<P_139>

<heading>

EXPERIMENT IV . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,139.3)

</heading>

But yet I much Question whether that Rule delivered by divers , as well
Philosophers as Chymists , <font> adusta nigra , sed perusta alba
</font> , will hold as Universally as is presum'd , since I have
several Examples to allege against <P_140> it : (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,140.5)

For I have found that by burning Alablaster , so as both to make it
appear to boyl almost like Milk , and to reduce it to a very fine
Powder , it would not at all grow Black , but retain its Pure and
Native Whiteness , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,140.6)

and though by keeping it longer than is usual in the fire , I produc'd
but a faint Yellow , even in that part of the Powder that lay nearest
the top of the Crucible , yet having purposely enquired of an
Experienc'd Stone-cutter , who is Curious enough in trying Conclusions
in his own trade , he told me he had found that if Alablaster or
Plaster of Paris be very long kept in a Strong fire , the whole heap of
burnt Powder would exchange its Whiteness for a much deeper Colour than
the Yellow I observ'd . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,140.7)

Lead being Calcin'd with a Strong fire turns <paren> after having
perhaps run thorough divers other $Colours </paren> into <font> Minium
</font> , whose Colour we know is a deep Red ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,140.8)

and if you urge this <font> Minium </font> , as I have purposely done
with a Strong fire , you may much easier find a Glassie and Brittle
Body darker than <font> Minium </font> , than any white <font> Calx
</font> or Glass . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,140.9)

$'T $is {TEXT:'Tis} known among Chymists , that the white <font> Calx
</font> of Antimony , by the further and more vehement operation of the
fire may be melted into Glass , which we have obtained of a Red Colour
, which is <P_141> far deeper than that of the <font> Calx </font> of
Burnt Antimony , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,141.10)

and though common Glass of Antimony being usually adulterated with
Borax , have its Colour thereby diluted , oftentimes to a very pale
Yellow ; yet not onely ours made more sincerily , was , as we said , of
a Colour less remote from Black , than was the <font> Calx </font> ;
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,141.11)

but we observ'd , that by Melting it once or twice more , and so
exposing it to the further operation of the Fire , we had , as we
expected , the Colour heightned . To which we shall add but this one
Instance , <paren> which is worth the taking notice of in Reference to
Colours : </paren> That , if you take Blew , but Unsophisticated ,
Vitriol , and burn it very Slowly , and with a Gentle degree of Heat ,
you may observe , that when $'t $is {TEXT:'tis} Burnt but a Little ,
and yet so far as that you may rub it to Powder betwixt your fingers ,
it will be of a White or Whitish Colour ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,141.12)

But if you Prosecute the Calcination , this Body which by a light
Adustion was made White , will pass through other Colours , as Gray ,
Yellowish , and Red ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,141.13)

and if you further burn it with a Long and Vehement fire , by that time
it comes to be <font> Ferustum </font> , it will be of a dark Purple ,
nearer to Black , not only than the first <font> Calx </font> , but
than the Vitriol before it at all felt the fire .
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,141.14)

I might add that <font> Crocus <P_142> Martis </font> <paren> <font>
per se </font> as they call it </paren> made by the Lasting violence of
the Reverberated flames is not so near a Kin to White ; as the Iron or
Steel that afforded it was before its Calcinations ;
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,142.15)

but $I $suppose , $that {TEXT:that_I_suppose} these Instances may
suffice to satisfie you , that Minerals are to be excepted out of the
forementioned Rule , which perhaps , though it seldome fail in
substances belonging to the Vegetable or Animal Kingdome , may yet be
Question'd even in some of these , if that be true , which the
judicious Traveller <font> Bellonius </font> affirms , that Charcoales
made out of the Wood of <font> Oxycaeder </font> are White ;
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,142.16)

And I could not find , that though in Retorts Hartshorn and other White
Bodies will be Denigrated by Heat , yet Camphire would not at all lose
its Whiteness , though I have purposely kept it in such a heat , as
made it melt and boyl . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,142.17)

And to manifest , <font> Pyrophilus </font> , that Galls are not so
requisite as many suppose to the making Attamentous Liquors , we have
sometimes made the following Experiment , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,142.18)

