**[txt. e01**]
0010E01 **<*3ARTS AND CRAFTS OF *KASHMIR*0**>
0020E01 $^*Kashmir is known throughout the world as much for its arts and crafts
0030E01 as for its scenic beauty and bracing climate. ^These together have
0040E01 catered to the artistic urges of the people in India and abroad. ^The
0050E01 unrivalled environs of the valley, set against the snow-covered mountains
0060E01 have provided the perennial inspiration to the folk craftsman,
0070E01 whose products have won the appreciation of connoisseurs from far and wide.
0080E01 $^The handicrafts range from woollen textiles of fleecy soft texture
0090E01 and matchless excellence in weaving, hand-woven carpets of finest
0100E01 warp and weft, to the exquisite designs worked on papier mache, wood
0110E01 work, silverware, \0etc. ^The handicrafts made in the cottages play
0120E01 an important part in the economy of the State. ^Tourists form the
0130E01 largest clientele of the cottage industries: ^The products are also
0140E01 marketed through Government emporia set up in the State and the
0150E01 rest of India. $^The motifs drawn by the *4Naqqash (the designer)
0160E01 rival the natural beauty abundant in the long valley, and are inspired
0170E01 by the spearkling lakes and tarns, the broad curves of the serpentine
0180E01 Jhelum, the variegated flora and fauna as well as the breath taking
0190E01 colours of the skies at the sunrise and sunset over the blue mountains.
0200E01 ^He also draws upon the poetic fancies and religious or philosophical
0210E01 themes, portraying these attractively in his designs. ^The
0220E01 deft handwork of the folk craftsmen with the brush, chisel and needle
0230E01 completes the products which have delighted the world, from time
0240E01 immemorial. $^A unique position among Kashmir textiles is held by
0250E01 the celebrated *4shawl. ^The *4shawl industry is as old as the hills.
0260E01 ^The Mughals reorganised the industry. ^*Akbar and his succeessors
0270E01 wore *4shawls of Kashmir. ^After Napoleon presented a rare *4shawl
0280E01 to Empress Josephine, *4shawls became the craze of the day in France.
0290E01 ^A *4shawl is seen falling over the shoulders of the famous Mona
0300E01 Lisa. "^This fine, silky web of wool", says Larousse "worked
0310E01 with fanciful flowers, distinguished by the tints of its colours, its
0320E01 singular designs, those strange palms draped in shapes of great varieties,
0330E01 those borders formed of tortuous lines crossing each other
0340E01 in endless devices, all combine to_ inspire, at the vary sight of a
0350E01 *4Shawl, those who see it, with a desire to_ possess it". in *3The Marriage
0360E01 Contract*0, Balzac referred to "white Cashmere." $*<*3Shawl-making*0*>
0370E01 $^The process of *(shawl-making*) is fascinating from
0380E01 the start. ^Assiduously, rural women sort out the lustrous, rough
0390E01 substance from the smooth fleecy wool of the *(Kel-goat*), and then
0400E01 ply it over a *4Charkha (handloom) of the indigenous type, while chanting
0410E01 folksongs. ^This fabric, called *4Pashmina takes two forms
0420E01 on the loom: the loom *4shawl (entirely woven on the loom) and the embroidered
0430E01 *4shawl, which is woven with embroidered pattern. ^The celebrated
0440E01 'ring *4shawl' has been given the popular name, because it
0450E01 can actually pass through a ring. ^Rare and different from the others
0460E01 is the *4Jamvar *4shawl. ^In this case, the threads of the warp and
0470E01 weft are dyed before weaving. ^This famous *4shawl derives its charm
0480E01 from the symphony of colour schemes depicting architectural and
0490E01 mythological figures interwoven with landscape designs. ^A high class
0500E01 *4shawl is expected to_ have the designs worked evenly on both sides.
0510E01 ^The price of a *4Pashmina *4shawl may range anywhere from a few
0520E01 hundered rupees to thousands of rupees, depending upon the craftsmanship
0530E01 and the time factor involved in its creation. ^It can be said
0540E01 to the credit of the *(shawl-makers*) of Kashmir that the fine *4shawl
0550E01 of Kashmir has not been successfully made elsewhere, though attempts
0560E01 were made from the British days in India and in Britain itself.
0570E01 $*<*3Exquisite embroidery*0*> $^The embroidery of Kashmir called
0580E01 *4Kasida, is world-famous. ^Varied, rich in colour, elaborate
0590E01 in detail and exquisite in execution, the *4Kasida patterns are freely
0600E01 drawn by the *4Naqqash, mostly from memory. ^The finest *4Kasida
0610E01 work, particularly embroidered on *4shawls or *4saris, has no reverse
0620E01 side. ^The connoisseurs set great value on embroidery which displays
0630E01 the same fineness of work on both sides of the material. $^The
0640E01 *4Namda or felt rug made from beaten wool, which is then embroidered
0650E01 over, is an important branch of the *4Kasida industry of Kashmir.
0660E01 ^Its manufacture has been the proverbial boon to the poorer people
0670E01 of the Valley. ^The village worker can prepare two *4Namdas a day,
0680E01 with the help of three persons. ^Fine embroidery makes the *4Namda
0690E01 sometimes more attactive for decorative purposes than a pile carpet.
0700E01 $^The *4Gabba-- a unique type of floor covering, prepared from old
0710E01 wollens in a variety of forms and designs comes next to the *4Namda
0720E01 industry. ^Its manufacture is localised at Anantnag (Islamabad).
0730E01 *4^Baramulla specialises in printed *4Gabbas. ^Rich blending of colours
0740E01 gives the old material a new appearance, and the finished product,
0750E01 attractive as well as cheap, is suitable for use as divan spreads,
0760E01 bedding material and even drawing room rugs. ^The *4Gabba industry
0770E01 is more a home-based industry than cottage industry. ^It is an invaluable
0780E01 asset from the economic point of view, for it makes profitable
0790E01 use of waste material. ^The chain-stitch rug, which resembles the
0800E01 *4Gaba carpet, is also manufactured economically, as the base is
0810E01 of hessian cloth and coarse wool, over which floral and other motifs
0820E01 are worked. $^The carpet industry, introduced into the Valley by
0830E01 Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin, is justly renowned. ^From the point of weaving
0840E01 carpets are broadly divided into two classes, smooth-faced carpets
0850E01 and pile carpets. ^Pile Carpets (*4kalins) made in Kashmir since
0860E01 the Muslim rule, attained great perfection. ^Worked with floral and
0870E01 other designes, the hand-woven, pile carpet became the national craft
0880E01 of Kashmir. ^Excellent indigenously available wool form the basic
0890E01 raw material. ^The carpet industry flourished during the Sikh rule.
0900E01 ^During the British days, the Europeans provided further impetus
0910E01 to the industry, introducing Iranian motifs. ^As of now, the Kashmiri
0920E01 carpet can match the best made elsewhere in the world, and stands
0930E01 high on the export list of Kashmir. $*<*3Silverware*0*> $*4^*Kashmiri
0940E01 carpet craftsmen present an interesting spectacle, when the
0950E01 master craftsman orally directs the colour pattern and they skilfully
0960E01 ply coloured yarn balls. ^The origin of the magnificent colour schemes
0970E01 of *4Kashmiri carpets is traceable to the Elysian background
0980E01 of nature of the Valley. $^*Kashmir*'s silverware compares favourably
0990E01 with that_ turned out by the most fashionable establishment in
1000E01 London and Paris. ^Both plain and engraved work is executed to_
1010E01 cater to the differing tastes of the buyers. ^The range in silverware
1020E01 is wide, which includes silver tea sets, flower vases, perfume chests,
1030E01 ornamental picture-frames, cigarette cases, tumblers, \0etc.
1040E01 ^Among the flora and fauna, leaves of the *4Chinar and the lotus
1050E01 furnish the popular patterns. $^Kashmir copperware consists mostly
1060E01 of cooking pots and *4Samovars, a tea kettle of Russian origin. ^It is
1070E01 admiredly **[sic**] adapted for electroplating. ^Copper trays inlet into
1080E01 walnut-wood, are excellent examples of harmony achieved by a carpenter
1090E01 working in cooperation with a coppersmith. ^*Ladakh is known for copper
1100E01 bowls, tea cups, jugs and trays, wherein the exotic scenic environment
1110E01 is indelibly reproduced on products. $^Papier mache was introduced
1120E01 into the Valley by the great monarch, Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin,
1130E01 who has been aptly called the Akbar of Kashmir. ^Its products,
1140E01 beautifully painted with ornamental patterns, comprise picture-frames,
1150E01 pen-cases, screens which easily vie with their Chinese counterparts--
1160E01 tables, writing sets, candle-holders, handkerchief boxes and scores
1170E01 of other utility goods. $^Walnut and *4Chinar wood, abundant in
1180E01 Kashmir, provide the raw material for the wood-carving. ^This is
1190E01 among the best known cottage industries of Kashmir. ^The *4Kashmir*'s
1200E01 carver, second to none in the world in his skill as a designer,
1210E01 uses walnut wood to_ make excellent furniture, such as, chairs, cabinets,
1220E01 writing desks, dining tables, jewellery boxes and ornamental
1230E01 caskets. ^These are greatly appreciated. ^Some of the walnut-wood products--
1240E01 cigar boxes, trays, table-tops, handkerchief boxes and collar
1250E01 boxes are delicately carved. ^Floral designs of almost every conceivable
1260E01 nature are carved in great details. $^A Kashmiri is an intelligent
1270E01 and clever carpenter. ^The boats, mostly flat-bottomed, that_
1280E01 he makes, are of many sizes, and include the famous house-boats,
1290E01 the favourite residence of summer visitors. ^The wicker-work industry
1300E01 is marked by baskets, chairs, tables and various other articles of
1310E01 common use turned out in elegant designs. *4^*Kangri, the *4Kashmiri
1320E01 chafing vessel, its earthen bowl encased in wicker-work, dominate
1330E01 the subject of art creation. $^Of late, Kashmir has become one of
1340E01 the major regions for turning out excellent leather products. ^Leather
1350E01 saddles of Srinagar and some of the most recent outfits in tie
1360E01 and die leather have caught the foreign market. $^The arts and crafts
1370E01 of kashmir even today are distinguished by time-old attachment to
1380E01 traditional techniques and methods.
1390E01 $**<*3THE TEMPLE LAMPS OF *SOUTH *INDIA*0**> $^The lamps used in temples
1400E01 and rituals, familiarly known as *4deepams, are beautiful with artistic
1410E01 designs and intricate workmanship. ^There are sixteen varieties.
1420E01 ^In most of the lamps the figure of Lakshmi is seen. ^Some of them
1430E01 are made in such a way as if Lakshmi herself were holding the lamp.
1440E01 ^They got by the name Deepalakshmi *5pavai vilakku*6 (in Tamil).
1450E01 ^Many varieties can be seen in South Indian temples and homes.
1460E01 ^The temple lamps are huge in size and a treat to_ watch when those
1470E01 are lit. $^The most common form of the lamp goes by the name *5Kuttu
1480E01 Vilakku*6. ^The base is broad, round and hollow and is known as
1490E01 *4Peetam. ^In some varieties the base is in the form of a lotus. ^The
1500E01 middle cylindrical portion goes by the name *4Thandu and is fixed
1510E01 over the base. ^It has delicate workmanship. ^The Upper portion
1520E01 of the lamp is known as *5Mangala Vilakku*6 which holds the oil and
1530E01 the wicks. ^There are five or seven corners, each containing the wick.
1540E01 ^The topmost portion contains the figure of a swan or a peacock.
1550E01 $^Some lamps are in the form of a tree with arms branching off in
1560E01 all directions. ^They go by the name *5Vriksha deepams*6. ^In every
1570E01 branch small lamps are fixed to_ hold oil and wicks. ^Some of these
1580E01 lamps have 108 branches. $^There are lamps representing fish known
1590E01 as *5matsya deepam*6, the tortoise known as *5kurma deepam*6, fire
1600E01 known as *5Agni deepam*6 and Mount Mehru known as *5Mehru deepam*6.
1610E01 ^Lamps that_ are in the form of a snake or have the figure of
1620E01 the cobra attached to them go by the name *5Naga deepam*6. ^Similarly
1630E01 there are *5Rishaba deepam*6 (Bull) *5Mayura deepam*6 (Peacock)
1640E01 *5hamsa deepam*6 (Swan) and many more. ^They are used in the daily
1650E01 rituals of the temple and *4deeparadhans to the deity. ^Apart from
1660E01 these, there are *4Addukudeepams with five or seven tiers, broad
1670E01 at the base and tepering at the top with a conical form and handle.
1680E01 ^In each tier there is a plate with a number of small hollow portions
1690E01 to_ hold the oil and wicks. ^All the tiers are lighted when offered
1700E01 to the diety. $^There is another lamp which goes by the name *5Karpura
1710E01 Kilai*6 with five arms with a space to_ hold camphor. ^This lamp
1720E01 is offered at the end of the *3*4pujah rituals*0 to the deity. $^In
1730E01 *4Vaishnavite temples there are lamps with the figure of Garuda known
1740E01 as *5Garuda deepam*6 and figure of Anjaneya known as *5Hanuman
1750E01 deepam*6. $^*Chola Kings of ancient days presented these lamps to
1760E01 the temples. ^Apart from these there are lamps which hang in brass chains
1770E01 that_ go by the name *5Sangili villakku*6. ^These have containers
1780E01 to_ hold the oil. ^These lamps are lit just before the temples
1790E01 are closed and burn the whole night. ^They go by the name *5Thoonda
1800E01 Vilakku*6 or *5Thoonga Vilakku*6 lamp that_ never sleeps or needs
1810E01 attention. $^From time immemorial it has been the custom in Tamil Nadu
1820E01 to_ offer worship to *4deepams. ^In recent years the *5Tiru Villakku
1830E01 pujah*6 has become popular when people, especially women, instal
1840E01 hundreds of *5Kuttu Villakkus*6 and offer Puja to them. ^Women
1850E01 take the leading part while young girls assist them. *4^*Kumkum is
1860E01 used extensively in the *4Pujah of the Lighted Lamps. $^In ancient
1870E01 Sanskrit literature *4Deepam worship is vividly mentioned. ^The
1880E01 greatness of *4Agni and the principles involved in the worship of
1890E01 the lamps is mentioned in Kalidasa*'s *3Kumara Sambhavam*0.*#
        **[no. of words = 02014 words**]

        **[txt. e02**]
0010E02 **<*3HANDICRAFTS OF *GOA*0**>$^The life of the people of Goa has been
0020E02 imperceptibly influenced by the natural beauty surrounding them. ^Their
0030E02 inherent love for song, music and dance, their deep religious faith,
0040E02 their festivals and fairs, their rich folklore all have found expression
0050E02 in their arts and crafts. $^A visit to the old churches and
0060E02 temples reveals the magnificent work of the Goan artists, artisans
0070E02 and craftsmen created out of wood, metal, stone and clay. ^Old aristocratic
0080E02 homes abound in rare collections of beauitful and exquisite
0090E02 objects that_ have been collected for generations. ^Various media,
0100E02 from copper to gold, bamboo to wood and clay to marble have been shaped
0110E02 in pieces of aesthetic creation. ^The women of Goa maintain the
0120E02 tradition of feminine crafts, laces, embroidery and tapestry. $^Many
0130E02 of the traditional craftsmen and artisans come from a particular caste.
0140E02 ^Different crafts have been the preserve of artists coming from different
0150E02 castes. *4^*Shettis, for example, were the goldsmiths, the 'Zos'--
0160E02 wood carver, the *4charis blackmiths, the *4Mahars-- bamboo
0170E02 workers, the 'Chamars',-- leather craftsmen, the '*4kumbars',-- potters
0180E02 and 'Kansars', brass and copper craftsmen. ^It is a real pity
0190E02 that many of these traditional artisans and craftsmen have taken to
0200E02 more remunerative professions moving out of the villages into the towns.
0210E02 ^The few who have remained, pursue their inherited skill without
0220E02 imagination, and the objects they produce have lost part of their
0230E02 appeal. $^Gold and silver smithery has always fascinated women of Goa.
0240E02 ^Many stories abound about the exquisite jewellery, especially filigree
0250E02 made in Goa, one in particular relates to a gifted Goan goldsmith
0260E02 named 'Roulu Sheth'. ^His work was so exquisite and perfect that
0270E02 he was invited to Portugal to_ make ornaments for the royal famiily.
0280E02 ^With the coming of Christianity to Goa, the goldsmiths began to_
0290E02 make an entirely new set of objects discarding the usual ornaments
0300E02 like bangles, necklaces and gold *4veenies. ^The latter were used to_
0310E02 adorn the hair of Goan women. ^They now produce objects of sacred
0320E02 art like chalices, crowns for saints, rosaries, and crosses. ^In the
0330E02 Basilica, where the relics of \0St. Francis Xavier are enshrined
0340E02 in a richly carved silver casket, one of the finest examples of Goan
0350E02 artistic skill can be seen. $*<*3Traditional handicrafts*0*> $^Another
0360E02 traditional Goan handicraft patronised by most women and highly
0370E02 appreciated in India and abroad is embroidery. ^Many specimens
0380E02 can still be found in the homes of almost every family in Goa, and
0390E02 in many private collections. ^The old styles of dress worn by the
0400E02 women of Goa, like '*5pan baju*6', '*5pan pallo*6', '*7fortokimao', '*7ole',
0410E02 vestments and stoles, were richly embroidered in gold, silver and
0420E02 silk threads and are evidence of the tremendous skill, acquired by the
0430E02 women at home and prove that as a craft, embroidery for adornment
0440E02 has had a great appeal. $^As stories go, many of the rich and beauitful
0450E02 embroidered articles were taken away from Goa as far back as in
0460E02 the times of Alexandre Magno. ^Even the ambassador to the court of
0470E02 Chandraguptas, Megasthenes, used muslin embroidered in Goa. $^The
0480E02 Nuns of Santa Monica embroidered religious motifs, and most of these
0490E02 were used in the churches. ^One of them is still on view at the Basilica.
0500E02 ^Duringthe turn of the century they began to_ teach this art
0510E02 in schools. ^The Hindu women acquired the skill to_ embroider on
0520E02 the *4choli's and *4pallavs in their original designs, depicting scences
0530E02 from every day life. $^The embroidery introduced from the West was
0540E02 used for household linen and even today many women of Goa are skilled
0550E02 in special types of embroidery like 'Richelieu', Bordado Inglez
0560E02 crivo, all introuduced by the nuns of religious orders sent to Goa.
0570E02 $^The older women of Goa were highly accomplished in making laces.
0580E02 the '*8Renda de Birlos*9' (pin and cushion lace) was turned into a
0590E02 fine art in many villages in Salcete, particularly in villages of Loutolim
0600E02 and Verna. ^Even though they had become experts in this art
0610E02 there was no outlet for the sale of their work and most of the pices
0620E02 were accumulated and exported for sale outside Goa. ^All types of laces
0630E02 like malta, khuni ,puy, perrichis and brussels lace, invented in Europe
0640E02 were well-known in Goa. $^Crochet was a very common pastime in
0650E02 Goa, keeping the women busy after the house work was done. ^Motifs
0660E02 popular with them were peacock, coconut trees, cobweds, \0etc. ^Today,
0670E02 with the pattern of life having changed, very few women find time
0680E02 to_ use the crochet. $^Filet is a type of embroidery wherein hand weaving
0690E02 is done in different stitches on the fishermen*'s net, introduced
0700E02 by the nums. ^These were used for bags, caps, veils and as borders
0710E02 of tablecloths. $^Making artificial flowers has been one of the major
0720E02 cottage industries with the women of Goa. ^Whenever natural flowers are
0730E02 scarce, Catholics use the artifical ones in churches and for weddings.
0740E02 ^The nuns make beauitful artificial flowers which were sold at
0750E02 fairs-- especially at '*8Festa de Monte*9'-- Nativity of our Lady.
0760E02 ^Some of those were so perfect with hand painting of the petals
0770E02 to_ give them a realistic appearance, that those stand well in drawing
0780E02 rooms of private homes, adding colour and brightness to the background
0790E02 of heavily carved furniture. $*<*3Bead Weaving*0*> $^Bead
0800E02 weaving mostly took the form of bags, frames, toys and the motifs. ^Subjects
0810E02 are usually the objects visible around, like shells and fishes,
0820E02 and palm trees. ^Scales of fish and feathers of fowls and birds
0830E02 were also used to_ make beauitful bead picture frames. ^This craft
0840E02 has not been seen in Goa for over 30 years. ^Suddenly one comes across
0850E02 such specimens in an old trunk or cellar. ^Thus the women of Goa
0860E02 also helped to_ contribute to the economy of their land with their
0870E02 love of art and work and even though they led a passive existence,
0880E02 they believed in the maxim, "all that_ is good is beauitful and all
0890E02 that_ is beauitful is good." $^In Goa, which celebrates so many
0900E02 feasts of saints and has so many fairs, idol carving was a very lucrative
0910E02 handicraft. ^Idols were made of ivory wood or rose wood. ^Many
0920E02 can still be found in churches all over Goa. ^These depict the Virgin
0930E02 Mary, saints and angels. ^This art was known as "*7Santeiros".
0940E02 ^*Ribandar was noted for these carvings and making of wooden images.
0950E02 *0*4Shri Vaman Zo of Ribandar is the proud owner of the master craftsman
0960E02 award for ivory carvings. $*<*3Clay Work*0*> $^Clay has always
0970E02 been a popular handicraft. ^Unglazed vessels for domestic use are
0980E02 made of clay pottery. ^Those have distinctive shapes, and come in
0990E02 many sizes. ^Those are simple and attractive and are used in every
1000E02 day living. ^The earthenware pottery of Goa has vast universal appeal.
1010E02 ^The rich beauitful deep velvet red clay is used to_ make water jugs,
1020E02 flower pots and cooking vessels. ^Huge drum-like vessels are made and
1030E02 used in the manufacture of vinegar and liquor and also for the storage
1040E02 of grain, in all the villages of Goa. $^Panels made of clay with
1050E02 carved figures resembling sculpture are seen on the facades of many
1060E02 buildings of Goa, depicting scenes like woman and child, religious
1070E02 or historical stories, harvesting, fisherfolk, a peasant sowing seed,
1080E02 a farmer ploughing the ground, husking a coconut, woodcutter splitting
1090E02 wood, all represent aspects of daily common life. *4^Tulsi pot is
1100E02 a very popular item made here. ^Some enterprising potters have also
1110E02 made trays and ash trays and panels for hotels. ^*Bicholim is a well
1120E02 known centre for pottery. \0*4^*Shri Vishnu Mahadev Cuncolincar has
1130E02 received the coveted master craftsman award for clay works. $*<*3Wood
1140E02 Carving*0*> $^The rich tradition of wood carving in Goa can
1150E02 be seen from the structures of the churches, temples and old country
1160E02 houses. ^All of Goan carving is hand wrought so everything is a work
1170E02 of art. ^After the advent of the Portuguese, the talent of wood carving
1180E02 in Goa, was turned to making quality furnitures copying the Western
1190E02 style and retaining the Indian influences, Goan furniture became
1200E02 a unique blend of Eastern and Western culture. ^Carpentry under
1210E02 the Portuguese made very good progress, resulting in a new style which
1220E02 was termed as the 'Indo-Portuguese Style'. ^Typical examples can
1230E02 be seen in the church decoration, altars and pulpits. ^Several pieces
1240E02 of this richly carved furniture have found their way into stately
1250E02 homes, in the form of cabinets, tables, beds, chairs, sofas, chests and
1260E02 cupboards, some of which are carved and decorated with rich ivory inlay.
1270E02 ^Today those are valued as part of the Goan heritage. $^Rare carved
1280E02 and ornamental furniture can still be found gracing the old aristocratic
1290E02 houses tucked away in the villages. ^The house of the Menezes Braganza
1300E02 family at Chandor is a superb example, they have beauitful
1310E02 carved furniture executed by Goan craftsmen, some dating back almost
1320E02 200 years. $^The carpenters of Goa, prided themselves on carving
1330E02 tables, sofas, chairs, chests, jewellery boxes-- all out of teak and rosegood
1340E02 and adorned with heads of animals, often taking the form of a
1350E02 lion*'s or cobra's head carved on the arms of chairs and legs of tables.
1360E02 ^Many chests were inlaid with ivory brass or copper, plain or patterned.
1370E02 ^Verem and many other parts of Bardez, Cuncolim, and Ribandar
1380E02 are famous for this type of work. $^Today this Goan craftsmanship
1390E02 has received a severe setback. ^Through the years, it has become stereotyped
1400E02 and models of some of this exquisite skill are sold at fairs
1410E02 in the form of furniture cheaply imitating the highly skilled craft
1420E02 which was at one time deerned to_ be unique. $^Lacquer articles
1430E02 are made mostly for decorative and household use-- cribs, stools,
1440E02 imitation fruit, candle stands, chairs, walking aids for children, boxes
1450E02 and toys are some of the many things turned out at the hands of skilled
1460E02 craftsmen. ^One toy in particular, fashioned as a parrot has great demand.
1470E02 ^These simple articles require considerable labour and are much
1480E02 used in Goa. $^An art much appreciated in the past for which Diu
1490E02 was famous, was textile printing. ^Beauitful buttons, rings, bangles,
1500E02 fashioned out of ivory or tortoise shell were also made popular by
1510E02 artists of Diu. ^Because the supply of tortoise shell has decreased
1520E02 with the years the work is not produced profusely any more. ^Hence these
1530E02 decorative pieces are very much in demand. $^One can find baskets,
1540E02 trays and beauitful lampshades made of bamboo. ^The lampshades which
1550E02 are made in Guirim have great local demand. $^*Bicholim, the centre
1560E02 of brass and copper handicrafts of Goa, makes a variety of lamps
1570E02 in different shapes and sizes-- a very popular one is shaped like a
1580E02 tree, with a peacock proudly standing at the top. ^In the 400 year
1590E02 old Mangesh Temple there is an *4Aarti lamp shaped as a tortoise which
1600E02 has a very rare and unusual shape. $^Craftsmen sell their goods
1610E02 at their places of work, at their homes, or at the various fairs and
1620E02 weekly markets. ^A very popular market is the one held on Fridays
1630E02 at Mapusa where a large number of pottery vessels from Bicholim and
1640E02 other parts are on sale. ^Markets and fairs are held all the year
1650E02 round, in Goa, during the various festivals celebrated both by Christians
1660E02 and Hindus. $^Since liberation, some new varieties of crafts
1670E02 have found their way to Goa. ^These include decorative candles, *4sisal
1680E02 and Banana fibre bags, mats, coconut shell items, plaster of Paris
1690E02 articles, and tiles. ^The fibre craft alone has given employment to
1700E02 about 700 women. ^Important craft pockets in Goa are at present found
1710E02 at the following places-- Mapusa for brassware and copper items,
1720E02 Betim for fibre, Candolim for fibre and bamboo, Verem for woodcraft,
1730E02 Guirim for bamboo, Bicholim for clay and brass, Sanquelim for
1740E02 embroidery and decorative candles, Chimbel and Benaulim for wood,
1750E02 Cuncolim for wood carving and lacquerware and Diu for tortoise shell
1760E02 and ivory. $^Government-run wood craft production centres are at
1770E02 Verem and Guirim. ^The Government of Goa handicraft emporium, presently
1780E02 managed by \0MSSIDC is housed at the Tourist Hostel, Panaji.
1790E02 ^It is the only organised sale outlet for Goan handicrafts.*#
        **[no. of words = 02001**]

        **[txt. e03**]
0010E03 **<HOW & WHY**> $*<COMMON ELECTRIC TROUBLES*> $CIRCUIT:
0020E03 ^While checking electric troubles, one must remember that the eletric
0030E03 current flows through wires as water through pipes. ^As water flows
0040E03 by the action of a pressure pump, the pipe and tap offer resistance,
0050E03 similar is the case with current which flows when we light a lamp, or
0060E03 heat an iron. ^The electric switch acts as a tap, and when it is put
0070E03 off it breaks the circuit and there is no flow of current. $^The path
0080E03 travelled by electric current is called a 'Circuit', the term implies
0090E03 'a circle'. ^For example, there is a socket in the wall with two
0100E03 holes, the plug that_ fits into it has two prongs, the cord connecting
0110E03 that_ plug to a table lamp contains two wires. ^The current goes
0120E03 through one of the two wires to the filament of the bulb, and back through
0130E03 the other wire thus completing a circuit. $OPEN CIRCUIT:
0140E03 ^The switch is designed to_ open a circuit, but many 'opens' occur
0150E03 accidently in which case the light or the appliance affected will not
0160E03 operate. ^If a plug has a defective connection or the cord is broken
0170E03 in one of the wires, the open circuit will occur. $SHORT CIRCUIT:
0180E03 ^The second common trouble is the short circuit. ^The current travels
0190E03 shorter distance than it is meant to_ cover. ^Electricity like
0200E03 water has a downward flow. ^A short is a flood. ^If two wires in a heating
0210E03 appliance touch each other, they are shorted. ^In case of open
0220E03 circuit the appliance does not work, but in case of short circuit the
0230E03 fuse blows up, and some times a fire may break out. $GROUND: the
0240E03 earth is the point at which the voltage is zero. ^The 'neutral' side
0250E03 of most of the electrical systems is connected to the water pipes,
0260E03 since they go into the earth. "^An accidental ground" can occur when you
0270E03 happen to_ touch your iron, or fan which has become grounded, standing
0280E03 bare feet or with a wet hand, the result will be a shock. $PRECAUTIONS:
0290E03 ^The shocks should be avoided by having good wiring installation
0300E03 and properly earthed equipment. ^Do not be in touch with water
0310E03 while using any electric apparatus. ^For any examination of the equipment
0320E03 pull out the plug connecting your appliance to the socket, or
0330E03 else turn off the main switch. $^If the shock occurs switch off the
0340E03 current. ^If the switch is away and you cannot switch it off, then
0350E03 immediately remove the person in contact with live wire by means
0360E03 of a rubber article, a stout stick, a thick dry cloth or rug, coconut
0370E03 matting or even a thick wad of newspapers. ^Send for the doctor and
0380E03 start artificial respiration if the person does not appear to_ be breathing.
0390E03 ^When breathing resumes keep the person warm by means of hot
0400E03 water bottles and hot drinks. $*<FUSE REPAIRING *> $WHAT IS A
0410E03 FUSE? $^A fuse is the specially constructed link in the house circuit,
0420E03 so that if any fault occurs, the fuse will blow, or melt and the
0430E03 apparatus and the wiring in the wall will not be damaged. ^The fuse
0440E03 box is a weak link in the form of a length of wire. ^This wire is weaker
0450E03 in current carrying lower capacity than that_ in the cable used
0460E03 for the circuit wiring. it is placed across the porcelain fuse carrier,
0470E03 and at the time of fault in the circuit, it breaks. ^This wire must
0480E03 be replaced by one of the same size, always supposing the right size
0490E03 was there in the first place. $^The main faults which cause a fuse
0500E03 to_ blow are:-- $**=1) Overloaded circuit $**=2) Short circuit $**=3)
0510E03 Corrosion and breakage of the fuse wire itself. $*<WHAT YOU SHOULD
0520E03 DO*> $^The first thing to_ do is to_ turn off the main switch.
0530E03 ^Then take out the fuse carriers one by one and examine them ^It is
0540E03 easier to_ find the blown fuse, if the fuse carriers are labelled
0550E03 to_ match the rooms for which they are responsible. ^The carrier is
0560E03 often blackened by the blowing of the fuse, and the wire itself is
0570E03 : severed. ^Having located the fault, free the carrier from the remaining
0580E03 bits of wire by loosening the small screws which hold them in place.
0590E03 ^Cut a new piece of fuse wire, twist it round the top screw in
0600E03 a clockwise direction; and give the screw a turn. ^Reverse the carrier
0610E03 and repeat the process at the other end, afterwards tightening both
0620E03 screws so that the wire fits but is not taut. ^Some fuse carriers have
0630E03 groves instead of screws to_ hold the wire in place. ^Replace the
0640E03 carrier and turn on the main switch. $*<PRECAUTIONS*> $^When overloading
0650E03 has caused the fuse to_ blow it will immediately blow again if
0660E03 the same appliances remain connected. ^So calculate that everything is
0670E03 correct on this score. ^The fuse will also blow again if there is a
0680E03 fault in one of the appliances connected. ^So switch them all off and
0690E03 try each one separately to_ locate the fault. $**<HOW & WHY**>
0700E03 $^The electric toaster in its simplest form consists of a live cord
0710E03 attached to the heating element or grid. ^The heating element commonly
0720E03 consists of nichrome ribbon wound on mica strips. ^But certain types
0730E03 of toasters employ nichrome wire coils for their resistance heating
0740E03 elements. $^In single element toasters two slices of bread are toasted
0750E03 from one side at one time, then turned around to toast the other
0760E03 side. ^Toasters with three elements can toast two slices from both
0770E03 sides at the same time. ^The two outside heaters are a like, but the
0780E03 center heater has to do twice as much work and so is designed to_
0790E03 take more electric power. ^This difference must be kept in mind when
0800E03 replacing the elements. $^In Toasters that_ have more than one heating
0810E03 element, the elements must adapt to one another so that the bread
0820E03 is evenly toasted. ^Should there be a disorder in one of the elements
0830E03 it is always better to replace all elements. $^Since toasters come
0840E03 in many different designs the method used to_ open them depends
0850E03 on the way they are assembled. ^An inspection is therefore necessary before
0860E03 disassembling **[sic**] them. ^Electrical connections, springs, and
0870E03 operating mechanisms are usually under the bottom cover. ^Sometimes it
0880E03 is necessary to_ remove the shell that_ encloses the heating elements
0890E03 and bread holders. ^This shell often clips on to the base with the
0900E03 springy **[sic**] and snapping over projections. ^At the bottom of the
0910E03 shell are extending lips which pass through slots in the base where
0920E03 they are bent over. ^The parts of a single element toaster are shown
0930E03 in the figure. $^One should take extra care not to_ snag the resiistance
0940E03 wire on other elements while one is being removed. ^In toasters
0950E03 having more than one heating element all elements usually are parallel
0960E03 to the cord terminals \0i.e. all leads marked (a) in \0Fig 2 would
0970E03 connect to one terminal, and all those marked (b) would connect to
0980E03 the other terminal, so that the two leads from each element connect
0990E03 both terminals. $*<ELECTRIC IRON*> $^Electric iron is one of the most
1000E03 useful appliances in a household. ^With proper use and care this wise
1010E03 purchase can give a long and troublefree service. $^Keep the bottom,
1020E03 or soleplate of your iron shining clean so that it glides easily.
1030E03 scorched starch can easily be removed by rubbing the bottom of the hot
1040E03 iron over grains of salt. ^To_ ensure safety the iron cord should
1050E03 be replaced as soon it starts fraying. ^When removing the cord from
1060E03 an eletric iron, always remember to_ pull the eletric plug and not
1070E03 the cord itself. $*<STRUCTURE*> $^At the bottom is the sole plate,
1080E03 whose lower surface is smooth so that it moves easily on the fabrics
1090E03 being ironed. ^On top of this is the heating element. ^The pressure
1100E03 plate provides most of the weight required in the iron. ^These parts
1110E03 are covered with a thin shell which carries the handle. ^The terminals
1120E03 in which the connector or plug of the flexible cord is pushed are
1130E03 connected to the heating unit leads. ^Electricity flows in the heating
1140E03 unit as long as the cord remains connected, and soleplate temperature
1150E03 depends on the difference between rate of heat production and
1160E03 rate of heat loss to the air, and to materials being ironed. $^Should
1170E03 an iron fail to_ heat, first test the flexible cord and the cord
1180E03 plug, then test the iron itself for open circuits, high resistance and
1190E03 grounds. ^These faults may occur in either the heating elements or
1200E03 in connections between the parts. $^Take off handle and top cover.
1210E03 ^Examine all connections from external pin terminals for breaks and
1220E03 looseness. ^Check the switch contact surfaces which come together to_
1230E03 close the circuit. ^If they are rough, pitted, or burned, dress the
1240E03 contacting surfaces very carefully with a sand paper. then draw a
1250E03 strip of cloth between the contact to remove any sand fillings. ^Leave
1260E03 the contacts smooth. ^After this cleaning process wherever the fault
1270E03 is found replace the parts carefully. ^Defective heating elements
1280E03 usually require replacement, they generally do not stand repairs.
1290E03 $^If all the parts are frequently checked and the iron is kept absolutely
1300E03 clean then this friend will never fail you and it will continue to_
1310E03 give you a long and devoted service. $**<HOW & WHY**> $^The
1320E03 pressure cooker is widely used for meal preparation. ^Since by increasing
1330E03 the pressure the temperature is increased, so the cooking time
1340E03 is shortened. ^Foods are cooked at approximatelely 250*@ Fahrenheit
1350E03 instead of 212*@ Fahrenheit (boiling point), the steam pressure of
1360E03 15 \0lbs. per square inch is automatically maintained. $^There are
1370E03 two types of pressure cookers available in the market. ^There are those
1380E03 which have flexible cover that_ can be slipped under the rim of
1390E03 the pan, pressed into position, and held there by a hook attachment
1400E03 on the handle; others have an outside cover that_ slides into grooves
1410E03 on the rim of the pan and locks into position. ^A rubber gasket aids
1420E03 in sealing the cover tightly. $*<STRUCTURE*> $^Pressure cookers
1430E03 are saucepans with a single handle. ^They are made of aluminium, cast
1440E03 or pressed and of stainless steel. ^Most of them carry the manufacturer*'s
1450E03 guarantee and only those so marked should be purchased. ^They
1460E03 vary in size from 4 to 12 litres capacity, depending upon the manufacturer.
1470E03 $^The steam escapes through a vent tube. ^A weight gauge placed
1480E03 over the vent controls the pressure. ^The pressure is maintained
1490E03 by regulating the amount of heat. ^A safety device in the cover, a plug
1500E03 of fusible alloy or of synthetic rubber, automatically releases excess
1510E03 pressure, or reacts if the cooker goes dry. ^In this case you will
1520E03 have to_ replace the safety valve, which can easily be done at
1530E03 home. ^Unscrew the new safety valve with the help of spanners. ^Place
1540E03 flat spanner on nut at top lid. ^Place bent spanner on safety valve
1550E03 under lid. ^Turn spanners in anti-clock-wise direction, till nut is
1560E03 loosened. ^Remove fused safety valve. ^Fit new safety valve from under
1570E03 the lid. ^From top of lid, first fit washer, then nut. ^Tighten with
1580E03 bent spanner. $^When the food is cooked remove cooker from fire, the
1590E03 interior temperature is above boiling point. ^Cooking will continue
1600E03 until this temperature and pressure are reduced. ^Simply setting the
1610E03 cooker off the heat will permit slow temperature reduction, but many
1620E03 foods would be over cooked by the time the cooker cools sufficiently
1630E03 to_ permit removing the cover. ^Therefore, most foods require instant
1640E03 reduction. ^The usual method is to_ put cold water over the cooker.
1650E03 *<PRECAUTIONS*> $^It is important to_ keep the air very clean.
1660E03 ^Any obstruction in it may cause the pressure to_ build up without
1670E03 a means for the steam to_ escape. ^The rubber gasker should also be kept
1680E03 clean, free from food particles and grease. ^This gasket needs to_
1690E03 be replaced when it can no longer make a tight seal. $^Due to constant
1700E03 use the cooker may become discoloured.*#
        **[no. of words = 02003**]

        **[txt. e04**]
0010E04 **<*3BASIC STITCHING*0**> $*<SEWING TOOLS*> $^To women in all walks
0020E04 of life sewing is a source of lasting personal satisfaction. ^Success
0030E04 in sewing calls for the right tools at the right time. ^All tools must be
0040E04 in order and you must know how to_ use them, to_ save time and produce
0050E04 the best results. ^Sewing without the right equipment is like trying
0060E04 to_ cook without the right ingredients. $^Some of the things you
0070E04 need such as scissors, needles and pins, are in the house-- others you
0080E04 must buy for the occasion. ^The recipe you follow for sewing a garment
0090E04 is the detailed directions on your pattern. ^Some of the essential
0100E04 sewing tools and their uses are listed below: $SHEARS: ^These should
0110E04 be good, long and sharp ones. ^Shears are used for cutting heavy materials.
0120E04 ^They are made in sizes varying from 15 \0cm to 30 \0cm in length.
0130E04 ^A pair of small scissors is handy in cutting thread and buttonholes
0140E04 \0etc. ^Pinking shears are used for trimming the inside seam edges to_
0150E04 prevent fraying. $MEASURING TAPE: ^This is the most essential equipment,
0160E04 used while stitching a garment. ^It is 150 \0cm long. ^The material
0170E04 with which it is made should be firm and of good quality, the numbering
0171E04 should also be clearly marked.
0180E04 $TRACING WHEEL: ^A tracing wheel is used for marking different lines
0190E04 on the fabric and also for transferring these lines to other materials.
0200E04 $THIMBLE: ^It acts as a protection to your fingers when you have
0210E04 to_ push a needle through a heavy piece of material. ^While buying
0220E04 a thimble one must see that it fits the finger properly. $THREAD:
0230E04 ^Sewing thread comes in different sizes from 20 to 100. ^The larger
0240E04 the number the finer the thread. ^The selection of thread depends upon
0250E04 the type of fabric. ^Buy thread one shade darker than the material
0260E04 because it sews up lighter than it is on the spool. $NEEDLE:
0270E04 ^Needles come in different sizes. ^In selecting needles keep in mind
0280E04 the type of fabric and also the type of work to_ be done. ^For embroidery,
0290E04 you will need fine, slender needles with easy to_ thread eyes.
0300E04 ^Small needles are good for hemming, hand gathering and small tacking
0310E04 \0etc. ^So take care to_ fill your needle packet with needles of all
0320E04 sizes. $SCRAP BASKET OR BOX: after stitching a cloth do not throw
0330E04 away the pieces of thread and left over pieces of cloth, instead you
0340E04 can keep them in your scrap box. ^These left-overs can be used later
0350E04 on for patch work \0etc. $SEWING MACHINE: ^This is the most important
0360E04 of all sewing equipments. ^If you are buying a sewing machine,
0370E04 select one that_ is made by a well-known and reliable firm. ^So that
0380E04 if any part is damaged after years of use, they can easily be replaced.
0390E04 ^Keep the machine clean and properly oiled. ^For cleaning the machine,
0400E04 a hairpin, a soft brush and the habit of covering your machine when
0410E04 it is not in use is usually all that_ is required. $IRON AND IRONING
0420E04 BOARD: ^Somewhere in the house you will have an ironing board.
0430E04 ^Keep it near the sewing machine when you are stitching. ^Press your
0440E04 seams as you go along. ^Pressing speeds your sewing and is one of the secrets
0450E04 of that_ made-to-order look in clothes. $^Last of all to_ give a
0460E04 neat and pretty look to your sewing equipment keep all these in a sewing
0470E04 cabinet. ^For small items like needles, threads shears, measuring tape
0480E04 \0etc. you can use a shoe box and suit box. ^The heavy equipment can
0490E04 be arranged beside it. $^Now that your sewing tools are ready at hand
0500E04 you can stitch a material at any time without wasting much time in
0510E04 looking for these things. $*<STRAIGHT FULL MAXI*> $^Maxi is one of
0520E04 those very few western dresses which have come to_ stay for quite along
0530E04 period of time, inspite of the changing fashion trends. ^The only
0540E04 reason for its popularity is that it is ultra feminine. ^Indian women
0550E04 being shy by nature feel very much at ease in this uncomplicated dress.
0560E04 $^Here we tell you how to_ make a straight full maxi. ^The pattern
0570E04 given here is the basic one. ^By making few alterations here and there,
0580E04 you will be able to_ transform it into an exquisite piece. $MATERIAL
0590E04 REQUIRED-- (92 \0cm wide) 2 full lengths + 2 hem turnings + 1
0600E04 sleeve length + 1 hem turning. $MEASUREMENTS: FULL LENGTH: 137 \0cm
0610E04 $Shoulder length = 35.5 \0cm $chest = 91.5 \0cm $waist = 71 \0cm
0620E04 $Length from shoulder to waist = 35.5 \0cm $Dart = 25.5 \0cm $HOW
0630E04 TO_ MAKE A PAPER DRAFT: $^Maxi being a lengthy dress, a full
0640E04 paper draft is not easy to_ make. ^So, for convenience, a draft from
0650E04 neck to hip line is made on paper and the rest is drawn on the material
0660E04 itself. $1. ^Take 1/2 of shoulder length and mark the line as AB. from
0670E04 B, take full length and mark the point as C. $2. ^On line AB,
0680E04 mark the point D. BD = 1/12 chest = 2.5 cm. $3. ^On line BC, mark the
0690E04 point E, which is 1.5 \0cm below B. $^Join DE with a curve for back
0700E04 neck line. ^For the front, draw which ever shape you feel like.
0710E04 $4. ^On line BC, take point F, which is 1/4 chest-- 4 \0cm. (^This
0720E04 will be the case when the chest is more than 81 \0cm. ^If the chest
0730E04 is 81 \0cm or less than that_, the length of the arm hole will be 1/4 \0cm--
0740E04 2.5 \0cm). $5. ^From point F take a point G. $FG should be parallel
0750E04 to AB. ^*FG = 1/4 chest + 2.5 \0cm. $6. ^On line GFdraw a perpendicular
0750E04 from A, and mark is as H. ^On line AH, mark the
0760E04 point 1 which is 2 \0cms from A. ^Join 1 D with a straight line.
0770E04 $7. ^Divide the line IH into half and mark the point as J. ^Join I
0780E04 and G for the front arm hole curve, going in by 1.5 \0cm from J.
0790E04 ^For the back arm hole curve, join IG without going in from J. $8.
0800E04 ^On line BC, take shoulder to waist length and mark the point as K.
0810E04 KL = 1/4 waist + 5 \0cm. $9. ^From K, take 1/12 chest + 1.5 \0cm and
0820E04 mark the point as M. ^Take 1.5 \0cm on both the sides of M and mark
0830E04 the darts according to your needs. ^On line LG also, take 5 \0cm from
0840E04 L and mark the side dart for the front only. $10. ^On line BC, from
0850E04 point K, take 1/4 chest-- 2.5 \0cm and mark the point as O. ^From
0860E04 O draw a perpendicular on line BC and mark the point as P. ^*PO =
0870E04 1/4 hip + 2.5 \0cm. ^Join P and L with a straight line. $11. ^On point
0880E04 = C, draw a perpendicular and mark the point as N. ^*N = 1/2 chest--
0881E04 5 \0cm. ^Join P and N. $SLEEVES:
0890E04 Length = 17.5 \0cm $Width = 1/4 chest - 3.5 \0cm.
0900E04 $Depth = 1/12 chest + 2.5 \0cm $Round = 28 \0cm $arm $1. ^Take lengthAB.AC
0910E04 = 1/4 chest-- 3.5 \0cm CD = AB. ^Join D and B Now DB
0920E04 = AC $2. ^On line CD, take point E from C. ^*EC = 1/12 chest + 2.5
0930E04 \0cm. ^Join EA. $3. ^Divide EA into 4 equal parts and mark them as
0940E04 FGH. **=1) ^From F, go up by 6.5 \0mm. and down by 1 cm + 3 \0mm marking
0950E04 the points as F1 + F2. **=2) ^From G go up by 1 \0cm + 3 \0mm
0960E04 and mark the point as G1. **=3) ^From H, go up by 2 \0cm and mark
0970E04 point as H1. $4. ^Join EF1. ^*G1 and H1, with an upward curve for
0980E04 the back. ^Join EF2, G and H1 and A with a curve for the front.
0990E04 $5. ^From B, measure 1/2 of Round arm and mark it as J. ^Join JE with
1000E04 a straight line. $^Now cut out the paper draft and plan the different
1010E04 parts on the cloth. ^Keeping in mind the folds wherever directed. ^Cut
1020E04 the cloth, taking 1 \0cm as seam allowance. ^As the seams are to_ be machined.
1030E04 $^By following the directions given above you will be able to_ make a simple
1040E04 straight full maxi. ^Now it*'1s up to you to_ use you innovative ideas,
1050E04 make changes in the neckline or sleeves or the shape of the bodice
1060E04 block (as we have illustrated in sketch) and you will find, it is not
1070E04 as simple as it was before. $**<*3BASIC STITCHING*0**> $^In the earlier
1080E04 series of basic stitching we told you about the stitching terminology
1090E04 and stitching tools. ^We now bring you some of the basic sewing
1100E04 stitches and proper knowledge of these stitches will undoubtedly make
1110E04 you a good seamstress. $^You can sew a fine seam by hand or by machine.
1120E04 ^Hand stitching is used for finishing necklines, sleeve edges and
1130E04 for decorative edges on well made clothes $*<BASTING*> ^This is
1140E04 a temporary stitch and is used to_ hold two pieces of material together;
1150E04 so that permanent stitch can be fixed. ^It is a series of long and
1160E04 short stitches, which are removed after the final seam is stitched.
1170E04 $METHOD: ^Thread the needle and knot one end of the thread. ^Place
1180E04 the seams together; use a slender needle and thread, not more than 24*"
1190E04 long, of a different colour from your fabric. ^Keep the stitches going
1200E04 forward. ^Fasten the basting thread with two or three back stitches
1210E04 side by side. $*<TYPES OF BASTING*> $EVEN BASTING: ^In this
1220E04 the stitches are equal to each other. ^To_ remove clip thread every
1230E04 few inches and pull out. ^Do not pull the whole line at once because
1240E04 that_ will spoil the fabric. $UNEVEN BASTING: ^This is the fastest
1250E04 basting stitch. ^Pick up several stitches on the needle taking short
1260E04 stitches underneath and long on top. ^This is also called Galloping
1270E04 stitch. $PIN BASTING: ^Lay the two edges of the material together
1280E04 and hold them in place with pins. ^Place the pins at right angles
1290E04 to edge. ^Remove and put the pins away as you come to them in stitching.
1300E04 $MACHINE BASTING: ^This is the most convenient of all methods,
1310E04 set the machine for the largest stitch, hold the pieces of material
1320E04 together and machine. $RUNNING STITCH: ^This is the most useful
1330E04 of all stitches for in addition to being the first stitch employed in
1340E04 practically every seam, it is used a lot in other neating processes. ^Basically
1350E04 the stitches are very much similar to basting; the only difference
1360E04 is that in this the stitches are smaller than in tacking. $BACK
1370E04 STITCH: ^This is the finest of plain needlwork stitches and therefore
1380E04 a slow and tedious work. ^In working this stitch the needle goes back
1390E04 from where it comes out to the near end of the last stitch and then
1400E04 passes under the material to_ come out again at equal distance in front
1410E04 of the previous stitch. $OVERCASTING: ^This is most often used to_
1420E04 finish raw edges to_ keep them from rowelling. ^It is a slanting
1430E04 stitch made by bringing the needle through the fabric from the undersides
1440E04 and continuing to_ work the thread over and under the edge each
1450E04 stitch is taken from the underside and at an equal distance. $HEMMING:
1460E04 ^This stitch is used to_ fasten a raw edge, which must be turned
1470E04 in or to_ flatten a seam. ^It is always worked from wrong side of
1480E04 the fabric. ^The stitches must be as clear and defined on the right as
1490E04 on the wrong side. ^The stitch on the top together with the stitch
1500E04 on the underside should form the letter 'V'. $^Too often the home sewer
1510E04 spends time and effort in selecting the proper pattern, the right material
1520E04 and the most suitable trimmings, and then ruin the finished appearance
1530E04 of a garment by crooked or unfinished seams. ^Careful seaming
1540E04 gives an attractive and decorative touch to the garment. ^A seam is
1550E04 made by joining two or more pieces together.*#
        **[no. of words = 02016**]

        **[txt. e05**]
0010E05 **<*3Photojournalism In India**> $"^Why did India*'s cyclone disaster
0020E05 fail to_ move the world?" ^*I asked a friend, an eminent journalist.
0030E05 $"^It was a tragic case of a total let-down by the visual media,"
0040E05 he answered wryly. $^Indeed the sheer scale of the disaster was
0050E05 not grasped by people in the country not to_ speak of those abroad.
0060E05 ^Our \0TV did its best within its limited reach but, as it happens,
0070E05 its best is not always good enough. $^The newspapers were, of course,
0080E05 full of front-page stories. ^Apart from some excellent field reports,
0090E05 however, the coverage consisted of commentaries discussing the political
0100E05 rather than the human tragedy. ^Why? $^Looking back, the fault
0110E05 seems to_ lie not with the pen but with the camera. ^The disaster
0120E05 in which whole villages vanished without a trace, rooftops flew off
0130E05 like dry leaves and steel posts bent like pins had all the elements
0140E05 of a horror story which only the camera could tell. ^Mere words were
0150E05 not enough. ^This is because we have got so used to images that_ the
0160E05 mind refuses to_ imagine and looks for visual statement to_ grasp
0170E05 the intensity of a situation. $^Newspapers and magazines did publish
0180E05 pictures-- mostly the same set of pictures. ^But none could describe
0190E05 the disaster poignantly. ^There was not a single picture or group
0200E05 of pictures that_ etched the havoc vividly. $^Months after the tragedy,
0210E05 when one tries to_ recapitulate the disaster in the mind*'s
0220E05 eye, the images that_ appear are not of the havoc in Andhra but of
0230E05 the bloodshed in Bangladesh a long time ago. ^The visual media triumphed
0240E05 in Bangladesh and were able to_ move the conscience of the world.
0250E05 (^Perhaps because media men from all over the world covered Bangladesh.)
0260E05 ^In Andhra, the tragedy appeared somewhat domestic ("^Oh floods
0270E05 are an annual occurrence!") and the brunt of projecting its unusual
0280E05 dimensions fell on native talent. $^We have some eminent photojournalists
0290E05 in the country. ^But they are only a few, who have struggled to_
0300E05 come up and establish themselves, largely due to their association
0310E05 with the publishing industry abroad. ^Despite all odds in the country,
0320E05 this small band of dedicated practitioners are keeping the profession
0330E05 alive. $^It is hard for a photojournalist to_ find even the basic
0340E05 professional tools within the country. ^*India does not make professional
0350E05 cameras. ^*Hindustan Photo Films, a public sector undertaking,
0360E05 does market photographic films required for still cameras. ^These
0370E05 so-called *4desi rolls sold by \0HPF are mere cut and repacked
0380E05 versions of bulk supplies received from their principals abroad. ^This
0390E05 film is there for the photographer in the market but, unfortunately,
0400E05 it is a trifle undependable becasue of frequent packaging defects.
0410E05 $^We do manufacture photographic paper of a respectable quality. ^Again,
0420E05 the entire production is confined to two sources, Hindustan Photo
0430E05 Films and a private company, resulting in a sellers*' market and
0440E05 high prices. $^Professional photographers find it almost impossible
0450E05 to_ import cameras and other sophisticated equipment they require because
0460E05 of stringent regulations. ^A few years ago, the Government amended
0470E05 the rules specially to_ help full-time professionals. ^The current
0480E05 volume of *3Import Trade Control Policy of the Ministry of
0490E05 Commerce contains a small paragraph on the subject. ^It reads: $^Applications
0500E05 from *7bona-fide photographic studios and selt-employed professional
0510E05 photographers will be considered by the regional licensing
0520E05 authorities concerned with import of permissible types of photographic
0530E05 cameras. ^Applications should be made through the Director of Industries
0540E05 concerned in the prescribed form and manner so as to_ reach
0550E05 the sponsoring authority by 31.12.77. $^Not very generous! ^As with
0560E05 all rules, what is promised is rarely delivered. ^The whole process,
0570E05 I understand, involves unwinding of a lot of red tape. ^In any case,
0580E05 this should not dishearten the serious professional who is used to
0590E05 the business, however messy. ^His is a life of struggle and he knows
0600E05 it because, when it comes to the question of assessing his work, he
0610E05 is compared with the best in the world. $^Photography has been associated
0620E05 for long in this country with family groups, weddings and convocations.
0630E05 ^Even these days, some of our village elders feel that to_
0640E05 have themselves photographed would do them harm and reduce their life-span.
0650E05 ^On seeing a camera, the first reaction of a rustic mother with
0660E05 her child is to_ shy away from it. ^But some of our offcials also
0670E05 seem to_ have emulated this traditional belief. ^Even where there is
0680E05 no security risk, petty officials have regarded photography as a dangerous
0690E05 crime. ^Often, one finds them stretching their camera allergy
0700E05 to ridiculous limits. $*<*3How They 'Greeted' Him!*> $^Here is
0710E05 an amusing incident involving the Editor of *3Far Eastern Economic
0720E05 Review of Hong Kong. ^While on a visit to India, he happened
0730E05 to_ walk into a post-office on Parliament Street in Delhi. ^A
0740E05 board which displayed all the standard messages for greetings telegrams
0750E05 and their code numbers attracted his attention. ^Since there was nothing
0760E05 similar anywhere else abroad, he found the facility rather amusing.
0770E05 ^Hardly had he taken his camera out for a picture of the board
0780E05 when he found himself in the company of some agitated officials who
0790E05 lost no time in marching him to the nearest police station! $^It is
0800E05 a pity that there is not enough appreciation of the photographer and
0810E05 his work either by those connected with the medium in the Government
0820E05 or by the Press. ^Apart from *3The Illustrated weekly of India
0830E05 (whose editors have done commendable work in the cause of photography
0840E05 in the country), there is no other *3picture magazine. (*3^The Hindu
0850E05 of Madras had a weekly picture magazine in the early thirties,
0860E05 I am told.) ^Even the *WEEKLY has in recent years begun to_ merely
0870E05 *3illustrate its articles, obviously subordinating the picture to
0880E05 the word. ^Here and there one finds a newspaper like *3The Statesman
0890E05 of Delhi flashing a picture across a half-page every Sunday morning.
0900E05 (^*I understand that the editor concerned is fighting a battle
0910E05 with his management to_ keep this weekly picture page going!) ^Our
0920E05 magazines pay a pittance for pictures. ^Some of them go to the extent
0930E05 of publishing a picture even without a simple credit-line to the photographer,
0940E05 let alone paying him for it. $^There is no Indian newspaper
0950E05 or magazine with a full-fledged Picture Editor on its staff. ^The
0960E05 photographer has not yet become an active member of the editorial
0970E05 family. ^Most of the thinking is still being done only by the "wordmen".
0980E05 ^This is because our editors are not visually thrilled. ^Their pictorial
0990E05 judgement is often poor. $^In addition, they suffer from a \0VIP
1000E05 fixation. ^Politics is their meat. ^Opinion rather than report,
1010E05 word rather than picture, stirs them. ^Most of our leading editors
1020E05 are either political columnists or commentators. ^Few come up from
1030E05 the newsroom. ^Pictorial appreciation, understandably, is not their
1040E05 cup of tea. $^This reminds me of an interesting encounter I had a
1050E05 few years ago with the late \0Col *(0M.S.*) Rao, the celebrated
1060E05 physician. ^He walked into my office one day for a portrait of himself.
1070E05 ^While he talked, he looked at a large picture of a smiling woman
1080E05 on the wall at my back. "^That_*'s an excellent picture!" he said.
1090E05 ^*I felt flattered. ^Not because the picture on the wall was one
1100E05 of my favourites but because the kudos for it came, of all people, from
1110E05 a distinguished person known for the deft wielding of the stethoscope
1120E05 rather than the camera. ^*I asked \0Col Rao what it was that_
1130E05 appealed to him in the picture. ^Pat came the answer: "^Oh, it*+1s
1140E05 one of the finest illustrations for describing the flurotic condition
1150E05 of the teeth." ^*I sank back into my chair. $^They say that pictures
1160E05 tell their own story. ^They tell, in fact, different stories to different
1170E05 people. ^This is where photography becomes *3communication.
1180E05 ^So much of today*'s communciation is done by television that the traditional
1190E05 photo-and-journalism combination has been pushed to the background
1200E05 by the electronic image. ^It has made a radical encroachment into
1210E05 the newspaper and magazine reader*'s time. ^The competition has
1220E05 seen the end of some of the world*'s best-known journals. *3^*Life
1230E05 for example, and *3Look and *3Picture Post. $^Mercifully, the
1240E05 situation in India is less grim. ^If it is hopeful, it is not because
1250E05 of television but in spite of it. ^The threat to ink-on-paper journalism
1260E05 from the idiot-box is still a far cry in this country. ^In the
1270E05 last few years, there has been a magazine explosion, though a number
1280E05 of them are film journals. ^Many young people fresh from college are
1290E05 taking to the camera. ^Some of them have already made a mark as up-and-coming
1300E05 photojournalists. $^The big newspapers have, no doubt,
1310E05 their own staffers. ^Nevertheless, there is still scope for the freelancer.
1320E05 ^The large business houses have begun using photojournalistic
1330E05 techniques in their publicity ventures. ^Their annual reports and house
1340E05 journals are full of pictures. ^As in other trades, the rewards
1350E05 are high for those who are outstanding and lucky. ^But, for the most,
1360E05 the pickings are meagre compared with other jobs which are less exacting.
1370E05 ^Successful freelancers often have a part-time staff job on
1380E05 a national paper or agency. ^They spend their spare time reading magazines,
1390E05 finding ideas and shooting stories to_ sell on speculation.
1400E05 ^This is hard but there is an element of gamble in the game. ^There
1410E05 are also others, only a few, who have made the grade and are big names.
1420E05 ^They wait on commission from editors and agencies in India and
1430E05 abroad. ^They are in demand. $^This is the tragedy of photojournalism
1440E05 in India. ^It is confined to a limited circle of successful photographers.
1450E05 ^Until and unless this elitist group grows-- with more and
1460E05 more talented youngsters graduating into the circle-- photojournalism
1470E05 will continue to_ be the profitable occupation of a privileged
1480E05 few. $^Our editors have much to_ do in this regard. ^They should
1490E05 promote pictorial features in a big way and encourage the camera to_
1500E05 report for them. ^Of late, there has been a drop in the number of
1510E05 photographs one finds in newspapers. ^No longer do they subscribe to
1520E05 foreign picture agencies. ^There are no Indian agencies either; not
1530E05 even a feature service handling pictures. ^The Press Information
1540E05 Bureau*'s picture service fills a gap as far as the small newspapers
1550E05 and magazines go. ^They need to_ diversify their coverage, not
1560E05 confine themselves only to the offcial goings-on in the Capital.
1570E05 ^While \0UP and \0UPI handle both words and pictures, \0PTI
1580E05 and \0UNI feel satisfied with words. $^There are a number of camera
1590E05 clubs in the country which are active and have large memberships.
1600E05 ^Some of them, such as the Photographic Society of Bombay, were established
1610E05 as early as 1937. ^The primary aim of these clubs is to_
1620E05 promote photography. ^They have done this with a sense of dedication
1630E05 over the years. ^In fact, had it not been for the pioneering work of
1640E05 some of their founding members, photography would have remained a mere
1650E05 leisure-time hobby of the elite in the country. $*<*319th-Century
1660E05 Approach*> $^This is no exaggeration. ^What the photo clubs have not
1670E05 been able to_ achieve is to_ develop a dynamic attitude towards
1680E05 photography among their members, which will be in keeping with the rapid
1690E05 strides in the world of communication. ^Most clubs favour pictorialism.
1700E05 ^Their approach to photography is that of the painter-- an
1710E05 approach more akin to 19th-century easel painting than to contemporary
1720E05 trends in photography (or painting, for that_ matter). $^*I am not
1730E05 here questioning the validity of pure pictorialism as an essential
1740E05 sphere of photography. ^What worries me is the tendency to_ limit the
1750E05 scope of this great visual medium without taking fuller advantage
1760E05 of its unique power. ^Photography does not belong to the realm of the
1770E05 painter. ^It is not a poor relation of high art. ^The photographer
1780E05 should have artistry. ^But, when he pursues artistic values too sedulously,
1790E05 the picture he produces will be playing the ape to another
1800E05 art form rather than expressing the true nature of the madium of photography.
1810E05 ^It is the prerogative of the camera to_ record the present
1820E05 as a reliable witness-- and this is what is going to_ make photography
1830E05 a witness to the past as well.*#
        **[no. of words = 02021**]

