THE INTRODUCTION (LANGF-E3-P1,1.3) Having undertaken in this Book to publish all necessary Directions concerning Planting , the first step I am to take , to proceed in due order is to give instructions about Seminaries , and Nurseries , wherein young Plants are to be raised and cherished in their Infancy . (LANGF-E3-P1,1.5) And because men are generally through ignorance so indifferent whether they have these of their own or no ; because for a little Money they can have Plants from others ready brought up to their hands ; therefore I shall here in the first place present such with reasons , that I suppose $can $not {TEXT:cannot} but make them of the same mind , that I am my self , That $it $'s {TEXT:it's} far better to have them of their own bringing up , and to have Seminaries and Nurseries of their own for this purpose . (LANGF-E3-P1,1.6) 1 . (LANGF-E3-P1,1.7) Because this way a Man shall be sure to meet with no failure , either-1 in the kind or goodness of his Trees , and Fruit ; in both which he shall be often disappointed , if he have his Trees upon trust from others , who make a Trade of selling them , and are therefore many times incurious in raising them , and instead of the right kind if they can get any thing by it will not stick to put him off with another . (LANGF-E3-P1,2.8) 2 . (LANGF-E3-P1,2.9) The trouble and expence of buying young Plants , and getting them home , many times from places very remote and the prejudice they often receive in the carriage , will be wholly prevented . (LANGF-E3-P1,2.10) 3 . (LANGF-E3-P1,2.11) This way a Man shall with almost the same labour and charge , both furnish himself sufficiently , and have so many more as to defray the charge he may be at about it , if he will sell them , or to gratify his Friends if he had rather bestow them . (LANGF-E3-P1,2.12) 4 . (LANGF-E3-P1,2.13) He will this way be provided with Stocks for Apples , Pears , , Plums , Cherries , and all choice Wall-fruit raised from Kernels and Stones of Fruit : which are incomparably better than Stocks procured any other way . (LANGF-E3-P1,2.14) The means some use to furnish themselves with Stocks for Apple-trees is , by getting young Crab-trees out of Hedges , rough Grounds and Woods ; (LANGF-E3-P1,2.15) and with Stocks for Pears , and Cherries by Suckers springing from the Roots of old Trees of those kinds ; (LANGF-E3-P1,3.16) but there is much to be said against both courses . (LANGF-E3-P1,3.17) Against using those Crab-trees got out of Woods , &c. there lie these Objections . (LANGF-E3-P1,3.18) 1 . (LANGF-E3-P1,3.19) The workmen in getting them break some , (LANGF-E3-P1,3.20) and hurt others of the principal Roots ; (LANGF-E3-P1,3.21) and it sometimes falls out that they have been cut down , and sprung up again out of the remaining stump , or otherwise hurt , which though not easily discerned because skinned over , yet will be a prejudice to them for ever . (LANGF-E3-P1,3.22) 2 . (LANGF-E3-P1,3.23) Many of the Stocks so got out of Woods , and Hedges , have for want of room , and by reason of shades , and the droping of other trees about them , been check't and baffled in their growth , (LANGF-E3-P1,3.24) and so become crooked , scabby , ill grown , rough , and unkindly , and never like to make good Trees . (LANGF-E3-P1,3.25) 3 . (LANGF-E3-P1,3.26) Some that furnish themselves this way with Stocks , chooose such as are largest , (LANGF-E3-P1,3.27) and those having for the most part thick and hard bark , and old roots , come on but slowly when they are removed to make Apple-trees . (LANGF-E3-P1,3.28) 4 . (LANGF-E3-P1,3.29) If these Stocks be not graffed very low and if they are , a years growth or two will be lost they will put forth branches of their own every year in such abundance , that without constant pruning of them off , the graffs will be in danger of being starved . (LANGF-E3-P1,4.30) 5 . (LANGF-E3-P1,4.31) A better advantage may be made of Crab-trees in Hedge-rows and rough grounds , by graffing them where they are , as you shall be hereafter directed where they will thrive better . (LANGF-E3-P1,4.32) There is but one scruple that I can foresee that can here be started ; (LANGF-E3-P1,4.33) and that is , that a man $can $not {TEXT:cannot} be furnished with Trees of a good largeness to bear so soon by stocks raised by Kernels and Stones , as by either those gotten out of Woods , &c. or those raised by Suckers , that may be of several years growth before they are made use of . (LANGF-E3-P1,4.34) To this I answer , That if at the same time that you get Crab-tree-stocks , of six or seven years growth out of the Wood , or Suckers , and set them in order to be graffed , you sow Kernels and Stones , the Stocks and Suckers you so graff , for six or eight years may continue larger and bigger than the Trees that come of Kernels and Stones ; (LANGF-E3-P1,4.35) but yet these lesser Trees shall so get ground of the other , that by the tenth or twelfth year the Apple-trees and Pear-trees , and much sooner Stone-fruit-trees shall have overtaken them . (LANGF-E3-P1,5.36) And as to the way of raising Stocks for Pears , Plums , and Cherries by Suckers , it is to be noted , that Trees so raised will be ever apt to cast up Suckers themselves ; (LANGF-E3-P1,5.37) and such as do , are seldom found to be good bearing Trees , by reason they expend their Sap so much that way . (LANGF-E3-P1,5.38) Nevertheless they may be useful for Wall-fruit and Dwarf-trees , as you will see hereafter in a peculiar Chapter . (LANGF-E3-P1,5.39) And lastly against both these ways of furnishing a mans self with the aforemention'd Stocks there is this to be said , That a man shall not without great charge and difficulty store himself with as many as he may desire , (LANGF-E3-P1,5.40) and many of them will prove bad and miscarry , whereas from Kernels the charge is inconsiderable , and plenty may be had , that will almost all be fit for use . (LANGF-E3-P1,5.41) Yet this I ought to say in favour of buying out of Nurseries . (LANGF-E3-P1,5.42) 1 . (LANGF-E3-P1,5.43) Thereby a great deal of time is gain'd by the Planter viz. seven or eight years in Standard-trees , and four or five in Wall and Dwarf-trees ; which is very considerable . (LANGF-E3-P1,5.44) 2 . (LANGF-E3-P1,6.46) It will be very difficult for a Planter to be furnisht with many good sorts of Fruit , and of what kind he may desire any where else , so easie and fully as there . (LANGF-E3-P1,6.47) And I think no one can be better furnish'd than they may by their Majesties Gard'ner and Mr. Wise , who have a Nursery at Brampton Park near Kensington , the Soil whereof is not over enricht with the Fat of London , suitate in a Sharp Air , (LANGF-E3-P1,6.48) they are careful in furnishing the Buyers with true Kinds ; (LANGF-E3-P1,6.49) and I verily believe have already the best collection in England , (LANGF-E3-P1,6.50) and it will still be improv'd by new and unknown Plants , &c. as to us , from that famous Garden for variety of Kinds in the known World at the Cape of Good hope . (LANGF-E3-P1,6.51) CHAP. I . (LANGF-E3-P1,7.54) OF THE SEMINARY . (LANGF-E3-P1,7.55) Sect. 1 . (LANGF-E3-P1,7.57) Against the beginning of October prepare Ground by digging and cleansing it from weeds and roots , making the mold very fine , (LANGF-E3-P1,7.58) choose not a wet or very stiff Clay-land , nor over rich with Dung , but such as being of it self good , you may make better only with a little mixture of very rotten dung , (LANGF-E3-P1,7.59) let it be fenced from the cold , as well as you can , so that it be free from shade , and dropings of Trees . (LANGF-E3-P1,7.60) Sect. 2 . (LANGF-E3-P1,7.61) When you set Stones , which if they be Stones of Fruit soon ripe , you must keep in sand till October do it by a Line , pricking holes about a hands breadth distance one from another , (LANGF-E3-P1,7.62) and then put in the Stones , about three inches deep with the sharp end uppermost ; (LANGF-E3-P1,7.63) when one row is finished remove your Line a foot further , (LANGF-E3-P1,7.64) and set another row in the same manner ; (LANGF-E3-P1,7.65) but let your third row be about two foot distant from the second , that you may have liberty to go betwixt every two rows to weed , &c. (LANGF-E3-P1,7.66) and so proceed to set as many as you have a mind ; (LANGF-E3-P1,8.67) possibly some of these Stones may not come up till the second spring after they are set , (LANGF-E3-P1,8.68) and may not deceive you if you then expect them . (LANGF-E3-P1,8.69) Sect. 3 . (LANGF-E3-P1,8.70) After the same manner you are to set all kind of Nuts : (LANGF-E3-P1,8.71) but because $it $'s {TEXT:it's} necessary that your young Walnut-trees and Chesnut-trees should grow longer in your Seed-plot than Stone-fruit , before they will be fit to be removed to the place they are to spend their lives in , you must set them at much further distance , that they may have more room to grow big without hurting one another . (LANGF-E3-P1,8.72) Sect. 4 . (LANGF-E3-P1,8.73) To raise Stocks from Seeds or kernels of Apples , Crabs , or Pears each of which sorts are to be sowed by themselves you must thus go to work . (LANGF-E3-P1,8.74) When either you , or any Neighbour hath made Syder , Verjuice , or Perry , take the Must or as some call it the Pouz which is the substance of the Fruit after the juice is pressed out , the same day or the next day after , before it heats , (LANGF-E3-P1,8.75) and with a riddle sift out the Seeds on a clean floor or cloth , (LANGF-E3-P1,8.76) and these you must sow as soon as you can conveniently upon beds of very fine Earth , very thick , (LANGF-E3-P1,8.77) for some being bruised in the grinding , or pounding the Fruit ; and others , not being ripe , many never come up ; (LANGF-E3-P1,9.78) then sift mold upon them about two fingers breadth in thickness : (LANGF-E3-P1,9.79) this way is much better than to sow the seeds with the Must or Pouz together , as some do because the Must will heat them , and many of the Seeds will putrefie , (LANGF-E3-P1,9.80) and others will not be able to root , or shoot up , because they are so imprisoned in that