<P_12>

<heading>

<font> A BREEFE TREATISE OF </font> THE ANATOMIE OF MANS BODY :
COMPYLED BY ME <font> THOMAS VYCURIE </font> ESQUIRE , AND SARGEANT
CHIRURGION TO KING HENRY THE EYGHT , FOR THE USE AND COMMODITIE OF AL
VNLEARNED PRACTICIONERS IN CHIRURGERIE . (VICARY-E1-P1,12.3)

</heading>

<heading:edcomment:1548>

<heading:edcomment:CHAPTER_I>

In the name of God , (VICARY-E1-P1,12.7)

Amen ! (VICARY-E1-P1,12.8)

Heere I shal declare vnto you shortly and breefly the sayinges and the
determinations of diuers auncient Authors , in three poyntes , very
expedient for al men to knowe , that entende to vse or exercise the
mysterie or arte of Chirurgerie . (VICARY-E1-P1,12.9)

The first is , to knowe what thing Chirurgerie is :
(VICARY-E1-P1,12.10)

The Second is , how that a Chirurgion should be chosen :
(VICARY-E1-P1,12.11)

And the thirde is , with what properties a Surgion should be indued .
(VICARY-E1-P1,12.12)

The fyrst is , to know what thing Chirurgerie is . (VICARY-E1-P1,12.13)

Heerein I doe note the saying of <font> Lamfranke </font> , whereas he
sayth , Al thinges that man would knowe , may be knowen by one of these
three thinges : That is to say , by his name , or by his working , or
els by his very being and shewing of his owne properties .
(VICARY-E1-P1,12.14)

So then it followeth , that in the same manner we may know what
Chirurgerie is by three thinges . (VICARY-E1-P1,12.15)

First , by his name , as thus , The Interpreters write , that Surgerie
is deriued oute of these wordes , <font> Apo tes chiros , cai tou ergou
</font> , that is too bee vnderstanded , A hand working ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,12.16)

<P_13>

and so it may be taken for al handy artes . (VICARY-E1-P1,13.18)

But noble Ipocras sayth , that Surgerie is hande working in mans body ;
(VICARY-E1-P1,13.19)

for the very ende and profite of Chirurgerie is hande working .
(VICARY-E1-P1,13.20)

Nowe the seconde manner of knowing what thing Chirurgerie is , it is
the saying of <font> Anicen {COM:sic} </font> to be knowen by his
beeing , (VICARY-E1-P1,13.21)

for it is verely a medecinal science : (VICARY-E1-P1,13.22)

and as Galen sayth , he that wyl knowe the certentie of a thing , let
him not busy him selfe to knowe only the name of that thing , but also
the working and the effect of the same thing . (VICARY-E1-P1,13.23)

Nowe the thirde way to knowe what thing Chirurgerie is , It is also to
be knowen by his beeing or declaring of his owne properties , the which
teacheth vs to worke in mannes body with handes : as thus , In cutting
or opening those partes that be whole , and in healing those partes
that be broken or cut , and in taking away that that is superfluous ,
as warts , wennes , skurfulas , and other lyke . (VICARY-E1-P1,13.24)

But further to declare what Galen sayth Surgery is , It is the laste
instrument of medecine : That is to say , Dyet , Pocion , and
Chirurgerie : of the whiche three , sayth he , Dyet is the noblest and
the most vertuous . (VICARY-E1-P1,13.25)

And thus he sayth , whereas a man may be cured with Dyet onely , let
there be geuen no maner of medicine . (VICARY-E1-P1,13.26)

The seconde instrument is Pocion : (VICARY-E1-P1,13.27)

for and if a man may be cured with Dyet and Pocion , let there not be
ministred any Chirurgerie . (VICARY-E1-P1,13.28)

The thirde and laste Instrument is Chirugerie , through whose vertue
and goodness is remoued and put away many greeuous infirmities and
diseases , which might not have bene remoued , nor yet put away ,
neither with Diet nor with Pocion . (VICARY-E1-P1,13.29)

And by these three meanes it is knowen what thing Chirurgerie is .
(VICARY-E1-P1,13.30)

And this suffiseth for vs for that poynt . (VICARY-E1-P1,13.31)

Nowe it is knowen what thing Chirurgerie is , there must also be chosen
a man apt and mete to minister Surgerie , or to be a Chirurgion .
(VICARY-E1-P1,13.32)

And in this <P_14> poynt al Authors doo agree , that a Chirurgion
should be chosen by his complexion , and that his complexion be very
temperate , and al his members wel proportioned . (VICARY-E1-P1,14.33)

For <font> Rasis </font> sayth , Whose face is not seemely , it is
vnpossible for him for to haue good manners . (VICARY-E1-P1,14.34)

And Aristotle , the great Philosopher , writeth in his Epistles to the
noble king Alexander <paren> as in those Epistles more playnely doth
appeare </paren> howe hee should choose al suche persons as should
serue him , by the forme and shape of the face , and al other members
of the body . (VICARY-E1-P1,14.35)

And furthermore they say , he that is of an euill complexion , there
must needes folowe like conditions . Wherefore it agreeth that a
Chirurgion must be both-4 of a good and temperate complexion , as is
afore rehearsed . And principally , that he be a good lyuer , and a
keeper of the holy commaundaments of God , of whom commeth al cunning
and grace , and that his body be not quaking , and his hands stedfast ,
his fingers long and smal , and not trembling ; and that his left hand
be as ready as his right hande , with al his lymmes able to fulfil the
good workes of the soule . (VICARY-E1-P1,14.36)

Nowe here is a man meete to be made a Chirurgion . (VICARY-E1-P1,14.37)

And thoughe he haue al these good qualities before rehersed , yet is he
no good Chirurgion , but a man very fitte and meete therfore .
(VICARY-E1-P1,14.38)

Now then , to knowe what properties and conditions this man must haue
before he be a perfect Chirurgion . (VICARY-E1-P1,14.39)

And I doo note foure thinges moste specially that euery Chirurgion
ought for to haue : (VICARY-E1-P1,14.40)

The first , that he be learned ; (VICARY-E1-P1,14.41)

the seconde , that he be expert ; (VICARY-E1-P1,14.42)

the thirde , that he be ingenious ; (VICARY-E1-P1,14.43)

the fourth , that he be wel manered . (VICARY-E1-P1,14.44)

