_NN2 ,_, are_VBR quite_RG 
different_JJ in_II shape_NN1 from_II the_AT much_RR broader_JJR band_NN1 El_NP 
Centro_NP1 type_NN1 spectra_NN2 used_VVN in_II New_NP Zealand_NP1 design_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, the_AT limited_JJ {_NULL NZ_NP }_NULL data_NN also_RR 
shows_VVZ different_JJ behavior_NN1 to_II Japanese_JJ data_NN in_II that_DD1 
attenuation_NN1 of_IO peak_NN1 accelerations_NN2 with_IW distance_NN1 ,_, 
most_RGT clearly_RR demonstrated_VVD with_IW records_NN2 from_II 12_MC 
sites_NN2 ranging_VVG from_II Murchison_NP1 to_II Picton_NP1 in_II the_AT 
1968_MC Inangahua_NP1 earthquake_NN1 ,_, appears_VVZ much_DA1 more_DAR 
rapid_JJ than_CSN in_II Japan_NP1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 series_NN of_IO spectra_NN2 for_IF a_AT1 major_JJ {_NULL 
NZ_NP }_NULL earthquake_NN1 of_IO magnitude_NN1 7_MC or_CC greater_JJR is_VBZ 
required_VVN to_TO determine_VVI the_AT spectral_JJ shape_NN1 in_II design_NN1 
level_NN1 shaking_VVG and_CC to_TO confirm_VVI the_AT Inangahua_NP1 
attenuation_NN1 with_IW distance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 further_JJR area_NN1 of_IO concern_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 
recent_JJ accelerograms_NN2 have_VH0 produced_VVN indications_NN2 of_IO 
soil_NN1 layer_NN1 resonance_NN1 at_II several_DA2 sites_NN2 with_IW 
periods_NN2 ranging_VVG from_II 0.3_MC to_II 1.0_MC seconds_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 sites_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG investigated_VVN by_II31 
means_II32 of_II33 vibration_NN1 tests_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL DEPARTMENT_NNJ OF_IO CIVIL_JJ ENGINEERING_NN1 ,_, 
UNIVERSITY_NN1 OF_IO CANTERBURY_NP1 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL 1_MC1 *1_NULL Seismic_JJ Hazard_NN1 Analysis_NN1 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Work_NN1 is_VBZ continuing_VVG on_II seismic_JJ 
hazard_NN1 analysis_NN1 with_IW particular_JJ reference_NN1 to_II the_AT 
inclusion_NN1 of_IO geophysical_JJ source_NN1 models_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2_MC *1_NULL Ground_NN1 Rupture_NN1 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Theoretical_JJ work_NN1 concerning_II the_AT 
application_NN1 of_IO bifurcation_NN1 theory_NN1 to_II the_AT development_NN1 
of_IO soil_NN1 rupture_NN1 surfaces_NN2 is_VBZ being_VBG carried_VVN out_RP 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Also_RR being_VBG studied_VVN is_VBZ fault_NN1 rupture_NN1 
diversion_NN1 and_CC modification_NN1 caused_VVN by_II the_AT presence_NN1 
of_IO buildings_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 3_MC *1_NULL Dynamic_JJ Soil_NN1 Properties_NN2 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL A_AT1 set_NN1 of_IO Californian_JJ accelerograph_NN1 
records_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG used_VVN to_TO study_VVI the_AT influence_NN1 
of_IO the_AT dynamic_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO soils_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL GEOTECHNICAL_JJ ENGINEERING_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL MINISTRY_NN1 OF_IO WORKS_NN AND_CC DEVELOPMENT_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL 1_MC1 *1_NULL Bridge_NN1 Abutments_NN2 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO obtain_VVI a_AT1 better_JJR 
understanding_NN1 of_IO the_AT passive_JJ earth_NN1 pressures_NN2 that_CST 
develop_VV0 against_II bridge_NN1 abutments_NN2 built_VVD integrally_RR 
with_IW the_AT superstructure_NN1 ,_, half_DB size_NN1 models_NN2 have_VH0 
been_VBN built_VVN and_CC tested_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT abutments_NN2 were_VBDR loaded_VVN statically_RR and_CC 
dynamically_RR by_II pushing_VVG them_PPHO2 into_II sand_NN1 backfill_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT total_JJ force_NN1 and_CC its_APPGE pressure_NN1 
distribution_NN1 agreed_VVD well_RR with_IW theoretical_JJ predictions_NN2 
except_CS at_RR21 large_RR22 deformations_NN2 when_RRQ the_AT sand_NN1 
was_VBDZ stiffer_JJR than_CSN predicted_VVD ._. 

