**[txt. h01**]
0010H01 *<*3*5. Policies and Procedures*0*> $^Policies and procedures were
0020H01 constantly reviewed and modified to_ increase the flow of agricultural
0030H01 credit, particularly to small/ marginal/ economically weak farmers and
0040H01 to_ increase the self-reliance in co-operative credit institutions.
0050H01 ^Important changes in the policy and procedures during the period under
0060H01 review are given below:
0070H01 $(a) ^Under the scheme of linking of deposit mobilization with the rate
0080H01 of interest charged by the Reserve Bank on refinance to central co-operative
0090H01 banks for short-term agricultural loans, which has been in force
0091H01 since 1 July 1973, the lending rate on credit limits sanctioned by the
0100H01 Bank for seasonal agricultural operations was fixed initially at 1/2
0110H01 per
0120H01 cent below the Bank Rate and a rebate of 1 1/2 per cent was allowed to
0130H01 concerned banks upto aggregate limits of their borrowings. ^Under the Interest
0140H01 Tax Act 1974, scheduled state co-operative banks are liable
0150H01 to_ pay tax at the rate of 7 per cent in respect of their chargeable
0160H01 interest. ^The state co-operative banks were thus subjected to double
0180H01 disadvantage, first by granting rebate to district central co-operative
0190H01 banks at 1 1/2 per cent on bulk of the borrowings of central co-operative
0200H01 banks and secondly, paying interest tax on the amount of interest collected
0210H01 without taking into account the rebate.
0220H01 ^This problem was considered by the Standing Committee on Linking
0230H01 Borrowings with Deposit Mobilization and it was decided to_ modify
0240H01 the scheme with effect from 1 July 1975. ^The revised scheme which was
0250H01 proposed by the Committee envisaged that the Bank*'s rate of interest
0260H01 on loans and advances to state co-operative banks on behalf of all central
0270H01 co-operative banks for seasonal agricultural operations would be fixed
0280H01 at 2 per cent below the Bank Rate with effect from 1 July 1975 on
0290H01 (a) that_ part of borrowings of the state co-operative banks which represents
0300H01 the base level borrowings and (b) the borrowings over and above
0310H01 the base level upto twice the increase in the involvement of central
0320H01 co-operative banks out of their own resources in agricultural loans or
0330H01 to the full extent of increase in loans granted by it to the small and
0340H01 marginal farmers, whichever is higher. ^During the period under review,
0350H01 the involvement of the central co-operative banks in medium-term conversion
0360H01 loans, over and above 15 per cent of the conversion loans
0370H01 outstanding was also taken into account for the purpose of
0380H01 determining the aggregate level. ^The borrowings of a central co-operative
0390H01 bank in excess of the above amount, if any, was charged at 1/2 per cent
0400H01 below the Bank Rate. ^The interest charged by the state co-operative
0410H01 banks to central co-operative banks followed the same pattern.
0420H01 $(b) ^Under the seasonality discipline,
0430H01 first introduced in 1973, the banks were to some extent required to_ recover
0440H01 a major part of their advances made in the conventional marketing
0450H01 period. ^With a view to making the discipline more effective, all the state
0460H01 co-operative banks have been advised that none of the central co-operative
0470H01 banks should be permitted after 1 April 1976 to_ draw on the credit
0480H01 limits sanctioned to them, unless the concerned central co-operative
0490H01 banks had recovered from the societies and passed on to the state co-operative
0500H01 banks, at least a stipulated percentage, generally 40 per cent of
0510H01 the demand as on 31 March 1976. ^For this purpose all the recoveries
0530H01 from 1 July 1975 till 31 March 1976 as well as conversions of short-term
0540H01 into medium-term loans granted, if any, were reckoned as recoveries.
0560H01 ^Wherever supplementary credit limits were sanctioned, drawals on the short-term
0570H01 limits after 1 July 1976 were also regulated by a similar discipline
0580H01 on a minimum recovery performance.
0590H01 $(c) ^The efforts of the Bank to_ deliberately re-orient
0600H01 lending policies of co-operative banks in favour of small farmers
0610H01 continued during the period under review. ^With a view to ensuring that
0620H01 adequate finances were available to small/ marginal/ economically weak
0630H01 farmers by co-operatives, the Reserve Bank had been stipulating till
0640H01 the year 1974-5, that a prescribed portion of the borrowings by the central
0650H01 bank should be covered by loans outstanding against societies for
0660H01 such farmers. ^In order to_ ensure compliance with this condition, the state
0670H01 co-operative bank was not allowed to_ draw in excess of 70 per cent
0690H01 of the limit sanctioned to a central bank unless the requisite proportion
0700H01 of advances to small farmers in the total was maintained. ^From 1975-6,
0710H01 for satisfying the above stipulations, the banks were required to_ take
0720H01 into account loans issued during the concerned year by a central co-operative
0730H01 bank to primary credit societies for financing such farmers, and
0740H01 not the outstandings at the end of the year.
0750H01 $(d) ^With a view to discouraging unwarranted drawals on the Bank*'s
0760H01 credit limits by the state co-operative banks and investing the surplus
0770H01 resources as call deposits with commercial banks at lucrative rates of interest,
0780H01 since 1 July 1974, suitable ceilings for call deposits with commercial
0790H01 banks have been fixed for each state co-operative bank. ^These
0800H01 ceilings are fixed normally at about 3 per cent of the total demand and
0810H01 time liabilities of the concerned state co-operative bank subject to an
0820H01 overall liquidity of 35 per cent of the total liabilities with due regard
0830H01 to the pattern of the bank*'s deposits, requirements of funds and
0840H01 resources
0850H01 potential. ^Investments in call deposits in excess of the prescribed
0860H01 limits render the bank liable for penal rates of interest on its borrowings
0870H01 from the Reserve Bank. ^If the prescribed limit is exceeded for
0880H01 a period not exceeding 30 days
0890H01 during a calendar year, the bank is called upon
0900H01 to_ pay a penal interest at 12 per cent per annum for the amount in
0910H01 excess, for the actual number of days for which such excess was maintained.
0920H01 ^A penal rate of 15 per cent is charged if such deposits exceeded 30
0930H01 days in a year.
0940H01 $(e) ^As regards credit for stocking and distribution of fertilizers, it
0950H01 has been the basic policy of the Bank that co-operative institutions should
0960H01 find finance, as far as possible, through consortium arrangements
0970H01 with commercial banks. ^However, in cases where commercial banks are unable
0980H01 to_ find the resources, the Reserve Bank sanctions short-term
0990H01 credit limits to state co-operative banks for the purpose of meeting the
1000H01 credit gaps. ^The rate of interest on the short-term credit limits,
1010H01 which was charged at the Bank Rate, was raised to 3 per cent above the
1020H01 Bank Rate with effect from 23 July 1974.
1030H01 $(f) ^A reference was made in the last Review (page 17) to the embargo
1040H01 imposed in February 1971, on co-operative banks financing the procurement
1050H01 and buffer stock operations. ^On representations from co-operative banks
1060H01 that they may be allowed to_ participate in these operations, the position
1070H01 was reviewed. ^It was decided that co-operative banks might invest
1080H01 their funds in procurement operations but not buffer stocking, subject
1090H01 to certain conditions, the more important of which were: (**=1) such financing
1100H01 should not exceed 5 per cent of the bank*'s time and demand liabilities
1120H01 or \0Rs. 1 *4crore in the case of a state co-operative bank or
1130H01 \0Rs. 50 *4lakhs in the case of a central co-operative bank whichever
1150H01 was less; (**=2) the period of each such drawal should not exceed 6 weeks
1160H01 and (**=3) a margin of 25 per
1170H01 cent and 40 per cent should be stipulated against
1180H01 pledge and hypothecation respectively of such stocks, unless the
1190H01 purchases of foodgrains were made or procured at prices fixed by the Food
1200H01 Corporation of India Government and the incidental costs, such as
1210H01 handling, storage and transportation had been settled, when the accommodation
1220H01 could be made at 10 per cent margin.