The first <paren> I sayde </paren> , he ought to be learned , and that
he knows his principles , not onely in Chirurgerie , but also in
Phisicke , that he may the better defende his Surgery .
(VICARY-E1-P1,14.45)

Also he ought to be seene in <P_15> natural Philosophie , and in
Grammar , that he speake congruitie in Logike , that teacheth him to
proue his proportions with good reason . In Rethorike , that teacheth
him to speake seemely and eloquently : also in Theorike , that teacheth
him to knowe thinges natural and not natural , & thinges agaynst nature
. (VICARY-E1-P1,15.46)

Also he must knowe the Anatomie ; (VICARY-E1-P1,15.47)

for al authors write against those Surgions that worke in mans body ,
not knowing the Anatomie ; (VICARY-E1-P1,15.48)

for they be likened to a blind man that cutteth in a vine tree ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,15.49)

for he taketh more or lesse than he ought to doo . (VICARY-E1-P1,15.50)

And here note wel the saying of Galen , the prince of Philosophers , in
his Estories , that it is as possible for a Surgion not knowing the
Anatomie , to worke in mans body without error , as it is for a blind
man to carue an Image & make it perfyt . (VICARY-E1-P1,15.51)

The .ij. I said , he must be expert ; (VICARY-E1-P1,15.52)

for Rasus sayth , he ought to knowe and to see other men work , and
after to have vse and exercise . (VICARY-E1-P1,15.53)

The thirde , that he be ingenious or wittie , (VICARY-E1-P1,15.54)

for al thinges belonging to Chirurgerie may not be written , nor with
letters set foorth . (VICARY-E1-P1,15.55)

The fourth , I sayde , that he muste be wel manered , and that he haue
al these good conditions here folowing : (VICARY-E1-P1,15.56)

First , that he be no spous-breaker , nor no drunkarde .
(VICARY-E1-P1,15.57)

For the Philosophers say , amongst all other thinges beware of those
persons that followe dronkennes , (VICARY-E1-P1,15.58)

for they be accompted for no men , because they liue a life bestiall :
wherfore amongst al other sortes of people , they ought to be
sequestred from the ministring of medicine . (VICARY-E1-P1,15.59)

Likewise a Chirurgion must take heede that he deceiue no man with his
vague promises , for to make of a smal matter a great , because he
woulde be counted the more famous . (VICARY-E1-P1,15.60)

And amongest other thinges , they maye neither-1 be flatterers , nor
mockers , nor priue backbyters of other men . (VICARY-E1-P1,15.61)

Likewise they muste not be proude , nor presumptuous , nor detracters
of other men . (VICARY-E1-P1,15.62)

Likewise they ought not to <P_16> be too couetous , nor no nigarde , &
namely amongst their freendes , or men of worship ;
(VICARY-E1-P1,16.63)

but let them be honest , curteous , and free , both-1 in worde and
deede . (VICARY-E1-P1,16.64)

Likewise they shal geue no counsayle except they be asked , and then
say their aduise by good deliberation ; (VICARY-E1-P1,16.65)

and that they be wel advised afore they speake , chefly in the presence
of wise men . (VICARY-E1-P1,16.66)

Likewise they muste be as priuie and as secrete as anye Confessour , of
al thinges that they shal eyther heare or see in the house of their
Pacient . (VICARY-E1-P1,16.67)

They shal not take into their cure any maner of person , except he wyl
be obedient unto their preceptes ; (VICARY-E1-P1,16.68)

for he can not be called a pacient , vnlesse he be a sufferer .
(VICARY-E1-P1,16.69)

Also that they doo their diligence aswel to the poore as to the riche .
(VICARY-E1-P1,16.70)

They shal neuer discomfort their patient , (VICARY-E1-P1,16.71)

and shall commaunde all that be about him that they doo the same ; but
to his freendes , speake truthe , as the case standeth .
(VICARY-E1-P1,16.72)

They must also be bolde in those thinges whereof they be certayne , and
as dreadfull in al perilles . (VICARY-E1-P1,16.73)

They may not chide with the sicke , but be alwayes pleasaunt and mery .
(VICARY-E1-P1,16.74)

They must not couet any woman by wage of vylanie , & specially in the
house of their Patient . (VICARY-E1-P1,16.75)

They shal not , for couetousnes of money , take in hande those cures
that be vncurable , nor neuer set any certaine day of the sickemans
health , (VICARY-E1-P1,16.76)

for it lyeth not in their power : folowing the distinct counsayle of
Galen , in the amphorisme of Ipocras , saying , <font> Oportet seipsum
non solum . </font> (VICARY-E1-P1,16.77)

By this , Galen meaneth , that to the cure of every sore there
belongeth foure thinges ; of which , the first and principal belongeth
to God , the second to the Surgion , the thirde to the Medicine , and
the fourth to the Patient . Of the whiche foure , and if any one doo
fayle , the Pacient can not be healed : (VICARY-E1-P1,16.78)

then they , to whom belongeth but the fourth parte , shal not promise
the whole , but bee first wel advised . (VICARY-E1-P1,16.79)

They must also be <P_17> gracious and good to the poore ; and of the
rich take liberally for bothe . And see they neuer prayse themselues ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,17.80)

for that redoundeth more to their shame and discredite , then to their
fame and worship : (VICARY-E1-P1,17.81)

For a cunning and skilful Chirurgion neede neuer vaunt of his dooings ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,17.82)

for his works wyll ewer get credite ynough . (VICARY-E1-P1,17.83)

Likewise , that they despise no other Chirurgion without a great cause
; (VICARY-E1-P1,17.84)

for it is meete that one Chirurgion should loue another , as Christe
loueth vs all . (VICARY-E1-P1,17.85)

And in thus dooing , they shall increase both-1 in vertue & cunning ,
to the honour of God and worldly fame . To whome he bring vs al .
(VICARY-E1-P1,17.86)

Amen ! (VICARY-E1-P1,17.87)

<heading:edcomment:CHAPTER_II>

Heereafter foloweth the Anathomie of the simple members .
(VICARY-E1-P1,17.89)