^ ^_NULL Further_JJR tests_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG carried_VVN out_RP using_VVG 
dense_JJ sands_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2_MC *1_NULL Pile_NN1 Foundations_NN2 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Research_NN1 into_II the_AT static_JJ and_CC 
dynamic_JJ lateral_JJ load_NN1 behaviour_NN1 is_VBZ being_VBG undertaken_VVN 
as_II part_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 cooperative_JJ research_NN1 programme_NN1 
sponsored_VVN by_II the_AT Road_NN1 Research_NN1 Unit_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ expected_VVN that_CST this_DD1 research_NN1 will_VM 
permit_VVI overseas_JJ methods_NN2 to_TO be_VBI evaluated_VVN for_IF 
various_JJ {_NULL NZ_NP }_NULL soil_VV0 types_NN2 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL DEPARTMENT_NNJ OF_IO CIVIL_JJ ENGINEERING_NN1 ,_, 
UNIVERSITY_NN1 OF_IO AUCKLAND_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL 1_MC1 *1_NULL Earthquake_NN1 Soil-structure_JJ Interaction_NN1 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL At_II low_JJ levels_NN2 of_IO earthquake_NN1 
excitation_NN1 the_AT soil_NN1 beneath_II a_AT1 building_NN1 foundation_NN1 
behaves_VVZ elastically_RR ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_II the_AT severity_NN1 of_IO the_AT earthquake_NN1 increases_VVZ 
nonlinear_JJ deformation_NN1 becomes_VVZ increasingly_RR more_RGR important_JJ 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT nonlinearity_NN1 increases_VVZ the_AT apparent_JJ damping_NN1 
as_CC31 well_CC32 as_CC33 reducing_VVG the_AT stiffness_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
soil_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 project_NN1 ,_, a_AT1 continuation_NN1 of_IO earlier_JJR 
work_NN1 ,_, is_VBZ concerned_JJ with_IW demonstrating_VVG the_AT effect_NN1 
of_IO nonlinear_JJ soil_NN1 behaviour_NN1 on_II the_AT earthquake_NN1 
response_NN1 of_IO footings_NN2 and_CC raft_NN1 foundations_NN2 on_II clay_NN1 
soils_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT major_JJ innovation_NN1 introduced_VVN in_II the_AT 
project_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT method_NN1 used_VMK to_TO describe_VVI the_AT 
nonlinear_JJ footing_NN1 stiffness_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT complexity_NN1 of_IO finite_JJ element_NN1 modelling_NN1 
is_VBZ avoided_VVN by_II using_VVG an_AT1 equivalent_JJ spring-dashpot_JJ 
approach_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT small_JJ strain_NN1 stiffness_NN1 of_IO the_AT footing_NN1 
is_VBZ controlled_VVN by_II the_AT elastic_JJ properties_NN2 of_IO the_AT 
soil_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT maximum_JJ load_NN1 the_AT footing_NN1 can_VM sustain_VVI 
is_VBZ controlled_VVN by_II the_AT bearing_NN1 capacity_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
soil_NN1 beneath_II the_AT footing_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Between_II these_DD2 two_MC extremes_NN2 a_AT1 hyperbolic_JJ 
relationship_NN1 is_VBZ assumed_VVN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT research_NN1 demonstrates_VVZ the_AT beneficial_JJ 
effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT nonlinear_JJ behaviour_NN1 of_IO clay_NN1 soils_NN2 
and_CC the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 natural_JJ base-isolation_JJ 
effect_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2_MC *1_NULL Cyclic_JJ stress-strain_JJ Behaviour_NN1 of_IO Clay_NN1 
Soils_NN2 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 laboratory_NN1 investigation_NN1 
of_IO the_AT strain-controlled_JJ cyclic_JJ triaxial_JJ behaviour_NN1 of_IO 
a_AT1 small_JJ number_NN1 of_IO natural_JJ clay_NN1 soils_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT tests_NN2 are_VBR of_IO the_AT consolidated_JJ undrained_JJ 
type_NN1 and_CC pore_NN1 water_NN1 pressures_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG 
measured_VVN during_II the_AT cyclic_JJ loading_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 research_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO 
observe_VVI the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO repeated_JJ loading_JJ cycles_NN2 on_II 
the_AT stiffness_NN1 of_IO natural_JJ clay_NN1 soils_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ necessary_JJ for_IF two_MC reasons_NN2 :_: (_( 
**=_NULL i_ZZ1 )_) because_CS data_NN on_II natural_JJ soils_NN2 ,_, 
particularly_RR {_NULL NZ_NP }_NULL soils_NN2 ,_, is_VBZ needed_VVN ,_, and_CC 
(_( **=_NULL ii_MC )_) because_CS information_NN1 on_II the_AT change_NN1 
in_II soil_NN1 properties_NN2 with_IW cyclic_JJ loading_NN1 is_VBZ 
important_JJ for_IF the_AT design_NN1 of_IO foundations_NN2 to_TO resist_VVI 
earthquake_NN1 loading_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ well_RR established_VVN that_CST when_CS a_AT1 
large_JJ number_NN1 of_IO load_NN1 cycles_NN2 is_VBZ involved_VVN ,_, clay_NN1 
soils_NN2 exhibit_VV0 a_AT1 phenomenon_NN1 of_IO cyclic_JJ degradation_NN1 ,_, 
a_AT1 type_NN1 of_IO fatigue_NN1 effect_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT question_NN1 is_VBZ how_RRQ serious_JJ is_VBZ this_DD1 for_IF 
the_AT numbers_NN2 of_IO cycles_NN2 involved_JJ in_II an_AT1 earthquake_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Another_DD1 aspect_NN1 of_IO the_AT motivation_NN1 for_IF 
the_AT research_NN1 relates_VVZ to_TO work_VVI that_DD1 is_VBZ planned_VVN 
on_II the_AT lateral_JJ load_NN1 behaviour_NN1 of_IO piles_NN2 under_II 
earthquake_NN1 loading_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II this_DD1 situation_NN1 the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO the_AT load_NN1 
cycling_NN1 on_II the_AT strength_NN1 of_IO the_AT clay_NN1 near_II the_AT 
top_NN1 of_IO the_AT pile_NN1 is_VBZ of_IO importance_NN1 as_CSA this_DD1 
affects_VVZ the_AT maximum_JJ displacement_NN1 and_CC bending_VVG moment_NN1 
in_II a_AT1 pile_NN1 during_II an_AT1 earthquake_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 3_MC *1_NULL Investigation_NN1 of_IO In-situ_JJ High_JJ Strain_NN1 
Dynamic_JJ Soil_NN1 Properties_NN2 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 project_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN carried_VVN 
out_RP to_TO measure_VVI the_AT insitu_NN1 shear_VV0 modulus_NN1 and_CC 
damping_VVG factor_NN1 of_IO soils_NN2 at_II high_JJ strain_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Existing_JJ insitu_NN1 wave_NN1 propagation_NN1 techniques_NN2 ,_, 
such_II21 as_II22 the_AT cross_NN1 hole_NN1 test_NN1 ,_, are_VBR available_JJ 
to_TO measure_VVI the_AT low_JJ strain_NN1 soil_NN1 properties_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, for_IF seismic_JJ response_NN1 analysis_NN1 the_AT 
soil_NN1 properties_NN2 at_II strains_NN2 approaching_VVG 0.01_MC is_VBZ 
required_VVN for_IF theoretical_JJ studies_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL High_JJ amplitude_NN1 shear_VV0 waves_NN2 were_VBDR generated_VVN 
and_CC wave_NN1 forms_VVZ close_RR to_II the_AT source_NN1 were_VBDR 
recorded_VVN in_II an_AT1 attempt_NN1 to_TO measure_VVI the_AT shear_VV0 
wave_NN1 velocity_NN1 and_CC rate_NN1 of_IO strain_NN1 decay_NN1 at_II high_JJ 
strains_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL While_CS the_AT generation_NN1 of_IO high_JJ strain_NN1 shear_VV0 