1230H01 $(g) ^With a view to removing the regional imbalances, the Government
1240H01 of India introduced a new central sector plan scheme for providing assistance
1250H01 to central co-operative banks in group C **[foot note**] states
1260H01 for meeting the expected deficits in their resources required for maintaining
1270H01 non-overdue cover in respect of their borrowings from the Reserve
1280H01 Bank. ^The assistance is in the form of a term loan to_
1290H01 be shared equally by the central and state governments to state co-operative
1300H01 banks which would use the amount to_ augment
1310H01 the internal resources of specified central co-operative banks. ^The Planning
1320H01 Commission agreed to an outlay of \0Rs 14 *4crores during the
1340H01 Fifth Plan period with a matching amount to_ be provided by the concerned
1350H01 state governments. ^The loans under the scheme are for a period of
1360H01 9 years with a moratorium for the first 3 years. ^The rate of interest,
1380H01 prescribed by the Ministry of Finance from time to time for loans to
1390H01 state governments, will be applicable on these loans and the funds are
1400H01 to_ be passed on to the central co-operative banks at the same rate. ^By
1410H01 the end of 30 June 1976, the Central Government had sanctioned a sum
1420H01 of \0Rs. 2.48 *4crores to_ provide assistance to 42 banks in 7
1430H01 states. $*<*36. Medium-term credit*0*>
1440H01 $^During the period under review, the Bank agreed to_ treat medium-term
1450H01 loans granted by co-operative banks to agriculturists for setting up
1460H01 *4gobar gas plants and for purchase of camels in the arid and semi-arid
1470H01 zones of Rajasthan, where camels were being used as a substitute
1480H01 for bullocks for agricultural operations, as approved purposes eligible
1490H01 for refinance from the \0R.B.I. ^It was also decided that medium-term
1510H01 loans for animal husbandry to non-agriculturist members of co-operative
1520H01 societies would be eligible for refinance from the Reserve Bank of
1530H01 India. ^Hitherto, this facility was available only in respect of loans
1540H01 to agriculturist members. ^Further, the conditions relating to security
1550H01 for medium-term loans for sheep rearing, milch cattle and poultry farming
1560H01 were liberalized. ^It was also decided to_ treat loans to identified
1570H01 small farmers for the purchase of bullock carts as an easily identifiable
1580H01 productive purpose. $*<*37. Long-term credit*0*>
1600H01 $^The Bank continued to_ lay emphasis on the production-oriented system
1610H01 of long-term lending and insisted that at least 90 per cent of the
1620H01 loans issued by the banks during 1975-6 (including those issued under the
1630H01 \0ARDC refinanced schemes/ \0IDA projects wherever operating)
1640H01 will have to_ be for productive purposes, of which not less than 70 per
1650H01 cent should be for identifiable productive purposes. $^The
1660H01 lending programme of the primary land development bank/ branch of central
1680H01 land development bank for the year continued to_ be determined
1690H01 with reference to the recovery performance of the previous year. ^With
1700H01 a view to bringing about uniformity in the norms prescribed regarding
1710H01 regulation of advances to primary banks/ branches, both under normal loaning
1720H01 programme and Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation
1730H01 refinanced schemes, a revised formula has been introduced effective from
1740H01 1 July 1975. ^According to the new formula, primary banks/ branches
1760H01 with a recovery performance of 75 per cent and above are allowed an unrestricted
1770H01 lending programme. ^The programme is progressively reduced as
1780H01 the percentage of recovery to demand deteriorates, so that primary banks/
1790H01 branches where the overdues exceed 60 per cent of demand are not entitled
1800H01 to any lending programme. ^In order to_ improve the eligibility of
1810H01 the primary banks/ branches, the state government may contribute to the
1820H01 share capital of a primary bank or central land development bank in respect
1830H01 of any of the specified branches. ^However, such contribution would
1840H01 be reckoned towards reducing the overdues notionally only to the
1850H01 extent of
1860H01 10 per cent of the demand for the year, even if the amount actually
1870H01 contributed is larger. ^Branches/ primaries in which the percentage of
1880H01 overdues to demand exceeds 60 and where there is no contribution to share
1890H01 capital from the government to_ enable a notional reduction, may be reimbursed
1900H01 by the central land development bank from its own resources, provided
1910H01 the loans so advanced by that_ bank are taken out of the mortgages
1920H01 providing cover for ordinary/ special debentures to_ be issued by it
1930H01 in the next 10 years. ^However, if the overdues of such bank/ branch remain
1940H01 at the same level but do not improve in the following year, even this
1950H01 facility, \0i.e., the reimbursement by central land development bank
1960H01 from its own resources, will not be allowed.
1970H01 ^The terms and conditions for floatation of ordinary debentures by the
1980H01 \0CLDBs have been revised with effect from 1974-5.*#
        **[no. of words = 02012**]

        **[txt. h02**]
0010H02 *<*3Wrong Doers*> $^It may not be that the number of senior officials
0011H02 at important places doing the wrong things has increased. ^But what
0012H02 certainly can be sensed to the point of certainty is that there is a general
0013H02 and wider acceptance of the officials who indulge in short-circuiting
0014H02 of administrative procedures, level jumpings in chains of command,
0015H02 and non-conformity to standard administrative norms and values. ^It is
0016H02 the absence of service sanctions and the non-critical and an almost supine
0017H02 acceptance of the wrong doings of the members of the services by
0018H02 the general run of officials which spurs others to_ swell the ranks of
0020H02 the wrong-doers. $*<Brilliant
0030H02 Exceptions*> $^If there are honourable and brilliant exceptions
0040H02 like \0*4Shri *(0R. L.*) Misra, Joint Secretary in the Ministry
0050H02 of Home Affairs, who never gave in to the wrongs indulged in by
0060H02 the Delhi Administration even when his own Secretary had thrown up
0070H02 the sponge, it only means that doing the right thing is an art of the possible.
0080H02 ^Instead of this type of officers being the honourable exceptions,
0090H02 they should constitute the general run. ^Imaginary
0100H02 fear of possible and probable consequences for doing the right things have
0110H02 done more havoc than the known consequences that_ actually may have
0120H02 followed the performance of duties on the right lines by the Government
0130H02 servants. ^One must realise that even during the emergency there were
0140H02 several functionaries in the Government
0150H02 who stood up for what was right though the examples under this
0160H02 category were more in evidence among the lower functionaries than among
0170H02 the higher echelons.
0180H02 $*<*3Indiscriminate Demolitions*> $^Apart from the legal facade fraudulently
0190H02 created under the cover of which large-scale and indiscriminate
0200H02 demolitions were carried out in Delhi, there is the poignant story
0210H02 of a vast majority of the demolitions carried out by the authorities which
0220H02 were attended by a complete disregard for the human suffering of persons
0230H02 in very humble walks of life to whom the demolition of their houses
0240H02 meant complete ruination and in some cases the loss of a life-time*'s
0250H02 savings. ^The Commission hopes that the Government will take immediate
0260H02 steps to_ remedy the wrongs and also to_ ensure that the conditions in
0270H02 the resettlement colonies are rendered safe, clean and convenient. ^Considering
0280H02 the colossal nature of the job involved, unless the Government
0290H02 gives the job top priority and sets up an agency equipped with the necessary
0300H02 staff, resources and the decision-making powers, there may be little
0310H02 hope of a satisfactory solution, assuaging the misery caused to several
0320H02 *4lakhs of affected individuals in the immediate future. ^The job
0330H02 needs to_ be taken up on priority footing and the usual 'red-tape' dispensed
0340H02 with if the Government is to_ carry conviction with the affected
0350H02 people about its purposeful intentions.