We took dryed Rose leaves (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,142.19)

and Decocted them for a while in Fair Water , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,142.20)

into two or three spoonfulls of this Decoction we shook a few drops of
a strong and well filtrated Solution of Vitriol <paren> which perhaps
had it been Green would have done as well </paren>
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,142.21)

and immediately the <P_143> mixture did turn Black ,
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,143.22)

and when into this mixture presently after it was made , we shook a
just Proportion of <font> Aqua Fortis </font> , we turn'd it from a
Black Ink to a deep Red one , which by the affusion of a little Spirit
of Urine may be reduc'd immediately to an Opacous and Blackish Colour .
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,143.23)

And in regard , <font> Pyrophilus </font> , that in the former
Experiments , both the Infusion of Galls , and the Decoction of Roses ,
and the Solution of Copperis employ'd about them , are endow'd each of
them with its own Colour , there may be a more noble Experiment of the
sudden production of Blackness made by the way mention'd in the Second
Section of the Second Part of our Essays , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,143.24)

for though upon the Confusion of the two Liquors there mention'd ,
there do immediately emerge a very Black mixture , yet both the
Infusion of <font> Orpiment </font> and the Solution of <font> Minium
</font> were before their being joyn'd together , Limpid and Colourless
. (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,143.25)

<heading>

EXPERIMENT V . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,143.27)

</heading>

And now I speak of Camphire , it puts me in mind of adding this
Experiment , That , though as I said in Clos'd Glasses , I could not
Denigrate it by Heat , but {COM:sic} it would Sublime to the sides and
top of the Glass , <P_144> as it was before , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,144.29)

yet not only it will , being set on fire in the Free Air , send forth a
Copious smoak , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,144.30)

but having purposely upon some of it that was Flaming , clapt a Large
Glass , almost in the form of a Hive , <paren> but more Slender only
</paren> with a Hole at the top , <paren> which I caus'd to be made to
trye Experiments of Fire and Flame in </paren> it continued so long
burning that It Lin'd all the Inside of the Glass with a Soot as Black
as Ink , and so Copious , that the Closeness of the Vessel consider'd ,
almost all that part of the White Camphire that did take Fire , seem'd
to have been chang'd into that deep Black Substance
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,144.31)

<heading>

EXPERIMENT VI . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,144.33)

</heading>

And this also brings into my mind another Experiment that I made about
the production of Blackness , whereof , for Reasons too long to be here
deduced , I expected and found a good Success , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,144.35)

$and {TEXT:an} it was this : (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,144.36)

I took Rectifi'd Oyl of Vitriol <paren> that I might have the Liquor
Clean as well as Strong </paren> (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,144.37)

and by degrees mixt with it a convenient proportion of the Essential
Oyl , as Chymists call it , of Wormwood , drawn over with store of
Water in a Limbec , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,144.38)

and warily Distilling the mixture in a Retort , there remain'd <P_145>
a scarce credible quantity of dry Matters , Black as a Coal .
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,145.39)

And because the Oyl of Wormwood , though a Chymical Oyl drawn by a
<font> Virtuoso </font> , seem'd to have somewhat in it of the Colour
of the Plant , I Substituted in its Room , the Pure and Subtile
Essential Oyl of Winter-Savory , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,145.40)

and mixing little by little this Liquor , with <paren> if I
mis-remember not </paren> an Equal weight of the formerly mention'd
Rectifi'd Oyl of Vitriol , and Distilling them as before in a Retort ,
besides what there pass'd over into the Receiver , even these two clear
Liquors left me a Considerable Proportion , <paren> though not so great
as the two former </paren> of a Substance black as Pitch , which I yet
Keep by me as a Rarity . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,145.41)

<heading>

EXPERIMENT VII . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,145.43)

</heading>

A way of Whiting Wax Cheaply and in Great Quantity may be a thing of
good Oeconomical Life , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,145.45)

and we have elsewhere set down the Practice of Trades-men that Blanch
it ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,145.46)

But here Treating of Whiteness only in Order to the Philosophy of
Colours , I shall not Examine which of the Slow vvayes may be best
Employ'd , to free Wax from the Yellow Melleous parts ,
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,145.47)

but shall rather set down a Quick <P_146> way of making it White ,
though but in very Small Quantities . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,146.48)