waves_NN2 was_VBDZ achieved_VVN problems_NN2 were_VBDR encountered_VVN in_II 
the_AT analysis_NN1 of_IO the_AT results_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 appears_VVZ the_AT use_NN1 of_IO the_AT tradition_NN1 
wave_NN1 equation_NN1 is_VBZ inappropriate_JJ close_JJ to_II a_ZZ1 shear_VV0 
wave_NN1 source_NN1 in_II a_AT1 nonlinear_JJ medium_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Further_JJR work_NN1 is_VBZ needed_VVN to_TO clarify_VVI the_AT 
wave_NN1 propagation_NN1 process_NN1 close_RR to_II the_AT source_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 4_MC *1_NULL The_AT Seismic_JJ Response_NN1 of_IO Pile_NN1 
Foundations_NN2 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL This_DD1 work_NN1 concerns_VVZ the_AT calculation_NN1 
of_IO the_AT deformations_NN2 and_CC bending_VVG moments_NN2 in_II pile_NN1 
foundations_NN2 during_II earthquakes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT results_NN2 of_IO recent_JJ computer_NN1 studies_NN2 have_VH0 
lead_NN1 to_II methods_NN2 appearing_VVG in_II the_AT literature_NN1 for_IF 
the_AT calculation_NN1 of_IO pile_NN1 deformation_NN1 during_II strong_JJ 
ground_NN1 motion_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 study_NN1 will_VM apply_VVI these_DD2 methods_NN2 to_II 
existing_JJ foundations_NN2 and_CC attempt_VV0 to_TO gauge_VVI the_AT 
usefulness_NN1 of_IO the_AT solutions_NN2 obtained_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT study_NN1 will_VM also_RR lead_VVI to_II an_AT1 assessment_NN1 
of_IO the_AT modification_NN1 of_IO the_AT ground_NN1 motion_NN1 by_II the_AT 
piles_NN2 and_CC hence_RR an_AT1 evaluation_NN1 of_IO the_AT level_NN1 of_IO 
ground_NN1 motion_NN1 at_II the_AT base_NN1 of_IO the_AT building_NN1 
compared_VVN with_IW the_AT free_JJ field_NN1 motion_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL DEPARTMENT_NNJ OF_IO CIVIL_JJ ENGINEERING_NN1 ,_, 
UNIVERSITY_NN1 OF_IO CANTERBURY_NP1 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL 1_MC1 *1_NULL Retaining_NP1 Walls_NP1 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Earlier_JJR research_NN1 into_II the_AT design_NN1 
of_IO retaining_VVG walls_NN2 is_VBZ continuing_VVG with_IW investigations_NN2 
currently_RR under_RR21 way_RR22 on_II rigid_JJ walls_NN2 rotating_VVG 
about_II the_AT bottom_NN1 (_( cantilever_NN1 walls_NN2 )_) or_CC the_AT 
top_NN1 (_( tied-back_NN1 walls_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL Passive_JJ toe_NN1 pressure_NN1 is_VBZ also_RR being_VBG 
investigated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Limit_NN1 analysis_NN1 and_CC small_JJ scale_NN1 model_NN1 tests_NN2 
are_VBR being_VBG used_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Seismic_JJ design_NN1 parameters_NN2 for_IF reinforced_JJ earth_NN1 
walls_NN2 are_VBR being_VBG investigated_VVN using_VVG larger_JJR scale_NN1 
tests_NN2 on_II the_AT Department_NNJ 's_GE 20-tonne_JJ shaking_JJ table_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL Associated_VVN with_IW the_AT work_NN1 on_II the_AT walls_NN2 is_VBZ 
a_AT1 theoretical_JJ study_NN1 of_IO the_AT effects_NN2 of_IO vertical_JJ 
and_CC lateral_JJ motions_NN2 on_II the_AT basic_JJ Newmark_NN1 
sliding-block_JJ model_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2_MC *1_NULL Seismic_JJ Liquifaction_NN1 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL Experimental_JJ work_NN1 is_VBZ underway_RR to_TO 
investigate_VVI the_AT seismic_JJ liquifaction_NN1 of_IO sands_NN2 as_II a_ZZ1 
follow_VV0 up_RP to_II previous_JJ theoretical_JJ work_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Extensive_JJ field_NN1 tests_NN2 ,_, with_IW special_JJ emphasis_NN1 
on_II dutch_NN1 and_CC peizocone_NN1 testing_VVG ,_, have_VH0 been_VBN 
carried_VVN out_RP in_II the_AT Inangahua_NP1 region_NN1 where_RRQ 
liquifaction_NN1 occurred_VVD during_II the_AT 1968_MC earthquake_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL *6_NULL STRUCTURAL_JJ ANALYSIS_NN1 AND_CC DESIGN_NN1 *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL *2_NULL BUILDING_NN1 RESEARCH_NN1 ASSOCIATION_NNJ OF_IO {_NULL 
N.Z._NP }_NULL *>_NULL 

^ *<_NULL 1_MC1 *1_NULL Wall_NN1 Racking_VVG Tests_NN2 *-_- end_VV0 
restraint_NN1 conditions_NN2 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT standard_NN1 P21_FU racking_VVG test_NN1 is_VBZ 
used_VVN to_TO determine_VVI Bracing_VVG Ratings_NN2 for_IF wall_NN1 units_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT test_NN1 requires_VVZ the_AT specimen_NN1 to_TO be_VBI 
cycled_VVN in_II 1_MC1 \_NULL mm_NNU increments_NN2 up_RG21 to_RG22 8_MC 
\_NULL mm_NNU lateral_JJ displacement_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO ensure_VVI adequate_JJ ductility_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT component_NN1 ,_, the_AT wall_NN1 is_VBZ racked_VVN to_II a_AT1 40_MC 
\_NULL mm_NNU displacement_NN1 and_CC cycled_JJ +/-40_FO \_NULL mm_NNU for_IF 
four_MC cycles_NN2 during_II which_DDQ the_AT reduction_NN1 in_II load_NN1 
is_VBZ not_XX to_TO exceed_VVI 20%_NNU of_IO the_AT peak_NN1 load_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN noticeable_JJ from_II the_AT 
failure_NN1 modes_NN2 of_IO the_AT various_JJ wall_NN1 panels_NN2 that_CST 
have_VH0 been_VBN tested_VVN to_II the_AT P21_FU standard_JJ racking_JJ 
test_NN1 ,_, that_CST a_AT1 common_JJ mode_NN1 of_IO failure_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT 
separation_NN1 of_IO the_AT tension_NN1 chord_NN1 from_II the_AT bottom_JJ 
plate_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 has_VHZ long_RR been_VBN recognised_VVN that_CST in_II 
typical_JJ house_NN1 construction_NN1 braced_VVD walls_NN2 often_RR have_VH0 
additional_JJ restraint_NN1 against_II uplift_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ provided_VVN either_RR by_II the_AT presence_NN1 
of_IO return_NN1 walls_NN2 that_CST are_VBR nailed_VVN to_II the_AT end_NN1 
studs_NN2 ,_, or_CC by_II axial_JJ compression_NN1 resulting_VVG from_II 
the_AT application_NN1 of_IO gravity_NN1 loads_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT current_JJ work_NN1 programme_NN1 attempts_VVZ to_II 
more_RGR closely_RR model_VV0 the_AT actual_JJ end_NN1 restraint_NN1 
conditions_NN2 within_II the_AT P2l_FO test_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT restraint_NN1 is_VBZ provided_VVN by_II a_AT1 short_JJ 
length_NN1 of_IO timber_NN nailed_VVD to_II the_AT end_NN1 stud_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT panel_NN1 and_CC restrained_VVD against_II uplift_NN1 by_II a_AT1 
bolted_JJ saddle_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT end_NN1 restraint_NN1 so_CS provided_CS has_VHZ the_AT 
flexibility_NN1 of_IO the_AT nails_NN2 in_RP shear_VV0 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL As_CSA anticipated_VVN from_II the_AT performance_NN1 
modes_NN2 observed_VVN ,_, the_AT provision_NN1 of_IO end_NN1 fixity_NN1 
affects_VVZ the_AT behaviour_NN1 of_IO the_AT panel_NN1 quite_RG markedly_RR 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT panels_NN2 tested_VVD to_TO date_VVI (_( Gibraltar_NP1 
Board_NNJ )_) have_VH0 significantly_RR higher_JJR initial_JJ stiffness_NN1 
,_, but_CCB degrade_VV0 during_II the_AT high_JJ displacement_NN1 cycling_NN1 
,_, indicating_VVG less_RGR ductile_JJ performance_NN1 ._. 