0360H02 $^It was disconcerting for the Commission to_ note that some of the demolitions
0370H02 were carried out at the instance of and to_ pander to the whims
0380H02 of \0*4Shri Sanjay Gandhi who was not answerable to anybody and who
0390H02 held no position whatever in the administrative scheme. ^Tragic stories
0400H02 regarding the doings of \0*4Shri Sanjay Gandhi in the matter of demolitions,
0410H02 pressurising the District Magistrate of Delhi and the other
0420H02 magistrates to_ own up a firing order in the Turkman Gate
0421H02 area in the
0430H02 face of the pleadings of the concerned magistrate about his not having
0440H02 issued the said firing order have been unfolded in the course of evidence
0450H02 before the Commission. ^Even arrests of respectable citizens were
0460H02 carried out at the instance of \0*4Shri Sanjay Gandhi. ^The Commission
0470H02 had probed the case of the Boeing deal and seen how the financial projections
0480H02 of the Boeing deal were shown to people who were not at all
0490H02 concerned with the matter. ^The Government has a special responsibility
0500H02 to_ ensure that extra-constitutional centres of power are not allowed
0510H02 to_ grow, and if and when located, to_ snuff them out ruthlessly. ^As the
0520H02 Commission had occasion to_ observe, in the final analysis this country
0530H02 will be governed well or ill by the competence and character of the
0540H02 Government officers. ^If they are content to_ be mere tools and willing
0550H02 to_ lend themselves to questionable objectives, there will never be a
0560H02 dearth of unscrupulous operators. ^There is no substitute for a vigilant,
0570H02 enquiring and enlightened public opinion which keeps a close watch on
0580H02 the doings of the public servants.
0590H02 $*<*3Conditions in Jails*> $^The conditions in the jails of our country,
0600H02 as disclosed in the course of the evidence of some of the witnesses
0700H02 who had personal experience, make a very painful reading. ^The Commission
0710H02 expects to_ put out a separate Chapter on the conditions in the
0720H02 jails in the country as a whole after a visit to some of the important
0721H02 jails by some of the senior officers attached to the Commission and
0730H02 on the basis of the replies of the State Governments to the questionnaire
0740H02 issued by the Commission. ^In the meantime, however, the Commission
0750H02 suggests to the Government to_ make a review of the conditions in
0760H02 the jails insofar as these concern the inmates.
0770H02 $*<*3Treatment of Detenus*> $^With regard to the political detenus
0780H02 the Commission finds it necessary to_ emphasise that preventive detention
0790H02 is not intended to_ be a punitive detention. ^Preventive detention is
0800H02 only intended to_ impose the minimum restraint on the individuals detained
0810H02 consistent with the objective effectively to_ prevent the persons detained
0830H02 from acting in a manner prejudicial to the security of the State
0840H02 or to the maintenance of law and order. ^It would be misuse of power
0850H02 for the authorities to_ heap on such detenus needless disabilities.
0860H02 ^In this connection the Commission must point out specifically the manner
0870H02 in which a number of student detenus were denied permission to_ take
0880H02 their annual examinations-- a step which, apart from the illegality involved,
0890H02 exposed the authorities concerned to the charge of being completely
0900H02 oblivious to the objectives of preventive detention. ^The Commission
0910H02 trusts that specific instructions will be issued emphasising that detenus
0920H02 must be treated with dignity and respect due to them, the restraints
0930H02 imposed upon them will be minimal and consistent only with ensuring the
0940H02 safety of the State or interests of law and order and that student
0950H02 detenus will be permitted to_ take their periodical examinations and the
0960H02 authorities will extend the requisite facilities. ^Similarly, for female
0970H02 detenus, special provisions should be made for housing them and for extending
0980H02 to them appropriate conveniences.
0990H02 $*<*3Independent Working of Departments*>
1000H02 $^Certain departments and organisations of the Government have understandably
1010H02 and necessarily to_ work under cover of a degree of secrecy. ^Functioning
1020H02 of some of the departments/ organisations which have come to
1030H02 the notice of the Commission during its hearings are the Income Tax
1040H02 Department, Intelligence Bureau, Central Bureau of Investigation
1050H02 and the Enforcement Directorate. ^Because of the special nature
1060H02 of their functions and operations there is a greater necessity to_ ensure
1070H02 that their activities do not ever go wrong so as to_ affect the life,
1080H02 liberty and reputation of the individual citizen. ^The fairness and objectivity
1090H02 with which these organisations function would, in the ultimate
1100H02 analysis, depend upon the extent to which the higher executives of these
1110H02 organisations are allowed to_ function freely, fearlessly and independently
1120H02 and at the same time ensuring their accountability to statutorily
1121H02 constituted bodies. ^These executives should normally have fixed tenures,
1122H02 if necessary, to_ keep them above pressures and temptations. ^The Commission
1123H02 feels that the practice of continuing in service as heads of the
1124H02 organisations retired officers on short-term renewable basis is a pernicious
1125H02 practice and often a source of serious abuse of authority.
1126H02 ^It is the responsibility of the Government to_ ensure that such
1127H02 organisations are led by strong, competent and self-respecting individuals
1128H02 who are known for their appreciation of values and their concern for
1129H02 the interests of the country and its citizens. ^Lesser men as heads of
1130H02 such organisations which play a vital role in the life of the nation,
1140H02 would only be a disaster.
1150H02 $^The Commission has viewed with concern some of the secret operations
1160H02 of the Intelligence Bureau and the complete absence of in-built constraints
1170H02 subject to which they function. ^The commission had the opportunity
1180H02 to_ go through the records of the "Hearings before the Select Committee
1190H02 to_ Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence
1200H02 Activities of the United States Senate, 1975". ^Senator Tower, Vice-Chairman
1210H02 of the Committee, making his opening statement in this Committee,
1220H02 observed: $"^It is my view that there comes a point when the
1230H02 people*'s right to_ know must of necessity be subordinated to the people*'s
1240H02 right to_ be secure, to the extent that a sophisticated and effective
1250H02 intelligence-gathering capability makes them secure." $^Senator Frank
1260H02 Church, Chairman of this Committee, observed: $"^The decision to_
1270H02 make this matter public should, in my view, be tested not only against its
1280H02 particular facts but also in the light of several general principles.
1290H02 ^First, in a democratic society, there should be a strong preference
1300H02 in favour of letting the people know what their Government has been doing.
1310H02 ^Democracy depends upon an informed electorate. ^As one of our Founding
1320H02 Fathers, Edward Livingston, stated: $'^No nation has ever found
1330H02 any inconvenience from too close an inspection into the conduct of its
1340H02 officers, but many have been brought to ruin and reduced to slavery by
1350H02 suffering gradual impositions and abuses which are imperceptible, only
1360H02 because the means of publicity had not been secured.'" $^Second, the
1361H02 general
1370H02 principle for disclosure is particularly apt in the context in which
1380H02 this committee finds itself. ^For 30 years this country has had a huge
1390H02 and highly secret intelligence apparatus whose actions have not been the
1400H02 subject of an informed public debate. ^Laws governing their activity
1410H02 have all too often been lacking, as with the \0NSA, or overly vague,
1420H02 as with the \0CIA. ^The agencies have sometimes acted in ways that_
1430H02 appear to_ be unconstitutional and illegal. ^The Congress and the
1431H02 public
1440H02 should now be given a chance to_ decide whether changes in the laws and
1450H02 procedures governing the intelligence agencies are necessary. ^That_ has
1460H02 not happened for 30 years, and surely we can afford a debate at least once
1470H02 in a generation. $^Third, it does not follow, of course, that everything
1480H02 we learn in the work of this committee should be disclosed. ^And
1490H02 from what I have previously said, much of what we have learned about the
1500H02 \0NSA, which, in the judgment of the committee, falls clearly within
1510H02 its province, will not be disclosed. ^This country should have strong
1520H02 and effective intelligent services, but must act legally. ^Keeping unlawful
1530H02 programmes secret can only serve in the long run to_ weaken our
1540H02 intelligence efforts. ^Unless the people are convinced that the intelligence
1550H02 agencies are acting within the law and in the best interest of
1551H02 the United
1560H02 States, a domocratic people will not support these agencies for long.