Take then a little Yellow Wax , scraped or thinly sliced ,
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,146.49)

and putting it into a Colts-head or some other Convenient Glass , pour
to it a pretty deal of Spirit of Wine , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,146.50)

and placing the Vessel in Warm Sand , Encrease the Heat by degrees ,
till the Spirit of Wine begin to Simper or to Boyl a little ;
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,146.51)

and continuing that degree of Fire , if you have put Liquor enough ,
you will quickly have the Wax dissolv'd , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,146.52)

then taking it off the fire , you may either suffer it to Cool as
hastily as with Safety to the Glass you can , or Pour it whilst $'t $is
{TEXT:'tis} yet Hot into a Filter of Paper , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,146.53)

and either in the Glass where it Cools , or in the Filtre , you will
soon find the Wax and <font> Menstruum </font> together reduc'd into a
White Substance , almost like Butter , which by letting the Spirit
Exhale will shrink into a much Lesser Bulk , but still retaining its
Whiteness . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,146.54)

And that which is pretty in the working of this Magistery of Wax , is ,
that the Yellowness vanishes , neither-3 appearing in the Spirit of
VVine that passes Limpid through the Filtre , nor in the Butter of VVax
, if I may so call it , that , as I said , is VVhite .
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,146.55)

<P_147>

<heading>

EXPERIMENT VIII . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,147.58)

</heading>

There is an Experiment , <font> Pyrophilus </font> , which though I do
not so exactly remember , and though it be somewhat Nice to make , yet
I am willing to Acquaint You with , because the thing Produc'd , though
it be but a Curiosity , is wont not a little to please the Beholders ,
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,147.60)

and it is a way of turning by the help of a Dry Substance , an almost
Golden-Colour'd Concrete , into a White one , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,147.61)

the several Tryals are not at present so fresh in my Memory to enable
me to tell you Certainly , whether an Equal onely or a Double weight of
Common Sublimate must be taken in reference to the Tinglass ,
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,147.62)

but if I mistake not , there was in the Experiment that succeeded best
, Two parts of the Former taken to One of the Latter .
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,147.63)

These Ingredients being finely Powdred and Exactly mix'd , we Sublim'd
together by degrees of fire <paren> the due Gradation of which is in
this Experiment a thing of main Importance </paren>
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,147.64)

there ascended a matter of a very peculiar Texture ,
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,147.65)

for it was for the most part made up of very Thin , Smooth , Soft and
Slippery Plates , almost like the finest sort of the Scales of Fishes ,
but of so Lovely a VVhite Inclining to <P_148> Pearl-Colour , and of so
Curious and Shining a Gloss , that they appear'd in some respect little
Inferiour to Orient Pearls , and in other Regards , they seem'd to
Surpass them , and were Applauded for a sort of the Prettiest Trifles
that we had ever prepar'd to Amuse the Eye . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,148.66)

I will not undertake that though $you $'ll {TEXT:you'l} hardly miss
changing the Colour of our shining Tinglass , yet you will the first or
perhaps the second time hit Right upon the way of making the Glistring
Sublimate I have been mentioning . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,148.67)

<heading>

EXPERIMENT IX . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,148.69)

</heading>

VVhen we Dissolve in <font> Aqua Fortis </font> a mixture of Gold and
Silver melted into one Lump , it usually happens that the Powder of
Gold that falls to the bottom , as not being Dissoluble by that <font>
Menstruum </font> , will not have its own Yellow , but appear of a
Black Colour , though neither the Gold , nor the Silver , nor the
<font> Aqua Fortis </font> did before manifest any Blackness .
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,148.71)

And divers Alchymists , when they make Solutions of Minerals they would
Examine , are very Glad , if they see a Black Powder Praecipitated to
the Bottom , taking it for a Hopefull Sign , that those Particles are
of a Golden Nature , <P_149> which appear in a Colour so ordinary to
Gold parted from other Metalls by <font> Aqua Fortis </font> , that it
is a trouble to the Refiner to Reduce the Praecipitated <font> Calx
</font> to its Native Colour . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,149.72)