^ *<_NULL 2_MC *1_NULL Profiled_JJ Sheet_NN1 Metal_NN1 Diaphragms_NN2 ._. 

^ *>_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL The_AT objectives_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 research_NN1 
programme_NN1 is_VBZ **[_NULL sic_RR **]_NULL to_TO develop_VVI design_NN1 
and_CC testing_VVG methods_NN2 which_DDQ would_VM enable_VVI the_AT 
strength_NN1 and_CC stiffness_NN1 of_IO profiled_JJ sheet_NN1 materials_NN2 
,_, used_VVN as_II cladding_NN1 to_II buildings_NN2 ,_, to_TO be_VBI taken_VVN 
into_II account_NN1 in_II the_AT structural_JJ design_NN1 ._. 

^ *#_NULL **[_NULL 374+TEXT+J80_FO **]_NULL 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL *0_NULL In_II May_NPM1 1986_MC the_AT Institution_NN1 of_IO 
Mechanical_JJ Engineers_NN2 ,_, in_II31 conjunction_II32 with_II33 the_AT 
British_JJ Post_NN1 Office_NN1 and_CC other_JJ engineering_NN1 
institutions_NN2 ,_, held_VVD an_AT1 International_JJ Postal_JJ 
Engineering_NN1 Conference_NNJ in_II London_NP1 to_II which_DDQ I_PPIS1 
was_VBDZ the_AT New_NP Zealand_NP1 Post_NN1 Office_NN1 delegate_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Forty-six_MC formal_JJ papers_NN2 ,_, together_II21 with_II22 a_AT1 
number_NN1 of_IO informal_JJ presentations_NN2 ,_, were_VBDR delivered_VVN 
on_II a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO postal_JJ engineering_NN1 developments_NN2 
and_CC the_AT whole_JJ event_NN1 was_VBDZ well_RR organised_VVN and_CC 
intensely_RR interesting_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT venue_NN1 ,_, the_AT Institution_NN1 of_IO Mechanical_JJ 
Engineers_NN2 '_GE own_DA building_NN1 ,_, deserves_VVZ a_AT1 small_JJ 
mention_NN1 as_CSA it_PPH1 is_VBZ a_AT1 lovely_JJ old_JJ building_NN1 with_IW 
memorabilia_NN2 of_IO past_JJ presidents_NN2 and_CC events_NN2 located_VVN 
throughout_II the_AT rooms_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT conference_NN1 facilities_NN2 ,_, however_RR ,_, were_VBDR 
of_IO the_AT highest_RRT modern_JJ standard_NN1 and_CC even_RR included_VVN 
a_AT1 video_JJ projector_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL If_CS there_EX was_VBDZ a_AT1 central_JJ theme_NN1 it_PPH1 
would_VM have_VHI been_VBN *"_" avoid_VV0 damage_NN1 to_TO mail_VVI **"_" 
and_CC the_AT British_JJ Post_NN1 Office_NN1 researchers_NN2 ,_, in_RR21 
particular_RR22 ,_, were_VBDR well_JJ aware_JJ of_IO this_DD1 need_NN1 as_CSA 
was_VBDZ clearly_RR demonstrated_VVN in_II many_DA2 of_IO the_AT papers_NN2 
presented_VVN by_II this_DD1 particular_JJ group_NN ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Probably_RR the_AT most_RGT important_JJ paper_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT conference_NN1 in_II this_DD1 regard_NN1 was_VBDZ one_PN1 on_II the_AT 
subject_NN1 of_IO *"_" The_AT Development_NN1 of_IO Damage_NN1 Free_JJ 
Level_JJ Transfers_NN2 **"_" ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL A_AT1 flat-bed_JJ belt_NN1 conveyor_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 
excellent_JJ method_NN1 of_IO moving_JJ parcels_NN2 without_IW damage_NN1 
provided_CS there_EX is_VBZ no_AT movement_NN1 of_IO the_AT parcels_NN2 
from_II one_MC1 belt_NN1 to_II another_DD1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_IF many_DA2 years_NNT2 the_AT standard_JJ method_NN1 of_IO 
effecting_VVG such_DA transfers_NN2 has_VHZ been_VBN to_TO drop_VVI the_AT 
parcels_NN2 over_II a_AT1 small_JJ distance_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT need_NN1 to_TO do_VDI this_DD1 was_VBDZ brought_VVN about_RP 
by_II the_AT large_JJ diameter_NN1 rollers_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR required_VVN 
to_TO drive_VVI the_AT thick_JJ woven_JJ belting_NN1 used_VVN (_( Figure_NN1 
1_MC1 )_) ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS thinner_JJR lighter_NN1 belting_NN1 could_VM be_VBI used_VVN 
then_RT the_AT rollers_NN2 could_VM be_VBI of_IO smaller_JJR diameter_NN1 
and_CC a_AT1 level_JJ transfer_NN1 from_II one_MC1 belt_NN1 to_II another_DD1 
becomes_VVZ practicable_JJ (_( Figure_NN1 2_MC )_) as_II the_AT gap_NN1 
between_II the_AT rollers_NN2 can_VM be_VBI greatly_RR reduced_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 principle_NN1 works_VVZ well_RR except_CS at_II T_ZZ1 
junctions_NN2 where_RRQ parcels_NN2 transfer_VV0 to_II a_AT1 belt_NN1 
moving_VVG at_II right_JJ angles_NN2 to_II the_AT first_MD belt_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL With_IW the_AT old_JJ system_NN1 the_AT parcels_NN2 would_VM be_VBI 
dropped_VVN on_II21 to_II22 the_AT belt_NN1 and_CC no_AT lateral_JJ thrust_NN1 
would_VM be_VBI applied_VVN but_CCB ,_, with_IW level_JJ transfers_NN2 ,_, 
the_AT transverse_JJ belt_NN1 is_VBZ pushed_VVN sideways_RL by_II the_AT 
on-_JJ **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL coming_JJ parcels_NN2 (_( Figure_NN1 3_MC 
)_) and_CC ultimately_RR the_AT belt_NN1 will_VM lose_VVI tracking_VVG ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 problem_NN1 was_VBDZ resolved_VVN (_( after_CS much_DA1 
experimentation_NN1 )_) by_II utilising_VVG a_AT1 conveyor_NN1 belt_NN1 