1570H02 '^Eternal vigilance', as Thomas Jafferson said, 'is the price of
1580H02 liberty.' ^And as James Madison concluded, 'the right of freely examining
1590H02 public characters and measures and the free communication thereon is
1600H02 the only effective guardian of every other right'. $^The Attorney General,
1610H02 \0Mr. Levi, said: $"But the legality of the activity does not
1620H02 remove from the Executive or from Congress the responsibility to_ take
1630H02 steps, within their power, to_ seek an accommodation between the vital
1640H02 public and private interests involved... at present there is not warrantless
1650H02 electronic surveillance directed against any American citizen,
1660H02 and although it is conceivable that circumstances justifying such surveillance
1670H02 may arise in the future, I will not authorise the surveillance
1680H02 unless it is clear that the American citizen is an active, conscious agent
1690H02 or collaborator of a foreign power, in no event, of course, would
1700H02 I authorise any warrantless surveillance against domestic persons or
1710H02 organizations such as those involved in the *3KEITH*0 case. ^Surveillance
1720H02 without a warrant will not be conducted for purposes of security against
1730H02 domestic or internal threats... $^The standards and procedures that_
1740H02 the Department has established within the United States seek to_
1750H02 insure that every request for surveillance receives thorough and impartial
1760H02 consideration before a decision is made whether to_ institute it. ^The
1770H02 process is elaborate and time-consuming, but it is necessary if the public
1780H02 interest is to_ be served and individual rights safeguarded."*#
        **[no. of words = 02019**]

        **[txt. h03**]
0050H03 ^The Ministry again came up with the request for further extension of
0060H03 time upto the 31st October, 1977 for notifying the rules and upto the
0070H03 31st December, 1977 for notifying the regulations under the Act. ^While
0080H03 seeking further extension of time the Ministry stated: $"...^The draft
0090H03 rules as revised by the Legislative Department of Ministry of
0100H03 Law, Justice and Company Affairs, have been received in this Department
0110H03 on 7th September, 1977. ^These have been sent to the State Governments
0120H03 of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh for their approval and
0130H03 will also be considered in the first meeting of the Betwa River Board
0140H03 to_ be held under the chairmanship of the Union Minister of Agriculture
0150H03 and Irrigation on 17th September, 1977. ^The rules as finalised
0160H03 now in consultation with the Ministry of Law could be notified only after
0170H03 the approval of the State Governments has been received and also approved
0180H03 by the Betwa River Board. ^It is, therefore, suggested that the
0190H03 approval of the Committee on Subordinate Legislation may kindly be
0200H03 obtained for extension of the time limit upto 31st October, 1977, for
0210H03 notifying the rules. $^As
0220H03 regards the regulations to_ be notified by the Board under section
0230H03 23 of the Betwa River Board Act, 1976, action in this regard would
0240H03 be taken after the Board*'s Office is set up. ^One of the agenda items
0250H03 for the first meeting of the Betwa River Board to_ be held on 17th
0260H03 September, 1977 is to_ create the posts of Chief Engineer, Rajghat Dam
0270H03 Project, Financial Adviser and Secretary to the Board. ^After these
0280H03 posts are created and the officers are in position, action to_ draft
0290H03 the regulations would be initiated. ^It is, therefore, suggested that
0300H03 the approval of the Committee on Subordinate Legislation may also be
0310H03 obtained for extension of the time limit for notifying the regulations
0320H03 upto 31st December, 1977."
0330H03 $*3^The Committee notes the request of the Ministry for further extension
0340H03 of time upto the 31st October, 1977 for notifying the Rules and
0350H03 upto the 31st December, 1977 for notifying the Regulations under the
0360H03 Act. ^The Committee, however, hopes that the Ministry will not ask for
0370H03 further extension and desires that the process of framing the Rules
0380H03 and Regulations should be expedited.*0 $*<(**=2)
0390H03 *3Rules under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.*0*>
0410H03 $29. ^The Committee had in paragraphs 145-148 of its Nineteenth Report
0420H03 observed that the Rules in respect of the following matters had not been
0430H03 framed and notified under section 38 of the Prevention of Cruelty
0440H03 to Animals Act, 1960:-- $38(2)(g)-- Capture of Animals Rules.
0460H03 $38(2)(i)-- Animal Houses Licensing Rules.
0470H03 $38(2)(h)-- transport of Animals Rules.
0480H03 $^The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (Department of Agriculture)
0490H03 had stated that draft notification relating to Transport of Animals
0500H03 Rules would be issued shortly. ^In regard to the remaining Rules the
0510H03 Ministry had explained that the Animal Welfare Board established
0520H03 under section 4 of the Act was considering the proposals and would suggest
0530H03 Rules. ^The Ministry had, therefore, sought the approval of the Committee
0540H03 to_ frame the Rules by the 31st March, 1976.
0550H03 $^Subsequently, the Ministry had requested the Committee to_ grant extension
0560H03 of time upto the 31st March, 1977 for framing the Rules.
0570H03 $^The Committee felt unhappy about the inordinate delay which had taken
0580H03 place in the matter of framing rules under a statute passed by Parliament
0590H03 as early as in 1960. ^The Committee expressed the hope that it would
0600H03 be possible for the Ministry to_ adhere to the time asked for, for framing
0610H03 the Rules [para 60 of the Twenty-fourth Report].
0620H03 $^The Ministry in their communication dated the 7th October, 1977 again
0630H03 requested for the grant of further extension of time upto the 31st December,
0640H03 1977, for framing the Rules. ^In support of their request they
0650H03 stated as follows:--
0660H03 $"...that some suggestions have been received from the Government of West
0670H03 Bengal in connection with the draft Transport of Animals Rules.
0680H03 ^The matter is being finalised in consultation with the Government of West
0690H03 Bengal. ^The rules are likely to_ be finalised and issued shortly.
0700H03 ^The draft Application of Fines Rules, 1977, alongwith Hindi version
0710H03 which has since been received from the Offical Languages Commission,
0720H03 is also under issue. ^The draft rules pertaining to (**=1) Capture of
0730H03 Animals Rules and (**=2) Registration of Cattle Premises are also
0740H03 under active processing and both are likely to_ be notified soon.
0750H03 $^In view of the position explained above, it is requested that the timelimit
0760H03 for framing the rules may kindly be extended upto the 31st December,
0770H03 1977."
0780H03 $^The Committee noted the request of the Ministry for further extension
0790H03 of time upto the 31st December, 1977 for framing the Rules. ^The Committee,
0800H03 however, hoped that the Ministry would not ask for any further
0810H03 extension. ^The Committee, therefore, desired that the process of framing
0820H03 the Rules should be expedited. $^The
0830H03 Ministry in their Office Memorandum dated the 31st December, 1977,
0840H03 while intimating that the draft Transport of Animals Rules and the
0850H03 draft Application of Fines Rules, 1977 had been notified in the Gazette,
0860H03 requested for another extension of time for notifying the draft of
0870H03 the Capture of Animals Rules and the Registration of Cattle Premises
0880H03 Rules till the 31st March, 1978 and in support thereof stated as
0890H03 under:--
0900H03 $"^The draft rules pertaining to (**=1) Capture of Animals Rules are
0910H03 being referred to Ministry of Law for vetting before these are notified.
0920H03 ^The draft rules for Registration of Cattle Premises have been sent
0930H03 to Official Languages Commission for Hindi translation of these rules
0940H03 so that these are notified.
0950H03 $*3^The Committee notes the request of the Ministry for further extension
0960H03 of time for framing (**=1) Capture of Animals Rules, and
0970H03 (**=2) Registration of Cattle Premises Rules and grants extension
0980H03 of time upto the 31st March, 1978 for this purpose. ^The Committee, however,
0990H03 hopes that the process of framing the Rules will be expedited and
1000H03 that no further extension of time will be asked for.*0
1010H03 $*<(**=3) *3The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Sixth
1020H03 Amendment Rules, 1976 (\0G.S.R. 1262 of 1976)*0*> $30.
1030H03 ^The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Rules, 1976 were framed
1040H03 in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) read with sectiion
1050H03 (2) of section 46 of the Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation)
1060H03 Act, 1976 and these rules were notified on tne 17th February 1976.