For though , <paren> as we have try'd , </paren> that may be Quickly
enough done by Fire , which will make this Gold look very Gloriously
<paren> as indeed $'t $is {TEXT:'tis} at least one of the Best wayes
that is Practis'd for the Refining of Gold , </paren> yet it requires
both Watchfulness and Skill , to give it such a Degree of Fire as will
serve to Restore it to its Lustre , without giving it such a One , as
may bring it to Fusion , to which the Minuteness of the corpuscles it
consists of makes the Powder very apt . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,149.73)

And this brings into my Mind , that having taken a Flat and Bright
piece of Gold , that was Refin'd by a Curious and Skilfull Person on
purpose to Trye to what height of Purity Gold could be brought by Art ,
I found that this very piece , as Glorious as it look'd , being rubb'd
a little upon a piece of fine clean Linnen , did sully it with a kind
of Black ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,149.74)

and this like I have observ'd in Refin'd Silver , which I therefore
mention , because I formerly suspected that the Impurity of the Metall
might have been the only Cause of what I have divers times observ'd in
wearing Silver-hilted Swords , Namely , that <P_150> where they rubb'd
upon my Clothes , if they were of a Light-Colour'd Cloath , the
Affriction would quickly Black them ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,150.75)

and Congruously hereunto I have found Pens Blackt almost all over ,
when I had a while carri'd them about me in a Silver Ink-case . To
which I shall only add , that whereas in these several Instances of
Denigration , the Metalls are worn off , or otherwise Reduc'd into very
Minute Parts , that Circumstance may prove not Unworthy your Notice .
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,150.76)

<heading>

EXPERIMENT X . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,150.78)

</heading>

That a Solution of Silver does Dye Hair of a Black Colour , is a Known
Experiment , which some persons more Curious than Dextrous , have so
Unluckily made upon themselves as to make their Friends very Merry .
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,150.80)

And I remember that the other day , I made myself some Sport by an
Improvement of this Observation , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,150.81)

for having dissolv'd some Pure Silver in <font> Aqua Fortis </font> ,
and Evaporated the <font> Menstruum ad siccitatem </font> , as they
speak , I caus'd a Quantity of fair Water to be pour'd upon the <font>
Calx </font> two or three several times , and to be at each Evaporated
, till the <font> Calx </font> was very Drye , and all the Greenish
Blewness that is wont to appear in Common Crystals of Silver , <P_151>
was quite carry'd away . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,151.82)

Then I made those I meant to Deceive , Moisten some part of their Skin
with their own Spittle , and slightly Rub the moistned parts with a
little of this Prepar'd Silver , Whereupon they Admir'd to see , that a
Snow-white Body laid upon the White Skin should presently produce a
deep Blackness , as if the stains had been made with Ink , especially
considering that this Blackness could not , like that produc'd by
ordinary Ink , be readily Wash'd off , but requir'd many Hours , and
part of it some dayes , to its Obliteration . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,151.83)

And with the same White <font> Calx </font> and a little Fair Water we
likewise Stain'd the White Hafts of Knives , with a lasting Black in
those parts where the <font> Calx </font> was Plentifully enough laid
on , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,151.84)

for where it was laid on but very Thinly , the Stain was not quite of
so Deep a Colour . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,151.85)

<heading>

EXPERIMENT XI . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,151.87)

</heading>

The Cause of the Blackness of those many Nations , which by one common
Name we are wont to call <font> Negroes </font> , has been long sence
Disputed of by Learned Men , who possibly had not done amiss , if they
had also taken into Consideration , why some whole races of other
Animals besides Men , as <P_152> Foxes and Hares , are Disinguish'd by
a Blackness not familiar to the Generality of Animals of the same
Species ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,152.89)

The General Opinion <paren> to be mention'd a little lower has been
rejected even by some of the Antient Geographers ,
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,152.90)

and among the Moderns <font> Ortelius </font> and divers other Men have
Question'd it . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,152.91)

But this is no place to mention what thoughts I have had to and fro
about these Matters : Only as I shall freely Acknowledge , that to me
the Enquiry seems more Abstruse than it does to many others ,
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,152.92)

and that because consulting with Authors , and with Books of Voyages ,
and with Travellers , to satisfie my self in matters of Fact , I have
met with some things among them , which seem not to agree very well
with the Notions of the most Classick Authors concerning these things ;
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,152.93)

for it being my Present Work to deliver rather matters Historical than
Theorys , I shall Annex some few of my Collections , instead of a
Solemn Disputation . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,152.94)