constructed_VVD from_II small_JJ glass_NN1 reinforced_VVD plastic_NN1 
strips_NN2 which_DDQ are_VBR linked_VVN together_II21 with_II22 metal_NN1 
rods_NN2 so_CS21 that_CS22 they_PPHS2 can_VM articulate_VVI around_II the_AT 
end_NN1 rollers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL By_II running_VVG this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO conveyor_NN1 belt_NN1 in_II 
a_AT1 shallow_JJ metal_NN1 trough_NN1 all_DB lateral_JJ movement_NN1 is_VBZ 
eliminated_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 consideration_NN1 in_II this_DD1 design_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT 
contouring_NN1 of_IO the_AT walls_NN2 of_IO the_AT conveyor_NN1 trough_NN1 ,_, 
particularly_RR at_II intersections_NN2 ,_, to_TO remove_VVI any_DD 
likelihood_NN1 of_IO parcel_NN1 jams_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 system_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN installed_VVN in_II 
the_AT latest_JJT Parcel_NN1 Concentration_NN1 Centre_NN1 at_II Reading_NP1 
and_CC during_II a_AT1 visit_NN1 there_RL I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ told_VVN that_DD1 
parcel_NN1 damage_NN1 had_VHD been_VBN reduced_VVN by_II a_AT1 factor_NN1 
of_IO at_RR21 least_RR22 10_MC ;_; and_CC that_CST a_AT1 secondary_JJ 
advantage_NN1 was_VBDZ the_AT elimination_NN1 of_IO parcel_NN1 jams_NN2 and_CC 
the_AT consequent_JJ reduction_NN1 of_IO downtime_NN1 on_II the_AT parcel_NN1 
sorting_VVG machines_NN2 (_( two_MC large_JJ tilt-tray_JJ machines_NN2 )_) ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT Safeglide_NP1 chute_NN1 is_VBZ another_DD1 very_RG 
important_JJ concept_NN1 covered_VVN by_II the_AT technical_JJ papers_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 development_NN1 by_II the_AT British_JJ Post_NN1 Office_NN1 
was_VBDZ originally_RR raised_VVN at_II a_AT1 previous_JJ Postal_JJ 
Engineering_NN1 Conference_NNJ and_CC has_VHZ since_RR been_VBN verified_VVN 
by_II experience_NN1 as_II a_AT1 successful_JJ design_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL It_PPH1 is_VBZ practice_NN1 to_TO use_VVI spiral_JJ chutes_NN2 to_TO 
move_VVI parcels_NN2 from_II one_MC1 floor_NN1 to_II another_DD1 but_CCB 
with_IW the_AT traditional_JJ flat_NN1 bottomed_VVD chute_NN1 damage_VV0 to_TO 
mail_VVI can_VM occur_VVI due_II21 to_II22 the_AT speed_NN1 that_CST the_AT 
heavier_JJR parcels_NN2 ,_, in_RR21 particular_RR22 ,_, can_VM generate_VVI 
in_II sliding_VVG down_RP the_AT **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL chute_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Safeglide_NP1 chutes_NN2 have_VH0 a_AT1 computer_NN1 
designed_VVN profile_NN1 (_( Figure_NN1 5_MC )_) which_DDQ effectively_RR 
controls_VVZ the_AT speed_NN1 of_IO descent_NN1 of_IO parcels_NN2 in_II 
such_DA a_AT1 way_NN1 that_CST they_PPHS2 all_DB ,_, irrespective_II21 of_II22 
weight_NN1 ,_, move_NN1 at_II a_AT1 constant_JJ velocity_NN1 without_IW 
interaction_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL If_CS the_AT parcels_NN2 are_VBR stored_VVN on_II the_AT chute_NN1 
they_PPHS2 distribute_VV0 themselves_PPX2 across_II it_PPH1 and_CC are_VBR 
self_NN1 starting_VVG as_CS31 soon_CS32 as_CS33 the_AT lower_JJR parcels_NN2 
are_VBR removed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL Care_NN1 is_VBZ taken_VVN at_II both_DB2 entry_NN1 and_CC exit_NN1 
points_VVZ to_TO avoid_VVI sharp_JJ changes_NN2 in_II direction_NN1 ,_, 
again_RT to_TO avoid_VVI jam_NN1 points_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT profile_NN1 can_VM be_VBI designed_VVN to_TO suit_VVI the_AT 
situation_NN1 (_( {_NULL ie_REX }_NULL the_AT type_NN1 of_IO mail_NN1 to_TO 
be_VBI transported_VVN )_) and_CC the_AT chute_NN1 is_VBZ of_IO modular_JJ 
design_NN1 with_IW either_RR steel_NN1 or_CC reinforced_JJ fibre-glass_NN1 
segments_NN2 bolted_VVD to_II a_AT1 vertical_JJ post_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RR ,_, this_DD1 post_NN1 is_VBZ one_MC1 of_IO the_AT 
restrictions_NN2 of_IO this_DD1 design_NN1 and_CC work_NN1 is_VBZ now_RT 
being_VBG undertaken_VVN to_TO eliminate_VVI it_PPH1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT Safeglide_NP1 chute_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 very_RG successful_JJ 
design_NN1 ,_, now_RT in_II use_NN1 in_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO United_NP 
Kingdom_NP1 postal_JJ centres_NN2 and_CC other_JJ commercial_JJ situations_NN2 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL One_MC1 of_IO the_AT problem_NN1 items_NN2 in_II mail_NN1 
handling_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT packet_NN1 ,_, those_DD2 items_NN2 of_IO mail_NN1 
too_RG large_JJ to_TO be_VBI letters_NN2 and_CC too_RG small_JJ to_TO be_VBI 
parcels_NN2 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 magazines_NN2 ,_, newspapers_NN2 and_CC 
records_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Two_MC papers_NN2 were_VBDR presented_VVN at_II the_AT conference_NN1 
on_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO machines_NN2 to_TO handle_VVI this_DD1 
type_NN1 of_IO mail_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT {_NULL BPO_NN1 }_NULL has_VHZ built_VVN ,_, in_II31 