dry and tough stuff clinging about them . (LANGF-E3-P1,9.81) The Beds of Earth you sow them on may be made about two foot in breadth , with a good distance between the beds that you may the better come at to weed them , and draw them up as you have occasion . (LANGF-E3-P1,9.82) Sect. 5 . (LANGF-E3-P1,9.83) To keep Fowls or Birds from scraping them up , lay some white-thorn on the beds till the Ground be well setled . (LANGF-E3-P1,9.84) Some cover the beds with Fern or Straw to keep them warm in the winter , which may not do amiss ; (LANGF-E3-P1,9.85) but then it ought to be take {COM:sic} off when the Spring approacheth . (LANGF-E3-P1,9.86) If Moles or Mice get in , which you will discover easily , the Mice leaving shells of the Seeds on the top of the beds they must be destroyed . (LANGF-E3-P1,10.87) For Mice therefore lay Poyson , or Oatmeal mixt with pounded Glass , and Butter , (LANGF-E3-P1,10.88) and cast bits of it upon the beds : (LANGF-E3-P1,10.89) or set traps for the Mice and Moles , better known than described . (LANGF-E3-P1,10.90) Sect. 6 . (LANGF-E3-P1,10.91) The next spring you will see these Stones and Seeds come up plentifully ; (LANGF-E3-P1,10.92) first the dissimilar leaves , almost of the shape of the Kernel split in two , (LANGF-E3-P1,10.93) and from betwixt them will the stem put forth ; (LANGF-E3-P1,10.94) keep them clean from weeds all the year , which must be plucked up while they are young , lest if they get root , in drawing them up you root up the seedlings with them . (LANGF-E3-P1,10.95) These weeds and such as are pluckt up any where else , thrown up into a heap will rot , and become very good Manure , (LANGF-E3-P1,10.96) but this should be before they are seeded , (LANGF-E3-P1,10.97) for then the Manure made of them will be apt to make the ground it is cast upon more subject to weeds . (LANGF-E3-P1,10.98) If a dry time happen , you may sometimes in the summer water the beds . (LANGF-E3-P1,10.99) Sect. 7 . (LANGF-E3-P1,10.100) To furnish your self with a competent variety of Stocks for the several sorts of Fruit-trees , your Seminary is to be stored with these following ; such as come of Peach-stones , Plum-stones , Cherry-stones , Apple-kernels , Crab-kernels , and Pear-kernels ; (LANGF-E3-P1,11.101) and from Nuts you raise your Nut-trees . (LANGF-E3-P1,11.102) Peach-stones are to yield you Stocks for Peaches and Nectarines ; Plum-stones , Stocks for Peaches Nectarines , Apricocks , and Plums ; Cherry-stones , Stocks for Cherries ; (LANGF-E3-P1,11.103) Seeds of Apples and Crabs produce Stocks for Apple-trees ; (LANGF-E3-P1,11.104) and lastly the Seeds of Pears yield Stocks for Pear-trees . (LANGF-E3-P1,11.105) Sect. 8 . (LANGF-E3-P1,11.106) There are likewise some other ways to be furnished with Stocks , and which you shall find hereafter are in some cases to be made use of , that is for Pears , Plums , and Cherries by Suckers springing out of the roots of Trees of the same kind , and for several sorts of Apples and Pears by Cuttings of Apple-trees and Quince-treees : which I here intimate , because Stocks thus raised are sometimes brought up in Nurseries ; (LANGF-E3-P1,11.107) but the full directions about them are given in the Chapter of Dwarf-trees . (LANGF-E3-P1,11.108) Mr. Evelyn saith , the end of roots that are cut off from young trees , taken up to be Trasplanted , and set in beds of good Earth , will shoot forth tops , and become good Stocks . (LANGF-E3-P1,11.109) Such may serve for Dwarf-trees , or for Walls . (LANGF-E3-P1,11.110) And I have heard an Ingenious person speak of inoculating Buds on the small roots of great trees that grow at farthest distance from the Bodies , and after a years growth to cut off the root , about a foot in length , with the new shoot growing upon it , and transplant it ; because a Tree will be sooner raised thus than from a Seed or Stone . (LANGF-E3-P1,12.112) In case of an exigent for a Stock or two , this way may be practised , (LANGF-E3-P1,12.113) but it would be found too troublesome for general use . (LANGF-E3-P1,12.114) Sect. 9 . (LANGF-E3-P1,12.115) But if you desire to raise some Wall-fruit-trees speedily , for furnishing some vacancies in the Wall , and would be so sure of the kind of Fruit , that you will not trust to a Nursery Mans selling , you may set some Peach-stones in some old basket fill'd with Earth 4 or 5 in a basket , (LANGF-E3-P1,12.116) and where several come up when very young draw up all but one that is likely to grow best : (LANGF-E3-P1,12.117) Some of these you may possibly Inoculate the same year , or at farthest the year after all of them : (LANGF-E3-P1,12.118) when you see the bud taken , in the winter following cut off the head , (LANGF-E3-P1,12.119) and set the basket with the tree in it , in the vacant places , by opening the ground and letting in the basket , and setting in Earth about it ; (LANGF-E3-P1,13.120) The basket will rot , and roots get through it , so that it will be no hindrance to the Tree 's growth , (LANGF-E3-P1,13.121) and the chief advantage