And if it be asked you how many simple members there be , it is to be
answered , eleuen , and two that be but superfluities of members ;
(VICARY-E1-P1,17.90)

and these be they , Bones , Cartylages , Nerves , Pannykles , Lygaments
, Cordes , <P_18> Arteirs , Weines , Fatnes , Fleshe and Skinne :
(VICARY-E1-P1,18.91)

and the superfluities be the heares & the nayles . (VICARY-E1-P1,18.92)

I shal beginne at the Bone , because it is the fundation , and the
hardest member of al the body . (VICARY-E1-P1,18.93)

The Bone is a consimile member , simple and spermatike , and colde and
dry of complexion , insencible , and inflexible ; (VICARY-E1-P1,18.94)

and hath diuers formes in mans body , for the diuersitie of helpings .
(VICARY-E1-P1,18.95)

The cause why there be many bones in mans body , is this :
(VICARY-E1-P1,18.96)

Sometime it is needeful that one member or one lymme should moue
without another . (VICARY-E1-P1,18.97)

Another cause is , that some defende the principal members , as dothe
the bone of the brest , and of the head : (VICARY-E1-P1,18.98)

and some to be the fundation of diuers partes of the body , as the
bones of the Ridge , and of the legges : (VICARY-E1-P1,18.99)

and some to fulfyll the hollowe places , as in the handes and feete ,
&c. (VICARY-E1-P1,18.100)

The Grystle is a member simple and spermatike , next in hardnes to the
bone , (VICARY-E1-P1,18.101)

and is of complexion colde and drye , and insencible .
(VICARY-E1-P1,18.102)

The grystle was ordeyned for sixe causes or profites that I fynd in it
: (VICARY-E1-P1,18.103)

The first is , that the continual mouing of the hard bone might not be
done in a iuncture , but that the grystle should be a meane betweene
the Lygament and him : (VICARY-E1-P1,18.104)

The seconde is , that in the time of concussion or oppression , the
softe members or limmes <P_19> should not be hurt of the harde :
(VICARY-E1-P1,19.105)

The thirde is , that the extremitie of bones and Ioyntes that be
gristly , might the easelyer be folded and moued together without hurt
: (VICARY-E1-P1,19.106)

The fourth is , for that it is necessarie in some meane places to put a
grystle , as in the throte bowel for the sounde : (VICARY-E1-P1,19.107)

The fyfth is , for that it is needeful that some members be holden vp
with a grystle , as the liddes of the eyes : (VICARY-E1-P1,19.108)

The sixth is , that some limmes haue a sustayning and a drawing abrod ,
as in the nose and the eares , &c. (VICARY-E1-P1,19.109)

The Lygament is a member consimple , simple , and spermatike , next in
hardnes to the gristle , and of complexion cold and dry ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,19.110)

and is flexible and insensible , (VICARY-E1-P1,19.111)

and byndeth the bones together . (VICARY-E1-P1,19.112)

The cause why he is flexible and insencible is this :
(VICARY-E1-P1,19.113)

If it had bene sensible , he mighte not haue suffred the labour and
mouing of the ioynts : (VICARY-E1-P1,19.114)

and if it had not ben flexible of his bowing , one lymme should not
haue moued without another . (VICARY-E1-P1,19.115)

The seconde profite is , that he be ioyned with sinews , for to make
Cordes & Brawnes : (VICARY-E1-P1,19.116)

The thirde helpe is , that he be a resting place to some sinewes :
(VICARY-E1-P1,19.117)

The fourth profite is , that by him the members that be within the body
be sustayned , as the matrix and kidneys , and diuers other , &c.
(VICARY-E1-P1,19.118)

The Sinew is a consimiler member , simple and spermatike , meane
betweene harde and softe , and in complexion colde and drye ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,19.119)

and he is both flexible and sensible , strong and tough , hauing his
beginning from the braine , or from <font> Mynuca </font> , whiche is
the marow of the backe . (VICARY-E1-P1,19.120)

And from the brayne commeth .vij. payre of Nerues sensatiues ;
(VICARY-E1-P1,19.121)

and from <font> Mynuca </font> commeth .xxx. payre of Nerues motius ,
and one that is by him selfe , that springeth of the last spondel .
(VICARY-E1-P1,19.122)

Al these senews ; haue both feeling and mouing ; (VICARY-E1-P1,19.123)

in some more , (VICARY-E1-P1,19.124)

and in some lesse , &c. (VICARY-E1-P1,19.125)

<P_20>

A Corde or Tendon is a consimple or official member , compounde and
spermatike , synowy , strong , and tough , meanly betweene hardenes and
softnes , and meanely sensible and flexible , and in complexion colde
and dry . (VICARY-E1-P1,20.127)

And the Corde or Tendon is thus made : (VICARY-E1-P1,20.128)

The synewes that come from the brayne & from Mynuca , and go to moue
the members , is intermingled with the Lygamentes ;
(VICARY-E1-P1,20.129)

and when the Synewes and Lygamentes are intermingled together , then is
made a corde . (VICARY-E1-P1,20.130)

And three causes I perceyue why the Cordes were made :
(VICARY-E1-P1,20.131)

The fyrst is , that the Synewe alone is so sensible that he may not
suffer the great labour and trauel of mouing , without the felowship
and strength of the Lygament that is insencible , and that letteth his
great feeling , and bringeth him to a perfect temperaunce ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,20.132)

and so the Cordes moue the limmes to the wil of the soule .
(VICARY-E1-P1,20.133)

And this Corde is associated with a simple flesh ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,20.134)

and so therof is made a brawne or a muskel , on whom he might rest
after his travel . (VICARY-E1-P1,20.135)

And this Brawne is called a Muskle . (VICARY-E1-P1,20.136)

Then when this Corde is entred into this brawne , he is departed into
many smal threeds , the whiche be called ' wylle . '
(VICARY-E1-P1,20.137)

And this wyl hath three properties : (VICARY-E1-P1,20.138)

The fyrst is in length , by whose vertue that draweth , it hath might :
The seconde in breadth , by whome the vertue that casteth out hath
might : The third in thwartnes , in whom the vertue that holdeth hath
might : (VICARY-E1-P1,20.139)

and at the ende of the Brawne those threedes be gathered to make
another muskel , &c. (VICARY-E1-P1,20.140)

Nowe I wyl begynne at the Artere . (VICARY-E1-P1,20.141)