conjunction_II32 with_II33 a_AT1 private_JJ firm_NNJ ,_, a_AT1 large_JJ 
automatic_JJ sorting_JJ machine_NN1 ,_, consisting_VVG of_IO an_AT1 endless_JJ 
belt_NN1 of_IO plastic_NN1 containers_NN2 open_VV0 at_II the_AT top_NN1 and_CC 
with_IW a_AT1 hinged_JJ door_NN1 at_II the_AT bottom_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT operator_NN1 codes_VVZ the_AT destination_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
packet_NN1 into_II the_AT machine_NN1 's_VBZ computer_NN1 and_CC it_PPH1 
automatically_RR indicates_VVZ by_II a_AT1 row_NN1 of_IO moving_JJ lights_NN2 
which_DDQ container_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN programmed_VVN to_TO accept_VVI 
the_AT packet_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT operator_NN1 places_VVZ the_AT packet_NN1 in_II that_DD1 
container_NN1 which_DDQ carries_VVZ it_PPH1 around_RP to_II the_AT rear_NN1 
of_IO the_AT machine_NN1 where_CS it_PPH1 deposits_VVZ it_PPH1 into_II 
its_APPGE correct_JJ destination_NN1 ,_, usually_RR a_AT1 mail-bag_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT container_NN1 can_VM be_VBI swung_VVN through_II 90_MC 
degrees_NN2 by_II the_AT machine_NN1 so_CS21 that_CS22 the_AT packets_NN2 
can_VM be_VBI discharged_VVN to_II either_DD1 side_NN1 of_IO the_AT belt_NN1 
allowing_VVG two_MC sorts_NN2 at_II each_DD1 destination_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT other_JJ automatic_JJ sorting_JJ machine_NN1 ,_, developed_VVN 
by_II a_AT1 private_JJ firm_NNJ ,_, consists_VVZ of_IO small_JJ automatic_JJ 
guided_JJ vehicles_NN2 (_( {_NULL agv_NN1 }_NULL )_) running_VVG on_II a_AT1 
suspended_JJ track_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT operator_NN1 codes_VVZ the_AT packet_NN1 's_VBZ 
destination_NN1 and_CC places_VVZ the_AT packet_NN1 in_II an_AT1 extended_JJ 
arm_NN1 of_IO the_AT {_NULL agv_NN1 }_NULL **[_NULL sic_RR **]_NULL this_DD1 
then_RT moves_VVZ off_RP at_II a_AT1 steady_JJ 3_MC {_NULL km/hr_FO }_NULL 
and_CC deposits_VVZ the_AT packet_NN1 at_II the_AT required_JJ destination_NN1 
point_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT {_NULL agv_NN1 }_NULL then_RT returns_VVZ to_II the_AT 
coding_JJ point_NN1 for_IF its_APPGE next_MD packet_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Both_DB2 are_VBR interesting_JJ developments_NN2 in_II 
**[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL an_AT1 effort_NN1 to_TO solve_VVI a_AT1 
difficult_JJ problem_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL Other_JJ papers_NN2 presented_VVN at_II the_AT conference_NN1 
covered_VVD such_DA diverse_JJ subjects_NN2 as_II :_: |_NULL (_( **=_NULL 
i_ZZ1 )_) The_AT coding_NN1 and_CC sorting_NN1 of_IO mail_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL New_JJ coding_JJ desks_NN2 ,_, new_JJ ergonomically_RR designed_VVN 
coders_NN2 and_CC new_JJ sorting_JJ machines_NN2 are_VBR at_RR21 present_RR22 
being_VBG developed_VVN by_II the_AT British_JJ Post_NN1 Office_NN1 again_RT 
with_IW the_AT help_NN1 of_IO private_JJ firms_NNJ2 ._. 

^ |_NULL (_( **=_NULL ii_MC )_) Optical_JJ Character_NN1 Recognition_NN1 (_( 
{_NULL OCR_NN1 }_NULL )_) machines_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Work_NN1 is_VBZ continuing_VVG on_II the_AT development_NN1 of_IO 
{_NULL OCR_NN1 }_NULL machines_NN2 which_DDQ automatically_RR read_VVD the_AT 
address_NN1 ,_, apply_VV0 the_AT code_NN1 and_CC do_VD0 a_AT1 primary_NN1 
sort_VVI ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO these_DD2 machines_NN2 were_VBDR seen_VVN 
in_II operation_NN1 but_CCB the_AT point_NN1 should_VM be_VBI made_VVN 
that_CST while_CS they_PPHS2 are_VBR at_RR21 present_RR22 capable_JJ of_IO 
reading/_FO cancelling/_FO coding_VVG and_CC sorting_VVG up_II21 to_II22 
and_CC above_II 30,000_MC items_NN2 an_AT1 hour_NNT1 such_DA mail_NN1 is_VBZ 
generally_RR machine_NN1 addressed_VVD and_CC very_RG standardised_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT complete_JJ {_NULL OCR_NN1 }_NULL machine_NN1 reading_VVG 
both_RR hand_NN1 written_VVN and_CC machine_NN1 written_VVN mail_NN1 is_VBZ 
still_RR some_DD time_NNT1 away_II21 from_II22 development_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL (_( **=_NULL iii_MC )_) ^_NULL Postal_JJ indexation_NN1 (_( 
whereby_RRQ the_AT reader_NN1 is_VBZ encouraged_VVN to_TO use_VVI a_AT1 
detailed_JJ postal_JJ code_NN1 which_DDQ in_II some_DD instances_NN2 such_II21 
as_II22 America_NP1 can_VM define_VVI the_AT proposed_JJ recipient_NN1 to_II 
one_MC1 side_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 particular_JJ city_NN1 block_NN1 )_) was_VBDZ 
a_AT1 well_RR discussed_VVN topic_NN1 with_IW papers_NN2 describing_VVG 
various_JJ countries_NN2 '_GE methods_NN2 of_IO coding_VVG the_AT envelope_NN1 
and_CC using_VVG the_AT index_NN1 in_II the_AT mechanical_JJ sorting_NN1 of_IO 
mail_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL (_( **=_NULL iv_MC )_) ^_NULL Postal_JJ management_NN information_NN1 
systems_NN2 and_CC the_AT use_NN1 of_IO computer_NN1 systems_NN2 were_VBDR 
also_RR discussed_VVN ._. 