is that the Tree hath not the lett and hindrance as others have by removing , never being taken out of the Earth it was set in . (LANGF-E3-P1,13.122) Lest any casualty hit off the Bud in removing , or against the Wall , you may if you please not set the basket till the year after the Bud that was inoculated is shot forth . (LANGF-E3-P1,13.123) Or to hasten the furnishing the Wall if you have none ready grown in a Nursery nor are willing to buy , and that no impediment hinder you may set Stones by the Wall side in the Borders , and there inoculate them , (LANGF-E3-P1,13.124) and after let stand what you please , (LANGF-E3-P1,13.125) and remove the rest ; (LANGF-E3-P1,13.126) In both those you will find directions of inoculating and more fully ordering them in the 4th and fifth Chapters . (LANGF-E3-P1,13.127) CHAP. II . (LANGF-E3-P1,14.130) OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE RAISING OF STOCKS IN THE SEMINARY , OR ELSEWHERE . (LANGF-E3-P1,14.131) Sect. 1 . (LANGF-E3-P1,14.133) Seeds or Stones of Fruits gathered from Trees that have been graffed or inoculated on Stocks of different kinds from the Scions , produce of themselves , not being graffed or inoculated not the same Fruit as that was from when the Seed or Stone came , but a different , and most commonly a worse . (LANGF-E3-P1,14.134) The Stones of Peaches produce Trees that will bear Peaches , sometimes better than the Peaches out of which the Stones were taken , although those Peaches grew upon a Tree that was inoculated on a Plum : (LANGF-E3-P1,14.135) And there are some Gardiners by setting many Stones of the Nerington Peach , have found some among the Trees come up from them , to bear a Fruit rather improved than worse ; and by giving it a new Name , and inoculating from it , have made good gain of it . (LANGF-E3-P1,14.136) But this is not a practice for every private person ; because Peach-trees so raised , will be longer before they bear fruit , than those which are inoculated ; and because he must run the hazard of filling great part of his wall with these Peach-trees thus raised from Stones , and not one it may be in many prove any thing extraordinary , and the rest of no use unless for Stocks , after he hath waited several years to see what Fruit they will bear . (LANGF-E3-P1,15.137) Sect. 2 . (LANGF-E3-P1,15.138) It is controverted amongst men of this Profession , whether Stocks from Peach-stones are best to inoculate Peaches upon : (LANGF-E3-P1,15.139) both sides have their peculiar advantages , which I shall here set down , and leave every man to his choice . (LANGF-E3-P1,15.140) Stocks from Peach-stones will be sooner ready to inoculate , (LANGF-E3-P1,15.141) and the buds will take very sure , that are inoculated into them ; (LANGF-E3-P1,15.142) but they must be carefully and tenderly used in the removal , (LANGF-E3-P1,15.143) and must not be expected to make long lasting Trees . (LANGF-E3-P1,15.144) Stocks from Plum-stones and budded with a Peach will make a more firm and lasting Peach-tree ; and such as will bear Fruit well . (LANGF-E3-P1,15.145) Therefore rather raise Stocks for Peaches , Nectarines , Apricocks , and Plums from Stones of the Wheat plum , which is a White-plum ripe in August if you can have them , or in want of them from the Stones of the White-pear-plum , which is generally commended and used , or of other good White-plum , whose Tree puts forth large shoots , or branches . (LANGF-E3-P1,16.147) If you are not sufficiently furnished with Stones of these White-plums , you may for Apricocks and Plums raise Stocks from the Stones of the Muscle-plum , the Black-pear-plum , Primordian , or any other Black or Red-plum of free growth . (LANGF-E3-P1,16.148) And $it $'s {TEXT:it's} a way much commended , first to inoculate an Apricock very low on such Plum stocks , and then after a years growth , inoculate a Peach or a Nectarine on it ; (LANGF-E3-P1,16.149) only this way there will be two years loss of time , (LANGF-E3-P1,16.150) and take notice that the Red-Roman Nectarine will hardly take on a Plum-stock any other way . (LANGF-E3-P1,16.151) The Suckers likewise from the roots of the White-plum before mentioned make Stocks for the Fruit spoken of in this Section . (LANGF-E3-P1,16.152) Sect. 3 . (LANGF-E3-P1,16.153) Stocks for Cherry-trees are raised from Cherry-stones , set or sowed , or young wild Cherry trees got out of Woods , &c. or Suckers from the common harsh red Cherry . (LANGF-E3-P1,17.154) The wild Stocks make large handsome Standard-trees , (LANGF-E3-P1,17.155) but though graffed with a good kind , do not bear Fruit so plentifully in many Countries , as the Suckers of the red being graffed do , which last also are fittest to graff Cherries on for Wall or Dwarf-trees being of much smaller growth than those of the wild kind are . (LANGF-E3-P1,17.156) Sect. 4 . (LANGF-E3-P1,17.157) $It $'s {TEXT:It's} plain all Stocks and Scions that will prosper when they are joyned together are congenerous , and related in some degree of affinity ; (LANGF-E3-P1,17.158) I