        **[txt. e06**]
0010E06 **<*3ABOUT COLLECTION MANIA AND COLLECTION MANIACS*0**> $^Man is a born
0020E06 collector, but the reason why people collect, be it watches, clocks,
0030E06 or shoes, is as vague as the items collected. ^Like the Army Colonel
0040E06 who collected wines of different types, saying he would make a
0050E06 cocktail of the wines and take it on his death bed. ^Psychologists,
0060E06 in their own technical jargon have put it some thing like this, "^The
0070E06 tendency to_ collect things stems from the inhibition of the paraconscious,
0080E06 which is a result of the suppression of the subconscious, which
0090E06 is again due to a "Freudian complex of Ego, stimulation versus
0100E06 self subjugation which again has..." $^Whether you are a Bigwig or
0110E06 a Tagrag, some collections go along with life. ^As a tiny tot you
0120E06 collected the platform tickets and toys then you seemed fascinated
0130E06 with dolls and marbles. ^You set foot into your teens, and collected
0140E06 jokes. ^As you grew older, you collected those classified "matrimonials"
0150E06 and then a wife. ^Children followed next, as a collection. then
0160E06 you collect a family and with it the never ending nags from your
0170E06 wife, not to_ talk of the worries. ^Old age and grey hair come next.
0180E06 ^You collect mementoes trophies and also the sweet memories of the
0190E06 youthful days. ^You recollect your collection of kisses and love letters.
0200E06 ^Then, you die and someone else does the collection of your
0210E06 fading snaps and your memories. $^Some people collect the queerest things
0220E06 conceivable, Tutankhamon the Egyptian King of the 13th century
0230E06 \0B.C. who was the first collector on record, for example collected
0240E06 walking sticks. ^He was so much attached to his collection, that
0250E06 in his will he stated that "the entire collection be buried in my tomb
0260E06 in the event of my death." $^A sub-inspector in lucknow had a go
0270E06 at long hairs sported by young boys and collected them. ^He then used
0280E06 to_ gaze over his "weekly booty" for hours with a 'on the top of
0290E06 the world' feeling. ^Then there is another Police Officer who takes
0300E06 pleasure in collecting Long moustaches.' ^He has a record moustache,
0310E06 two feet long which he says was acquired from a dacoit of the
0320E06 Chambal area, through a barber. $^*Sir Winston Churchill collected,
0330E06 apart from cigars, hats, both used and unused. ^On his visits to
0340E06 foreign countries he made it a point to_ get at least one cigar of each
0350E06 brand available. ^Hats also caught his fancy. ^He was so avid a collector
0360E06 of hats that once he took possession of a hat from one of his
0370E06 guests almost forcibly. ^Most of us are probably, not aware of this
0380E06 hat collecting facet of this genuis. $^Equally interesting are the
0390E06 collections of a German man Paul Richter. ^He collects razor blades
0400E06 and has gained the distinction of possessing a unique collection
0410E06 of more than 8,000 of those flattened and sharpened metals. $^He
0420E06 shot into fame some years back when he found his name in a number of
0430E06 German magazines. ^He has been collecting these just on an impulse
0440E06 since the past 30 years and the oldest one is from 1904. ^He takes
0450E06 great care of his collections. ^Collectors have a passion akin to
0460E06 that_ of lovers*'s for their hard earned collections. ^At least, the
0470E06 fact that Li-Yi-An, one of China*'s greatest poets of the 10th
0480E06 century \0A.D. and her husband Tehfu were great collectors of books
0490E06 and art objects, inspite of their poverty, are a proof to this.
0500E06 $^When Henry *=2*'s physician suspected that the King was turning
0510E06 into a hypochondriac, he coaxed him to_ start 'collecting' as his
0520E06 hobby. ^The King started collecting artistically designed and engraved
0530E06 cutlery. ^It developed so far that the king turned into a kleptomaniac.
0540E06 ^His wife, they say, used to_ check his pockets before leaving
0550E06 dinner parties. $^*King Charles *=2 had more than 75 clocks ticking
0560E06 away in his chamber when death got the better of his. **[sic**] ^Doctors
0570E06 and psychiatrists suggested cultivating the habit of collecting something
0580E06 to_ sterile women to_ remove the complexes out of them, be it
0590E06 pets or buttons. $^It may be blood curdling to_ hear of this trend
0600E06 in the Naga community even until recent years. ^Boys could marry only
0610E06 after they collected a score of human skulls and displayed their
0620E06 chivalry before their fiancees. ^In fact a boy*'s worth was measured
0630E06 in terms of so many skulls collected. ^Thank God, they have become
0640E06 wiser now. $^The most dreaded piece of paper feared by people of my
0650E06 species is the Rejection Slip. ^But, I for one take great pleasure
0660E06 in collecting these. ^After all John Creasy, the celebrated writer,
0670E06 had more than 600 of these '\0R' slips. ^And now has an equal
0680E06 number of published works. ^Then, the literary genius, Somerset Maugham
0690E06 is said to_ have the world*'s largest collection of these. $^And
0700E06 then there are the eccentric collectors. ^*Peg Brecken collects
0710E06 sunrises and Captain Cook had a collection of sands from different
0720E06 places. ^People collecting kisses and worn out shoe soles aren*'4t
0730E06 unheard of. ^Then a 'cute young Thing' from Delhi collects autographs
0740E06 on places of great heights and interests. ^She showed off her 32*"
0750E06 of her vital statistics 32-28-34 for an autograph. $^And the story
0760E06 of a man who was worried about his wife*'s elopement only because she
0770E06 carried on her person one of the brooches from his collection. ^In
0780E06 fact, the things the people collect are too wide for any concise list.
0790E06 ^Someone said quite aptly that it depended on the grey cells and
0800E06 your bank balances. ^Don*'4t laugh at the maniac who, for vanity sake,
0810E06 bought off Victoria*'s Under Garment and Maggie*'s Bosom pads
0820E06 for his collection. $^Then there is the story of the old man from
0830E06 South America who died of shock when Zoologists told him that his
0840E06 treasured collection of 'Petrodactyll' feathers were nothing but
0850E06 feathers of the Indian crow.
0860E06 $**<'*3Shooting' Rhinos, Tigers & *4Langurs*0**> $^It was the European
0870E06 Sea-Eagle-- the squat dark body, flat topped head, great hooked
0880E06 beak and fierce golden eyes. ^The nest was atop a sturdy oak beside
0890E06 a swamp in Rumania*'s Leta Forest. $^As the camera began to_
0900E06 whirr, the bird screeched-- a plaintive *3keeookeii keeokeii*0,
0910E06 it was answered by her mate on an adjoining tree. ^The cameraman,
0920E06 concealed behind a well-camouflaged hideout, continued to_ shoot.
0930E06 $^The bird flapped its massive wings and rose majestically into the
0940E06 cloudless sky. ^It soared higher and higher, riding the air-currents
0950E06 until it became a speck against the vast blue. $"^It*'1s
0960E06 going to_ dive!" the cameraman said to himself as he quickly
0970E06 changed his lens. ^The eagle was gliding down in a wide spiral.
0980E06 $*<*3Spectacular Swoop*0*> $^The camera was barely started and
0990E06 the eagle swooped down at lightning speed. ^Its talons struck
1000E06 the water with a resounding splash and it again rose skywards with a
1010E06 large carp writhing in its claws. $^*I shot that_ spectacular footage
1020E06 for our television," said Karl-Heinz Kramer, the tall, burly
1030E06 German photographer. ^Although he speaks in halting English, the
1040E06 variety of evocative gestures and sounds he uses more than makes
1050E06 up for the lack of fluency. $"^With wildlife you don*'4t always get
1060E06 such spectacular shots," he admits. "^Cine photography in the wilds
1070E06 can be demanding and often hazardous; you need a lot of patience,
1080E06 determination and ingenuity." $*<*3Gunless quest*0*> $^He should
1090E06 know. ^He has made more than 200 wildlife films during the last 25
1100E06 years all over the world. ^He has filmed polar bears in the frozen
1110E06 Tundra and macaws in the steaming Amazon. ^While stalking herds in
1120E06 the African savannah, Herr Kramer has himself been
1130E06 stalked by the great cats. ^With bison, boar and elk, he has tramped
1140E06 across the European taiga on both sides of the Iron Curtain. ^And,
1150E06 throughout all this and much more, Kramer has never once carried
1160E06 a gun. $^He has also filmed wildlife in India-- since 1973,
1170E06 he and his wife Christel have spent 25 months in five trips
1180E06 in our jungles and sanctuaries. $"^Each of our films has either
1190E06 a single protagonist like the elephant, the rhino and the tiger or
1200E06 a group of species like monkeys, storks and deer," Christel Kramer
1210E06 explains in her charmingly German-accented English. ^She is an ash
1220E06 blonde with classic Teutonic features more suited to a film star
1230E06 than the wife of a wildlife photographer. ^She is a film editor
1240E06 and serves as a research assistant, a field journalist and, in
1250E06 general, is Woman Friday to Kari-Heinz who does the shooting,
1260E06 plans the safaris, writes and dubs the scripts and also sells the series
1270E06 to television centres the world over. $^Months, even years,
1280E06 of meticulous research and groundwork precede each series. "^But only
1290E06 after the expedition is launched comes the real test; we have
1300E06 to_ handle every detail in totally alien surroundings-- sometimes
1310E06 under the most trying conditions. ^There are rangers, wardens and other
1320E06 people to_ be contacted; scouts and trackers to_ be despatched;
1330E06 costly and fragile equipment to_ be lugged across strange and unfamiliars
1340E06 routes, tangles of red tape to_ be crossed and bureaucrats
1350E06 to_ be placated before we get to_ see the *8prima donnas*9-- the
1360E06 wild animals and birds. ^And that_ *3is*0 worth all the effort-- then
1370E06 we forget all our trials and hardships," says Christel. $^The kramers
1380E06 failed to_ film the fabulous "^*Flamingo City" in the great Rann
1390E06 of Kutch although they have been trying for the past four years.
1400E06 $*<*3Gruelling Camel Ride*0*> $^This year was the fourth
1410E06 attempt to_ film the elusive birds. ^Their scouts travelled to Khavda
1420E06 from Bhuj and then motored to Nir, the last human habitation
1430E06 in the Rann. ^A gruelling ten-hour camel ride brought
1440E06 them to the *4bets amid the salty lagoons where the flamingoes
1450E06 usually build their pail-like mud nests. ^To their dismay, the scouts
1460E06 found a vast flood encircling the flamingo colony. $^Moreover the
1470E06 flamingoes were already well launched on their breeding season;
1480E06 the spindly-legged downy chicks, herded by "nurse" flamingoes in
1490E06 the marshy flats, were well grown and therefore unsuitable for
1500E06 filming. $^The Kramers warmly recall the unstinted assistance they
1510E06 got from Indians in their quest of the flamingo. "\0^*Mr Reuben
1520E06 David, Superintendent of Ahmedabad Zoo, gave us valuable help and
1530E06 expert advice. ^In the field, but for the superb reconnaissance
1540E06 of Brigadier Irani and his boys of the Border Security Force,
1550E06 we would have wasted precious time and possibly damaged our sensitive
1560E06 equipme   in chasing false leads." $^Not all field trips end
1570E06 in disappointment. ^In Kaziranga early this year, when they were
1580E06 on their way to a pelican colony, the Kramers came upon a "rhino*'s
1590E06 toilet" smack in the centre of a vast sea of elephant grass. ^Fastidious
1600E06 creatures, the rhinos, unlike other beasts, use the same
1610E06 site day after day to_ ease themselves. $^The Kramers were about to_
1620E06 sit down near the great pile of ancient rhino-dung when a steaming
1630E06 and snorting rhino, obviously eager to_ relieve itself, charged
1640E06 them. ^Objecting to the "indelicate display" that_ would perhaps have
1650E06 taken place, the accompanying game warden fired in the air. ^Result:
1660E06 "No toilet for poor \0Mr Rhino that_ morning," said Karl-Heinz
1670E06 with a rueful laugh. $"^We got a remarkable sequence in the
1680E06 Periyar rain forest when we were shooting Nilgiri *4langurs leaping
1690E06 across a more than twenty-foot-long clearing in the forest. ^One
1700E06 adolescent male couldn*'4t make up his mind about the jump. ^For
1710E06 fifteen minutes he dithered on the tip of the branch, making
1720E06 many blustering false starts, always pulling himself back at the
1730E06 very last moment. ^The agony of indecision on the monkey*'s face
1740E06 was almost human. ^In the end, much to our relief and delight, the *4langur
1750E06 gathered himself in one spectacular effort and sailed across
1760E06 the gap in a thrilling graceful arc." $^While filming tigers,
1770E06 the Kramers refused to_ use *4machan and bait-- the traditional ploys
1780E06 of the *4shikari. "^Such a shot," says Christel Kramer, "is not only
1790E06 unauthentic but also very cruel. ^Just think of the luckless goat
1800E06 or buffalo lashed securely before the *4machan. ^What
1810E06 chance does it have against the tiger? ^We would rather abstain
1820E06 from filming than sacrifice a beast-- even if it be a mere goat."*#
        **[no. of words = 02008**]

        **[txt. e07**]
0010E07 **<*3Cultivating a kitchen garden*0**> $^Cultivating a kitchen garden has
0020E07 now become more of a hobby and a pastime among women. ^The average
0030E07 middle class housewife though interested in kitchen gardening
0040E07 hardly finds any space to_ cultivate her vegetables although
0050E07 she is aware that it would help her economically. ^Vegetable prices
0060E07 are rising steadily and they are beyond the reach of the common housewife.
0070E07 ^Kitchen gardening, therefore, is gaining a lot of importance
0080E07 today, and the housewife tries to_ make use of whatever little space
0090E07 that_ is available in the balconies or elsewhere. $^All the popular
0100E07 vegetables such as Tomatoes, Cauliflower, Cabbage, leafy vegetables
0110E07 \0etc. can be grown in your own house if you know the proper techniques,
0120E07 and hints with regard to planning your garden. ^Right from
0130E07 sowing the seeds indoors, transplantation, maturing, fertilising, pruning,
0140E07 pinching and harvesting \0etc. will be included in this feature.
0150E07 ^With a little effort on your part you will be able to_ grow enough
0160E07 vegetables for your needs, right through the year. $^We start this
0170E07 feature with tomatoes which can be grown very easily even if you
0180E07 have limited space. ^Tomatoes will flourish in containers, large or
0190E07 small, set on a sunny terrace, gallery or balcony. ^If you have neither,
0200E07 there are varieties that_ will grow in hanging baskets at windows
0210E07 with a southern exposure. ^Take your choice for it*'1s economical,
0220E07 and it allows you to_ choose varieties exactly suited to your family*'s
0230E07 needs and to your own particular gardening situation. ^Some
0240E07 of the popular varieties of tomatoes are Firestone, Raynold Super
0250E07 Giant, Bonny Best, American Mariglobe, Ponderosa \0etc. ^Select
0260E07 the variety that_ you are interested in and obtain the seeds from
0270E07 a standard seedseller. ^Sow them in boxes or earthen-pots at depths
0280E07 to_ suit their sizes. ^Large seeds may be sown 2 to 3 inches deep,
0290E07 while the smaller from 1/4 to 1/2 an inch deep to_ avoid excess of
0300E07 water during the seedling period. $*<*3How To_ Sow Seeds:*0*> $^Sow
0310E07 your seeds in pressed cardboard egg cartons. ^Fill the little
0320E07 cups with sphagnum moss leaving a little space on the top. ^Sow one
0330E07 seed in each cup of the cardboard egg carton, put some thin growing
0340E07 material over the seeds and envelop the container with a plastic wrap.
0350E07 ^Place this in moderate sunlight to_ germinate. ^In a few days,
0360E07 the seedlings will start to_ sprout. ^This is the time to_ remove the
0370E07 plastic wrap and remove the containers to the sunniest window-sill
0380E07 so as to_ enable the growing seedlings to_ have more sunlight and
0390E07 fresh air. $*<*3Preparing of the ground for cultivation*0*> $^Light
0400E07 or heavy soils may be used particularly for tomatoes. ^It is advisable,
0410E07 however, to_ dig heavy soil into ridges so that a greater surface
0420E07 area can be broken up. ^The ridges should be 2 1/2 \0ft. apart in
0430E07 which the tomatoes may be planted. ^The digging of the ground is
0440E07 equally important. ^It is wise to_ have the hold of the tool correctly
0450E07 fixed or set to one*'s height and arm movement by which one will
0460E07 be able to_ have the right lift and allow it to_ go into the ground
0470E07 as deep as it is made to_ bring its maximum quantity of soil up
0480E07 and over by digging systematically. $*<*3Transplanting:*0*> $^After
0490E07 a week or two, sprouting seedlings will fill up the cups with leaves
0500E07 having some roots at the bottom you will also notice some leaves. ^Transplant
0510E07 each to its own 3*" to 5*" pot, or transplantation bed filled
0520E07 with ordinary manure or domestic manure. ^The best time to_ transplant
0530E07 seedlings is at sundown or before midmorning. $^This can be
0540E07 made by everyone and particularly the housewife with least expense.
0550E07 ^The cheapest manure is none other than the kitchen refuse, leaves and
0560E07 wood ash. ^Besides this, cow, goat, pig or chicken manure is also
0570E07 ideal for such vegetable cultivation. $*<*3Transplanting:*0*> $^If
0580E07 you are transplanting seedings on a patch of land, the seedlings having
0590E07 some roots at the bottom and some leaves should be removed from
0600E07 the seedling-bed or pot or boxes carefully, keeping the ball of soil
0610E07 intact and transplanted on the patch of ground already prepared as
0620E07 above 15 \0in. apart in rows that are alternatively 1 \0ft. 9 \0in. and
0630E07 2 \0ft. 3 \0ins. apart. $^As they grow, start feeding the growing plants
0640E07 with a liquid fertilisers when the first truss of floweres has set
0650E07 and the fruit is beginning to_ swell. ^Frequent feeding gives best
0660E07 results, and should be confined entirely to the transplanted bed. ^Give
0670E07 about 2 pints per plant every alternate day and water them afterwards.
0680E07 ^All side shoots should be pinched out immediately as they appear,
0690E07 and dense foliage may be thinned to_ allow air and sunlight to_
0700E07 reach the fruit. ^All the tomato plants planted on a patch of ground
0710E07 need support. ^Bamboo can be used or lengths of string can be attached
0720E07 to_ overhead wires strung tightly from one end of a wall or
0730E07 pole to the other, about 4 to 6 \0ft from the ground. $^Tie other end
0740E07 of each string to the base of a plant, or to a short bamboo which
0750E07 can be driven in near base, and twist the string round the plant as
0760E07 it grows and needs support. $^The other way of cultivating tomatoes
0770E07 is by sowing the seeds in the open. ^Sow three seeds 1/2 \0in. deep
0780E07 at each point and cover it with a thin transparent or plastic cloth.
0790E07 the points of planting should be atleast 20 \0in. apart in rows
0800E07 2 1/2 \0ft. apart. $^Before planting in the final cultivating ground
0810E07 or transplanting bed/ ground, make the rows 2 1/2 \0ft. apart and
0820E07 allow 20 \0in. between the plants. ^Make a good hole and plant the
0830E07 ball of soil containing the roots when the seedlings have a few leaves
0840E07 on the top. ^Plant so that the top of the ball is about 1/2 \0in.
0850E07 below the level of the ground. ^Immediately after planting, put a
0860E07 strong 4 to 6 \0ft. bamboo into the ground at the side of the root ball.
0870E07 $^Do not remove the leaves of the tomatoes until they turn yellow;
0880E07 they manufacture the elaborated sap that_ feeds the fruit and helps
0890E07 it to_ mature. $*<*3Maturing:*0N $^To_ obtain fast maturing
0900E07 of the plants, fertilising the plants is vital. ^Feed tomatoes growing
0910E07 in containers, weekly, with all purpose plant food such as 5-10-10.
0920E07 ^One feeding should keep the plants producing abundantly for a fortnight.
0930E07 ^Water weekly or three times in a week unless there has been
0940E07 a good 2*" to 3*" rainfall. $*<*3Pruning & pinching*0*> ^As soon as
0950E07 the plants grow to average height of about 20 or 24 inches, care should
0960E07 be taken to_ see that the plant does not gravitate to one side
0970E07 only since this affects the plant and stunts its growth. ^The remedy
0980E07 lies in fixing a stick of one meter height strong enough to_ bear
0990E07 the plant*'s weight, next to the plant and tying the plant to it to_
1000E07 facilitate easy growth. ^Suckers will develop between main branches
1010E07 and the stem. ^Pinch these off. ^After the plant has bushed out and
1020E07 lots of blooms and buds appear, pinch off stems beyond developing
1030E07 buds to_ hasten the ripening of existing fruit. $*<*3Harvesting:*0*>
1040E07 $^The Firestone variety is very popular because of its attractive
1050E07 shape, rich shining colour and fine appetising flavour. ^So also is
1060E07 Reynold Super Giant which is of great commercial importance. $^This
1070E07 particular variety is grown on a large scale in north India and
1080E07 in Maharashtra. ^Vines are vigorous and produce an excellent crop
1090E07 even under adverse climatic conditions. $^Bonny Best is another popular
1100E07 variety which has its own charm attraction, and taste. ^*American
1110E07 Mariglobe introduced by the Department of Agriculture of United
1120E07 States of America some where in 1925 **[sic**] has now become a hot favourite
1130E07 all over India and is the first choice of every kitchen gardener.
1140E07 ^One should ensure that pests do not attack this variety and the
1150E07 moment it is noticed, effective measures should be taken to_ free
1160E07 the plant from further attacks of the pests. ^*Ponderosa is as popular
1170E07 as the later ones for vines are heavily set with large meaty and
1180E07 somewhat flattened fruits. ^In this, one will notice that these fruits
1190E07 are solid and weighty, flesh is firm and with small seed cavities.
1200E07 ^Harvesting the fruits in time is very important. ^When we notice
1210E07 that not a sign of green remains on the stem end, harvesting must be
1220E07 carried out. ^Keep picking tomatoes as they ripen to_ keep the plants
1230E07 producing. ^If we feel the harvest is over and still there are a
1240E07 few leftover green tomatoes hanging, the easiest way is to_ pull the
1250E07 tomato plants up by their roots and hang them upside down in a cool
1260E07 dark room when the remaining tomatoes will ripen. ^Pest control is
1270E07 very important in the cultivation of tomatoes as probable pests are
1280E07 "*8EPILACHNA-BEETLE*9" and "*8MILLOCERUS*9". ^These pests bore holes
1290E07 through the leaves into the fruit and then slowly envelop the whole
1300E07 crop. ^Beware of this calamity and avoid it in time so that all
1310E07 the efforts put into the cultivation are not lost. $*<*3Note:*>
1320E07 $*<*3*8Sphagnum Moss/ Bog-Peat*9 Moss:M> $^This variety is an off-shoot
1330E07 of peat-moss-- a vegetable matter decomposed by water and partly
1340E07 carbonised vegetable matter when decomposed, becomes *7Sphagnum
1350E07 Moss. $^Moss is an important group of plants that_ grow in almost
1360E07 every part of the world. ^There are thousands of different kinds
1370E07 of moss. ^Most moss grow best in places where the climate is moist
1380E07 and warm and the soil is damp. ^In places where the climate is cold
1390E07 and dry, moss shrivels up and looks as if it were dead. ^When the weather
1400E07 grows warm and there is rain, the moss comes to life again. ^Moss
1410E07 is found on tree trunks, on logs, on rocks and on objects in rivers.
1420E07 ^Some moss is pale green, some dark green, and there is moss that_
1430E07 is almost black. ^Moss is useful to other plants because it keeps
1440E07 their roots warm.
1450E07 $**<*3Cultivating A Kitchen Garden: Cabbage**> $^Cabbage is
1460E07 an easily grown vegetable and is grown in many parts of the world. $^Before
1470E07 we consider the different types of cabbage that_ can be grown,
1480E07 it is very important to_ prepare the soil. $*<*3Soil Preparation*>
1490E07 $^Generally cabbages grow in all kinds of soil, though the
1491E07 varieties that_ are ready for use naturally
1500E07 prefer a lighter soil which warms up quickly, after the turn of
1510E07 the year and encourages the roots to_ grow earlier. $^It is always
1520E07 better to_ cultivate cabbages by planting out in a field after a
1530E07 well manured crop. ^In any case, digging the soil over and adding well
1540E07 rotted compost at the rate of a large basinful per yard is
1550E07 necesary. $^When the soil is raked level for planting out, use fish
1560E07 manure at the rate of 3 \0oz. to a square yard. ^It is equally important
1570E07 to_ ensure that the soil is not acid. $pselect a seed-bed
1580E07 and water it well before the selected seeds are sown: pnow select the
1590E07 type of cabbages to_ be cultivated. ^Given below are the various types
1600E07 of cabbages that_ are generally grown in this country. $*<*31.
1610E07 Large Drumhead*> $^One of the best varieties, very large, weighing
1620E07 about 4 1/2 \0kg. each. ^It is large, flat, solid in its heads
1630E07 takes about 9 days to_ mature after transplantation. $*<*32. Golden
1640E07 Acre:*> $^A first class, very early, roundheaded variety of medium
1650E07 size, very uniform and solid. ^It takes about 60 days to_ mature
1660E07 after transplantation. $*<*33. Early Wonder:*> $^Ideal round-headed
1670E07 variety matures early round about 60-65 days after transplantation,
1680E07 yet producing large solid head weighing about 3 \0kg. under normal
1690E07 conditions. $*<*34. Savoy:*> $^Ideal for kitchen cultivation.
1700E07 ^Matures early and is very tender and delicious. $*<*35. Triumph:*>
1710E07 $^An early, medium-sized variety producing in about 50 days after
1720E07 transplantation, a uniform crop of pointed or conical shaped heads
1730E07 that_ are very solid, weighing 2 \0kgs. or more. $*<*3Sowing:*>
1740E07 $^After selecting the varieties, obtain packets of seeds and sow them
1750E07 in a semi-shade seed bed scratching out drills 1/2 inch deep and
1760E07 6 inches apart.*#
        **[no. of words = 02015**] ar

        **[txt. e08**]
0010E08 **<*3CULTIVATING A KITCHEN GARDEN*0 *3brinjals*0**> $*<*3Brinjals/ Egg
0020E08 Plants:*0*> $^Brinjal is a popular vegetable amongst people of all
0030E08 income groups. ^A wide variety of dishes can be prepared with brinjals
0040E08 ranging from *4chutney to several delicious dishes which can be
0050E08 prepared in the Indian style and Western style. $^Brinjal is a vegetable
0060E08 that_ can be grown round the year if proper care is taken
0070E08 with regard to its cultivation right from sowing to harvesting. $^Aubergine,
0080E08 also called brinjal or egg-plant comes in 2 varieties white
0090E08 and purple the latter being better in flavour. ^Brinjals grow well
0100E08 in loamy soil which is not only rich in organic matter, but is also
0110E08 warm. $*<*3Soil Preparation:*0*> $^Get the ground levelled and remove
0120E08 all the thistles and other unwanted matter before sowing the seeds.
0130E08 ^Allow the ground to_ dry well. and then start digging it mixing
0140E08 the soil well with rotted dung or compost. ^It should be ensured
0150E08 that the dung or the compost should be dug into the soil at the
0160E08 rate of 3 to 4 bucketfuls to 6 \0sq yards. ^Adding fish manure and bone
0170E08 meal at the rate of 4 \0oz. per \0sq yard will enrich the soil and
0180E08 give abetter yield. ^Allow the soil to_ settle for a few days before
0190E08 you start planting the seeds. $^Sow the seeds 1/2 inch deep on the
0200E08 seedling bed at normal distance making sure that when the plants germinate
0210E08 and grow, they do not rustle with each other. ^After about 3
0220E08 to 4 weeks remove them and plant them on the patch where they are to_
0230E08 grow. ^You can also sow the seeds directly on to the patch where
0240E08 they are supposed to_ grow. $*<*3Sowing:*0*> $^While transplanting
0250E08 the plants from the seedling bed, care should be taken to_ see
0260E08 that the root balls remain intact. ^This can be achieved by making holes
0270E08 around the base of the plant to_ make sure that the balls of
0280E08 soil are removed without disturbing the roots. ^Next comes the most important
0290E08 step in the cultivation of the plants. ^Transplant the seedlings
0300E08 firmly, in rows 2 feet apart with 20 inches between rows. ^Pinch
0310E08 an inch from the top of each plant to_ encourage boosting of branching.
0320E08 ^If more than six fruits form on one plant, thin them down to
0330E08 six, always leaving the best on the plant. $*<*3Harvesting:*0*> ^Brinjals,
0340E08 if carefully and property cultivated will yield excellent
0350E08 results, when compared to other vegetables. ^Watering the growing plants
0360E08 is necessary, but avoid excessive watering. ^Pick the brinjals
0370E08 when they grow to the size of a large hen*'s egg or in the case of longer
0380E08 varieties about 5 inches in length. ^It is at this stage that
0390E08 the flavour is fresh and not lost for a day or two. ^Always pick the
0400E08 fruits and collect them preferably in a cane basket so that they
0410E08 are exposed to fresh air. $*<*3Some Do*'3s and Don*'4ts:*0*> $1.
0420E08 ^Do not allow the leaves to_ remain dry throughout the day. ^But spray
0430E08 water over the leaves, particularly on the under-side of the leaves
0440E08 as usually these plants are attacked by red-spider and other common
0450E08 germs and insects which suck the sap causing the foliage to_ turn
0460E08 brown or ash-gray. $2. ^Do not allow any small plants to_ grow around
0470E08 the brinjal plants. ^Pick them up ensuring that the soil around
0480E08 the egg-plant does not turn up inside out. $3. ^The plants must be
0490E08 watered at least once in a day, preferably with a water can as a spray.
0500E08 $4. ^Remove all dirt and rotten leaves from the plants as infection
0510E08 of the plant diseases will soon spread from one plant to another.
0520E08 $**<*3CULTIVATING KITCHEN GARDEN *5KNOL KHOL*6*0**> $*5^*Knol Khol/
0530E08 Kohl*6 *4rabi known as *5Ganth Gobee*6 in Hindi, *4Nalu in Telugu
0540E08 and *5Navil Khol in Tamil is a popular vegetable all over India.
0550E08 ^There are two varieties of *5Knol Khol*6, known as Early White
0560E08 Vienna and Early Purple Vienna. ^The former is indicated by its
0570E08 light green and smooth skin, the flesh being white, tender and of delicate
0580E08 flavour while the latter though resembles White Vienna has
0590E08 a purplish colour with delicate greenish white flesh. **[sic**] $^Normally,
0600E08 *5Knol Khol*6 is sown or cultivated from August to December
0610E08 on the plains but on the hills it is sown from March to May, it
0620E08 is done so because during the period August to December, the rainfall
0630E08 is not very heavy and the weather is fairly cool while from March
0640E08 to May the weather is equally cool on the hills and the water resources
0650E08 are better. $^Essentially, *5Knol Khol*6 is a root crop but
0660E08 most of its root is really a swollen stem and grows above ground.
0670E08 ^Being a rapid grower, it makes a good cash crop. $*<*3Soil Preparation?*0*>
0680E08 $^Select a plot with light sandy soil and add a well-rotted
0690E08 compost at the rate of a bucketful to a square yard. ^Also add fish
0700E08 manure with 8 per cent potash content at 5 \0oz. per square yard.
0710E08 ^Thus a conditioned climate is created and this stimulates the seeds
0720E08 to_ germinate which will ultimately make the seeds mature in time
0730E08 and produce a rich yield of *5Knol Khol*6 within two months. $*<*3Sowing
0740E08 Procedure?*0*> $^It is better to_ sow the seeds in the last weeks
0750E08 of August or mid-March if on the hills. ^Sow the seeds thinly
0760E08 in drills 15 to 17 inches apart, at a depth of 1 inch or atleast 1/2
0770E08 inch. ^Thin out the plants to 8 inches apart when the seedlings are
0780E08 1 1/2 inches in height. ^It is also advisable that a second or follow-up
0790E08 thinning to 1 feet **[sic**] apart is done when the plants, are
0800E08 grown to half. $*<*3Post Sowing Plan?*0*> $^Water the plants liberally
0810E08 and remove the weeds so as to_ enable the root or the stem to_
0820E08 get full access to light and draw strength from water without any
0830E08 obstruction. ^Once in a week while irrigating add some fertiliser.
0840E08 ^Impeccable cleanliness is necessary around the plants. otherwise
0850E08 the pests will destroy the crop when ready for the harvest. $*<*3Harvesting?*0*>
0860E08 $^Harvesting *5Knol Khol*6 is a peculiar process unlike Cauliflower
0870E08 or Cabbage. the vegetable will not grow to the requisite
0880E08 size unless proper care is taken. ^In two months time and if harvest
0890E08 is earlier, the stem will be stunted in growth and will make the *5Knol
0900E08 Khol*6 to_ lose its flavour. ^If it is harvested after three
0910E08 months, the roots will be hard, coarse and disagreeable. ^A constant
0920E08 watch will help the cultivator harvest the vegetable in right time
0930E08 \0ie. when the roots are about the size of sweet limes or a little
0940E08 more but not less. ^The roots should be pulled gently. $*<*3General
0950E08 Care?*0*> $^It is essential that all possible care is taken against
0960E08 club root disease which is common to most of the root vegetables
0970E08 and *5Knol Khol*6 in particular since *5Knol Khol*6 belongs to the Cabbage
0980E08 family. ^This disease attacks the plants, pitting the leaves
0990E08 and also boring the flesh of the root-ball deeply. ^The only counteracting
1000E08 measure to this disease is dusting the leaves liberally with
1010E08 \0D.D.T. or Gammaxin. $^When hoeing between the rows, utmost care
1020E08 should be taken to_ ensure that the leaves are not injured. ^Hoe
1030E08 lightly, drawing the soil away from the roots rather than up to them.
1040E08 $**<*3My experience in developing a kitchen garden*0**> $^For the past
1050E08 eight years we have been living in rented houses. ^Last October we
1060E08 moved into the University quarters near the college where my husband
1070E08 works. ^My friends in metropolitan cities will envy me for the space
1080E08 we have in the quarters. $^Before marriage I was interested in
1090E08 developing a small kitchen garden in our house at Madras. ^By the
1100E08 time I could plan and start the work I got married and moved to
1110E08 the city of Lake Udaipur. ^*I thought my ambitions were going to_
1120E08 be fulfilled in the new house. (^We have got about 20*'6 x 30*'6
1130E08 in front and 20*'6 x 40*'6 at the back for developing a lawn and a kitchen
1140E08 garden respectively.) ^When I discussed this with my husband he
1150E08 replied that as long as I didn*'4t trouble him it was perfectly alright
1160E08 **[sic**] to_ develop any garden including a terrace garden. ^That_
1170E08 was the only green signal I needed. $^My friends were kind enough to_
1180E08 recommend *4Mali Magniram, quite a famous gardner in the staff colony.
1190E08 ^*I appointed him from 1st of November 1967 after finalising
1200E08 the wages \0etc. ^He was not only hardworking but also very talkative,
1210E08 he talks nothing but Mewadi-- the local dialect. ^In fact when
1220E08 I suggested demarking the area for different vegetables he put
1230E08 his foot down and said to me that developing a kitchen garden is his
1240E08 job and if anyone continued to_ interfere in his job he would quit. ^*I
1250E08 sensed the red signal and quietly withdrew from the scene. ^However my
1260E08 desire to_ develop a kitchen garden was so great so **[sic**] I followed
1270E08 his instructions. $^After a week he gave me an ultimatum to_ get
1280E08 the seeds and seedlings within two days. ^*I requested my husband to_
1290E08 go to the horticulture farm at 8 \0a.m. and get the items as desired
1300E08 by the *4mali (I pretended as though I had not heard his objections)
1310E08 ^To_ maintain peace at home(!) he bought the seeds \0etc and
1320E08 asked me to_ keep a separate account for the project-- Development of
1330E08 Kitchen Garden. $^*Mali Magniram was happy that_ evening when I
1340E08 showed the items and he was busy with them. ^The next day he suggested
1350E08 that I had to_ get **[sic**] a pipe for watering the garden. ^The
1360E08 present budget did not permit me to_ go in for this purchase for
1370E08 atleast two months. ^*I was perplexed for some time and then I told
1380E08 him to_ use the buckets until the *4Sahib gets the pipe. ^He kept
1390E08 quiet when I mentioned the *4sahib*'s name. ^After ten days he said
1400E08 that green manure is a must. ^With the help of the housemaid I got
1410E08 the manure on the very next day for fear of losing the mali. ^Everything
1420E08 was coming up nicely and the backyard was green. ^Even my husband
1430E08 started taking a few rounds on the cemented side opposite the
1440E08 kitchen garden (maybe appreciating the wife!) $^For some days the *4mali
1450E08 was busy with his work but never stopped talking in Mewadi (I
1460E08 started replying in broken Mewadi.) *4^Mali opened the topic of pipe
1470E08 once again. ^He further suggested that either myself or children
1480E08 could do the watering with the pipe. ^When I mentioned this to my
1490E08 better half he got annoyed and said the *4mali was not going to_ dictate
1500E08 terms. ^In the month of January when the budget permitted a
1510E08 pipe (50 feet length) was purchased. ^*Mangiram gave half an hour
1520E08 lecture about different types of pipe and finally concluded that our
1530E08 pipe was the best in the colony (perhaps he thought I should be given
1540E08 a certificate of merit!.) ^*I am sure he must be telling everyone
1550E08 the same thing. ^He then suggested that some spraying should be done
1560E08 with insecticides since dimake had come. ^The problem was solved
1570E08 with a great relief when a friend who happened to_ be a plant pathologist
1580E08 visited our house. ^He said that ash would serve the purpose
1590E08 since it might be difficult for us to_ arrange spraying \0etc. ^Like
1600E08 a sincere student I sprinkled the ash on the plants the next day.
1610E08 $^Raddish, turnip and spinach was coming very well. ^Normally I
1620E08 never used to_ purchase these in the market. ^But the situation is
1630E08 different now because these are grown in our kitchen garden, cauliflower
1640E08 and cabbage were not encouraging. $^Birds were creating a problem
1650E08 for peas. ^Tomatoes and onions were sown a little bit late. ^One
1660E08 fine morning my *4Guru (Mali) said that time had come to_ harvest
1670E08 the potatoes. ^According to expectations we were supposed to_ get
1680E08 15 times the seeds planted (5 \0kg). ^Everyone suggested ways and means
1690E08 to_ dispose 75 \0kgs of potatoes. ^After waiting for a week when I
1700E08 saw that the yield was only 15 \0kgs I was depressed.*#
      8 **[no. of words = 02013**]

        **[txt. e09**]
0010E09 **<*3CHAPTER*0 8**> $*<*3Brakes, Wheels and Tyres*0*> $\0Q. ^What
0020E09 are the reasons for rapid tyre wear? $\0Ans. ^The most important reason
0030E09 for rapid tyre wear is under-inflation or over-inflation of the tyre.
0040E09 ^Besides this, high speed causes excessive tyre wear. ^Tyre wear increases
0050E09 rapidly with speed and it is observed that the wear at 80 \0kms.
0060E09 per hour is double than **[sic**] the wear at 50 \0kms. per hour. ^Therefore,
0070E09 frequent rapid acceleration and braking and continued high speed
0080E09 driving result in heavy tyre wear. ^Misalignment and unbalanced
0090E09 wheels produce uneven tyre wear. ^Road surface finish also has an effect
0100E09 on tyre life. ^A rough road surface wears tyres rapidly whereas a wet
0110E09 smooth surface hardly at all. $\0Q. ^What can be the reasons for tyres
0120E09 not retaining pressure over a period? $\0Ans. ^All tyres lose air
0130E09 with time. ^It is advisable that the tyres are topped up to the specified
0140E09 pressure every week. ^It is also advised that before starting every
0150E09 day a visual check of the tyres should be made. $\0Q. ^What are the
0160E09 reasons for uneven tyre wear? $\0Ans. ^The tyres wear unevenly due
0170E09 to a number of reasons. ^A different wear pattern reflects the defects
0180E09 either in driving or in the mechanical composition of the car. ^If
0190E09 the tyre wears more on the shoulders than in the centre of the tread,
0200E09 this would indicate that the tyre was being run under-inflated. ^The
0210E09 opposite effect-- more wear on the centre portion of the tread, the
0220E09 sides being comparatively unworn-- indicates too high a pressure. ^Wear
0230E09 on one side of the tread only would suggest incorrect chamber angle.
0240E09 ^If the tyre wears unevenly in patches in a zig-zag form along the
0250E09 circumference, this is due to the tyre being incorrectly fitted on the
0260E09 rim, to a buckled wheel or to oval brake drums causing the brakes to_
0270E09 act unevenly. ^A badly imbalanced wheel will cause the tyre to_ wear
0280E09 unevenly. ^Even excessive braking on the driver*'s part affect **[sic**]
0290E09 tyre wear. $\0Q. ^What can be the reason for tyre burst? $\0Ans. ^A tyre
0300E09 burst mainly takes place only when the rubber casing of the tyre has
0310E09 been weakened. ^For example, if the tyre has been run while under-inflated,
0320E09 the walls are probably cracked. ^If the driver is unable to_ position
0330E09 his car properly and therefore habitually hits the curbs at an oblique
0340E09 angle so that the tyre is nipped, the tyre walls are likely to_ be
0350E09 cracked. ^When a tyre is damaged in this way there is usually no evidence
0360E09 of it on the outside, but the damage can easily be seen if the cover
0370E09 is examined on the inside. ^Such a cover is prone to_ burst. ^Sometimes,
0380E09 however, the outside appearance of the tyres clearly show **[sic**]
0390E09 the damage caused inside. ^Negligence on the part of the car owner
0400E09 to_ get the tyres retreaded in time sometimes results in the fibre
0410E09 of the casing to_ come out, which weakens the upper portion, and when
0420E09 tyres are inflated and run for a considerable distance, the pressure
0430E09 developed also increases and weakens the spots, resulting in tyre
0440E09 burst. $\0Q. ^Can there be any type of tyre wear other than already
0450E09 specified in the earlier questions? $\0Ans. ^There is one more type
0460E09 of tyre wear which is evident and is due to scuffing which indicates
0470E09 that the tyre is not rolling on the road surface but is also rubbing
0480E09 or skidding to some extent. ^The cause of this is incorrect wheel alignment
0490E09 and the toe-in requires to_ be checked. ^If such a defect is
0500E09 observed in the rear wheels, the chassis should be checked for alignment
0510E09 and the axle for displacement. $\0Q. ^Is it important to_ maintain
0520E09 correct tyre pressure? $\0Ans. ^A tyre is designed to_ operate
0530E09 at a certain pressure when installed on a car of known shape and characteristics
0540E09 and it is of utmost importance that this pressure be maintained
0550E09 to_ obtain the maximum service from the tyre. ^Under-inflation causes
0560E09 severe cracking of the tyre*'s side-walls and excessive wear. ^It
0570E09 is the cause of a majority of tyre bursts. ^Over-inflation, on the
0580E09 other hand, causes excessive thread wear and very frequent tyre changes.
0590E09 ^Both over and under-inflation cause dangerous defects in steering
0600E09 and control. $^If on visual check-up one tyre shows a pressure far
0610E09 below the other, look for the cause before adding more air. ^This situation
0620E09 is an indication of impending tyre trouble. ^Cars should not be run
0630E09 on flat tyres even for a very short distance. ^This practice will
0640E09 ruin both the tyre and the tube. ^Repairs on tubes can be made in glue
0650E09 patches in emergencies if the puncture is not too large. ^Tubes should
0660E09 be repaired by vulcanising. ^Emergency repairs of tubes should be
0670E09 made by the insertion of a boot or a patch. ^This boot should be removed
0680E09 as soon as possible because it interferes with the wheel. ^A hole
0690E09 in a tyre can be repaired by vulcanising it, if it is not extensive.
0700E09 ^Worn away tyre treads should be replaced by either of the process of
0710E09 retreading or repairing if the casing is still in good condition. ^It
0720E09 is observed that tyres can safely be retreaded upto three times if maintained
0730E09 properly. there are instances when tyres have been retreaded
0740E09 upto six times. $\0Q. ^What particular attention does a tyre require?
0750E09 $\0Ans. ^During visual inspection if it is observed that any object
0760E09 is embedded into the tyre surface, this should be removed. ^However,
0770E09 if any nail or similar object is observed in the tyre while driving
0780E09 do not try to_ remove it there itself but after driving to the nearest
0790E09 repair shop. ^If the nail is removed, the air will immediately
0800E09 pass out of that_ punctured portion. $^The car should not be run on a
0810E09 soft tyre even for a few hundred yards. ^This will easily take off the
0820E09 life of the tyres for a few thousands of miles. ^Also never allow
0830E09 weight of the car to_ rest on a flat or a very soft tyre. ^If a car
0840E09 is to_ be out of use for a considerable time, jack it up and place supports
0850E09 under the axles so that no weight comes on the tyres. $^The tyres
0860E09 which take the steering, wear out much faster and it is advised
0870E09 that the front pair of the tyres is always in good condition as it affects
0880E09 the steering ability of the car, as also the braking while cornering
0890E09 and even on straight ahead positions. ^The steering tyres wear
0891E09 out faster because of the road chamber and wear tends to_ be uneven
0900E09 on the inner side tyres than on the off side. ^Wear can be evened
0910E09 out by changing the tyres as shown in the figure 7. $\0Q. ^What precautions
0920E09 should be taken while fitting and removing tyres? $\0Ans. ^Some
0930E09 difficulties in fitting or removing tyres is observed when an attempt
0940E09 is made to_ stretch the tyre over the wheel. ^Steel wires are embedded
0950E09 in the edges of the tyre and these cannot be stretched. ^If excessive
0960E09 force is used there is every likelihood that the wires will be broken
0970E09 and the edges of the tyres damaged. ^It is always wrong to_ use
0980E09 a method in which a great force is required to_ put the tyre on or
0990E09 take it off the wheel. $^While removing a tyre from a wheel, first completely
1000E09 deflate tyre by removing the valve core. ^Then place the wheel
1010E09 flat on the ground and stand on the tyre moving the foot all round
1020E09 so as to_ break the adhesion between the tyre and the rim. ^Turn the
1030E09 tyre over and repeat the process on the other side of the tyre. ^The
1040E09 tyre should now be free of the rim and ready for removal. ^Insert
1050E09 the end of the tyre lever under the edge of the tyre at the valve position
1060E09 and apply pressure to the free end of the lever so as to_ lift the
1070E09 edge of the tyre over the wheel rim, at the same time pressing the
1080E09 tyre edge into the wheel of the rim at the opposite side of the wheel.
1090E09 ^Bend the lever so inserted and as far as possible at the sides also.
1100E09 ^Now insert the second lever close to the first and lift more of
1110E09 the tyre edge over the rim. ^Three tyre levers may be used if required
1120E09 but normally two are sufficient. ^When about half of the tyre has
1130E09 been lifted out of the wheel rim, it should be possible to_ pull the
1140E09 remaining edge by hand. ^For removing the tube, press the valve out
1150E09 of the hole in the wheel rim. ^The tube should then be pulled out of the
1151E09 tyre. ^If the tube has been position for a long time, it will
1160E09 probably be sprung up inside of the tyre and care should be taken
1170E09 not to_ pull the rubber or the tube may be patched. ^With one tyre
1180E09 edge clear of the rim, there is little difficulty in levering out the
1190E09 remaining edge if the instructions already given are followed. $^The
1200E09 procedure for fitting the tyre to the wheel is just the reverse of removal.
1210E09 ^Place the tube into the tyre before the latter is fitted to
1220E09 the wheel and inflate it slightly sufficient to_ maintain the shape of
1230E09 the tube. ^Now pull the tube out of the tyre a little at the point where
1240E09 the valve is attached so as to_ allow the valve to_ be inserted into
1250E09 the hole in the wheel rim. ^When this has been done, screw the retaining
1260E09 nut on to the valve to_ prevent it from slipping out of the hole.
1270E09 ^Now fit the first tyre edge to the wheel using the method described
1280E09 earlier. ^With the first tyre edge fitted, commence to_ fit the second
1290E09 tyre edge starting opposite the valve using the tyre lever to_
1300E09 place the tyre edge over the wheel rim. ^Use the levers close together:
1310E09 trying to_ take too big a bite only results in difficulty. ^Make sure
1320E09 that a tyre edge goes into the well of the rim as it is fitted. ^Do
1330E09 this by pressing the edge down all the way round using the hands or
1340E09 feet, but the last part to_ go in must be at the tyre valve position.
1350E09 ^Finally inflate the tyre slightly and note if it is true with the
1360E09 rim. ^There is a rib of rubber running round each side of the tyre near
1370E09 to the wheel rim, and this rib must be the same distance from the
1380E09 rim all the way round, otherwise the tyre will wobble as the wheel turns
1390E09 and it will wear unevenly. ^Bouncing the wheel after inflation on
1400E09 that_ part of the tyre which is too far in the rim should cure the
1410E09 trouble. ^A better practice could be to_ inflate and then deflate
1420E09 the tyre. ^This will allow the tyre to_ settle in the rim itself. ^Finally,
1430E09 inflate the tyre to the correct position. $\0Q. ^How are valve cores
1440E09 removed from the tyre valves? $\0Ans. ^The valve cores are screwed
1450E09 into the valve and may be unscrewed by means of a slotted tool which
1460E09 is inserted into the valve until it engages with the flat top of
1470E09 the valve core. ^If the tool is then rotated in an anti-clockwise direction
1480E09 the valve core will be unscrewed. ^The same tool is used for screwing
1490E09 the valve core back into the valve. $^To_ check if a valve is
1500E09 leaking, the cap could be removed and covered with some moisture. ^Bubbles
1510E09 indicate leakage. $\0Q. ^What can be the reasons of wheel not
1520E09 running true? $\0Ans. ^This may be due to a buckled wheel or to an incorrectly
1530E09 seated tyre. ^It is possible that extremely worn wheel bearings
1540E09 could cause the wheel to_ run out of true. ^Jack the wheel off the
1550E09 ground so that it can be turned. ^Some fixed point must be arranged
1560E09 so that it is almost touching the rim. ^A pencil or similar article
1570E09 can be held on the top of a box by a weight and placed so that its end
1580E09 is close to the edge of the wheel rim at about axle level.*#
        **[no. of words = 02028**]