This Artere <P_21> is a member consimyle , simple and spermatike ,
hollowe and synowy , hauing his springing from the hart , bringing from
the harte to euery member , blood and spirite of lyfe .
(VICARY-E1-P1,21.142)

It is of complexion cold and drye . (VICARY-E1-P1,21.143)

And al these Arteres have two cotes , except one that goth to the
Lunges , (VICARY-E1-P1,21.144)

and he hath but one cote that spreadeth abrode in the Lungs , and
bringeth with him to the Lunges blood , with the spirits of lyfe to
nourishe th Lungs withal : (VICARY-E1-P1,21.145)

and also that Artere bringeth with him from the lunges ayre to temper
the fumous heate that is in the harte . (VICARY-E1-P1,21.146)

And this Artere is he that is called <font> Arteria venalis </font> ,
because he hath but one cote as a vayne , and is more obedient to be
delated abrode through al the lunges , because that the blood might the
sooner sweate through him : wheras al other Arters have two cotes ,
because one cote may not withstande the might and power of the spirit
of life . (VICARY-E1-P1,21.147)

Diuers other causes there be , which shal be declared in the Anathomie
of the brest , &c. (VICARY-E1-P1,21.148)

The Veyne is a symple member , in complexion colde and drye , and
spermatike , like to the Artere , hauing his beginning from the Lyuer ,
and bringing from the Lyuer nutritiue blood , to nourishe every member
of the body with . (VICARY-E1-P1,21.149)

And it is so to be vnderstanded , that there is no more difference
betweene these two vessels of blood , but that the Artere is a vessel
of blood spiritual or vytal . (VICARY-E1-P1,21.150)

And the Veyne is a vessel of blood nutrimental , of the which Veynes
there is <P_22> noted two most principal , of the which one is called
<font> vena porta ; </font> (VICARY-E1-P1,22.151)

the other is called <font> uenacelis </font> , of whom it is too much
to treate of now , vntyll we come to the anathomie of the wombe , &c.
(VICARY-E1-P1,22.152)

The flesh is a consimiler member , simple , not spermatike ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,22.153)

and is ingendred of blood congeled by heate , (VICARY-E1-P1,22.154)

and is in complexion hote and moyst . Of the which is noted three
kindes of fleshes ; that is to say , one is soft & pure fleshe :
(VICARY-E1-P1,22.155)

the seconde is muskulus , or hard & brawny flesh :
(VICARY-E1-P1,22.156)

the thirde is glandulus , knotty , or kurnelly fleshe .
(VICARY-E1-P1,22.157)

Also the commodities of the fleshe be indifferent ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,22.158)

for some be common to euery kinde of fleshe , (VICARY-E1-P1,22.159)

and some be proper to one maner of fleshe alone . (VICARY-E1-P1,22.160)

The profytes of the fleshe be many ; (VICARY-E1-P1,22.161)

for some defende the bodye from colde , as dothe clothes :
(VICARY-E1-P1,22.162)

also it defendeth the body from harde thinges comming agaynst it :
(VICARY-E1-P1,22.163)

also through his moysture he rectifieth the body in sommer , in time of
great heate . Wherefore it is to be considered what profitablenes is in
euery kinde of fleshe by him selfe . (VICARY-E1-P1,22.164)

And fyrst of simple and pure fleshe , whiche fulfylleth the concauities
of voyde places , and causeth good forme and shape :
(VICARY-E1-P1,22.165)

and this fleshe is founde betweene the teeth , and on the ende of the
yarde . (VICARY-E1-P1,22.166)

The profite of the Brawny fleshe , or muskulus fleshe , shal be spoken
of in the Anathomie of the armes . (VICARY-E1-P1,22.167)

The profites of the Glandulus fleshe are these : (VICARY-E1-P1,22.168)

First , that it turneth the blood into a cullour like to him selfe , as
doth the fleshe of a womans paps turne the menstrual blood into mylke :
(VICARY-E1-P1,22.169)

secondly , the Glandulus fleshe of the Testikles turneth the blood into
sparme : (VICARY-E1-P1,22.170)

thirdly , the Glandulus flesh of the cheekes , that ingendreth the
spittle , &c. (VICARY-E1-P1,22.171)

<P_23>

The next is of Fatnes , of the whiche I finde three kindes :
(VICARY-E1-P1,23.173)

The firste is <font> Pinguedo , </font> (VICARY-E1-P1,23.174)

and it is a consimilar member , not spermatike , (VICARY-E1-P1,23.175)

and it is made of a subtyl portion of blood congeled by colde :
(VICARY-E1-P1,23.176)

and it is of complexion colde and moyst , insencible ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,23.177)

and is intermedled amongest the partes of the fleshe .
(VICARY-E1-P1,23.178)

The seconde is <font> Adeppes , </font> (VICARY-E1-P1,23.179)

and is of the same kinde as is <font> Pinguedo , </font>
(VICARY-E1-P1,23.180)

but it is departed from the fleshe besydes the skinne ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,23.181)

and it is as an oyle , heating and moysting the skinne .
(VICARY-E1-P1,23.182)

The thirde is <font> Auxingia , </font> (VICARY-E1-P1,23.183)

and it is of kinde as the others be , (VICARY-E1-P1,23.184)

but he is departed from the fleshe withinforth about the kidneys , and
in the intrayles , (VICARY-E1-P1,23.185)

and it helpeth both the kidneys and the intrayles from drying by his
vnctiositie , &c. (VICARY-E1-P1,23.186)

Then come we to the Skinne . (VICARY-E1-P1,23.187)

The Skinne is a consimile member or officiall , partely spermatike ,
strong and tough , flexible and sencible , thinne and temperate ,
Wherof there be two kindes : (VICARY-E1-P1,23.188)

One is the Skinne that couereth the outwarde members : and the other
the inner members , whiche is called a Pannicle , the profitablenesse
of whome was spoken of in the laste Lesson : (VICARY-E1-P1,23.189)

But the Skinne is properlye wouen of Threedes , Nerues , Veynes , and
Arteirs . (VICARY-E1-P1,23.190)

And he is made temperate , because he should be a good deemer of heate
from colde , and of moystnes from drynes , that there shoulde nothing
noye nor hurt the body , (VICARY-E1-P1,23.191)

but it geueth warning to the common wittes thereof , &c.
(VICARY-E1-P1,23.192)