have tryed a Nectarine on a Horse-Plum (LANGF-E3-P1,17.159) and it failed ; (LANGF-E3-P1,17.160) on the very same Stock an Apricock grew very fast . (LANGF-E3-P1,17.161) I have also inoculated a Apricock on a course Black-plum known in some Countries by the name of the Lammas-plum (LANGF-E3-P1,17.162) and it took well , (LANGF-E3-P1,17.163) and bore a good Fruit . (LANGF-E3-P1,17.164) I have inoculated Pears upon a Hawthorn or White-thorn , (LANGF-E3-P1,17.165) and it hath taken very well , (LANGF-E3-P1,17.166) but the growth was so small , $it $'s {TEXT:it's} not worth the practice . (LANGF-E3-P1,17.167) A Pear graffed on a Wicky-berry-tree grew very well , (LANGF-E3-P1,17.168) but on the Hazel or Nut-tree it fail'd . (LANGF-E3-P1,17.169) I have tryed the inoculating buds of Walnut-trees upon Ash-trees to hasten the raising Trees , (LANGF-E3-P1,17.170) but not one of many that I tryed , came to any thing . (LANGF-E3-P1,17.171) Mr. Evelyn reports it from one , that said , he had it to shew , that a white Apple graffed upon an Elm did grow and bear a read Apple . (LANGF-E3-P1,18.173) Cherries graffed on Plum-trees will not prosper long , nor Plums on Cherries ; (LANGF-E3-P1,18.174) neither do Apples on Pears , nor Pears upon Apples . (LANGF-E3-P1,18.175) Sect. 5 . (LANGF-E3-P1,18.176) It is an Assertion of my Lord Bacon in his Natural History , cent. 5. Exper. 452. That Graffing doth meliorate Fruit ; (LANGF-E3-P1,18.177) and I have heard that the Golden-renating was the Fruit of a Scion of an Apple-tree graffed by his direction on an Apple-tree , and then had its name as being in a manner born again . (LANGF-E3-P1,18.178) But mere Graffing doth not better the Fruit at all , as if you graff a Scion upon the same Tree you took it from , the Fruit will be the same , without any the least alternation from what the Tree bore before it was so graffed . (LANGF-E3-P1,18.179) But it is a harder question to resolve , if you graff a Scion on a Stock differing from it in kind , whether the Fruit of this new Tree will be any thing better than the Fruit of the Tree from whence the Scion was taken . (LANGF-E3-P1,18.180) This is by many held in the negative ; because say they the Stock only conveys food and nourishment to the Scion , (LANGF-E3-P1,19.182) and then when the Scion hath received it , it converts it perfectly into its own Nature ; so that the Fruit which this Scion shall bear , must be the very same that the Tree bore from which the Scion was taken , and neither better nor worse . (LANGF-E3-P1,19.183) But that the Scion doth thus perfectly transmute the juice it receives from the Stock into its own kind is not proved , neither as I verily believe ever will ; (LANGF-E3-P1,19.184) and it may therefore prove for all $that $'s {TEXT:that's} said to the contrary , that the Fruit may participate something of the Nature of the Stock , and may so far be made by it either better or worse ; (LANGF-E3-P1,19.185) for such an union as that of the Stock and the Graff in natural bodies is hardly conceivable without some commixture of their Natures , (LANGF-E3-P1,19.186) and there are some reasons from Experience that make this probable ; as , 1. The Seeds of a graffed Tree take much after the Stock , (LANGF-E3-P1,19.187) and it is hard to conceive the Kernel should participate so much of the Stock , and the Fruit be nothing influenced by it . (LANGF-E3-P1,19.188) 2 . (LANGF-E3-P1,20.190) Those that produce the best Fruit by their Stones or Seeds , yet vary from the Fruit the seed or stone was taken out of which in al likelyhood proceeds from the mixture of the quality of the stock and Scion in that Tree the stone came from . (LANGF-E3-P1,20.191) 3 . (LANGF-E3-P1,20.192) $It $'s {TEXT:It's} manifest that amongst Trees of one kind , in the same Orchard , you shall have some one of them bear better Fruit than any of the rest sometimes ; (LANGF-E3-P1,20.193) and I know not what to impute this excellency to more probably chiefly though there may be some other causes for it , than that the stocks they were graffed on might be Crab-trees that bore Crabs of several kinds , some better , some worse . So that to conclude this discourse , it $can $not {TEXT:cannot} be amiss to be so far curious about the stocks you graff , as rather to choose such seeds and stones to raise them from as come from Trees that bear the best fruit in their kind if you can have them than to take them at adventure . (LANGF-E3-P1,20.194) Sect. 6 . (LANGF-E3-P1,20.195) In raising Apple-trees for Orchards or fields , whether for Cyder or baking , &c. the Crab-kernels are preferr'd before Apple-kernels , as yielding stocks more hardy , and so better able to endure cold and course Land , and because they root better and so will make larger Trees : (LANGF-E3-P1,21.196) Neither are some sorts of Crabs so contemptible a fruit as they are generally accounted ; (LANGF-E3-P1,21.197) for being gathered very ripe and kept a good while to mellow , some of them will make good Cyder ; (LANGF-E3-P1,21.198) and generally they yield