        **[txt. e10**]
0010E10 *<TINY PRAWN PUFFS*> $^Separate: $2eggs $Mix until smooth: $2 \0ozs
0020E10 (55 \0gms) flour $egg yolks $Add and mix together: $salt $pepper $sugar
0030E10 **[flower bracket**] a pinch of $1 green chilli $twig celery $tiny
0031010 onion $6 \0oz (165 \0gms) prawn $1/2 pint milk **[flower bracket**]
0040E10 very finely chopped $Beat stiffly and fold in:
0050E10 $egg whites $Deep fry in smoking hot: $oil $Drain well and serve hot
0060E10 or cold. $*3Variations: $(1) ^Grated cheese may also be substituted
0070E10 or added to either vegetables or meats. ^Cheese gives it a richer
0080E10 flavour. $(2) ^Any other meats such as chicken, ham, fish, \0etc. may
0090E10 be substituted for prawns, or even a mixture of meats may be used.
0100E10 $(3) ^For vegetarian puffs use very finely chopped mixed vegetables instead
0110E10 of prawns and add more seasoning. $*<TOASTED SANDWICHES*>
0120E10 $^Normally one eats sandwiches with plain bread. ^As a variation toast
0130E10 the bread. ^They make crunchy sandwiches: $butter $slices of bread
0140E10 (crusts removed) $^Spread any of the following fillings between the
0150E10 slices, butter the outer slice too and grill under the griller. ^Turn
0160E10 on the other side, butter and grill again. $*3Filling (vegetarian)
0170E10 $(1) Grated cheese mixed with a pinch of chilli powder, prepared
0180E10 mustard & cream $(2) Grated cheese, mayonnaise & nuts $(3) Grated
0181E10 cheese, finely chopped onion, celery & butter $(4) Cream cheese,
0190E10 ground garlic, finely chopped chives or onion $(5) Seasoned
0200E10 cream cheese with finely chopped lettuce $(6)Mixed boiled vegetables
0210E10 & mayonnaise $(7) Mixed boiled vegetables, sweet mango pickle & butter
0220E10 $(8) Green chutney $(9) Sauted mushrooms with salt and pepper $(10)
0230E10 Mashed banana with pinch of salt, sugar and cinnamon $(11) Grated
0240E10 apple, with finely chopped celery, walnuts and pinch of cinnamon
0250E10 $(12) Pulp of avocado, onion juice, lime juice, dash of tomato ketchup
0260E10 $(13) Peanut butter & nuts $(14) Peanut butter & sweet pickle $(15)
0270E10 Slice of cheese with *4chutney spread on it. $*3Filling (non-vegetarian)
0280E10 $(1) Sardines mashed with lime juice and pepper $(2) Cooked
0290E10 and mashed liver and bacon $(3) Finely chopped hard-boiled eggs,
0300E10 onion and coriander leaves mixed with mayonnaise $(4) Scrambled eggs
0310E10 with finely chopped green chillies $(5) Anchovy paste with cottage cheese
0320E10 $(6) Pastes of different kinds, \e.g. chicken, liver, tongue, ham,
0330E10 \0etc. $(7) Seasoned sausage meat with a dash of mustard $(8) Minced
0340E10 crab meat, lobster, prawns or any sea-fish mixed with mayonnaise $(9)
0350E10 Finely chopped hard-boiled eggs mixed with sour cream and a pinch
0360E10 of chilli powder $(10) Finely chopped hard-boiled eggs with chopped
0370E10 olives and nuts $(11) Finely chopped hard-boiled eggs with finely chopped
0380E10 chicken and mayonnaise $(12) Avocado pulp, chopped shrimps and
0390E10 mayonnaise or tomato ketchup $(13) Caviar, finely chopped onion and
0400E10 lime juice $(14) Mix together home-made mustard, a pinch of pepper a
0410E10 dash of worcestershire sauce and butter spread on slices of bread. ^Place
0420E10 a slice of chicken, or ham, steak \0etc. and grill $(15) ^Vary the
0430E10 fillings according to what is available and what is at hand. $^Open
0440E10 sandwiches called "*7smorgasbord" in Danish can also be spread with
0450E10 the same fillings as for "Toasted Sandwiches" with a little garnish
0460E10 of parsley, celery, lettuce, pickled gherkins, sweet pickle and so on.
0470E10 $^Slimmers! enjoy an open sandwich as it dispenses with the second
0480E10 bread slice. ^The slice may be white, brown, rye or any that_ is preferred.
0490E10 ^Spread over with any of the sandwich fillings. $*<VEGETABLE
0500E10 COCKTAIL *4KABABS*> $^Chop finely: $1 onion $Fry in: $a little oil
0510E10 $until golden. $^Chop coarsely: $1 carrot $1 green chilli $6 french beans
0520E10 $and saute with the onion for about 3 minutes. ^Add water and boil
0530E10 until water evaporates. $^Boil, peel and mash: $3 large potatoes $boil:
0540E10 $3 \0tblspns peeled and shelled peas $mix together all the above
0550E10 ingredients thoroughly and also the following: $1 \0tblspn worcestershire
0560E10 sauce $1 \0tsp powdered sugar $ 1/4 \0tsp red chilli powder $1 \0tblspn
0570E10 chopped coriander leaves $salt $^Form balls the size of large marbles
0580E10 and roll in: $gram flour And then in: $bread crumbs $deep fry
0590E10 in hot: *4ghee or oil $until brown. ^Serve hot. $*<WAFFLES*> $^Waffles
0600E10 are a great favourite with both old and young. ^The most important
0610E10 thing about making waffles is that the mixture should not be beaten
0620E10 too much. ^For lighter waffles you may beat the eggs whites separately
0630E10 and fold in the mixture at the end. ^See that the waffle-iron
0640E10 is hot. ^Rub a little oil on both the sides of the iron. ^Pour just
0650E10 enough batter in the centre of the iron (about 3 to 4 \0tblspn so that
0660E10 when the cover is put on, the batter will not ooze out. ^It will take
0670E10 about 3 to 5 minutes for the waffle to_ be ready: an indication
0680E10 is when the steam stops coming out of the waffle-iron after about 3
0690E10 minutes try and lift up the cover and if it is still stuck to the iron
0700E10 it obviously means the waffle is not ready; leave it for another
0710E10 minute or so and when the top comes off easily the waffle is ready.
0720E10 waffle may be eaten for breakfast, lunch or tea or even served with
0730E10 ice-cream for dinner. ^This is the basic recipe for waffles which you
0740E10 can vary as you wish. $^For lighter waffles substitute 1/2 quantity
0750E10 of buttermilk for milk. ^A few variations are given below: $^Sift together:
0760E10 $2 cups flour $2 \0tsps baking powder 1 \0tsp powdered sugar
0770E10 1/2 \0tsp salt $^Beat together: $3 eggs $4 \0tblspns oil $1 1/2 cups milk
0780E10 $^Make a well in the sifted ingredients and pour in the beaten mixture
0790E10 and mix together. ^Keep for 30 minutes. ^Pour 3 to 4 \0tblspns
0800E10 of the batter on to a heated waffle-iron to_ bake. $^Serve with: $honey
0810E10 $or treacle and butter $*3Variations $^Add to the basic mixture:
0820E10 $(1) 1/4 cup chopped *4sultana and 1/4 cup chopped cashewnuts $(2)
0830E10 1/2 cup crisply fried and crumbled bacon $(3) 1/4 cup crumbled bacon
0840E10 and 1/4 cup grated sharp cheese $(4) 1/2 cup of either chopped ham
0850E10 or chopped chicken or both $(5) 1/2 cup of chopped crab meat or chopped
0860E10 prawns $(6) 1/2 cup of finely chopped mixed fruits $(7) 1/4 cup
0870E10 grated cheese $(8) 1/2 cup boiled rice tastes good with *4masala
0880E10 chicken on top $*3To serve on waffles: $(1) Scrambled eggs $(2)
0890E10 Creamed chicken, creamed eggs, creamed vegetables $(3) *4^Masala chicken
0900E10 $(4) Any leftovers $*<WHITE SAUCE*> $^Heat and mix together:
0910E10 $2 \0tblspns butter $2 \0tblspns oil $3 \0tblspns flour $When blended,
0920E10 gradually add: $1 cup water $so that no lumps form. ^Then mix in and
0930E10 simmer together until thick: $1 cup milk $salt and pepper $1 \0tsp
0940E10 sugar. $^This same sauce is called Veloute Sauce, if 1 cup water is
0950E10 substituted by 1 cup stock of chicken, veal, fish or other meats. $*<COCKTAILS*>
0960E10 $"^Come to cocktails at seven." ^A frequent invitation
0970E10 for a convivial evening. ^Cocktails? ^How did it originate? ^As
0980E10 the word suggests the primitive cocktail of the Manhattan pioneers
0990E10 consisted in cock*'s tails dipped in a concoction of red peppers (pimentos)
1000E10 with which they tickled their throats to_ incite them to_ drink.
1010E10 ^The french invented the drink-- the word *7Coquetel' bears testimony
1020E10 to this. ^There is also the *4Swadeshi cocktail-- purely non-alcoholic.
1030E10 $*3Cocktails (alcoholic)-- ^The drink itself consists
1040E10 of a base of brandy, gin, whisky or rum \0etc., the quantities of which
1050E10 should not be below 50% nor exceed 60% of the concoction. ^The alcohol
1060E10 base may be mixed with lemon, soda-water, egg-whites, \0etc. ^Cocktails
1070E10 are appetizers and should not be too sweet, nor have too much of
1080E10 cream or egg. ^They must whet the appetite, not ruin it! $^To_ serve
1090E10 cocktails you must have the basic equipment consisting of a bottle
1100E10 opener, an ice-bag, a pair of tongs, a lemon squeezer, a cocktail shaker,
1110E10 a sharp knife, an ice mallet to_ break the ice, a strainer, a
1120E10 large spoon, a large jug, a cork-screw (to_ open the bottles), a muddler
1130E10 for mashing sugar and bitters, a stirring stick and, of course,
1140E10 cocktail glasses-- generally a thick bell-shaped glass having a foot
1150E10 or stem, so that it retains its chill. $^Next, the liquor base of
1160E10 the cocktails-- whisky, brandy, rum, gin, champagne, vodka, vermouth,
1170E10 a mixture of 4 liquors together and no more. $^Garnishes should also
1180E10 be at hand, such as, lemons, oranges, olives, cherries, pineapple, squashes
1190E10 and whatever else pleases the palate. $^Besides all these cocktails,
1200E10 people love to_ have straight drinks such as whisky & soda, or
1210E10 whisky on the rocks; brandy; gin and lime; or gin, lime & soda; rum,
1220E10 cola, vermouth, beer \0etc., and of course the short eats have to_ go
1230E10 with them. $^Here are some typical cocktails and before we go on let
1240E10 us give you a simple sugar syrup recipe. ^In an emergency powdered
1250E10 sugar may be substituted. $^Bring to the boil: $1 part water $2 parts
1260E10 sugar $Cool, chill and refrigerate. $*3Cocktails (alcohol) $^When
1270E10 1 peg is mentioned in the book, it means 1 large peg-- 60 millilitres
1280E10 = 2 \0ozs. when 1/2 peg is mentioned it means 1 small peg = 30 millilitres
1290E10 = 1 \0oz $BASIC MARTINI $^Shake together in a cocktail
1300E10 shaker: $1 cup crushed ice $1 peg dry vermouth $1 peg sweet vermouth
1310E10 $6 pegs gin $^Pour out into chilled glasses and add to individual
1320E10 glasses: $a dash of bitters $Pop in an: $olive $at the bottom of each
1330E10 glass $*3Variations: ^Instead of an olive use a small pickled
1340E10 onion and it becomes a gibson. $BLOODY MARY $serves 2 $^Shake well
1350E10 together in a cocktail shaker: $1 cup crushed ice $3 pegs vodka $1
1360E10 cup tomato juice $2 \0tsps lemon juice $1 \0tsp worcestershire sauce
1370E10 $2 drops tobasco or chilli sauce $pinch of salt $Pour out into chilled
1380E10 glasses. $*BRONX $serves 4-6 $^Shake well together in a cocktail
1390E10 shaker: $1 cup crushed ice $1 peg dry vermouth $1 peg sweet vermouth
1400E10 $1 peg orange juice $5 pegs gin $^Pour into chilled glasses and add
1410E10 a slice of orange with peel $on and a toothpick going through it.
1420E10 $CHAMPAGNE COCKTAIL $(individual serving) $*3For a special occasion:
1430E10 $^Mix in a Champagne glass: $1/2peg sugar syrup $1/2peg brandy
1440E10 Fill the glass to the top with chilled champagne $Add: $2 dashes
1450E10 chatreuse $2dashes bitters $DAIOUIRI COCKTAIL $(individual serving)
1460E10 $*3Another famous cocktail: ^Shake togrther in a cocktail shaker:
1470E10 $1/2 cup crushed ice $1 large spoon (bar spoon) lime juice $1 peg
1480E10 bicardi rum (white rum) $1 peg sugar syrup $Pour into a cocktail glass.
1490E10 $GIMLET $serves 4-5 $^Shake well together in a cocktail shaker:
1500E10 $1 cup crushed ice $1 peg sugar syrup $2 large pegs lime juice
1510E10 $5 large pegs gin $^Pour into chilled glasses. $*3Variations: $1.
1520E10 ^Use vodka instead of gin. ^Vodka is now becoming very popular and is
1530E10 often used instead of gin in many drinks. $2. ^Substitute 1 peg of
1540E10 orange juice for 1 peg of lime juice and the gimlet changes to orange
1550E10 blossom. $GIN BITTERS $serves 2 $^Shake well together in a cocktail
1560E10 shaker: $1 1/2 cups crushed ice $2 pegs gin $3 dashes of angostura
1570E10 bitters $^Pour into chilled glasses. ^Fix a slice of orange on the
1580E10 glass. $GIN FIZZ $(individual serving) $^Shake well together in
1590E10 a cocktail shaker: $1/2 cup crushed ice $1 peg sugar syrup $1 \0tblspn
1600E10 juice of lime $1 1/2 pegs gin $Add $1/2 bottle of soda water $Stir
1610E10 and serve. $*3Variations: $1. ^Silver fizz is made by shaking
1620E10 1 egg white with the rest of the ingredients. $2. ^Other fizzers are
1630E10 made by substituting gin, with brandy, rum or whisky-- called brandy
1640E10 fizz, rum fizz, or whisky fizz. $MANHATTAN $^Pour over an ice cube
1650E10 in a chilled cocktail glass: $2 pegs whisky, bourbon or scotch $1
1660E10 peg sweet vermouth $a dash of bitters $a slice of lime $Garnish with
1670E10 $a maraschino cherry (optional). $OLD-FASHIONED COCKTAIL $(individual
1680E10 serving) $^Crush: $1 lump sugar $Moisten with: $2 dashes angostura
1690E10 bitters $1 \0tsp water or cherry juice and line it in a heavy based
1700E10 tumbler, or an old-fashioned glass.*#
        **[no. of words = 02006**]

        **[txt. e11**]
0010E11 **<*3*5SA RE GA MA PA*6 OF HINDUSTANI MUSIC*6*0**> $*3^IT WAS DURING*0
0020E11 the interval of a Ravi Shanker recital at the Sapru House,
0030E11 New Delhi. ^An ecstatic young thing was telling another, "^Wasn*'4t
0031E11 it wonderful! ^Though why did he take so long warming up, I can*'4t
0040E11 understand." "^Yes," said the other, "The fun started only after
0060E11 the *4Tabla player came on the scene." $^With the passage of time
0070E11 and more specially with the growing acceptance of Indian classical
0080E11 music in the West, Pandit Ravi Shanker is the 'in thing' even
0090E11 in India. ^But God knows only a miniscule minority has any idea as
0100E11 to what our *5Shastriya sangit*6 is all about. $^Yes, the most important
0110E11 thing about Indian classical music is that it is *4Shastriya
0120E11 or according to clearly set out rules. ^*Music in India is not merely
0130E11 the unbridled expression of emotions; the expression has to_ be
0140E11 according to certain melodic principles made sacrosanct by recorded
0150E11 treatises and given a measure of flexibility by performing masters over
0160E11 the ages. $^Broadly speaking, Indian music has never broken itself
0170E11 loose from its religious moorings. ^Music everywhere has sprung
0180E11 from the Church but elsewhere the musician has gone ahead and snapped
0190E11 the umbilical chord that_ bound it to the icon and the pulpit. ^In
0200E11 India, the musician even today talks of his vocation as '*4sadhana'
0210E11 and a means to achieving '*4moksha' or salvation. $^Not that our
0220E11 music has refused to_ recognise emotions other than the sublime. ^But
0230E11 for the worldly thoughts, it has thrown up different forms like the
0240E11 *4thumri *4gazal and *4dadra while its *4gharanedars or traditional
0250E11 singers have resolutely stuck to lofty idealism associated with their
0260E11 classical music. $^From times immemorial, the musicologist has accepted
0270E11 the existence of two kinds of music: The *5Margi Sangit*6 or the
0280E11 music for the Path of Salvation and the *5Deshi Sangit*6 or the
0290E11 Music of the Masses. ^The salvation-path music was supposed to_
0300E11 be unchangeable while the other kind could change according to times.
0310E11 ^Interestingly, however, it has been the change in the *5Margi
0320E11 Sangit*6 that_ has given Indian music its aura of mysticism and
0330E11 out-of-this-world charm. ^If the *4vedic thought went through the
0340E11 crucible of the *4Upnishadic enquiry and results, the *4Sufi and
0350E11 *4Bhakti movements, how could its musical offspring remain unchanged?
0360E11 $^The *4vedic music was simple, direct and evocative as only chant
0370E11 music can be. ^Then musicianship started to_ assert itself. ^The
0380E11 earlier history is not very clear but Sharangdev, the 12th, 13th
0390E11 Century musicologist, mentions Prabandh Vastu and Rupak as current
0400E11 forms. ^The musical scale had also fully evolved by that_ time
0410E11 and the *4raga system had fully asserted itself. ^It is interesting
0420E11 to_ note that *4Dhrupad and *4Dhamar, these days referred to as
0430E11 'time honoured styles', came later. ^In fact, *4Dhrupad is said to_
0440E11 be an evolution of *4Dhruvapad of the same times and it literally
0450E11 means the constant song. *4^*Dhrupad held unchallenged sway for two
0460E11 hundred years or more when the *4Khayal style started making its
0470E11 hesitant entry somewhere in the fifteenth century. ^It may be interesting
0480E11 to_ note that the celebrated musician Tansen was a *4Dhrupad
0490E11 singer. $^Since both the *4Dhrupad and *4Khayal styles are in vogue
0500E11 today, it will be easier to_ understand the basic urges of our music;
0510E11 its peculiar concept of beauty and its relationship to the philosophical
0520E11 thought of India, if we broadly grasp their forms. $^Both
0530E11 *4Dhrupad and *4Khayal styles of singing have two clearly definable
0540E11 compartments-- slow and fast singing. ^It is imprortant to_ state
0550E11 that in Indian musical tradition, instrumental music is supposed
0560E11 to_ follow the vocal format so what is said of vocal music generally
0570E11 holds good for instrumental music as well. $^In *4Dhrupad style,
0580E11 the artiste first sings the *4alaap with the help of 'nom tom', words
0590E11 that_ mean nothing. ^The *4alaap is supposed to_ unfold the *4raga
0600E11 in all its stages and the compositional singing with the rhythmic
0610E11 accompaniment comes afterwards and is less important than the *4alaap.
0620E11 ^An average instrumental music recital follows the same pattern
0630E11 and hence the talk of 'warming up' is absurd. ^In our music, the slower
0640E11 exposition is considered to_ be more important, the 'words' have
0650E11 only a secondary place. $^The *4khayal singer, because he found his
0660E11 audience not quite able to_ digest the full dose of abstract music,
0670E11 resorted to the use of the words and rhythmic accompaniment right
0680E11 from the beginning. ^Thus evolved the practice of the slow and the
0690E11 fast *4Khayal. $^It is important to_ note here that even though the
0700E11 *4Khayal singer made an important formal change in the *4Dhrupad
0710E11 style, he did this more as a tactic at audience-enticing than as a
0720E11 fundamental change in the essentials of music. ^*I have asked great
0730E11 musicians like Pandit Krishnarao Shanker and Ustad Amir Khan and
0740E11 they have confirmed that once the composition is rendered the main
0750E11 occupation of the musician is to_ unfold the *4raga. ^Words merely
0760E11 help. $*<*3^Music and worship*0*> $*3^UNCONSCIOUSLY,*0 it would
0770E11 seem, our musicians seem to_ have followed the Indian attitude towards
0780E11 idol worship. ^The idol is not god but it is a good means of concentrating
0790E11 one*'s vagrant mind on god. ^It must lead to the comprehension
0800E11 of the Undefinable, Limitless Lord. ^Similarly the text
0810E11 of a *4Khayal might give a starting point to a musician; a kind of
0820E11 convenient peg to_ hang his musical ideas upon. ^It might also give
0830E11 a sort of tangible emotion to the listener to_ grasp at the start
0840E11 of the recital. ^But the musician always seeks to_ unfold the *4raga.
0850E11 ^The labyrinth of language is a snare deliberately set to_ be
0860E11 broken later to_ move into the realm of pure melody, unsullied by
0870E11 words. ^For in music, the melody strives to_ exist by itself and needs
0880E11 no linguistic prop. $^Thus when you hear classical music, do not
0890E11 get involved in the text of the *4Khayal being sung. ^Lend your ear
0900E11 to the emerging melodic form and you would have reached the essence
0910E11 of music. ^Many of our foremost singers have been notorious mispronouncers
0920E11 of the words and yet their music has swayed generations of
0930E11 music lovers. $^In fact, it would be wiser to_ go a step forward
0940E11 in this direction and to_ examine the lighter forms of music as well.
0950E11 ^In semi-classical forms like *4thumri and Dadra, the word becomes
0960E11 important and the musician attempts to_ give it musical interpretion.
0970E11 ^The process is technically called '*5bol banana*6'. ^In *4ghazal
0980E11 singing the musical content yields further place to the poetry while
0990E11 in popular music the word is supreme. ^Music must become its vehicle.
1000E11 ^Thus in terms of the aesthetics of music the dominance of language
1010E11 in the song is a downhill journey. ^Or in the words of \0Dr.
1020E11 Saxena, the well-known thinker and writer, in Indian classical music
1030E11 the linguistic minimum is the aesthetic absolute. $^We have talked
1040E11 of the *4raga in Indian music. ^Now what exactly is a *4raga? a
1050E11 rough definition of a *4raga is that it is an arrangement of musical
1060E11 notes in which cretain notes are emphasised and certain others completely
1070E11 ignored in the ascending or the descending order. ^However,
1080E11 the *4raga is an integral entity. ^It has a personality and a basic
1090E11 emotional character of its own. ^And since it is an integral and not
1100E11 single dimensional entity, a *4raga lends itself to a myriad of emotional
1110E11 interpretations depending upon the capability, attitude or
1120E11 the mood of the musician. ^It is no wonder, therefore, that a *4ragacan
1130E11 be utilised both for achieving the highest musical *4samadhi and
1140E11 for creating a flippant film song. $*<*3^State of *4samadhi*0*> $*3^THE*0
1150E11 basic urge of Indian classical music is the achievement of
1160E11 a state of trance or *4samadhi. ^This is achieved by the slow, contemplative
1170E11 *4alaap portion. $^Consider for a while an average Indian
1180E11 classical music recital. ^The *4alaap portion-- be it an instrument,
1190E11 a*4dhrupad *4alaap or a slow *4khayal-- follows this pattern. ^The
1200E11 musician proceeds at a deliberate, leisurely pace. ^He does not use
1210E11 all the notes of the *4raga in one go. ^On the contrary, he takes
1220E11 up first the lower octave and then very gradually goes on notes from
1230E11 higher octaves, discarding lower notes as he proceeds. ^This process
1240E11 of gradual use of the scale is known as '*4barhat' which literally
1250E11 means carrying forward. $^This scheme leads to a cyclic unfoldment of
1260E11 the *4raga. ^The musician emphasises each note but also **[sic**] continues
1270E11 to_ expand his reference. ^Thus, while the melody proceeds linearly,
1280E11 the music goes on in advances, ripples of note combinations. ^In
1290E11 every *4raga, there is one pivotal note called the *5vadi swara*6.
1300E11 ^The melody must emphasise it. $^Among the many graces used in our music,
1310E11 the *4meend or the glide is the most important. ^It is this *4meend
1320E11 that_ lends to our music its characteristic dreamy charm. ^This
1330E11 technique also reminds one of the gliding figures of Konarak and
1340E11 Ajanta. ^On the other hand, the ripple-like cyclic movements are obviously
1350E11 the melodic use of the yogic techniques of contemplating through
1360E11 *4mandalas and *4chakras. $^It is basically this meandering movement
1370E11 that_ induces a hypnotic state or the state of a trance in
1380E11 Indian classical music. ^Whether it uses words as in the *4khayal
1390E11 style or it just uses a few meaningless syllables, the *4raga unfoldment
1400E11 gradually lifts you into another plane of experience where nothing
1410E11 but the melody remains. $^But our music does not end with this
1420E11 state of trance. ^It continues to_ find its finale in another gradual
1430E11 burst of speed building up to a crescendo. ^While our ancient music
1440E11 must have faster singing as well but the *4tana singing of the *4khayal
1450E11 style followed by most of the popular instruments is the result
1460E11 of Muslim influence on our music. ^It is notable that ancient instrument
1470E11 like the Been and Surbahar do not make use of super fast
1480E11 speeds and *4dhrupad style of singing also uses very fast tempo but
1490E11 rarely. ^What is the aesthetic significance of the super fast speed?
1500E11 $^For an answer to this question one must look to the *4Sufi concept
1510E11 of divine ecstacy or '*4Haal' as it is sometimes called. ^The *4Sufis
1520E11 believe that unlike the still posture of the Indian saints,
1530E11 the state of religious ecstacy induced frenzied activity before all
1540E11 became still. ^The *4drut singing of the *4khayal style is but the musical
1550E11 representation of this concept. $^In our musical tradition the
1560E11 divinity of a musical note has always been accepted. *4^*Naad is *4Brahma.
1570E11 ^The ancient texts refer to a single note a *4swara meaning
1580E11 '*5swayamev ranjyate*6' or one that is beautiful by itself. ^It is
1590E11 clear that only divinity can exist as beauty independent of everything
1600E11 else-- time, space or any other reference. ^This also explains the
1610E11 Indian musicians*' practice of emphasising each and every note and
1620E11 the concept of '*5Swara Sadhana*6'. $^From the foregoing, therefore,
1630E11 these conclusions emerge. ^*Indian classical music is not dependent
1640E11 upon language for its exposition. ^The slow movement is more important
1650E11 since it leads to contemplation. ^The *4raga system is the musical
1660E11 manifestation of the ancient Indian metaphysical thought and
1670E11 the *4drut singing of the *4Khayal style is the beautiful result of
1680E11 the *4Sufi impact on our religious attitudes. $^Though Indian classical
1690E11 music is generally divided into the *4Carnatic and *4Hindustani
1700E11 branches, there is no denying the fact that, in their essence,
1710E11 both the musical systems are the same. ^The writer does not claim expert
1720E11 knowledge of the *4Carnatic music but he has heard enough South
1730E11 Indian musicians to_ say with confidence that with some variations,
1740E11 the two systems have retained their basic unity remarkably.
1750E11 $^Having noted the salient features of our music, it will be profitable
1760E11 to_ acquaint ourselves with some of our great musicians. ^Such
1770E11 an exercise should make our understanding of our music clearer. $^The
1780E11 most important factor in the evolution of the practice of music in
1790E11 recent times has been the evolution of *4gharanas. ^Since the British
1800E11 did not quite care for Indian music, the musicians attached themselves
1810E11 to the native Princes and their courts and their music came
1820E11 to_ be labelled as the music of the *4gharana of the patron-prince.*#
        **[no. of words = 02011**]

        **[txt. e12**]
0010E12 **<THE WORLD OF THE *4GHAZAL**> $^Arriving in Dubai on a hot and
0020E12 sultry day in July, the first sound of music that_ reached my ears
0030E12 and touched my heart, was the melodious, emotion-laden voice of Mehdi
0040E12 Hasan '*5Ranjish hi sahi dil ko dukhaane ke liye aa.' 'aa phir
0050E12 se mujhe chhor ke jane ke liye aa.*6. $^As the Arab cabbie was busy
0060E12 adjusting the voice volume, my mind wandered back to Bombay*'s Birla
0070E12 Hall, where a few months ago I had heard the 'King of *4ghazals'
0080E12 sing the same melody to a packed house. ^Incidentally, Mehdi Hasan*'s
0090E12 Indian tour was not worked out in Pakistan, but in Canada, where
0100E12 he had gone to_ give concerts. ^On subsequent days in the Gulf,
0110E12 I had numerous occasions to_ listen to *4ghazal singing by celebrated
0120E12 singers like Lata, Rafi, Farida Khanam and Munni Begum. ^Brisk
0130E12 sale of *4ghazal cassettes and \0LPs goes on there and these are
0140E12 standard items of the baggage of many a returnee-expatriate. $^In
0150E12 the course of the last few years, the *4ghazal has acquired an unprecedented
0160E12 popularity in the sub-continent which is its natural habitat.
0170E12 ^In many other countries where Indians and the Pakistanis reside
0180E12 in sizeable numbers, it has become a way of life. ^It is an 'in' thing
0190E12 at social functions and is considered a mark of cultural refinement.
0200E12 $^There are many factors for the *4ghazals' instant appeal to
0210E12 the refined taste of the elite as well as that_ of the uninitiated,
0220E12 but an important and, perhaps, primary factor is its rhythmic pattern
0230E12 which is the same as used in Indian classical music. $*<*3Cultural
0240E12 significance*> $^However, the overriding factor is that the *4ghazal
0250E12 represents a culture-- the Urdu culture, which is the synthesis
0260E12 of many cultures-- Persian, Arabic, Turkish and Hindi. ^It is a refined
0270E12 version of the four to_ suit the genius of the people who have
0280E12 adopted it as their own. ^The *4ghazal, thus, is the weather-vane of
0290E12 the state of Urdu culture. ^If the *4ghazal thrives, Urdu culture
0300E12 thrives and vice versa. $^*Urdu culture is in no way synonymous to Muslim
0310E12 culture as some people erroneously consider it to_ be. ^It is
0320E12 one of the indigenous Indian cultures. ^If one goes to Saudi Arabia,
0330E12 Egypt or Iran or any other Muslim country, one cannot fail to_
0340E12 notice the great difference that_ exists between the cultures of
0350E12 those countries and Urdu culture. $^Religion, no doubt, plays a part
0360E12 in the growth of cultures, but religion is only one of the many factors
0370E12 and certainly not the most important one. $^*Urdu is as different
0380E12 from Arabic as, say, English is from Italian. ^*Urdu is only slightly
0390E12 closer to Persian, but still quite different from it. ^In fact
0400E12 Urdu is much closer to Hindi than to Arabic or Persian. ^All
0410E12 the verbs in Urdu are derived from Hindi. ^*Urdu can be much better
0420E12 understood by a Hindi-speaking person than by an Arabic or Persian
0430E12 speaking person. $^Politics and political considerations have,
0440E12 unfortunately, divided Hindi and Urdu by identifying the two languages
0450E12 with two communities or two religions, ignoring the basic fact
0460E12 that all Muslims do not speak Urdu and all Hindus do not speak Hindi.
0470E12 ^These languages do not have religious moorings. ^It will be
0480E12 more correct to_ say that they have regional or even sub-regional
0490E12 moorings. $^Considered in this context, the *4ghazal is merely a form
0500E12 of literature developed and nurtured in Urdu language, an indigenous
0510E12 language, as part of Urdu culture. ^The *4ghazal did exist in Persian
0520E12 and Arabic even before it was introduced in Urdu, but this statement
0530E12 is only true so far as the *4ghazal as an art form is considered.
0540E12 ^In Urdu it acquired a distinct multilingual idiom, imagery and thought.
0550E12 ^As it grew, it gained in refinement through the interaction
0560E12 of various languages. ^It acquired stronger local moorings. ^Today,
0570E12 the modern Urdu *4ghazal is totally Indian in content and concept
0580E12 while maintaining the original literary form. $*<*3Characteristics*>
0590E12 $^So much for *4ghazal and its cultural significance. ^The next
0600E12 question, before one tries to_ define a *4ghazal is, what are the characteristics
0610E12 of the *4ghazal which distinguish it from other forms of
0620E12 poetry. $^A good *4ghazal has to_ be subtle, gentle and compressed
0621E12 in expression. ^What can be expressed
0630E12 in the medium of *4ghazal can be said in thousand and one ways. ^But
0640E12 the *4ghazal writer says it in fewer words, because he has to_ say
0650E12 it in two short lines which have the added discipline of rhyme and
0660E12 meter. ^Therefore, in a good *4ghazal there is no room for word-padding.
0670E12 ^The hallmark of good expression in *4ghazal is the tightness of
0680E12 the language. ^No words should be superfluous. ^In reverse, every
0690E12 word used should add to the meaning and the test of an ideal line in
0700E12 *4ghazal is that even if one word is dropped, the thought content gets
0710E12 affected. $^The better the *(ghazal-writer*) the more stickler
0720E12 for the correct choice of words he has to_ be. ^The connoisseurs of
0730E12 *4ghazal would never fail to_ note, and much less condone any weakness
0740E12 in the form of expression. $^The *4ghazal also requires subtlety
0750E12 of expression and meaning. ^Many a time, it takes the form of dual
0760E12 meaning. ^The *(ghazal-line*) provides a gentle provocation to the mind
0770E12 of the reader or the listner, to_ think beyond the superficial
0780E12 or ostensible meaning of the lines. ^If he stops at the ostensible meaning,
0790E12 enjoys it, gets lost in it, he is free to_ do so, but if another
0800E12 person looks beyond the apparent meaning and discovers the subterraneous
0810E12 thought in it, he enjoys it better and more intensely. $*<*3Subterraneous
0820E12 Meanings*> $^There exists a great misconception about
0830E12 the scope of the *4ghazal. ^Detractors of this art form belittle it
0840E12 by such side remarks as "*5Yeh kissa hai gul aur bulbul ka*6". ^It
0850E12 is the story of the flower and the nightingale). ^This essentially reflects
0860E12 their own attitude and the limits of their understanding, as
0870E12 in most cases, they are not able to_ discover the latent or subterraneous
0880E12 meanings of the couplet. $^To_ illustrate the point, an eminent
0890E12 proponent of *4ghazal who preceded Ghalib, is Mir Dard. ^He was a mystic,
0900E12 a *7suffi and a deeply religious soul. ^He lived a chaste life, far
0910E12 far away from the pleasures of wordly life-- the jug and the bottle and
0920E12 the rest. ^But his *4ghazals are full of idioms and thoughts, which
0930E12 if superficially understood, would paint a totally opposite picture.
0940E12 $^The following couplet of Momin, a contemporary of Ghalib, eminently
0950E12 illustrates the point-- apparent meaning versus subterraneous meaning.
0960E12 **[quotation**] ^O *7allah, how misled is this man Momin, that_
0970E12 leaving behind the idol and the temple, he is now on his way Kaaba,
0980E12 alongwith a devout and pious man (muslim). $Subterraneous meaning.
0990E12 ^The essence of faith is to_ be loyal to your cause. ^Disloyalty to
1000E12 your cause, whatever it may be, is the antithesis of faith. ^And therefore,
1010E12 Momin, a muslim, who all his life lived in the midst of idols
1020E12 and who has loved them, when he leaves these symbols behind and decides
1030E12 to_ move to Kaaba, a symbol of islam, is guilty of an act of disloyalty.
1040E12 $^Yet another subterraneous meaning would be that it is not
1050E12 what religion or society one is born into, that_ should determine one*'s
1060E12 faith. ^Instead it should be determined by what one believes in
1070E12 and decides to_ be loyal to. ^Man*'s steadfastness and his convictions
1080E12 are the supreme test of his religion and not the symbols that_ surround
1090E12 him. ^In other words, a man has to_ be judged by his convictions
1100E12 and not by where he lives and how he prays \0etc. $^In this couplet
1110E12 of 18 words, Momin has expressed profound thoughts and the limits
1120E12 of its meanings are the limits of the readers*' own imagination
1130E12 and understanding. $*<*3Faiz Ahmad Faiz*> ^There is a well known
1140E12 couplet of Faiz Ahmad Faiz: **[quotation**] ^The things that_ were
1150E12 not at all mentioned in my narrative, those nonexistent things seem
1160E12 to_ have disturbed her (my beloved) the most. $Subterraneous meaning:
1170E12 ^This couplet is a vivid commentary on the subtleties of dealings
1180E12 among people who share an undefined delicate relationship. ^In this
1190E12 context, one should visualize a situation where one partner may or
1200E12 may not be the lover, relates a story embellished with detailed narration
1210E12 of events, but carefully and studiously avoids references to
1220E12 certain episodes, realizing full well that they were those very episodes
1230E12 the listener (beloved) was most intensely interested in hearing about.
1240E12 ^He also very well knows beforehand that this will greatly disturb
1250E12 and annoy the listener and yet he feigns surprise over the reaction
1260E12 of his beloved. $^*Faiz does not use the words "the lover" and
1270E12 "the beloved." ^He leaves it to the reader to_ visualize it with reference
1280E12 to his own experiences. ^*Faiz also does not say what was the
1290E12 story. ^He does not define what parts were narrated and which were
1300E12 left out. ^And yet he describes a human experience. ^The gaps have
1310E12 to_ be filled in by each according to the wealth of his or her experience.
1320E12 $^This distinctive quality of the *4ghazal can be noticed in
1330E12 all the couplets included in this article and the reader can himself
1340E12 discover them if he tries to_ look beyond the experience. $*<*3Compression*>
1350E12 $^Another distinctive trait of the *4ghazal is that it
1360E12 abounds in similies and metaphors. ^Partly, these are embellishments
1370E12 which add to the beauty of the expression, and partly these are necessitated
1380E12 by the characteristics of this form, that_ is, its pithiness.
1390E12 $^For expressing a profound thought, in the framework of a few words
1400E12 similies and metaphors come very handy. ^For example, the following
1410E12 couplet: **[quotation**] ^How luckless, how unfortunate Zafar is,
1420E12 that after his death, he could not get even two yards of space in
1430E12 his beloved*'s lane for his burial. $^These lines tell the tragic tale
1440E12 of the life of the last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar
1450E12 his deposition, the beheading of his young sons by the British and
1460E12 his exile to Rangoon. ^The expression beloved*'s lane, brings out the
1470E12 nostalgia and longing for the lanes of Delhi (*5Dilli ki galiyan*6)
1480E12 for his lost kingdom, or for the whole of India, his motherland.
1490E12 $*<*3Imagery*> $^*Hasan Naim, leading exponent of the modern *4ghazal
1500E12 who has given a new and rich imagery to Urdu poetry, expresses
1510E12 a complex and sensitive thought of human relationship in the following
1520E12 couplet: **[quotation**] $^To_ come close to even one person is a
1530E12 long spiritual journey. ^As for myself, I travelled for years in my
1540E12 quest for love, to_ realize that only the shadow of my physical being
1550E12 could reach my beloved. $*<*3Definition*> $^It is easier to_ recount
1560E12 the characteristics of the *4ghazal as has been attempted in
1570E12 preceding part, than to_ formally define the *4ghazal. ^It is so because
1580E12 as stated in the introductory part of this article, the *4ghazal
1590E12 is a form of poetry which is so closely identified and linked with
1600E12 a culture that, unless one could define that_ culture, one cannot
1610E12 define the *4ghazal. ^A culture has to_ be experienced to_ be lived
1620E12 with, to_ be felt. ^It cannot be defined. ^The dictionary meaning of
1630E12 *4ghazal is misleading-- it is, 'dialogue with a woman.' ^That this dictionary
1640E12 meaning is totally incorrect and wholly inadequate, is proved
1650E12 by the following *4ghazal of Iqbal: **[quotation**] $^There is
1660E12 no dialogue with a woman in this *4ghazal. ^On the contrary, it is a
1670E12 deep and profound commentary and critique of the philosophy of creation
1680E12 and the relationship between man and his Creator. $^It does not,
1690E12 however, mean that the *4ghazal is devoid of the expression of love.
1700E12 ^It is a form of amatory poetry also. $^A *4ghazal consists of several
1710E12 couplets; but each couplet has to_ be complete in itself. ^The
1720E12 entire thought or idea must be conveyed in one couplet. ^Secondly,
1730E12 one complete *4ghazal has got to_ be in one meter. ^Change of meters
1740E12 as in English poetry or as in Indian '*4geet' is not permissible.
1750E12 ^Thirdly, the last words of all couplets have to_ be similar sounding;
1760E12 for example, if the last word of the first couplet is 'good', the
1770E12 last words of succeeding couplets have to_ be 'hood', 'wood' or 'should',
1780E12 so on and so forth.*#
        **[no. of words = 02031**]

        **[txt. e13**]
0010E13 **<*3Rita Ganguly: Trend-Setter**> $^There is a quality of silence
0020E13 in the auditorium. ^From behind the curtain, the faint droning of the
0030E13 *4tanpura barely penetrates the hush. ^People walk in, huddle together
0040E13 and then settle down for the musical evening ahead. ^This is the
0050E13 first performance in Bombay of a woman who has been a dancer of
0060E13 renown and a singer with the distinction of being the *4shagird of two
0070E13 great names in the world of Hindustani classical music: Siddeshwari
0080E13 Devi and Begum Akhtar. $^When the *4mehfil opens, Rita
0090E13 Ganguly, an intense, *(kohl-eyed*) woman, takes the audience
0100E13 in hand, as it were, and with it sets out on a musical journey of joy.
0110E13 ^She begins with a *4thumri and proceeds confidently to_ weave a
0120E13 string of familiar and unfamiliar compositions-- some heard often from
0130E13 Begum Akhtar or Siddheshwari and some attractive because of their
0140E13 yet undiscovered newness. ^Those who look for the stamp of the *4gurus
0150E13 in her art find that her own concept of melody and the construction
0160E13 of musical notes intermingles with her heritage to_ create a more
0170E13 original and individualistic singing style. $^She sings *4thumris, *4dadras,
0180E13 *4chaitis, *4horis, *4jhoolas and *4ghazals with the confidence
0190E13 of an artist who is used to creating joy, giving it to the audience
0200E13 and taking back from it a larger, deeper measure of joy and appreciation.
0210E13 $*<*3A Determined Person*> ^The quality that_ impresses one
0220E13 most about the personable Rita Ganguly is her determination. ^She knows
0230E13 where she wants to_ go and is prepared to_ muster the strength and
0240E13 hard work to_ reach her goal. "^*I am a singer of the lighter variety
0250E13 of classical compositions by choice," she says, "and I sing *4khayals
0260E13 only when I know that, without adding a rendition of *4khayal
0270E13 to my performance, I cannot get into a particular music conference
0280E13 or festival. ^But a day will come when there will be entire programmes
0290E13 devoted to *4thumri and *(ghazal-singing*) alone. ^That_ is the day
0300E13 I live for". $^In spite of this burning devotion to her music, Rita
0310E13 was once an equally devoted Kathakali dancer. ^In fact, if her childhood
0320E13 and upbringing are any indication, she was almost born to_ be
0330E13 a dancer. ^Smooth-complexioned and large-eyed, she has a tremendous sense
0340E13 of movement and expression and a flair for using shapes and colours.
0350E13 $^*Rita was born in a family of freedom fighters in the archaic city
0360E13 of Lucknow. ^Her father, \0Dr *(0K. L.*) Ganguly, was a recognised
0370E13 authority on Goethe and translated *3Faust into Bengali verse.
0380E13 ^He was an important short story-writer and one of the founders of
0390E13 *3The National Herald. \0^*Dr Ganguly*'s house was "home" to politicians,
0400E13 scholars and artists and his beautiful, frail. *(koel-throated*)
0410E13 wife played the gracious hostess to all of them. ^She too was a gifted
0420E13 woman and often participated in plays or musical programmes. $^It
0430E13 was during one such event that_ Rita*'s natural talent for dancing
0440E13 was accidentally discovered. ^*Lucknow was to_ play host to the great
0450E13 Allauddin Khan, who was to_ lead an orchestra, and two-year-old
0460E13 Rita, dressed in her best costume, was backstage with her mother. "^In
0470E13 those days, curtains did not open mechanically or electrically",
0480E13 says Rita. "^There would be a man whose job it was to_ pull it along
0490E13 either way. ^His work fascinated me and, when I saw the curtain open,
0500E13 I sauntered on to the stage and started dancing in front of the orchestra.
0510E13 ^*I could see the organisers furiously beckoning me to_ return
0520E13 and the audience amused at the goings-on, but I danced on till the
0530E13 curtain was back. ^Surprisingly, Allauddin Khansa*'3ab was very pleased
0540E13 with me. ^But, while he appreciated my dancing, he asked me to_
0550E13 learn singing!" $^When Rita finished secondary school at a
0560E13 young age, she found she could only go to Santiniketan for
0570E13 further training. ^With \0Dr Ganguly*'s encouragement, she
0580E13 began her formal training in Kathakali from Guru Haridas Nair. "^He
0590E13 gave me a totally professional attitude towards my art," says Rita.
0600E13 "^*I danced for 14 to 16 hours a day and, much later, went to
0610E13 my *4guru*'s village in the Palghat district of Kerala to_ give my
0620E13 first performance. ^In the audience were all the great names of Kathakali
0630E13 and, in spite of my fear, I did my best to_ make my teachers
0640E13 happy with my work." $^The career which began with that_ first attempt
0650E13 in a Kerala temple was to_ last till Rita gave some 2,000 Kathakali
0660E13 performances. ^She was trained by Kunju Kurup, Chandu
0670E13 Panicker, Rukmini Devi and even by Shambhu Maharaj who taught
0680E13 her to_ underplay *4bhava or emotions in dance. ^*Rita was immersed
0690E13 in Kathakali. "^This dance style has a wide intellectual range.
0700E13 ^You don*'4t have to_ be pretty and talk of romance all the while.
0710E13 ^There are so many beautiful aspects of human thought to_ be expressed.
0720E13 ^The other schools emphasise love and romance far too much," she
0730E13 observes. $*<*3The Turning-Point*> $^The sudden jolt which
0740E13 closed one door in Rita*'s life and opened another came while
0750E13 she was giving lecture demonstrations on Kathakali in the United
0760E13 States. ^Things went wrong in her family affairs and Rita was
0770E13 disturbed so much that she could not dance. "^Suddenly, the medium
0780E13 in which I had worked so long was of no use to me. ^*I couldn*'4t feel
0790E13 friendly towards it. I felt a great need for a medium which would
0800E13 help me express myself. ^This was the turning-point. ^Living at the
0810E13 visual level did not appeal to me any more. ^Very few artistes, it seemed
0820E13 to me, took dancing beyond their bodies and the leap of the spirit
0830E13 seemed far more important; and I looked for a medium which would
0840E13 be far more abstract and accommodating to my yearnings." $^Back home
0850E13 in India, the yearnings stayed with Rita. ^She continued to_
0860E13 dance but looked for an opportunity to_ leave one art behind and launch
0870E13 into a new career. ^It was then that she met Siddheshwari Devi who
0880E13 was in Delhi to_ look for a *4shagird at the behest of the Bharatiya
0890E13 Kala Kendra, exactly the place where Rita learnt Kathak from Shambhu
0900E13 Maharaj. ^*Siddheshwari heard the mellifluous strain of Rita*'s
0910E13 *5Kaun gali gayo Shyam*6 and sent for her right away. $^*Rita became
0920E13 her chosen *4shagird and began her training under the great
0930E13 singer. "^*I was especially fortunate to_ be with her at that_ specific
0940E13 time," says Rita. "^She was at the zenith of her career; had
0950E13 just been awarded the *5Padma Sri*6 and the *4Sangeet
0960E13 *4Natak Akademi award. ^She was travelling far and wide and I
0970E13 tagged along, singing with her everywhere." ^The three years she spent
0980E13 with Siddheshwari were an intense period of hard work, a time when
0990E13 the two women came very close to each other. $^Just about then, Rita
1000E13 was awarded a national scholarship to_ study music. ^Long before
1010E13 this, she had received scholarships for Kathakali and Bharata *4Natyam,
1020E13 making her the only recipient of the national scholarship thrice
1030E13 over. $^Would marriage hinder her career? ^*Rita did not think so despite
1040E13 the doubts of her *4guru. ^She met and married Keshav Kothari,
1050E13 Director of the Kathak *4Kendra at the *4Sangeet *4Natak Akademi.
1060E13 ^*Rita*'s priorities changed overnight and, for six months, she
1070E13 did not sing at all. "^*I felt it was the end of my career," she harks
1080E13 back. "^*I had been too close to my Guru, but still the wrenching
1090E13 away from my art caused little pain." $^According to Rita, Siddheshwari
1100E13 Devi and Begum Akhtar are both great artistes. ^But they
1110E13 are poles apart in personality. ^One was loving, warm, motherly, the
1120E13 other scintillatingly beautiful, impeccably turned out, with naturally
1130E13 good taste. ^Rita was charmed by the Begum when, on one occasion,
1140E13 she sang for the *4Sangeet *4Natak Akademi. ^As if the warmth was mutual,
1150E13 the Begum asked her to_ sing with her. ^Thus began the second
1160E13 part of Rita*'s training. ^From 1968 till the Begum died in 1974, Rita
1170E13 sang eight to ten hours each day under the Begum*'s guidance
1180E13 and accompanied her on all her singing tours. ^On one of the last
1190E13 such occasions, she was launched as a solo artiste by the Begum herself,
1200E13 who graciously played the harmonium with her. $*<*3New-Frontier
1210E13 Singer *> $^Today Rita is a new-frontier singer in Hindustani
1220E13 music. ^She does not use the *4ghumgat while on stage and makes
1230E13 rare use of the *4bhava associated with light classical music. ^Using
1240E13 her dance background, she teaches mime and movement
1250E13 at the National School of Drama. "^It took me some time to_
1260E13 evolve this course," she says, "because training an actor*'s body to_
1270E13 move is a new concept in modern Indian theatre. ^It is common in
1280E13 traditional theatre. ^It is a challenging job. ^*I work with young aspirants
1290E13 all the time." $^*Rita*'s day begins at four in the morning with
1300E13 music and ends at night, again with singing under her *4guru
1310E13 Pandit Mani Prashad*'s guidance. ^In between, she packs in the activities
1320E13 of mothering, teaching, keeping an unusually decorated
1330E13 barrack home, cooking and a host of other activities that_
1340E13 make up a modern Indian woman*'s day. $^And, like proud, self-reliant
1350E13 1970s*'3 member of the female sex, Rita wants to_ earn her success
1360E13 through merit and hard work. ^To_ avoid any embarrassment,
1370E13 she meticulously keeps her singing career disentangled from her
1380E13 husband*'s job as director of the *4Sangeet *4Natak Akademi. "^*I use
1390E13 my maiden name-- ganguly-- so people are not obliged to_ give me opportunities
1400E13 which I do not deserve. ^*I am confident that I can sing to_
1410E13 bring happiness to my listeners and fulfilment to myself. ^Soon,
1420E13 I*'3ll make singing my only career and devote all my energy to it."
1430E13 $**<*3Sitara Devi**> $^The venue was a very attractive salon in a bungalow
1440E13 on Malabar Hill, Bombay, built in Mughal style and named Aiwan-e-Rafat.
1450E13 ^The presiding genius was a very versatile and volatile
1460E13 lady called Atia Begum Fayzee. ^She had sponsored a cultural
1470E13 organisation called the Three Arts Circle which used to_ meet
1480E13 in the bungalow. $^In the late 1930s, the Three Arts Circle met to_
1490E13 honour Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore who was visiting Bombay. ^An
1500E13 entertainment programme arranged for the Poet included a dance recital
1510E13 in the Kathak 'tradition by a teenaged girl. ^She kept the audience
1520E13 spellbound. ^At the end of her performance, she was presented to Gurudev,
1530E13 who blessed her and gave her a poetic title: *5Nritya Shyam
1540E13 Ragini*6. ^This exquisite dancer was little "dhanno" destined to_ rise
1550E13 to astral heights as Sitara Devi, the greatest exponent of
1560E13 Kathak today. $*<*3Pioneer*> $^*Sitara Devi was born in Varanasi
1570E13 of Brahmin parents. ^Her father was Pandit Sukkhdev Maharaj
1580E13 and her mother a Nepalese. ^*Pandit Sukhdev Maharaj had studied
1590E13 Bharata *4Muni*'s *4Natyashastra and was a musician of
1600E13 repute. ^He regretted that music and dancing had come to_ be regarded
1610E13 as the domain of singing-girls and harlots. $^*Pandit Sukhdev struggled
1620E13 hard to_ popularise music and dance among the higher strata
1630E13 of Varanasi society. ^He made a beginning by training his own sons
1640E13 and daughters. ^He was promptly ostracised by his community and had
1650E13 to_ face a lot of humiliation. $he left Varanasi and went to_ calcutta
1660E13 with his family and started working in the palace of the Rajasaheb
1670E13 of Mymensingh who was a patron of the arts. $*<*3First Steps*>
1680E13 $^Taking the help of the *4Natyashastra and the *4Abhinayadarpana,
1690E13 he trained Sitara and her elder sisters, Alaknanda and Tara,
1700E13 in the basic principles of classical music and Kathak. ^Though not a
1710E13 dancer himself, he managed to_ convey the intricacies of *4tala and
1720E13 *4abhinaya by extensive explanations and demonstrations. ^Training with
1730E13 his children were the daughters of the Raja and Rani of Mymensingh.
1740E13 $^*Pandit Sukhdev Maharaj, realising that his own training
1750E13 was not enough and having observed that recitals of great exponents
1760E13 like Shambhu Maharaj, Acchan Maharaj and Lachhu Maharaj, of the
1770E13 *4Kalka *4Bindadin school of Lucknow who specialised in depicting
1780E13 the Radha Krishna lore with great delicacy and finesse, decided to_
1790E13 put his own three daughters under their care and tutelage. $^The lyricism
1800E13 of the lucknow *4gharana was infused in Sitara Devi at a very
1810E13 early age.*#
        **[no. of words = 02002**]

        **[txt. e14**]
0010E14 **<*3One big doggy family**> $^It was one of those cold drizzly days
0020E14 in Bangalore-- a wrong day to_ choose for a long walk. ^Suddenly
0030E14 I saw this house, looming large, with the 'Beware of dogs' sign
0040E14 prominently displayed. $"^*I watched with fascination as a huge shaggy
0050E14 dog (could be a giant Australian terrier, or Dennis the Menace*'s
0060E14 Ruff himeself) trotting to the gate. ^Close on his heels was this
0070E14 bustling darling old lady and, believe me, five, yes, five more
0080E14 dogs in hot pursuit. ^She was talking to them all the time and on reaching
0090E14 the gate, I distinctly heard, "My hands are full, Bozo please
0100E14 open the gate." ^*Bozo nudged at the gate latch, and hey presto,
0110E14 the lady walked out, placed the parcels she was carrying in the auto
0120E14 which was waiting outside and went back to_ close the gate. ^*I
0130E14 ran up to her. ^Could I see her the next day? ^Would four o*'3clock
0140E14 do? "^Of course dear," she put out her hand. "^*I*'3m Mahrooqh
0150E14 Master." $^When we met the next day, family introductions naturally
0160E14 followed. \0^*Ms. Master was beaming with pride. ^There was Bozo,
0170E14 Duke of Dishdom, 25*" high, measuring 45*" from nose to tail,
0180E14 and a good four footer when he stood on his hind legs. ^*Bozo was three
0190E14 years old, and a Himalyan sheep dog. $^*Bhonda Bubulini, his mother,
0200E14 was 13 and a Tibetan sheep dog. ^She was relatively smaller
0210E14 than Bozo, who must have been a throwback from some ancestor. $^*Mandi,
0230E14 a 13-year-old daschund, preferred to_ stay aloof, and near her
0240E14 mistress. $^*Sharuqh Papito, a cuddly male black poodle, was 14
0250E14 years old. $^*Bon Bonnie Bon Bon Bonnie la Douce was a four-year-old
0260E14 orange pomeranian. $^*Clyde, also an orange pom, was a good sire
0270E14 even though he was 10 years old. ^*Bonnie and Clyde are miniature
0280E14 poms. $^With her profound love for animals, Mahrooqh Master has
0290E14 been having pets ever since she can remember, not only dogs, but birds,
0300E14 horses, lambs and even a donkey. $^Being in the army, the Masters
0310E14 have been on the move with transfers since 1949. ^After her marriage.
0320E14 \0Ms. Master began with three to four dogs, increasing them steadily,
0330E14 till she had 14 dogs in Delhi. ^Wasn*'4t it terribly irksome to_
0340E14 travel with them? $"^My dear, if you had a large family, wouldn*'4t
0350E14 you accommodate them somehow?" ^Apart from dogs, Mahrooqh has
0360E14 also travelled with pigeons, love birds, peacocks and partridges,
0370E14 and the 'regiment' was aptly referred to as 'Masters' circus on the
0380E14 move'. ^Her pets, used to long hours of travel, generally settled themselves
0390E14 in the compartment without any bother. ^*Mahrooqh gleefully
0400E14 recalls the time she smuggled a parrot in a sewing machine case ^Each
0410E14 time the parrot began to_ talk, \0Ms. Master and her daughter would
0420E14 cough loudly and talk, to_ distract the official*'s attention. $^After
0430E14 her husband*'s retirement, the Masters have comfortably settled
0440E14 down in Bangalore, with their large family. ^Their own children
0450E14 have grown up with pets, and this has helped to_ imbibe in them
0460E14 a feeling of compassion and love for all animals. $^Was it very expensive
0470E14 looking after these six dogs? ^This is what most people thought
0480E14 and, according to \0Ms. Master, it is fallacious thinking. "^*I
0490E14 don*'4t think I would be spending more than \0*4Rs. 150 per month
0500E14 on all these dogs," said she, most emphatically. $^At 9 \0a.m., the
0510E14 dogs have their first meal of the day. ^Scraps of bread of leftover
0520E14 *4chappatis broken up and mixed with half a litre of milk, and some tea
0530E14 (tea is very good for the coat) and an occasional egg-- made a very
0540E14 satisfying breakfast, provided enough bread or *4chappati was added
0550E14 to_ make it fairly thick. $^The main meal of the day is served at about
0560E14 3 or 4 \0p.m. a thick porridge is poured into six aluminium bowls in
0570E14 proportion to each dog*'s size, while all of them lie patiently at \0Ms.
0580E14 Master*'s feet, wagging their tails. ^As she called them one by one,
0590E14 they licked their bowls clean, and strutted off in full appreciation
0600E14 of a balanced meal. ^The meal for all the dogs was prepared with
0610E14 1 1/2 cups *4atta 1/2 cup rice, a handful of *4dal finely grated vegetables,
0620E14 about \0*4Rs. 2 worth of beef without bones, a pinch of
0621E14 salt, and varying flavours like garlic
0630E14 or onion. ^All the ingredients were cooked till well assimilated,
0640E14 forming a thick porridge, the *4atta being added last. ^Periodically,
0650E14 Liv 52, yeast tablets, tonics and shark liver oil in winter are
0660E14 given. ^Indeed, they did look well conditioned and in the pink of
0670E14 health. ^Didn*'4t grooming them, take her all day? $"^If you do it
0680E14 regularly, it should take you only five minutes per dog. ^*I have this
0690E14 low stool in my bathroom for the dogs. ^*I just have to_ call Bonnie
0700E14 for her toilet, and the rest queue up, awaiting their turn. ^They
0710E14 even know their order. ^*I rinse a small towel in warm water, squeeze
0720E14 it out till dry, and thoroughly wipe the animal*'s nose, eyes,
0730E14 ear, undersides, paws and coat, and finish off with a day towel. ^When
0740E14 the daily sponging is done, the dog can be brushed and combed once
0750E14 in three or four days. ^Certain dogs like the pom, need to_ be brushed
0760E14 against the growth of the fur. ^Meticulous sponging and brushing
0770E14 should be done, and an occasional dusting with talcum powder. ^*I
0780E14 bathe my dogs once a month, and find that the last rinse with diluted
0790E14 dettol keeps away the ticks." $^It was only after Brigadier Master*'s
0800E14 retirement, that Mahrooqh began breading the poms for sale. ^An
0810E14 orange or sable haired pom could sell for \0*4Rs. 1,000 while a
0820E14 sire could fetch \0*4Rs. 500 for a single crossing, whereas a daschund
0830E14 sire would fetch \0*4Rs. 250 for a crossing. ^This way the dogs
0840E14 'paid' for their upkeep. ^All the other dogs have been sterilised
0850E14 since Mahrooqh was not interested in breeding them. $^With her intense
0860E14 love for animals, \0Ms. Master would not hesitate to_ pick up
0870E14 a dirty mongrel from the street, and nurse it back to good health.
0880E14 ^Her telephone constantly rings, with people who hardly know her, calling
0890E14 to_ get free advice on animals. ^Till recently, she was taking
0900E14 in 'boarders' free of charge, to_ help all those friends who had
0910E14 to_ leave station temporarily, but has now put a stop to it as some
0920E14 of the 'outside' dogs were spreading infection to her own canine family.
0930E14 $^As I turned to_ make hasty little notes, unwilling to_ miss
0940E14 out on a single detail, I heard Mahrooqh talk volubly to her dogs.
0950E14 "^*I sing and talk to them all the time," she says, "they do understand."
0970E14 $**<*3on breeding dogs**> $^For a novice owner wishing to_ breed
0980E14 the first litter of puppies, the choice of a sire may seem difficult.
0990E14 ^If your bitch comes from a well established kennel, you can seek
1000E14 her breeder*'s advice regarding the most suitable sire for her. ^Where
1010E14 this is not possible the dog magazines carry advertisements of dogs
1020E14 standing at stud, giving details of addresses and fees. ^You may
1030E14 consult your Veterinarian. ^You can also enrol yourself as a member
1040E14 of the Kennel Club who will guide you in finding a suitable sire.
1050E14 $^Bitches vary tremendously in the frequency with which they come
1060E14 into season. ^A six-monthly oestrus cycle is most usual, but with many
1070E14 bitches the interval is longer: with a few it is slightly shorter. ^If
1080E14 the interval is very much shorter, there is possibly some hormone
1090E14 imbalance that_ needs veterinary attention. ^The first season can occur
1100E14 at any age from six to eighteen months. ^No bitch should be mated
1110E14 until her own growth is complete, and this generally means before
1120E14 her second or in the case of a late maturing breed, her third season.
1130E14 ^Wild dogs come into oestrus once a year and though one of the effects
1140E14 of domesticity has been to_ increase the frequency in the domestic
1150E14 animal, it is inhuman to_ allow a bitch to_ mate every season.
1160E14 a litter a year is better both for the health of the bitch and the
1170E14 vigour of the puppies. ^The only exception might be where a small
1180E14 litter has been reared with little strain to the mother. ^In this case
1190E14 she might be mated again at her next season before being rested for
1200E14 a year. $^At such times, you should keep a constant vigil if a misalliance
1210E14 is to_ be avoided. ^She should always be exercised on the leash,
1220E14 as even a normally obedient animal may run off in order to_ follow
1230E14 her sexual instincts. ^You will find a lot of dogs running behind
1240E14 her; sponging her hindquarters with a deodorizing fluid, or
1250E14 masking her scent with an aerosol spray helps to_ prevent dogs from
1260E14 paying her so much attention. ^You will find that she also urinates
1270E14 more frequently when she is in season and this will enable her suitors
1280E14 to_ track her to her door. ^Carrying her or taking her by car for
1290E14 the first few hundred yards from home, helps to_ break the trail.
1300E14 ^Dogs are liable to_ show unexpected agility and resourcefulness in
1310E14 reaching a sexually attractive bitch, so she should not be left unwatched
1320E14 unless shut in the house, kennel or roofed run. $^Spaying \0i.e.
1330E14 removing the ovaries, is one method of dealing with the nuisance of
1340E14 having to_ confine a bitch for six weeks of the year, provided the
1350E14 operation takes place after the animal is sexually mature. $^Even after
1360E14 mating, the bitch needs supervision until the end of her season
1370E14 as she may be quite willing to_ accept a number of dogs as mates.
1380E14 ^Should a misalliance take place, the unwanted pregnancy can be terminated
1390E14 by a veterinary surgeon within 48 hours of the mating. $^Contact
1400E14 the owner of the sire as soon as the bitch comes into season; he
1410E14 can probably suggest the best day for the mating to_ take place.
1420E14 ^In most cases this will be the twelfth day or so from the first sign
1430E14 of a bloodstained discharge from the vulva. $^However, many bitches
1440E14 don*'4t work to rule, and successful matings have been recorded from
1450E14 the third to the twenty-fifth day. ^The signs to_ be watched, which
1460E14 indicates the bitch*'s readiness to_ mate are a typical stance
1470E14 with tail twisted to one side and the vulva very prominent, considerably
1480E14 swollen with a moist, flaccid appearance. ^The bloodstained discharge
1490E14 will have ceased too and been replaced by one of a yellowish
1500E14 colour. ^Many stud dog owners are prepared to_ board visiting bitches
1510E14 for a day or two in order to_ be completely sure that the mating
1520E14 takes place at the right time. $^The usual period of gestation is
1530E14 sixtythree days, but smaller breeds tend to_ whelp slighty earlier than
1540E14 larger ones. ^The puppies may be felt in the uterus by an expert
1550E14 between the twenty fourth and thirtieth day of pregnancy and anyway
1560E14 after the fiftieth day, after which X-ray diagnosis is also possible.
1570E14 $^The in-whelp bitch should be kept as fit as possible with exercise.
1580E14 ^Worming should be carried out between the second and third week.
1590E14 ^Vitamins and a mineral supplement such as "starmin" should be added
1600E14 to the diet. ^For the last 3 weeks the bitch should be accustomed
1610E14 to her whelping box and quarters. ^Newspaper makes a cheap, easily
1620E14 replaceable bedding. $^The most reliable sign that whelping is imminent
1630E14 is a drop in the bitch*'s temperature from the normal 101.5*@ to
1640E14 about 99*@ or 98*@. ^She will appear restless, lose her appetite and
1650E14 may make a bed by tearing up the paper \0etc. ^Someone whom the bitch
1660E14 knows and trusts should stay with her throughout. $^Puppies are
1670E14 normally born head first, encased in a membrane and with the umbilical
1680E14 cord still attached. ^The bitch will instinctively break the membrane,
1690E14 allowing the puppy to_ breathe, lick it vigorously to_ stimulate
1700E11 it, and nip through the umbilical cord. ^Apparently lifeless
1710E14 puppies can often be revived by warmth-- rubbing with a rough towel,
1720E14 and artificial respiration.*#
        **[no. of words = 02001**]