The Heyres of euery part of mans body are but <P_24> a superfluitie of
members , made of the grosse fume or smoke passing out of the viscoues
matter , thickened to the forme of heyre . (VICARY-E1-P1,24.193)

The profitablenesse of him is declared in the Anathomie of the head ,
&c. (VICARY-E1-P1,24.194)

The Nayles likewise are a superfluitie of members , engendred of great
earthly smoke or fume resolued through the natural heate of humours ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,24.195)

and is softer then the Bone , & harder then the Fleshe .
(VICARY-E1-P1,24.196)

In comeplexion they be colde and drye , (VICARY-E1-P1,24.197)

and are alwayes waxing in the extremitie of the fyngers and toes .
(VICARY-E1-P1,24.198)

The vtilitie of them are , that by them a man shal take the better
holde : (VICARY-E1-P1,24.199)

also they helpe to clawe the body when it needeth :
(VICARY-E1-P1,24.200)

Lastly , they helpe to deuide thinges , for lacke of other tooles , &c.
(VICARY-E1-P1,24.201)

<heading:edcomment:CHAPTER_III>

<font> Heereafter foloweth the </font> Anathomie of the compound
members , (VICARY-E1-P1,24.203)

and first of the head . (VICARY-E1-P1,24.204)

Because the head of man is the habitation or dwelling place of the
reasonable some of man , therefore , with the grace of God , I shal
fyrst speake of the Anatomie of the head . (VICARY-E1-P1,24.205)

Galen saith in the seconde Chapter <font> De iuuamentis , </font> and
Auicen rehearseth the same in hys fyrst preposition and third Chapter ,
prouing that the Head of man was made neither for Wittes , nor yet for
the Braynes , but onely for the eyes . (VICARY-E1-P1,24.206)

For beastes that haue no heades , haue the orgayne or instrumentes of
Wittes in their brests . (VICARY-E1-P1,24.207)

Therefore God and nature have reared vp the head of man onely for the
eyes , (VICARY-E1-P1,24.208)

for it is the hyest member of man : (VICARY-E1-P1,24.209)

and as a beholder or watchman standeth in a highe Towre to geue warning
of the Enemies , so doth the Eye of man <P_25> geue warning vnto the
common Wittes , for the defence of all other members of the body .
(VICARY-E1-P1,25.210)

Nowe to our purpose . (VICARY-E1-P1,25.211)

If the question be asked , how many things be there conteyning on the
head , and howe many thinges conteyned within the head ? As it is
rehearsed by Guydo , there bee but fyue conteining , and as many
conteined : as thus , The Heyre , the Skinne , the Flesh , the
Pannicles , and the Bone , neither-5 rehearsing Veyne nor Artere . The
which Anathomie , can not be truly without them both , as thou shalt
wel perceive both in this Chapter , but specially in the next .
(VICARY-E1-P1,25.212)

And nowe in this lesson I shall speake but of Heire , Skinne , Fleshe ,
Veines , Pannicles , and Bones , what profite they doo to man , every
of them in his kinde . (VICARY-E1-P1,25.213)

Of the Heire of the head <paren> whose creation is knowen in the
Anatomie of the simple members </paren> I doo note foure vtilities why
it was ordeyned : (VICARY-E1-P1,25.214)

the fyrst is , that it defendeth the Brayne from too muche heate , and
too muche colde , and many other outwarde noyances :
(VICARY-E1-P1,25.215)

The seconde is , it maketh the forme or shape of the head to seeme more
seemelyer or beautyfuller . (VICARY-E1-P1,25.216)

For if the head were not heyred , the face and the heade should seeme
but one thing ; (VICARY-E1-P1,25.217)

and therefore the heyre formeth and shapeth the head from the face :
(VICARY-E1-P1,25.218)

The thirde is , that by the cullour of the heyre is witnessed & knowen
the complexion of the Brayne : (VICARY-E1-P1,25.219)

The fourth is , that the fumosities of the brayne might assend and
parse lyghtlyer out by them . (VICARY-E1-P1,25.220)

For if there were a sad thing , as the skinne or other , of the same
nature as the heyre is , the fumosities of the brayne might not haue
passed throwe it so lightly , as it doth by the heyre .
(VICARY-E1-P1,25.221)

The Skinne of the head is more lazartus , thicker , and more porrus
than any other Skinne of any other member of the body .
(VICARY-E1-P1,25.222)

And two causes I note why : (VICARY-E1-P1,25.223)

One is , that it keepeth or defendeth the brayne from too muche heat
and colde , as doth the heyre : (VICARY-E1-P1,25.224)

The <P_26> other , it discusseth to the common wittes of al thinges
that noyeth outwardly , (VICARY-E1-P1,26.225)

for the heyre is insencible : (VICARY-E1-P1,26.226)

The thirde cause why the skinne of the head is more thicker then any
other skinne of the body , is this , that it keepeth the brayne the
more warme , and is the better fence for the brayne ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,26.227)

and it bindeth and keepeth the bones of the head the faster together .
(VICARY-E1-P1,26.228)

Next followeth the Fleshe , the which is al Musculus or Lazartus fleshe
, lying vpon <font> pericranium </font> without meane .
(VICARY-E1-P1,26.229)

And it is made of subtile Wylle , and of simple fleshe , Synewes ,
Veines , & Arteirs . (VICARY-E1-P1,26.230)

And why the fleshe that is al musculus or lazartus in euery member of a
mans body was made , is for three causes : (VICARY-E1-P1,26.231)

the fyrst is , that by his thicknes he shoulde comforte the digestion
of other members that lye by him : (VICARY-E1-P1,26.232)

The seconde is , that through him euery member is made the more
formelyer , and taketh the better shape : (VICARY-E1-P1,26.233)

The thirde is , that by his meanes euery member of the body draweth to
him norishing , the which others withholde to put foorth from them : as
it shal be more playnlyer spoken of in the Anathomie of the wombe .
(VICARY-E1-P1,26.234)

Next followeth <font> Pericranium </font> , or the couering of the
bones of the head . (VICARY-E1-P1,26.235)