It is commonly presum'd that the Heat of the Climates wherein they live
, is the reason , why so many Inhabitants of the Scorching Regions of
<font> Africa </font> are Black ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,152.95)

and there is this familiar Observation to Countenance this Conjecture ,
That we plainly see that Mowers , Reapers , and other Country-people ,
<P_153> who spend the most part of the Hot Summer dayes expos'd to the
Sun , have the skin of their Hands and Faces , which are the parts
immediately Expos'd to the Sun and Air , made of a Darker Colour than
before , and consequently tending to Blackness ;
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,153.96)

And Contrarywise we observe that the <font> Danes </font> and some
other people that Inhabit Cold Climates , and even the English who feel
not so Rigorous a Cold , have usually Whiter faces than the <font>
Spaniards </font> , <font> Portugalls </font> and other European
Inhabitants of Hotter Climates . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,153.97)

But this Argument I take to be far more Specious than Convincing ;
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,153.98)

for though the Heat of the Sun may darken the Colour of the Skin , by
that Operation , which we in <font> English </font> call Sun-burning ;
yet Experience doth not Evince , that I remember , That that Heat alone
can produce a Discolouring that shall amount to a true Blackness , like
that of <font> Negroes </font> , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,153.99)

and we shall see by and by that even the Children of some <font>
Negroes </font> not yet dayes Old <paren> perhaps not so much by three
quarters of that time </paren> will notwithstanding their Infancy be of
the same Hue with their Parents . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,153.100)

Besides , there is this strong Argument to be alleg'd against the
Vulgar Opinion , that in divers places in Asia under the same Parallel
, or even of the same <P_154> Degree of Latitude with the African
Regions Inhabited by Blacks , the People are at most but Tawny ;
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,154.101)

And in Africa it self divers Nations in the Empire of <font> Ethiopia
</font> are not <font> Negroes </font> , though Situated in the Torrid
Zone , and as neer the Aequinoctial , as other Nations that are so
<paren> as the Black Inhabitants of <font> Zeylan </font> and <font>
Malabar </font> are not in our Globes plac'd so near the Line as <font>
Amara </font> the Famousest place in <font> Ethiopia </font> . </paren>
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,154.102)

Moreover , <paren> that which is of no small Moment in our present
Disquisition </paren> I find not by the best Navigators and Travellers
to the <font> West-Indies </font> , whose Books or themselves I have
consulted on this Subject , that excepting perhaps one place or two of
small extent , there are any Blacks Originally Natives of any part of
<font> America </font> <paren> for the Blacks now there have been by
the <font> Europeans </font> long Transplanted thither </paren> though
the New World contain in it so great a Variety of Climates , and
particularly reach quite Cross the Torri'd Zone from one Tropick to
another . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,154.103)

And though it be true that the <font> Danes </font> be a Whiter People
than the <font> Spaniards </font> , yet that may proceed rather from
other causes <paren> not here to be enquired into </paren> than from
the Coldness of the Climate , since not onely the <P_155> <font> Swedes
</font> and other Inhabitants of those Cold Countreys , are not usually
so White as the <font> Danes </font> , nor Whiter than other Nations in
proportion to their Vicinity to the Pole . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,155.104)

<bracket> And since the Writing of the former part of this Essay ,
having an opportunity on a Solemn occasion to take Notice of the
Numerous Train of some Extraordinary Embassadours sent from the <font>
Russian </font> Emperour to a great Monarch , observ'd , that <paren>
though it were then Winter </paren> the Colour of their Hair and Skin
was far less Whitish than the <font> Danes </font> who Inhabit a milder
Region is wont to be , but rather for the most part of a Darkish Brown
; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,155.105)

And the Physician to the Embassadour with whom those <font> Russes
</font> came , being ask'd by me whether in <font> Muscovy </font> it
self the Generality of the people were more inclin'd to have
Dark-colour'd Hair than Flaxen , he answer'd Affirmatively ;
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,155.106)

but seem'd to suspect that the True and Antient <font> Russians </font>
, a Sept of whom he told me he had met with in one of the Provinces of
that vast Empire , were rather VVhite like the <font> Danes </font> ,
than any thing near so Brown as the present <font> Muscovites </font>
whom he guesses to be descended of the <font> Tartars </font> , and to
have inherited their Colour from them . </bracket>
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,155.107)