        **[txt. e15**]
0010E15 **<*3Indus Boat Expeditions**> $"^Duck!" shouted Jarav at the last
0020E15 moment. ^And we ducked. ^As we flashed past under the bridge. ^*I saw
0030E15 in a frozen moment of clarity, the fear and concern on the faces of
0040E15 those who stood on that_ bridge. ^Then that_ image was gone and again
0050E15 there was the overwhelming reality of the maddening waters. $^*Jarav
0060E15 Poncar shouted, "we bank on the right." ^Furiously then we began padding
0070E15 as he tried to_ steer the boat towards that_ bank. "^Harder, harder,
0080E15 harder!" ^*Jarav urged us on. ^His voice was harsh, cutting like
0090E15 a whiplash, and we reacted, padding even harder. ^It was obvious that
0100E15 we could not last very much longer. ^Wet and cold, our energies freezing,
0110E15 we were tiring quickly, very quickly. ^Somehow we made it. $^When
0120E15 we hit land I stepped out of the boat into knee deep water and
0130E15 began walking away. ^It was as if I was in a state of coma, for I
0140E15 didn*'4t know what I was doing. ^All I knew was that I could see
0150E15 land and that I had to_ step upon it. ^*I had hardly walked 10 metres
0160E15 when I heard Pali*'s voice, cold and loud. "^Come back, boss,
0170E15 we still have to_ empty the boat!" he shouted. ^That_ brought me back
0180E15 to reality. ^*I realised my mistake. ^*I was abandoning my companions.
0190E15 ^Immediately I walked back. $^The water was very cold, as if it
0200E15 was snow and ice that_ had just melted. ^*I looked down at it. ^It
0210E15 was marvellously clear and alive. ^*I could see the sharp stones on
0220E15 the floor. ^Those hurt me every time I stepped on them. ^But duty had
0230E15 to_ be done. ^The boat had to_ be emptied. ^Somehow I suffered
0240E15 through it all until the boat was empty of water. $^Then we were back
0250E15 on dry land. ^*I looked back at the river which had just given us the
0260E15 second thrashing this day. ^Unbeatably, majestically it flowed. ^In
0270E15 the rays of the sun it was a shining sheet of glass. ^It looked glorious.
0280E15 ^With a calm indifference, it seemed to_ be throwing a challenge
0290E15 at me. ^*I felt fear and anticipation. ^*I was ready to_ take that_
0300E15 river, again and again, until I had mastered it. ^And I knew even
0310E15 then, that in the end we would win. $^We all stood shivering on the
0320E15 bank. ^*I knew that as long as we shivered we should be okay. ^For
0330E15 shivering is a built-in mechanism in the body which becomes operative
0340E15 whenever the body needs heat. ^The heat thus generated keeps the
0350E15 vital organs warm. ^It is only after a person passes the shivering
0360E15 stage that hyperdermia sets in. ^A hot drink and sandwiches followed
0370E15 by a massage helped us recover to some extent. ^*Volkar and Pali were,
0380E15 however, in a bad condition even then, particularly Volkar. ^He
0390E15 began vomiting and complained of intense pain in his stomach. ^*Jagmohan
0400E15 took him to the ambulance and asked him to_ lie down. ^Obviously
0410E15 he was too exhausted and sick to_ indulge any more in vigorous
0420E15 exercises. $^Earlier there had been occasions when I wondered if I
0430E15 had taken on too much for my age, and whether I should lead the expedition
0440E15 from the banks, thus giving the youngest member of our team,
0450E15 Aziz, a chance on the boat. ^But Volkar*'s sickness completely changed
0460E15 things. ^Now Aziz would have to_ come on in any case. ^*I was
0470E15 sure he would do fine. ^For it was under me that he had done almost
0480E15 four years of training in boating and sailing. ^*Jarav, who had taken
0490E15 him on a practice ride earlier, agreed with me. $^It was then that
0500E15 I did something unforgivable. ^*I asked Aziz Wani to_ sign on a
0510E15 certificate which said that he would undertake the trip at his own risk.
0520E15 ^That_ is, in case of mishap, the responsibility would be his own
0530E15 not the \0J. & \0K. Government*'s. ^He signed. ^Though I myself had
0540E15 signed a similar certificate I felt bad at what I had done. ^*I felt
0550E15 guilty, the more so because Aziz was a student of mine, and I had
0560E15 always tried to_ teach my students to_ be brave, to_ take challenges,
0570E15 and to_ accept responsibilities.
0580E15 ^Before signing, however, Aziz said that he was
0590E15 worried about signing without first informing his director. ^But I
0600E15 knew *(0O. N.*) Dhar, the Director of the Jammu and Kashmir Tourism
0610E15 Department, and I assured him that everything would be fine. ^And
0620E15 so Aziz was taken on as a member of the team. $^*Kohli, or Pali
0630E15 as we called him, was still suffering the after effects of that_ jarring
0640E15 experience. ^But he recovered very quickly and without even consulting
0650E15 a doctor decided himself fit to_ carry on. ^While on the boat
0660E15 I had been unable to_ use my battery heated socks and jacket.
0670E15 ^But I put these on now. ^Warmth flowed into my body and immediately
0680E15 I began feeling better. ^*I walked back to the river to_ see the
0690E15 rapids which we had come through. ^From the bank these powerful,
0700E15 roaring rapids looked dangerous indeed. ^My confidence in our boat, Helena
0710E15 Dolma, which had so successfully stood up to these rapids, increased.
0720E15 ^*I then took a number of photographs of these rapids. $^We spent
0730E15 an hour resting, and then decided to_ have another go. ^We carried
0740E15 the boat away from the rapids and into deeper waters. ^This time Aziz
0750E15 was on the boat, instead of Volkar. ^Once again, before starting,
0760E15 Pali took out his GranthSahib and said prayers. ^*I joined him
0770E15 this time. ^Together we prayed for the safety of the crew and the success
0780E15 of the mission. $^The portion of the river we were on now was
0790E15 calmer and steadier. ^The river had spread out there, and slowed down.
0800E15 ^We barely felt the current under us. ^This gave us scope for experimentation.
0810E15 ^We tried out different techniques to_ make the boat respond
0820E15 as we wished it to_, taking it towards one side and then another.
0830E15 ^Slowly we were learning how to_ manoeuvre the boat. ^This continued
0840E15 for about 3 \0km. $^By now I was beginning to_ understand the river.
0850E15 *^I knew that this was merely the calm before a storm. ^We decided
0860E15 to_ bank and reconnoitre before carrying on. ^It was a wise decision.
0870E15 ^A short distance ahead the water went over a series of small
0880E15 falls before going over a sharp fall. ^Had we come to these falls unawares,
0890E15 we would certainly have been in serious trouble. $^The boat will
0900E15 not take this fall with too much load. ^*I would like to_ do it
0910E15 alone," said Jarav Poncar. ^*I knew he was right. ^But I was reluctant
0920E15 to_ let him go alone. ^*I asked him if it would be a good idea
0930E15 for at least one of us to_ accompany him. ^He said no. ^Since he knew
0940E15 his boat best, and was also the most experienced and expert boatsman,
0950E15 I agreed to_ let him try it alone. ^*Jarav walked back to the
0960E15 boat thoughtfully, shoulders stooped. ^Climbing on, he pushed away from
0970E15 the bank. ^Quite scared for him, we all watched as he approached the
0980E15 fall. ^The question was: would he make this 10 metre fall successfully?
0990E15 $^He did, but not without giving us, and I suppose himself, some
1000E15 anxious moments. ^Keeping to the right bank of the river, he hit
1010E15 a rock as he approached the fall, and the boat turned around. ^It could
1020E15 have been fatal had he gone over this way, but fortunately he hit
1030E15 another rock and the boat straightened once again. ^The front portion
1040E15 of the boat went riding over the waves at the edge, and the boat
1050E15 landed right side up on the water below. ^He had done it. $^But he was
1060E15 in trouble. ^Water had filled the boat. ^The waves were big, the
1070E15 current strong. ^He struggled but could not bank the boat. ^For over
1080E15 a kilometre the boat was dragged along despite all his efforts to_
1090E15 bank it. ^Then finally a large wave pushed the boat to a rock near the
1100E15 bank, and from there Jarav was able to_ make it to the bank. ^He
1110E15 was exhausted and almost on the point of a collapse. ^But, understandably,
1120E15 he was thrilled. $^Later, he described his experience as follows.
1130E15 "^The boulder which the boat struck was shaped like the prow of a
1140E15 ship. ^Before I knew what was happening the boat had started to_ bend
1150E15 in the middle. ^*I was scared stiff. ^The boat was almost V-shaped
1160E15 before the pressure of the water tossed it off the boulder. ^After
1170E15 that_ things went better, and I enjoyed myself-- enjoyed every challenge
1180E15 that_ the river threw at me, and every victory that_ I won
1190E15 over it." $^The boulder which Jarav had hit, however, had done its
1200E15 damage. ^It must have had a sharp, jagged edge, for there was a 10 \0cm.
1210E15 slit in one of the compartments. ^We had with us the puncture material
1220E15 but no pump, since we had lost that_ in our first mishap in the
1230E15 river earlier that_ morning. ^The valves in the compartment needed
1240E15 a special kind of a socket on the pump, and an ordinary pump could not
1250E15 be fitted on. ^So we improvised a socket out of whatever materials
1260E15 we had. ^It took us two hours to_ fix that_ puncture, and yet it leaked.
1270E15 ^The reason, Volkar pointed out, was that after a puncture had
1280E15 been fixed the boat had to_ be left deflated for at least one night,
1290E15 otherwise it wouldn*'4t mend. ^*Jarav, who was quite concerned about
1300E15 the boat, said that it would be best to_ call off the trip for
1310E15 the day. ^We all knew that the boat certainly wasn*'4t in a condition
1320E15 to_ take any more beating that_ day. $^Reluctantly then, the decision
1330E15 was made. ^We decided to_ revert to our original plan, that_ of
1340E15 boating from Upshi to Khalsi, a distance of 150 \0kms. ^On our first
1350E15 day, then, we had covered only 17 \0km, and were left with a damaged
1360E15 boat and, physically at least, a beaten crew. ^The river had not beaten
1370E15 our resolve, however, and we were ready to_ take it on the next
1380E15 day. $^Deflating our boat, we decided to_ motor down to Upshi. *8^En
1390E15 route*9, passing through Hemia, we found an excellent camping place and
1400E15 decided to_ spend the night there. ^We pitched our tents below
1410E15 a huge, vertical granite rock. ^The Indus flowed nearby. ^The water
1420E15 here quickened and broke and foamed over the grey-brown gravel, looking
1430E15 very picturesque. $^Since there was still plenty of light, I decided
1440E15 to_ reconnoitre the river for a launching site for the next
1450E15 morning. ^*Jarav Poncar came with me. ^Driving along the river, we
1460E15 were convinced that we had done the right thing in not attempting this
1470E15 part of the river in a damaged boat. ^All along there were bad rapids.
1480E15 ^Had we had a second boat and about ten days time, it might have
1490E15 been possible to_ take these kind of rapids. ^But as things were
1500E15 it definitely wouldn*'4t have been possible. $^Finally we came to the
1510E15 Upshi Bridge. ^There is a wide road from here that_ goes all the
1520E15 way to Manali. ^It passes through the highest motorable pass in the
1530E15 world. ^Happily enough this pass is open to tourists. ^It was a year
1540E15 earlier that I had been through this pass, the Tanglang La Pass.
1560E15 ^At places the road had been covered with ice. ^Despite the fact that
1570E15 our vehicle had no skid chains, we had made it. ^At this pass we
1580E15 have what can only be described as a real "house of god." ^A temple,
1590E15 a mosque, a church and a *4gompa have all been housed here under one
1600E15 roof. ^It is indeed a unique and fascinating place. $^Since the Upshi
1610E15 Bridge hangs low over the river, we decided to_ launch our boat
1620E15 downstream from it. ^We picked up for our site a point 1 1/2 \0km from
1630E15 the bridge. $^On our way back to camp I teasingly said to Jarav, "^What
1640E15 the hell*'1s the matter with your head today?*#
        **[no. of words = 02016**]

        **[txt. e16**]
0010E16 **<*3Extra Time or Sudden Death**> $^This is the reason why the
0020E16 Indian team which flew out to_ play in the 1978 Buenos Aires World
0030E16 Cup Hockey Tournament was a weak, second-rate team. ^Sure enough, the
0040E16 hockey situation in India being what it is, a good team could not have
0050E16 been sent, since a good team could not have been and cannot be formed.
0060E16 ^But a better team than the one which was sent could have been sent
0070E16 out to_ play against the best in the world. ^It was a case of suicide,
0080E16 therefore. $^And the Indian hockey bosses were responsible. ^Those
0090E16 who control hockey affairs, the men from the Indian Hockey Federation,
0100E16 the Indian Olympic Association, the All India Council of Sports,
0110E16 the other controlling bodies, and the government-- all of them were
0120E16 responsible. $^On way to Buenos Aires, Argentina, the Indian
0130E16 team played two preparatory matches against Holland in Holland. ^It lost
0140E16 both. ^It also played a match against England in England. ^It lost
0150E16 that_ too. ^This was the first-time ever that India had lost to England.
0160E16 $^Here, then, was the second-rate Indian team playing secondrate
0170E16 hockey. ^Surely, it could not be expected to_ do any better at Buenos
0180E16 Aires. $*<*31978 World Cup*> $^The weak, second-rate Indian
0190E16 team played weak, secondrate hockey at Buenos Aires. ^And paid for
0200E16 it. ^Just as expected. $^The players were not good enough. ^They were
0210E16 not able to_ play hockey as it demands to_ be played. $^The Indian
0220E16 attack was weak, ineffectual. ^The forwards were unable to_ score
0230E16 field goals. ^The full-backs were unable to_ score off penalty-corners
0240E16 and long-corners. ^That_ is why India ended up scoring so few
0250E16 goals. ^Even against the weak teams. $^The Indian defence, too, was
0260E16 weak, ineffectual. ^The half-backs and the full-backs were unable to_
0270E16 stop the opposing forwards from scoring. ^That_ is why India ended
0280E16 up having so many goals scored against them. ^Even against the weak teams.
0290E16 ^Even though Fernandes did a good job as the goalkeeper. $^The players,
0300E16 with the exception of Ashok Kumar, did not use their sticks
0310E16 to the full potential. ^They were incapable of it. ^Stickwork, at which
0320E16 once, not so long ago, the Indian players were masters, was not the
0330E16 strong point of these players who played for India. ^The hockey sticks
0340E16 were dead-weight in their hands-- heavy and stiff, not light and
0350E16 manoeuverable as these ought to_ be. ^The dribbling, the tackling,
0360E16 trapping and the hitting were all poor, sub-standard. $^The players
0370E16 were not fast enough, of either body or mind, they did not run too well,
0380E16 or speedily enough. ^They did not anticipate, or react quickly enough.
0390E16 ^Mostly, they were out-run and out-thought by their opponents. $^The
0400E16 players did not interact among themselves as players of a team ought
0410E16 to_. ^They could not. ^For one, they did not understand fully the exact
0420E16 function that_ each man in a team is supposed to_ perform, and the
0430E16 possible interrelations between different functions performed by different
0440E16 players in a team. ^For another, they were not even able to_ learn
0450E16 about interaction through experience, by the trial and error method.
0460E16 ^So often were their positions interchanged, with the forwards being
0470E16 switched about from one position to another, and with the defenders
0480E16 also being switched about, that no player (except the goalkeeper)played
0490E16 in a position long enough to_ learn all there was to_ learn
0500E16 about playing in that_ position. ^There was no specialisation of function
0510E16 in the team. $^Besides, the Indian team did not play by a pre-determined,
0520E16 well-defined overall strategy. ^The manager, the coach and
0530E16 the captain simply did not devise such a strategy. ^Instead the players
0540E16 played range-of-the-moment hockey-- hitting, running, hitting again,
0550E16 running again, without design, without purpose, hoping that somehow
0560E16 the goals would be scored, and that the Indian team would win.
0570E16 ^Well, goals were scored. ^But against India. ^And the Indian team
0580E16 lost. $^So, the Indian player at Buenos Aires often ended up not knowing
0590E16 where to_ position himself to_ receive the ball, and therefore,
0600E16 not being in the proper position. ^Even if he somehow did position
0610E16 himself correctly, and did receive the ball, he often ended up not knowing
0620E16 what to_ do with it. ^And, even if he did somehow know what to_
0630E16 do with it, he often ended up not being able to_ do it. $^One such
0640E16 player in a team would be bad enough. ^Eleven such players would
0650E16 be disaster. ^In the Indian team, there were eleven such players. ^Because
0660E16 even those players in the team who were capable of playing better
0670E16 hockey than this-- Baldev, Virender, Ashok Kumar, Phillips, Fernandes--
0680E16 were reduced to such a state by the powerful drag imposed upon
0690E16 them by the others. $^Such, then, was the hockey which the Indian
0700E16 team played at Buenos Aires. ^Aimless. ^Wasteful. ^Not even mechanically
0710E16 efficient. ^Definitely not creative, innovative hockey. $^*India
0720E16 played the first match of the 1978 World Cup against Belgium. ^Against
0730E16 a team which is among the strugglers of world hockey, it was
0740E16 the Indian team which became the struggler. ^*India just about tottered
0750E16 through to a 1-0 win. ^And that_ lone goal was scored off a penalty-stroke
0760E16 by Phillips. $^In this match, the Indian team was unable
0770E16 to_ play as good team ought to_ be able to_. ^There was little interaction
0780E16 among the players. ^There were few planned, coordinated and efficient
0790E16 moves. ^The players played listlessly, uninterestedly. ^They allowed
0800E16 the Belgians to_ come dangerously close to an upset win. $^This
0810E16 was a bad start for India, the defending champions. ^It was, however,
0820E16 a start which was consistent with the Indian team*'s ability to_
0830E16 play the game. ^It was the first confirmation, in the World Cup,
0840E16 that India would be outplayed, and badly. $^Confirmation followed confirmation.
0850E16 ^What Belgium had almost done, Canada did. ^They beat India
0860E16 3-1 after playing better hockey than India. $^This was another first
0870E16 for Indian hockey. ^It was the first time ever that Canada, who had
0880E16 begun playing serious hockey only a few years back, had beaten India.
0890E16 $^*Indian hockey had begun paying for what its bosses had done
0900E16 to it. ^The players had begun paying for what they had allowed the
0910E16 bosses to_ do them. $^The payments stopped temporarily in the match
0920E16 against Australia. ^Against this team of players who had been coached
0930E16 by mail, and who were therefore playing at less than peak efficiency
0940E16 in this early match, the Indian team played as well as it was possible
0950E16 for it to_ do. ^That_ was good enough for a victory. ^*India won the
0960E16 match 2-0. ^*Baldev and Ashok scored for India. $^Although the Indian
0970E16 team played better hockey in this match than it had played in the
0980E16 earlier matches, and was to_ play in the later matches, the forward-line
0990E16 did not at all function efficiently. ^Mostly, it was good defence
1000E16 that_ was responsible for the Indian victory. ^Even its best, therefore,
1010E16 was not good enough. $^This was amply proved in the next match,
1020E16 India*'s fourth. ^This was the crucial match against West Germany.
1030E16 ^The illusion which had been built following the freak-victory
1040E16 over Australia, that India might after all do reasonably well in the
1050E16 World Cup, was shattered in this match. ^Playing superb hockey, West
1060E16 Germany beat India 7-0. ^Along with the illusion was shattered
1080E16 the Indian team*'s confidence--
1090E16 whatever little it might have had. $^As goal followed goal in this
1100E16 match, six times in quick succession, so did life flow out of the Indian
1110E16 team. ^The whiplashing session over, the team was left drained and
1120E16 empty. ^It never recovered. $^Having begun paying once again, Indian
1130E16 hockey continued to_ pay, through to the end of the tournament. $^*India
1140E16 played their fifth Pool. ^A match against Poland. ^Their game
1150E16 was unimpressive, lustreless. ^They did manage to_ win 3-1. ^But after
1160E16 a tougher fight than the score suggests. $^In the last match against
1170E16 England, a victory which could possibly have given India a chance
1180E16 for a play-off against either Australia or West Germany, India
1190E16 once again played poor hockey. ^The match ended a 1-1 draw. ^And with
1200E16 it ended India*'s struggle for a semi-final place. $^For the second
1210E16 time in quick succession, India had failed to_ make the semi-finals
1220E16 of an important international tournament. ^After the Montreal-debacle
1230E16 of 1976, this was the second debacle. $^In the remaining two matches,
1240E16 to_ determine the lower positions, India somehow won 3-2 against
1250E16 Argentina, only to_ lose 0-2 to Spain. ^And so, India ended up sixth
1260E16 in this 14-nation tournament. $^*India, the World Cup winners of
1270E16 1975, had been pushed down five places in the 1978 World Cup. the world
1280E16 champions of one time had been wiped out. $^The opposition had been
1290E16 improving all along. ^*Pakistan, who won the gold at Buenos Aires,
1300E16 Holland who won the silver, Australia who won the bronze, West
1310E16 Germany who were fourth, Spain who were fifth, and New Zealand,
1320E16 who did not play at this World Cup but who won the gold at Montreal
1330E16 in 1976, all these countries had been taking longer, and faster strides
1340E16 in world hockey. $^*India had also been striding, with the strides
1350E16 becoming longer, and faster. ^But India had been striding backwards.
1360E16 ^Towards the destruction of its own hockey. $^The real cause had
1370E16 been the power-game which the Indian hockey bosses play. $^The 1978
1380E16 Buenos Aires experience was a consequence. ^It was one massive stride
1390E16 backwards. ^It was an effect of the same cause. ^The alleged mismanagement
1400E16 of the Indian team at Buenos Aires was merely a symptom,
1410E16 an indication that this cause was working. ^It was not the cause itself,
1420E16 as it has been made out to_ be. $^And Indian hockey continues to_
1430E16 stride backwards. ^The strides are becoming longer. ^The pace is
1440E16 increasing. $^The cause still exists. ^The power-game continues to_
1450E16 be played. ^And it is being played harder now, and faster. $*<*3Aftermath*>
1460E16 $^The Buenos Aires debacle, itself caused by subterranean,
1470E16 high pressure power-waves, has led to another series of just such waves.
1480E16 $^The bosses of Indian hockey-- the men from the Indian Hockey
1490E16 Federation, the State Hockey Associations, the hockey clubs, the
1500E16 Indian Olympic Association, the government, and from the other
1510E16 controlling organisations-- are still involved in the power-game. ^The power-battles
1520E16 are still being fought. $^And of course, the pretence is
1530E16 still on. ^The pretence that the power-game does not exist, is not
1540E16 played. $^The real reason for the debacle has as usual been covered by
1550E16 a gigantic blanket of untruth. ^There have been claims and counter-claims,
1560E16 allegations and counter-allegations. ^But on the real issue involved--
1570E16 power-- there has been uncomfortable silence. $^Sure enough, it
1580E16 is power that_ every boss is after. ^However, by the rules of the game,
1590E16 no boss admits that_. ^No boss even accuses another of that_. ^Whether
1600E16 a boss be in power, or out of it and aspiring for it, or even
1610E16 out of it and through with it, he simply does not speak about it to
1620E16 any 'outsider'. $^The players are silent. ^Mostly, they do not understand
1630E16 what has happened, is happening, and why, and how. ^If they did,
1640E16 then it would not be happening. ^If they knew that they were being controlled,
1650E16 and understood the reason for it, and the manner in which it
1660E16 was being done, then they would simply not allow it to_ happen. ^But
1670E16 since they don*'4t, and since they are being controlled, they say merely
1680E16 what they are told to_ say. ^And what they are told to_ say, and
1690E16 do say, is everything but the truth. $^Those players who do not allow
1700E16 the bosses to_ control them, and so are independent, are also silent.
1710E16 ^They understand, but do know that if they do say, then that_
1720E16 would be the end of their hockey playing days. ^So, to_ go on playing,
1730E16 they do not say. $^Thus does the pretence that the power-game is not
1740E16 being played goes on. ^But such pretence cannot succeed. ^No matter
1750E16 what the bosses and the players may say or not say, admit or not admit,
1760E16 their actions are starkly real, there to_ be judged. ^Objectively, by
1770E16 reason.*#
        **[no. of words = 02000**]

        **[txt. e17**]
0010E17 **<*3THE HUNTER*'S CODE*0**> $*3^HUNTING,*0 like any other "sport,"
0020E17 is said to_ have its special code of ethics. ^And much is made
0030E17 of this code. $^Hunters are a fairly self-righteous lot, some of whom
0040E17 think it unfair of the Pope not to_ have considered any of their
0050E17 ilk for canonization. ^There are, however, very few species, leaving
0060E17 aside the Papal bull, which they have not brought very close to extinction.
0070E17 ^Animal and bird life wilt away and die but the code still
0080E17 stands as if carved on granite. $^Briefly the hunter*'s ethical code
0090E17 is as follows: $^Don*'4t shoot at the female of the species when
0100E17 they are either pregant or with their young. ^Don*'4t shoot in the
0110E17 mating season. ^Don*'t sit over water holes. ^Don*'4t leave an animal
0120E17 wounded in the jungle whether it is a carnivorous cat or a limp stag.
0130E17 (^Much in fact is made of this unwritten law and the highest form
0140E17 of compassion a hunter knows is to_ put such an animal to_ sleep.
0150E17 ^In other words, having maimed a stag, when the hunter pursues it
0160E17 and finally blows its heart out, he feels he is entitled to some sort
0170E17 of Buddhahood-- pardon the scrambled metaphor in the hunter*'s Valhalla).
0180E17 $^The hunter is also supposed to_ put some limitations on
0190E17 the scientific gadgetry at his command. ^It won*'4t do to_ use a
0200E17 machine gun! ^That_ would tilt the balance unfavourably against the
0210E17 beast. ^As if the *4machan, the *4hawda securely tied on elephant
0220E17 back and a horde of beaters making a more frightful din than any beast
0230E17 in the world are not enough odds against \0Mr. Stripes or \0Mr.
0240E17 Spots. ^Or as if, for that_ matter, a dozen guns encircling a *4jheel
0250E17 before first light are not enough odds against the wintering duck.
0260E17 $^*I have heard hunters boast that there were so many teal, mallard
0270E17 and geese at a particular lake that they never bothered to_ take
0280E17 any aim. ^They just pointed their guns at the sky and let go and with
0290E17 each shot about two birds fell. ^A time came when they could not
0300E17 touch the barrels, they had become so burning hot. ^So they kept firing
0310E17 with only one hand, which must have done their forearm muscles
0320E17 a deal of good. $"^It was in stalking and in hunting that you had your
0330E17 fun," writes an old British *5Burra Sahib.*6 "^The actual shooting
0340E17 meant nothing really. ^The only thing was to_ kill outright."
0350E17 ^As long as you gave the blighter a barrelful in his heart or in his
0360E17 brain and knocked him stone cold everything was okay. ^You were on
0370E17 up and up, old chap! ^Hence these tiger-hunting manuals spend considerable
0380E17 time in describing where exactly to_ get at the tiger: the neck,
0390E17 or better still the root of the neck, the heart through the shoulder,
0400E17 the heart through the chest. ^And lastly comes that_ classic
0410E17 shot which makes every genuine hunter*'s mouth positively salivate,
0420E17 the bullet placed squarely between the eyes. ^But even with this kind
0430E17 of a shot bliss can be adulterated with regret. $^One hunter writes
0440E17 how he saw a huge pair of antlers, the rest of his body being hidden
0450E17 by a bush. ^He placed the bullet right where the head should have
0460E17 been. ^When he approached the dead stag what was his "disgust" to_
0470E17 find that the antlers had broken in two. ^How cruel fate can be
0480E17 to_ have robbed him thus of the chance of displaying a fine stag-head
0490E17 with those arboreal antlers on the *4varanda wall. ^It never occurs
0500E17 to anyone, I presume, to_ think of whether the brute also felt
0510E17 "disgusted" at having his brains turned into a mess. $^What I am trying
0520E17 to_ say is that too much is made of the hunter*'s code of conduct,
0530E17 which to the modern sensibility, appears irrelevant crap. ^Killing
0540E17 is precisely what hunting is all about. ^There is nothing which
0550E17 we homo sapiens cannot turn into a cult, no practise we cannot sanctify,
0560E17 no figure, animal or demonaic which we cannot apotheosize. $*<*3Caste
0570E17 systems*0*> $*3^AMONG*0 hunters there is also a caste system
0580E17 and gradations of contempt which one caste feels for another. ^The
0590E17 British hunter despised the local *4shikari. ^In the *4sahib*'s
0600E17 view, the *4shikari sat over salt licks and water holes. ^He was used
0610E17 to potting over does and fawns. ^He would not fire at anything which
0620E17 was not within tewnty yards of his gun. ^If the *4sahib took a long
0630E17 shot and missed, laments Silver Hackle in his vintage book, Jungle
0640E17 Lore, the *4shikari would turn round and say that *4Sahib can*'4t
0650E17 shoot a haystack. ^In his own jungle the *4shikari would prevent
0660E17 others from giving information about game. ^He lacked stamina over
0670E17 a long tiger shoot. ^He would get stale and would have to_ be kept
0680E17 happy with timely gifts at the end of the day to_ buy liquor with.
0690E17 $^The *4shikari, in turn, had his own code of ethics. ^His first
0700E17 responsibility was to his stomach and the only thing he could kill for
0710E17 his pot was wild life. ^But he in turn despised the poacher. ^Talking
0720E17 to a *4shikari once who was railing against the poachers, I intentionally
0730E17 egged him on. "^No," I said, "I can*'4t believe that poachers
0740E17 would come and slaughter a pregnant doe," "*5Sahib, Kya bat
0750E17 kartan hain!*6 ^They would shoot your cow if they got the chance."
0760E17 $^And this entire clan-- *4shikari and poacher-- detest the tribes who
0770E17 trap and net birds and even animals. ^But if you ever tell them that
0780E17 this animus stems from rivalry, both sides reaching out for limited
0790E17 wild game, they will be outraged. ^The very concept of "rivalry"
0800E17 with trappers and netters would scandalise them. ^The killers will
0810E17 talk about sport, ethics, "cricket", the pleasures of the chase. $^*I
0820E17 once got a very irate letter from a man complaining about the netting
0830E17 of partridge in the Bah area in Agra. ^The Agra club served titar
0840E17 everyday of the week, every month of the year. ^Sordid, I would say.
0850E17 ^But the same gentleman who had sent me the letter in one of his
0860E17 earlier postings in the Chambal ravines in the early fifties had
0870E17 shot, I was told, as many as 1300 buck. ^Does it matter one bit to
0880E17 us now whether he shot them sitting over a ford in the Chambal, (which
0890E17 he didn*'4t) or whether he slaughtered them according to all the
0900E17 laws of the chase and the highest canons of sportsmanship? $^<*3Joy
0910E17 of shooting*0*> $*3^I WAS*0 introduced to hunting, before I had
0920E17 got into my teens. ^It was in the company of a Nawab*'s family in Kathiawar,
0930E17 before Independence. ^Now they were no avid hunters indulging
0940E17 in mass scale slaughter of wild life. ^But they enjoyed a shoot.
0950E17 ^Jeeps had not come to Kathiawar till then and it was those remarkably
0960E17 sturdy British cars that_ were used for shoots. ^Two servants,
0970E17 known as "*4Pattawalas"-- probably because of the faded red sash
0980E17 they wore round one shoulder-- would, ridiculously enough, standing
0990E17 on each side of the car, legs planted firmly on the footboards, that
1000E17 used to_ jut out in those days. ^Once the deer was spotted the chase
1010E17 began in earnest. ^The car would plough through fields and scrub
1020E17 and wasteland. ^The deer would take one, two, three sometimes five
1030E17 shots all over the body without going down. ^The spoor would be marked
1040E17 with little clotted pieces of its entrails and even cartilage
1050E17 shavings, and still be running thirty miles an hour. $^On that_ terrain
1060E17 the cars could do no better. ^The deer were after all on their
1070E17 native heath. ^At times the stag or the hind got away and the thought
1080E17 of its insides all spray-gunned with lead did not leave me with much
1090E17 of a stomach for this kind of sport. ^And when the stag was brought
1100E17 down it would be worse. ^The car would stop and one of the *4pattawalas
1110E17 would leap out and get at the stag*'s throat with a knife in
1120E17 accordance with the Mosaic prohibition against eating the thing that
1130E17 died of itself. ^This bit was more difficult to_ witness because
1140E17 the deer would be looking at you right in the eye. $^Of course when it
1150E17 came to shot birds, they were often dead long before the servants
1160E17 could get at them. ^That_ never prevented them from going through
1170E17 with their ritual of frenzied knife-strokers across the windpipe and
1180E17 gullet. ^Once I saw a servant declare a bird dead before he could reach
1190E17 it, and then carefully hide the bird for his personal consumption.
1200E17 ^Which incident brings to_ mind the great Saadi*'s statement that
1210E17 "when a starving dog finds meat he inquires not whether it be Salih*'s
1220E17 camel or the ass of anti Christ. $^Though a decent princely
1230E17 family, they once showed us a picture of what they had done to a boar.
1240E17 ^Pig-meat of course was anathema to them. ^But they maltreated the
1250E17 body, drove a car over the carcass of the boar, and what is worse,
1260E17 filmed it. $^Once a wild boar was somehow caught or trapped and was
1270E17 taken to the zoo. ^In true gladiatorial style it was thrown in the
1280E17 lion*'s cage and I am told that the nobility sat back licking their
1290E17 chops to_ see what the lion would do to the boar. ^It didn*'4t. ^The
1300E17 lion had been in captivity for years. ^The boar was straight from
1310E17 the wilds. ^He grunted, lowered his head and made straight for the lion
1320E17 who after a semblance of a fight turned tail and ran. ^Round and
1330E17 round the cage the boar chased him, slashing him all over, till they
1340E17 had to_ shoot the boar in order to_ save the lion! $^*I am relating
1350E17 the above incident, only to_ show how hunting in all its forms put
1360E17 me off. ^During a long stint in the hills I was once presented with
1370E17 a male monal someone had shot. ^The monal is one of the most resplendent
1380E17 varieties of the Khaleej pheasant and is a protected bird at that.
1390E17 ^It was maddening. $^With the military and para-military forces
1400E17 moving into the hills a lot of wild species particularly the wild goat,
1410E17 the wild sheep and the *4Thar, are threatened with extinction. ^*I
1420E17 know of an incident in the vicinity of Rimkhim which is indicative
1430E17 of how men and animals behaved when armed personnel first moved up.
1440E17 ^An Assistant Commandant of a certain force took his .303 rifle
1450E17 to his shoulder and let go at a mountain goat, and missed. ^The shot
1460E17 echoed and reached up and down the craggy mountains. ^The wild goat
1470E17 could not make out where the sound had emanated from as the roar of
1480E17 the gun reverberated among the hills. ^Perhaps because its experience
1490E17 of man had been happy so far, or which is more likely, because it
1500E17 was dazed by this whirlwind of menacing sound around it, it made straight
1510E17 for the man. ^The officer took four more shots at the goat and missed
1520E17 each time. ^Eventually when he found his magazine empty and the
1530E17 wild goat at handshaking distance from him he caught the rifle by the
1540E17 barrel and tried to_ club the goat to death with the butt. ^It was
1550E17 then that the animal got wise to him and fled away. $*<*3Hunting*'s
1560E17 toll*0*> $*3^INDIA*0 with its vast, unending forest tracts was
1570E17 a great reservoir of wild life. ^But hunting took its toll. ^One hears
1580E17 about the drives organized by Alauddin Khilji in the neighbourhood
1590E17 of Delhi. ^In one drive organized by Akbar near Lahore 15,000
1600E17 animals are supposed to_ have been driven. *^Jehangir, who was meticulous
1610E17 about keeping his game score, has recorded that he killed
1620E17 in all 28,532 animals, including 86 tigers, 889 blue bull, 1372 deer,
1630E17 36 wild buffaloes, 90 wild boars and 23 hares. ^He also killed 13,964
1640E17 birds of which 10,348 were pigeons, 156 water fowl and the balance
1650E17 sparrows, doves, crows and owls. $^A book *3Things Indian*0, published
1660E17 in 1906 gives an account of the ravages during the British period.*#
        **[no. of words = 02001**]

        **[txt. e18**]
0010E18 **<*3SKIN-DIVING*0 *3An underdeveloped sport in India*0**> $*3QUITE
0020E18 A*0 few games have originated in India and have successfully been
0030E18 'exported' to the outside world-- for instance, hockey and polo, and,
0040E18 in the domain of the indoor sports, chess. ^Other games have come to
0050E18 us from abroad and we have made them our own-- for instance, cricket,
0060E18 football and tennis. $^However, skin-diving is the one sport which has
0070E18 gained popularity abroad but has not enthused us much. ^It is a sporting
0080E18 activity of underwater movement and exploration with the minimum
0090E18 of equipment. $^It is very different from 'helmet' or 'hard-hat' diving,
0100E18 which is a professional pursuit in which the diver, encased in a
0110E18 heavy and complicated diving suit, walks and works on the sea-bed. ^He
0120E18 remains tagged on to the ship through an umbilical cord which supplies
0130E18 him air and pressure. ^Skin-diving or free-diving is mostly an amateur
0140E18 activity and a true sport. $*<*3Challenging sport*0*> $^The mountain
0150E18 climber, if asked why he climbs mountains, may reply, "^Because
0160E18 they are there!" ^The skindiver, in a similar fashion, dives and delves
0170E18 into the underwater world of mysteries, just because the sea is there.
0180E18 ^He feels a challenge in the sport; there is a discipline and a skill
0190E18 to_ be acquired. ^In addition, the sport leads to useful practical
0200E18 applications in the marine science and archaeology. ^There is also the
0210E18 lure of hitting an ancient treasure under the sea. $^In its simplest
0220E18 form, the skin-diver (popularly known as the 'frogman') wears just
0230E18 a pair of fins on his feet and a diving mask and carries a snorkel.
0240E18 $^Fins have been known from ancient times. ^But it was only in the early
0250E18 part of this century that Captain Corleu, a Frenchman, got the
0260E18 idea of putting them on the feet (they had all along been clumsily worn
0270E18 on the hands). ^With fins on his feet, the modern skin-diver makes
0280E18 slow thrashing movements (the crawl-kick of the free-style swimmer).
0290E18 ^This leaves his hands free for steering and balance, and for holding
0300E18 such equipment as a knife, a spear or an underwater camera. $^The
0310E18 mask is a necessary piece of equipment. ^As the refractive index of water
0320E18 is very different from that of air, the human eye, when directly in
0330E18 contact with water, sees everything out of focus. ^The mask serves to_
0340E18 keep the eye in natural contact with air and this gives the diver a
0350E18 normal vision. $^The snorkel is a short tube, a couple of feet in length.
0360E18 ^The diver holds one end in his mouth. ^The other end projects
0370E18 out of the water when he comes up for air. ^Its use enables the diver to_
0380E18 avoid coming right up to the surface for air (that_ would be difficult
0390E18 in the choppy seas). ^It is a modern adaption of the hundreds of years*'
0400E18 old device of the hollow reed used by the primitive underwater fishermen.
0410E18 $^With this simple equipment (which need not cost more than \0*4Rs
0420E18 100), the skin-diver gets glimpses into the fascinating underwater
0430E18 world-- a world of colour and of bizarre shapes and happenings. $*<*3Modern
0440E18 diving*0*> $^From the very ancient times, people have been
0450E18 diving for pearls, corals, sponges, fish, \0etc. ^The modern skin-diving,
0460E18 however, began around 1945 when Capt Jacques Cousteau (the greatest
0470E18 name in underwater swimming and exploration) and Gagnan (both
0480E18 Frenchmen) invented the 'demand valve'. $^The skin-diver now carries
0490E18 his own supply of air in cylinders (known as aqua-lungs) strapped
0500E18 on to his back. ^The cylinders do not contain oxygen, as many of us would
0510E18 suppose, but just plain compressed air. $*<*3Not difficult to_
0520E18 learn*0*> $^The aqua-lungs contain 40 to 80 \0c. feet of air, compressed
0530E18 to about 150 atmospheres pressure. ^The skin-diver remains submerged
0540E18 for about half-an-hour at a time, diving to the depths of about 50
0550E18 to 70 \0ft, swimming at a steady 1 1/2 to 2 miles per hour. $^In the
0560E18 \0USA, the sport is known as scuba-diving ('scuba' stands for self-contained
0570E18 underwater breathing apparatus). ^There are over 500 diving
0580E18 clubs in the \0USA. ^In England, the sport is controlled by the
0590E18 British Sub-Aqua Club (founded in 1953) which controls the training
0600E18 and the general standards of the sport. $^For skin-diving, you need
0610E18 not be a powerful swimmer. ^In fact, many slow swimmers get on very
0620E18 well under the water. ^A sense of balance and smooth efficient movement
0630E18 (conserving air requirement to the utmost) are more important qualities
0640E18 than strength and power. $*<*3Basic qualifications*0*> $^The British
0650E18 Sub Aqua Club admits you for skin-diving training if you can:
0660E18 (**=1) swim 100 yards free-style, (**=2) swim 50 yards back-stroke,
0670E18 (**=3) swim 50 yards wearing a 10 \0lb belt, (**=4) float on the back for
0680E18 five minutes, (**=5) tread water using hands only for one minute and
0690E18 (**=6) retrieve objects from the deep end of the swimming pool. $^Age
0700E18 seems to_ be no barrier, either. \0^*Capt Cousteau*'s son was given
0710E18 his first dive at the age of four. ^And many youngsters of seven and eight
0720E18 are competent skin-divers. ^At the other extreme, a 73-year-old lady
0730E18 is said to_ be the star skin-diver of a Californian underwater club.
0740E18 ^This is one sport where women are absolutely on equal terms with men.
0750E18 $^Anyone in good normal health, not having serious respiratory troubles,
0760E18 can learn skin-diving. ^Thorough scientific training, however, is
0770E18 a 'must'. ^And there is one golden rule-- never dive alone. $^For most
0780E18 of us, the sea begins and ends at the surface. ^The skin-diver has
0790E18 the curiosity to_ know what the sea is like underneath. ^The fascinating
0800E18 underwater world soon attracts him. ^There he finds a world of quiet
0810E18 and seclusion. ^The sea is silent underneath. $^The skin-diver feels
0820E18 just the same thrilling sensation of weightlessness as the astronaut
0830E18 experiences in space. ^There are fascinating sights, especially
0840E18 if one is diving around an attractive location like a coral reef in
0850E18 the clear tropical waters. ^Down below, where so very little light penetrates,
0860E18 there is a surprising riot of colour, and there are fantastic shapes
0870E18 of corals, sea vegetation and fish. $^Fish-watching, like bird-watching,
0880E18 is very fascinating. ^*Cousteau said that he saw certain kinds
0890E18 of fish which allowed the shrimps to_ cling to their skins, as the shrimps
0900E18 served to_ keep them clean. ^There were places where the fish would
0910E18 regularly queue up to get themselves cleaned in this manner. ^Later,
0920E18 when hungry, the same fish had no qualms about eating up the shrimps
0930E18 that_ had served them. $*<*3Befriending fishes*0*> $^At one location,
0940E18 the skin-divers made friends with a five-foot long fish, which
0950E18 followed them like a dog as they worked, allowing itself to_ be tickled
0960E18 and petted. ^It showed distinct signs of jealousy when they gave attention
0970E18 to the other fish. $^Sooner or later, many sports divers branch
0980E18 off into more purposeful activities-- the most alluring one being of
0990E18 treasure-hunting in the sunken shipwrecks. ^Of course, every diver does
1000E18 not discover a golden mine under the sea, but there are distinct possibilities.
1010E18 $^The Spanish galleons in the 15th and 16th centuries used
1020E18 to_ carry home gold drained out from the South American colonies.
1030E18 ^Each galleon carried gold worth up to five million pounds. ^Many of
1040E18 these ships were chased by the pirates. ^Some of them ran aground, or
1050E18 were wrecked in hurricanes. ^The knowledge about the location of some
1060E18 shipwrecks has come down through tradition. ^Other shipwrecks can
1070E18 be hunted by studying the ancient marine chronicles. ^There have
1080E18 also been recent wrecks, \0e.g. of the \0S.S. *3Rio de Fanerio,*0
1090E18 sunk off San Francisco in 1901 with *- 40,000 worth of gold. ^Two
1100E18 ships laden with gold ingots blew up in Bombay harbour in 1944. ^Many
1110E18 shipwrecks have been discovered by the amateur skin-divers off Florida,
1120E18 the Bahamas and the Caribbeans. $*<*3Interesting discoveries*0*>
1130E18 $^An interesting quest was for the 'Port Royal', a gambling city
1140E18 set up by the pirates on the Jamaican coast. ^The city was destroyed
1150E18 by earthquake in June 1962, and was totally engulfed in the sea.
1160E18 ^The remnants of this city were discovered in 1960 by the skin-divers
1170E18 who retrieved many objects of archaeological value. $^The famous exploring
1180E18 vessel in the Mediterranean, the 'Calypso' found valuable historic
1190E18 finds in the Greek and Cretan ships sunk 4,000 years ago. ^Amongst
1200E18 the finds were amphora (jars used for carrying wine). ^Some of the
1210E18 amphora were intact and actually contained wine that_ was 2,000 years
1220E18 old. $^Some divers go in for spearing fish, others for 'shooting'
1230E18 them with a camera. ^Like big game hunters, the skin-divers have been
1240E18 depleting sea life to such an extent that in many countries, the spearing
1250E18 of fish is only permitted with fin-and-snorkel equipment. ^Aqua-lung
1260E18 and scuba are banned for fish-spearing. $^Skin-diving has a useful
1270E18 aspect. ^The skin-divers surveyed the Persian Gulf for oil. ^They
1280E18 undertook another challenging assignment. ^That_ was to_ trace an underground
1290E18 river which emptied itself into the Mediterranean. ^Swimming
1300E18 underwater into the caverns of this river*'s mouth, and taking the salinity
1310E18 measurements as they went along, they were able to_ suggest the
1320E18 spots where tube-wells could be drilled in the land to_ procure fresh
1330E18 water in a notably arid area. ^The surveys for an underwater pipe-line
1340E18 to_ convey oil from the Sahara, across the Mediterranean to Europe,
1350E18 have also been successfully undertaken by the skin-divers. $^In fact,
1360E18 they are contributing a lot to underwater exploration. ^The continental
1370E18 shelf, which is the area around the continents up to the (\0approx.)
1380E18 600 feet depth mark, is a vast store-house of untapped minerals,
1390E18 energy and food resources. ^The total area of the continental shelf
1400E18 of the world is as large as the area of Asia. ^It is an undiscovered
1410E18 continent. ^Its exploration is attracting the skin-divers increasingly.
1420E18 $^It is unfortunate that India, a maritime nation with 3,000 miles
1430E18 of coast-line, has not taken up the sport of skin-diving as yet. ^Maybe,
1440E18 it is an expensive sport. ^But its scientific and technical possibilities
1450E18 have induced the Governments of many countries to_ support the
1460E18 development of this sporting activity. $^A lot of scientific research
1470E18 has gone into developing the technique of underwater diving. ^The dreaded
1480E18 disease, known as 'the bends', which used to_ double up the deep
1490E18 sea-diver with excruciating pain when he came up to the surface, incapacitating
1500E18 him for life and often killing him, is now better understood.
1510E18 $*(0^*J. S.*) Haldane, the famous scientist, showed that it is due
1520E18 to the sudden release of nitrogen (compressed in the blood-stream)
1530E18 into the vital organs of the body. ^The diver nowadays is guided by Haldane*'s
1540E18 decompression tables. ^When coming up from the depth, he does
1550E18 not surface directly, but stays several minutes at various specific
1560E18 decompression levels on his way up. $^To_ study the psychological and
1570E18 physiological effects, various 'man-in-the-sea' experiments have been
1580E18 carried out, aimed at keeping the men several days under the sea
1590E18 in specially constructed shells. ^In one of these experiments of Marseiles,
1600E18 Cousteau*'s team of six divers remained 350 feet under water for
1610E18 22 days in 1965. $*<*3Doctor went underwater*0 $^Skin-diving is such
1620E18 a popular sport in Marseiles, that when one of the men under the
1630E18 water developed a toothache, a dentist (a keen amateur diver) could be
1640E18 found who swam down to the undersea (with his dental kit) to_ attend
1650E18 to the first underwater dental patient ever. $^Interestingly enough,
1660E18 just like his colleague, the big game hunter on land, the sea-diver
1670E18 has been finding recently that the savage creatures rarely attack without
1680E18 provocation. ^Even the shark, much dreaded by the swimmers, moves
1690E18 past the diver, hardly seeming to_ notice him. ^And if it is belligerent,
1700E18 it can be shooed away by a counter-demonstration with a camera.
1710E18 ^But if the diver carries a blood-stained spear or has any other signs
1720E18 of blood on him, then he has real trouble and danger. $^In the
1730E18 Persian Gulf, there are poisonous snakes which are very much feared.
1740E18 ^But Cousteau found scores of them in their natural habitat who did
1750E18 not bother to_ give the divers a second look, as long as they were left
1760E18 undisturbed. $^Diving need not be confined to the seas alone. ^The
1770E18 diving teams have fished out stolen cars, guns, bodies of missing persons
1780E18 from the rivers and lakes.*#
        **[no. of words = 02014**]

        **[txt. e19**]
0010E19 **<*3don*'4t cry over split milk*0**> $^Today a refrigerator is considered
0020E19 a necessity rather than a luxury, yet not every home is in the
0030E19 happy position of owning one. ^With the onset of summer the housewife
0040E19 has to_ be vigilant over a good many foodstuffs which store well
0050E19 in winter but are liable to_ go 'off' in warm weather especially without
0060E19 refrigeration. ^Milk is one such item which is a must in every
0070E19 home specially with infants and toddlers but unfortunately is prone
0080E19 to_ go sour in hot weather. ^Hence it requires special care. ^During
0090E19 summer therefore it is worth going through the extra trouble of purchasing
0100E19 milk twice daily to_ ensure freshness. $^To_ make sure milk
0110E19 does not split, it is advisable to_ reheat several times during the
0120E19 day, this will prevent bacterial fermentation. ^Always stand the milk
0130E19 vessel in a larger container filled with cool water; if you use a
0140E19 new earthenware pot to_ hold the water it will keep the milk cool
0150E19 and hence maintain freshness. ^A clean muslin rung out in cool water
0160E19 should be spread out over the vessel; a corner of the muslin can be
0170E19 made to_ just dip into the water. this will prevent complete drying
0180E19 out. ^Stand the whole arrangment in an airy well ventilated spot.
0190E19 $^In spite of all this if you find that you are still left with
0200E19 a quantity of milk that_ you cannot persuade the young ones to_ consume,
0210E19 try and use it up quickly as, if it is kept for a considerable
0220E19 length of time it is bound to_ split. ^This can be done in several
0230E19 ways. $^Setting it into curds is the easiest way of utilising milk.
0240E19 ^Remember in summer only a small quantity of starter is needed and
0250E19 the sweeter the curds the better. ^Curds can be put to_ good use
0260E19 the next day. ^Sweet curds can be kept for table use or lassi; sweet
0270E19 sour curds for buttermilk and sour curds for curries both vegetarian
0280E19 and non vegetarian. $^Milk adds a welcome change of flavour and additional
0290E19 nutritive value when used in cooking. ^Meat dishes improve
0300E19 vastly if cooked in milk or part milk and water. ^Bland tasting vegetables
0310E19 like *4lauki also do well if simmered in milk. $^When cooking
0320E19 rice dishes like *4khichdi, *4pulao or fried rice dishes in the Indian
0330E19 style, you can always cut down on the quantity of water needed
0340E19 and make up the liquid with some milk; this however, should be added
0350E19 towards the end of cooking. $^Make extra rich omelettes and scrambled
0360E19 eggs by mixing in a little milk into the beaten egg. ^Use egg-milk
0370E19 mixture as a base for breadcrumb coating. $^Milk or cream can be added
0380E19 to soups like chicken \0etc. ^Milk may be added while cooking but
0390E19 for soups like tomato \0etc it should be stirred in while off the
0400E19 fire and just before serving. $^Use a milk and water mixture to_ knead
0410E19 dough for *4chappaties, *4puries, *4samosas or for any sweet or savoury,
0420E19 flour based snack. ^If faced with the need of using a fair quantity
0430E19 of milk one of the following may prove of help. $^Turn milk into *4paneer
0440E19 by adding lemon juice to simmering milk. ^Stir and allow to_
0450E19 curdle; tie in muslin and hang till it drips dry; collect the whey
0460E19 that_ drips and use it in cooking. ^Whey can also be flavoured and
0470E19 used as a nutritive drink. $^Place the solid portion under weight
0480E19 between two flat surfaces and, cut into cubes. ^Fry lightly, and add
0490E19 cuber to any vegetable or mutton curry. ^*4paneer is specially good
0500E19 with a spinach gravy or along with potatoes and peas. $^*4paneer may
0510E19 be mashed and used as a salad ingredient or in any recipe calling
0520E19 for cottage cheese. $^Thicken milk by cooking on a low flame stirring
0530E19 constantly till it is of condensed milk consistency. ^Sweeten
0540E19 to taste and flavour with pounded cardamom. ^Garnish with nuts if desired.
0550E19 ^Serve this as a sweet or for breakfast with bread or *4chappati.
0560E19 ^Enhance thickening by mixing in a slice or two of bread soaked
0570E19 in milk and mashed to a pulp. $^In spite of your best efforts if you
0580E19 do find that on heating the milk has split, continue to_ cook on
0590E19 a low flame, stirring constantly till dry; sweeten and flavour to taste.
0600E19 ^Serve with bread or *4puri. ^The procedure is painstaking and
0610E19 tedious but you will find it well worth the effort since you will
0620E19 not have to_ let it go to waste. $^The true cheese lover can get pleasure
0630E19 from simply reading about cheese. ^For most of us, however, the
0640E19 joy of cheese is in the tasting. ^An English gourmet once said the
0650E19 only way to_ learn about cheese is to_ eat it. ^No one knows how cheese
0660E19 was discovered. ^The ancient Greeks believed it to_ be gift of the
0670E19 gods. ^A legend says that it was discovered quite by accident...
0680E19 ^An Arab traveller carried some milk with him as part of his food
0690E19 supply on a journey across the desert, in a crude container fashioned
0700E19 from a sheep*'s stomach. ^By some chance, the heat of the day
0710E19 and the rennet remaining in the container, caused the milk to_ separate
0720E19 into curds and whey. ^The whey satisfied the traveller*'s thirst
0730E19 and the curd his appetite... and so cheese was born. $^No other
0740E19 food offers such a dazzling variety of blandishments for both the gourmet
0750E19 and every day eater. ^Cheese is the most highly concentrated
0760E19 of all protein foods. ^It takes nearly 5 kilograms of milk to_ make
0770E19 1 kilogram of cheese. ^Eating a small piece of cheese weighing only
0780E19 50 grams is like drinking a quarter litre of milk. $^Its caloric content
0790E19 is quite high but a major part of the calories are **[sic**] those
0800E19 of proteins. ^The carbohydrate content is low because most of the lactose,
0810E19 the milk sugar is removed in the form of whey during the cheese
0820E19 making process. ^Cheese rates as a good source of vitamin B2 and an
0830E19 excellent source of vitamin A. ^If you ate 100 grams of cheese you
0840E19 will receive all the protein expected from a square meal. $^References
0850E19 to cheese were found on clay tablets in the temple of Ur dating
0860E19 around 3000 \0B.C. ^Homer speaks of caves filled with cheese and
0870E19 the Bible has a number of references to cheese. ^It was also known
0880E19 in India and even now *4paneer, a form of cottage cheese is extremely
0890E19 popular in the whole country. '*4^*Chana' used in *4rasagolla
0900E19 and other eastern Indian sweets, is also a form of cheese. $^It is a
0910E19 food both so simple that primitive nomadic people could make it and so
0911E19 complex that today
0920E19 large food factories spend millions probing its mysteries. ^However,
0930E19 the principle is the same-- liquid milk coagulated into a solid. $^We
0940E19 in India see only a few varieties of cheese. ^There are hundreds
0950E19 of varieties sold in States and Europe and more and more are being
0960E19 added every year. ^There are 28 basic types of cheese but flavour
0970E19 variations make a large total. $^What makes one cheese different from
0980E19 another? ^Several factors influence the type of cheese that_ is
0990E19 made. ^The kind of milk used also plays a great part. ^Most cheeses
1000E19 in Europe are made from cow*'s milk, but some are made principally
1010E19 from sheep*'s or goat*'s milk. ^Some cheeses are made from buffalo*'s
1020E19 milk also. ^Sometimes herbs are added to cheese. ^Clover leaves are
1030E19 added in Switzerland. ^Wild artichokes are added in Italy and
1040E19 spices are added in Scandinavia. $^Every kind of cheese has its own
1050E19 period of ripening. ^A Cheddar can be ripened from three or four
1060E19 months to one or two years, depending upon the flavour desired. ^Blue
1070E19 cheese takes two to three months; Parmesan at least 14 months.
1080E19 ^The grand old man of cheese, Saanen requires 3 to 8 years. ^Some cheeses
1090E19 like our own varieties need little or no ripening. $^The most
1110E19 popular variety in India is processed cheese. ^This is available in
1120E19 blocks or in the form of powder. ^Processed cheese is one which has
1130E19 been melted, mixed with milk solids, pasteurized and resolidified.
1140E19 ^The organisms in the cheese are destroyed and the result is a product
1150E19 that_ keeps indefinitely with little or no refrigeration. $^In
1160E19 our country consumption of cheese per head is deploringly low, but all
1170E19 those of us who can afford it should eat more and more cheese, particularly
1180E19 those of us who are strictly vegetarian. ^Try it in a salad,
1190E19 stuff cheese in capsicums or tomatoes. ^Use it in omelettes and souffles.
1200E19 $*<*3The Serving of Cheese*0*> $^Cheeses are always served
1210E19 before the sweet or dessert. ^Cheese is usually served on a separate
1220E19 plate by itself. ^It can also be served on a cheeseboard. ^Savouring
1230E19 biscuits and slices of brown bread may also be served along with
1240E19 the cheese. ^It is the custom in France to_ offer the cheese first
1250E19 to the master of the house. ^He examines it and then cuts it before
1260E19 it is handed to the guests. $**<*3HOW TO_ MAKE SUGAR SYRUP*0**>
1270E19 $^Sugar is with alcohol the only chemically purified food in our
1280E19 diet. ^It is a reasonably pure carbohydrate. ^It is a foodstuff that_
1290E19 is readily absorbed in the system. ^About 100 grams of sugar yield
1300E19 393 calories. $^Because of its rapid assimilation sugar restores
1310E19 energy very quickly in people who are fatigued. $^Mineral salts however
1320E19 are lacking in sugar. ^Sugar should therefore be considered
1330E19 as a condiment for balancing food. $^In cooking, sugar is used in confectionery
1340E19 and preparation of sweets. ^It is also used in making some
1350E19 sauces. ^Sugar boiled to the caramel degree is used as a colouring
1360E19 agent for soups. ^Sugar dissolved in a predetermined quantity of water
1370E19 and boiled to a syrup is used in the preparation of sweets. ^The
1380E19 usual proportion for the preparation of sugar syrup is 1 1/4 cups
1390E19 of water to 1 kilo of sugar. ^The mixture should be put on the fire,
1400E19 brought to the boil and impurities skimmed off as they come to the
1410E19 surface. ^If this sum is not removed it causes graining. ^As soon as
1420E19 the boiling process produces small bubbles very close together, the
1430E19 evaporation is complete. ^At this point the sugar starts to_ cook
1440E19 and one has to_ watch it with care to_ stop it at the degree desired.
1450E19 ^During this process the skin which forms on the side of the saucepan
1460E19 must be frequently removed. ^Another method of preventing graining
1470E19 is to_ add a spoonful of glucose for every pound of sugar. $^Before
1480E19 arriving at the stage called caramel, sugar passes through six
1490E19 different stages which are explained below. ^These stages can be determined
1500E19 by some indications which can be easily recognised after some
1510E19 careful practice. $*<*3First degree-- small gloss or small thread:*0*>
1520E19 $^Take a little syrup and test between the thumb and the index
1530E19 finger. ^Stretch the two fingers apart. ^Little threads forming between
1540E19 the two indicate that the sugar has arrived at the small thread
1550E19 degree. $*<*3Second degree-- Large thread*0*> $^Continue boiling
1560E19 for a few minutes more. ^Then carry out the same test. ^This time
1570E19 the threads will be more numerous, larger and stronger. $*<*3Third
1580E19 degree-- small ball:*0*> $^After the large thread degree, the heat of
1590E19 the sugar is such that it is necessary before carrying out subsequent
1610E19 tests to_ dip the fingers into cold water. ^When this is done the
1620E19 sugar detaches itself from the sugar, forming a kind of glue, which
1630E19 can be rolled into a soft ball. $*<*3Fourth degree-- large ball:*0*>
1640E19 $^After a little more boiling carry out the test again. ^The ball
1650E19 that_ is formed will be a little harder. ^This is the hard ball degree.
1660E19 $*<*3Fifth degree-- small crack:*0*> ^After a little more
1661E19 boiling dip the finger into the
1670E19 sugar and immediately into cold water. ^A thin piece of sugar will
1680E19 fall off the finger which if put into the mouth will stick to the teeth.
1690E19 ^This indicates that the sugar has arrived at the small crack degree.
1700E19 $*<*3Sixth degree or hard crack:*0*>*#
        **[no. of words = 02003**]