1070H03 $^The Central Government are required (**=1) to_ frame a rule providing
1080H03 for the cultivation or growing of plant which will not be agriculture
1090H03 under clause (A) of the Explanation to clause (O) of section 2; and
1100H03 (**=2) to_ prescribe the terms and conditions subject to which a person
1110H03 permitted under sub-section (1) of section 21 may hold land in excess of
1120H03 the ceiling limit.
1130H03 $^In regard to the framing of the rules mentioned at (**=1) above, the
1140H03 Ministry of Works and Housing have stated as follows:-
1150H03 $"...^This Ministry has requested the State Governments to_ submit
1160H03 their proposals in this regard. ^As the Act is being implemented by the
1170H03 State Governments, it is not possible to_ have a uniform rule applicable
1180H03 to all the States unless the State Governments come forward with
1190H03 definite proposals. ^As soon as the proposals are received and if it is
1200H03 considered necessary to_ frame a rule, necessary action will be taken."
1220H03 $^As regards the finalisation of the terms and conditions referred to at
1230H03 (**=2) above the Ministry have intimated that they require more time
1240H03 for consultation with the State Governments. ^The Ministry have,
1250H03 accordingly, requested that:--
1260H03 $(a) ^The position in regard to framing a rule under section 2(O)(A)
1270H03 be submitted before the Committee on Subordinate Legislation; and
1280H03 $(b) ^Extension of time beyond six months and upto the 31st December, 1977
1290H03 for framing rules under section 21 of the Act may be obtained from
1300H03 the Committee on Subordinate Legislation.
1310H03 $^The Committee notes the position explained by the Ministry in regard
1320H03 to the framing of the rule under section 2(O)(A) and their request for
1330H03 extension of time beyond six months and upto the 31st December, 1977
1340H03 for framing Rules under Section 21 of the Urban Land (Ceiling and
1350H03 Regulation) Act, 1976. $*<*(**=4) *3Sick Textile Undertakings
1360H03 (nationalisation) Rules, 1977. (\0G.S.R. 122(E) of 1977)*0*> $31.
1380H03 ^The rules mentioned above have been made in pursuance of the powers conferred
1390H03 by Section 37 of the Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation)
1400H03 Act, 1974. ^The said Act replacing the Sick Textile Undertakings
1410H03 (Nationalisation) Ordinance, 1974 was enacted in December, 1974.
1420H03 ^The rules under reference were made and given effect from the 22nd March,
1430H03 1977 \0i.e. after more than two years of the enactment of the law.
1440H03 ^It was felt that there has been inordinate delay in publication of the
1450H03 rules and the matter was accordingly, taken up with the Ministry of Commerce
1460H03 and Civil Supplies and Cooperation, whose reply on the point
1470H03 is reproduced below:--
1480H03 $"...^In order to_ safeguard the interest of 103 nationalised 'sick textile
1490H03 undertakings', scattered all over the country, the National Textile
1500H03 Corporation (the Apex Body) was, in the first instance, asked to_ submit
1510H03 a draft rule along with their comments thereon. ^Other Ministries/
1520H03 Departments who had earlier framed similar rules, were also consulted
1530H03 in the matter. ^Further, sub-section (1) of section 17 of the Act provides
1540H03 for the appointment by the Central Government of the Commissioner
1550H03 of payments for the purpose of disbursing the amounts payable to each
1560H03 owner of sick textile undertaking. ^However, due to unavoidable administrative
1570H03 difficulties, the appointment of Commissioner of payments was considerably
1580H03 delayed. ^The Commissioner was appointed with effect
1581H03 from 9th
1590H03 July, 1976. ^As the Commissioner is vitally concerned with the actual
1600H03 implementation of these rules, regarding discharge of the claims preferred
1610H03 before him, it was essential that his views on the proposed rules were
1620H03 also obtained in advance. ^After all these formalities were completed,
1630H03 the draft rules were sent to the Ministry of Law, Legislative Department
1640H03 for their concurrence and vetting. ^However, in order to_ make the
1650H03 rules as comprehensive and legally sound as possible, several references
1660H03 to that_ Ministry could not be avoided. ^The Rules, as finally vetted
1670H03 by the Legislative Department, Ministry of Law, were published in
1680H03 the Gazette of India as \0S.R.O. 122(E) dated the 22nd March,
1690H03 1977."
1700H03 $*3^The Committee expresses its unhappiness over the inordinate delay in
1710H03 framing the Rules and observes that such delays should be avoided in
1720H03 future.*0 $**<*3**=16 $Defective orders*0**> $*<(**=1)
1760H03 *3The Department of Tourism (Group 'C' Statistical Posts)
1770H03 Recruitment Rules, 1977 (\0G.S.R. 528 of 1977)*0*> $32.
1780H03 ^The method of recruitment for the post of Machine Operator in the
1790H03 Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation (Department of Tourism), stands
1800H03 prescribed as "by transfer failing which by direct recruitment and
1810H03 failing both by deputation." ^There is, however, no mention of any period
1820H03 of deputation in the Rules. ^The Committee felt that the period upto
1830H03 which an incumbent of the post was to_ be brought on deputation from another
1840H03 department should be specified.
1850H03 $*3^The Committee notes that the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation
1860H03 (Department of Tourism), have agreed to_ specify the period of
1870H03 deputation in the appropriate column of the Schedule appended to the
1880H03 Rules.*0 $*<**=2)
1890H03 *3The India Security Press (Class *=1 and Class *=2 Posts)
1900H03 Recruitment (Amendment) Rules, 1976 (\0G.S.R. 1161 of 1976)*0*> $33.
1910H03 ^Column 12 of the Schedule appended to the India Security Press
1920H03 (Class *=1 and Class *=2 Posts) Recruitment Rules, 1968, as amended
1930H03 by the Amending Rules of 1976 (\0G.S.R. 1161 of 1976) does not indicate
1940H03 the composition of Group 'A' Departmental Promotion Committee.
1950H03 $*3^The Committee notes that the Ministry of Finance (Department of
1960H03 Economic Affairs) have agreed to_ specify the composition of the Departmental
1970H03 Promotion Committee in the appropriate column of the Schedule
1980H03 appended to the Rules.*0 $*<(**=3)
1990H03 *3The Forest Research Institute and Colleges (class *=1 and
2000H03 class *=2 Non-Tenure Posts) Recruitment (Amendment) Rules,
2010H03 1976 (\0G.S.R. 1229 of 1976)*0*>
2020H03 $34. ^Column 14 of the Schedule appended to the above-mentioned Rules,
2030H03 which relates to the circumstances under which the \0U.P.S.C. has to_
2040H03 be consulted, contained the entry "As required under the Rules."*#
        **[no. of words = 01980**]

        **[txt. h04**]
0010H04 *<*3Assistance to state governments for contribution to the share
0020H04 capital of primary handloom weavers societies*0*>
0030H04 $5.5. ^We have to_ decide on the appropriate agency that_ should meet
0040H04 the supplemental share capital requirements of the weavers societies.