But heere it is to be noted of a Veyne and an Artere that commeth
betweene the flesh and this Pericranium , that nourisheth the vtter
part of the head , and so entreth priuily through the commissaries of
the skul , bearing to the Brayne and to his Pannikles nourishing : of
whose substaunce is made bothe Duramater , and also Pericranium , as
shall be <P_27> declared in the Partes conteyned in the head .
(VICARY-E1-P1,27.236)

Here it is to be noted of this Pannikle , Pericranium , that it bindeth
or coxnpasseth al the bones of the head , unto whom is adioyned the
Duramater , and is also a part of his substaunce , howbeit they be
separated , (VICARY-E1-P1,27.237)

for Duramater is nerer y=e= brayne , (VICARY-E1-P1,27.238)

and is vnder the skull . (VICARY-E1-P1,27.239)

This Pericranium was made principally for two causes :
(VICARY-E1-P1,27.240)

one is , that for his strong bynding together he should make firme and
stable the feeble commissaries or seames of the bones of the head :
(VICARY-E1-P1,27.241)

The other cause is , that it shoulde be a meane betweene the harde bone
and the softe fleshe . (VICARY-E1-P1,27.242)

Nexte is the Bone of the Pot of the head keeping in the Braynes , of
which it were too long to declare their names after al Authors , as
they number them and their names ; (VICARY-E1-P1,27.243)

for some name them after the Greeke tongue , and some after the Arabian
; (VICARY-E1-P1,27.244)

but in conclusion , al is to one purpose . (VICARY-E1-P1,27.245)

And they be numbred seuen bones in the pan or skul of the head :
(VICARY-E1-P1,27.246)

the fyrst is called the Coronal bone , in which is y=e= Orbyts or holes
of the Eyes , (VICARY-E1-P1,27.247)

and it reacheth from the Browes unto the middest of the head ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,27.248)

and there it meteth with the seconde bone called Occipissial , a bone
of the hinder part of the head called the Noddel of the head , which
two bones , Coronal and Occipissiale , be deuided by the Commissaries
in the middes of the head . (VICARY-E1-P1,27.249)

The thirde and fourth bones be called Parietales ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,27.250)

and they be the bones of the sideling parts of the head ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,27.251)

and they be deuided by the Commissories both-1 from the foresayde
Coronal and Occipissial . (VICARY-E1-P1,27.252)

The fyfth and the syxth <P_28> bones be called Petrosa or Mendosa :
(VICARY-E1-P1,28.253)

and these two bones lye ouer the bones called Parietales , on euery
side of the head one , lyke skales , in whom be y=e= holes of the eares
. (VICARY-E1-P1,28.254)

The seuenth and last of the head is called Paxillarie , or Bazillarie ;
the whiche bone is , as it were , a wedge vnto all the other seuen
bones of the head , and doth fasten them togeather .
(VICARY-E1-P1,28.255)

And thus be all numbred : (VICARY-E1-P1,28.256)

the first is the Coronal bone , (VICARY-E1-P1,28.257)

the seconde is the Occipissial , (VICARY-E1-P1,28.258)

the thirde and the fourth is Parietales , (VICARY-E1-P1,28.259)

the fyfth and the sixth is Petrosa or Mendosa , (VICARY-E1-P1,28.260)

and the seuenth is Paxillari , or Bazillari . (VICARY-E1-P1,28.261)

And this suffiseth for the fyue thinges conteyning .
(VICARY-E1-P1,28.262)

<P_35>

The Eare is a member semely and grystlye , able to be folden without ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,35.264)

and is the orgayne or instrument of hearing : (VICARY-E1-P1,35.265)

It is of complexion cold and drye . (VICARY-E1-P1,35.266)

But why the eare was set vp out of the head , is this , that the
soundes that be very fugitiue should lurke and abyde vnder his shadowe
, tyl it were taken of the instrumentes of hearing :
(VICARY-E1-P1,35.267)

Another cause is , that it should keepe the hole that it standeth ouer
, from thinges falling in , that might hinder the hearing .
(VICARY-E1-P1,35.268)

The senewes that are the Orgayns or Instrumentes of hearing , spring
from the Brayne , from whence the seuen payre of senewes do spring ;
(VICARY-E1-P1,35.269)

& when they come to the hole of the Eare , there they writhe lyke a
wyne press ; (VICARY-E1-P1,35.270)

and at the endes of them there be like the head of a worme , or like a
little teat , in whiche is receyued the sounde , and so caried to the
common wittes . (VICARY-E1-P1,35.271)

The Eyes be nexte of nature vnto the Soule : (VICARY-E1-P1,35.272)

for in the Eye is seene and knowen the disturbances & greefes , gladnes
and ioyes of the Soule , as loue , wrath , and other passions .
(VICARY-E1-P1,35.273)

The Eyes be the instrumentes of sight . (VICARY-E1-P1,35.274)

And they bee compounde and made of ten things : that is to say , of
seuen Tunicles or Cotes , and of three humours . Of the whiche <paren>
sayth Galen </paren> <P_36> the Brayne and the head were made for the
Eye , that they might be in the hyest place , as a beholder in a towre
, as it was rehearsed in the Anatomie of the head .
(VICARY-E1-P1,36.275)

But diuers men holde diuers opinions of the Anatomie of the Eyes :
(VICARY-E1-P1,36.276)

for some men accompt but three tunikles , and some sixe .
(VICARY-E1-P1,36.277)

But in conclusion , they meane all one thing : (VICARY-E1-P1,36.278)

For the very truth is , that there be counted and reckoned seuen
Tunikles , that is to say , <font> Sclirotica , Secondyna , Retyna ,
Vnia , Cornua , Arania , </font> and <font> Coniunctiva : </font> and
these three humours , that is to say , <font> humour Vitrus , humor
Albigynus , </font> and <font> humor Crystallinus . </font>
(VICARY-E1-P1,36.279)

It is be knowen howe and after what maner they spring .
(VICARY-E1-P1,36.280)

You shal vnderstande , that there springeth of the brayny substaunce of
his formost Ventrikles , two senewes , The one from the right side ,
and the other from the left , (VICARY-E1-P1,36.281)

and they be called the <P_37> fyrst payre , (VICARY-E1-P1,37.282)

for in the Anatomie they be the first paire of senewes that appeare of
al seuen . (VICARY-E1-P1,37.283)

And it is shewed by Galen , that these senews be hollowe as a reede ,
for two causes . (VICARY-E1-P1,37.284)