        **[txt. e20**]
0010E20 **<*3 WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT CARDAMOM*0**> $^Cardamom or *4elaichi,
0020E20 is the third costliest spice, after saffron and vanilla. ^Good varieties
0030E20 now cost about \0*4Rs. 180 a \0kg. $^This spice is indigenous
0040E20 to India and even now plants can be seen growing wild in the forests
0050E20 of Kerala. ^In fact, one method of commercial production of cardamom
0060E20 is to_ partially clear the forests, thin the naturally growing cardamom
0070E20 plants, and allow them to_ grow properly. $^Cardamom is mainly
0080E20 cultivated in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. ^India produces
0090E20 about 3000 tonnes of the spice annually. ^Other producing countries
0100E20 are Sri Lanka, Gautemala and Tanzania, which together account for
0110E20 another 2000 tonnes. $^Different varieties of cardamom are available
0120E20 in the market. ^One is roundish and bleached white. ^It appears attractive
0130E20 but the seeds inside are off-flavour because of the chemical
0140E20 treatment given during bleaching. $^Another variety is greenish white, which
0150E20 is natural, due to drying of the fruit in the sun. ^This is good
0160E20 cardamom but the flavour of the seeds inside is somewhat harsh and camphor
0170E20 like, due to the presence of excess of a chemical called cineol,
0180E20 which is the chief ingredient of eucalyptus oil. $^The major quantity
0190E20 of caradamom produced in India is known as Alleppy Green. ^This
0200E20 variety is long and three-angled. ^Its colour is uniformly green.
0210E20 ^This is the best variety of cardamom. ^The seeds inside have a sweet, fruity
0220E20 flavour, due to the presence of some esters. $^Buy cardamom after
0230E20 tasting the seeds inside, which are the real source of flavour. ^Do
0240E20 not be carried away by the apperance of the skin, which does not have
0250E20 any flavour. $^One-third of the weight of the pod is made up of the
0260E20 husk, which only gives a protective coating to the seeds inside. ^As
0270E20 long as seeds are thus protected, they do not lose the flavour. $^Some
0280E20 people add the whole cardamom fruit to foods, without opening the
0290E20 pods and crushing the seeds. ^This is a very wasteful way of using such
0300E20 a costly spice. ^The flavour of the seeds is released only when they
0310E20 are crushed to_ break the oil cells. ^Always open the pods by hand
0330E20 or pestle, remove the seeds and grind them to a coarse powder just
0340E20 before adding to food. ^If you grind the seeds and store them as a
0350E20 powder, the smell is rapidly lost. $^The name *4elaichi or *4chota *4elaichi
0360E20 is given to the true cardamom, which is obtained from the plant
0370E20 botanically known as *8elettaria cardamomum*9. ^This has two varieties,
0380E20 Mysore and Malabar. ^*Alleppy Green cardamom, mentioned above,
0390E20 belongs to the Mysore variety. ^What is grown in Coorg and North
0400E20 Karnataka belongs to the Malabar variety. $^A giant-sized (1-2 inches
0410E20 long) wild cardamom is also found in Sri Lanka. ^It has a medicinal flavour
0420E20 and is used only in Ayurvedic medicines. ^It is commercially unimportant.
0430E20 $^The big brown fruits of *4bada *4elaichi used as a cheap substitute
0440E20 for the true cardamom, are derived from a different plant called
0450E20 *8amomum subulatum*9. ^This has no relation to true cardamom. ^However,
0460E20 the fruit looks somewhat like it and also has a slight resemblance
0470E20 in smell to cardamom. $^The seeds have a very inferior camphoraceous
0480E20 odour. ^These *7amomum fruits are produced in West Bengal, Sikkim,
0490E20 Darjeeling and Nepal. ^They cost only about \0Rs 10 per \0kg. ^Do
0500E20 not buy any *7amomum fruits in the belief they are also *4elaichi.
0510E20 ^If you buy cardamom seeds, they may be adulterated with *7amomum seeds.
0520E20 ^Look carefully, if possible, with a lens. *7^Amomum seeds are big
0530E20 and smooth unlike cardamom seeds which are small and pitted in appearance.
0540E20 $*<*3The plant*0*> $^The cardamom plant is a medium-sized perennial
0550E20 shrub, which thrives best in damp soil rich in humus. ^It requires
0560E20 a cool climate and good rainfall. ^The succulent leaf shoots grow
0570E20 to a height of 3 to 4 1/2 meters. ^In winter, long runners come out from
0580E20 the base of the plant with small greenish white flowers. ^The fruits
0590E20 are formed later and are ready for harvest by about September. ^They
0600E20 are plucked when still green in colour and dried in the sun or in
0610E20 heated rooms. ^It is necessary to_ use only artificial drying if
0620E20 the green colour is to_ be retained. $^These green pods fetch a very
0630E20 good price in the Arab countries, where people believe that good cardamom
0640E20 must be green in colour. ^The Arabs use a lot of cardamom to_
0650E20 flavour black coffee. ^If dried in the sun, the pods are partially
0660E20 bleached and look half white and half green. $^In some growing areas
0670E20 in Karnataka, the pods are bleached by sulphur fumes and dried in the
0680E20 sun repeatedly to_ get a very white skin. ^People in the east European
0690E20 countries and Russia, as also some parts of India, prefer
0700E20 this bleached cardamom. ^As mentioned earlier, the outward appearance
0710E20 of the pods has nothing to_ do with the flavour. $*<*3Commercial
0720E20 uses*0*> $^In industry, cardamom seeds are ground and distilled to_
0730E20 get a sweet smelling volatile oil. ^This oil is an important commercial
0740E20 commodity. ^It is used in food flavouring, pharmaceuticals and perfumery
0750E20 in western countries. ^The oil is the essence of the spice. ^The
0760E20 spice and its oil are used in baked goods like breads, cakes and
0770E20 pies in the Scandinavian countries. $^In India, cardamom is used
0780E20 in sweets, curries and *4pan. ^It is supposed to_ have carminative,
0790E20 stimulant and diuretic properties. ^Some people also believe that it
0791E20 is an aphrodisiac. $**<*3ARE FOOD ADDITIVES POISON?*0**>
0800E20 $^Colours and other food additives are now being indiscriminately used
0810E20 all over the world in sweets, spices, beverages, \0etc., to_ give
0820E20 them an attractive look. ^But very few people know that their persistent
0830E20 use may be dangerous and a serious health hazard as well. $^There
0840E20 is no denying that the appearance influences a consumer more than
0850E20 flavour or taste. ^The result is that artificial colours are added even
0860E20 to processed foods, canned and pulped fruits and vegetables which
0870E20 are likely to_ lose their natural colour during processing or storage.
0880E20 $^What are food additives? $^There is no internationally accepted
0890E20 definition for this term. ^The Food and Agriculture Organisation (\0FA*0)
0900E20 defines an additive as non-nutritive substance added to food, generally
0910E20 in small quantities. ^This improves the appearance, flavour,
0920E20 texture and storage properties. $^The food additives which are now generally
0930E20 used in food processing, have the ability to_ promote better
0940E20 utilisation of available foods. ^These also help maintain the nutritional
0950E20 quality of food and enhance their storage quality, stability
0960E20 and apperance. $^The storage and transport facilities in the underdeveloped
0970E20 countries are inadequate. ^And therefore, the use of food additives
0980E20 reduces the wastage due to seasonal surpluses. $^In tropical regions,
0900E20 where high temperature and humidity stimulate the microbial growth
1000E20 and development of rancidity in foods, use of anti-microbial agents
1010E20 helps avoid wastage to a great extent. $*<*3Major additives*0*> $^The
1020E20 food additives include nutrients, colourings, flavourings, flavour
1030E20 enhancers and antimicrobial preservatives. $^The most important group
1040E20 of food additives includes vitamins, amino acids and minerals, which
1050E20 are nutrients. ^They are added to_ compensate for the losses suffered
1060E20 during processing or to_ provide nutrients in which the food
1070E20 is lacking. ^Examples of their use include fortifying of margarine with
1080E20 vitamin A. ^Sometimes vitamin B*;1**; and B*;12**; and niacinamide
1090E20 are added to flour or bread. $^Food colours also constitute a major
1100E20 group of additives. $^In India, the use of ten synthetic dyes is
1110E20 permitted in foods such as beverages, candy, confectionery (orange,
1120E20 lemon juices \0etc.), dessert powders, canned fruits and vegetables, icecreams,
1130E20 dairy products, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. ^Colour only
1140E20 enhances consumer appeal, it does not add to the nutritive value. ^However,
1150E20 the long-term effects of even these permitted colours are gradually
1160E20 coming to light as more sensitive and sophisticated testing techniques
1170E20 are being developed. $^One of the permitted colours on our certified
1180E20 list is amaranth. ^This food colour is being extensively used all
1190E20 over the world. ^Approximately, 1.5 million pounds of this dye are
1200E20 used each year in foods, drugs and cosmetics in about 60 countries.
1210E20 ^But in 1968, it was discovered that when administered to rats, this
1220E20 universally accepted colouring agent caused cancerous tumours in several
1230E20 organs and tissues. ^Further experiments proved that the dye lowered
1240E20 fertility in rats, induced still-births and even produced malformed
1250E20 and macerated foetuses. ^These findings shocked the authorities in
1260E20 \0USA into taking the dye off the list of permitted colours. ^But
1270E20 in India, this is still being used. $*<*3Some are permitted*>
1280E20 $^Again, many additives are permitted in small concentrations. ^But some
1290E20 have shown toxicity, cancer or birth defects and genetic injury to
1300E20 future generations. ^So far only a few of these chemical additives
1310E20 have been adequately tested and even in their case, the testing has been
1320E20 confined to toxicity and carcinogenity (ability to_ produce). ^Practically
1340E20 no tests have been performed to_ test their tendency to_
1350E20 cause mutations and fundamental changes in the genes. ^Therefore their
1360E20 long-range effects are not at all known. $^Non-permitted colours
1370E20 are found to_ be highly toxic. ^Commonly used non-permitted dyes
1380E20 such as orange, pink, yellow, blue and green cause pathological injury to
1390E20 vital organs like kidney, spleen and liver. ^These were also reported
1400E20 to_ be carcinogenic. $^Malachite green increases the incidence of lung,
1410E20 breast and liver tumours. ^It is also known to_ produce inborn abnormalities
1420E20 of bone, skin and lung. $^Lead chromate, an inorganic pigment
1430E20 which is used in polishing whole turmeric (*4haldi), causes anaemia,
1440E20 paralysis and abortion. $^So to_ avoid the dangers of lead poisoning
1450E20 or cancer, the consumer should buy the whole turmeric in its natural
1460E20 state which appears dull and brown. ^It undoubtedly lacks colour
1470E20 and consumer appeal, but is definitely safer. $^Metanil yellow, the
1480E20 most popular among the non-permitted dyes, is generally used in various
1490E20 sweets, *4namkins, cereals, condiments, \0etc. ^Oral feeding and
1500E20 intratesticular administration of this dye in experimental animals produced
1510E20 testicular injuries. $^Flavouring materials are added to basic food
1520E20 stuffs to_ provide a characteristic product flavour or modify the
1530E20 original flavour. ^Both natural and synthetic flavours are used. ^However,
1540E20 their use is restricted to specified foods in amounts not exceeding
1550E20 300 parts per million (\0ppm) when used singularly or in combination.
1560E20 ^Some of the common natural flavouring agents are crude spices and
1570E20 herbs, essential oils or extracts. $^Crude spices and herbs are used
1580E20 in meat, pickle and bakery items. ^The essential oils are extensively
1590E20 used in the production of food flavour, perfumes and cosmetics. $^Flavours
1600E20 can also be influenced by the addition of flavour enhancer such
1610E20 as monosodium glutamate. ^It intensifies the perception of flavour.
1620E20 ^It is commonly used by housewives in Chinese cooking. ^Monosodium glutamate,
1630E20 when present in mother*'s food, causes extensive damage to foetus
1640E20 or infant during pregnancy and lactation. $^Preservatives or anti-microbial
1650E20 substances are capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting
1660E20 the process of fermentation and decomposition of eatables. ^The
1670E20 food industry generally relies on such physical factors as heat, cold
1680E20 and low moisture for product preservation, but the use of antimicrobial
1690E20 preservatives is growing very fast. $^Preservatives are divided into
1700E20 two classes: (**=1) those, which can be added to any food generally
1710E20 on 'no limit' basis, acetic acid, acetate, common salt, dextrose,
1720E20 edible oils, honey, spices and sugar, (**=2) chemicals or their sodium,
1730E20 potassium or calcium salts-- acid, calcium, phosphate, benzoic acid,
1740E20 methyl and propyl parahydroxy bentoic acid, sodium diacetate, sulphur
1750E20 dioxide (sulphurous acid) and sulphites. *Text mutilated**]
1751E20 $^Nisin is a polypeptide
1760E20 antibiotic. ^It is used to_ increase the shelf life of sterilised milk
1770E20 for periods as long as 60 days. ^Nisin is considered safe for food because
1780E20 it is readily destroyed by digestive enzymes. $^Besides the permitted
1790E20 preservatives, the use of hydrogen peroxide in milk is considered
1800E20 harmless. ^Most of it evaporates while boiling. ^An amount of 3-4 \0ml
1810E20 of 30% hydrogen peroxide is sufficient for one litre of milk. **[text
1820E20 multilated**] $^There is a great demand for non-nutritive sweetener
1830E20 with a low calorie value for foods and beverages. ^Saccharin is permitted
1840E20 only at a level of 100 \0ppm in soft drinks, but it is now proposed
1850E20 to_ disallow its use. ^Addition of saccharin in other food stuffs
1860E20 is also being restricted to a bare minimum.*#
        **[no. of words = 02007**]


        **[txt. e21**]
0010E21 **<*3Around the World with Kushwant Singh*0**> ^My picture of the
0020E21 American negro had been somewhat blurred; Chameli*'s party with
0030E21 the black elite of the city put that_ picture completely out of focus.
0040E21 ^It took many visits to the United States to_ rid my mind of
0050E21 all pre-conceived notions I had of the country and its people. ^During
0060E21 the first sojourn Americans seemed to_ be the parody of everything
0070E21 that_ I had heard about them. ^*I still recall the sense of
0080E21 disbelief when I switched on the radio. ^Brought up on the \0B.B.C.
0090E21 pattern of a flat monotone to_ emphasise its objectivity, the announcement
0100E21 sounded like a circus clown*'s invitation to_ see the
0110E21 lion tamer. '^On the air, every where in San Fransisco, introducing
0120E21 your favourite telecaster-- Al or Bud something-or-the other,'
0130E21 followed by the telecaster*'s avuncular greeting: 'Hi folks! ^How*'1s
0140E21 that_ cup of kawfee this morning? ^Noos is good and bad. ^*Ole Fidel
0150E21 Castro*'1s having a spot of trouble. ^*I told you he would, didn*'4t
0160E21 I? ^That_*'1s good noos. ^But the weather*'1s bad. ^Snow flurries
0170E21 have jangled the traffic on the main routes. ^Be sure to_ keep warm.'
0180E21 ^And so on. ^It was the same with most of the newspapers. ^Bizarre
0190E21 headlines, pages and pages of ads, local gossip and sports-- the
0200E21 rest of the world relegated to_ obscure columns. ^Same with the television--
0210E21 all the 13 old channels devoting most of their time to commercials
0220E21 about new gadgets, pizza, coke, smoke, automobiles, airlines--
0230E21 the lot. ^How seriously could one take this nutty, non-serious conglomeration
0240E21 of people? ^How was it that while they seemed to_ spend
0250E21 more time having a good time than working, they produced almost half
0260E21 the wealth of the world? ^And though seemingly uncouth, unsophisticated
0270E21 and naive, they produced world*'s greatest scientists, writers,
0280E21 doctors and their politicians could outsmart the wiliest Europeans
0290E21 and Orientals? ^*I found my answers in the groves of academe: Rochester,
0300E21 Hawaii, Princeton and Swarthmore. ^*I could make very little
0310E21 of the Rochester students, even less at Hawaii where most students
0320E21 combined surf-riding and working in restaurants with lectures
0330E21 on exotic subjects which caught their fancy. ^Invariably a few dozed
0340E21 off during lectures on Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Sikhism.
0350E21 ^It is different at Princeton and Swarthmore. ^*I found that the American
0360E21 Campus had an ethos of its own unlike anything I had experienced
0370E21 in Indian, English or French universities. ^It was more
0380E21 relaxed, the professor-student relationship more cordial, the class-room
0390E21 atmosphere less formal. ^Students smoked, girls wore the briefest
0400E21 of dresses and often had their legs on the desks. ^There was less
0410E21 adulation of sportsmen, less awe of the intellectual, less fear
0420E21 of examinations. ^Nevertheless the American collegiate seemed to_
0430E21 extract more out of his years at college than his counterparts elsewhere.
0440E21 ^Lectures were at a discount; emphasis was on dialogue with the
0450E21 *4guru or seminar type discussions on papers written by them. ^*American
0460E21 boys and girls spent longer hours in libraries than Indian,
0470E21 English or French students. ^Although there was considerably more
0480E21 mingling of the sexes-- and perhaps cohabitation-- young Americans
0490E21 consumed less liquor and tobacco and put in longer hours of work.
0500E21 ^On my last assignment at Swarthmore College seven years ago, I saw
0510E21 the change that_ had taken place in the Black-white relationship.
0520E21 ^All the White students were for integration; most of the Blacks
0530E21 I met were for settling scores for past discriminations. ^As a Brown
0540E21 I was in the invidious situation where although my emotional sympathies
0550E21 were with the Blacks I found it diffcult to_ understand
0560E21 their point of view. $^My voyages of discovery of America have not
0570E21 ended. ^The last time I was in the States I was a guest of an old
0580E21 friend \0Dr. John Hazard, professor of Soviet Law at Columbia
0590E21 University. ^He had written advising me to_ take a cab from the
0600E21 airport: '^It will be between 8-9 dollars. ^Don*'4t let the cabby take
0610E21 you for a ride. ^You know what cabbies are!' ^Mine had an Italian
0620E21 name and what I later learnt was known as a Brooklyn accent. ^It
0630E21 didn*'4t take him long to_ sense that I was not familiar with the
0640E21 sights. ^He started pointing out the various landmarks. ^*I didn*'4t
0650E21 pay much attention because my eyes were glued on the meter. ^*I
0660E21 would pay upto 9 dollars: not a cent more . '^You noo?' he asked me.
0670E21 '^Yeah,' I replied in my best Yankee. '^Foist day: Foine city,
0680E21 Noo Yok. ^*I live on the way. ^Come and meet the missus. ^She*'1s
0690E21 never met a *4Hindoo with a toy-bon.' ^He was a sharp one. ^*I said
0700E21 no thank you, I was getting late. ^The meter showed 8.50. ^Another
0710E21 50 cents to_ go. Just as he pulled up he slammed down the flag. ^He
0720E21 couldn*'4t trick me because I had seen it read 8.50 and \0Dr. Hazard
0730E21 was at the door waiting for me. '^How much?' ^*I demanded in a not too
0740E21 friendly tone. '^Nuttin,' he replied. '^Its your foist day in my country.
0750E21 ^Let it be on me.' ^*I was taken aback. ^Was this some kind of confidence
0760E21 trick? ^*I insisted on paying the fare. ^He gave in. '^Okay,
0770E21 we*'3ll call it four dollars.' $^*I learnt my lesson; never generalise
0780E21 about a people, never believe in the stereotype-- not even the
0790E21 cab driver. ^*I recalled a cryptic remark made by the late Prime Minister
0800E21 Nehru on the eve of his visit to the United States. '^*I
0810E21 have been advised by my friends,' Nehru had written to a friend in
0820E21 Boston, 'that no one should be required to_ see America for the
0830E21 first time.' ^It sounded very clever but I did not understand what
0840E21 it meant except that every time I go to the United States it seems
0850E21 like the first time. $*<*3In Paris with Little French and less
0860E21 money*0*> $*3^A MODERN*0 form of torture is long-distance travel
0870E21 in a crowded Jumbo. ^Despite its monstrous size, its belly does not
0880E21 give much leg or elbow room to the passengers it ingests. ^Since
0890E21 there are so many people to_ serve there is little time for courtesy
0900E21 or indulging the gourmet. ^Food like rubber; champagne which should
0910E21 be chilled is warm; coffee which should be hot is tepid. ^Sound common
0920E21 sense! ^If you eat and drink little, there is less to_ get rid of.
0930E21 ^There are only 10 lavatories (for 320 economy class passengers) and
0940E21 a never-ending line of men and women with bladders about to_ burst
0950E21 and farting. ^By the time you make the loo and lower yourself on
0960E21 a much-soiled commode, a panel in front flashers messages in French
0970E21 and English and a voice orders you to_ return to your seat: '^We
0980E21 have begun our descent towards Paris. ^Fasten your seat-belts and
0990E21 observe the no-smoking sign.' $^If it was Air-India, I would have
1000E21 screamed. ^But this is Air France and my vocabulary of rude French
1010E21 is very dated. $^It is springtime in Paris. ^Visions of fountains
1020E21 in the Champs Elysees sparkling in bright sunshine; the Tuileries
1030E21 gardens strewn with daffodils and narcissi; hedges in the Bois de Boulogne
1040E21 ablaze with rhododendron and azalia. ^*Refrains of Oscar Hammerstoin*'s
1050E21 song echo faintly in my ears: **[song**] $^It is springtime
1060E21 in Paris. ^The sky is overcast: a grey fog spreads like a pestilential
1070E21 blanket; the runways are swept by a chill, blustering gale. ^The
1080E21 new Charles de Gaulle airport is clinically clean but as cold
1090E21 and unfriendly as the ward of a cancer hospital. $^An attractive young
1100E21 lady greets me on behalf of my hosts. ^Her English is worse than
1110E21 my French. ^She addresses me as 'Monsieur Singe (monkey)'. ^However,
1120E21 she pays the cab to the hotel and I save 35 francs. ^*I make another
1130E21 saving of foreign exchange by tipping the boy who brings up my
1140E21 valise in rupee notes. $^*I quickly glance round the room. ^It could
1150E21 be in any hotel in Sydney, Singapore, Srinagar, Dakar or Delhi.
1160E21 (^Why does one invariably alliterate in explaining such situations?)
1170E21 ^To_ make sure I have left Bombay, I switch on the television.
1180E21 ^*I am struck by the excellence of the colour picture-- it is much
1190E21 cleaner than anything I saw in Tokyo, London or New York. ^On
1200E21 the French channel, there is a panel discussing homosexuality. ^Two
1210E21 young men talk frankly about their preference for their own sex;
1220E21 a lesbian lady does likewise. ^Psychiatrists and doctors make comments
1230E21 I heard 40 years ago when these subjects first began to_ be discussed
1240E21 openly. ^The English channel has Julius Caesar. $^The landscape
1250E21 of Paris has not changed very much since I lived here 20 years ago.
1260E21 ^But the prices have more than doubled. ^Now more than ever it is
1270E21 true that Paris is a place where a man who has money to_ burn meets
1280E21 his match. ^However, though the Parisian skies are unwelcoming,
1290E21 the Bon Dieu has arranged that my friend Mischa Jucker of Sandoz
1300E21 should be in the city and in the same hotel. ^Mischa has the largest
1310E21 heart in the world with a wallet of equal size. ^He insists the
1320E21 evening is to_ be on him. ^*I do not protest. ^We take a cab to his
1330E21 favourite restaurant, Tsarevitch. ^We are the only guests. ^A five-man
1340E21 orchestra regales us with Russian and Hungarian gypsy music.
1350E21 ^We sup on blini and sturgeon (mother of caviare, reputed to_
1360E21 be highly aphrodisiac) and a bottle of chilled Pouilly Fume. ^The
1370E21 evening costs Mischa the equivalent of \0Rs. 1,000. ^What does
1380E21 an Indian allowed *+12.50 per day (plus *+3 at the airport) do but
1390E21 pray for a Mischa Jucker at every port of call! $^Before turning back
1400E21 to the hotel, we decide to_ take a stroll through Place Pigalle,
1410E21 the red-light district of Paris. ^It hasn*'4t 'progressed' much in
1420E21 vice. ^*Hamburg, Copenhagen and Amsterdam have much more to_ offer.
1430E21 ^Girls stand in the doorways; pimps (that_ loathsome tribe) solicit
1440E21 our custom. ^Striptease joints have larger-than-lifesize pictures
1450E21 of girls displaying their bosoms (not genitals). ^Sex shops sell outsize
1460E21 rubber penises, foam-rubber dolls fully equipped for intercourse
1470E21 and stimulators in many colours. ^In one shop, there is a cartoon
1480E21 of a white girl asking a Negro saleswoman for a black stimulator.
1490E21 ^The Negro lady replies, 'Blacks' don*'4t come in small or medium
1500E21 sizes, madam.' ^What about browns? $*<*3^Addressing a Conference*0*>
1510E21 $^The next morning begins the test of my French. ^*I have to_ address
1520E21 a conference. ^*I recall the predicament of an American diplomat
1530E21 sent to Paris to_ discuss trade. '^*I suppose you speak French?'
1540E21 asked a Senator. '^A little,' replied the diplomat.' ^*I have no
1550E21 trouble making waiters and cab-drivers understand me.' ^The senator
1560E21 retorted, '^But suppose there are no waiters and cab-drivers at the
1570E21 conference?' $^My conference has four Nobel Prize-Winners. ^Amongst
1580E21 the list of invitees are Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Natalie
1590E21 Sarraute, Allan Sillitore, Denis de Rougemont, Ignazio Silone,
1600E21 James Michener, mstephen Spender, Sir Arthur Rubenstein,
1610E21 Yehudi Menuhin and Isaac Sterne. ^Would it be wise to_ try French?
1620E21 ^Foreigners trying to_ show off their knowledge of the language
1630E21 often make asses of themselves. ^There was an English executive
1640E21 who, when he found that his bed had a very thin mattress, asked the hotel
1650E21 manager for a *7matelot. ^The word, though it sounds like the
1660E21 French equivalent of a mattress, in fact means a sailor. ^When the
1670E21 manager explained that *7matelots were only available in seaports, the
1680E21 Englishman told him, 'In my bed in England, I have two *7matelots.'
1690E21 ^The astonished manager exclaimed, 'My god! *8Quell nation
1700E21 maritime!'*9 $^Another word on which the English frequently come to
1710E21 grief is cabinet, which in French refers to a lavatory. ^Hence the
1720E21 amusement resulting from a Minister of State boasting: '^For the
1730E21 last three years I have been in the Cabinet!' ^Then there is the
1740E21 famous *8faux pas*9 ascribed to Winston Churchill. ^He was talking
1750E21 his past life being divided into two epochs-- \0viz, that_ of the journalist
1760E21 and that_ of the politician. ^The word he used for past was *7derriere
1770E21 which means behind or buttock: '^When I look at my behind, I
1780E21 see it is divided into two parts'.*#
        **[no. of words = 02002**]

        **[txt. e22**]
0010E22 **<*3GANGA SAGAR TO GOMUKH*0**> $^The Airbus dropped us at Calcutta
0020E22 Airport sharp at 8.40 \0a.m. ^*Ed was, as usual, surrounded by
0030E22 the photographers and airport authorities. ^The Department of Tourism
0040E22 had arranged to_ transport us in a mini-bus from the Airport to
0050E22 the Five Star Hotel in the posh area of Calcutta. ^The lobby of
0060E22 the hotel was in total darkness due to a power failure. ^By candle-light
0070E22 we filled up our entry forms. ^We had to_ literally search for our
0080E22 rooms like hunting for hidden treasure in the dark. ^It was here,
0090E22 during my stay, that I had an irritating experience with the waiters.
0100E22 ^Each time they entered the room, they expected a tip, even when
0110E22 they used to_ bring bed tea in the morning. ^Other members were also
0120E22 disturbed by this attitude. ^Arrival day in Calcutta was spent by
0130E22 all in last minute purchases of requirements for the expedition. ^That_
0140E22 evening, we were all told to_ meet next day at 9 \0a.m. in Ed*'s
0150E22 room for general briefing, discussion and suggestions. $20.8.77 $^Our
0160E22 crowd gathered sharp at 9 \0a.m. in Ed*'s room. ^The floor was
0170E22 given to Max. ^The first precaution he asked all of us to_ take was--
0180E22 "Always drink boiled water". ^In case of difficulty in boiling,
0190E22 he distributed some tablets for water purification. ^He gave us all
0200E22 a four weeks course of malaria tablets. ^My first assignment was to_
0210E22 purchase mosquito nets for all. ^*Max requested all members to_ approach
0220E22 him for medical help without any hesitation. ^A telephone bell
0230E22 in Ed*'s room started ringing every minute during our discussion. ^It
0240E22 was from various organisations and individuals in Calcutta, requesting
0250E22 appointments and asking for interviews with Ed and Party. ^The
0260E22 task of polite refusal was well taken over by \0BB with a cyclostyled
0270E22 answer in negative. ^He faced some difficulty only when an insisting
0280E22 feminine voice was on the line! ^*Pema and Mingma who had
0290E22 come from Nepal, joined us here. $21.8.77 $^Next day again, a meeting
0300E22 took place at 9 \0a.m. and we were told to_ take minimum clothes
0310E22 for our journey to Haldia, Ganga Sagar and Sunderbans. ^Torches
0320E22 were distributed. ^Evening was well spent at the residence of Desmond
0330E22 Doig where we had dinner. ^His house-cum-museum kept all of us
0340E22 very absorbed in books, records and curios. $22.8.77 $^At 7 sharp in
0350E22 the morning, Ed came down from his room with heavy luggage on his
0360E22 shoulders followed by all the expedition members. ^The porters of the
0370E22 Five Star Hotel were a bit disturbed by this unbelievable sight.
0380E22 ^The bus was loaded with members and luggage, and departure to Haldia
0390E22 took place as per schedule. ^The journey on a country road was
0400E22 very bumpy but it gave us a nice country view, allowing us to_ click
0410E22 our cameras here and there. ^On the way to Haldia we were surprised
0420E22 to_ find some banners welcoming "^Ocean to Sky" expedition members.
0430E22 ^On reaching Haldia, we were eager to see crates of three Hamilton
0440E22 jet boats which were brought by \0S.C.I.*'s *(0M.V.*) VISHVA
0450E22 VIKAS from Lyttleton, New Zealand to Haldia Port. ^The intact
0460E22 look of the three crates was the most pleasing sight to all of us.
0470E22 $23.8.77 $^We hurried for our breakfast and then to Haldia Dock.
0480E22 ^By this time one crate was unpacked and we saw our spick and span
0490E22 Ganga boat. ^Immediately Dingle started painting the Lord Shiva
0500E22 and Ganga coming out of his '*4Jata' (^Cluster of hair on his head).
0510E22 ^On the second boat, Air India, he painted the famous Maharaja
0520E22 who by now has gained the age of 45 years, and on the third boat, the
0530E22 Kiwi, the national bird of New Zealand. $^These were the three
0540E22 fibre glass hydro-jet boats invented by a New Zealand farmer, Sir
0550E22 William, father of Jon Hamilton. ^These boats are now used in many
0560E22 parts of the world. ^The top speed of these boats is 72 \0km per
0570E22 hour with the range of 260 \0km with full tank of petrol. ^Each boat
0580E22 is 5.27 metres long, 2.6 metres wide and weighs 3630 \0kg. ^Each will
0590E22 carry 5 expedition members and their light-weight belongings. ^The
0600E22 most important feature of these boats is that they can run even
0610E22 in a very shallow draught of 10 \0cm. $^The first boat to_ fill its belly
0620E22 tank was Ganga. ^The Indian Oil, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation
0630E22 and Bharat Petroleum Corporation had jointly made special
0640E22 arrangements for refuelling the three jet boats at more than 20 locations,
0650E22 rightfrom Haldia in West Bengal to Joshimath in \0U.P. ^At
0660E22 some places the arrangements were made by rolling barrels to the river
0670E22 side, special refuelling equipment and all through maintaining
0680E22 the quality of petrol. ^The average fuelling was 600 to 700 litres
0690E22 at each location, besides lubricating oils and kerosene (for cooking
0700E22 and night lamps). \0^*I.O.C. also supplied a newly developed Nutan
0710E22 wickstove for cooking. $^Significantly, Ganga was the first to_
0720E22 be lowered in the water for the first trial run followed by Air India
0730E22 and Kiwi. *(0^*B.G.*) was fortunate to_ get first ride on Ganga.
0740E22 ^Each one of us was working very hard. ^It was here that I felt
0750E22 it is high time that we learnt as a nation the dignity of labour.
0760E22 $^In the evening, Ed and party were invited for a cup of tea by
0770E22 \0Mr. Hemavati Nandan Bahuguna, Central Minister, who was at
0780E22 that_ time in Haldia. ^He said that he was very happy to_ know that
0790E22 the expedition was culminating at his birth-place, Garhwal. ^He
0800E22 also complimented Ed, saying "^Age is helping you look younger and
0810E22 younger". $24.8.77 $^It was a fine morning with a light drizzle, a good
0820E22 omen. ^Today marks our departure to Ganga Sagar, where Ganga
0830E22 merges with the ocean. ^*Jim (Cultural Adviser to this expedition,
0840E22 \0Ph.D. from Banaras Hindu University, his subject was Indian
0850E22 philosophy which he was teaching in New Zealand) had planned this
0860E22 occasion. ^He purchased at Calcutta a copper pot, three coconuts,
0870E22 scented sticks, flowers and garlands. ^On reaching Ganga Sagar Island,
0880E22 Jim, mike and I went to the main temple and contacted the old priest
0890E22 (in his 80*'3s) from Bihar, who has settled here for the last 20
0900E22 years. ^*Jim requested his blessing at the '*4puja' of the three boats
0910E22 for the success of the expedition. ^In the meantime, Mike Gill
0920E22 photographed the temple and the deity of Ganga and King Bhagirath
0930E22 who brought Ganga from heaven to earth. ^The priest informed Jim
0940E22 that he would do the job to their satisfaction. ^The priest came to
0950E22 the shore with a grinding-stone for sandalwood paste, a small temple-bell
0960E22 and a copper-pot full of water. ^After applying sandalwood paste
0970E22 on the three boats, he offered flowers and started chanting *4Vedic
0980E22 hymns. ^He was doing his job sincerely which took all of us in that_
0990E22 holy mood. ^He applied the sandalwood paste and *4Tika on the forehead
1000E22 of Ed, Jim and others and broke coconuts on 3 boats. ^*Jim
1010E22 asked me as to how much we should pay him. ^*I informed him that in
1020E22 the normal course, we would pay him for this job about 21 *4rupees as
1030E22 *4Dakshina. ^*Ed took out a hundred *4rupee note and offered it to
1040E22 the Priest. ^The old priest then started chanting *4Vedic hymns in
1050E22 a louder tone and blessing each one of us! ^*Jim collected water from
1060E22 Ganga Sagar in a copper-pot which he was to_ pour on climbing Narparbat
1070E22 at Badrinath-- symbolic success of expedition. ^We were astonished
1080E22 at the importance of these Hindu rituals for Jim. $^*Mike Dillon
1090E22 and Waker were busy in filming the entire sequence. ^Our return
1100E22 to Haldia was through the heavy tidal waves which were manoeuvred
1110E22 with great difficulty by Jim, Jon and Mike, the three expert drivers
1120E22 of the jet boat. ^With this first tough experience we reached
1130E22 Haldia safely for our night*'s rest. $25.8.77 $^The three jet boats
1140E22 were checked and refuelled and after our lunch we left for Namkhana,
1150E22 check Post for Sunderbans. ^We were given a lively send-off by
1160E22 the young boys and girls of Haldia High School. $^A crowd of about
1170E22 30,000 people, waiting for the last four hours, greeted us at Namkhana
1180E22 with thundering claps and repeated slogans-- "HILLARY
1190E22 *4SAHEB *4JINDABAD" (Long Live Hillary). ^All this was an unbelievable
1200E22 sight for the New Zealanders who come from a country of
1210E22 barely three millions. ^As the people were coming in their country-craft
1220E22 near our boats, we were hijacked in three Forest department
1230E22 launches waiting for us-- Bonoshree, Bonoshobha, Bono Loke-- and
1240E22 taken away from Namkhana. $^On the Forest \0Dept. launch, we
1250E22 were served with hot onion *4bajia and tea. ^The taste here was any
1260E22 day better than that_ at the Five Star Hotel in Calcutta. ^Late
1270E22 at night we were shifted to a big Forest launch-- Easter-- where
1280E22 our sleeping arrangements were made. ^We were dead tired and slept wherever
1290E22 we found a place to_ spread the foam rubber mattresses, 2*"
1300E22 thick and 6 1/2*" long, provided to all expedition members. $26.8.77
1310E22 $^At first light, we got up. ^We were in lush green surroundings with
1320E22 backwaters here and there. ^We were in the Sunderbans, the habitat
1330E22 of the Royal Bengal Tiger. ^Probably this is the only place in
1340E22 over-populated West Bengal where human habitation is subservient to
1350E22 wild life. ^Though the weather was sultry, it was peaceful all around
1360E22 us. $^Even our whispers appeared to_ be disturbing the silence
1370E22 of the Sunderbans. ^We were enjoying a ride in our three boats in search
1380E22 of tigers, crocodiles and deer. $^We were all in our half pants
1390E22 and sport shirts, our movements on ground being in muddy water. ^It
1400E22 was a job for the film crew to_ keep the equipment safe and capture
1410E22 whatever was going around. ^*Mike Dillon had a tough time. ^Whenever
1420E22 we used to_ get down on marshy land for filming we were covered
1430E22 by the forest guards with guns in case a Royal Bengal Tiger pounced
1440E22 on us! ^*Commander Minocha from Calcutta Port Trust was the
1450E22 best guide for our jet boats, from Haldia to Ganga Sagar and in
1460E22 Sunderbans. $^During the morning hours of low tide we moved inside
1470E22 the jungles and during high tide, afternoon, we were almost touching
1480E22 the tips of submerged jungle trees. ^All of us were warned by the
1490E22 forest authorities to_ be watchful, as during high tide tigers hide
1500E22 themselves in the trees. ^At two places Jon with Ed in Air India
1510E22 did some hair-splitting acrobatics of driving their jet-boats through
1520E22 the marshy land and water at full speed. ^We, the film crew, were
1530E22 the happiest to_ caputure this event. ^We also had a wonderful
1540E22 time at Sujankali Bird sanctuary. ^All the cameras were out. ^We did
1550E22 see some deer but no tigers. ^At sunset we anchored our forest launches,
1560E22 surrounded by dark green jungle, muddy backwaters and a sky
1570E22 full of stars. ^After our dinner in the forest launch, we slept. ^A
1580E22 Bengali folksong was coming soothingly from the launch*'s cooking
1590E22 cabin. ^This helped us in dozing off early. $27.8.77 $^After our breakfast
1600E22 in the launch, we moved towards the deeper jungle desperately
1610E22 in search of Royal Bengal Tigers. ^The more we heard from the Forest
1620E22 authorities about the behaviour of the tigers in becoming man-eaters,
1630E22 their mating season, their swimming feats and hiding on trees,
1640E22 \0etc., the more eager we were to_ see them. $^At last, the Forest
1650E22 Officer brought some 10*" x 12*" enlarged photographs from inside
1660E22 the Forest launch*'s cabin and started showing them to us. ^It seemed
1670E22 we had to_ be satisfied with mere photographs of the Royal Bengal
1680E22 Tiger as by this time we doubted the very existence of tiger in
1690E22 the jungle. ^All of a sudden, \0BB (Major \0B. Bhatia) shouted,
1700E22 "^See there is a cat-like animal swimming across the river". ^This
1710E22 was at a distance of about 300 yards from our launches. ^One of the
1720E22 men in the forest launch shouted in Bengali-- "It is a tiger".
1730E22 ^With lightning speed, we all jumped in whatever jet boats we could
1740E22 capture and rushed towards that_ swimming tiger with our cameras.*#
        **[no. of words = 02008**]

        **[txt. e23**]
0010E23 **<*3Sikkim $The land of mist and *7chhang**> $^If you decide to_ make
0020E23 an unplanned dash to sikkim in the middle of the holidays, a time
0030E23 must come when you are staring at a booking-clerk in Siliguri, and
0040E23 repeating in a kind of stupor, "No buses to Gangtok?" ^In the end
0050E23 he concedes that there is a private bus which you may just be able to_
0060E23 catch. ^You grab your bags and race to the bus-stop in a rickshaw,
0070E23 trying to_ say *4jaldi, *4jaldi in a Bengali accent. ^It is nine in
0080E23 the morning . ^The *4rickshaw driver deposits you on the pavement, informs
0090E23 you that the bus will arrive by four, and leaves. $^So that_ first
0100E23 day of the trip looked like being a grim one for Zai and myself. ^We
0110E23 were rescued by a kindly Sikkimese family across the road, who ran
0120E23 a small bar. ^They pressed us to_ wait inside till the afternoon,
0130E23 and when the bus finally came, the head of the family took it upon himself
0140E23 to_ persuade the driver that he had, unbeknown to himself, plenty
0150E23 of room. ^Being emancipated young women who believe in self-help,
0160E23 we left it all to him and clambered in, shouting to the street in general
0170E23 not to_ forget our luggage. $^It was when the drive to Gangtok
0180E23 started that it began to_ seem a good idea to_ have come. ^Almost
0190E23 from Siliguri on, the winding *4Ghat road follows the Teesta river,
0200E23 which is a wide, joyful green, and foamy on the pebble-smooth rocks.
0210E23 ^It is flanked by sandbanks, and the sides of the mountain which rise
0220E23 steeply from either side are thick with vegetation. ^A prominent
0230E23 plant is *7Pandanus, which so immediately invests any area with tropical
0240E23 ferocity. ^Pied and White-breasted Kingfishers testified that
0250E23 the Teesta was a well-endowed river, and a Grackie flying into the
0260E23 forest was an assurance that proper hill country had begun. ^We*'d already
0270E23 got used to seeing bamboo huts built on stilts, common in the neighbourhood
0280E23 of the river. ^Files of brown-clad Sikkimese woodcutters,
0290E23 each one armed with an umbrella, looked as foreign as anybody could
0300E23 want. $^Inside the bus, a well-dressed young man suddenly took up a leather
0310E23 bag and turned into the bus conductor. ^The driver himself looked
0320E23 more like a disc jockey. ^This was our first experience of a common
0330E23 Sikkimese phenomenon-- that people in most stations of life are surprisingly
0340E23 well dressed, and for the younger ones denim suits and wind-cheaters
0350E23 are the swanky norm. $^When the bus stopped for a tea-break at
0360E23 about 7 \0p.m. in a small mountain village, I noticed a sight that_
0370E23 was to_ become familiar-- a stall selling "Sikkim Supreme," juice
0380E23 made from the country*'s renowned export oranges. Sikkimese themselves
0390E23 believe in millet beer, or *7Chhang but orange juice is good enough
0400E23 for foreigners. $^*Gangtok at 9 \0p.m. was highly romantic, a succession
0410E23 of misty lights in the hills, everything smelling of rain. ^The
0420E23 bus driver dropped us at a small hotel, after evincing from us that we
0430E23 knew no one in Gangtok, and no, we didn*'4t know of any hotel, and
0440E23 that_*'1s right, it would have to_ be cheap, and could be, er....? $^But
0450E23 Green*'s hotel was reassuring, like any little hotel in a hill
0460E23 station-- bottles of biscuits and candy on the counter, small bamboo cubicles
0470E23 for an eatery, and rooms upstairs. ^We were glad to_ see that once
0480E23 again, it was run by a family. ^The proprietress was dressed in the
0490E23 traditional costume of a thick black pinafore-like dress reaching the ankles,
0500E23 with a long-sleeved silk blouse underneath. ^When we struggled
0510E23 to a cubicle for dinner, we found that both Chinese and Indian food
0520E23 was available. ^Not good enough for intrepid tourists like us. ^We launched
0530E23 an agitation demanding "real Sikkimese" cooking, till the harassed
0540E23 waiter produced a plate of something called "*7mosos", rather like
0550E23 unfried *4samosas containing mutton strongly flavoured with garlic.
0560E23 ^This was the closest we could get to sampling local food, barring
0570E23 a dish called "*7Cho-cho" (*7Chow-chow?) made with noodles and eggs.
0580E23 ^The staple food of the poorer Sikkimese seems to_ be very similar
0590E23 to simple Indian food- rice, dal, and curried meat-- the Sikkimese
0600E23 are strictly non-vegetarian. ^Variations are produced by local grasses
0610E23 and bamboo shoots. $^Our main ambition during this trip was to_ do some
0620E23 trekking, if possible in North Sikkim. ^This is still known for its
0630E23 unspoilt *7fauna and its profusion of flowering rhododendrons. ^Our
0640E23 first task, therefore, was to_ discover the best trekking routes and
0650E23 the possibility of finding coolies. ^So it seemed a godsend to_ see
0660E23 a printed board in our hotel. "^For all trekking arrangements, contact
0670E23 Yak and Yeti travel agency". ^Who could resist a name like that_?
0680E23 ^We followed the trail to_ find Yak and Yeti in a hotel room behind
0690E23 a large empty desk, busily engaged in sitting. ^In reply to our enquiry
0700E23 he said that we could go to North Sikkim, but it would be expensive,
0710E23 and he would have the details ready in the afternoon. ^The detail
0720E23 that_ he had ready in the afternoon was that it was "too difficult
0730E23 to_ go". ^We left his portals in grim silence. ^However, during a
0740E23 visit to the tourist office we were told that there was good trekking
0750E23 in Western Sikkim, and that if we went first to Singtam we would
0760E23 find coolies by the hundred. $^Meantime we spent the day enjoying Gangtok,
0770E23 which is like a cleaner, smaller, and less crowded version of
0780E23 Darjeeling, with the occasional Chinese roof for local colour. ^One
0790E23 of its most charming features was that all along the road hung wire baskets
0800E23 containing flowering annuals-- *7petunias, *7nasturtiums and *7phlox.
0810E23 ^A small house with a red Chinese roof proclaimed itself the Sikkim
0820E23 Legislative Assembly. ^The Chogyal*'s palace is some distance away,
0830E23 and the general public is not encouraged to_ visit it. ^The centre
0840E23 of the town consists of a row of jeeps and Land Rovers, the transport
0850E23 of the region. ^Around this an animated public life takes place,
0860E23 but it is nothing like as noisy as a comparable Indian town. ^The
0870E23 hill people have naturally soft and muffled voices, and Nepali-- the
0880E23 :ain language-- seems to_ be most congenially uttered in a fast,
0890E23 perpetual mumble. ^It sounds very much like Hindi spoken with a bad
0900E23 accent. ^Indeed Nepalis seem to_ constitute a majority of the local
0910E23 residents, and the Nepali costume- *4kurta and *4jodhpurs, with a
0920E23 tall cap-- was a common sight. ^The other local people are the Lepchas
0930E23 and the Bhutias, the Bhutia male costume being a dignified priestly
0940E23 robe, usually in black. $^The busy little *4bazar area has its own
0950E23 way of keeping in touch with world events. ^At the main corner stands
0960E23 a little blackboard on which newspaper headlines for the day are chalked
0970E23 out, saving everybody a lot of trouble. ^On the day we were there,
0980E23 the message read: 1. Renewed trouble in Pakistan 2, \0CFD May
0990E23 Join Janata. ^And that_ was that_. $^Since it was Saturday,
1000E23 the schools shut at noon, and we saw two or three different kinds of
1010E23 school uniforms all over Gangtok. ^The children who go to the Tashi
1020E23 Namgyal Academy (started by the Chogyal*'s American wife) are
1030E23 dressed in blazers and striped ties. ^Many of them were returning home
1040E23 in private jeeps. ^There were other groups of apple-cheeked children,
1050E23 barefoot, in ragged white shirts and black shorts. ^These belonged
1060E23 to the Government School. ^Later we met a Sikkimese girl, a graduate
1070E23 of Delhi University, who taught English there, and said that
1080E23 the first-generation students were rumbustious but enthusiastic. ^And
1090E23 finally, just outside Gangtok, we met a group of village children--
1100E23 they looked like Japanese dolls-- who carried slates and satchels but
1110E23 wore no uniform. ^This seemed to_ bear out what we had heard, that
1120E23 even the poorest children in Sikkim go to school. ^The small girls
1130E23 were all in trousers, like little Chinawomen. ^It appeared that they
1140E23 had been learning their English to some purpose. ^After much staring,
1150E23 giggling, and blushing, the leader of the little group raced
1160E23 up, shouted "^What is your nomm?", and scuttled back, the hero of the
1170E23 side. $^In the evening a thunderous downpour brought darkness at
1180E23 about 5.30 \0p.m. but this didn*'4t deter us from a visit to Lall Market,
1190E23 which is just below the main street and is reached by a series of
1200E23 stone steps. ^The shops in Lall Market are full of mysteriously foreign
1210E23 items, and it is as well not to_ enquire into their history.
1220E23 ^As far as we could see, several shops prided themselves on being
1230E23 "The Foreign Shop". $^The next morning our great trek was to_ begin.
1240E23 ^We took the bus to Singtam, as directed, and looked expectantly
1250E23 round for a million porters to_ materialise. ^They didn*'4t. ^When at
1260E23 length a misgudided coolie appeared to_ remove our backpacks from the
1270E23 bus, he found himself being furiously persuaded to_ carry the packs
1280E23 for three days. (^This would take us up to Namchi in the South).
1290E23 ^Whereupon the whole of Singtam*'s main street crowded round to_
1300E23 explain that there was a bus to Namchi, and to_ fall silent in varying
1310E23 degrees of incredulity when we repeated that we didn*'4t want
1320E23 the bus, we wanted to_ walk. ^After being cajoled for half an hour
1330E23 the coolie unhappily agreed to_ carry our packs for \0Rs. 20 a day.
1340E23 ^We told him to_ return in twenty minutes and adjourned to a tea-shop.
1350E23 ^An hour later we were tramping up and down the road, looking
1360E23 for the mislaid coolie. ^The owner of the tea-shop followed us. "^It
1370E23 is no use. ^He has run far away", he said sadly. ^Signal for Conference
1380E23 \0No. 2, this time attended by the entire village. ^There was
1390E23 a great deal of delighted Nepali at our expense, and enough English
1400E23 to_ convey, in the nicest way, what Singtam in general thought
1410E23 of the two agitated Moddoms... in short, we stuck to the bus from
1420E23 then on. $^Sitting in front of a bus on a kerosene tin, and hanging on
1430E23 to the gearbox with a feverish hand, is not the best of positions for
1440E23 observing the countryside. ^But seen from any angle, much of the scenery
1450E23 was striking. ^Steep gorges fell to the Teesta, and often the
1460E23 bus, at the very edge of a precipice, would appear to_ be going over
1470E23 nothing except a path of pebbles. ^Some parts of the hills were
1480E23 clothed in thick silent forest, but over large areas it was clear that
1490E23 Sikkim has been subjected to the same heartbreaking deforestation
1500E23 as the plains. ^Too many of the forested hillsides are under eucalyptus,
1510E23 with no hint of native species. ^In the thinner areas, slopes
1520E23 that_ are not completely bald are under terrace cultivation-- paddy,
1530E23 millet and maize. ^Cardamom plants grow freely, and some of the cardamom
1540E23 we ate there was the largest and most delicious we had ever tasted.
1550E23 ^Our desire to_ see yaks turned out to_ be a foolish one, but
1560E23 one of our co-passengers did offer us *7chhoorpi which are cubes of
1570E23 dried yak*'s milk, and are eaten like supari. ^We heard that these
1580E23 cubes are worn round their necks in a necklace till required. $^After a
1590E23 night in Namchi we went to Jorthang, a beautiful village on the
1600E23 Rangeet River, a tributary of the Teesta. ^On the other side of the
1610E23 river West Bengal begins, and eleven miles uphill from Jorthang
1620E23 is Darjeeling. ^We then went to Geyshing in the north-west, which
1630E23 appeared to_ be a village of cloth-shops. ^A few miles north was our
1640E23 destination, Pemayentse, accessible only by jeep. $^*Pemayentse is a non-place
1650E23 at about 7,000 feet. ^Forest around it was the best we saw anywhere
1660E23 in Sikkim, although a full-scale felling operation was under way.
1670E23 ^The brilliant blue-green Verditer Flycatchers are as common as
1680E23 cows are in the plains, and Chestnut-bellied Rockthrushes, Grey-winged
1690E23 Blackbirds, Scarlet Minivets, Himalayan Tree-Pies, and Fairy
1700E23 Blue Birds came close on their heels. ^On a clear morning, looking
1710E23 north-west, the entire Kanchenjunga range is visible, appealingly
1720E23 white and shiny.*#
        **[no. of words = 02003**]

        **[txt. e24**]
0010E24 **<*3LEATHER GARMENTS GO ABROAD*0**> $^*India*'s entry into the high
0020E24 fashion world of Europe last month, was the culmination of a tradition
0030E24 in leather which goes as far back as 3,000 \0B.C. as feather-light
0040E24 costumes of suede in breathtaking colours and designs were exposed to
0050E24 the fashion world of Italy, the press hailed the event with headlines
0060E24 like, "The birth of a star in the fashion galaxy" and "India makes
0070E24 exotic overtures to Italy*'s fashion." $^It was the materialisation
0080E24 of a dream which an intrepid Italian designer settled in the \0U.S.A.
0090E24 \0Dr. Gino Grande, had pursued with determination. ^For two
0100E24 years he had braved disappointments and red tape in the faith that his
0110E24 vision could be realised only through the agency of Indian craftsmen.
0120E24 ^It took him some time to_ convince the State Trading Corporation
0130E24 of India (\0S.T.C.), which handles a major part of the country*'s
0140E24 leather trade, of the scheme*'s potential. ^But once the initial
0150E24 reservations were overcome, a deal was struck in 1976 and the project
0160E24 got off to a start. ^However, with the change of government in 1977,
0170E24 work was stalled and it was the timely intervention of \0Mr. Morarji
0180E24 Desai, which put it back on the rails. ^The Di Grande-\0S.T.C.
0190E24 courtship with Indian craft was on the road to success. $^To_ begin
0200E24 with, the \0S.T.C. contracted four young Indian designers, Asha
0210E24 Gupta, Jaya Jaitley, Sita Nanda and Ruby Pal Chowdhry, who teamed
0220E24 with an equal number of Italian designers Laura Brioni, Litrico,
0230E24 Pucci and Vanozzi. ^The eight pooled their skills on how best to_
0240E24 exploit the the dormant talent of Indian craftsmen. ^Seventy-five
0250E24 designs were initially provided by Di Grande, but the eight were free
0260E24 to_ adapt then to native designs to_ substantiate the adage that
0270E24 "fashion lies in timeless handicraft tempered to contemporary fads and tastes."
0280E24 ^The designers went into the interior of villages, taking hundreds
0290E24 of photographs of native dresses. ^Finally what emerged after
0300E24 months of activity was a 'union style', a combination of the loose
0310E24 pants and *4chooridars, the long cape and the *4kurta or *4angarkha,
0320E24 and the Indian *4bandi jacket and the blouse. $^When the first set
0330E24 of dresses were ready, Di Grande flew to Rome to_ show them to
0340E24 those who still doubted Indian skill. ^*Italian fashion lords were flabbergasted.
0350E24 ^*Pucci and Gucci, the prestigious jetsetters of Italian
0360E24 couture, offered to_ lend their name to the sales. ^Encouraged by the
0370E24 response, the project culminated in a breathtaking display of 200
0380E24 suede costumes in 55 luxurious colours on the premises of the Indian
0390E24 Embassy in Rome under the aegis of our new ambassador, \0Mr. *(0A.
0400E24 K.*) Damodaran. ^It was preceded by a 'closed' preview at the
0410E24 India International Centre in Delhi. ^About 20 models, 15 girls
0420E24 and five men, from India and Italy moved on and off the stage with
0430E24 the grace of ballet dancers, to taped Indian instrumental music.
0440E24 $^That colour is India*'s speciality, needed no further evidence after
0450E24 the display of exotic combinations of emerald green and beige, black
0460E24 and fawn, violet and silver grey, midnight blue and burgundy
0470E24 and many out-of-the-world shades. ^*Indian suede, already known for being
0480E24 the softest in the world, seemed to_ have acquired an ethereal
0490E24 quality. ^Rustic touches of quilting, weaving, smocking and cording on
0500E24 loose and casual tunics, blouses and jackets provided stunning effects.
0510E24 ^For men too, there were, among other dresses, casual jeans and
0520E24 loose jackets. $^*Italians were convinced that India was not just silk
0530E24 and spices, and that the hands which produced cotton garments for
0540E24 as cheap as *-4, could also turn out high fashion outfits costing from
0550E24 *-150 to *-300. ^*Gina Lolobrigida, famed Italian actress, combined
0560E24 the general feeling of rapture and dismay when she said, "If this
0570E24 is what India can do, I am afraid we shall soon be replaced." ^The
0580E24 \0S.T.C. plans to_ take the show to New York in the first week
0590E24 of September. $"^But this is not a revolution," asserts \0Mr. *(0A.
0600E24 K.*) Sen, \0S.T.C.*'s energetic, chief marketing manager for leather.
0610E24 "^It*'1s only a breakthrough." ^And right he is. ^*Indian history
0620E24 from the earliest times has accounts of the use of leather in diverse
0630E24 forms. ^Portraits of kings like Kanishka, Babur and Akbar, to_ name a
0640E24 few, dressed in leather tunic, leather armour and long boots, give evidence
0650E24 of the high level of achievement in tanning and stitching that_
0660E24 existed in India even in those times. ^As early as 1950, India
0670E24 was the world*'s largest exporter of semi-processed leather. ^And in
0680E24 1972, realising the importance of protecting local craftsmen, India
0690E24 decided to_ place hides and skins exports under quota restriction,
0700E24 and to_ promote export of semi-processed leather. ^So far, the items
0710E24 exported had been footwear, shoe uppers, and fancy items like handbags
0720E24 and wallets. ^In 1977-78, India exported leather goods worth \0Rs.
0730E24 150 *4crores. $^According to \0Mr. Sen, the main objectives of the
0740E24 project were: first, the creation of additional employment opportunities
0750E24 in the small-scale sector; second, exposure of our craftsmen
0760E24 to foreign ideas, and most important, promotion of Indian design talent
0770E24 so as to_ make the industry independent of foreign designers. ^However,
0780E24 it is felt that because of the high cost of production and the
0790E24 limited clientele, the project may not be able to_ achieve all the
0800E24 desired results. ^But one thing it has assuredly done: it has opened
0810E24 new vistas for India*'s fast expanding garments industry.
0810E24 $**<*3Kolhapuri *4Chappals*0**> $^In America,
0820E24 when Lillian Carter wanted Kolhapuri *4chappals, she unwittingly
0830E24 created a controversy because it was our Indian ambassador who stooped
0840E24 down to_ get her measurement. ^Although there are two opinions
0850E24 as to whether he should have stooped or not, the popularity of the *4chappals
0860E24 is beyond controversy. ^They have a wide variety of styles and
0870E24 designs and while traditional types have not lost their grip on
0880E24 the market, the fancy ones have become equally popular. ^The *4chappal
0890E24 manufacturing industry at Kolhapur is mainly in the hands of poor
0900E24 artisans who have a hereditary business and have been in the trade since
0910E24 the time of their forefathers. ^But \0Mr. Vishnu Ganesh Abhyankar,
0920E24 a *4Konkanastha brahmin accepted the challenge to_ enter a line
0930E24 traditionally taboo to brahmins and, despite handicaps, has met with
0940E24 success. $^The story of \0Mr. Abhyankar*'s career is one of hardships
0950E24 and an indefatigable zeal and determination to_ overcome them. ^In
0960E24 his school days, he earned money by selling newspapers and vegetables.
0970E24 ^He worked as a waiter in a hotel at Ratnagiri, and was severely
0980E24 criticised by his relatives, who considered the job as undignified. ^Being
0990E24 frustrated by hardships at Ratnagiri, he left the place and came
1000E24 to Pune where he started selling lemons and vegetables. ^The elite at
1010E24 Pune also ridiculed his attempts at self-reliance and his refusal
1020E24 to_ adapt himself to the conventional life of a white collar worker.
1030E24 ^He therefore left Pune for Nagpur and after a few small jobs there,
1040E24 he entered a technical institute at Vilaspur in Madhya Pradesh
1050E24 where he studied the leather industry. ^At Madras, he took advanced
1060E24 courses in leather technology with special training under the able guidance
1070E24 of German experts, which enabled him to_ master both the
1090E24 technical and managerial skill required for success in business. $^*Kolhapur
1100E24 being a renowned centre, \0Mr. Abhyankar carefully surveyed the
1110E24 market situation there and decided to_ start his unit, and a small
1120E24 one named Abhyankar Footwear Company was established in 1962. \0^*Mr.
1130E24 *(0V. G.*) Abhyankar along with his wife, mother Anandibai began
1140E24 this off-beat venture of the manufacturing of fancy *4chappals of
1150E24 both plastics and leather. ^When \0Ms. Abhyankar died of jaundice,
1160E24 \0Mr. Abhyankar married Kunda, who is now actively assisting him
1170E24 in the industry. "^Vishnu left home in search of an independent career.
1180E24 ^This was a risk, but I did not mind it because it is better to_
1190E24 be self-reliant. ^When I saw that he started stitching *4chappals,
1200E24 I did not grumble, because even in this type of work, there is skill.
1210E24 I therefore participated in the work without any hesitation, along
1220E24 with my daughter in-law", says mother Anandibai speaking of her
1230E24 son*'s profession. $\0^*Mr. and \0Ms. Abhyankar have been working hard
1240E24 along with 15 workers, which includes **[sic**] a few ladies. ^During the
1250E24 last 14 years, the Abhyankar Footwear Company has gradually developed
1270E24 from the production of two to 50 pairs a day. ^Various types of *4chappals,
1280E24 both for gents and ladies, in normal and odd sizes are manufactured
1290E24 in the factory and sold in a retail shop which is visited by customers
1300E24 from south Maharashtra as well as from the Bombay Pune
1310E24 region. ^Referring to his production of *4chappals of odd sizes, \0Mr.
1320E24 Abhyankar said that the system of numbers of various sizes of *4chappals,
1330E24 currently followed, was based on British standard according
1340E24 to which the length of *4chappals was standardised. ^But when the
1350E24 size of the upper of a foot varied, modifications were needed. ^It is
1360E24 perhaps for the first time that *4chappals are being manufactured according
1370E24 to this system in the country. $^Though concentrating at present
1380E24 only on fancy *4chappals \0Mr. Abhyankar has studied the trade and
1390E24 peculiar craftsmanship of the traditional artisans at Kolhapur, where
1400E24 more than 150 cobblers with their small shops, have been manufacturing
1410E24 different types of Kolhapuri *4chappals of fine workmanship. ^Though
1420E24 their products attract a good number of customers, they are obviously
1430E24 not well off because most are being exploited by middlemen, some
1440E24 are addicted to drink and cannot maintain their families on the meagre
1460E24 income. $^According to \0Mr. Abhyankar, no systematic training
1470E24 is given in the various training courses of the leather industry and
1480E24 therefore traditional and obsolete methods are being followed in the
1490E24 manufacture of Kolhapuri *4chappals. ^The government should encourage
1500E24 small units by introducing new technology and skilled managers
1510E24 so that the quality of production will be improved and middlemen in the
1520E24 export market will also be removed.
1530E24 $**<*3*(0E.P.*) Alamelu*0**> $^The creative talent inherent in a person
1540E24 forever surges forward into unexpected areas and becomes a potent
1550E24 explorer of new and exciting mediums. ^Take the case of *(0E. P.*)
1560E24 Alamelu-- having inherited the aptitude from her father, she started
1570E24 learning painting at Kala Mandiram, Bangalore. ^By 14 she was painting
1580E24 seriously-- oils, charcoals, pencil sketches and water colours. ^A
1590E24 local exhibition inspired Alamelu to_ diversify into a new and intriguing
1600E24 dimension. ^One of the exhibits was a sketch of Lord Rama, using
1610E24 human hair. ^The idea was good, but the effect, in Alamelu*'s opinion
1620E24 rather repulsive. ^*Alamelu began to_ experiment. ^Removing the
1630E24 green, outer layer of the trunk of the banana tree she was able to_
1640E24 extricate thin strands of banana fibre, which could serve as embroidery
1650E24 threads. ^The next problem was colouring the thread. ^*Alamelu used
1660E24 the tiny fruit of the spinach plant to_ extract a fast colour dye
1670E24 in a lowing, natural purple. ^Today, she uses the basic dyeing powders
1680E24 from \0I.C.I. $^After a grounding in embroidery at the \0St.
1690E24 Theresa*'s Convent, Bangalore, Alamelu experimented for two months
1700E24 with other kinds of natural fibre like the sun hemp, sisal hemp, pinapple,
1710E24 billgeria, fishtail palm, coral hibiscus, and the palmyra. ^*Alamelu
1720E24 appears to_ be the inventor of this kind of embroidery and it
1730E24 has won her special prizes and certificates at the All India *4kadayi
1740E24 exhibition at Delhi and at the Dasara exhibition at Mysore
1750E24 in 1956. $^She is in great demand for lecture-cum-demonstrations at all
1760E24 leading women*'s clubs and organisations in Bangalore. ^Though Tamil
1770E24 is her mother tongue, Alamelu has a prolific knowledge of Hindi
1780E24 and Kannada, and she contributes articles to several magazines.
1790E24 ^She has held several 'one-woman' shows in places like the State Lalit
1800E24 Kala Akademi, the Asian Meet, and the All India Women*'s
1810E24 Conference. $^Middle aged, unmarried and very simple, Alamelu is an
1820E24 accomplished '*5veena vidwan*6' and teaches at Gana Mandiram, a
1830E24 musical institution in Bangalore. ^She has won gold medals and cash
1840E24 prizes for her outstanding performance in the *4vidvat examination
1850E24 in the *4veena, in which she obtained the first rank in Karnataka State.
1860E24 $^*Alamelu seems at her best in religious subjects, her dexterous
1870E24 fingers ably capturing the subtle nuances of expression on the faces
1880E24 of her subjects.*#
        **[no. of words = 02006**]