0050H04 ^A demand has been made that Reserve Bank should provide assistance to
0060H04 the state governments from out of the National Agricultural Credit
0070H04 (Long-term Operations) Fund for contributing to the share capital of
0080H04 the weavers societies. ^This demand is not new. ^The High Powered Study
0090H04 Team on the problems of Handloom Industry (1974) had made the following
0100H04 observations in para 6.11 of the Report: **[begin 2nd margin**]
0110H04 "^The Team would rather recommend that the Reserve Bank of India should
0120H04 fully follow the policy of making the credit to the co-operative
0130H04 effective and to this purpose bring in the various methods, which have been
0140H04 inducted in the field of agricultural credit, into the field of handloom
0150H04 credit also to_ make the impact much more effective. ^Particularly
0160H04 the provision of share capital to the co-operatives through the State
0170H04 Government is an important contribution and the Reserve Bank of India
0180H04 must find some means for doing this for the co-operatives sector in the
0190H04 handlooms. ^Till this is done the National Co-operative Development
0200H04 Corporation should provide this facility." **[end 2nd margin**]
0210H04 $5.6 ^The Reserve Bank sanctions long-term loans to the state governments
0220H04 from the National Agricultural Credit (Long-term Operations) Fund
0230H04 for contribution to the share capital of co-operative institutions
0240H04 under Section 46A(2)(a) of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
0250H04 ^The Section reads: **[begin 2nd margin**] $^The amount in the said fund
0260H04 shall be applied by the Bank only to the following objects, namely:
0280H04 $(a) the making of loans and advances to state governments for subscribing
0290H04 directly or indirectly to the share capital of a co-operative credit
0300H04 society and repayable on expiry of fixed periods not exceeding 20 years
0310H04 from the date of making such loan or advance. **[end 2nd margin**] $^It
0320H04 is clear from the above that the assistance from the said Fund is available
0330H04 only in respect of co-operative *3credit*0 societies and not for
0340H04 non-credit societies. ^The co-operative credit societies eligible for assistance
0350H04 from the Fund are the state/ central and primary (urban) co-operative
0360H04 banks, state and primary land development banks and primary agricultural
0370H04 credit societies. ^Further, the Fund is used not only for granting
0380H04 loans to state governments for share capital contribution but also
0390H04 for granting medium-term loans to state co-operative banks and long-term
0400H04 loans to the Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation.
0410H04 $5.7 ^In this context, the observations of the All India Rural Credit
0420H04 Survey Committee (1954) in Chapter 35 of the General Report,
0430H04 are relevant. **[begin 2nd margin**]
0440H04 $^It will be recalled that two of the main lines of development we have
0450H04 in view as basic to the integrated scheme itself are the extension of cooperative
0460H04 credit and the extension of cooperative economic activity, and
0470H04 as earlier explained, these two should in our opinion be broadly divided,
0480H04 in point of responsibility at the all India level of planning, coordination
0490H04 and finance, between the Reserve Bank on one hand, and on the
0500H04 other the Government of India in its Ministry of Food and
0501H04 Agriculture.
0510H04 ^It seems to us obvious that the Reserve Bank should take upon itself
0520H04 the task of further extension of cooperative credit on the lines on which
0530H04 it has already been proceeding in the last few years, and that the central
0540H04 government should assume responsibility for the coordinated progress
0550H04 of the important items of warehousing and distribution (including but
0560H04 going beyond the cooperative sector in regard to these two) and of other
0570H04 economic activities in the rural area, such as processing and marketing
0580H04 (in the cooperative sector alone so far as these are concerned). ^In this
0590H04 manner, the state through two of its most powerful instruments will
0600H04 have set in motion those forces of real significance for the rural economy
0610H04 which alone, we believe, can effectively summon the enthusiasm of the
0620H04 cultivator and marshal his awakened effort for the economic development
0630H04 of rural India. ^Due attention must of course be paid to the need for
0640H04 coordination between these two main lines of development \0viz., credit
0650H04 and economic activity, for one is organically dependent on the other.
0651H04 **[end 2nd margin**]
0660H04 $^In pursuance of the recommendations of the Committee under its integrated
0670H04 Rural Credit Scheme, the Reserve Bank created the National Agricultural
0680H04 Credit (Long Term Operations) Fund and the National Agricultural
0690H04 Credit (Stabilization) Fund in the Bank and the Governent
0700H04 of India set up the National Co-operative Development and Warehousing
0710H04 Board for planning, coordinating and financing the co-operative
0720H04 economic activity in the rural sector. ^In 1962 the Board was converted
0730H04 into the National Cooperative Development Corporation. ^It was, thus,
0740H04 expected that while the Reserve Bank would broadly look after the
0750H04 needs of the cooperative credit sturcture, the National Cooperative Development
0760H04 Corporation would meet the needs of cooperative non-credit
0770H04 structure, particularly in the rural sector. $5.8 ^Section 9 of the
0780H04 National Cooperative Development Corporation Act, 1962 defines the
0790H04 functions of the Corporation. ^The Section reads: **[begin 2nd margin**]
0800H04 $9(1) ^Subject to the provisions of this Act the functions of the Corporation
0810H04 shall be to_ plan and promote programmes, through cooperative
0820H04 societies, for: $(a) the production, processing, marketing, storage,
0830H04 export and import of agricultural produce, food stuffs, poultry feed
0840H04 and notified commodities. $(b) the collection, processing, storage and
0850H04 export of minor forest produce. $(2) in particular and without prejudice
0860H04 to the generality of the foregoing provision, the corporation may:
0900H04 $(a) advance loans or grant subsidies to State Governments for financing
0910H04 cooperative societies and for employment of staff for implementing
0920H04 programmes of cooperative development. $(b)
0930H04 provide funds to State Governments for financing cooperative societies
0940H04 for the purchase of agricultural produce, food stuffs and notified
0950H04 commodities on behalf of the Central Government:
0960H04 $(c) plan and promote programmes through cooperative societies for the supply
0970H04 of seeds, manure, fertilisers, agricultural implements and other articles
0980H04 for the development of agricultural produce:
0990H04 $(d) provide loans and grants directly to the national level cooperative
1000H04 societies and other cooperative societies having objects extending beyond
1010H04 one state:
1020H04 $(e) provide loans to cooperative societies on guarantee of State Governments
1030H04 or in the case of cooperative societies in the Union Territories,
1040H04 on the guarantee of the Central Government:
1050H04 $(f) participate in the share capital of national level cooperative societies
1060H04 and other cooperative societies having objects extending beyond one
1070H04 State. **[end 2nd margin**] $^The
1080H04 National Cooperative Development Corporation had contributed \0Rs
1090H04 35.45 *4lakhs during 1976-7 to the share capital of state handloom weavers
1100H04 cooperative societies in Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and
1110H04 Madhya Pradesh. ^Under section 13(2)(a) of the Act, the moneys in the
1120H04 National Cooperative Development Fund shall be applied **[begin 2nd
1130H04 margin**] $"for advancing loans and granting subsidies to State Governments
1140H04 on such terms and conditions as the Corporation may deem fit for
1150H04 the purpose of enabling State Governments to_ subscribe to the share
1160H04 capital of cooperative societies or for otherwise financing cooperative
1180H04 societies". $^Under Section 2(c) of the Act
1190H04 $"cooperative society" means a society registered or deemed to_ be registered
1200H04 under the Cooperative Societies Act, 1912 or under any other
1210H04 law with respect to cooperative societies for the time being in force in
1220H04 any state, which is engaged in any of the activities specified in sub-section
1230H04 (1) of Section 9 and includes a cooperative land mortgage bank.
1231H04 **[end 2nd margin**]
1240H04 $^Notified commodities include items like soap, textiles, paper and pulp,
1270H04 timber products, tea \0etc. ^Primary weavers societies can therefore
1271H04 be assisted by National Co-operative Development Corporation without
1280H04 any amendment of the National Co-operative Development Corporation
1290H04 Act. $5.9
1300H04 ^It appears to us that the National Cooperative Development Corporation
1310H04 is the appropriate agency to_ assist the State Governments for
1320H04 contributing to the share capital of primary weavers societies. ^This will
1330H04 be in accordance with the broad demarcation of the responsibilities
1340H04 between the Reserve Bank of India and the erstwhile National Cooperative
1350H04 Development and Warehousing Board envisaged by the Rural Credit
1360H04 Survey Committee in their Integrated Rural Credit Scheme. ^This
1370H04 will also be in accordance with the recommendations of the High Powered
1380H04 Study Team. ^In para 2.9(b) of the Report on rehabilitation of handloom
1390H04 cooperatives, the Study Team has said **[begin 2nd margin**]
1400H04 $^A scheme of rehabilitation will have to_ be drawn up for those cooperatives
1410H04 which can be made viable with supervised credit and with amalgamation
1420H04 of potentially viable
1430H04 weavers societies. ^The main ingredient in this programme
1440H04 will be the share capital participation of the state Government.