The fyrst is , that the visible spirit might passe freely to the Eyes :
(VICARY-E1-P1,37.285)

the second is , that the forme of visible thinges mighte freely be
presented to the common wits . (VICARY-E1-P1,37.286)

Nowe marke the gooing foorth of these senewes : (VICARY-E1-P1,37.287)

When these senewes goo out from the substaunce of the Brayne , he
commeth through the Piamater , of whose substaunce he taketh a Pannicle
or a Cote : (VICARY-E1-P1,37.288)

and the cause why he taketh that Pannicle , is to keepe him from noying
; (VICARY-E1-P1,37.289)

and before they enter into the skul , they meete ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,37.290)

and are vnited into one senewe the length of halfe an inche :
(VICARY-E1-P1,37.291)

and then they depart agayne into two , (VICARY-E1-P1,37.292)

and eche goeth into one eye , entring through the brayne panne ;
(VICARY-E1-P1,37.293)

and these senewes be called <font> Nerui optici . </font>
(VICARY-E1-P1,37.294)

And three causes I finde why these Nerues are ioyned in one before they
passe into the Eye : (VICARY-E1-P1,37.295)

First , if it happen any diseases in one eye , the other should receyue
all the visible spirite that before came to bothe :
(VICARY-E1-P1,37.296)

The seconde is , that all thinges that wee see shoulde not seeme two :
(VICARY-E1-P1,37.297)

for if they had not beene ioyned together , euery thing shoulde haue
seemed two , as it doth to a worme , and to other beastes :
(VICARY-E1-P1,37.298)

The thirde is , that the Senewe might stay and helpe the other .
(VICARY-E1-P1,37.299)

But herevpon Lamfranke accordeth muche , saying , that these two
Senewes come together to the Eyes , and take a Panikle both of Piamater
and of Duramater ; (VICARY-E1-P1,37.300)

and when they enter into the Orbyt of the Eye , there the extremities
are spread abroade , the which are made of three substances : that is
to say , of Duramater , of Piamater and of Nerui optici .
(VICARY-E1-P1,37.301)

There <P_38> be ingendred three Tunikles or Cotes , as thus :
(VICARY-E1-P1,38.302)

Of the substance that is taken from Duramater , is ingendred the fyrst
cote that is called Secondina : (VICARY-E1-P1,38.303)

and of Nerui optici is ingendred the third cote that is called Retina :
(VICARY-E1-P1,38.304)

and eche of them is more subtiller then other , (VICARY-E1-P1,38.305)

& goeth about the humours without meane . (VICARY-E1-P1,38.306)

And it is to be vnderstoode , that eche of these three Tunicles be
diuided , (VICARY-E1-P1,38.307)

and so they make sixe : That is to say , iij. of the partes of the
brayne , and three of the parts outwardes , and one of Pericranium that
couereth the bones of the head , whiche is called Coniunctiua .
(VICARY-E1-P1,38.308)

And thus you maye perceyue the springing of them , as thus :
(VICARY-E1-P1,38.309)

of Duramater springeth Sclirotica and Cornua : (VICARY-E1-P1,38.310)

of Piamater springeth Secondina and Vnia : (VICARY-E1-P1,38.311)

and of Nerui optici springeth Coniunctiua . (VICARY-E1-P1,38.312)

Nowe to speake of the humours , which be three ; (VICARY-E1-P1,38.313)

and their places are the middle of the Eyes : Of the whiche the fyrste
is Humor Vitrus , because he is lyke glasse , in colour very cleare ,
redde , liquit , or thinne ; (VICARY-E1-P1,38.314)

and he is in the inward side next to the brayne : (VICARY-E1-P1,38.315)

and it is thin , because the nutritiue blood of the Crystalline might
passe , as water through a sponge should be clensed and made pure , and
also that the visible spirite mighte the lightlyer passe through him
from the Brayne . (VICARY-E1-P1,38.316)

And he goeth about the Crystaline humour , vntil he meete with
Albuginus humour , which is set in the vttermost parte of the Eye .
(VICARY-E1-P1,38.317)

And in the myddest of these humours Vitrus and Albuginus , is set the
Crystalline humour , in whiche is set principally the syght of the Eye
. (VICARY-E1-P1,38.318)

And these humours be separated and involued with the Pannicles
aforesayde ; betweene euery Humour a Panicle . (VICARY-E1-P1,38.319)

And thus is the eye compound and made . (VICARY-E1-P1,38.320)

But to speake of euery Humour and euery Pannicle in his due order and
course , it would aske a long processe , and a long Chapter :
(VICARY-E1-P1,38.321)

and this is sufficient for a Chiurgion . (VICARY-E1-P1,38.322)

Nowe to begin at the Nose : (VICARY-E1-P1,38.323)

You shall vnderstande <P_39> that from the Brayne there commeth .ij.
Senews to the holes of the brayne pan , where beginneth the concauitie
of the Nose ; (VICARY-E1-P1,39.324)

and these two be not properly senewes , but organes or instrumentes of
smelling , (VICARY-E1-P1,39.325)

and haue heades lyke teates or pappes , in whiche is receyued the
vertue of smelling , and representing it to the common wittes .
(VICARY-E1-P1,39.326)

Ouer these two is set Colatorium , that we cal the Nose-thrils :
(VICARY-E1-P1,39.327)

and it is set betweene the Eyes , vnder the vpper part of the Nose .
(VICARY-E1-P1,39.328)

And it is to be noted , that this concauitie or ditche was made for two
causes : (VICARY-E1-P1,39.329)

The fyrst is , that the ayre that bringeth foorth the spirite of
smelling , might reste in it tyll it were taken of the organ or
instrument of smelling : (VICARY-E1-P1,39.330)

The seconde cause is , that the superfluities of the Brayne might be
hydden vnder it vntill it were clensed . (VICARY-E1-P1,39.331)

And from this concauitie there goeth two holes down into y=e= mouth ,
of which there is to be noted three profites : (VICARY-E1-P1,39.332)

The fyrste is , that when a mans mouth is close , or when he eateth or
sleepeth , that then the ayre might come through them to the Lunges ,
(VICARY-E1-P1,39.333)

or els a mans mouth should always be open : (VICARY-E1-P1,39.334)