a strong Liquor : so that such kind of Crab-stocks may rather help to mend some Apples of weak juice than make them worse , (LANGF-E3-P1,21.199) but the reason before mentioned is the cause of their choice before Apple Kernels . (LANGF-E3-P1,21.200) Yet where you $can $not {TEXT:cannot} conveniently be stored with Crab-kernels ; Apple-kernels are not so much inferior to them , but they may well enough be made use of , as they commonly are for raising Stocks to graff Apples upon . (LANGF-E3-P1,21.201) And concerning the seeds of Apples $it $'s {TEXT:it's} to be observed , that although they produce not Trees bearing the same kind of Apples as those the seeds were had out of ; yet without graffing they will bring forth a good harsh fruit that may yield good Cyder : (LANGF-E3-P1,21.202) and thus $it $'s {TEXT:it's} said we came by some of our best Cyder-Apples . (LANGF-E3-P1,21.203) If you sow the seeds of several sorts of Apples mixt together , you would certainly have fruit multiply'd into various kinds ; but yet perhaps find none better for Cyder than those already known , nor so good , (LANGF-E3-P1,22.205) and such Trees will be longer before they come to bear fruit than others that are graffed : so that it would be but an unpleasant Experiment to search this way for a Cyder Apple to exceed all that have been before , because the trial would be so tedious , and the labour in greatest likelyhood lost at last . (LANGF-E3-P1,22.206) But if a man had a mind to raise a good new Fence about a Field he designs to inclose , which he can keep for four or five years together to bear Corn or Clover-grass to mow , that Cattle may be so long kept out of it , he might do it rarely well by sowing Apple kernels of as many sorts as he will , on the top of a new made Ditch bank , making the dead Hedge that is usually on the top of the bank on the out side of the ditch to defend them . (LANGF-E3-P1,22.207) When they are grown up he may plash this Hedg , leaving at every four or five yards distance , one of the best Trees to grow up , which of themselves will bear good Cyder fruit , or may be graffed to bear what pleaseth the owner ; (LANGF-E3-P1,22.208) and by this means in a little time and with small charge he shall have a fruit-bearing and impregnable Hedge . (LANGF-E3-P1,23.209) Sect. 7 . (LANGF-E3-P1,23.210) $It $'s {TEXT:It's} held by some , that the Kernel of the fruit hath a great dependence upon and sympathy with the pith of the Tree , and that hollow-trees though they grow and bear fruit , yet that fruit hath few Kernels in it , and those little better than withered husks . (LANGF-E3-P1,23.211) When I was a young Planter , I was once in want of Pear-stocks ; (LANGF-E3-P1,23.212) and made my complaint to an ancient practiser , a man of very good judgment in the opinion of those that knew him , (LANGF-E3-P1,23.213) and he told me he had oft sowed kernels of Pears and never could get any to grow : (LANGF-E3-P1,23.214) Yet I procured some Seeds of Pears from the Mill , that were very ripe , (LANGF-E3-P1,23.215) and had stocks enough from them , which makes me believe my friend took his kernels from a Tree that was hollow-hearted , as Pear-trees are more subject to be than any other fruit-trees . (LANGF-E3-P1,23.216) I mention this the rather , because if a Planter try any thing but once , and fail , he should not be discouraged , and particularly in this ; (LANGF-E3-P1,23.217) but if he can get ripe Seeds , which will be then very black and of a sound Tree , he need not doubt the success . (LANGF-E3-P1,23.218) And to have plenty of stocks such as are best for large standards for Orchards , or Fields , there is no better way of raising them than by Kernels ; with which a man can no way be plentifully and easily provided ; but at the time and place of making Perry , though he do send some miles for them . (LANGF-E3-P1,24.220) I shall end this Chapter with this one Observation more , not unsuitable to what went before , and which I have met with verifi'd more than once or twice in my own Experience , that there are some hollow fruit-trees that bear fruit so much more excellent than any of the same kind the owners had had , or could elsewhere meet with , that they have been very desirous to propagate from them , but never could any manner of way raise young ones of those old Trees , that would bear so good a fruit ; which seems to infer that the fruit of a Tree may be the better for the piths being consum'd ; (LANGF-E3-P1,24.221) and if that be true , it must be so , because the pith conveys to the fruit a worse sort of juice than any other part of the Tree doth , (LANGF-E3-P1,24.222) and therefore being freed from that infection by the Consumption of the Pith the Fruit becomes more choice and delicate . (LANGF-E3-P1,24.223) And that the Pith is the conveyance of a courser , or other sort of juice , is rendred in some sort probable , because as hath been before observed the Kernels of Fruit depend much upon the Pith , which almost never produce such good fruit as they come