^ ^_NULL A_AT1 prime_JJ example_NN1 of_IO this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO system_NN1 
for_IF postal_JJ work_NN1 is_VBZ in_II the_AT Swedish_JJ Postal_JJ Centre_NN1 
in_II Stockholm_NP1 ,_, Tomteboda_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ has_VHZ no_AT less_RR21 
than_RR22 five_MC computer_NN1 systems_NN2 working_VVG in_II the_AT 
building_NN1 all_DB connected_VVD to_II a_AT1 main_JJ frame_NN1 and_CC 
management_NN information_NN1 is_VBZ available_JJ from_II any_DD one_MC1 of_IO 
40_MC points_NN2 throughout_II the_AT building_NN1 (_( and_CC it_PPH1 is_VBZ 
a_AT1 massive_JJ building_NN1 )_) within_II two_MC minutes_NNT2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL Another_DD1 system_NN1 in_II Denmark_NP1 uses_VVZ the_AT computer_NN1 
system_NN1 to_TO issue_VVI work_NN1 orders_NN2 for_IF and_CC to_TO 
maintain_VVI control_NN1 over_II some_DD 4000_MC maintenance_NN1 points_NN2 
in_II one_MC1 of_IO their_APPGE complexes_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL As_CSA Sir_NNB Ronald_NP1 Dearing_NP1 ,_, Chairman_NN1 of_IO the_AT 
British_JJ Post_NN1 Office_NN1 ,_, pointed_VVD out_RP in_II one_MC1 of_IO 
his_APPGE addresses_NN2 to_II the_AT conference_NN1 ,_, the_AT microchip_NN1 
appears_VVZ a_AT1 real_JJ threat_NN1 to_II the_AT postal_JJ system_NN1 with_IW 
its_APPGE speed_NN1 and_CC accuracy_NN1 but_CCB at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 
it_PPH1 can_VM be_VBI a_AT1 very_RG valuable_JJ device_NN1 and_CC must_VM 
be_VBI made_VVN to_TO work_VVI for_IF the_AT mail_NN1 system_NN1 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL On_II the_AT final_JJ day_NNT1 of_IO the_AT conference_NN1 
delegates_NN2 were_VBDR taken_VVN to_II Swindon_NP1 for_IF the_AT official_JJ 
opening_NN1 of_IO the_AT new_JJ {_NULL BPO_NN1 }_NULL Research_NN1 Centre_NN1 
._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 centre_NN1 has_VHZ brought_VVN all_DB the_AT Post_NN1 
Office_NN1 researchers_NN2 together_RL into_II the_AT one_MC1 large_JJ 
complex_JJ and_CC the_AT 180_MC engineers_NN2 and_CC technicians_NN2 
employed_VVD there_EX are_VBR working_VVG on_II a_AT1 wide_JJ range_NN1 of_IO 
postal_JJ engineering_NN1 matters_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL They_PPHS2 are_VBR developing_VVG new_JJ letter_NN1 and_CC packet_NN1 
sorting_VVG machines_NN2 ,_, addressing_VVG particular_JJ problems_NN2 in_II 
the_AT handling_NN1 of_IO mail_NN1 such_II21 as_II22 ways_NN2 and_CC means_NN 
of_IO machine_NN1 sorting_VVG plastic_NN1 enveloped_VVD mail_NN1 ,_, 
looking_VVG into_II the_AT security_NN1 of_IO Post_NN1 Offices_NN2 and_CC 
cash_NN1 carrying_VVG vans_NN2 and_CC the_AT many_DA2 other_JJ problems_NN2 
related_VVN to_II getting_VVG a_AT1 letter_NN1 from_II point_NN1 A_ZZ1 to_TO 
point_VVI B._NP1 |_NULL ^_NULL In_II his_APPGE opening_NN1 speech_NN1 Sir_NNB 
Ronald_NP1 Dearing_NP1 made_VVD the_AT point_NN1 that_CST engineers_NN2 '_GE 
role_NN1 in_II mail_NN1 handling_NN1 was_VBDZ increasing_VVG and_CC that_CST 
it_PPH1 was_VBDZ only_RR during_II the_AT past_JJ 30_MC years_NNT2 that_DD1 
postal_JJ mechanisation_NN1 had_VHD really_RR started_VVN to_TO develop_VVI 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL During_II and_CC after_II the_AT conference_NN1 a_AT1 
number_NN1 of_IO postal_JJ centres_NN2 were_VBDR visited_VVN and_CC it_PPH1 
is_VBZ of_IO interest_NN1 to_TO note_VVI the_AT present_JJ day_NNT1 trends_NN2 
._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT move_NN1 now_RT is_VBZ to_TO house_VVI postal_JJ centres_NN2 
in_II single_JJ storied_JJ warehouse_NN1 type_NN1 buildings_NN2 instead_II21 
of_II22 the_AT large_JJ multi-storied_JJ buildings_NN2 that_CST were_VBDR 
favoured_VVN several_DA2 years_NNT2 ago_RA ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT two_MC latest_JJT {_NULL BPO_NN1 }_NULL postal_JJ centres_NN2 
at_II Watford_NP1 and_CC Reading_NP1 are_VBR both_RR built_VVN along_II 
these_DD2 lines_NN2 and_CC in_II fact_NN1 part_NN1 of_IO the_AT Watford_NP1 
Postal_JJ Centre_NN1 was_VBDZ once_RT a_AT1 factory_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL In_II most_DAT postal_JJ centres_NN2 visited_VVD the_AT parcel_NN1 
sorting_VVG machines_NN2 were_VBDR either_RR tilt_VV0 tray_NN1 or_CC tilt_NN1 
slat_NN1 machines_NN2 of_IO a_AT1 certain_JJ European_JJ manufacture_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 consist_VV0 of_IO an_AT1 endless_JJ chain_NN1 carrying_VVG 
wooden_JJ trays_NN2 or_CC slats_VVZ on_II21 to_II22 which_DDQ the_AT 
