<I>

  <&>Wellington Corpus of Spoken New Zealand English Version One</&>
  <&>Copyright 1998 School of Linguistics & Applied Language Studies</&>
  <&>Victoria University of Wellington</&>

  <&>side one</&>
  <&>1:53</&>
  

  <WSC#MUL024:0005:RH>
      um it seems to me that the most important governmental activity
      at all of all is um controlling society and in nineteenth
      century terms talking about the imposition of peace and
      stability or order and tranquillity that kind of concept upon
      society

  <WSC#MUL024:0010:RH>
      in other words um <,> <.>th</.> it is a the the <?>historic
      mission</?> of the state to impose desired rhythms of social and
      economic life um upon the <.>socie</.> society of controls um so
      that <.>i</.> in the final analysis industry trade agriculture
      and so forth um can flourish and so profits can be protected so
      that property's safeguarded and so forth and <,> in order to
      ensure this order and <&>3:00</&> stability or truth and
      tranquillity er people are expected to behave in er certain um
      ways certain ways which will ensure that societal stability or
      racial stability will will will prevail <,>

  <WSC#MUL024:0015:RH>
      um obviously for example um drunkenness er is is is frowned upon
      for the disruption to to the um <,> modes of commerce er

  <WSC#MUL024:0020:RH>
      it's it's frowned upon because it affects growth and
      productivity and so forth and one of the the keener governments
      of of nineteenth century police trying to check drunkenness by
      <.>vari</.> by various means <,>

  <WSC#MUL024:0025:RH>
      okay so <&>4:00</&> that's where where um i'm coming from

  <WSC#MUL024:0030:RH>
      to my mind policing is the most significant of the government's
      hands on modes of social control um

  <WSC#MUL024:0035:RH>
      <?>there's also lots of</?> other modes of social control and
      and i usually think of it in terms of some kind of continuum
      whereby the government or state has access to a wide range of
      mechanisms over on the most overtly coercive side obviously
      military suppression and then right through to extremely benign
      and consensual modes of control <?>which i depict as hegemonic</?>
      modes of control in other words the state has has gained um
      control of the way people think and therefore the way they
      behave um and it seems to me that nineteenth century new zealand
      is a classic example of um <&>5:00</&> the state having to um
      impose first of all <,> desired modes of control upon a very
      unruly population both pakeha and maori and so initially there's
      a state strategy an overarching <.>stra</.> strategy of um overt
      coercion overt suppression partly by the military but mostly by
      the police and i stress the police here because the police are
      the eyes and ears of the state

  <WSC#MUL024:0040:RH>
      they're on duty twenty four hours a day <,>

  <WSC#MUL024:0045:RH>
      their entire orientation is towards quote seeing what is going
      on and reporting to their superiors they report to their
      superiors they ultimately report to to to to the government

  <WSC#MUL024:0050:RH>
      it's a highly politicised um <&>6:00</&> method of control um
      despite the mythology that that that policing is a completely
      independent aspect um of the state

  <WSC#MUL024:0055:RH>
      <&>made inaudible by heavy machinery</&> and it still is in the
      final analysis um so <,> <.>y</.> you have this general
      continuum in terms of um continuum between the the the
      mideighteen forties and the mideighteen eighties

  <WSC#MUL024:0060:RH>
      <.>y</.> you have um a very <,> coercive form of control

  <WSC#MUL024:0065:RH>
      you're suppressing rebellion amongst maori um

  <WSC#MUL024:0070:RH>
      you're suppressing um turbulent behaviour by working class
      people in particular who've been <&>7:00</&> dispossessed um
      form from from relatively um tightknit communities or or or
      factories or whatever in the old country and brought into the
      new country and um i have used fairburn's terms <unclear>word</unclear>
      i actually have differences with miles on on um when a society
      <.>chan</.> when society change and orientation but i have no
      quarrel with him <.>th</.> that that initially um society pakeha
      society er was a society of <unclear>word</unclear> beings whom
      the state saw as needing to first of all suppress and then
      secondly to to educate into appropriate er ways of behaving
      behaving and thinking <,,> um <,,>

  <WSC#MUL024:0075:RH>
      so <,> you have this first of all for a forty year period a
      strategic form of control which is coercive but also you
      <&>8:00</&> have particularly because each settlement was a
      nuclear <O>voc</O> settlement and quite quite dispersed <?>apart</?>
      from all the other settlements you you have evolved forms of
      control too and and and sometimes er the the tactical position
      on the control continuum is a relatively benign one