out of , and generally much worse . (LANGF-E3-P1,25.224) CHAP. III . (LANGF-E3-P1,25.226) OF TRANSPLANTING THE SEEDLINGS . (LANGF-E3-P1,25.227) Sect. 1 . (LANGF-E3-P1,25.229) In October after one Summers growth in the Seed-plots , you ought to draw up with your hand , such of your Crab , Apple , or Pear-seedlings as you find grown above a foot in height : and transplant them into your Nursery , and let the rest remain in the Seed-plot till another year ; (LANGF-E3-P1,25.230) as for those from Stones they need not be removed , but inoculated in the Seminary , the stones being set at the distance aforesaid . (LANGF-E3-P1,25.231) When they are drawn up , cut off the side-spriggs from about the top , and the strings from about the roots , (LANGF-E3-P1,25.232) and snip off the extremities , both of the top , that it may not run too fast upward , but the body may grow in bigness , and of the tap or heart root , that it may not run directly downward lest it run further than the good soil but may be more apt to spread its Roots in breadth . (LANGF-E3-P1,26.233) Have beds ready prepared , of good fertile dry Earth , not over rich , lest upon removal afterwards into a much worse Soil as for the most part Orchard and Field ground is your Trees coming of a sudden from such delicate food , to such course fare , pine away if they do not perish ; (LANGF-E3-P1,26.234) and this is but reasonably thought to be the cause why many Trees bought out of London Nurseries which are vastly deep with fat , and rich manure decay , or come on very poorly , when they are brought into the Country . (LANGF-E3-P1,26.235) Therefore upon every removal endeavour to have Earth as good , or better to place next the roots than that out of which they were taken . (LANGF-E3-P1,26.236) Sect. 2 . (LANGF-E3-P1,26.237) Let every bed you make , for setting these Plants in , be about two foot broad , leaving room betwixt each bed to walk and work about them , without prejudicing the Plants : (LANGF-E3-P1,26.238) Set two rows a foot or more distance each from other on every bed , by drawing a line , and pricking holes a full foot asunder ; (LANGF-E3-P1,26.239) let the holes be so deep , that if the roots be not very long , you may set your Plants at least two fingers breadth deeper in the ground then they grew in the Seed-plot , (LANGF-E3-P1,27.240) close the mold about them , (LANGF-E3-P1,27.241) and if it be a very dry time , water them the same day , the better to settle the Earth about them . (LANGF-E3-P1,27.242) If you can get old Fearn in some places called also Brakes or for want of it Straw , or new Dung , cover the Beds with it , which will keep the roots warm in the Winter , and preserve them from overmuch heat in the Summer ; (LANGF-E3-P1,27.243) if the land be any whit stiff , this cover will make it mellow , and when rotten enrich it , and very much hinder the growth of weeds , which ought duly to be pluck'd up (LANGF-E3-P1,27.244) and put new Fearn , &c. as the old rots . (LANGF-E3-P1,27.245) Sect. 3 . (LANGF-E3-P1,27.246) If any of these Plants in the years following shoot forth upright , top them early in the year , (LANGF-E3-P1,27.247) it will make them grow bigger bodied , and so become sooner ready for graffing . (LANGF-E3-P1,27.248) If you intend to raise any Stocks , to be set out in Fields before they are graffed , you need not top them upon their first removal , (LANGF-E3-P1,27.249) neither need you remove them , till they are grown high enough to stand in the Fields ; (LANGF-E3-P1,28.250) if you find that they spread their roots , and run not downward , as in gravelly and such kind of soils they will not be apt to do ; and by the first you draw up you may judge of the rest , whether they do or no : If you reserve any for this use , you had best choose such as grew straight , and at convenient distance one from another ; which you may contrive to do , in drawing out the first two years , such as be of stature to be Transplanted from among them : (LANGF-E3-P1,28.251) Whether you remove these into your Nursery or suffer them to remain in the Seminary you ought to Dress these once or twice a year by cutting off the biggest side-branches to hasten their growing tall , but leaving some small side-branches , (LANGF-E3-P1,28.252) for this causeth them to thrive in bigness the more , which they ought to do proportionable to their height , (LANGF-E3-P1,28.253) or else they will be too weak to bear a top . (LANGF-E3-P1,28.254) Observe this also in graffed Trees in your Nurseries or elsewhere . (LANGF-E3-P1,28.255) {COM:insert_helsinki_1_here} Sect. 2 . (LANGF-E3-P1,42.258) The second way called Graffing in the Bark is much like this , (LANGF-E3-P1,42.259) and I prefer it from experience much before the fore-mentioned , or any other way , (LANGF-E3-P1,42.260) but it can with certainty only be used for Apples , because all Scions of other Fruit will be grown past use , before the Bark of the stocks will peel ; which is about the end of March or the beginining of April : (LANGF-E3-P1,42.261) But this