parcels_NN2 can_VM be_VBI ejected_VVN after_II the_AT destination_NN1 code_NN1 
has_VHZ been_VBN fed_VVN into_II the_AT machine_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT parcel_NN1 is_VBZ carried_VVN around_RP to_II the_AT 
designated_JJ discharge_NN1 point_NN1 and_CC deposited_VVD either_RR left_VVN 
or_CC right_RR by_II the_AT tilting_NN1 of_IO the_AT wooden_JJ trays_NN2 or_CC 
slats_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT tilt_NN1 slat_NN1 machine_NN1 can_VM only_RR operate_VVI in_II 
a_AT1 straight_JJ line_NN1 and_CC this_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 limitation_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT tilt_NN1 tray_NN1 on_II the_AT other_JJ hand_NN1 can_VM 
have_VHI a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO differing_VVG configurations_NN2 and_CC is_VBZ 
more_RGR versatile_JJ for_IF this_DD1 reason_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL I_PPIS1 was_VBDZ advised_VVN by_II the_AT manufacturers_NN2 of_IO 
this_DD1 type_NN1 of_IO machine_NN1 that_CST the_AT tilt_NN1 slat_NN1 
machine_NN1 is_VBZ now_RT being_VBG phased_VVN out_RP in_II preference_NN1 
to_II the_AT tilt_NN1 tray_NN1 ,_, for_IF two_MC main_JJ reasons_NN2 :_: 
|_NULL (_( **=_NULL i_ZZ1 )_) ^_NULL The_AT tilt_NN1 tray_NN1 is_VBZ more_RGR 
versatile_JJ (_( both_RR in_II configuration_NN1 and_CC carrying_VVG 
capacity_NN1 )_) ,_, and_CC |_NULL (_( **=_NULL ii_MC )_) ^_NULL The_AT 
manufacturers_NN2 have_VH0 developed_VVN a_AT1 **[DELETED_COMMENT**]_NULL 
new_JJ tilting_JJ device_NN1 for_IF the_AT tilt_NN1 trays_NN2 which_DDQ 
equates_VVZ well_RR to_II the_AT smooth_JJ discharge_NN1 of_IO the_AT tilt_NN1 
slat_NN1 machines_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL The_AT postal_JJ centres_NN2 visited_VVD all_DB had_VHN a_AT1 
high_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO mechanisation_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR for_IF the_AT 
handling_NN1 of_IO parcels_NN2 ._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL This_DD1 report_NN1 should_VM not_XX conclude_VVI without_IW 
further_RRR comment_VV0 on_II the_AT magnificent_JJ Swedish_JJ Postal_JJ 
Centre_NN1 in_II Stockholm_NP1 ,_, Tomteboda_NP1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 is_VBZ a_AT1 very_RG large_JJ complex_NN1 ,_, possibly_RR 
500_MC metres_NNU2 long_JJ with_IW a_AT1 rail_NN1 terminus_NN1 at_II one_MC1 
end_NN1 ,_, several_DA2 truck_NN1 delivery_NN1 docks_NN2 ,_, and_CC 
extensive_JJ mechanisation_NN1 throughout_RL ._. 

^ ^_NULL The_AT building_NN1 is_VBZ so_RG large_JJ that_CST staff_NN who_PNQS 
are_VBR required_VVN to_TO service_VVI plant_NN1 around_II the_AT building_NN1 
are_VBR provided_VVN with_IW scooters_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL However_RRQV it_PPH1 is_VBZ not_XX just_RR its_APPGE size_NN1 ,_, 
which_DDQ is_VBZ impressive_JJ ,_, but_CCB also_RR the_AT fact_NN1 that_CST 
throughout_II the_AT building_NN1 the_AT postal_JJ authorities_NN2 have_VH0 
gone_VVN to_II considerable_JJ expense_NN1 to_TO provide_VVI bright_JJ 
original_JJ murals_NN2 and_CC paintings_NN2 ,_, not_XX only_RR in_II the_AT 
public_JJ areas_NN2 but_CCB also_RR in_II the_AT work_NN1 areas_NN2 ._. 

^ ^_NULL For_REX21 example_REX22 ,_, there_EX are_VBR a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO 
pen_NN1 and_CC ink_NN1 pictures_NN2 of_IO scenes_NN2 of_IO Stockholm_NP1 
along_II one_MC1 wall_NN1 of_IO the_AT corridor_NN1 leading_VVG to_II the_AT 
large_JJ cafeteria_NN1 and_CC outside_RL in_II the_AT roof_NN1 garden_NN1 
stands_VVZ a_AT1 Swedish_JJ version_NN1 of_IO \_NULL St_NP George_NP1 and_CC 
the_AT dragon_NN1 built_VVD up_RP from_II items_NN2 of_IO scrap_NN1 metal_NN1 
._. 

^ |_NULL ^_NULL But_CCB this_DD1 is_VBZ still_RR not_XX the_AT most_RGT 
impressive_JJ thing_NN1 from_II an_AT1 engineering_NN1 point_NN1 of_IO 
view_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL This_DD1 must_VM be_VBI the_AT use_NN1 of_IO automatic_JJ guided_JJ 
vehicles_NN2 to_TO move_VVI mail_NN1 around_II the_AT complex_JJ ._. 

^ ^_NULL These_DD2 vehicles_NN2 are_VBR large_JJ electrically_RR driven_JJ 
machines_NN2 with_IW fork-lift_JJ prongs_NN2 at_II the_AT rear_NN1 ._. 

^ ^_NULL When_CS the_AT postal_JJ assistants_NN2 have_VH0 loaded_VVN a_AT1 
container_NN1 it_PPH1 is_VBZ placed_VVN in_II position_NN1 over_II a_AT1 
series_NN of_IO cups_NN2 set_VV0 into_II the_AT floor_NN1 and_CC this_DD1 
generates_VVZ a_AT1 signal_NN1 to_II the_AT central_JJ computer_NN1 that_CST 
there_EX is_VBZ mail_NN1 waiting_VVG ._. 