  <WSC#MUL024:0080:RH>
      for example in <.>pre</.> gold rush otago a few thousand pakeha
      hardly any maori er the elders of the <,> free scottish church
      in effect kept control through through to my mind um mind
      control um very little turbulence er three or four arrests a
      year kind of thing no need at all for a coercive force coercive
      policing force

  <WSC#MUL024:0085:RH>
      um that state always tries to avoid coercion if it can um partly
      because coercive <.>im</.> imposition is itself <&>9:00</&>
      disruptive but but secondly because it's a hell of a lot cheaper

  <WSC#MUL024:0090:RH>
      um you get into coercive police forces and the use of troops and
      and and and you're into paying um enormous monies out of a very
      very small state state structure <,>

  <WSC#MUL024:0095:RH>
      um the the new zealand situation in terms of controlling pakeha
      is not too dissimilar from other colonial societies in in in in
      the need to <.>ha</.> have a have <unclear>word</unclear>
      coercive <unclear>word</unclear> approach to controlling people
      um but it is <.>i</.> it does have differences <.>i</.> in terms
      of the way it controls maori and <.>a</.> and indeed new
      zealand's really quite a unique experience experiment in
      policing um for for various reasons <,>

  <WSC#MUL024:0100:RH>
      um initially the the way indeed all of new zealand was
      controlled by the imperial authorities was actually through the
      <&>10:00</&> the form of maori chiefly authority

  <WSC#MUL024:0105:RH>
      um before eighteen forty new zealand <.>wa</.> was was an
      informal colony of of britain via new south wales and the
      policing task was in effect to make sure that pakeha whalers and
      traders and so on um didn't fall out with maori and provoke
      maori reaction and thereby lose um the trading opportunities
      that new zealand afforded which were which were enormous um and
      the main way of doing that was through j ps and using um naval
      captains and so on trying to actually um get maori chiefly
      authorities to act as as agents of in direct control on behalf
      of the british both of their own people and also of the the the
      pakeha who were in the country er and and that is that is a form
      used in other british colonies but <&>11:00</&> it was actually
      developed to quite a fine degree in in in in new zealand

  <WSC#MUL024:0110:RH>
      um after annexation in in eighteen forty er the reality of the
      situation was that there were a hundred thousand maori um one of
      the the best warrior races in the in the world in in terms of
      actually er their capacity to unite at least in tribal
      confederations and and and to <?>do that</?> so there was only
      um there was not much more than an attempt to impose nominal
      sovereignty on <.>o</.> over the country er so the first
      policing forces were were under a police magistracy system
      imported from new south wales which was er actually an urban
      orientated policing system so you had police but they didn't do
      much except um <.>d</.> do do beat patrol in the towns and and
      in other words they modelled themselves on the london
      metropolitan police

  <WSC#MUL024:0115:RH>
      it <&>12:00</&> was a new police form it was a er a bureaucratic
      police <.>a</.> and it was a police that that that that that
      focused on surveillance of people er the keynote er knowledge is
      is is is is basically power or the capacity to exercise power or
      one of one of the um overarching requirements of of the new
      police forms <,> so you so you had police in in half a dozen
      pakeha settlements and their control was fairly limited outside
      those settlements

  <WSC#MUL024:0120:RH>
      most of their control was again through <.>frien</.> friendly
      <.>so</.> called friendly chiefs coopting them to to state power
      and sometimes calling them policemen sometimes not giving them a
      a a a <?>sort of</?> stipend or whatever <,,> um but <,> by the
      mideighteen forties maori were rebelling in in the far north <,>
      and <,> the the the the crown <&>13:00</&> recognised that you
      couldn't hold a country the size of new zealand with <.>th</.>
      that many indigenous people when when some were rebelling by
      force of arms <,>