        **[txt. e25**]
0010E25 **<*3INDIAN EXECUTIVE THE OTHER SIDE*0**> $^The general public harbours
0020E25 an erroneous image of the Indian executives-- particularly those
0030E25 employed in foreign firms. ^They are supposed to_ be the sons of
0040E25 the senior Government officials and the members of the \0IAS,
0050E25 or the politicians in power. ^They exude over-confidence. ^They are
0060E25 endowed with plenty of showmanship. ^They look upon everything around
0070E25 them with disdain, enjoying the fruits of the labour put in by their
0080E25 subordinates, many of whom are senior in age, experience, qualifications,
0090E25 and sometimes, even in capabilities. $^Their working conditions
0100E25 are enough to_ make anyone envious. ^They sit in air-conditioned
0110E25 offices furnished with wall to wall carpets. ^And beautiful secretaries
0120E25 attend to their official and private chores. $*<*3False image*0*>
0130E25 $^Their style of living and social behaviour contribute to this
0140E25 image. ^They are more familiar with the latest developments in the
0150E25 primary elections in the United States than what is happening nearer
0160E25 home. ^Their reading is not complete unless they go through the
0170E25 latest issues of the *3Time*0 and *3Newsweek*0 from cover to cover.
0180E25 $^Their perquisites add to their exclusiveness. ^Spacious leased
0190E25 flats generous leave fares, membership of exclusive clubs, medical
0200E25 care at expensive nursing homes and late night parties set them apart
0210E25 from the others. ^Not only that_, even their training has to_ take
0220E25 place in five-star hotels, far away from the din of the work place
0230E25 and, perhaps, the realities of the work situations. $^Their wives
0240E25 exaggerate their living standards to_ build up their ego and be one
0250E25 up compared to their next door neighbours. ^Their employers prefer
0260E25 it this way because it makes them appear aristocratic. ^Permissiveness
0270E25 marks their private life. $^The executive class, as we see it today,
0280E25 came into existence during the early fifties. ^Earlier, the executive
0290E25 posts in the Indian firms were manned by the sons and relatives
0300E25 of the families that_ provided the necessary finance to these companies.
0310E25 ^In the case of foreign firms, the executive posts were filled
0320E25 almost exclusively by the expatriates. ^To_ secure the licences
0330E25 for importing material-- machines not available locally and for increasing
0340E25 capacity, or for just being on the right side of the people
0350E25 in power, the persons having the right know-how had to_ be recruited.
0360E25 $^The foreign executives were accustomed to a style of living that_
0370E25 befitted the rulers. ^When the Indians stepped in their shoes,
0380E25 even half of their emoluments and perquisites appeared very high by
0390E25 our standards. $^With the expansion of the industries and the departure
0400E25 of foreigners on account of the Government pressure, there were
0410E25 more vacancies than could be filled from the above source. ^The gates
0420E25 to this exclusive cadre were thus opened for others from the middle-class
0430E25 families with brilliant educational careers and technical qualifications.
0440E25 ^Some managed to_ secure promotion on the basis of long
0450E25 experience, professional qualfications acquired when in service
0460E25 and ability to_ deliver the goods and hard work. ^Some were just
0470E25 lucky to_ be at the right place at the right time. $^There are several
0480E25 levels in the executive hierarchy, though all executives are designated
0490E25 as the management staff. ^It is fashionable to_ call even
0500E25 the juniormost supervisor as a manager. ^The problems of each category
0510E25 are different. ^In some companies, there were as many informal grades
0520E25 in the managerial cadre as are the number of persons, if we are
0530E25 to_ go by the increments, perquisites and treatment to each executive.
0540E25 ^This article basically covers the so-called covenanted class
0550E25 or the senior management staff except the man at the very top. $^The
0560E25 executive pays a high price for this false image in the public mind.
0570E25 the other side of the medal conveys something just the opposite. ^To_
0580E25 begin with, an executive cannot do anything to_ seek redress
0590E25 against any inequity that_ he may be made to_ suffer. ^If the company
0600E25 decides to_ mistreat him, he shows a doggy willingness to_
0610E25 roll over and expose his soft underparts to the jackboot. ^To_ fight
0620E25 back, he has to_ join forces with those executives similarly placed.
0630E25 ^In the process, he would have to_ admit that he is not happily
0640E25 placed as he pretended to_ be all the while. ^It will lay bare his
0650E25 weakness. ^He would rather sacrifice his interests than hurt his ego.
0660E25 $^He pretends that he has a lot of authority. ^In fact, he has none.
0670E25 ^He is there to_ execute the policies-- orders laid down by
0680E25 his superiors rather than help formulate them. ^When he states, 'He
0690E25 is pleased...,' he really means, 'I am authorised to_ state... ^He
0700E25 is expected to_ execute dutifully the orders of his boss without
0710E25 questioning or reservations. ^Any expression of doubt would be regarded
0720E25 as insubordination or even treason. ^Failure, if any, or ill-effects
0730E25 of any policy are conveniently attributed to his failure to_ act
0740E25 effectively in time, or with sufficient will and vigour. $*<*3Multiple
0750E25 loyalties*0*> $^A complication from which he suffers all through
0760E25 is the multiple loyalties he has to_ proffer. ^He has to_ cater to
0770E25 the interest of the man at the top, his immediate boss, the company,
0780E25 the society, besides his subordinates, his family and his own self.
0790E25 ^These sometimes are in conflict with one another. ^He buys time
0800E25 by opting for the short-term gains. ^The subordination of his professional
0810E25 ethics to the wishes of his management is a rule rather than
0820E25 an exception. $^In case of the conflict of interests, he cannot protest
0830E25 against the policies and actions of his boss-- company, and still
0840E25 continue to_ work, as if nothing has happened. ^As a personnel
0850E25 manager, he may close his eyes to nepotism around, though this may
0860E25 be damaging the company*'s long-term interests. ^An accountant may
0870E25 ignore the production of goods that_ are not likely to_ be sold for
0880E25 quite some time because the product manager would like to_ have a
0890E25 month of 'record' production on the eve of a visit from his foreign
0900E25 principal. $^The quality control manager may pass goods of sub-standard
0910E25 quality because the company wants to_ exhaust such material accumulated
0920E25 over a period. ^If he was economically well-placed or sure
0930E25 of alternate employment, he would have followed his conscience. ^Backed
0940E25 by neither, he is forced to_ toe the line of his boss. $^Some
0950E25 of the big companies demand from their senior servants a degree of
0960E25 serfdom that_ has scarcely been seen since the Middle Ages. ^Except
0970E25 for the annual leave, he is expected to_ work all through the year.
0980E25 ^Unpaid overtime is taken for granted. $^A foreign pharmaceutical
0990E25 company has a permanent suite in a five-star hotel for accommodating
1000E25 its executives at night, should they miss their last transport back
1010E25 to their homes. ^Casual and sick leave is for the plebeians. ^The
1020E25 pension schemes induce increasing terror in the aging executives, in
1030E25 case they should be cut off from the pittance that_ would be available
1040E25 to them if they were allowed to_ retire in the normal course.
1050E25 $^The management makes sure that a man*'s own desperate promises made
1060E25 at the beginning of the year keep him on a treadmill that_ turns
1070E25 over faster. $^As regards a man*'s personality, every worthwhile eccentricity
1080E25 he has is dragged out and booted about by his colleagues,
1090E25 subordinates and superiors. ^To_ quote an example of serfdom, in one
1100E25 of the companies, the senior executives, along with their wives,
1110E25 were expected to_ see off and receive the chief executive whenever
1120E25 he made a trip abroad. $^The system of perquisites ensures that the
1130E25 executive is chained with golden shackles to the company. ^The relationship
1140E25 that_ is established is one which keeps the options open only
1150E25 to the employer. ^A leased flat is the surest way of tying him down.
1160E25 $^In major cities, particularly in Bombay, it is easier to_ secure
1170E25 an alternate employment than accommodation. ^Since the new employer
1180E25 may not be able to_ provide him suitable housing-- and executive,
1190E25 in the meantime, has got accustomed to living in a 'posh' locality
1200E25 and is not willing to_ move to a distant suburb-- he gets permanently
1210E25 stuck to his employer unless, of course, the management decides
1220E25 to_ get rid of him. $*<*3Keeping in debt*0*> $^Another method
1230E25 of keeping the excutive in bondage is to_ keep him permanently in
1240E25 debt. ^By the time the initial loan is over, another loan-perhaps for
1250E25 furnishing-- is offered. ^When this is over, another loan-- to_
1260E25 buy a new car this time-- is waiting for him. ^The perquisites ensure
1270E25 that he is out of pocket most of the time. ^Unless he has another
1280E25 source of income, full advantage of the perquisites cannot be taken.
1290E25 ^A spacious flat (paid for by the company) calls for substantial expenditure
1300E25 on furnishing and maintenance. ^The membership of a club is
1310E25 effective only if one is able to_ entertain others on a lavish scale.
1320E25 $^In spite of all his apparent aggressiveness, he seems to_ suffer
1330E25 from a sense of inferiority and inadequacy. ^How else can one explain
1340E25 hundreds of new books on 'how to_...' in management, which adorn
1350E25 every executive*'s bookshelf. ^The books that_ are more popular
1360E25 are those critical of every aspect of the executive life-- for instance,
1370E25 *3^The Peter Principle, Parkinson*'s Law, The naked ape,
1380E25 and Up the organisation*0. ^Quite often, these are irrelevant to the
1390E25 Indian conditions, and one can hardly practise the principles that_
1400E25 are developed at such great length in foreign books. $^More than
1410E25 anything else, a sense of insecurity dogs the executive, once he passes
1420E25 the prime of his life. ^At the first sign of economic difficulty,
1430E25 his employer comes down heavily on him. ^In some of the 'reputed'
1440E25 organisations, the senior officials rarely retire in the normal course.
1450E25 $^His climb along the managerial hierarchy is swift, particularly
1460E25 if he is a direct recruit. ^At 28, he is already a departmental
1470E25 head, and at 35, a manager. ^At 40, he is aspiring to_ be a director.
1480E25 ^He may make the grade, but more likely he will have to_ worry how
1490E25 long will he be able to_ hold on to this uncomfortable chair. $^Though
1500E25 his retirement age is 55 years (it is almost always lower than that_
1510E25 for the unionised staff), it is unlikely that he will retire and
1520E25 be entitled to his hard-earned pension. $^The young graduates from
1530E25 the \0IIMs and \0IITs are available in enough numbers to_ fill
1540E25 the vacancies, as the senior executives fall by the wayside. $^An
1550E25 executive, therefore, dreads his 40th birthday as if from that_ moment
1560E25 onwards, he will go into a moral, physical and intellectual decline
1570E25 from which nothing could rescue him. ^He is already half defeated
1580E25 long before the actual accusations are voiced that he has accumulated
1590E25 fat, ceased to_ be flexible, forgotten how to_ transmit youthful
1600E25 enthusiasm, or shows signs of failing memory and reduced decision-taking
1610E25 powers. $^He has no legal redress against the arbitrary termination
1620E25 of services, euphemistically called voluntary separation, early
1630E25 retirement, resignation for personal reasons, \0etc. ^So far, no
1640E25 organised effort has been made to_ ward off this contingency. ^Most
1650E25 of the executives succumb to these intimidatory tactics most willingly.
1660E25 ^The only feelings expressed are those of shock, indignation and
1670E25 hurt. $^The company can strike him down any time without notice and
1680E25 without assigning any cause. ^The employer is not bound to_ give
1690E25 any reason why a person who has put in 10 to 25 years of service and
1700E25 given the best part of his life to the company, has suddenly become
1710E25 unwanted. ^An executive who wanted to_ know from his employer the
1720E25 reason why he was being sacked was told not to_ be unnecessarily harsh
1730E25 on himself. ^He was not being sacked-- the post had become redundant.
1740E25 $^If need be, it is easy to_ prove anyone inefficient. ^In fact,
1750E25 according to the Peter Principle, all executives manage to_
1760E25 get promoted till they reach their level of incompetence. ^If you want
1770E25 to_ find fault with your accountant, you can ask him about the latest
1780E25 information on the \0FERA, Tandon Committee Report, gratuity
1790E25 Act, concessions offered by the last Finance Act, the extent
1800E25 and reasons for the non-moving inventory and the profitability of
1810E25 individual jobs. ^If these are not sufficient, one can always find
1820E25 some obscure payment made without proper authorisation, or paid twice
1830E25 over.*#
        **[no. of words = 02018**]

        **[txt. e26**]
0010E26 **<'*3IF ONLY THEY COULD TALK*0'**> $^*I put down the American best seller,
0020E26 *3All Creatures Great and Small*0, for the umpteenth time.
0030E26 ^And for the umpteenth time that_ ancient secret longing welled
0040E26 ferociously within. ^The nostalgia grew intense and gradually died as naturally
0050E26 as did that_ ambition long ago-- of becoming a vet. $^If
0060E26 only they could talk, I had thought they could provide about their
0070E26 widely varying lives, what we humans would have discovered about ourselves
0080E26 that_ we do not know. ^But alas! ^It is not so. ^The dumb animal
0090E26 kingdom gives no appraisals, no stirring or sad accounts of its experiences.
0100E26 $^A decade or so ago the field of veterinary science was neglected.
0110E26 ^In those days veterinarians were few and disrespected. ^They had
0120E26 no professional or social status and no real job opportunities. ^But
0130E26 time has a marvellous way of healing wounds, of giving credit where it is
0140E26 due. ^Today veterinary science graduates are in far more demand than
0150E26 the 18 or 20 colleges over the country can provide. ^And it is for
0160E26 them to_ choose from the amplitude of scope offered by universities,
0170E26 dairy, poultry and piggery farms, research institutes, firms and private
0180E26 practice. ^Says Principal *(0R.N.*) Deb of the Veterinary science
0190E26 College, Nagpur, "People have at last come to_ realise the
0200E26 immense need for trained vets. ^After all, is not man more dependent upon
0210E26 the animal kingdom than it is upon man and not just for food but even
0220E26 for things like entertainment, affection and recreation? ^And think
0230E26 of what would happen to an agriculture-based (and predominantly vegetarian)
0240E26 country like India if our animals are left absolutely uncared for?"
0250E26 $^In recent years there has been a steadily growing interest in veterinary
0260E26 science. ^For the 65 available seats at the Veterinary Science
0270E26 College, Nagpur (there were 45 only four years ago), there are about
0280E26 300 applications and admissions close at as high a percentage as
0290E26 78%. ^*Principal Deb even has to_ refuse applications from the \0U.S.
0300E26 ^Another significant phenomenon is the slow but flowering interest
0310E26 of women in this male dominated profession. ^It is not that women were offically
0320E26 barred from training as vets as they were in say forestry, but
0330E26 they restricted themselves mainly to the classical professions of teaching
0340E26 and medicine. ^Only a counted few ventured out in the last 60 years
0350E26 to_ discover what was in the field. $^*Maharashtra has the largest
0360E26 number of veterinary colleges, \0U.P. has two and the other states
0370E26 have one each. ^Bombay has the oldest college in the state with 18
0380E26 women trainees. ^*Parbhani has two women and Nagpur has four out of
0390E26 a total strength of 250. ^One of these is a junior and the rest are freshmen.
0400E26 ^*Kirti Sharan has a deep love for animals. ^She has always had
0410E26 pets and knows the pain of being mortally separated from them. ^Her
0420E26 special love and tenderness are reserved for little animals like rabbits,
0430E26 cats and dogs. ^Three years ago Kirti was the only girl in the
0440E26 college. ^She was warmly welcomed by the principal and the staff and the
0450E26 boys were good to her. ^In her studies she says, she had no difficulty.
0460E26 ^Instead the large variety of subjects (more than in medicine) and
0470E26 the variety of comparative studies in anatomy, physiology and parasitology
0480E26 made academics interesting and challenging. ^*Kirti is a gentle,
0490E26 soft-spoken girl. "^*I feel," she says, "that more women should take to
0500E26 vaterinary science. ^Their natural caring and maternal instincts make
0510E26 them better vets than men. ^But basic to becoming a good vet is a love
0520E26 for animals and a deep sense of responsibility towards our fellow creatures."
0530E26 ^A similar concern for animals inspired Lina Martin and
0540E26 Shubhangi Mandlekar. ^Tiny Lina, one would think, is the last person
0550E26 to_ go near an animal, especially a big one. ^Concerned over the fact
0560E26 that no pet survived in their home, Lina*'s mother encouraged her
0570E26 interest in this line of study. ^*Lina enjoys her course and Kirti
0580E26 assures her that size is no criterion for success as a vet! ^It is essentially
0590E26 the approach that_ matters in dealing with animals. ^Approach
0600E26 them from the left with a pat of affection and a soft word and they
0610E26 respond. $^Sudden physical contact or movement at the back of the animal
0620E26 results in kicks or lashings of the tail. ^At one time, narrates Kirti,
0630E26 she found herself in the dung channel just because a classmate,
0640E26 in a spurt of affection, suddenly patted the horse on its rump. ^The
0650E26 startled animal sent kirti on her haunches. ^Such experiences, says Kirti,
0660E26 are part and parcel of a vet*'s training. ^After all, one is dealing
0670E26 with animals and one has to_ humour their whims. ^Even an experienced
0680E26 vet like \0Dr. James Herriot, after years of work, was not surprised
0690E26 when his curiosity about the coal dealer*'s horse resulted in the
0700E26 silently irate animal picking him up by the scruff of his neck and holding
0710E26 him in mid-air. ^There he hung howling and kicking like a just-born
0720E26 babe while nonplussed spectators milled around helplessly. $^*Yvette
0730E26 Braganza is a government deputee from Goa. ^Quite outspoken and
0740E26 perspicacious, Yvette decided to_ become a vet because she didn*'4t get
0750E26 admission to medical school. ^She turned to veterinary science because
0760E26 it has more scope and one can (she thinks) establish oneself in the
0770E26 line fairly quickly. ^There is really no difference between human
0780E26 doctors and vets, she says. ^Both have been given equal status, so why
0790E26 shouldn*'4t more women take to veterinary science? ^Besides, there
0800E26 is job security. ^On graduation one gets appointed directly as a gazetted
0810E26 officer, Class *=2. ^This means a neat salary of \0Rs. 800 at
0820E26 the start. ^In all states vets are assured Class *=2 posts. ^Very recently
0830E26 Maharashtra has been brought on par with other states regarding
0840E26 the placements of vets. $"^That_*'1s where the snag is," puts in
0850E26 Kirti. "^Our women are not bold enough to_ try new fields. ^The scare
0860E26 of the unknown, ridicule of companions and fear of failure are some of
0870E26 the factors that_ deter women from entering new fields and especially
0880E26 something like veterinary science. ^*I personally would like to_
0890E26 see more women joining my line. ^There is a joy and satisfaction that_
0900E26 only animal lovers can experience. ^Also, since there are no special
0910E26 incentives for women, there is the pride that_ sheer merit is the basis
0920E26 for selection. ^Otherwise, what right have we women to_ claim equality
0930E26 with men?" $^For all the riches of the world \0Dr. James Herriot
0940E26 would not exchange his position as a vet. ^All his genial misadventures,
0950E26 abject failures, cruel accidents, bull stares, cold hard kicks,
0960E26 slammed doors, showers of abuses-- nothing deterred him. ^And so fascinating,
0970E26 so challenging is the work that_ after 30 years as a vet in
0980E26 the lovely Yorkshire dales, he still found his profession filled with
0990E26 fascination and was glad that he had not given it up for a white
1000E26 collar job. $**<*3The woman with the bison*0**> $^Ambling through the
1010E26 paddy fields of Kadaba, I was scared out of my wits to_ see a full-grown
1020E26 bison grazing in a shrubbery, just a few paces away. ^*I was about
1030E26 to_ flee when a villager appeared on the scene. "^Don*'4t be frightened,
1040E26 that_ is a tame bison," he smiled, and led me to a huge ancestral
1050E26 home belonging to the Kadaba Guttu Jain family. ^As we were entering,
1060E26 we heard the lady of the house, \0Ms. Vimalavathy Amma, calling
1070E26 out "Lakshmi" in a high tone. ^To my surprise, it was the bison again!
1080E26 ^There she came tripping merrily and stood near her mistress licking
1090E26 her hands. ^*Vimalavathy fed her a handful of coconut cake. ^The villager
1100E26 was studying me. ^Satisfied that he had brooked my curiosity, he
1110E26 bid goodbye and left me to_ feed on the details. $^*Kadaba is situated
1120E26 at a distance of 22.5 kilometres from Subrahmanya in the Dakshina
1130E26 Kannada district of Karnataka State. ^There are thick forests in
1140E26 the neighbourhood of Subrahmanya. $^In November 1972, Lakshmi,
1150E26 then a young and wounded bison calf barely 12 days old, was left behind
1160E26 by her group in the Bilinele forest. ^*Basket-weaving tribals of
1170E26 the locality, who usually visit this forest to_ collect cane, saw the
1180E26 poor calf. ^The thorns of the bamboo bush had pricked her all over.
1190E26 ^Hearing her crying in pain and hunger some of the tribals took pity
1200E26 on the calf. ^Carrying her out of the forest they handed her to a lorry
1210E26 driver who gave her a lift, with the hope of clinching a sale. \0^*Mr.
1220E26 Dharmaraja Ariga, husband of Vimalavathy, liked the bison calf,
1230E26 tipped the driver \0Rs. 25 and brought it home. ^All this time the
1240E26 placental cord was still attached to the calf! $^*Vimalavathy, who is
1250E26 very fond of cattle, was delighted to_ see this rare calf, and although
1260E26 it was weak and wounded she made up her mind to_ adopt it. ^For
1270E26 a day or two she fed the calf hot water and milk through a feeding bottle.
1280E26 ^But that_ proved impractical, and so a young bamboo was cut
1290E26 and a special feeding bottle was fashioned. ^*Vimalavathy*'s careful
1300E26 nursing cured the wounds in a couple of weeks. ^*Lakshmi recovered and
1310E26 started consuming one and a half litres of milk thrice a day, for seven
1320E26 months. ^Then onward, her main diet was dry grass. $^Friends in the
1330E26 neighbourhood started visiting the house to_ see the bison calf. ^Many
1340E26 of them warned Vimalavathy that the calf would grow up into a ferocious
1350E26 animal and might even endanger life. ^But overcome by her affection
1360E26 she did not heed this warning. $^*Lakshmi was brought up with 34
1370E26 other cattle. ^She led and continues to_ lead the uneventful life of
1380E26 an ordinary cow. ^She is not provided with any special food. ^Perhaps
1390E26 the only difference between her and the other cattle is that she is
1400E26 getting a lot more attention. ^Occasionally she occupies an exclusive place
1410E26 in the annexe of the house. $^Now in her sixth year, Lakshmi has
1420E26 attained a height of 157 \0cm. Dark brown in colour, having the characteristic
1430E26 horns with an inward bent, she has white patches covering almost
1440E26 half the length of her legs. ^During the night she has comparatively
1450E26 better eyesight than the other cattle. $^At daybreak she goes to
1460E26 the pasture along with the other cattle and returns at dusk. ^A small
1470E26 eight-year-old girl leads her to the grazing grounds and then back home.
1480E26 ^Lakshmi is very fond of her little governess. ^*Lakshmi loves to_
1490E26 exercise her long legs, skipping over the fences or wading through the
1500E26 small ponds in her path. ^She also enjoys playing in water. ^In the
1510E26 rainy season, one can often see her lying in the muddy water for hours
1520E26 together, with the other buffaloes. ^She is attached and well adapted
1530E26 to her new environment. ^So much so that, even if she is separated
1540E26 from the other cattle for a single day, she misses them and becomes
1550E26 very restless. $^When lakshmi is back from the hills, she goes straight
1560E26 to her mistress, who provides her with a tub of water mixed with rice
1570E26 bran. ^After drinking this, she looks for the handful of dry grass
1580E26 that_ Vimalavathy gives her regularly. ^Funnily enough, if any cow has
1590E26 smelt or tasted the coconut cake that_ Vimalavathy offers her, Lakshmi
1600E26 refuses to_ accept it. ^Only after her meal does she make her way
1610E26 to her living quarters. $^*Lakshmi has not shown any ferocious nature
1620E26 so far. ^Only once, she attacked a cow which used to_ tease her
1630E26 every now and then; however, to_ be on the safe side, Lakshmi was introduced
1640E26 to a nosering. ^*Lakshmi was treated by a vet when she was attacked
1650E26 by the foot-and-mouth disease and thereafter she is wary of any city-dweller
1660E26 in trousers! ^*I confess my heart was thumping when Lakshmi
1670E26 came near me as I was taking pictures and started sniffing at my
1680E26 camera. ^*I was so relieved when she walked back slowly and with dignity.
1690E26 $^Many people are interested in Lakshmi now. ^Among these was one
1700E26 gentleman who promised to_ give a Jersey milking cow in exchange
1710E26 but Vimalavathy turned down this offer.*#
        **[no. of words = 02019**]

        **[txt. e27**]
0010E27 **<*3Practical Hints for New Entreprenuers*0**> $*<*3How to_ begin--
0020E27 Form of Business Organisation*0*> $^The person who goes into an
0030E27 industry should realise that it is not an assembly line product. ^You
0040E27 just cannot push a button at one end and the assembly line starts
0050E27 working to_ deliver the final product in the shape of an industry at
0060E27 the other. ^Careful thinking and planning are essential at every stage.
0070E27 $^What form of Business Organisation should one choose? ^This
0080E27 is the first question to_ be answered by a private entrepreneur. ^Four
0090E27 forms of business organisation are generally, availble, and the choice
0100E27 depends on the finances at one*'s command and some other considerations.
0110E27 $^If the financial requirements are limited and are within
0120E27 one*'s own means, then for a small industry, the proprietory form is
0130E27 suitable. ^Formalities here are few, but the risk element is big. ^If
0140E27 the industry goes bankrupt, the entrepreneur stands to_ lose his all.
0150E27 ^The proprietory form is suited to very small industries wherein
0160E27 their total liability is of no consequence to the entrepreneur considering
0170E27 his holding powers. ^If there is a closure, the financial loss
0180E27 would be easily absorbed by him because of his total resources. $^If
0190E27 the risks are greater and more capital is required, a partnership form
0200E27 is suitable for starting an industry. ^A partnership deed has to_
0210E27 be drawn up including provision in detail for dissolution of partnership
0220E27 or release of partners. ^This prevents misunderstandings at a
0230E27 later stage. $^The main problem with partnership firms is the likelihood
0240E27 of partners not seeing eye to eye on policy matters. ^When the firm
0250E27 earns profit, it is generally smooth sailing. ^But the crisis comes
0260E27 when the firm starts losing money. ^The differences on policy matters
0270E27 then begin to_ get reflected in operational matters . ^Arguments
0280E27 and quarrels will start on petty issues. ^No industry can run successfully
0290E27 unless there is a unified command and firm policy decisions.
0300E27 ^So the industry goes into further losses and eventually ends up in
0310E27 a failure. $^In today*'s context, partnership firms are not a desirable
0320E27 form of organisation. ^The financial requirements of industries are
0330E27 becoming progressively large in view of technological developments.
0340E27 ^Therefore, unless the capital investment is small as in the case of
0350E27 some ancillary industries, there is very little choice for the entrepreneur--
0360E27 he has to_ form a limited company. $^For most industries
0370E27 a private limited company is the best form of organisation. ^It could
0380E27 be formed subject to a maximum of 50 shareholders. ^The formalities
0390E27 required for setting up a private limited company are not many. ^A
0400E27 good lawyer can draft the memorandum and articles of association of
0410E27 the company. ^Alternatively, the company law requirements can be stated
0420E27 as applicable to that_ particular company, specifying the changes
0430E27 required in the form of a few clauses. $^In smaller places, it is difficult
0440E27 to_ get good legal advice in drafting the Memorandum of the
0450E27 company. ^One should go to a metropolitan area for such advice. $^In
0460E27 drafting the objective of the company, great care should be taken to_
0470E27 make them as broad-based as possible. ^This will allow the company
0480E27 flexibility for expansion and diversification at a future date. ^A
0490E27 private limited company helps to_ limit the personal liability of the
0500E27 sponsor and the other shareholders and, therefore, the entrepreneur
0510E27 can take greater risks than in a partnership or a proprietory firm.
0520E27 $^Secondly, it helps the entrepreneur to_ raise capital by giving
0530E27 shares to relations and friends who have confidence in his abilities.
0540E27 ^A partnership firm may also enable him to_ get monies from relations
0550E27 by taking them as partners but there are practical difficulties in
0560E27 the number of partners one could have. ^A partnership firm of more
0570E27 than 3/4 becomes unwieldy and also results in unnecessary problems. $^All
0580E27 partners have to_ get the Balance Sheet, Partnership Deed, \0etc.
0590E27 while filing their Income Tax Returns. ^This is not the case
0600E27 with private limited companies. $^The other advantage in forming a private
0610E27 limited company is that in the event of differences of opinion
0620E27 with relations, there are no difficulties as in a partnership. ^The
0640E27 structure of partnership is much more difficult. $^Floating a public
0650E27 limited company involves considerable legal and procedural work. ^The
0660E27 industrialist can use the services of the merchant banking division
0670E27 of a bank for this purpose. ^This becomes necessary when the project
0680E27 is large and finance needs to_ be raised from the public. ^This form
0690E27 of organisation is meant only for sufficiently large projects and
0700E27 experienced promoters. ^Promotional formalities are complicated and
0710E27 hence legal help is necessary. $*<*3Finance*0*> $^Raising long-term
0720E27 finance for industry requires careful study. ^Mistakes in the initial
0730E27 stages can be very expensive, if not disastrous. ^The new entrepreneur
0740E27 who risks his all cannot afford them. $^Proprietary or partnership
0750E27 firms raise funds from friends and relations, at short notice and without
0760E27 any formalities. ^Small sized units running as private limited
0770E27 companies can also do the same. ^Not that money is easy to_ be raised,
0780E27 but the formalities are few and there is considerable flexibility
0790E27 of operations in such private transactions. $^One big limitation
0800E27 in raising funds from friends and relations for small industries is
0810E27 that the quantum available will be limited which means that the industry
0820E27 will always tend to_ remain small. ^The logic of industrialisation
0830E27 is the expansion of small industries into medium ones and later growth
0840E27 into large ones. ^This necessarily involves going to the banks
0850E27 or financial institutions for long-term finance, which is not available
0860E27 to partnership firms as easily as to corporations. $^Small industries
0870E27 can raise a part of long-term finance from special institutions
0880E27 set up for the purpose, except margin money of about 20%. ^The funds
0890E27 required are given by these institutions. ^The margin money has to_
0900E27 be found by the entrepreneur himself. ^This gives him a stake in the
0910E27 successful operation of the enterprise. ^Now there is rethinking even
0920E27 on margin money. ^The entire capital may be available from the institutions
0930E27 in some cases. $^In the case of medium and large industries,
0940E27 the problem of long-term finance is more complex. ^There is considerable
0950E27 form filling in addition to preparation of detailed project reports
0960E27 and the answering of numerous queries from lending institutions.
0970E27 ^In recent years the "Convertibility Clause" has also been inserted
0980E27 which gives the financial institutions an option to_ convert 20% of
0990E27 the loan into share capital of the enterprise at a later date. ^This
1000E27 option is exercised in the case of successful units. $^In this context,
1010E27 it is worthwhile to_ consider the alternatives. ^If the financial
1020E27 institutions buy equity in new ventures later on they can sell them
1030E27 to the entrepreneur after taking a reasonable profit. ^This will also
1040E27 provide an incentive to the new entrepreneur, just as stock options
1050E27 in some other countries give an incentive to top executives in big
1060E27 companies. $^The entrepreneur can use the services of an established
1070E27 financial consultant in applying for long-term loans. ^This will minimize
1080E27 his worries as also delays. $^The entrepreneur would do well to_
1090E27 study for himself the advantages and disadvantages of long-term finance
1100E27 as applied to his own case. $^In any event, the loan should not
1110E27 be availed of at one stroke as the "taximeter" of interest begins to_
1120E27 work at an early stage. ^It is necessary to_ plan the project in
1130E27 such a way that funds, once sanctioned, are availed of in stages, as
1140E27 and when necessary. ^Banks will help with what is known as "Bridge
1150E27 Finance" for the new entrepreneur when loans sanctioned by financial
1160E27 institutions are not yet disbursed, but the entrepreneur has to_ start
1170E27 his construction work. ^The Merchant Banking Division of commercial
1180E27 banks are of great help in sorting out problems of long-term finance.
1190E27 $^An important word of caution is necessary about initial estimates
1200E27 in the light of Indian experience. ^The projected estimates should
1210E27 be on a generous scale, providing for every contingency. ^Escalation
1220E27 of costs at various stages and "over-run" are quite common features
1230E27 of many new ventures in our country. ^In the case of established groups,
1240E27 they can manage additional funds. ^*Managing Agents used to_ come
1250E27 to their rescue. ^The new entrepreneur has to_ face numerous problems
1260E27 if there is an over-run. ^Half-way changes in the size of the plant
1270E27 and machinery, already ordered, production capacity \0etc. to_ suit
1280E27 the available budget are next to impossible. ^Short-term finance presents
1290E27 equally formidable problems once the entreprise is set up. ^Such
1300E27 finance, commonly referred to as "Working Capital", can be had either
1310E27 from the public by way of deposits or loans from the banks. ^Some
1320E27 of this can also come from one*'s friends and relations. $^The new
1330E27 entrepreneur will find it very difficult to_ get deposits and loans
1340E27 from the public as he will not command public confidence in the initial
1350E27 stages; therefore his main source of working capital is the bank.
1360E27 ^Even then, he will not get his full requirements but has to_ provide
1370E27 a part of it himself. $^Some care is necessary in selecting one*'s
1380E27 bank. ^Although rates of interest and conditions of business are uniform
1390E27 throughout the banking industry (except marginal differences in
1400E27 the case of small or co-operative banks), there is considerable difference
1410E27 in the services given by different banks. ^Some banks are known
1420E27 for their good systems, helpful attitude towards small industries and
1430E27 speedy service. $^It is essential to_ operate on available working
1440E27 funds with utmost care. ^Suppliers of goods will not extend credit to
1450E27 new enterprises as they would to established ones for the same duration.
1460E27 ^The suppliers would insist on early payments if the supply line
1470E27 is to_ be maintained while the buyers would not pay immediately or
1480E27 in short time. $^The Bill Market Scheme whereby payment is ensured
1490E27 at the end of a stipulated period of 90 days is useful in regulating
1500E27 the flow of funds but many suppliers and buyers will not agree to this
1510E27 arrangement. $^Many new enterprises come to financial grief by ignoring
1520E27 one basic factor conditioning industrial activity, \0viz., the
1530E27 tide of fortune does not rise all the time. ^Every industry has periods
1540E27 of boom as well as of depressed conditions or recession. $^Therefore,
1550E27 some cushioning should be provided for periods of recession. ^In
1560E27 other words, there should be financial viability even if the enterpriise
1570E27 operates only a part of the installed capacity. ^Initial planning
1580E27 care, investment and development of suitable production processes as
1590E27 also good marketing will ensure low break-even point for an entrepreneur.
1600E27 ^During periods of recession, this proves helpful. $^One more important
1610E27 word of caution to a new entrepreneur who feels he is as successful
1620E27 as an opening batsman who has piled up a good number of runs.
1630E27 ^When there are good profits in the initial stages, the day of problems
1640E27 should always be kept in mind. $^Profits in the initial stages should
1650E27 not be frittered away in unproductive investments, high dividends
1660E27 generous bonus or other payments. ^They should be conserved and ploughed
1670E27 back into the industry as financial prudence will enable the company
1680E27 to_ build up good resources for periods of crises which are
1690E27 inescapable in any industry. ^Thus, financial strength built up in the
1700E27 initial stages will stand in good stead. ^One reason why industries
1710E27 which are successful in the initial stages collapse during times of
1720E27 adversity is their failure to_ conserve their early profits to_ strengthen
1730E27 their financial base. $^The new entrepreneur should also remember
1740E27 that expansion is not always a hop, skip and jump affair. ^The best
1750E27 way is continuously to_ expand as and when resources are built up
1760E27 and experience is gained in the running of one*'s industry. $*<*3Building
1770E27 the Factory*0*> $^What are the considerations for choosing the
1780E27 factory site and the precautions to_ be taken in building the factory?
1790E27 $^For very small industries, industrial estates offer facilities.
1800E27 ^For a larger unit, care should be taken in locating a factory at
1810E27 the proper site. ^It should be in a place where the raw material is
1820E27 readily available and the marketing of the final product is easy. ^Other
1830E27 facilities like skilled labour, power supply, transport, water, \0etc.
1840E27 should also be ready at hand.*#
        **[no. of words = 02006**]

        **[txt. e28**]
0010E28 **<*3Promotional Aspects of Monetary Management in India*0**> $*<*3PROMOTION
0020E28 OF THE BANKING SECTOR IN INDIA*0*> $*3^ONE OF THE*0 important
0030E28 aspects of promotional monetary management is the extension of the
0040E28 banking sector to nonmonetized parts of the economic and other under-banked
0050E28 areas. ^In the first place, this would form the third aspect
0060E28 of the approach to 'institutionalisation'. ^From the standpoint of the
0070E28 Central banking theory, the growth of the banking sector is an integral
0080E28 part of the policy of mobilisation of savings. ^Unbanked and under-banked
0090E28 areas conceal enormous deposit potentials. ^Moreover, expansion
0100E28 of the banking sector is also an instrument for transforming the
0110E28 capital value-biased (Chapter 8:*=1) asset preferences into yield-biased
0120E28 assets preferences. ^Otherwise, the saving tends to_ be channelised
0130E28 into assets (real estate assets, gold, silver and hard cash) which
0140E28 do not promote specialisation of savings and investment. ^Therefore,
0150E28 the promotion of the banking sector alters the assets preferences and
0160E28 increases the degree of specialisation of economic activity. ^Both aspects
0170E28 are vital for promoting the process of real economic developemnt.
0180E28 ^In the second place, still another aspect of promotion of the banking
0190E28 sector is supply of credit. ^The credit supply energises economic
0200E28 activity. ^In view of the innovated concepts of creditworthiness and
0210E28 repayment capacity (Chapter 4:*=2), the supply of credit can be directly
0220E28 linked with the process of real development. ^The Schumpeterian notion
0230E28 of transforming credit into capital is the fundamental playground
0240E28 for the Central banker in a developing economy. ^Thirdly, promotion
0250E28 of banking sector is more than an institutional problem. ^It is related
0260E28 to capital formation in another sense as well. ^The Indian monetary
0270E28 set-up can be classified on (Chapter 1:*=2) the basis of the degree
0280E28 of monetization. ^The promotion of the banking sector is an instrument
0290E28 of increasing the degree of monetization in the economy. ^The concept
0300E28 of monetization and acceleration of capital formation can be closely
0310E28 knit together by what may be urban and upcountry centres. ^Commodities
0320E28 flow from upcountry to urban centres; and money flows in the reverse
0330E28 direction. ^But during a slack season, such links are snapped. ^Therefore,
0340E28 the monetary flows are not autonomous, instead they tend to_ assume
0350E28 an induced character. ^Promotion of the banking sector will be an
0360E28 instrument for a regular two-way movement of commodity and money flow.
0370E28 ^The introduction of money is vital for accelerating the pace of
0380E28 economic development. ^At least one financial asset (money) is a necessary
0390E28 condition for increasing the degree of specialisation between saving
0400E28 and investment and promoting economic development. $^The first
0410E28 section of the chapter (:7*=1) deals with the statutory provisions relating
0420E28 to the promotion of the banking sector. ^The statutory provisions
0430E28 have been examined in the light of four basic principles relevant
0440E28 to the promotion of the banking sector. ^The second section (7:*=2) is
0450E28 devoted to a factual analysis of the promotion of the banking sector.
0460E28 ^The objective is to_ evaluate the success gained by the Reserve
0470E28 Bank in this regard. $*=1 $^The pace of branch expansion was largely
0480E28 obstructed by the low deposit potential, unprofitability of opening
0490E28 branches, the small number of loan applications, lack of creditworthiness,
0500E28 and the high degree of risk involved in agricultural operations.
0510E28 ^These difficulties tended to_ dissuade banks from expanding their
0520E28 business in the semi-urban and rural areas. ^Thus, banking in these areas
0530E28 led to the evolution of certain basic principles. ^These are (a) an
0540E28 application of innovated concepts of creditworthiness and repayment capacity
0550E28 (b) the locational coverage in executing the branch expansion
0560E28 programme, (c) enlargement of remittance facilities, and (d) extending
0570E28 the operations through nationalised banking institutions. ^We shall
0580E28 examine each of these steps in turn. $^The first principle was the application
0590E28 of the innovated concept of creditworthiness (Chapter 4:*=2)
0600E28 and the repayment capacity in the conduct of banking business in
0610E28 these areas. ^In this field the cost-benefit calculus had to_ be applied
0620E28 on an altogether different basis. "^In entering rural business as
0630E28 a part of their normal functioning, banks will have to_ take a long-term
0640E28 and comprehensive view. ^Neither for each branch, nor for all
0650E28 concerned branches together, would at a profitable balance of costs and
0660E28 yield of funds be immediately expected. ^There is reason to_ believe
0670E28 for the banking system as a whole that in a full-fledged state of
0680E28 developing, the rural sector will save and send out funds for the non-rural
0690E28 sector. ^In the initial stages, and in the individual cases,
0700E28 the flow will have to_ be in the other direction. $^In other words,
0710E28 there are twofold implications. ^In the first place, if a bank has several
0720E28 branches, it is not necessary that the benefits are necessarily
0730E28 equalised with the cost of running a branch individually. ^In fact,
0740E28 the net benefit and cost have to_ be calculated in respect of all the
0750E28 branches taken together. ^The losses of one or two branches could
0760E28 be compensated by the net gain accruing in other branches. ^In the second
0770E28 place, the benefit-cost calculus has to_ have some reference to
0780E28 the time span as well. ^Thus even if all the branches yield benefits
0790E28 less than the cost incurred, it could be compensated at a later date
0800E28 just by an opposite performance. ^The second principle was latent in the
0810E28 search for the criterion of the locational coverage in executing the
0820E28 branch expansion programme, which finally gave rise to the concept
0830E28 of a 'Lead Bank'. $^The third principle was implicit in the promotion
0840E28 and guidance given to monetary flows, through enlargement of remittance
0850E28 facilities. "^One of the impediments in the growth of commercial
0860E28 banks in developing countries is the lack of facilities on an adequate
0870E28 scale as regards remittances and other clearing arrangements, which
0880E28 discourage people from taking increasing recourse to banks as a payment
0900E28 mechanism. ^This is because 'moneyness' of deposits, and this applies
0910E28 particularly to_ demand deposits, is less when there is uncertainty
0920E28 about their prompt encashment at any point in the system. ^Thus,
0930E28 an efficient system of bank clearings and remittances is a precondition
0940E28 for the rapid growth of the banking system. $^The fourth principle
0950E28 was the use of nationalised banks as an instrument for promoting the
0960E28 banking sector. ^This step is given the status of a separate principle
0970E28 as it capitalised the concept of deficit financing in the fiscal
0980E28 field. ^The concept of deficit financing was translated into a tool
0990E28 of promotional aspect of monetary management. ^The basic concept is that
1000E28 the cost of the establishment and running of a branch may not turn
1010E28 out to_ be economically feasible. ^But economic feasibility is subordinate
1020E28 to the concept of social marginal productivity. ^The establishment
1030E28 of a branch has to_ be viewed in terms of the net social marginal
1040E28 combination. $^Within the framework of these four principles, the
1050E28 statutory provisions relating to the promotion of the banking sector
1060E28 may now be examined. ^It is difficult to_ separate the regulatory and
1070E28 promotional aspects of monetary management in the statutory provisions.
1080E28 ^For example, the statutory provisions relating to the appointment
1090E28 and removal of banking personnel, management, amalgamations, winding
1100E28 up and the penalty imposition on banking companies, contribute both
1110E28 to the proper conduct and the growth of banking companies. ^A similar
1120E28 problem arises in repsect of various methods by which the Central
1130E28 Bank protects the interest of the depositors. ^Thus, to_ steer
1140E28 clear of this maze, attention is focussed on only a few aspects of the
1150E28 banking sector, \0viz., (1) the problem of branch expansion and (2) the
1160E28 problem of social control over the banking system which culminated
1170E28 in the (3) nationalisation of the major scheduled banks. ^The expansion
1180E28 of the banking sector served as a double-edged weapon in the sense
1190E28 that it could act as an instrument for mobilisation of savings as well
1200E28 as a medium of distribution of credit. ^The statutory provisions
1210E28 in this regard can be considered at fidur levels. $^The first set of
1220E28 provisions was laid down in the Banking Companies Act, 1949, regarding
1230E28 (a) nature of the subsidiary companies (b) licensing banking companies
1240E28 and (c) restriction on opening of new and transfer of existing places
1250E28 of business. ^Thus, the restrictions on the nature of subsidiary
1260E28 companies were provided with the intent of "preventing a banking company
1270E28 from carrying on trading activities by acquiring a controlling interest
1280E28 in non-banking companies". ^Though banks were prohibited to_
1290E28 form subsidiary companies, except with the permission of the Central
1300E28 Bank, they could be permitted to_ form such companies only under
1310E28 circumstances which were incidental to the conduct of the business of banking.
1320E28 ^Thus, excepting such approvals of the Central Bank "...no
1330E28 banking company shall hold shares in a company, whether as pledgee, mortgagee
1340E28 or absolute owner, of an amount exceeding thirty per cent of the
1350E28 paid-up share capital of that_ company or thirty per cent of its
1360E28 own paid-up share capital and reserves, whichever is less." $^Further,
1370E28 allowing for the provisions mentioned above, "-...after the expiry
1380E28 of one year... (a banking company shall not)... hold shares, as pledgee,
1390E28 mortgagee or absolute owner, in any company in the management of
1400E28 which any managing director or manager of the banking company is in any
1410E28 manner concerned or interested". ^The licensing policy of the Central Bank
1420E28 can thus go a long way in providing a sound banking structure and promoting
1430E28 banking as a whole by enlarging the area covered by it. ^This
1440E28 it can do by the pick-and-choose method, \0i.e., by selecting banks
1450E28 to_ expand and operate in different areas. ^Thus, except as provided
1460E28 for in the Banking Companies Act, no banking company was permitted
1470E28 to_ "...carry on banking business... unless it holds a licence (issued)
1480E28 by the Reserve Bank and such licence may be issued subject to such
1490E28 conditions as the Reserve Bank may think fit to_ impose." ^Thus,
1500E28 the banking companies in existence within 6 months and new companies
1510E28 before the commencement of the Act had to_ apply for such licence
1520E28 to the Central Bank. $^The issue of licence to a bank will depend
1530E28 on the fulfilment of certain conditions and on the satisfaction of
1540E28 the Reserve Bank (a) "that the company is or will be in a position
1550E28 to_ pay its present or future depositors in full as their claims accrue
1560E28 and (b) that the affairs of the company are not being, or are not
1570E28 likely to_ be conducted in a manner detrimental to the interests of
1580E28 its present or future depositors." ^Similar conditions were applicable
1590E28 to foreign banks as well, provided that the conduct of their business
1600E28 was in "conformity with the public interests in India." ^The Central
1610E28 Bank was thus empowered to_ grant or cancel the licence of a banking
1620E28 company, Indian or foreign. ^The cancellation could be effected
1630E28 if "the company at any time fails to_ comply with any of the conditions
1640E28 imposed under it under sub-section (1); or (2) if at any time, any
1650E28 of the conditions referred to in sub-section (3) is not fulfilled."
1660E28 $^Before cancelling the licence, the Reserve Bank "... in the interests...
1670E28 or depositors of public shall grant to the company, on such
1680E28 terms as it may specify, an opportunity of taking the necessary step
1690E28 for complying with or fulfilling such conditions. ^The banking company,
1700E28 where licence has been cancelled, may within 30 days appeal to the
1710E28 Central Government and its decision will be final." $^Similarly, the
1720E28 section relating to the restriction on the opening of new, and transfer
1730E28 of the existing, places of business without the prior approval
1740E28 of the Central Bank was also drastically amended. $^Thus, the amendment
1750E28 of Section 23 of the Banking Companies Act during 1959 was related
1760E28 to the locational aspects of the business of banks. ^For this purpose,
1770E28 the term 'place of business' was defined as "any sub-office, pay-office,
1780E28 sub-pay office and any place of business at which deposits are
1790E28 received, cheques cashed or moneys lent." ^Without the approval of
1800E28 the Central Bank, no banking company could open "...a new place of
1810E28 business in India or change otherwise than within the same city, town
1820E28 or village the location of an existing place of business... and (b)...open
1830E28 a new place of business outside India." ^Before the grant of
1840E28 permission as to the locational changes, the Central Bank would satisfy
1850E28 itself on two grounds.*#
        **[no. of words = 02014**]