But to Prosecute our former Discourse , I shall add for further Proof
of the Conjecture I was <P_156> countenancing that good Authors inform
us that there are <font> Negroes </font> in <font> Africa </font> not
far from the <font> Cape of good Hope </font> , and consequently beyond
the Southern Tropick , and without the Torrid Zone , much about the
same Northern Latitude <paren> or very little more </paren> wherein
there are divers <font> American </font> Nations that are not <font>
Negroes </font> , and wherein the Inhabitants of <font> Candia </font>
, some parts of <font> Sicily </font> , and even of Spain are not so
much as Tawny-Mores . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,156.108)

But <paren> which is a fresh and strong Argument against the common
Opinion , </paren> I find by our recent Relations of <font> Greenland
</font> , <paren> our Accounts whereof we owe to the Curiosity of that
Royal <font> Virtuoso </font> the present King of <font> Denmark
</font> , </paren> that the Inhabitants are Olive-colour'd , or rather
of a Darker Hiew . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,156.109)

But if the Case were the same with Men , and those other kinds of
Animals I formerly nam'd , I should offer something as a considerable
proof , That , Cold may do much towards the making , Men White or Black
, (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,156.110)

and however I shall set down the Observation as I have met with it , as
worthy to come into the History of Whiteness and Blackness ,
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,156.111)

and it is , that in some parts of <font> Russia </font> and of <font>
Livonia </font> it is affirm'd by <font> Olaus Magnus </font> and
others , that Hares and Foxes <paren> some add Partridges </paren>
which before were Black , or Red , or <P_157> Gray , do in the depth of
Winter become White by reason of the great Cold ; <paren> for that it
should be , as some conceive , by Looking upon the Snow , seems
improbable upon divers accounts </paren> (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,157.112)

And I remember that having purposely enquir'd of a <font> Virtuoso
</font> who lately Travell'd through <font> Livonia </font> to <font>
Mosco </font> , concerning the Truth of this Tradition , he both-2 told
me , he believ'd it , and added , that he saw divers of those lately
nam'd Animals either-3 in <font> Russia </font> or <font> Livonia
</font> <paren> for I do not very well remember whether of the two
</paren> which , though White when he saw them in Winter , they assur'd
him had been Black , or of other Colours before the Winter began , and
would be so again when it was over . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,157.113)

But for further satisfaction , I also consulted one that had for some
years been an Eminent Physician in <font> Russia </font> , who though
he rejected some other Traditions that are generally enough believ'd
concerning that Countrey , told me nevertheless , that he saw no cause
to doubt of this Tradition of <font> Olaus Magnus </font> as to Foxes
and Hares , not onely because $'t $is {TEXT:'tis} the common and
uncontroul'd Affection of the Natives , but also because he himself in
the Winter could never that he remember'd see Foxes and Hares of any
other Colour than White ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,157.114)

And I my self having seen a small White <P_158> Fox , brought out of
<font> Russia </font> Into <font> England </font> towards the latter
end of Winter , foretold those that shew'd him me , that he would
change Colour in Summer , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,158.115)

and accordingly coming to look upon him again in July , I found that
the Back and Sides , together with the upper part of the Head and Tayl
were already grown of a Dark Colour , the lower part of the Head and
Belly containing as yet a Whiteness . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,158.116)

Let me add , that were it not for some scruple I have , I should think
more than what <font> Olaus </font> relates , confirm'd by the
Judicious <font> Olearius </font> , who was twice employ'd into those
parts as a Publick Minister , who in his Account of <font> Moscovy
</font> has this Passage : (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,158.117)

<font> The Hares there are Gray ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,158.118)

but in some Provinces they grow white in the Winter . </font>
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,158.119)

And within some few Lines after : <font> It is not very Difficult to
find the Cause of this Change , which certainly proceeds only from the
Outward Cold , since I know that even in Summer , Hares will change
colour , if they be kept a competent time in a Cellar </font> ;
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,158.120)