  <WSC#MUL024:0125:RH>
      you couldn't hold them with with a few hundred troops and um
      literally about forty or fifty policemen and and and and that is
      why grey was was introduced er to new zealand as governor from
      south australia <,> um <,> because first of all the state was
      prepared the British state was prepared to put put enormous
      resources into the policing <,> of new zealand and they needed
      someone who could control the troops and grey was appreciated as
      as a um practition militarily and also grey had had instituted
      um <,> plans in in south australia of policing indigenous
      peoples <&>14:00</&> which would not only suppress them by force
      of arms but would also rapidly assimilate them into pakeha
      society and so it it it was recognised that by by the british
      state authorities that that that now maori were rebelling um you
      you had to first of all crush them and then <,> pacify them in a
      form in which they would become nothing much more than brown
      brown skinned <,> pakeha and and they they would attune
      themselves to the commercial and social rhythms of pakeha life
      they would be forced into assimilation and one of the the ways
      grey um affected this <.>a</.> and and and and bear in mind here
      i'm always talking about the way the state the state perceived
      things i'm not <&>15:00</&> necessarily talking about the
      state's success although there were often partial successes <?>very
      seldom full success</?> one of the ways was to actually set up a
      mixed race police for the to to cover the whole country <,> so
      in the in the mideighteen forties um three armed police force
      units were established and they gradually phased out the old um
      police magistracy forces and and these units were as i said
      mixed race <,> er

  <WSC#MUL024:0130:RH>
      Maori were in them on equal terms with Pakeha

  <WSC#MUL024:0135:RH>
      they couldn't become officers but <.>th</.> <.>th</.> they could
      become n c os um and so you have a VERY unique experience er
      experiment of er indigenous police in a in a in a in an area
      that had only been a formal colony for five or six years
      actually policing pakeha um which was upsetting to the
      <&>16:00</&> pakeha ways of seeing things often and and and that
      in itself would would cause enormous trouble for for <?>for</?>
      state control <,>

  <WSC#MUL024:0140:RH>
      but um <,> grey wanted a force that was far more coercive than
      the other one he needed to impose forms of behaviour upon both
      races and so he looked to the what was considered the best
      coercive police force in in in the <.>end</.> english speaking
      world which of course was the irish constabulary known as the
      royal irish constabulary and so the armed police forces were
      modelled very much along the lines of the irish constabulary in
      other words there were small detachments <.>o</.> of people who
      worked together

  <WSC#MUL024:0145:RH>
      the old the previous police magistracy people er er they walked
      on the beat and and had been um <,> er acting in effect um by
      <&>17:00</&> themselves

  <WSC#MUL024:0150:RH>
      there's there's an old policing um saying that the difference
      between a policeman and a soldier is that that a soldier is um a
      policeman acting in conjunction with lots of others er a
      policeman is a soldier acting alone

  <WSC#MUL024:0155:RH>
      um these these police acted in small detachments so they were
      nearer the military mode they were nearer the the <unclear>word</unclear>
      mode and um they were there to discipline large numbers of
      people rather than individuals who who who were causing trouble
      in the streets or who were conducting a smash and grab raid or
      or or whatever <,> um and and so these these these the maori
      police um in particular were supposed to learn how to um behave
      and how to think the pakeha way and so young chiefly men were
      chosen and then they were to go back to <&>18:00</&> their
      villages and and and spread the word and and get their people to
      to to behave as if they were pakeha and and it sounds bizarre um
      but it was actually relatively successful um <.>a</.> and in so
      far as the evidence was concerned grey enormously exaggerated
      <.>h</.> he said by eighteen fifty three all <.>M</.> maori were
      um were were were brown skinned pakeha which <?>was</?> a long
      long way away from the truth but it was relatively successful

  <WSC#MUL024:0160:RH>
      there were um again i'm talking about state perception in in
      many ways um <,> there were there were there were many things
      militating against this being a successful experiment er in <?>toto</?>
      and and one of them being the very er what what you might call
      poor quality of those who were actually in the police er who
      were who were pakeha er

  <WSC#MUL024:0165:RH>
      they were they were hardly good role models um in in fact um
      they were so poorly paid <&>19:00</&> that er police normally
      got less money than than a day labourer and and the the very
      very <unclear>word</unclear> occupation um <,>

  <WSC#MUL024:0170:RH>
      they were often drunkards themselves and and so the maori police
      were living in in barracks alongside um young men who who who
      were drunken or layabouts er or who who who were basically
      pretty stupid often and again i go back to what i said initially

  <WSC#MUL024:0175:RH>
      you might think of of policing as being enforcing the law er

  <WSC#MUL024:0180:RH>
      these guys didn't know what the law was um

  <WSC#MUL024:0185:RH>
      they they would be dragged off the street and said look do you
      want to be a policeman taken into a police station given a badge
      and uniform and be out on the beat er perhaps with one other
      person inside ten minutes and and they would stay there two or
      three days or two or three weeks until they could get a better
      job <?>they could be</?> digging ditches or whatever
      <&>19:51</&>
</I>