        **[txt. e29**]
0010E29 **<*3GENERAL INSURANCE: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE*0**> $*<*3CLAIMS*0*>
0020E29 $Claims: ^Claims occur under all types of insurance policies. ^But
0030E29 under marine, fire and accident policies claims may or may not arise,
0040E29 as they depend upon the happening of fortuitous events. $^The
0050E29 insurers try to_ build up their reputation for prompt settlements of
0060E29 claims. $^There are certain features of claims which are more or less
0070E29 common to all. ^They are the following: $(a) ^Proper notice is
0080E29 to_ be given to the insurers so that they may arrange for preliminary
0090E29 investigation where necessary. $(b) ^On receipt of the notice the
0100E29 insurers want that the claimants should submit claims in the forms
0110E29 of the insurers. ^The insurers then find out from their records whether
0120E29 the policies in question were in force. $(c) ^If the claim be of
0130E29 higher magnitude the insurers*' appointed officers known as assessors
0140E29 (sometimes known as adjusters) with specialised knowledge look into
0150E29 details so as to_ ascertain the extent of loss or damage caused.
0160E29 ^If, however, the claims be of a small amount the insurers send a
0170E29 cheque forthwith in settlement of claim without further enquiry. $(d)
0180E29 ^We have spoken of promptitude in settlement of claims; but there is
0190E29 one more thing which is tact. ^The insurers*'s officers are required
0200E29 to_ explain in common, non-technical way to the claimants so that
0210E29 the latter may understand the formers*' reasoning clearly. $^But care
0220E29 should be taken to_ collect all available information so that they
0230E29 may be made use of as and when neccessary. $^Let us now turn to the
0240E29 question branch by branch: $^Marine: Marine claims differ in many
0250E29 respects from those arising under other classes of business. ^Marine
0260E29 risks covered are many and varied. ^So when a loss arises it is
0270E29 just as important to_ discover the cause as the extent of the loss.
0280E29 ^Further a marine policy may have been assigned. ^An independent surveyor
0290E29 may be appointed when the policy-holder agrees, and the question
0300E29 of liability is decided by the insurers from documents. $^In case
0310E29 of cargo claims, when an agent, Lloyd*'s or otherwise, is advised
0320E29 of damage, he will appoint a suitable surveyor. ^The surveyor will
0330E29 ascertain the cause of the loss and will agree the extent with the
0340E29 assignee. ^All informations gathered from the agent*'s report incorporating
0350E29 the surveyor*'s findings will be important when liability is
0360E29 under consideration. ^The documents of title (including the policy,
0370E29 copy of the bill of lading, the invoice and the surveyor*'s report)
0380E29 are sufficient evidence on which to_ pay the holder any claim recoverable
0390E29 under the policy, even though that_ person may not be the original
0400E29 assured, provided he has an insurable interest at the time of
0410E29 loss, \0e.g., a buyer under a \0c.i.f. (cost, insurance, freight) contract.
0420E29 $^It should be noted that the first step taken by the underwriter
0430E29 or agent is to_ examine the policy to_ ascertain whether the
0440E29 loss is recoverable thereunder. ^If so, the extent of liability is then
0450E29 ascertained. $^In marine insurance claims are based on the insured
0460E29 value, \0i.e., the agreed value, and in case of a total loss the
0470E29 amount insured is paid. ^In case of partial loss it is necessary to_
0480E29 ascertain the percentage of depreciation which is applied to the
0490E29 insured value. ^When goods arrive damaged at destination, the percentage
0500E29 of depreciation is ascertained by comparing the gross sound arrived
0510E29 value with the loss damaged value. ^These values are based on
0520E29 market values on arrival. ^The following example will make the position
0530E29 clear: **[example**] $^But in the Marine Insurance Act, 1963,
0540E29 no example has been worked out to_ show how the total loss or partial
0550E29 loss is arrived at. ^The relative clauses are stated as follows:
0560E29 $\0^*Sec. 56. (1) ^A loss may be either total or partial. ^Any loss
0570E29 other than a total loss, as hereinafter defined, is a partial loss.
0580E29 $(2) ^A total loss may be either an actual loss or a constructive
0590E29 total loss. $(3) ^Unless a different intention appears from the terms
0600E29 of the policy an insurance against total loss includes a constructive
0610E29 as well as an actual total loss. $\0^*Sec. 57. (1) defines constructive
0620E29 total loss where the subject matter insured is reasonably abandoned
0630E29 on account of its actual total loss appearing to_ be unavoidable
0640E29 or because it could not be preserved from actual total loss without
0650E29 an expenditure which would exceed its value when the expenditure
0660E29 had been incurred. $^The effect of the constructive total loss is
0670E29 stated under \0Sec. 61 as follows: $"when there is a constructive
0680E29 total loss the assured may either treat the loss as a partial loss
0690E29 or abandon the subject matter insured to the insurer and treat the
0700E29 loss as if it were an actual total loss. $^In full claims the cost
0710E29 of repairs is paid in full subject to the limit of the insured value,
0720E29 and as a proportion of the insured value as in the case of cargo.
0730E29 $^The surveyor appointed by the underwriters inspects the damage in
0740E29 company with the ship*'s surveyor and a specification of the necessary
0750E29 repairs is drawn up. ^A price for the work is obtained from a suitable
0760E29 repairer and, if approved, the contract is arranged. $^When the
0770E29 work is completed, all the documents and vouchers are put into the
0780E29 hands of a professional average adjuster, who examines them and states
0790E29 the amount recoverable under the policy. $^In case of collision
0800E29 claims damage caused by a vessel to another, \0i.e. as a third party
0810E29 liability, is not to_ fall within the scope of an ordinary marine policy,
0820E29 as it is not loss of or damage to the subject matter insured.
0830E29 ^But by a separate contract they agree to_ cover loss or damage to
0840E29 another vessel. $^In case of freight \0i.e., the reward for conveying
0850E29 goods, or hire money for chartering of a vessel or part thereof
0860E29 provides an insurable interest. ^It is an intangible interest and the
0870E29 claims are adjusted on the principle of indemnity. $Fire: ^If the
0880E29 fire claims are of small amount there is no difficulty. ^On receipt
0890E29 of the claim form duly completed the insurers see whether the policy
0900E29 is in force and covers the property concerned. ^If so, they send the
0910E29 cheque in settlement of the claim. $^If, however, the claim be of
0920E29 higher amount, the insurers require detailed investigation and such
0930E29 investigation may be undertaken by the insurers*' own officials. $^But
0940E29 as a rule large claims are passed on to a firm of independent adjusters
0950E29 who investigate on behalf of the insurers and in due course submit
0960E29 their report recommending payment of an agreed amount. $^Under the
0970E29 conditions of the standard fire policy, the insurers may elect to_
0980E29 reinstate or replace the insured property. ^The majority of fire claims
0990E29 are settled by means of cash payments. ^But if the insurers elect
1000E29 to_ reinstate, they are bound to_ do so and cannot later make a
1010E29 cash payment. $^In case of claim for building damage, the insured usually
1020E29 obtains an estimate from his builders. ^The insurers*' assessors
1030E29 check the specification, quantities, and prices and when agreemet
1040E29 has been reached, the insured signs a form of acceptance, whereupon
1050E29 the insurer settles the claim by cash payment. ^The cost of specification
1060E29 and the surveyor*'s fees \0etc. are borne by the insured. $^When
1070E29 the claim relates to goods, it is necessary to_ take into account
1080E29 depreciation or appreciation in order to_ observe the basic principle
1090E29 of indemnity. $^If however, fire has been occasioned by the negligence
1100E29 of a third party, the insurers by the exercise of subrogation
1110E29 (explained later) rights may be able to_ recover from that_ third
1120E29 party any amount paid by the insurers under their policy. $^When
1130E29 several insurers are involved apportionment of losses are necessary
1140E29 so as to_ ascertain the claim liability of each. ^There are several
1150E29 methods of apportionment, one of which is on prorata basis according
1160E29 to sums insured. ^There is also a method on average loss basis. (explained
1170E29 later). $Fire Loss Prevention: ^While dealing with the
1180E29 subject it will be useful to_ say something about the measures necessary
1190E29 for the prevention of fire losses. ^Fire losses at times become
1200E29 very large. \0^*Mr. \0S. Chatterjee, Director of Fire Services,
1210E29 West Bengal told reporters at Durgapur on 9th August, 1975 (\0A.B.
1220E29 Patrika 12.8.75) that the incidence of fire in the country
1230E29 had increased by 250 per cent in the last five years and that the country
1240E29 was losing more than \0*4Rs. 50 *4crores a year on account of
1250E29 these fires. (^Flames lick up over \0*4Rs. 50 *4crores. ^He said
1260E29 further that adequate steps should be taken to_ augment the existing
1270E29 fire services in view of the 'rapid' industrialisation of the country
1280E29 and that considerable improvement could be made if even a 'small
1290E29 portion' of the amount collected as fire insurance premium was given
1300E29 to the department. ^He said that to_ serve the district-towns only,
1310E29 at least 50 more fire stations were needed in the state. $Fire
1320E29 Loss Prevention Seminar in Bombay: ^In February 1976, there was
1330E29 held in Bombay a Fire Loss Prevention Seminar sponsored by General
1340E29 Insurance Corportation of India (\0A.B. Patrika, 17.2.76).
1350E29 ^It was inaugurated by \0*4Smt. Sushila Rohatgi, Deputy Minister,
1360E29 Finance, Government of India. ^The Chairman of the Corporation,
1370E29 \0Mr. *(0G. V.*) Kapadia after having enumerated five kinds
1380E29 of losses caused generally by fire, \0viz., (1) material damage
1390E29 to the plant and equipment. (2) loss of important raw materials, (3)
1400E29 serious impairment of cash flow, (4) interruption of production and
1410E29 deployment of man power and (5) loss of market, deplored that even
1420E29 the payment of the insurance claim does not help the industries fully
1430E29 to_ rehabilitate business. ^He said that the objective of organising
1440E29 the seminar was to_ create an awareness amongst Indian industrialists
1450E29 and executives of the importance of fire loss prevention. $\0^*Mr.
1460E29 *(0R. K.*) Daruwalla, Managing Director of the Corporation
1470E29 stressed the point of 'insurers*' interest in loss prevention'.
1480E29 ^He observed that "as a part of their normal insurance service, particularly
1490E29 for the larger risks, insurers make an inspection of the risk
1500E29 with the help of technically qualified personnel and recommend to
1510E29 the client various measures to improve the hazard". "^In a vast country
1520E29 such as India," he said, "it is difficult to_ provide fire fighting
1530E29 facility at public cost at all localities of a sufficient magnitude
1540E29 to_ fight fires in the larger industrial risks. ^The \0Govt.
1550E29 should seriously consider introducing regulations requiring certain
1560E29 minimum standards of fire protection for the larger risks, to_ be
1570E29 installed and operated by the industrial units themselves". ^Lastly
1580E29 he said, "the insurers would always play their rightful role and provide
1590E29 the benefit of their expertise and guidance to all concerned."
1600E29 $\0^*Mr. *(0K. P.*) Modi, Chairman, Organising Committee (of
1610E29 the Seminar) in his contribution "Prevent rather than cure" enlisted
1620E29 several cases of fire losses, some of which are given below: $^Sometime
1630E29 back, 7000 quintals of cotton worth \0*4Rs. 2.5 million of *4rupees
1640E29 were burnt injuring 13 women of whom 5 died subsequently. ^Damage
1650E29 of about 6 million *4rupees was caused to the \0L.I.C. building
1660E29 in Madras. ^In May 1975, a transport warehouse in Poona Sholapur
1670E29 Street, Bombay, resulted in a fire loss of about 20 million *4rupees.
1680E29 ^The State Bank of India building, in Bombay also caught
1690E29 fire and the loss in this case was to the tune of 6 million *4rupees.
1700E29 $^He observed that both the insured public and the insurance companies
1710E29 had realised the limitations of insurance. ^The insurance companies
1720E29 had come to the conclusion that instead of merely letting the
1730E29 law of average work, they should also direct their activities towards
1740E29 avoiding the unwanted-event. $^Preventive measures in West Bengal:
1750E29 ^We have already given some instances of big fire losses in Bombay.
1760E29 ^In Calcutta also three big fire incidents occurred. ^One at
1770E29 Raja Bazar Tram Depot, the second on the Central Bank of India
1780E29 Building and the third at Banstalla Galli. $Fire Services Act
1790E29 to be amended: ^Accordingly the West Bengal Government (as reported
1800E29 in \0A.B. Patrika, 31-3-76) is going to_ amend the Fire Services
1810E29 Act to_ make it compulsory for owners of certain categories
1820E29 of buildings, godowns and establishments to_ take special measures
1830E29 for prevention of fire in their premises.*#
        **[no. of words = 02017**]

        **[txt. e30**]
0010E30 **<*3BUSINESS COMMUNICATION*0**> $*<*3*SPEECH OF A COMPANY CHAIRMAN
0020E30 ON THE EVE OF HIS RETIREMENT*0*> $^Before proceeding with the business
0030E30 of the Meeting, I have some important announcement to_ make concerning
0040E30 the top management of the Company. $^It is more than forty-five
0050E30 years since I went to_ work in Spring Mills as an apprentice,
0060E30 and I have now been your chairman for the last twenty five years. $^If
0070E30 I may say so, the Company has made remarkable progress in these
0080E30 years. ^Our capital has doubled. ^Our reserves have gone up from \0*4Rs.
0090E30 1.4 *4crores to \0*4Rs. 7.13 *4crores. ^The mills have been almost
0100E30 totally re-equipped. ^Gross Block has gone up from \0*4Rs. 3.46
0110E30 *4crores to \0*4Rs. 35.62 *4crores. ^The turnover has increased elevenfold.
0120E30 ^We now have 14,000 employees compared to 8,000 and their emoluments
0130E30 are ten times more than they were then. ^Our gross profit has
0140E30 risen from \0*4Rs. 80 *4lakhs to \0*4Rs. 526 *4lakhs. ^We have maintained
0150E30 our unbroken record of dividend since 1885. $^Apart from directing
0160E30 the affairs of a Company, the most important duty of a Chairman is
0170E30 to_ groom a successor to_ take his place. ^*I have been paying special
0180E30 attention to this task for the last few years, and I am now completely
0190E30 confident that I can leave safely the future management of the
0200E30 Company to the next generation. $^*I have, therefore, decided to_
0210E30 retire not only as Chairman but also from the board of Directors.
0220E30 ^*I am absolutely certain that this is the right thing to_ do and
0230E30 that this is the right time to_ do it. $^The fact that each and everyone
0240E30 of my colleagues on the Board has done his best to_ persuade me
0250E30 to_ stay on for a few more years has only convinced me that I am right.
0260E30 ^*I believe in the motto: "Five minutes too soon is better than
0270E30 one minute too late." ^It is better to_ go while you are wanted than to_
0280E30 wait to_ be thrown out. ^The Company, above all, must come first.
0290E30 ^It is in its best interest that I have decided to_ go now, while
0300E30 I am alive. ^By doing so, I can ensure a smooth transfer of both
0310E30 my powers and duties. ^If I had stayed on the Board, there would have
0320E30 been the danger that I would have taken too great a part in decision
0330E30 making. ^However, my advice will always be available whenever
0340E30 asked, though I will have to_ be asked before I give it. $^For myself,
0350E30 I can say I have had a wonderful innings. ^Sixty-six not out.
0360E30 ^Not only have I had a successful career, but throughout I have enjoyed
0370E30 the devotion, respect and affection of all who have worked with
0380E30 me, and you, dear shareholders, have always treated me most kindly.
0390E30 ^In every way, I have been amongst the most fortunate of men; and
0400E30 today it is my great pleasure to_ hand over this office to my son. ^He has
0410E30 proved his worth and built a remarkable reputation for himself in a
0420E30 very short time. ^*I am sure you will agree with me that he is now capable
0430E30 of taking on this added responsibility. $^After this meeting, there
0440E30 will be a special meeting of the Board at which my resignation will
0450E30 be formally accepted. $^It now remains for me to_ thank all the
0460E30 other Directors. ^It has been a great privilege to_ have had a distinguished
0470E30 group of men working with me on the Board. ^Each one of them
0480E30 is a personal friend, and this has made my term of office a pleasure,
0490E30 which I will always remember. $^Let me make it quite clear. ^*I
0500E30 am not retiring from business altogether. ^*I will continue to_ be
0510E30 the Chairman of National Peroxide, Sturdia and Citurgia. ^All these
0520E30 companies are either in the building stage or expanding, and I
0530E30 will not give up these responsibilities till I am sure all goes well
0540E30 for them. ^Lastly, I do hope to_ be here with you all to_ take
0550E30 part in the centenary celebrations of this Company in 1979. $*<*3*SPEECH
0560E30 OF A PRESIDENT, INDIAN MERCHANTS*' CHAMBER, WELCOMING*0 \0MR.
0570E30 ERIC GONSALVES, INDIAN AMBASSADOR TO JAPAN, TO A MEETING OF THE CHAMBER*>
0580E30 $\0*3^*Mr. *GONSALYES AND *FRIENDS: $^*I have great pleasure
0590E30 in extending a cordial welcome to you. ^We are, indeed, glad of this
0600E30 opportunity of a discussion with you, \0Mr. Gonsalves, on India-Japan
0610E30 commercial and economic relations. $2. ^The economic relationship
0620E30 between India and Japan has extended over a long period of time.
0630E30 ^In recent years, it has been strengthened considerably. ^The two
0640E30 countries have been important trading partners of longstanding. ^There
0650E30 have been frequent exchanges of missions and delegations between the
0660E30 two countries with the primary object of studying the economic conditions
0670E30 in each and exploring the possibilities of further improving the
0680E30 trade and economic co-operation between them. ^With the active interest
0690E30 evinced by Japan in India*'s development programmes and her participation
0700E30 in them with investment of capital and more particularly
0710E30 with technical collaboration, the ecomomic ties between the two countries
0720E30 have acquired a new dimension. ^A number of Indo-Japanese
0730E30 Technical Collaboration Agreements have been entered into in the
0740E30 last few years. ^*Japan has also assisted our country with credit facilities.
0750E30 $3. ^*Japan has emerged as one of the leading economies of
0760E30 the world. ^Its economy has, however, been affected by the recent phenomena
0770E30 of the oil crisis, inflation and subsequent recession. ^Last
0780E30 year, the Japanese economy recorded a negative growth rate. ^However,
0790E30 with the implementation of various measures, it has now started showing
0800E30 signs of a gradual recovery. ^*Japan is now concentrating more
0810E30 and more on labour saving, non-pollution and low-energy and resource
0820E30 consuming industries, and this can open new vistas of co-operation between
0830E30 India and Japan in the industrial field to their mutual benefit.
0840E30 ^Not only that_, but the marriage of Japan*'s sophisticated technology
0850E30 with India*'s intermediate technology could help the development
0860E30 of Asian and other developing nations. ^*Japan has a substantial
0870E30 stake in West Asia, and India could help in several ways for the
0880E30 mutual benefit by becoming a sub-contractor of supplies of equipment
0890E30 and intermediates and by assisting Japanese industrialists in various
0900E30 ways for the successful execution of their projects in that_ region.
0910E30 $4. ^On an overall view, there seems to_ be a vast scope for
0920E30 increasing Japan*'s investments in India, whose share in Japan*'s
0930E30 total investment in Asia is just 3 per cent while her share in Japan*'s
0940E30 global investment is still lower-- a bare 0.30 per cent. ^Between
0950E30 1957 and 1974, out of nearly 400 Indo-Japanese agreements, only one
0960E30 fourth have materialised. ^What is further worth noting is that the
0970E30 number of Indian enterprises having Japanese investments in textiles,
0980E30 chemicals, machinery and electrical industries have been decreasing
0990E30 every year. ^If we have to_ cash in on the present opportunities
1000E30 of a substantial increase in Japan*'s investments in, and collaborations
1010E30 with, Indian industries, both the Government of India and the
1020E30 business communities will have to_ take special care to_ ensure that
1030E30 there is no impediment whatever to such co-operation. $5. ^Some of
1040E30 these basic issues had come up for discussion at the various meetings
1050E30 of Business Co-operation Committees and an attempt was made to_
1060E30 remove the misapprehensions of the Japanese industrialists on this
1070E30 score, particularly at the Nagoya Meeting, at which there was considerable
1080E30 recognition amongst Japanese business circles of what India
1090E30 had been doing and proposes to_ do to_ develop her economy. ^Procedures
1100E30 have been simplified and streamlined. ^The level of efficiency has
1110E30 improved. ^Decision-making in Government has been expedited. ^There
1120E30 is greater industrial harmony. ^Prices have stabilised. ^This all-round
1130E30 improvement in the investment climate for foreign investors should
1140E30 be utilised for larger and more effective avenues of co-operation
1150E30 between Indian and Japanese industrialists and businessmen. $6. ^In
1160E30 the past, we saw that the apprehensions at the Japanese industrialists
1170E30 on the score of the Government of India*'s policy of nationalisation,
1180E30 labour unrest and procedural delays and handles acted as a great
1190E30 deterrent to Japanese investors. ^While there has been an improvement
1200E30 in the situation, there is need for continual effort on the part
1210E30 of both the Government and the business community to_ convince the
1220E30 Japanese investors that this improvement is going and to_ find out
1230E30 what their misgivings are in this regard. ^In this connection, I
1240E30 would reiterate the suggestion which I had made at the Nagoya Meeting
1250E30 of the Business co-operation Committee that a small Working
1260E30 Group may be set up to_ examine the problem in all its aspects and
1270E30 to_ find out what, exactly, according to Japanese businessmen, is
1280E30 lacking in India. $7. ^As regards trade between the two countries, it
1290E30 has been steadily expanding. ^*India*'s imports from Japan have risen
1300E30 substantially from \0*4Rs. 25.5 *4crores in 1950-51 to \0*4Rs.
1310E30 453 *4crores in 1974-75. ^In the same period India*'s exports to that_
1320E30 country increased from \0*4Rs. 143 *4crores to \0*4Rs. 295 *4crores.
1330E30 ^However, the composition of Indo-Japanese trade has not undergone
1340E30 any significant change. ^By and large, it still continues to_ be
1350E30 of the type subsisting before. ^Between the two countries iron ore, oil-cakes,
1360E30 \0etc., still continue to_ constitute the bulk of India*'s
1370E30 exports to Japan. ^What is required is a shift from raw materials
1380E30 exports to exports of intermediate and semifinished products. ^It is
1390E30 possible, in our opinion, to_ harmonise the larger interests of the
1400E30 two countries in achieving a higher growth rate in trade. ^For this
1410E30 purpose, it will be necessary to_ identify specific areas. $8. ^While
1420E30 iron-ore would, no doubt, continue to_ be the major item of trade between
1430E30 India and Japan, there is considerable scope for creating facilities
1440E30 in India for converting iron-ore into pellets. ^This offers
1450E30 a new avenue for collaboration in export production between the two
1460E30 countries. ^The processing of textiles into garments is another new
1470E30 area of expansion of trade, and there is scope for Japanese investment
1480E30 in export-oriented garment manufacturing units in India. ^Similarly,
1490E30 there are immense possibilities for exploiting India*'s marine
1500E30 resources. ^Expansion of trade seems to_ be possible also in respect
1510E30 of several non-traditional items such as finished components for Japanese
1520E30 manufactures, and even products of the chemical industry. ^While
1530E30 we are on this subject we would suggest that the Generalised System
1540E30 of Preferences (\0GSP), which Japan introduced in 1971, should
1550E30 be reviewd in a manner which would leave scope for larger Indian
1560E30 exports of items required in Japan. $9. ^These are some of the points
1570E30 that_ we thought would arise for discussion here. ^We have invited
1580E30 representatives of some of the firms and companies having trade and
1590E30 industrial collaboration managements with Japan . ^They would naturally
1600E30 like to_ tell you about the difficulties faced by them in their
1610E30 particular line of activity. $^Before concluding, let me thank you,
1620E30 again, \0Mr. Gonsalves, for providing us this opportunity of meeting
1630E30 you. ^May I request you to_ give us the benefit of your observations?
1640E30 $*<*3SPEECH WELCOMING TO INDIA OF THE ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS DELEGATION
1650E30 FROM YUGOSLAVIA*0*> $\0*3^*Mr.*0 *3Steven Susa, Leader, Other
1660E30 Members of the Delegation from Yugoslavia, \0Mr. Aleksander Stanic,
1670E30 Consul-General for Yugoslavia and Friends:*0 $^*I consider
1680E30 it a privilege and pleasure to_ extend a most cordial welcome to you
1690E30 all. ^We are happy at this opportunity of meeting you, \0Mr. Steven
1700E30 Susa, and your colleagues for a disussion regarding the recent trends
1710E30 in Indo-Yugoslav trade and economic relations. $2. ^Sir, we have
1720E30 watched with great interest and admiration the rapid economic recovery
1730E30 of your country from the destruction suffered by it during World
1740E30 War *=2. ^In fact, the Yugoslav economy has not only recovered
1750E30 but has shown a tremendous further growth in a relatively short span
1760E30 of three decades. ^We appreciate the new orientation which has been recently
1770E30 witnessed in Yugoslavia*'s economic policies on the basis of
1780E30 a pragmatic approach. $3. ^*Yugoslavia has been closely associated with
1790E30 India in recent years in several ways. ^Among the Asian Countries,
1800E30 India is a leading economic partner of Yugoslavia. ^In the last
1810E30 decade and a half, a good deal of improvement in the economic relationship
1820E30 between our two countries has taken place in all spheres-- trade,
1830E30 financial relations and industrial co-operation.*#
        **[no. of words = 02010**]

        **[txt. e31**]
0010E31 **<*3OF BULLS AND BEARS*0**> $*<*3Risk inevitable*0*> $*3^SPECULATING*0
0020E31 or accepting unavoidable risk is an inevitable part of the business
0030E31 of buying securities inasumuch as it is an inevitable part of
0040E31 just living. ^Whenever you are confronted with an unavoidable risk--
0050E31 as, indeed, you are in many of your actions every day-- you must
0060E31 speculate. ^You must meet the risk you must take your chances. ^Often
0070E31 you are presented with a choice of risks, when you make up your
0080E31 mind about which one you will take weighing the good and bad features
0090E31 of each, you arrive at a speculative decision. $^There is always
0100E31 an element of speculation involved in the purchase of any bond or stock--
0110E31 even a Government security-- because the risk that it might
0120E31 decline in value cannot be avoided. ^For that_ matter there is risk
0130E31 in just having money-- the risk that it will not buy as much in the
0140E31 future when you want to_ spend it, as it will if you spend it today.
0150E31 $^But when a man buys securities, he does not have to_ gamble
0160E31 or operate on the basis of chance. ^He can make a fairly intelligent
0170E31 estimate of just how much risk he assumes on the basis of the available
0180E31 record. ^And he has a wide range to_ choose from-- all the way
0190E31 from Government gilt-edged securities to shares of companies "whose
0200E31 assets may be made up principally of hope". $^It will be readily appreciated
0210E31 that risk involved in buying or selling securities affects
0220E31 as much the investor as the speculator. ^To some extent, therefore,
0230E31 every investor in stocks and shares is a speculator. ^He, however,
0240E31 speculates in fundamentals, that_ is, company sales, profits, earnings
0250E31 and dividend per share, bonus issues and the future outlook for
0260E31 companies. ^If he goes wrong in his estimates he naturally suffers.
0270E31 ^But he can certainly minimise the risk of error by carefully studying
0280E31 all the available data regarding the company in whose shares he
0290E31 intends to_ invest his capital. ^He can also reduce the risk of loss by
0300E31 carefully timing his purchases and through diversifying his holding,
0310E31 that_ is, by investing an almost equal amount of funds in each of
0311E31 several stocks instead of only one. $^Again, it has been established
0320E31 that long-term trend of share prices has always been upwards despite
0330E31 violent intermediate fluctuations. ^If, therefore, a person invests
0340E31 on the basis of a "buy and hold" philosophy he can always hope to_
0350E31 come out on the right side no matter what happens in the *7interregnum.
0360E31 $*<*3Public psychology*0*> $*3^SPECULATORS*0 are a different
0370E31 breed of cats. ^They speculate not so much in the fundamentals
0380E31 as in the behaviour of persons. ^This is not to_ say that they ignore
0390E31 the basic conditions altogether and concentrate solely on price fluctuations.
0400E31 ^Every successful speculator or stock operator not only
0410E31 takes full cognizance of the fundamental factors but also of the technical
0420E31 position of the stock market, remembers market precedents and
0430E31 keeps in mind the psychology of the public. $^Fundamental factors,
0440E31 it should be noted, change only gradually and influence the trend
0450E31 in share prices over a period. ^Human nature, on the other hand, is
0460E31 capricious and may react to given conditions in the most unexpected
0470E31 manner. ^The so-called speculator, therefore, thinks in short terms
0480E31 and remains on a constant alert for the unexpected. $^How unreasonable
0490E31 the trading public can at times be and how unexpected can be its
0500E31 reaction to some news and development will best be seen from the following
0510E31 two incidents. ^It will be recalled that the *4rupee was rather
0520E31 drastically devalued on June 6, 1966. ^Some six months prior to
0530E31 that_, the stock market had seen the end of the longest bear phase
0540E31 of recent times and had staged a fair recovery under the influence
0550E31 of the appointment of Sachin Choudhuri as the Finance Minister and
0560E31 the abolition in the 1966-67 Budget of the tax on issue of bonus
0570E31 shares by companies. ^On the eve of the devaluation, however, the market
0580E31 seemed well liquidated, the long position created during the
0590E31 preceding rise was almost squared out and, in fact, a certain amount
0600E31 of short interest had been created. $^Anyone with even a little knowledge
0610E31 of international trade would have realised that in the circumstances
0620E31 then prevailing, a devaluation of the *4rupee would only mean
0630E31 a further worsening of the country*'s balance of trade position
0640E31 with exports becoming less remunerative and imports costlier. ^Indian
0650E31 industry in those days, it will be remembered, depended heavily on
0660E31 imported raw materials and components. ^With the landed cost of these
0670E31 going up steeply, company profits were bound to_ go down correspondingly.
0680E31 ^In the light of these presumptions, share prices should
0690E31 have been expected to_ go down. ^But instead they jumped up to the
0700E31 sest-Budget high level and after a modest reaction continued to_ rise
0710E31 for the next six or seven months. $^At that_ time I was working
0720E31 with the Financial Express. ^Asked to_ explain the wayward behaviour
0730E31 of the stock market I said that if a rubber ball was lying on
0740E31 the ground and you hit it with a stick it would not go down any further
0750E31 because it just could not and would only bounce up. ^The same was
0760E31 happening to_ share prices now. $*<*3Bear-squeeze*0*> $*3^AN*0
0770E31 almost similar incident took place in June 1975 after the declaration
0780E31 of the Emergency. ^That_ year*'s Union Budget presented to the
0790E31 *5Lok Sabha*6 four months earlier had sorely disappointed the optimists
0800E31 in the stock market, who were forced to_ liquidate the long
0810E31 positions built up prior to the Budget on hope of tax reliefs. ^There
0820E31 was a good amount of short-selling also, as always happens on
0830E31 such occasions. ^So much so, that on the eve of the Emergency declaration,
0840E31 the technical position of the stock market had become imbalanced
0850E31 in favour of the bears. $^When emergency was declared, many among
0860E31 the outside public which is "in" the market most of the time, thought
0870E31 that there would be another break in the market and prices would
0880E31 decline further. ^They sold heavily with the view to buying back
0890E31 when prices had fallen. ^Coming at the lowest prices these sales were
0900E31 readily absorbed by bulls who were then without commitments and ready
0910E31 for fresh buying. ^When prices refused to_ go down any further the
0920E31 bears became apprehensive and started covering their short position.
0930E31 ^Immediately sensing their plight, the bulls pressed for more purchases
0940E31 and prices went up in one long and sharp swing. ^What materialised
0950E31 was one of the most effective bearsqueezes of modern times. $^The
0960E31 moral to_ be drawn from both these stories is the same: to a speculator
0970E31 in the stock market, the technical position of the market at
0980E31 any given time is of as much importance as the fundamental factors which
0990E31 influence share prices. ^He also must not ignore the human factor,
1000E31 that_ is, the psychology of the outside public and must remember
1010E31 the precedents, that_ is, the past performances of share prices. $^It
1020E31 is rightly said that there is nothing new in the stock market--
1030E31 there cannot be, because speculation is as old as the hills. ^Whatever
1040E31 happens in the market today has happened before and will happen
1050E31 again. ^The game does not change, neither does human nature. ^The outside
1060E31 public will make the same mistakes over and over again and lose
1070E31 money. ^The speculator must know how to_ take advantage of the mistakes
1080E31 done by the public if he is to_ make money. ^This he learns by
1090E31 experience and training extending over a period of many years. $*<*3Success
1100E31 story*0*> $*3^A STOCK*0 market speculator of yester-years
1110E31 who traded highly successfully on Wall Street and became something
1120E31 of a legend in his time, likened the training of a stock market speculator
1130E31 to medical education. "^The physician" he says, "has to_
1140E31 spend long years learning anatomy, physiology, and collateral subjects
1150E31 by the dozen. ^He learns the theory and then proceeds to_ devote his
1160E31 life to_ practise. ^He observes and classifies all sorts of pathological
1170E31 phenomena. ^He learns to_ diagnose. $"^If his diagnosis is correct--
1180E31 and that_ depends upon the accuracy of his observation-- he ought
1190E31 to_ do pretty well in his prognosis, always keeping in mind, of course,
1200E31 that human fallibility and the utterly unforeseen will keep him
1210E31 from scoring hundred per cent of bull*'s eyes. ^And then, as he gains
1220E31 experience, he learns not only to_ do the right thing but to_ do it
1230E31 instantly, so that many people will think he does it instinctively.
1240E31 ^It really is not automatism. ^It is that he has diagnosed the
1250E31 case according to his observations of such cases during a period of
1260E31 many years, and, naturally, after he has diagnosed it, he can only
1270E31 treat it in the way that experience has taught him is the proper treatment.
1280E31 $"^Observation, experiences, memory and mathematics-- these
1290E31 are what the successful trader must depend on. ^He must not only observe
1300E31 accurately but remember at all times what he has observed. ^He
1310E31 cannot bet on the unreasonable or on the unexpected, however strong
1320E31 his personal convictions may be about man*'s unreasonableness or however
1330E31 certian he may feel that the unexpected happens very frequently.
1340E31 ^He must bet always on probabilities-- that_ is try to_ anticipate
1350E31 them. ^Years of practice at the game of constant study, of always
1360E31 remembering, enable the trader to_ act on the instant when the unexpected
1370E31 happens as well as when the expected comes to pass. $"^A man can
1380E31 have great mathematical ability and an unusual power of accurate observation
1390E31 and yet fail in speculation unless he also possesses the
1400E31 experience and the memory. ^And then, like the physician who keeps
1410E31 up with the advances of science, the wise trader never ceases to_ study
1420E31 general conditions to_ keep track of developments everywhere that_
1430E31 are likely to_ affect or influence the course of the various markets.
1440E31 ^After years at the game it becomes a habit to_ keep posted. ^He acts
1450E31 almost automatically. ^He acquires the invaluable professional attitude
1460E31 and that_ enables him to_ beat the game-- at times! ^This difference
1470E31 between the professional and the amateur or occasional trader
1480E31 cannot be over-emphasised. ^*I find, for instance, that memory and
1490E31 mathematics help me very much. ^*Wall Street makes its money on a mathematical
1500E31 basis. ^*I mean, it makes its money by dealing with facts
1510E31 and figures. *<*3Practice and precept*0*> $*3^THERE*0 are two reasons
1520E31 for quoting at such length from the memoirs of the wellknown
1530E31 Wall Street speculator. ^The first is that the quoted passages convey
1540E31 the views and opinions of one who did nothing in life but speculate
1550E31 in the stock market, made and lost more than once millions of dollars,
1560E31 and earned reputation as the greatest Wall Street operator
1570E31 of all times. ^The quotations, therefore, have a personal touch and
1580E31 a ring of authenticity and provide the intending market speculator the
1590E31 advice and guidance which he is not likely to_ get in any of the books
1600E31 on the stock market which, though informative, deal only with the
1610E31 theory and not the practice of share speculation. $^The other and
1620E31 more weightly reason is to_ try to_ convince the critic or the man in
1630E31 the street that stock market speculation is not the hit or miss affair
1640E31 he thinks it is. ^It is not a matter of chances and hunches, nor
1650E31 is the speculator a gambler. ^No doubt, there are many who will bet
1660E31 on the price of a share going up or down so many *4rupees in a single
1670E31 day, or jump in or out of the market in an attempt to_ catch every
1680E31 movement in the share price. ^But these are amateurs, mostly belonging
1690E31 to the outside public whose sole objective is to_ get rich quick.
1700E31 ^The professional speculator operates not on the basis of chance,
1710E31 but on the basis of probabilities which he can estimate with fair accuracy
1720E31 in the light of the available facts. $^Having settled the point,
1730E31 I hope, that stock market speculation is not a game of chance but
1740E31 has a good amount of mathematical background and sophistication, let
1750E31 us turn to the professional speculator and see how he plays this exciting
1760E31 and intelligent game.*#
        **[no. of words = 02017**]

        **[txt. e32**]
0010E32 **<*3The Role of Directors in a Commercial Bank*0**> $^Essentially
0020E32 a bank is a joint stock company. ^In order to_ come into existence,
0030E32 it has to_ be first incorporated under the Companies Act. 1956.
0040E32 ^Before commencing business, banking company will also have to_ obtain
0050E32 a licence from the Reserve Bank of India (\0RBI) Under
0060E32 Section 22 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. ^An incorporated
0070E32 company is a legal person and it cannot, therefore, act by itself
0080E32 but has to_ act through its executive body, namely, the Board
0090E32 of Directors. ^A company comprises a body of share-holders scattered
0100E32 over a wide area and matters resolved upon by a majority of those
0110E32 voting at the general meeting bind the company and all its members,
0120E32 provided decisions taken are not inconsistent with the Memorandum and
0130E32 the Articles of massociation in particular and common laws in general.
0140E32 $^Viewed in this context, to_ be elected by the body of shareholders
0150E32 of a bank or nominated by the Government or \0RBI to_
0160E32 serve as a Director in a commercial bank is an honour. ^Therefore,
0170E32 it follows that the Director has a primary responsibility to_ be a
0180E32 watchdog of the affairs of the bank so that the shareholders, depositors
0190E32 and the general public are served well and the bank*'s financial
0200E32 position is not adversely affected which is detrimental to the interests
0210E32 of depositors and shareholders. ^In doing so, he is supposed to_
0220E32 exercise due care and diligence. ^There are also legal responsibilities.
0230E32 ^A Director who does not exercise due care and diligence may
0240E32 subject himself to financial liabilities under the law. $^The management
0250E32 of companies by undesirable persons is sought to_ be prevented
0260E32 by law. ^If an undischarged insolvent discharges any of the functions
0270E32 of the Director or Chairman or indirectly takes part in the formation,
0280E32 promotion or management of any company, he shall be punishable
0290E32 with imprisonment or fine or both. ^Similarly, where a person is
0300E32 convicted of any offence in connection with promotion, formation or
0310E32 management of the company, the Court may make an order prohibiting
0320E32 that_ person from being a Director for such period not exceeding
0330E32 five years as may be specified in that_ order. $^The functioning of
0340E32 banking company, besides the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, attracts
0350E32 certain provisions of the Companies Act, 1956. ^The Banking
0360E32 Regulation Act, 1949, does not define a Director but under Section
0370E32 5 (h) defines a Managing Director who by virtue of an agreement
0380E32 with the banking company or of a resolution passed by the banking company
0390E32 in general meeting or by its Board of Director or by virtue
0400E32 of its Memorandum or Articles of Association is entrusted with the
0410E32 management of the whole or substantially the whole of the affairs
0420E32 of the company and includes a Director occupying the position of Managing
0430E32 Director, by whatever name called. ^The Companies Act, 1956,
0440E32 has not defined the precise status of a company Director, but
0450E32 under Section 2 (13) defines a 'Director' to_ include any person occupying
0460E32 the position of a Director by whatever, name called, and under
0470E32 Section 2 (30) \0ibid. as an officer of the company. ^All the
0480E32 directors of a company (inclusive of a banking company) are collectively
0490E32 referred to as 'Board of Directors' or 'Board' and persons through
0500E32 whom it acts and does its business are termed as 'Directors'.
0510E32 ^The shareholders are the members of the company and being proprietors
0520E32 of the said company, the supreme executive authority, within the
0530E32 ambit of Memorandum and Articles of Association and common law,
0540E32 vests in them. ^As the number of the shareholders is large and scattered
0550E32 over a wide area, and since the company has to_ enter into a large
0560E32 number of contracts with others, the affairs of the company are
0570E32 directed and managed by the directors, who are elected by the said 'members'
0580E32 provided they hold qualifying shares. ^The functions of 'Directors'
0590E32 bring in share focus their role as trustees or agents or managing
0600E32 partners of the company. $*<*3Directors as Trustees*0*> $^Directors
0610E32 of a company are referred to as 'trustees' since they have to_
0620E32 act in the best interests of the company. ^Being in charge of the company*'s
0630E32 assets and money, they should not make any personal gain out
0640E32 of such assets or money. ^As regards the use of company*'s property
0650E32 and exercise of powers the directors are like trustees of the company
0660E32 but in law their functions and responsibilities are quite different.
0670E32 ^The 'trustees' are legal owners of the trust property but directors
0680E32 are not. ^They are also not trustees of individual members of
0690E32 the company. $*<*3Directors as Agents*0*> $^The directors represent
0700E32 their company in its transactions with third parties and enter into
0710E32 contracts with them on behalf of the company. ^When they establish
0720E32 any contractual relationship between the company and the third party,
0730E32 they do not incur any personal liability on the contract. ^The directors
0740E32 manage the affairs of the company and have the powers to_
0750E32 carry on the business of the company on its behalf. ^Though the directors
0760E32 can be considered as agents of the company, their powers in
0770E32 certain respects are more extensive than those of agents (who work
0780E32 on instructions of the principal) as they are entitled to_ frame the
0790E32 policy of the company. $*<*3Directors as Partners*0*> $^Directors
0800E32 generally hold the shares of the company and are referred to as partners
0810E32 of the company with other shareholders. ^As they manage the affairs
0820E32 of the company, often they are compared with Managing Partners.
0830E32 ^But legally speaking, the powers and liabilities of a Director
0840E32 are quite different from those of the partners. ^Unlike directors
0850E32 of a company who have no implied authority, a partner of a firm has
0860E32 such authority to_ bind all other partners by his acts in the normal
0870E32 course of business of the firm. $^Thus, while directors resemble
0880E32 trustees in some ways, partners and agents in some others, legally speaking,
0890E32 they are neither trustees, nor agents nor partners. $*<*3Powers
0900E32 of Directors*0*> $^Directors derive their powers and authority
0910E32 from the Articles of Association of the Company and the Companies
0920E32 Act, 1956. ^The Articles of Association provide a list of powers
0930E32 which may be exercised either by the Board of Directors or through
0940E32 its executive-- sub-committees. ^Section 291 of the Companies
0950E32 Act lays down that subject to the provisions of the Articles, the
0960E32 Board of Directors of a company shall be entitled to_ exercise
0970E32 all such powers and do all such acts as the company is authorised to_
0980E32 do. ^All acts and things done by the 'Board' within the powers given
0990E32 by the Articles are binding on the company. ^A Director individually
1000E32 has no authority over the affairs of the company, except regarding
1010E32 matters which are specifically delegated to him by the 'Board'.
1020E32 ^Apart from general powers as expressed in the Memorandum and Articles
1030E32 of Association, the powers expressly provided for in the Articles
1040E32 include those to_ incur preliminary expenses, to_ acquire property,
1050E32 to_ raise funds, to_ insure property, to_ secure contracts
1060E32 by mortgages, to_ appoint trustees and attorneys, to_ invest funds,
1070E32 to_ appoint managers, other staff and remove them and to_ delegate
1080E32 powers under Section 292 of the Companies Act, 1956, which provides
1090E32 for making call on shareholders, issue debentures, only by resolutions
1100E32 passed at the Board meetings. ^However, in the case of a banking
1110E32 company, it can borrow money or make loans without the resolution
1120E32 being passed by the Board. ^The board decides about manpower plaanning
1130E32 and branch expansion also. ^A typical agenda for a Board meeting
1140E32 of a bank includes, such items as, to_ read and confirm minutes
1150E32 of the previous board meeting, to_ consider loan applications for
1160E32 advances and allotment-- transfer of shares, to_ consider performance
1170E32 sheet and profit and loss account, to_ confirm the advances sanctioned
1180E32 under the discretionary powers of the Chairman, to_ consider
1190E32 inspection reports from the \0RBI and internal inspection reports
1200E32 and to_ consider matters pertaining to staff, premises \0etc. ^This
1210E32 gives, in brief, an idea of work attended to by the bank directors.
1220E32 $*<*3Disqualification of a Director*0*> $^Most of the bank failures
1230E32 in the past were attributed to unsound policies pursued by their
1240E32 managements. ^Hence Section 10 of the Banking Regulation Act,
1250E32 1949, provides that no bank can employ or be managed by a managing
1260E32 agent. ^A bank cannot employ any person or continue employment of such
1270E32 person, who is or has been found to_ be of unsound mind, or has
1280E32 been adjudicated insolvent, or has suspended payment or has compounded
1290E32 with his creditors or has been convicted by a criminal court of an
1300E32 offence involving moral turpitude. ^A bank cannot employ any person
1310E32 to_ manage the bank, whose remuneration takes the form of commission
1320E32 or of a share in the profit of the bank or is excessive in the opinion
1330E32 of the Reserve Bank of India. ^A bank cannot be managed by
1340E32 a person who is a Director of another company or engaged in any other
1350E32 business or vocation. ^Further, the term of office of the Chairman
1360E32 of a bank is restricted to five years at a time. ^Under Section
1370E32 16 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, a bank cannot have as
1380E32 Director any person who is a Director of any other bank or of companies
1390E32 having in the aggregate voting rights in excess of 20 per cent
1400E32 of the total voting rights of all the shareholders of the bank. $*<*3Composition
1410E32 of Board of Directors*0*> $^Banks were an extension
1420E32 of business houses for quite some time and the Board of Directors
1430E32 was dominated by persons who were promoting and safeguarding the
1440E32 interest of these business houses. ^With the introduction of social
1450E32 control measures which became effective in 1969, it was provided, under
1460E32 Section 10 A(2) of the Banking Regulation Act, that not less
1470E32 than 51 per cent of the total number of members of the Board of
1480E32 Directors have to_ consist of persons who have special knowledge or
1490E32 practical experience in respect of one or more subjects, such as, accountancy,
1500E32 agriculture or rural economy, banking, cooperation, economics,
1510E32 finance, law, small-scale industry or any other subject, the
1520E32 special knowledge of and practical experience of which, in the opinion
1530E32 of the Reserve Bank of India, would be useful to the banking
1540E32 company. ^Out of these directors, not less than two shall be persons
1550E32 having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of agriculture
1560E32 and rural economy, cooperation or small-scale industry and shall
1570E32 not have substantial interest in or be connected with, whether
1580E32 as employee, manager or managing agent of any company not being a company
1590E32 under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956, or any firm which
1600E32 carries on any trade, commerce or industry (other than small-scale
1610E32 industry) or be proprietors of any trading, commercial and industrial
1620E32 concern, not being a small-scale industrial concern. $^Under Sections
1630E32 10 A, 10 B, 35 B, 36 AB of Banking Regulation Act,
1640E32 1949, the \0RBI is vested with powers of appointment, removal or
1650E32 termination of services of not only the Chairman but also of any Director,
1660E32 the Chief Executive Officer (by whatever name called) or
1670E32 any other officer or an employee of a bank, wherever the circumstances
1680E32 so require. $*<*3Reserve bank*'s nominees as Additional Directors*0*>
1690E32 $^It has been the practice of the Reserve Bank of India
1700E32 since 1952 to_ depute its Officers as observers on the Board
1710E32 of Directors of banks chosen for the purpose. ^Such observers were
1720E32 then sent with the consent of the concerned bank. ^With the increase
1730E32 in banking activity in the country and to_ guide the working of banks
1740E32 on sound lines a need was felt to_ obtain legal sanction to_
1750E32 provide the \0RBI nominees on the Board of Directors of banks.
1760E32 ^Accordingly Banking Regulation Act, 1949, was amended in January
1770E32 1957 to_ provide for inclusion of one or more of its officers on
1780E32 the Board of Directors of commercial banks under Section 36(1)(d)(**=2)
1790E32 of the Act. $^A full-fledged Director on the Board of a commercial
1800E32 bank would not only be advantageous but also would better
1810E32 suit the purpose of meeting the social objectives of banking policy
1820E32 enunciated by the Government of India.*#
        **[no. of words = 02006**]

        **[txt. e33**]
0010E33 **<*3POLICE DOGS*0**> $^The arrival of a police dog at the scene of
0020E33 crime reassures the public, for many believe that it will find the
0030E33 culprit. ^But not all the impressions people generally have about it
0040E33 are correct. $^The idea of using dogs in the police force is not new,
0050E33 though serious training of dogs for this purpose started in Western
0060E33 countries only after the Second World War. ^Its origin can be
0070E33 dated back to 1000 \0BC. ^A wall painting in the tomb of Mereruka
0080E33 at Saqqarah in Egypt, shows a lion hunt. ^In this a dog along with
0090E33 a dwarf handler is shown hunting. $*<*3International significance*0*>
0100E33 $^It has been established that in Egypt dogs were used by the
0110E33 police for guarding the army camps and storehouses, and for carrying
0120E33 messages. ^It was in the 14th century that the Egyptians began using
0130E33 them to_ smell out thieves. $^Around this time, the French authorities
0140E33 too, started using dogs to_ guard the important structures.
0150E33 ^But they were vicious dogs, and not police dogs. ^In 1770, after
0160E33 a naval officer was killed by a dog, the practice was stopped. ^In the
0170E33 15th century, some constables used dogs in england. ^But here again
0180E33 they were guard dogs and did not take part in any detection. $^The
0190E33 first known attempt to_ train dogs for detection was made by the
0200E33 Paris police in the latter part of the 19th century. ^This was done
0210E33 to_ control the increasing rate of crime in Paris. $^After the French
0220E33 police had successfully used dogs, the German authorities
0230E33 too thought of using them. ^The dogs were used in the battlefields in
0240E33 the First World War for carrying messages, finding wounded soldiers,
0250E33 and patrolling with their masters. ^The pioneering work done by
0260E33 the Germans made other countries realise the value of dogs in the
0270E33 police force. $*<*3Historical facts*0*> $^However, even earlier in
0280E33 1899, experiments were made in the case of Belgium sheep dogs and
0290E33 wolf hounds. ^After studying the results of the experiments carried
0300E33 out in Gohent (Belgium), the New York police bought six sheep dogs
0310E33 in 1907. ^This was the first dog section in any police force anywhwre.
0320E33 ^But following an unfortunate accident in a demonstration, and
0330E33 complaints from the public, the dog squad was disbanded. $^Real serious
0340E33 efforts to_ use dogs for various duties involving police patrolling
0350E33 was made in London in 1946. ^This can be called the beginning.
0360E33 ^Six trained Labrador dogs were bought by the London police. ^After
0370E33 about two years of training, the dogs played a very important role
0380E33 in stopping a wave of handbag stealing in Hyde Park. ^The impressive
0390E33 work done by these dogs in tracking and chasing the thieves,
0400E33 encouraged the use of dogs throughout the world. $^*India too, did
0410E33 not stay behind. \0^*Mr Bezil Ken, an Indian police official was deputed
0420E33 in London to_ get training in handling dogs. ^With a gift of
0430E33 three Doberman pinscher dogs by the Maharaja of Baria, Gujarat,
0440E33 the Dog squad of Bombay started functioning in December 1959. $*<*3Breeds
0450E33 of dogs*0*> $^The dogs, accepted for the police assistance
0460E33 include Alsatian (German shepherd), Airedale, Boxer, Rottweiler,
0470E33 Doberman, Labrador, Bouvler, Reisenchnauzer and Weimaraner.
0480E33 $^In India, only three breeds of dogs are used.
0490E33 ^They are Doberman pinscher, Alsatian, and Labrador.
0500E33 ^*Indian dogs have not been found suitable for this work. $^The
0510E33 Alsatian is used for police work because it is said to_ be the most
0520E33 suitable all-purpose dog. ^It is intelligent, lively, watchful, and
0530E33 alert to every sight and sound, fearless, and suspicious of strangers.
0540E33 ^It is savage, and its ferocious looks have a marked effect in
0550E33 frightening the wrongdoers. ^It can work in all climatic conditions
0560E33 because of its double coat of skin. ^The undercoat being woolly in
0570E33 texture resists cold, and the outer coat provides protection against
0580E33 rain. $^The Labrador mixes more freely and is lovable. ^It is very
0590E33 useful because of its sniffing ability. ^*Doberman pinscher is a good
0600E33 helper, but is not so happy in the winter, since it has only one
0610E33 coat. ^It is temperamental. $^The Bombay Dog Squad is under the
0620E33 charge of \0Mr *(0R.S.*) Chavan, who is a sub-inspector in the
0630E33 prevention of Crime Branch (\0CID). ^A toughlooking, middle-aged
0640E33 Maharashtrian, he has been in charge of this branch since 1959.
0650E33 $^In an exclusive interview with CARAVAN, he spoke about various
0660E33 aspects of the dog*'s detective ability, their training, their food
0670E33 habits, and many other things. $Q: ^When are the trained dogs employed
0680E33 to_ detect a crime? ^Obviously, in all the cases, the dogs are
0690E33 not used. $A: ^The trained dogs are not utilised in all cases. ^When
0700E33 the identity of the culprit is not known, the dogs are asked to_
0710E33 step in along with the handlers. ^But when the identity of the culprit
0720E33 is already known, it is no use employing the dogs. ^In cases of
0730E33 burglary, murders and other crimes, where the culprit has left behind
0740E33 his belongings, the dogs are pressed into service. $Q: ^Do other
0750E33 Government agencies like the customs, use the police dogs? $A: ^Yes.
0760E33 ^The custom authorities or any other agency-- even private citizens--
0770E33 whenever they want, can ask for the help of our Dog Squad. $Q:
0780E33 ^Who handles the dogs? ^What is his relationship with the dogs?
0790E33 $A: ^Most of the handlers, while selecting, care is taken to_ see
0800E33 that they are dog-lovers. ^They are not given any other work normally.
0810E33 ^Except in emergency cases, they work along with the dogs as a
0820E33 team. ^The trainer is a Sub-inspector or an Inspector. ^He trains
0830E33 the dog and the handler together. ^One dog goes with one handler. ^The
0840E33 dog is taught to_ obey only one person, \0i.e. its handler. $Q:
0850E33 ^How many hours do the dogs and handlers work? $A: ^The police
0860E33 is on a 24-hour duty. ^The same goes for the dogs and handlers. ^Of
0870E33 course, you can never be certain about the workload. ^One day, there
0880E33 may not be a single case, and on another day, there may be three or
0890E33 even more cases. $Q: ^Where do the dogs stay? $A: ^There are special
0900E33 kennels for the dogs. ^They live there. ^They are cared for more
0910E33 than the children, as they are very delicate. ^A little infection
0920E33 can do them great harm. ^If the handler finds that dog looks dull or
0930E33 doesn*'4t take food properly, he reports the matter to the veterinary
0940E33 surgeon immediately. $Q: ^What is the normal expense on a dog?
0950E33 $A: ^It varies from month to month. ^Normally, it is between \0Rs
0960E33 170 and \0Rs 200. $Q: ^How many dogs are there in the Bombay Squad?
0970E33 $A: ^There are five gogs in our Squad. $Q: ^What are the minimum
0980E33 and maximum age limits for the dogs? $A: ^The training starts when
0990E33 the dog is six months old. ^It normally takes six to eight months.
1000E33 ^After that_, the dog is in active service. ^It can work up to the
1010E33 age of nine years. after that_, it is too old to_ do work. Still
1020E33 it is looked after properly. ^After all, it has given the best part
1030E33 of its life to the police department. $Q: ^Which breeds of indian
1040E33 dogs are used for detection work? $A: ^*Indian dogs are not found
1050E33 suitable for detective jobs. ^They are just not good enough. ^Crossbreeding
1060E33 has been tried, but the results have not been very encouraging
1070E33 as far as the police work is concerned. ^We use three foreign breeds
1080E33 Alsatian, Doberman, and Labrador. $Q: ^From where do you obtain
1090E33 the dogs? $A: ^There is no fixed agency. ^No one deals in dogs
1100E33 for the polic force specially. ^The dogs are sold by private citizens
1110E33 through advertisements in the newspapers. ^The dogs live for a short
1120E33 period, and there have been many cases, where the dogs have died
1130E33 very early, despite all care. $Q: ^Has any dog died while fighting
1140E33 a criminal? $A: ^No, there has not been any such case. ^But whenever
1150E33 any dog has shown courage, it has been appreciated and mention made
1160E33 in its record. $Q: ^Are there any other dog squads in Maharashtra?
1170E33 $A: ^There are six more dog squads in Maharashtra. ^They are
1180E33 under the Inspector-General of Police and are in Nagpur, Aurangabad,
1190E33 Pune, Kolhapur, Thana, and Nasik. $Q: ^Which other animals
1200E33 are used in police assistance? $A: ^No other animal is used in
1210E33 police work. $Q: ^What do you feel about dogs? $A: ^*I love them.
1220E33 ^*I can say one thing: the dogs are never wrong. ^They may fail because
1230E33 of certain circumstances, but they are never wrong. ^For instance,
1240E33 a dog is supposed to_ follow the scent of a person who has crossed
1250E33 various main roads with heavy traffic, but it cannot do it. ^It cannot
1260E33 track the scent in the face of various other scents like those
1270E33 of other persons of petrol fumes, \0etc. ^When they overlap, the scents
1280E33 cannot be chased. $Q: ^What can confuse the dogs? in a Hindi
1290E33 film, Achanak, the culprit makes the figure 8, two to three times
1300E33 around two trees and confuses the dogs, who momentarily fail to_ follow
1310E33 him. ^Is it a fact, that dogs can be thus confused? $A: ^No, the
1320E33 dogs can*'4t be confused this way. ^This can happen only in films,
1330E33 not in real life. $Q: ^Is it possible to_ confuse the dogs in any other
1340E33 way? $A: ^Well, there are ways, but I would not disclose them.
1350E33 ^From my experience of the dogs, I know a few ways of confusing them,
1360E33 but generally it can*'4t be done. $Q: ^Describe the dog*'s work
1370E33 at the scence of crime. $A: ^Whenever a crime has been committed
1380E33 by some unidentified person and he has left any of his belongings
1390E33 at the scene of the crime, the dog is asked to_ smell the object used
1400E33 by the criminal. ^It then starts following the scent. ^If the wind
1410E33 is blowing towards the opposite direction of the culprit, it is more
1420E33 favourable. $*<*3Team-work essential*> $^A police dog and his handler
1430E33 must work as a team. ^There has to_ be complete understanding
1440E33 between the two. ^Otherwise, the dog cannot give its best. ^Police
1450E33 dogs are looked after by their handlers. ^In western countries, the
1460E33 dogs live with the handlers in their homes. ^Off-duty, the dog is one
1470E33 of the family, and lives the life of an ordinary pet and plays with
1480E33 the children. ^But it is always ready to_ obey the handler*'s commands.
1490E33 ^In the case of the Bombay Squad, the dogs do not live with
1500E33 the handlers. ^They live in roomy kennels especially built for them.
1510E33 $^The diet of the dogs varies from force to force, and from country
1520E33 to country. ^In the Bombay Squad, the dogs are given Farex baby
1530E33 food for the first five months. ^After that_ they are given milk in
1540E33 the morning, dog biscuits every two hours, and cooked mutton and
1550E33 *4keema without bones twice a day. ^No spices are used as it affects
1560E33 their performance. $^According to experts, the right age to_
1570E33 start training is between twelve and eighteen months. ^In India, however,
1580E33 the dog starts field work when it is one-year-old. ^The training
1590E33 starts at the age of six months. $*<*3Absolute obedience*> $^The
1600E33 first essential thing in the training is the absolute obedience of the
1620E33 dog to its handler*'s commands. ^The handler, using a lead first,
1630E33 teaches his dog to_ walk in the correct posture. ^The lead is discarded
1640E33 once the dog has learnt the command, 'Heel!' $^On the command,
1650E33 'stand,' the dog is taught to_ remain stationary while standing, and
1660E33 when it hears, 'Sit!', he sits. ^After these exercises, the dog
1670E33 is taught what to_ do when ordered 'Down' and 'Come'. $^Next, the dog
1680E33 progresses to the 'Retrieve' exercises. ^These exercises are very
1690E33 important. ^The difficulty is not in getting the dog to_ find an
1700E33 object, but in getting it to_ return the same in an undamaged condition.
1710E33 $^To_ train a dog, the handler selects a rubber ball, and keeps
1720E33 it in his hands for a period, before taking the dog to an open space
1730E33 with light undergrowth.*#
        **[no. of words = 01998**]