I say , were it not for some Scruple , because I take notice , that in
the same Page the Author Affirms , that the like change of Colour that
happens to Hares in some Provinces of <font> Muscovy </font> , happens
to them also in Livonia , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,158.121)

and yet immediately subjoyns , that in <font> Curland </font> the Hares
vary not their Colour in Winter , <P_159> though these two last named
Countries be contiguous , <paren> that is </paren> sever'd only by the
River of Dugna ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,159.122)

For it is scarce conceivable how Cold alone should have , in Countries
so near , so strangely differing an operation , though no less strange
a thing is confess'd by many , that ascribe the Complexion of <font>
Negroes </font> to the Heat of the Sun , when they would have the River
of <font> Cenega </font> so to bound the Moors , that though on the
North-side they are but Tawny , on the other side they are Black .
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,159.123)

There is another Opinion concerning the Complexion of <font> Negroes
</font> ; that is not only embrac'd by many of the more Vulgar VVriters
, but likewise by that ingenious Traveller Mr. <font> Sandys </font> ,
and by a late most learned Critick , besides other men of Note ,
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,159.124)

and these would have the Blackness of <font> Negroes </font> an effect
of <font> Noah's </font> Curse ratify'd by God's , upon <font> Cham
</font> ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,159.125)

But though I think that even a Naturalist may with-out disparagement
believe all the Miracles attested by the Holy Scriptures , yet in this
case to flye to a Supernatural Cause , will , I fear , look like
Shifting off the Difficulty , instead of Resolving it ;
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,159.126)

for we enquire not the First and Universal , but the Proper , Immediate
, and Physical Cause of the Jetty Colour of <font> Negroes </font> ;
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,159.127)

And not only we do not find expressed in the <P_160> Scripture , that
the Curse meant by <font> Noah </font> to <font> Cham </font> , was the
Blackness of his Posterity , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,160.128)

but we do find plainly enough there that the Curse was quite another
thing , namely , that he should be a Servant of servants , that is by
an Ebraism , a very Abject Servant to his Brethren , which accordingly
did in part come to pass , when the Israelites of the posterity of
<font> Sem </font> , subdued the <font> Canaanites </font> , that
descended from <font> Cham </font> , and kept them in great Subjection
. (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,160.129)

Nor is it evident that Blackness is a Curse , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,160.130)

for Navigators tell us of Black Nations , who think so much otherwise
of their own condition , that they paint the Devil White .
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,160.131)

Nor is Blackness inconsistent with Beauty , which even to our European
Eyes consists not so much in Colour , as an Advantageous Stature , a
Comely Symmetry of the parts of the Body , and Good Features in the
Face . So that I see not why Blackness should be thought such a Curse
to the <font> Negroes </font> , unless perhaps it be , that being wont
to go Naked in those Hot Climates , the Colour of their Skin does
probably , according to the Doctrine above deliver'd , make the
Sun-beams more Scorching to them , than they would prove to a people of
a VVhite Complexion . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,160.132)

Greater probability there is , That the Principal Cause <paren> for I
would not exclude <P_161> all concurrent ones </paren> of the Blackness
of Negroes is some Peculiar and Seminal Impression ,
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,161.133)

for not onely we see that <font> Black-more </font> boyes brought over
into these Colder Climates lose not their Colour ;
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,161.134)

But good authors inform us , That the Off-spring of <font> Negroes
</font> Transplanted out of <font> Africa </font> , above a hundred
years ago , retain still the Complexion of their Progenitors , though
possibly in Tract of time it will decay ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,161.135)

As on the other side , the White people removing into very Hot Climates
, have their Skins by the Heat of the Sun scorch'd into Dark Colours ;
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,161.136)

yet neither they , nor their Children have been observ'd , even in the
Countreys of Negroes ; to descend to a Colour amounting to that of the
Natives ; whereas I remember I have Read in <font> Pisos </font>
excellent account of <font> Brasile </font> , that betwixt the <font>
Americans </font> and <font> Negroes </font> are generated a distinct
sort of Men , which they call <font> Cabocles </font> ,
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,161.137)

and betwixt <font> Portugalls </font> and <font> Aethiopian </font>
women , He tells us , he has sometimes seen Twins , whereof one had a
White skin , the other a Black ; not to mention here some other
instances , he gives , that the productions of the mixtures of
differing people , that is <paren> indeed , </paren> the effects of
Seminal Impressions which they consequently <P_162> argue to have been
their Causes ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,162.138)

and we shall not much scruple at this , if we consider , that even
Organical parts may receive great Differences from such peculiar
Impressions , upon what account soever they came to be setled in the
first Individual persons , from whom they are Propagated to Posterity ,
as we see in the Blobber-Lips and Flat-Noses of most Nations of <font>
Negroes </font> . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,162.139)