1450H04 ^To_ enable the State Government to_ participate in the share capital,
1460H04 the National Cooperative Development Corporation may be made the
1470H04 body for giving loan to the State Government for share capital participation.
1480H04 ^The National Cooperative Development Corporation will have
1490H04 to_ put in funds for the purpose to_ fully support the programme.
1491H04 **[end 2nd margin**] $^This
1500H04 recommendation of the Study Team has also been accepted by the Government
1510H04 of India. ^However, the Government of India accepted it subject
1520H04 to National Co-operative Development Corporation being provided
1530H04 with additional funds on continual and effective basis to_ take up this
1540H04 responsibility. ^The Government of India also decided that the involvement
1550H04 of the Corporation will not be on adhoc basis. ^Since the National
1560H04 Co-operative Development Corporation has not been provided with
1570H04 funds for the purpose, the Corporation is presently extending assistance
1580H04 to only Apex/ Regional weavers*' societies out of its funds and no assistance
1590H04 is being given for primary weavers*' societies. ^We, therefore,
1600H04 recommend that the \0NCDC may be provided with adequate funds by Government
1610H04 of India to_ enable it to_ provide assistance for participation
1620H04 in the share capital of primary weavers*' societies. $*<*3Provision
1630H04 of medium-term and long-term loans to apex weavers*' societies*0*> $5.10
1650H04 ^The weavers*' societies cannot expect to_ be in a sheltered position
1660H04 indefinitely. ^They have to_ compete with the organised sector and this
1670H04 necessitates a competent marketing mechanism. ^For this purpose the
1680H04 societies, particularly the apex societies will require proper godowns,
1690H04 show rooms \0etc. ^Acquisition of these facilities involves large investments
1700H04 for which they will require term loans from financial institutions.
1710H04 ^There has been a demand from some apex societies like the Tamil Nadu
1720H04 State Handloom Weavers Cooperative Society that the Reserve Bank
1730H04 should open a new line of credit for the above purposes as there are
1740H04 now no financial organisations catering to the medium-term and long-term
1750H04 requirements of handloom cooperatives. ^They also want the accommodation
1760H04 at concessional rates of interest. **[begin 2nd margin**]
1761H04 $5.11 ^The Reserve Bank offers refinancing facilities through co-operative
1762H04 channel for the financing of weavers and industrial co-operatives
1763H04 under sections 17(2)(a) and 17(2)(bb) of Reserve Bank of India
1764H04 Act, 1934. ^The section reads
1770H04 $^The Bank shall be authorised to_ carry on and transact the several
1780H04 kinds of business hereinafter specified, namely:--
1790H04 $(2)(a) the purchase, sale and rediscount of bills of exchange and promissory
1800H04 notes, drawn on and payable in India and arising out of bonafide
1810H04 commercial or trade transactions bearing two or more good signatures, one
1820H04 of which shall be that_ of a scheduled bank or a state co-operative
1830H04 bank and maturing $(**=1) in the case of bills of exchange and promissory
1840H04 notes arising out of any such transaction relating to the export
1850H04 of goods from India, within one hundred and eighty days and
1870H04 $(**=2) in any other case, within ninety days from the date of such purchase
1890H04 or rediscount exclusive of days of grace
2000H04 $(bb) the purchase, sale and rediscount of bills of exchange and promissory
2010H04 notes drawn and payable in India and bearing two or more good signatures,
2020H04 one of which shall be that_ of a state co-operative bank or a
2030H04 State Financial Corporation and drawn or issued for the purpose
2040H04 of financing the production or marketing activities of cottage and small
2050H04 scale industries approved by the Bank and maturing within twelve months
2060H04 from the date of such purchase or rediscount, exclusive of days of grace
2070H04 provided that the payment of principal and interest of such bills of
2080H04 exchange or promissory notes is fully guaranteed by the State Government.
2090H04 **[end 2nd margin**] $5.12 ^Medium-term and long-term advances
2100H04 are made by the Bank from the National Agricultural Credit
2110H04 (Long-term Operations) Fund under section 46A(2)(b), (c) and (d)
2120H04 of the Act which reads:-- **[begin 2nd margin**]
2130H04 $(b) the making to State cooperative banks of loans and advances repayable
2140H04 on the expiry of fixed periods not being less than fifteen months
2150H04 and not exceeding five years from the date of making such loan or
2160H04 advance, against such securities as may be specified in this behalf by
2170H04 the Bank and such loans and advances may be made for agricultural purposes
2180H04 or for such other purposes connected with the agricultural activities
2190H04 as the Central Board may, from time to time, by regulation or
2200H04 otherwise, determine.*#
        **[no. of words = 02068**]

        **[txt. h05**]
0010H05 *<INTRODUCTION*>
0020H05 $^This Report gives an account of the development of educational facilities
0030H05 for children belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
0040H05 in India during 1972-73. ^This report is based mainly on the statistical
0050H05 data supplied by the State Governments and Administrations of Union
0060H05 Territories in a prescribed form. ^It depicts, *8inter-alia*9 a
0070H05 comparative picture with the previous year in addition to the developments
0080H05 that_ have taken place during the year under report.
0090H05 $2. ^This publication covers mainly the enrolment of children belonging
0100H05 to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes at different levels of education
0110H05 beginning from pre-primary education upto the highest stage of education
0120H05 with all the possible bifurcation into different standards of education.
0130H05 ^Sex-wise and State-wise comparisons of progress of education among
0140H05 the children belonging to these communities have also been made. ^The
0150H05 coefficient of equality at different levels of education in respect of
0160H05 these communities has also been worked out.
0170H05 $3. ^The population statistics included in this Report are estimated on
0180H05 the basis of 1971 Census figures. ^No attempt has been made to_ draw
0190H05 any inference or insinuation based upon the factual data depicted in the
0200H05 report, although some analysis of the data has been given wherever desirable
0210H05 in order to_ highlight the progress of education among the children
0220H05 of various age-groups belonging to these communities.
0230H05 $4. ^The State-wise details of progress made in providing educational facilities
0240H05 to the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Communities are
0250H05 presented in Appendices 'A' and 'B' respectively.
0260H05 $5. ^The Ministry of Education & Social Welfare highly appreciates
0270H05 the assistance of all the State Governments and Administrations of
0280H05 Union Territories who supplied the basic statistics for the preparation
0290H05 of this report. ^Suggestions for making the report more useful in future
0300H05 may please be addressed to the Deputy Secretary (Planning) in this
0310H05 Ministry $*<*SUMMARY*> $^There has been a tremendous expansion in
0320H05 the provision of educational facilities in India. ^Remarkable increase
0330H05 has been noticed in the number of institutions of different types, enrolment
0340H05 therein, number of teachers employed and the educational expenditure
0350H05 incurred thereon. ^Table *=1 below, which gives the percentage
0360H05 of coverage of the population of all communities of different school-going
0370H05 age-groups, indicates at a glance the significant developments that_
0380H05 have taken place in the field of education since 1960-61:--
0390H05 $^Table *=1-- Enrolment as percentage of the population of relevant age-groups
0400H05 by stages of General School Education. **[table**]
0410H05 $2. ^Although all-round expansion of education has been witnessed yet it
0420H05 has not spread over uniformly in the country. ^There still remain certain
0430H05 areas and social communities as well as some groups of population
0440H05 which lag far behind others in the development of education. ^Special efforts
0450H05 are, therefore, required to_ be made to_ accelerate the pace of educational
0460H05 development in such backward areas, special groups of population
0470H05 like girls, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, backward classes
0480H05 and other communities living in hill areas.
0490H05 $3. ^The percentage of enrolment of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
0500H05 to the enrolment of all communities increased from 10.7 and 4.2 in
0510H05 1971-72 to 10.8 and 4.5 in 1972-73 respectively. ^In terms of Coefficient
0520H05 of equality, the overall position improved slightly from 73.3% to
0530H05 74.0%, in the case of Scheduled Castes and improved significantly though
0540H05 still lagging behind the position achieved by Scheduled Castes from
0550H05 60.9% to 65.2% in the case of Scheduled Tribes during this period.