        **[txt. e34**]
0010E34 **<*3Sickness: Small-Scale Units**> $^Sickness in industries has
0020E34 become a common feature of the large-scale sector as well as the small-scale
0030E34 sector. ^As a matter of fact, sickness in small-scale industries
0040E34 has now become rather rampant and is causing considerable alarm and
0050E34 concern. $^The Chambers of Commerce, the Government and the institutions
0060E34 set up to_ foster the development of small scale industries are
0070E34 all seized of this problem is evident **[sic**] from the fact that
0080E34 recently the West Bengal State Board of \0A.I.M.O. held a Seminar
0090E34 in Calcutta, to_ focus attention on the reasons for sickness in small
0100E34 scale industries and the possible remedial measures which could be undertaken
0110E34 for their revival; recently, the Small Industries Service Institute,
0120E34 Bombay, the Federation of Association of Small Scale
0130E34 Industries and \0A.I.M.O. Bombay, had a joint meeting at the
0140E34 \0SISI premises for a discussion in-depth on "Sickness in Small
0150E34 Scale Industries". $^The Reserve Bank of India and a Study Team
0160E34 constituted by the State Bank of India sometime back have given
0170E34 the following guidelines for identifying sickness in industrial units.
0180E34 ^According to the Reserve Bank of India, two criteria for sickness
0190E34 are (**=1) cash losses of the previous year, the current year
0200E34 and anticipated for the next year; (**=2) the deteriorating debt equity
0210E34 ratio; according to the Study Group of the
0220E34 State Bank of India, a sick unit is one which "fails to_ generate
0230E34 internal surplus on a continuing basis and depends for its survival
0240E34 on the frequent infusion of external funds". ^Generally, sickness can
0250E34 be easily diagnosed when for instance (a) there is a continuous decline
0260E34 in turnover, accumulation of finished goods (b) losses on a continued
0270E34 basis and erosion of profitability; (c) inability to_ generate internal
0280E34 surplus in gross income relatively to gross expenditure. $^Sickness
0290E34 in industry is due to reasons which may be technical, financial or
0300E34 economic. ^The technical ones are obsolescence of plant and
0310E34 equipment, poor maintenance and failure to_ replace worn out parts
0320E34 in time. ^The financial ones range from inadequacy or inefficiency of
0330E34 management to_ use funds, poor marketing arrangements, inadequacy of
0340E34 bill collection arrangements, excessive debts, over-extension of credit
0350E34 to_ purchasers \0etc. the economic factors may cover uneconomic
0360E34 pricing policies, general recessionary trends at home or abroad, incidence
0370E34 of steep taxation \0etc. $^From an analytical survey made by
0380E34 the \0SISI Study Team, Bombay, it was found that the major cause
0390E34 of sickness of the small-scale industries in Maharashtra, at least,
0400E34 were poor marketing arrangements which resulted in the units failing
0410E34 to_ achieve break-even. ^Several units were confronted with
0420E34 finance and inventory control problems and delays in the realisation
0430E34 of bills drawn on the large scale sector for supplies made by the small-scale
0440E34 sector, quite a significant percentage of the units suffered because
0450E34 of the shortage of raw materials. ^Other important reasons were
0460E34 over investment in fixed assets like plant and machinery; unplanned
0470E34 development; poor quality of the finished goods which were rejected by
0480E34 the customers; desertion by techaically qualified personnel of the units;
0490E34 cancellation of orders from Government; withdrawl of loans by money
0500E34 lenders; frequent changes in the production lines; fluctuations in
0510E34 international market commodities, family layout, accident due to fire
0520E34 and unethical practices by the proprietors. ^Several units went sick
0530E34 because of the shortage of power, high inventories and heavy excise
0540E34 duty; due to increasing labour costs shortage of capital and high interest
0550E34 rates, besides advance payment of sales tax, excise duties and
0560E34 octroi before the recovery of sales proceeds. ^With a view to enablng
0570E34 the small-scale industries to_ overcome sickness, the following remedial
0580E34 measures need careful and urgent consideration by the authorties
0590E34 concerned. $(**=1) ^Bank finance for working capital requirements
0600E34 or purchase of machinery should be made available on easy terms; $(**=2)
0610E34 ^The long-term capital base of the small-scale units should be
0620E34 broadened; $(**=3) ^There should be a mandatory stipulation for the
0630E34 prompt payment, with a view to helping the small-scale units to_ recover
0640E34 their dues from large-scale units on an expeditious basis; $(**=4)
0650E34 ^Small-scale units should be extended the facility of discounting
0660E34 earnest deposit money from banks or entrepreneurs whose tenders have
0670E34 been rejected by public sector or government undertaking; $(**=5)
0680E34 ^Large monopoly houses should be prevented from usurping the production
0690E34 of items exclusively reserved for small-scale sector; $(**=6) ^Anomalies
0700E34 in Central Sales Tax resulting in discrimination against
0710E34 the small-scale units should be rectified; actually there should be
0720E34 a ceiling limit below which there should be no tax. $(**=7) ^It would
0730E34 also be necessary to_ recast the labour legislation as a whole
0740E34 to_ protect the interests of the small-scale units; $(**=8) ^There
0750E34 should be a provision for adequate investment allowance or depreciation
0760E34 allowance for the replacement of the obsolete machinery. $(**=9)
0770E34 ^The State Government should earmark a sizable percentage (say 40%)
0780E34 of its purchase from the small-scale sector. $^It should also be emphasised
0790E34 that it would be necessary to_ train and educate the Government
0800E34 officials and the banking personnel to_ understand and appreciate
0810E34 the specific problems of the small-scale industrialists. ^As a matter
0820E34 of fact, it was suggested in the meeting of the West Bengal State
0830E34 Board of \0AIMO, by \0*4Shri Amar Das, Chairman of the State
0840E34 Board that "specialist banks" should be set up to_ cater entirely
0850E34 to the special needs of the small-scale and sick industries. ^Yet another
0860E34 suggestion of his which merits consideration is provision of loans
0870E34 at concessional rates of interest and expeditious payment of Government
0880E34 bills combined with moratorium on the realisation of the past liabilities
0890E34 such as sales tax, provident fund, and \0ESI contribution
0900E34 till the units concerned were firmly back on their feet and acquired
0910E34 viability. $^It would be of interest to_ note, that the Union
0920E34 Government is seriously considering to_ undertake a modernisation
0930E34 programme for the small industries with a view to increasing the productivity
0940E34 of this sector. ^It is understood that at the moment, there are
0950E34 in all 53 industries in the small sector which are virtually in a bad
0960E34 shape due to outdated machinery and brought under the coverage of the
0970E34 modernisation of equipment. ^All these ultimately have to_ be brought under
0980E34 the coverage of the modernisation programme. ^To_ make this programme
0990E34 a success, adequate arrangements should be made for the supply of
1000E34 both indigenous and improved machinery and equipment, adequate training
1010E34 facilities, technical and managerial assistance and training raw materials
1020E34 and components and finally credit facilities, both short-term and
1030E34 long-term. ^If the problems of obsolescence are not tackled urgently,
1040E34 there is every likelihood of the productivity of the small-scale units
1050E34 remaining at a low ebb. ^So among the remedial measures contemplated
1060E34 for overcoming sickness in the small-scale sector, modernisation programme
1070E34 should be accorded the highest priority. ^While the programme
1080E34 of modernisation has to_ be of a long-term nature, initially units
1090E34 which are export-oriented, ancillary units, labour-intensive units
1100E34 and units that_ cater to defence requirements should be given attention
1110E34 first. $^Since the funds required for this purpose are bound
1120E34 to _ be substantial, they should be provided at concessional rates
1130E34 of interest with longer periods of repayment. ^The current comfortable
1140E34 foreign exchange reserves should facilitate the financing of the importation
1150E34 of sophisticated equipment/ machinery or any particular replacement
1160E34 parts from abroad. ^However, care should be taken to_ ensure
1170E34 that, only those units whose sickness is curable should be helped to_
1180E34 get back to their full economic health. ^Such of those units where
1190E34 the sickness is beyond cure or repair should be written off. ^The imperative
1200E34 need, hence is to_ examine carefully each unit with a view
1210E34 to determining the extent and nature of its sickness and the type
1220E34 of remedial action it calls for. $**<3Controls**> $^Controls were
1230E34 the direct off-shoot of World War *=2. ^During 1939-45 the economy
1240E34 of shortages warranted a system of controls on prices, distribution,
1250E34 production, licence and imports not only in our country but elsewhere.
1260E34 ^Towards the end of 1952, acute shortages in most commodities were
1270E34 overcome; in fact there was a surplus in certain commodities and the
1280E34 regimen of international allocations and controls over prices was discontinued.
1290E34 ^But it was at that_ time (1950-52) that India had embarked
1300E34 on the course of planned economic development; and controls were
1310E34 deemed necessary for the effective implementation of the Plan. ^However,
1320E34 the system of controls on prices and distribution was transformed
1330E34 into a comprehensive system of controls, products, industrial capacity,
1340E34 distribution, imports, foreign exchange, issue of capital \0etc.
1350E34 $^Experience arising out of resort to a regimen of controls brought
1360E34 to the surface, the crippling effect of controls on the national economy
1370E34 as a whole and its deleterious effects on the standards of ethics
1380E34 and morality in commercial, business and individual deals. ^It was high
1390E34 time, therefore that a review of the system of controls as it has
1400E34 been operating, has become essential to_ eliminate such of those restrictions
1410E34 which are no longer necessary in the changed context of the
1420E34 economy and to_ retain those which have been effective and which have
1430E34 facilitated the realisation of the desired objective. ^The Government
1440E34 had done well in appointing the Vadilal Dagli Committee to_
1450E34 review the system of controls in vogue in the country with a view
1460E34 to streamlining the system. $^The Terms of Reference of the Committee
1470E34 are quite comprehensive. ^The Committee has been asked to_ find
1480E34 out: (1) whether the system of controls has been an effective instrument
1490E34 for national planning and guidance of the national economy; (2) the
1500E34 positive and negative results of the system (3) the areas where they
1510E34 have been successful; (4) areas where they were unsuccessful; (5) the
1520E34 need for or against the contribution of subsidies. $^The All India
1530E34 Manufacturers*' Organization has submitted its views on the Terms
1540E34 of Reference of the Dagli Committee underlining the basic necessity
1550E34 for dismantling the system of controls in many areas where they
1560E34 have become absolutely invalid or have been rendered irrelevant. $^A
1570E34 principal objective of imposing controls is to_ afford relief to the
1580E34 weaker sections of the community by making it possible for them to_
1590E34 obtain the necessities of life at reasonable prices. ^But the actual
1600E34 experience of price controls on consumer goods reveals that it has
1610E34 offered little relief to the weaker sections of the community. ^On
1620E34 the other hand it has only resulted in creating and perpetuating black
1630E34 market, corruption, malpractices; similar restrictions on inputs
1640E34 have proved a damper on fresh investment for increased production and
1650E34 output. ^Moreover, the quantity of foodgrains available in the ration
1660E34 shops(set up for the benefit of the poorer sections) has always been
1670E34 inadequate and the quality of the food-grains and other supplies
1680E34 has been appallingly poor, with the result even the poor people have
1690E34 been forced to_ meet their extra needs through purchases in the black
1700E34 market. $^It is therefore necessary to_ abolish (a) controls on
1710E34 prices and (b) the dual-pricing system which would then result in a
1720E34 single price of the commodity on which bulk transactions take place;
1730E34 such a move would also help Government to_ get the Income Tax and
1740E34 the Sales Tax hitherto escaping the revenue net. $^Allocation of steel
1750E34 or cement at lower prices for Government agencies makes the agencies
1760E34 concerned put up inflated demand for these inputs leading to the
1770E34 possibility of misuse of available stocks and other abuses; in such
1780E34 an atmosphere trade cannot help taking advantage of shortages as and
1790E34 when they occur in regard to specific commodities. ^Hence abolition
1800E34 of controls on prices should be on the basis of agreed measures such
1810E34 as (**=1) stimulation of the indigenous production to the maximum
1820E34 xtent possible; (**=2) importation of the additional quantities of the
1830E34 requisite commodities much in advance with a view to avoiding impending
1840E34 shortages of these commodities; (**=3) building up sizeable buffer
1850E34 stocks of commodities which are liable to fluctuation in production
1860E34 and supply due to extraneous reasons and finally (**=4) ensuring that
1870E34 the supply lines at distribution points are in harmony with adequate
1880E34 and abundant stock of such commodities. ^Fortunately, the substantial
1890E34 increase in the foreign exchange reserves of the country provide
1900E34 an excellent opportunity and the means to_ secure imports of such commodities
1910E34 with a view to holding the price line at a reasonable level.*#**[no.
        of words = 02011**]

        **[txt. e35**]
0010E35 **<*3The Lenin State Library of the \0USSR**> $*<*3Introduction*>
0020E35 $^To a newcomer in Soviet Union the most striking feature that_
0030E35 impresses him is the reading habit of the Moscovites. ^In fact,
0040E35 browsing newspaper or periodicals is an universal habit with commuters
0050E35 of Metro-- the underground railway trains. ^Many daily passengers
0060E35 carry solid "tomes" in their portfolio for serious reading while
0070E35 travelling by trams, trolley-buses or underground trains. ^Lift-operators
0080E35 performing their duties with books in hand is a common sight
0090E35 in big cities. ^Even in chilly weather one can see people standing on
0100E35 pavements glancing through news magazines or evening edition of newspaper
0110E35 while waiting for a transport. ^*Russians may be ranked as one
0120E35 of the most voracious readers in the world. $^This mass addiction to
0130E35 printed materials is a post-revolution phenomenon. ^The rise in literacy
0140E35 is the main reason behind it. ^This also explains partly the
0150E35 Russian*'s book addiction habit as well as the highest annual output
0160E35 of Soviet publishing houses. $^With the advent of new techniques
0170E35 the transmission of knowledge has become cheap. ^Books are now not
0180E35 the privilege of a limited few alone. ^To-day it has led to information
0190E35 explosion; over 250,000 to 300,000 new micro information are being
0200E35 published each year creating many problems for libraries. ^During
0210E35 the last 60 years of existence of Soviet Union, nearly 20 million
0220E35 titles have been published with a circulation of more than 20 million
0230E35 copies, as compared with the 600,000 titles in pre-revolutionary
0240E35 Russia. ^Thus it can be seen that from a humble beginning the production
0250E35 of books and other publications has reached an unprecedented
0260E35 level in Soviet Union. $^The national libraries in collaboration with
0270E35 a chain of public and specialized libraries are the nation*'s store-house
0280E35 of knowledge and centres of cultural heritage. ^To-day Soviet
0290E35 Union has more than 400,000 libraries; over 4,000 of them are
0300E35 in Moscow alone. $^During the post-revolution-era an extensive system
0310E35 of libraries has been built up throughout the country. ^The Ministry
0320E35 of Culture, which has a very wide range of functions, also provides
0330E35 library services for all section **[sic**] of citizens establishing
0340E35 an elaborate network of libraries and thus copes with all sorts
0350E35 of enquiries and requests. ^The libraries of these net-work are mostly
0360E35 general, ranging from *(0V. I.*) Lenin State Library, Moscow,
0370E35 to the district, urban, rural and children*'s libraries. ^These
0380E35 small and large libraries, together with the Lenin State Library
0390E35 of \0USSR, contain nearly 2 billions of books **[sic**] and journals
0400E35 and are engaged in the important work of supplying books and other
0410E35 reading materials to the research scholars, statesmen, students,
0420E35 workers, school going children \0i.e. to Soviet citizens from all walks
0430E35 of life. $*<*3*(0V. I*) Lenin State Library*> $^The *(0V.
0440E35 I.*) Lenin State Library the first public library in Moscow,
0450E35 was founded in 1862 as a section of the Moscow Rumyanteev Public
0460E35 Museum. ^*Lenin State Library of the \0USSR occupies an outstanding
0470E35 place as a cultural institution in Soviet Union. ^Within a
0480E35 short span of time this library earned fame far beyonds the borders
0490E35 of the Soviet Union and is now ranked as one of the foremost national
0500E35 libraries of the world, with a collection running into many million
0510E35 volumes. ^It is perhaps one of the youngest amongst the national
0520E35 libraries of the world. ^Historically, a little over one hundred years
0530E35 is, indeed not a long time for such a library; nevertheless, it
0540E35 firmly holds the first place, as claimed, so far as the number of readers
0550E35 is being served. $*<*3History*> $^Although the Library has
0560E35 rapidly changed beyond recognition in its size and influence during
0570E35 the post-revolution era, the Library owes its inception to Russian
0580E35 statesman Count *(0N. P.*) Rumyanteev, a renowned scholar of
0590E35 his time. ^After his death in 1862, his entire collection of books,
0600E35 manuscripts, and incunabula as well as ethnographic and arcaeological
0610E35 materials were handed over to the museum named after him for public
0620E35 use. ^In 1861, at the suggestion of a Russian writer *(0V. P.*)
0630E35 Odoyevsky, the collection was transferred to Moscow from \0St.
0640E35 Petersburg, the then capital of Russian Government. ^With the passage
0650E35 of time the original collection was enriched by donations from many
0660E35 contemporary Russian nobles including the Empress Alexandra Fyodrovna,
0670E35 wife of Nicholas *=2, *(0A.*) Norov, a former Minister of
0680E35 Education and the famous bibliophile, *(0S. D.*) Polotoratsky.
0690E35 Another 40,000 duplicate copies were also added from the Imperial
0700E35 Library. ^Finally the Moscow Rumyanteev Public Museum-- the first
0710E35 of its kind in Moscow-- housed in Pashkov Palace was thrown open
0720E35 to public on July 1, 1962. ^However the development of the library
0730E35 did not keep pace with the growing demands made on it and had continued
0740E35 its miserable existence due to inadequate funds and lack of
0750E35 proper attention. ^The library had to_ be satisfied with the irregular
0760E35 supply of a copy each of printed materials published in Russia.
0770E35 ^Despite Government*'s apathy, it became a great cultural centre and
0780E35 drew most of leading Russian intellectuals to it. $^After October
0790E35 Revolution, the library attracted the new Government*'s attention.
0800E35 ^Its rapid growth bears testimony to this. ^Within a short span
0810E35 of 5 years (1918-1923) its stock increased many folds. ^Many other libraries
0820E35 with entire collections were merged with it, \0e.g., Russian
0830E35 Medical Society, (50,000 volumes), Moscow Bookseller Chivanov
0840E35 (100,000 volumes), and Count Chememetiev (40,000 volumes). ^Further
0850E35 whenever any institution or department was liquidated, the entire
0860E35 library collection was transferred to State Library. ^*Lenin and
0870E35 other top Soviet Leaders evinced keen interest in its progress. ^In
0880E35 1925, the Rumanteev Museum was reorganised and named as Vladimir
0890E35 Illich Lenin State Library in memory of the great soviet leader.
0900E35 ^Besides continual addition of printed materials, the library received
0910E35 liberal financial grants from the new Socialist Government that_
0920E35 facilitated its all round development, which continued uninterrupted
0930E35 until the Second World War. ^During the war elaborate arrangement
0940E35 was made to_ save the invaluable wealth of the nation. ^All
0950E35 the manuscripts and one copy each of almost all publications were removed
0960E35 to safer places and preserved till the end of the war. $*<*3Library
0970E35 Building*> $^It has been mentioned earlier that the collections
0980E35 of Rumayanteev were brought to Moscow and accommodated in Pashkov
0990E35 House, one of the finest buildings in the moscow designed by
1000E35 the great Russian architect *(0V. I.*) Bazhenov in 1784. ^The rapid
1010E35 expansion of the library after revolution, created an acute shortage
1020E35 of space. ^A five-wing multi-storeyed building in the vicinity
1030E35 of Pashkov Palace was constructed to_ provide for the expanding
1040E35 library. $^At present the buildings of the Lenin State Library occupy
1050E35 an entire block in the central part of the city. ^The total floor
1060E35 space of the new premises is six times larger than that_ of Pashkov
1070E35 Palace. ^The old and new buildings are connected by underground
1080E35 tunnel. $*<*3Collection or Stock of Printed Materials*> $^Since
1090E35 1862 the library has enjoyed the privilege of legal deposit which
1100E35 was amended in 1945. ^The Library preserves a copy of almost each
1110E35 publication received by legal deposit in the "archive collection"
1120E35 as a permanent record which, with periodicals, maps, music records,
1130E35 and microfilms, form the basic collection. ^In the first fifty years
1140E35 of its existence the library acquired only 1,200,000 volumes. ^The
1150E35 library receives three copies of each printed material published in
1160E35 the \0USSR by legal deposit and further copies are also made available
1170E35 for international exchange programme; thus the library adds
1180E35 about a million copies of books and periodicals every year. ^Its stock
1190E35 represents all the 90 languages of Soviet Union as well as 84 foreign
1200E35 languages. ^The periodical division subscribes to 13,000 periodicals.
1210E35 ^Besides, the Central Reference Library has 250,000 volumes
1220E35 and another 300,000 volumes are made available to its users on
1230E35 open access. ^In addition, over 100,000 microfilms enriched its collection.
1240E35 ^The present collections of the Library number nearly 25 million
1250E35 items: books (9,000,000), serials (8,000,000), newspapers (300,000
1260E35 annual files), maps (150,000) special technical publications (1,500,000),
1270E35 \0etc. ^To_ shelve its yearly acquisition the library requires
1280E35 14 \0km. shelving space, the total length of book-shelves in
1290E35 the library today exceeds 350 \0kms. \0i.e., more than 200 miles. $^The
1300E35 library is functionally divided into many departments. ^A brief
1310E35 description of each of the important departments follows. $*<*3Rare
1320E35 Materials & Rare Books Department*> $^The collection of this
1330E35 department consists of incunabula, manuscripts, and rare editions of
1340E35 many famous printers, since the advent of printing technology. ^In
1350E35 the Manuscript Section over 33,000 written memorials and 5 hundred
1360E35 archives are preserved. ^These are mainly Russian and Slavonic
1370E35 handwritten books of 11th-16th centuries and there are also books in
1380E35 Chinese, Persian, Indian and from other countires of the East
1390E35 and West. ^The earliest Greek manuscript dates back to the 6th century;
1400E35 the oldest manuscript-- the "archangel Gospel" written in the
1410E35 old Russian is nearly nine hundred years old. $^A few of the worth
1420E35 mentioning \0MSS collection are: a Budhist religious work in Pali
1430E35 written on palm leaves; jurisprudence of Ivan *=4, a manuscript
1440E35 by Peter the Great on Military Science, collection of Religious
1450E35 songs-- a block-book of the 12th-13th century. ^Here one can see
1460E35 the autographs and proof-correction copies of many illustrious scientists,
1470E35 writers and artists like, Ciordano Bruno, Jean *(0J.*) Rousseau,
1480E35 Walter Scott, Romain Rolland, Lomonsov, Gogol, Dostoyevsky,
1490E35 Chekhov and others. ^The permanent exhibition on the library
1500E35 of book printing displays about 25,000 volumes of unique examples
1510E35 of Russian printing. ^This gives a visitor a vivid overall idea about
1520E35 the development of book production and book-trade in Russia during
1530E35 the last 400 years. $*<*3Catalogues*> $^The richness of the
1540E35 Library*'s books stocks entail **[sic**] a well-organized catalogues
1550E35 division which is mirrored by its system of catalogues and card indexes.
1560E35 ^Four hundred different catalogues are maintained in card-form
1570E35 including author, classified and alphabetico-subject indexes. ^Theses
1580E35 catalogues and indexes increase by two million cards annually.
1590E35 ^In addition, there are union catalogues of foreign literature which
1600E35 are available in other libraries of the Soviet Union. $^The classified
1610E35 catalogues are arranged according to a fairly conventional hierarchical
1620E35 classification, in which the first class is "Marxism-Leninism".
1630E35 ^Unquestionably the problem of re-classification is so enormous
1640E35 today that the Lenin Library along with some other old libraries
1650E35 are allowed to_ use its old classification scheme instead of using
1660E35 the \0U.D.G. schedule. ^In collaboration with the Moscow University
1670E35 Library and the Academy of Sciences Libraries in Moscow
1680E35 and Leningrad, its classification research group is engaged on a major
1690E35 revision of the scheme now in use to_ cope with the current situation.
1700E35 $*<*3Book-Exhibitions*> $^Display of books and other publications
1710E35 ensure a fuller use of the book stocks of any library. ^The
1720E35 Lenin Library, where a million items are added annually, lays
1730E35 especial stress on the need for adequate display of its recent acquisitions.
1740E35 ^In a permanent exhibition of new accessions nearly 1500 Soviet
1750E35 and foreign books are exhibited weekly; any one of these publications
1760E35 can be issued to a reader at once on demand. ^Every Monday
1770E35 the entire display is replaced by new arrivals and processed books are
1780E35 then sent to the main collections. ^Besides, Library organises over
1790E35 800 exhibitions in connection with important social and political
1800E35 events, latest scientific and socio-economic advancement, or to_
1810E35 arouse interest in works of scientists, literateurs, philosophers, humanitarians
1820E35 of the world every year. $*<*3International Book Exchange
1830E35 Division*> $^Four working groups comprising linguists and
1840E35 bibliographers of this division supervise an International Book Exchange
1850E35 Programme with nearly 3250 organizations of 93 countries.
1860E35 ^They received over 250,000 copies of books, magazines and other materials
1870E35 in return of 270,000 copies of different items sent by them in
1880E35 1966. ^In Soviet Union there is an All Union Council for planning
1890E35 and coordinating the book exchange activities of all such exchange
1900E35 centres; the Director of Lenin State Library is the President
1910E35 of it. ^This Council is entrusted with power for outlining the
1920E35 guide-posts in formulating a national book exchange policy and the
1930E35 areas to_ be covered by all these centres. $^This division is entrusted
1940E35 with the following tasks : $**=1) ^Coordination of international
1950E35 book exchange programme with other libraries of Soviet Union. ^They
1960E35 help to_ foster good exchange relation with foreign libraries and
1970E35 assist in signing new exchange agreements; selecting useful materials
1980E35 \0etc. ^They maintain a Union Card Index of Institutes abroad
1990E35 already engaged or interested in establishing exchange-relation
2000E35 for the acquisition of Soviet Literature. $**=2) ^Sending both current
2010E35 and retrospective literatures aborad.*#
        **[no. of words = 02031**]

        **[txt. e36**]
0010E36 **<*3The Story Of Wheat**> $^Wheat has been cultivated in our country
0020E36 for over 5,000 years. ^The carbonised samples of wheat grains
0030E36 recovered from Mohenjo-daro belong to a dwarf species with spherical
0040E36 grains. ^This species (*8Triticum Spaerococcum*9) is popularly
0050E36 known as the indian dwarf wheat. ^Thus, dwarf wheat, by itself, is
0060E36 not a recent innovation. ^The Mohenjo-daro wheat, though characterised
0070E36 by a considerable ability to_ withstand drought, has a low yield potential
0080E36 since the head which bears the grains is also small. ^However,
0090E36 because of its drought tolerance, it used to_ be cultivated in the
0100E36 western part of Punjab and in Baluchistan which are now parts of Pakistan.
0110E36 $^From the Mohenjo-daro period until 1950-51, when the
0120E36 First Five Year Plan of independent India was initiated, we developed
0130E36 a capacity to_ produce about 6-7 million tonnes of wheat in
0140E36 the country. ^In 1964-65, when the season was very favourable for
0150E36 wheat production, we harvested about 12 million tonnes. ^Following
0160E36 the introduction of the High Yielding Varieties Programme (\0HYVP)
0170E36 in wheat in 1966-67, this figure rose to over 28 million tonnes
0180E36 during 1975-76. ^Thus the increase in production achieved after the
0190E36 initiation of \0HYVP in wheat has been of a greater magnitude than
0200E36 that_ witnessed during the preceding 5,000 years. ^This is why the
0210E36 term "revolution" has often been used to_ indicate this transformation
0220E36 in the wheat production trend in our country. ^How did this happen?
0230E36 ^Where do we go from here? $^After World War *=2, an American
0240E36 biological scientist in Japan, \0Dr Solomon, was greatly impressed with
0250E36 the dwarf varieties of wheat with long heads grown at the Norin Experiment
0260E36 Station. ^He took seeds of this strain and distributed
0270E36 them among wheat breeders in the United States. ^Using this material
0280E36 as the source of dwarfing, \0Dr *(0O.*) Vogel of Washington
0290E36 State University released a semi-dwarf variety named "Gaines" in 1961.
0300E36 "^*Gaines" belongs to the category known as "winter wheats" which
0310E36 require long days with sunlight for over 15 hours in a day and
0320E36 mild temperatures. ^Such conditions prevail only in temperate latitudes
0330E36 or in high altitude areas. ^Although we cultivate wheat during the
0340E36 winter season, our wheats technically belong to the "spring wheat" group
0350E36 which can flower and set grains under short-day conditions. $*<*3Adaptable
0360E36 Dwarf*> $\0^*Dr Norman *(0E.*) Borlaug, working in
0370E36 Mexico under the joint Rockefeller Foundation-- Mexican Government
0380E36 Wheat Improvement Programme, incorporated the same dwarfing
0390E36 genes from Norin wheats into a spring wheat background. ^From
0400E36 this work, four semidwarf spring wheats were released in Mexico in 1963.
0410E36 \0^*Dr. Borlaug not only incorporated the dwarf character in his
0420E36 wheat varieties but also introduced the character of wide adaptation
0430E36 in them by removing the genetic factor which causes sensitivity to
0440E36 the length of the day. $^Organised wheat improvement work started in
0450E36 our country early in this century at the Indian Agricultural
0460E36 Research Institute (\0IARI) then located at Pusa (Bihar).
0470E36 ^Although our production was only 5 million tonnes, we could then
0480E36 still export some wheat to Europe, through Karachi and Calcutta.
0490E36 $^*Sir Albert Howard and his wife, Gabrielle, did pioneering work
0500E36 at Pusa in selecting wheat varieties of good quality. ^Thus, Pusa-4
0510E36 won a prize for its quality at the International Grain Exhibition
0520E36 held in Canada in 1919. ^The late Ram Dhan Singh at Lyallpur
0530E36 and \0Dr *(0B. P.*) Pal at the \0IARI provided outstanding
0540E36 leadership to the wheat improvement programme which led to the
0550E36 release of varieties which had good *(*4chapati-making*) quality
0560E36 and appearance and resistance to the major diseases of wheat. ^The
0570E36 Pusa wheats bred by \0Dr Pal and his associates also helped to_
0580E36 achieve some stability in production since they possessed resistance
0590E36 to rust and loose smut. $*<*3Missing ingredient*> $^Nevetheless,
0600E36 the production of wheat did not show striking improvement since the
0610E36 yield per hectare rose only to 940 \0kg in 1964-65 from 655 \0kg in
0620E36 1949-50. ^Consequently, even in the Intensive Agricultural District
0630E36 Programme (\0IADP) districts like Aligarh, wheat yields
0640E36 did not show any marked improvement following the introduction in 1961-62
0650E36 of a package of improved management practices based on the greater
0660E36 use of water and fertiliser. ^The earlier tall varieties of wheat
0670E36 tended to_ fall down (This is called "Lodging") when given fertiliser
0680E36 exceeding about 40 \0kg of nitrogen per hectare and also water during
0690E36 the month of March. ^Wheat requires approximately 25 \0kg of nitrogen
0700E36 to_ enable the plant to_ give one tonne of grain. ^Thus, the inability
0710E36 to_ make efficient use of larger applications of water and fertiliser
0720E36 imposed a ceiling on yield in all wheats around 4 tonnes per
0730E36 hectare. $^It became apparent that the improved practices introduced in
0740E36 (\0IADP) districts in the early sixties had an important missing
0750E36 ingredient-- a variety which can effectively respond to fertiliser and
0760E36 water. ^It is on the basis of such analysis that the Indian Agricultural
0770E36 Research Institute proposed in 1962 to_ invite \0Dr *(0N.
0780E36 E.*) Borlaug to India and to_ obtain from him dwarf and non-lodging
0790E36 wheats. \0^*Dr. Borlaug visited India in March 1963 and later supplied
0800E36 a wide range of material. ^This marked the beginning of an era
0810E36 of accelerated advance in wheat production in the country. $^In addition
0820E36 to a wide range of crosses and breeding material, \0Dr Borlaug
0830E36 also supplied in November 1963 one quintal each of seeds of the
0840E36 Mexican dwarf wheat varieties. ^The \0IARI, which received this
0850E36 material, distributed it to research workers in
0860E36 Ludhiana, Pantnagar, Kanpur, Indore and Pusa. ^At the All India
0870E36 Wheat Research Workers*' conference, held in 1964, the data
0880E36 from these trials were presented and it became obvious that a breakthrough
0890E36 in yield potential had been achieved. ^Therefore, \0IARI
0900E36 proposed in 1964 the organisation of a National Demonstration Programme
0910E36 in order to_ demonstrate to farmers the new vistas opened
0920E36 up by the non-lodging semi-dwarf and dwarf varieties of wheat
0930E36 under good conditions of management. ^The Government of India imported
0940E36 from Mexico 250 tonnes of seeds of Lerma Rojo 64-A and Sonora
0950E36 64 in 1965 for the demonstration and testing programmes. ^The demonstrations
0960E36 were so successful that to_ meet the needs of farmers the
0970E36 Government of India decided to_ import 18,000 tonnes of seeds
0980E36 from Mexico in 1966. $*<*3The Decade of The "Revolution"*>
0990E36 ^Agricultural production increases only when a package of economically
1000E36 viable technology is supported by appropriate packages of services
1010E36 and public policies. ^This kind of orchestration was achieved in wheat.
1020E36 ^Scientists developed and demonstrated an economically viable
1030E36 high-yield technology. ^Central and State Governments arranged
1040E36 for the production and distribution of seeds through the National
1050E36 Seeds Corporation and other agencies. ^Ground and surface water
1060E36 exploitation received a spurt in the Indo-Gangetic plains. ^A farmer
1070E36 in Bihar invented a low-cost bamboo tubewell. ^Diesel and electric
1080E36 pumps were sold in large numbers. ^Extension and input-supply
1090E36 agencies and mass media played their part in spreading the new technology.
1100E36 ^Above all, marketing was assured at a remunerative price
1110E36 through the Food Corporation of India. $^Why then should farmers lag
1120E36 behind? Both area and yield started rising. ^The area under wheat
1130E36 increased from about 13.4 million hectares in 1964-65 to over 20 million
1140E36 hectares in 1975-76. ^The average yield per hectare rose from 940
1150E36 \0kg in 1964-65 to 1409 \0kg in 1975-76. ^Even a non-traditional wheat
1160E36 State like West Bengal produced over 1.1 million tonnes of wheat
1170E36 during 1975-76. ^What is even more significant is the fact that
1180E36 the average yield of wheat in West Bengal during 1975-76 was 2,100
1190E36 \0kg per hectare, second only to Punjab*'s 2,375 \0kg per hectare.
1200E36 $^New wheat-based farming systems started to_ emerge as a result of
1210E36 the flexible sowing dates rendered possible by the relatively photo-insensitive
1220E36 dwarf wheats. ^Jute-rice-wheat rotation became possible in
1230E36 parts of West Bengal Moong-rice-wheat rotation started getting
1240E36 popular in the Punjab. ^Consequently, Punjab also became a major
1250E36 rice producing State. ^Sugarcane-wheat, potato wheat and several
1260E36 other unusual crop combinations became common. ^In 1963-64, using
1270E36 the dwarf and semidwarf wheat material received from Mexico, a
1280E36 4-pronged breeding strategy was initiated at our major wheat research
1290E36 centres. ^First the four commercial varieties received from Mexico
1300E36 were assessed for their yield potential and Lerma Rojo 64 A and Sonora
1310E36 64 were identified as being suitable for direct introduction.
1320E36 ^Secondly, the advanced breeding lines were carefully screened for resistance
1330E36 to rusts and other diseases and also for grain quality.
1340E36 ^The varieties Kalyansona, Sonalika, Choti Lerma and Safed
1350E36 Lerma were selected and released in this way. ^Thirdly, Lerma Rojo
1360E36 64-A and Sonora-64 with red grains were subjected to treatment with
1370E36 radiation in order to_ create variability of grain colour, without
1380E36 losing their yield potential. ^Pusa Lerma and Sharbati Sonora
1390E36 were developed through such mutation breeding techniques.
1400E36 ^Finally, the Mexican dwarf wheats were crossed with Indian wheat
1410E36 varieties and selections were made in segregating populations. ^A wide
1420E36 range of varieties were bred in this manner. $^Farmers from the
1430E36 Punjab and northwest India were so enthusiastic about the
1440E36 new varieties that they carefully multiplied even the small quantity
1450E36 (about 1 \0kg each) of seeds supplied to each farmer. ^As a result,
1460E36 the area under high-yielding varieties of wheat grew from four
1470E36 hectares in 1964-65 to about four million hectares in 1971-72. what began
1480E36 as a small Government programme became a mass wheat production
1490E36 movement, with the Punbaj farmer taking the driver*'s seat. ^At
1500E36 the back of the farmers stood the scientists of our Agricultural Universities
1510E36 and Research Institutes and extension workers of the State
1520E36 Departments of Agriculture. $^Can we produce "hybrid wheat"
1530E36 like hybrid maize, hybrid *4jowar and hybrid cotton? ^This
1540E36 question is also receiving attention. ^However, to_ make hybrid wheat
1550E36 economically viable, the hybrid will have to_ give about 30 per cent
1560E36 more yield than the best available dwarf variety since, in the case
1570E36 of hybrids, the farmer will have to_ purchase the seed every year
1580E36 and cannot keep his own seeds. $^There are various technical difficulties
1590E36 which are yet to_ be overcome before hybrid wheat becomes
1600E36 a commercial proposition. ^However, this is an area of research which
1610E36 merits intensive study particularly with reference to the value of
1620E36 hybrid vigour in elevating and stabilishing yields in unirrigated areas.
1630E36 ^For example, a great merit of hybrid jowar is its resilience to the
1640E36 vagaries of the weather and to moisture stress. $*<3Rusts Are The
1650E36 killers*> ^Wheat, fortunately is not susceptible to any serious pest
1660E36 attack, although the dwarf varieties whose leaves show slow ageing may
1670E36 get attacked by cut worms and army worms in March. ^Two weeds, wild
1680E36 oats and *8phalaris minor*9 have become very important in Punjab.
1690E36 ^Fortunately, mehtods of eliminating them have been standardised
1700E36 by scientists of the Punjab Agricultural University and elsewhere.
1710E36 ^What is now needed is sustained community action on the part of all
1720E36 farmers in the village so that these weeds are not allowed to_ shed
1730E36 seeds in the soil. $^The most important cause of instability in wheat
1740E36 production in the past has been disease epidemics. ^Among diseases,
1750E36 wheat rusts cause the maximum damage. ^There are three major groups
1760E36 of rusts known as black, brown and yellow rusts. ^Yellow rust is
1770E36 confined more to the foothills of the Himalayas and north-west India.
1780E36 ^Black rust, though prevalent all over the country, normally appears
1790E36 in an epidemic form only in southern, central and eastern India.
1800E36 ^Brown rust occurs throughout the country. $^Wheat pathologists and
1810E36 breeders have hence paid considerable attention to the control of rust
1820E36 epidemics. ^We now have a National Disease Survey and Surveillance
1830E36 system in wheat operated cooperatively by wheat pathologists
1840E36 at the \0IARI and Agricultural Universities. ^A national
1850E36 rust-control strategy has also been developed to_ understand fully the
1860E36 methods of dissemination of wheat-rust spores in different parts of
1870E36 the country. ^It should be possible to_ delay the spread of the disease
1880E36 by growing genetically different resistant strains in the different
1890E36 zones. $^This principle holds good for many of the airborne plant
1900E36 pathogens. ^This sort of gene deployment could then be practised, at
1910E36 regional and national level, against diseases whose epidemiology has
1920E36 been well understood. $^In 1953, \0Dr Borlaug suggested an interesting
1930E36 method of arresting pathogens from growing into epidemic
1940E36 proportions. ^This method consisted of growing a variety which will
1950E36 be homogenous from the point of growth and morphological characters,
1960E36 but will have differences in resistance to different races of rusts.*#
        **[no. of words = 02023**]

        **[txt. e37**]
0010E37 $*<*3How It Affects Nutrition*> $^Several studies have indicated that
0020E37 the expansion of wheat hectarage in the major wheat-growing States
0030E37 such as Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh
0040E37 and Rajasthan has primarily been at the expense of chickpea (gram),
0050E37 pigeonpea (*4arhar), other pulses and barley. ^As a result, there
0060E37 has been a decline in per capita availability of pulses in India. ^This
0070E37 raises the question whether the production revolution in wheat
0080E37 has, in fact, led to an adverse nutritional impact. $*(0^*J. G.*) Ryan
0090E37 and *(0M.*) Asokan of the International Crops Research Institute
0100E37 for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, have analysed the available
0110E37 data on this question. ^They have concluded that, if the high-yielding
0120E37 varieties of wheat had not been introduced, the annual trend production
0130E37 of calories in the six states mentioned earlier would have
0140E37 been 13.5 per cent less than it actually was during the year 1974-75.
0150E37 ^In fact, as compared to the situation in 1965-66, the actual production
0160E37 of nutrients in the six major wheat growing States was higher by
0170E37 the following percentages during 1975-76: total production 22, protein
0180E37 20, energy 22, lysine 7, methionine and systine 1, tryptophan 33,
0190E37 leucine 16 and isoleucine 12. $^Hence, from the nutritional angle,
0200E37 the increased production of wheat led not only to an increase in the
0210E37 production of energy per hectare but also of protein. ^*Ryan and
0220E37 Asokan have calculated that for a hectare of additional wheat a
0230E37 further 35 \0kg of protein and 2,527,000 kilo calories of energy were
0240E37 produced than would have happened if chickpea had been grown in that_
0250E37 area. ^Therefore, a primarily yield-oriented plant breeding strategy
0260E37 has had a favourable impact on the nutritional well being of
0270E37 the people in the case of wheat. ^A similar strategy is called for in
0280E37 other cereals as well as grain legumes. $^It should not be concluded
0290E37 that we should replace grain legumes with highyielding cereals. ^The
0300E37 legume-cereal combination of the diet makes good the deficiency
0310E37 of lysine in the cereal and promotes a balanced diet also, there is
0320E37 a limit to the quantity of cereal that_ growing children can consume.
0330E37 $^What however is clear is that, unless the yield potential of grain
0350E37 legumes can be improved, the farmer will replace a low yielding pulse
0360E37 crop with a high-yielding cereal, particularly if he has access to
0370E37 irrigation. ^The only way of avoiding such shifts in area will be
0380E37 the standardisation of a high-yield technology for pulses, without
0390E37 sacrificing quality. ^The alternative of providing price incentives in favour
0400E37 of the pulse crops will defeat the very purpose for which a higher
0410E37 production of pulses is needed. $*<*3Technology \0vs labour?*>
0420E37 $^The question whether yield and nutritional quality; particularly
0430E37 protein and lysine contents, can be simultaneously improved has been
0440E37 a topic of intensive research during the last 15 years following
0450E37 the discovery of the Opaque-2 gene in maize. ^Genes which can enhance
0460E37 protein and or lysine contents have also been identified in *7sorgum
0470E37 and barley. ^However, commercial varieties possessing such genes
0480E37 with a satisfactory yield level are yet to_ be released. ^Strains
0490E37 of Triticale-- wheat and rye hybrid-- also have a higher protein content.
0500E37 ^If care is taken to_ ensure that there are no anti-nutritional
0510E37 factors of sensitivity to ergot infection, the release of Triticale
0520E37 in suitable unirrigated areas may help to_ combine a good yield
0530E37 potential with good nutritive properties. ^Some Triticale strains
0540E37 are doing well in the Western Himalayan region. $^Is the high-yield
0550E37 technology labour displacing? ^It is obvious that, if a capital intensive
0560E37 and high-mechanised high-yield technology is introduced, there could
0570E37 be an adverse impact on the employment of agricultural labour.
0580E37 ^If however an appropriate technology is introduced, there could be
0590E37 greater opportunities for gainful employment on account of the following
0600E37 three factors; (a) the crop itself will need intensive care involving
0610E37 weeding, manuring, irrigation and pest control; (b) multiple cropping
0620E37 involving the cultivation of 2 to 3 crops in a year may be possible;
0630E37 and (c) increased production will necessitate greater attention
0640E37 to post-harvest technology. ^Packaging, storage, processing and
0650E37 transport operations will generate new and diversified employment. $\0^HYV
0660E37 programmes can help to_ generate more employment. ^However,
0670E37 the impact of new technology on employment should be continually
0680E37 monitored so that the technology released is in harmony with the socioeconomic
0690E37 compulsions of an area. $^The question now is where do we go
0700E37 next? have we to_ stagnate at 28-30 million tonnes annual production
0710E37 or can we go to higher levels? ^It is in this context that the International
0720E37 Wheat Genetics Symposium being held at New Delhi from February
0730E37 23 to 28, is so significant. $^The evolutionary history of the
0740E37 cultivated bread wheat has an important message for human society.
0750E37 ^The bread wheat botanically called *8Triticum aestivum*9 with 42
0760E37 chromosomes has three parents, each having 14 chromosomes. ^Each of
0770E37 these three parents, individually, is a very poor agricultural plant
0780E37 but in combination they have given rise to the "king of cereals".
0790E37 ^This is the power of cooperative interaction in the biological world.
0800E37 $*<*3Assist The Farmer*> $^Whatever progress we have made so
0810E37 far in wheat production is also due to such co-operative interaction
0820E37 among all concerned. ^However, we have still a considerable untapped
0830E37 production potential in wheat even at current levels of technology.
0840E37 ^For example, the average yield per hectare of irrigated wheat was
0850E37 only about 12 quintals in Uttar Pradesh in 1974-75, while it was
0860E37 about 25 quintals in the Punjab in the same year. ^The potential
0870E37 farm yield is about 2 to 4 times higher than the actual farm yield in
0880E37 many States. $^While wheat scientists continue their relentless struggle
0890E37 to_ further elevate and stabilise wheat yields, the immediate
0900E37 task of everyone concerned with wheat production is to_ assist farmers
0910E37 in reaping full benefit from the technology currently available.
0920E37 ^The National Commission on Agriculture has projected a yield
0930E37 level of 21 quintals per hectare by 1985, which should give, in an
0940E37 area of 20 million hectares, as much as 42 million tonnes of wheat.
0950E37 $**<*3LEARNING TO_ GROW MORE FOOD*0**> $^*India*'s population is nearing
0960E37 the 700 million mark and the present requirement of foodgrains
0970E37 is about 115 million tonnes per year. ^By the end of the present century,
0980E37 the population will be at least one billion and 150 million
0990E37 tonnes of foodgrains will be needed to_ feed it. ^During the last two
1000E37 or three years, the climate has been good and food production has
1010E37 been more than what is required. $^However, even with a 5 per cent
1020E37 deviation from normal production, there can be a shortage. ^The only way
1030E37 to_ ensure adequate production is by adopting technology in agriculture,
1040E37 by using fertiliser-responsive varieties, by sowing and harvesting
1050E37 at the proper time and by adopting suitable plant protection measures.
1060E37 ^The new trends in modernisation of agricultural research and education
1070E37 in the country are directed to that_ end. $*<*3New Impetus*0*>
1080E37 $^Agricultural education in India has taken great strides since
1090E37 the establishment, on the recommendations of the Famine Commission
1100E37 of 1901, of the first six regional colleges in India. ^These
1110E37 colleges were established at Poona, Coimbatore, Nagpur, Kanpur,
1120E37 Lyallpur (now in Pakistan) and Sabour. ^As the science of agriculture
1130E37 and allied subjects made progress, post-graduate education was also
1140E37 developed in these colleges as also in a number of other centres and
1150E37 research institutes-- the Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
1160E37 Delhi; the Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar;
1170E37 and the Indian Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. ^A new impetus
1180E37 was given to agriculture during the Second World War under the
1190E37 Grow More Food campaigns. $^After Independence in 1947, a greater consciousness
1200E37 was created among national leaders and educationists and attention
1210E37 was focused on the modernisation of agriculture. ^On the recommendations
1220E37 of the Education Commissions, a number of private and Government
1230E37 colleges in the newer States were established. ^The system of
1240E37 education up to this time was essentially on the British pattern of annual
1250E37 examinations with the help of external examiners. ^Post-graduate
1260E37 education was also on British lines and great emphasis was laid on
1270E37 research methodology and scientific achievements as presented in the theses
1280E37 which, until recently, were examined by scientists abroad. $^In
1290E37 the mid fifties, another influence seemed to_ be in the offing. ^The
1300E37 first Indo American team of 1955 and the second Indo American
1310E37 team of 1959 entirely reviewed agricultural education, research and
1320E37 development programmes in the country. ^It was felt that such a large
1330E37 population could not afford to_ be dependent on imports of foodgrains.
1340E37 ^The wheat loans and the \0PL 480 funds were swelling by the *4crore.
1350E37 ^Then was it realised that at least some of the rupee funds available
1360E37 under the \0USAID programme could be used productively for establishing
1370E37 agricultural universities in India in the hope that, eventually,
1380E37 there would be at least one agricultural university in each State.
1390E37 $^Eventually, this concept was developed on the model of the Land Grant
1400E37 Colleges of the \0USA which were established under the Morrill
1410E37 Act of 1862. ^And, today there are more than 20 agricultural universities
1420E37 in India which, apart from the State finances, get grants from
1430E37 the Indian Council of Agricultural Research to the tune of \0Rs
1440E37 30 *4crores annually. $^The most important feature of this new concept
1450E37 was that teaching, research and extension should be integrated
1460E37 at the level of the major subject-matter areas. ^For instance, the
1470E37 new technology for crop production, the use of fertilisers and plant
1480E37 protection recommendations suiting the specific agro-climatic conditions
1490E37 of an area should have a strong research base and the extension
1500E37 education programme should be integrated with the research and teaching
1510E37 activities. $^Outwardly, it appeared to_ be quite a simple
1520E37 concept but, in actual practice, very thorough planning and concerted effort
1530E37 were needed to_ make it a success. ^Whereas a new institution
1540E37 can be established on any lines-- as was the case with the *(0G. B.*)
1550E37 Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, or
1560E37 with the Indian Institute of Technology-- an established college,
1570E37 which for years has been run on another pattern, needs the hard work of
1580E37 a whole generation. $*<*3On British Lines*> $^The College of
1590E37 Agriculture, Ludhiana, was a refugee institution in 1947-- after the partition
1600E37 of the Punjab. ^Starting from scratch at a time when ordinary
1610E37 glassware and even simple electric appliances, such as room heaters
1620E37 and electric fans, were not manufactured in the country, it was
1630E37 set up by an experienced faculty trained in the \0UK, even though
1640E37 on the same old British lines. $^Luckily, the vision of the late Sardar
1650E37 Partap Singh Kairon, who himself was educated in a Land
1660E37 Grant College in the \0USA, came to its rescue. ^In 1961, the
1670E37 Punjab Agricultural University Act was passed and it was decided
1680E37 to_ make this college a university. ^When the Act came into force
1690E37 in 1962, the entire educational system had to_ be overhauled and,
1700E37 practically overnight, new curricula based on the trimester system of education
1710E37 and on complete internal assessment was introduced. ^The teachers,
1720E37 who were always dependent upon external examiners for student
1730E37 evaluation, and the students, who expected the external examiners to_
1740E37 be impartial, were suddenly made to_ come face to face with complete
1750E37 internal assessment. $^Suspicions caused tempers and tensions to_ rise.
1760E37 ^The iron will of *(0P. N.*). ^Thapar, \0IAS, the first Vice
1770E37 Chancellor of the university, achieved what appeared to_ be formidable.
1780E37 ^The old faculty was made to_ change their thinking and the younger
1790E37 members of the faculty were trained abroad. $^At first, the trimester
1800E37 system of education was introduced at the post-graduate level.
1810E37 ^Gradually but surely, the students accepted the new system. ^As the
1820E37 new faculty joined, more and more areas of specialisation were developed
1830E37 for post-graduate education. ^Today, no fewer than 40 different
1840E37 departments of agriculture and allied subjects are offering degrees
1850E37 up to the \0PhD level, including Home Science, Agricultural
1860E37 Engineering and Veterinary Science. ^New fields of science, such as
1870E37 Agrometeorology, Agroeconomy, Farm Forestry, Commercial Floriculture
1880E37 & Landscaping, Population Education, Food Policy, have been
1890E37 developed. ^This effort in advanced education was seriously started
1900E37 only in 1962 and, within 16 years or so, the institute has become not
1910E37 only self-sufficient but is also catering for the needs of a number
1920E37 of States of India and even many countries of South Asia and
1930E37 Africa.*#
        **[no. of words = 02021**]

        **[txt. e38**]
0010E38 **<*3TWO LEAVES AND A BUD*0**> $^Nobody knows how exactly, or when, the
0020E38 first cup of tea was brewed. ^According to folklore, Emperor Shen
0030E38 Nung who reigned over China in 2737 \0BC, discovered the stimulant
0040E38 effect of tea accidentally when some wild tea leaves fell into
0050E38 his pot of boiling drinking water. ^People of China have probably
0060E38 been drinking tea in some form or other since the fourth century \0AD.
0070E38 ^And considering that wild tea grew in many parts of Assam, it
0080E38 is not unlikely that tea drinking in India, too, is as old as in
0090E38 China. ^The Dutch who took tea to Europe adopted the Chinese word
0100E38 *1*7t*'3e,*0 pronounced "tay". ^But in India, Japan, Persia and
0110E38 Russia, the word reached as "*1chah" the Cantones name for it. $^Up
0120E38 to the early thirties of the last century, the entire requirement
0130E38 of tea for Europe was met by China. ^When the British East India
0140E38 Company lost its monopoly of trade with Canton it started exploring
0150E38 the possibility of growing tea in India. ^But experiments with
0160E38 seeds imported from China failed to_ produce encouraging results.
0170E38 ^Then came the discovery of wild tea plants in Assam and several
0180E38 tea nurseries sprung up in Upper Assam. ^Initially, the East India
0190E38 Company held the monopoly of the plantations, but later charters
0200E38 were given to private firms to_ produce and market tea. ^Success
0210E38 in assam led to further experimentation, followed by establishment of
0220E38 plantations in the Dooabs and Terai of North Bengal and the Nilgiris
0230E38 of South India. ^Then on, there has been a steady growth of India*'s
0240E38 tea industry. $^Tea is now our single most important export.
0250E38 ^The following statistics (1976) gives an idea about our tea industry
0260E38 and its importance in our national economy. **[table**] $*<*3The
0270E38 tea plant*0*> $^Tea of commerce is derived from the tender shoots
0280E38 of the tea plant, *3*8camellia sinesis*9*0 \0(LO. *7kuntze. ^Three
0290E38 main varieties of this species are recognised, of which the China
0300E38 and the Assam varieties are the more important ones. ^They differ
0310E38 in appearance as well as in the rate of growth, hardiness and other
0320E38 characters. ^The China type, which has smaller leaves and a relatively
0330E38 slower growth rate, produces a lower yield of crop. ^However, it
0340E38 gives more flavoury teas, and being hardier, is more suitable for
0350E38 sub-tropical conditions and for high elevation areas in the tropics
0360E38 where the winter temperature is very low. ^Since the various types
0370E38 of tea plants intercross easily, commercial plantations raised from
0380E38 seeds represent heterogeneous groups of the main types and their hybrids.
0390E38 ^Tea planters in India use the term '*1*4Jat*0' to_ describe
0400E38 any such group. ^The '*4Jat' names, however, do not have much botanical
0410E38 significance; they are often derived from the names of the tea
0420E38 estates in which the seed of the variety had been originally grown.
0430E38 $^The tea plant can grow under diverse conditions of soil, climate
0440E38 and topography; its range extends from Georgia (\0USSR, \0lat.
0450E38 43*@ \0N) to argentina (South America, \0lat. 27*@ \0S). ^So long
0460E38 as the soil remains well drained, the plant does equally well on level
0470E38 land and the hill slopes. ^However, tea thrives best in deep, permeable
0480E38 soils which are acidic in character and well supplied with plant
0490E38 nutrients. ^It needs a well distributed rainfall of not less than
0500E38 1,500 \0mm per year. ^Tea grows well in areas where the summer is
0510E38 moist and warm and the winter is not too cold; the optimum range of
0520E38 temperature is from a mean maximum of 29.5*@ \0C to a mean minimum
0530E38 of not below 13*@ \0C. $^The plant can be propagated either from seeds
0540E38 or from leaf cuttings. ^The more popular of the two methods is vegetative
0550E38 propagation involving leaf cuttings from 'mother' tea bushes
0560E38 selected for high leaf yield, resistance to pests, diseases and drought
0570E38 damage as well as other qualities. ^In either case, the plants
0580E38 are first raised in the nurseries and then planted out in the field.
0590E38 $^In its natural, wild state a tea plant of the China variety can
0600E38 grow to a height of about 3 metres, and an Assam plant to about 18
0610E38 metres. ^In commercial plantations the objective is to_ keep the
0620E38 plants continuously in the leaf-producing stage, delaying the production
0630E38 of flower or seed in order to_ ensure the maximum crop. ^To_
0640E38 achieve this, spreading bush of about two metres height by subjecting
0650E38 it to periodic cycles of pruning of different severity. $^Pruning,
0660E38 plucking and the other practices of bush management, such as manuring,
0670E38 control of diseases and pests, use of shade trees and maintenance
0680E38 of proper drainage have to_ be followed meticulously to_ ensure high
0690E38 crop yield throughout the entire economic life span of the tea
0700E38 bush, which is normally around 50 years. ^The crop which constitutes
0710E38 the raw material for manufacture of tea normally consists of two
0720E38 young leaves and an unopened leaf bud-- the famous 'two leaves and a bud'
0730E38 formula-- but plucking of longer shoots containing three or even
0740E38 four leaves is not uncommon. ^The plucking round and the length of
0750E38 the harvesting season vary from region to region and depend mainly on
0760E38 the climatic factors like the rainfall pattern, temperature of atmosphere
0770E38 and soil and the number of hours of sunshine per day. ^In Assam,
0780E38 plucking is usually done at intervals of 7 to 10 days and the
0790E38 season lasts from March to November. $**<*3TEA
0800E38 INDUSTRY IN SOUTH *INDIA*0**> $^Tea cultivation in South India commenced
0810E38 only towards the middle of the last century and was initially
0820E38 on small scattered individual holdings. ^Until around 1880, investments
0830E38 on plantation crops in South India were mainly in coffee, but
0840E38 in the wake of the deadly coffee leaf rust disease which caused devastation
0850E38 to the coffee industry, there was a marked swing to tea investments,
0860E38 as reflected by the progressive increase in the planted acreage.
0870E38 ^Much of the initiative to this expensive phase of the tea industry
0880E38 in South India is attributed to large business houses in Great
0890E38 Britain, hence, historically, tea planting on commercial scale
0900E38 has a direct bearing on the corporate structure of the industry.
0910E38 ^Between 1927 and 1932 the area under tea in South India increased
0920E38 from 34,000 to 48,000 hectares and at present the figure is just over
0930E38 74,000 \0ha. ^The industry provides livelihood to almost 20 *4lakh
0940E38 persons, directly or indirectly, with direct employment on a ratio
0950E38 of 2.5 workers to one hectare. ^Productivity of tea in South India,
0960E38 roughly 1600 \0kg/ha at present, is the highest for any major tea
0970E38 growing region in the world. $^Tea is a sub-tropical plant with one
0980E38 essential requirement for cultivation on commercial scale, namely,
0990E38 acid soils. ^Soils where tea can be initially established successfully
1000E38 must be acidic, with a \0pH below 6.0 and such soils in South
1010E38 India occur only on the hilly slopes of the Western Ghats, the Nilgiris
1020E38 and on the high plateau north of the Nilgiri mountains. ^The
1030E38 second requirement for commercial tea cultivation is adequate rainfall;
1040E38 if well distributed throughout the year, between 100-120 \0cm
1050E38 of annual rainfall will support successful commercial tea culture, but
1060E38 if concentrated in certain periods, such as the south-west monsoon,
1070E38 the north-east monsoon, or both 150 cm of annual rainfall would be
1080E38 the minimum requirement. ^The soil type is not important because,
1090E38 whilst tea is grown on commercial scale in South India in lateritic
1100E38 soils, in north-east India, tea gardens predominantly occur in tracts
1110E38 of alluvial soils. $^Since tea can grow only in acidic soils,
1120E38 this has resulted in the tea industry in South India becoming concentrated
1130E38 in the hilly tracts of the wet and lush Western Ghats, and
1140E38 the Nilgiris. ^This has meant clearing of forest and opening of tea
1150E38 estates in uninhabited areas. ^Thus, from a socio-economic point
1160E38 of view, specific land utilisation for a commercial crop provided employment
1170E38 in many cases to tribal people and led to their social and economic
1180E38 development. ^In sharp contrast, tea in North India is cultivated
1190E38 mainly on the plains where paddy, sugarcane, or other commercial
1200E38 agricultural crops, could also be grown: the only exception would
1210E38 be Darjeeling where the agro-climatic conditions are similar to those
1220E38 in the hilly tracts of the Western Ghats and the Nilgiris in
1230E38 South India. $*<*3Sharp differences*0*> $^Apart from the marked
1240E38 differences in land terrain and soil types of the tea areas in North
1250E38 India and South India, there are other sharp differences, one
1260E38 of which pertains to the latitude and its concomitant day length periods.
1270E38 ^In South India the tea areas fall south of 12.5*@ \0N, whereas
1280E38 in north india tea is grown between 24*@ and 28*@ \0N latitude.
1290E38 ^The diurnal variation in South India in terms of day length is
1300E38 marginal as between seasons and at no time does the day length fall
1310E38 below 11 hours-- a day length of 10.5 hours is considered critical for
1320E38 active vegetative growth to_ occur on tea plants. ^In contradistinction,
1330E38 the day length in the tea areas in North India fluctuates
1340E38 widely from 10 hours to about 13 hours. ^Thus, whereas tea grows all
1350E38 round the year in South India, in North India the growth almost
1360E38 ceases between November end and early March. ^On accout of these
1370E38 differences, tea production in North India is restricted to the
1380E38 part of the year between March and November. ^However, the extra day
1390E38 length obtained in North India during July-September is a factor
1400E38 contributing to high productivity during this period, while paradoxically
1410E38 productivity is exteremely low during this period in South
1420E38 India because of excessive wet conditions and low sunshine. $^Another
1430E38 important difference in climatic conditions relates to temperature
1440E38 which in South India is relatively low because tea is cultivated
1450E38 on hilly tracts where the elevation is generally 1,000 \0m and above.
1460E38 ^In the North, the temperature is in the high nineties during
1470E38 the summer on the plains, a temperature which is unfavourable for high
1480E38 tea productivity. ^Hence, a good stand of shade trees to_ provide
1490E38 a over-hanging canopy is essential for reducing leaf temperature
1500E38 and for optimising productivity of tea in North India. ^In the South,
1510E38 shade trees are planted for other reasons, not essentially to_
1520E38 reduce the temperature on the bush surface, $^The third important difference
1530E38 between the tea areas of North and South India lies in
1540E38 variations in atmospheric humidity. ^While in the case of the former,
1550E38 the relative humidity of the atmosphere is high, above 60 per cent
1560E38 throughout the year, in South India it falls to as low as 15 per
1570E38 cent in February and March. ^This necessitates adoption of specific
1580E38 techiniques for protecting the tea plants against desiccation, for
1590E38 instance, by sealing of nuresery beds with polythene cloches (covers)
1600E38 when cuttings are raised. ^If vegetative cuttings of tea earmarked
1610E38 for propagation are not sealed under polythene tent, in the very
1620E38 dry period they will perish. ^From this angle it is much easier,and
1630E38 cheaper, to_ raise vegetatively propagated tea plants in North India
1640E38 compared to South India. $^While the tea plant is botanically
1650E38 classified as *3*8Camellia sinensis*9*0 *\0L. (O*) *7Kuntze.
1660E38 it is essentially a hybrid of three distinct species. ^Of these, the
1670E38 China and Assam types are two contrastingly different species, the
1680E38 former a small bush having very small leaves, while the Assam type
1690E38 has large leaves and grows as a tall plant. ^The commercially cultivated
1700E38 tea plant in South India is a Assam China hybrid with medium
1710E38 size dark leaf. ^On the other hand, in North India the tea plant
1720E38 is a large and light leaved Assam type of bush; the exception being
1730E38 Darjeeling where small-leaved China type of tea plants are cultivated
1740E38 commercially. $*<*3Differences in cup characters*0*> $^With
1750E38 the exception of the Darjeeling teas in North India, and teas grown
1760E38 in the Nilgiris and in restricted areas at high altitudes in South
1770E38 India, which are known for their aroma, all other teas are sold
1780E38 for other cup characters such as briskness, strength, body and brightness.
1790E38 ^An important sale criterion for South Indian teas is the
1800E38 appearance of the black tea; the blacker the colour, the higher it
1810E38 is valued. ^*North Indian teas, in contrast, are neither marked up
1820E38 or discounted for their colour.*#
        **[no. of words = 02008**]