And if we may Credit what Learned men deliver concerning the Little
Feet of the <font> Chinesses </font> , the <font> Macrocephali </font>
taken notice of by <font> Hippocrates </font> , will not be the only
Instance we might apply to our present purpose .
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,162.140)

And on this occasion it will not perchance be Impertinent to add
something of what I have observ'd in other Animals , as that there is a
sort of Hens that want Rumps ; And that <paren> not to mention that in
several places there is a sort of Crows or Daws that are not Cole-black
as ours , but Partly of a Whitish Colour </paren> in spight of <font>
Porphyries </font> examples of Inseparable Accidents , I have seen a
perfectly White Raven , as to Bill as well as Feathers , which I
attentively consider'd , for fear of being impos'd upon .
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,162.141)

And this recalls into my Memory , what a very Ingenious Physician has
divers times related to me of a young Lady , to whom being call'd , he
found that though <P_163> she much complain'd of want of Health , yet
there appear'd so little cause either-5 in her Body , or her Condition
to Guess that She did any more than fancy her self Sick , that
scrupling to give her Physick , he perswaded her friends rather to
divert her Mind by little journeys of Pleasure , in one of which going
to Visit St. <font> Winifrids </font> Well , this Lady , who was a
<font> Catholick </font> , and devout in her Religion , and a pretty
while in the VVater to perform some Devotions , $had {TEXT:and_had}
occasion to fix her Eyes very attentively upon the Red pipple-stones ,
which in a scatter'd order made up a good part of those that appear'd
through the water , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,163.142)

and awhile after growing Bigg , she was deliver'd of a Child , whose
VVhite Skin was Copiously speckl'd with spots of the Colour and Bigness
of those Stones ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,163.143)

and though now this Child have already liv'd several years , yet she
still retains them . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,163.144)

I have but two things to add concerning the Blackness of <font> Negroes
</font> , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,163.145)

the one is , that the Seat of that Colour seems to be but the thin
<font> Epidermes </font> , or outward Skin , (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,163.146)

for I knew a young <font> Negroe </font> , who having been lightly Sick
of the Small pox or Measles , <paren> for it was doubted which of the
two was his Disease </paren> I found by enquiry of a person that vvas
concern'd for him , that in those places the little Tumors <P_164> $had
{TEXT:that_had} broke their passage through the Skin , when they were
gone , they left VVhitish specks behind them ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,164.147)

And the lately commended <font> Piso </font> assures us , that having
the opportunity in <font> Brasil </font> to Dissect many <font> Negroes
</font> , he cleerly found that their Blackness went no deeper then the
very outward Skin , which <font> Cuticula </font> or <font> Epiderms
</font> being remov'd , the undermost Skin or <font> Cutis </font>
appear'd just as VVhite as that of <font> European </font> Bodyes .
(BOYLECOL-E3-P2,164.148)

And the like has been affirmed to me by a Physician of our own , whom
hearing he had Dissected a <font> Negroe </font> here in <font> England
</font> , I consulted about this particular . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,164.149)

The other thing to be here taken notice of concerning <font> Negroes
</font> is , That having enquir'd of an Intelligent acquaintance of
mine <paren> who keeps in the <font> Indies </font> about of them as
well VVomen as Men to work in his Plantations , </paren> whether their
Children come Black into the world ; he answer'd , That they did not ,
but were brought forth of almost the like Reddish Colour with our
<font> European </font> Children ; (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,164.150)

and having further enquir'd , how long it was before these Infants
appear'd Black , he reply'd , that $'t $was {TEXT:'twas} not wont to be
many daies . (BOYLECOL-E3-P2,164.151)