The seconde cause is , that they helpe to the relation of the forme of
the Nose : (VICARY-E1-P1,39.335)

for it is sayd , ' a man speaketh in his Nose , ' when any of these
holes be stopped : (VICARY-E1-P1,39.336)

The thirde cause is , that the concauitie might be clensed by them when
a man snuffeth the Nose , or draweth into his mouth inwardly .
(VICARY-E1-P1,39.337)

The Nose is a member consimple or official , appearing without the face
, somewhat plicable , because it shoulde the better be clensed .
(VICARY-E1-P1,39.338)

And it is to be perceyued that it is compounde and made of skinne and
Lazartus fleshe , and of two bones standing in maner triangle-wise ,
whose extremities be ioyned in one part of the Nose with the Coronal
bone , (VICARY-E1-P1,39.339)

and the nether extremities <P_40> are ioyned with two grystles , and
another that diuideth the Nose-thrilles within , and holdeth vp the
nose : (VICARY-E1-P1,40.340)

Also there be two concauities or holes , that if one were stopped the
other should serue : (VICARY-E1-P1,40.341)

Also there is in the Nose two Muskles to helpe the working of hys
office . (VICARY-E1-P1,40.342)

And Galen sayth , that the Nose shapeth the Face moste ;
(VICARY-E1-P1,40.343)

for where the Nose lacketh <paren> sayth he </paren> , al the rest of
the face is more vnseemly . (VICARY-E1-P1,40.344)

The Nose should be of a meane bignes , and not to exceede in length or
breadth , nor in highnesse . (VICARY-E1-P1,40.345)

For Aristotle sayeth , yf the Nose-thrills be too thinne or to wyde ,
by great drawing in of ayre , it betokeneth great straightnes of hart
and indignation of thought . (VICARY-E1-P1,40.346)

And therefore it is to be noted , that the shape of the members of the
body betokneth and iudgeth the affections and wyll of the Soule of man
, as the Philosopher sayth . (VICARY-E1-P1,40.347)

The temples be called the members of the head , (VICARY-E1-P1,40.348)

and they haue that name because of continuall mouing .
(VICARY-E1-P1,40.349)

And as the science of the Anatomie meaneth , the spirite vital is sente
from the hart to the brayne by Arteirs ; and by veynes and nutritional
blood , where the vessels pulsatiues be lightly hurt .
(VICARY-E1-P1,40.350)

Also the temples haue dentes or holes inwardely , wherin he taketh the
humour that commeth from the brayne , and bringeth the eyes asleepe ;
(VICARY-E1-P1,40.351)

and if the sayde holes or dentes be pressed and wroung , then by
trapping of the humour that continueth , he maketh the teares to fal
from the Eye . (VICARY-E1-P1,40.352)

The Cheekes are the sideling partes of the face ; (VICARY-E1-P1,40.353)

and they conteyne in them Musculus fleshe , with Veynes and Arteirs ;
(VICARY-E1-P1,40.354)

and aboute these partes be many Muscles . (VICARY-E1-P1,40.355)

Guydo maketh mention of .vij. about the chekes & ouer lyp .
(VICARY-E1-P1,40.356)

And Haly Abbas sayth , there be .xij. Muscles that moue the nether Iawe
, some of them in opening , and other some in closing or shutting ,
passing vnder the bones of y=e= temples , (VICARY-E1-P1,40.357)

And they be called <P_41> <font> Temporales . </font>
(VICARY-E1-P1,41.358)

And they be right noble and sensatiue ; of whose hurte is muche peril .
(VICARY-E1-P1,41.359)

Also there be other Muskles for to grinde and to chewe .
(VICARY-E1-P1,41.360)

And to al these Muscles commeth Nerues from the brayne , to geue them
feeling and mouing : (VICARY-E1-P1,41.361)

and also there commeth to them many Arteirs and Veines , and cheefly
about the temples , and the angles or corners of the Eyes , and the
Lippes . (VICARY-E1-P1,41.362)

And as the Philosophers say , the cheefe beautie in man is in the
cheekes ; (VICARY-E1-P1,41.363)

and there the complexion of man is most knowen : (VICARY-E1-P1,41.364)

as thus , if they be full , ruddy , and meddled with temperate whitenes
, and not fat in substaunce , but meanely fleshly , it betokeneth hotte
and moyst of $complexion , that is , sanguin and temperate in culler .
(VICARY-E1-P1,41.365)

And if they be white coloured , without medling of rednes , and in
substaunce fat and soft , quauering , it betokeneth excesse and
superfluitie of colde and moyst , that is flematike :
(VICARY-E1-P1,41.366)

And if they be browne in colour , or cytrin , yelowe , redde , and thin
, and leane in substaunce , betokeneth great drying and heate , that is
cholerike : (VICARY-E1-P1,41.367)

And if they be as it were blowen in colour , and of little fleshe in
substaunce , it betokeneth excess and superfluitie of dryness and colde
; (VICARY-E1-P1,41.368)

and that is melancholie . (VICARY-E1-P1,41.369)

And as Auicen sayth , the Cheekes doo not-2 only-3 shewe the
diuersities of complexions , but also the affection and wil of the hart
: (VICARY-E1-P1,41.370)

for by the affection of the hart , by sodaine ioy or dreede , he waxeth
eyther pale or redde . (VICARY-E1-P1,41.371)

The bones or bony partes , fyrste of the Cheekes , be two : of the Nose
outwardely , two : of the vpper Mandibile , two : within the Nose ,
three : <P_42> as thus : one diuiding the Nosethrilles within ; and in
ech Nosethril one ; (VICARY-E1-P1,42.372)

and they seeme to be rowled like a wafer , (VICARY-E1-P1,42.373)

and haue a holownesse in them , by which the ayre is respyred and
drawen to the lunges , (VICARY-E1-P1,42.374)

and the superfluition of the brayne is purged into the mouthwardes , as
is before rehearsed . (VICARY-E1-P1,42.375)

But Guydo and Galen say , that there be in the face nyne bones ;
(VICARY-E1-P1,42.376)

yet I can not finde that the nether Mandible should be of y=e= number
of those nyne , (VICARY-E1-P1,42.377)

for the nether Mandible accompted there , proveth them to be ten in
number ; Of which thing I wyl holde no argument , but remit it to the
sighte of your Eyes . (VICARY-E1-P1,42.378)