will be time enough for Apples , if the Stocks be in any thing good liking , which if they be not , they are not fit to be graffed any way . (LANGF-E3-P1,42.262) I have kept Scions of Pears till the bark hath risen , and thus graffed them with success . (LANGF-E3-P1,42.263) If February have been so sharp as to keep the Scions backward , it may do very well , not cutting them till toward the end of February , (LANGF-E3-P1,42.264) for then they will be well preserved till Lady-day or thereabouts , by which time the bark of Pear stocks generally will peel from the Stocks . (LANGF-E3-P1,43.265) Prepare then your Stock and Scion exactly as you were directed in packing , (LANGF-E3-P1,43.266) only instead of cutting the bark off the Stock , slit it on the South-west side , from the top , almost as long as the sloped part of the Scion , (LANGF-E3-P1,43.267) and loosen the bark at the top of the slit with the point of your Knife . (LANGF-E3-P1,43.268) Have in readiness a little Instrument made of Ivory , or a Deer or Sheep-shank , or Silver , or hard smooth Wood , (LANGF-E3-P1,43.269) at one end let it be made of the shope {COM:sic} of the slope part of the Scion , but much less every way ; (LANGF-E3-P1,43.270) thrust it down betwixt the Bark and the Wood of the Stock , where it was slit , (LANGF-E3-P1,43.271) to make room for the Scion , take it out (LANGF-E3-P1,43.272) and put in the Scion , (LANGF-E3-P1,43.273) but first cut a little of the Bark at the thin end of the slope of the Scion , that it double not in going down , (LANGF-E3-P1,43.274) yet leave it with a sharp edge ; (LANGF-E3-P1,43.275) and because when your {TEXT:you} Scion is put in , it will bear the bark hollow from the Stock , nick or slit the Bark , on each side the Scion , so that it may fall close to the Stock , and to the edges of the Scion . (LANGF-E3-P1,43.276) Bind and Clay it as you have already heard . (LANGF-E3-P1,43.277) These two are the best ways of Graffing for these Reasons . (LANGF-E3-P1,44.279) 1 . (LANGF-E3-P1,44.280) Because Stocks may be Graffed thus , some years before they can be ready to graff in the cleft ; (LANGF-E3-P1,44.281) and though Whip-graffing may be used sooner then either of those , yet their are other great inconveniencies attending it , as you will see hereafter . (LANGF-E3-P1,44.282) 2 . (LANGF-E3-P1,44.283) The Stocks are this way less harmed than where a cleft is used , because the cleft lets wet into them , and makes them not so fit for Graffing again if any fail to grow the first time as these continue to be , though they should once miscarry , or come to any mischance . (LANGF-E3-P1,44.284) 3 . (LANGF-E3-P1,44.285) The Scion will much sooner and better cover the Stock , and so make a more healthful , sound , and swifter growing Tree . (LANGF-E3-P1,44.286) 4 . (LANGF-E3-P1,44.287) This is much more speedy , easie , and sure to succeed . (LANGF-E3-P1,44.288) Sect. 3 . (LANGF-E3-P1,44.289) There is another way , called Whip-graffing , (LANGF-E3-P1,44.290) and here your Stock and Scion ought to be exactly of the same bigness , as the manner of performing it plainly sheweth , which is as followeth . (LANGF-E3-P1,44.291) Slope off the Scion a full inch or longer , (LANGF-E3-P1,44.292) and do the like to the Stock , (LANGF-E3-P1,44.293) and tye the one upon the other . (LANGF-E3-P1,44.294) You may if you will , $make $a {TEXT:a_make} shoulder on the Scion , and cut the top of the Stock to suit with it , and then bind them together , and clay about the place . (LANGF-E3-P1,45.296) This way is successful enough , so that special care be taken , that both Stock and Scion suit exactly where they are joyned together , which is somewhat troublesome to do , (LANGF-E3-P1,45.297) and so it is to find Scions and Stocks of a equal bigness ; both which makes it require longer time in doing than the former ways , (LANGF-E3-P1,45.298) besides the head will be apt to overgrow the Stocks ; (LANGF-E3-P1,45.299) all that can be done to prevent it , is to Graff these very low , or if high , to give the Stock more liberty to thicken , by slitting the Bark of it with a Knife . (LANGF-E3-P1,45.300) In this way of Graffing there is another little knack may be added to very good purpose ; (LANGF-E3-P1,45.301) and that is , when the Stock and Scion are prepared as you heard before to be joyned together , to make a slit with a Knife in the bare place of the Stock downward , beginning towards the top of the slope , and so slitting it a little way , and doing the like in the sloped face of the Scion , but beginning at the same distance from the lower end of it , as you did before from the top of the Stock , and so carrying it upwards , and then joyn them by thrusting the one slice into the other , till the bare place of the Scion cover the bare place of the Stock . (LANGF-E3-P1,46.302) This may be done likewise in Graffing by packing , (LANGF-E3-P1,46.303) and in both conduceth much to strengthen the work , (LANGF-E3-P1,46.304) and is called by some , Lipping or Tonguing . (LANGF-E3-P1,46.305)