0560H05 $^State-wise details of enrolment of children belonging to the Scheduled
0570H05 Castes and Scheduled Tribes studying in various types of educational
0580H05 institutions are given in the statements included in Appendices (A)
0590H05 and (B) respectively of the report.
0600H05 $4. ^If a fair deal had been given to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
0610H05 Tribes, the Coefficient of equality should have been 100, or in other
0620H05 words the proportion of the enrolment of Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled
0630H05 Tribes to total enrolment should have been equal to the proportion of
0640H05 population of Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes to total population
0650H05 and its percentage equal to 100. ^An index of greater than 100 implies
0660H05 that the educational advance of Scheduled Castes/ Tribes is more
0670H05 than that_ of the total population and thereby shows that there are
0680H05 some other social groups in the general population whose condition is even
0690H05 worse than that_ of the Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes. ^If
0700H05 this index is less than 100 it may be concluded that the Scheduled Castes/
0710H05 Tribes have still some lee-way to_ make. ^In such cases, special
0720H05 efforts are needed to_ be made to_ improve their enrolment. ^The smaller
0730H05 the coefficient of equality, the greater the need for making such efforts.
0740H05 ^The Coefficient of equality of 74.0% in case of Scheduled Castes
0750H05 and only 65.2% in case of Scheduled Tribes indicates the extent to
0760H05 which educational facilities were availed by these communities in 1972-73.
0770H05 ^This index also highlights the effort that_ is required to_ improve
0771H05 conditions which may attract children of these communities
0780H05 to educational institutions.
0790H05 $5. ^For analysis of this subject in details separately for Scheduled
0800H05 Castes and Scheduled Tribes this report has been divided into two parts.
0810H05 ^Part *=1 relates to the educational development of Scheduled
0820H05 Castes and Part *=2 deals with the educational development of Scheduled
0830H05 Tribes. $*<*3PART-- *=1*0*> $*<*3EDUCATIONAL
0840H05 FACILITIES FOR SCHEDULED CASTES: *=1*0*> $*<A. Population*>
0850H05 $6. ^The population of Scheduled Castes as per the 1971 Census was
0860H05 about 80 million which formed 14.6% of the total population of India.
0870H05 ^State-wise break-up of the population of this community as well as
0880H05 its percentage to total population are given in Table 3 on the next page.
0890H05 $^The co-efficient of equality of Scheduled Castes in 1971-72 was
0900H05 more than 100 in case of Assam, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur,
0910H05 Meghalaya, Tripura and Dadra & Nagar Haveli. ^In 1972-73 also
0920H05 this co-efficient in these States and Union Territories remained more
0930H05 than 100. \0^I.e. Co-efficient of equality was less than the national
0940H05 average of 74.0 in case of Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu
0950H05 & Kashmir, Karnataka, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal,
0960H05 Chandigarh and Delhi.
0970H05 $*<E. Progress of Enrolment by types of institutions.*> $12.
0980H05 ^A general review of the progress of enrolment of Scheduled Castes
0990H05 during the years 1971-72 and 1972-73 indicates an overall improvement.
1000H05 ^However, the position varied from State to State and also over various
1010H05 types of institutions. ^Statements *=2 to *=14 in Appendix 'A' indicate
1020H05 State-wise progress of enrolment of Scheduled Castes in various
1030H05 types of educational institutions.
1040H05 $13. ^A brief comparative review of the progress of enrolment of Scheduled
1050H05 Castes as percentage to the total enrolment and the co-efficient
1060H05 of equality for the years 1971-72 and 1972-73 in various types of educational
1070H05 institutions is given in the following paragraphs:--
1080H05 $*<(**=1) Pre-Primary Schools.*>
1090H05 $^The total enrolment in Pre-Primary Schools in the country increased
1100H05 from 2.98 *4lakhs in 1971-72 to 3.47 *4lakhs in 1972-73 thus registering
1110H05 an increase of 16.4% during this period. ^The corresponding enrolment
1120H05 of Scheduled Castes increased from 21,123 (7.1% of the total) in 1971-72
1130H05 to 23,666 (6.8%) of the total in 1972-73. ^As seen from Statement
1140H05 *=2 in Appendix 'A' the maximum increase in the enrolment of Scheduled
1150H05 Castes in pre-primary schools was reported by Karnataka, where it increased
1170H05 from 4,351 in 1971-72 to 6,172 in 1972-73. ^The State-wise percentage
1180H05 of enrolment and co-efficient of equality are indicated in Table
1190H05 8 below. ^Enrolment figures are given in statement *=2 of Appendix
1200H05 'A'. $Table-8: Percentage enrolment and Co-efficient of Equality
1210H05 of Scheduled Castes in Pre-Primary Schools. **[table**]
1220H05 $*<(**=2) Primary Schools*> $^The
1230H05 total enrolment in Primary Schools in the country increased from 423.72
1240H05 *4lakhs in 1971-72 to 452.78 *4lakhs in 1972-73 showing an increase
1250H05 of 6.9% during the year 1972-73. ^The corresponding enrolment of Scheduled
1260H05 Castes increased from 54.97 *4lakhs in 1971-72 to 58.50 *4lakhs in
1270H05 1972-73, thus, registering an increase of 6.4% during the year 1971-72.
1280H05 ^Percentage enrolment of Scheduled Castes to the total enrolment in
1290H05 primary Schools was 13.0 in 1971-72 which decreased slightly to 12.9 in
1300H05 1972-73. ^Figures for the co-efficient of equality were 89.0% and 88.4%
1310H05 in the years 1971-72 and 1972-73 respectively. ^*State-wise position of
1320H05 these percentage is shown in Table 9 below. ^However, details of enrolment
1330H05 of Scheduled Castes in Primary Schools by States and Union Territories
1340H05 for the years 1971-72 and 1972-73 are given in Statement *=3
1350H05 of Appendix 'A'. $Table- 9: Percentage enrolment and Co-efficient
1360H05 of Equality of Scheduled Castes in Primary/ Junior Basic
1370H05 Schools. **[table**] $*<(**=3) Middle Schools*>
1390H05 $^The total enrolment in Middle/ Senior Basic Schools in the country
1400H05 increased from 208.45 *4lakhs in 1971-72 to 216.83 *4lakhs in 1972-73 registering
1410H05 an increase of 4.0%. ^Corresponding enrolment of Scheduled
1420H05 Caste students increased from 18.99 *4lakhs in 1971-72 to 20.35 *4lakhs
1430H05 in 1972-73. ^Percentage enrolment of Scheduled Castes to total enrolment
1440H05 showed an increase from 9.1 in 1971-72 to 9.4 in 1972-73 and consequently
1450H05 the co-efficient of equality also increased from 62.3 in 1971-72
1460H05 to 64.4 in 1972-73. ^*State-wise figures of percentage and co-efficient
1470H05 of equality are shown in Table 10 given below. ^Enrolment figures have
1480H05 been given in Statement *=4 of Appendix 'A'.
1490H05 $Table 10- Percentage enrolment and Co-efficient of Equality of Scheduled
1500H05 Castes in Middle/ Senior Basic Schools. **[table**]
1510H05 $*<(**=4) High/ Higher Secondary Schools.*>
1520H05 $^Total enrolment in High/ Higher Secondary Schools for the country
1530H05 as a whole increased from 164.15 *4lakhs in 1971-72 to 170.19 *4lakhs in
1540H05 1972-73 registering an increase of 3.7%. ^Enrolment of Scheduled Caste
1550H05 students was 13.11 *4lakhs in 1971-72 which increased to 14.11 *4lakhs
1560H05 in 1972-73, showing an increase of 7.6% during 1972-73. ^Percentage
1570H05 enrolment of Scheduled Caste students to the total enrolment showed an
1580H05 increase from 8.0 in 1971-72 to 8.3 in 1972-73 and consequently the co-efficient
1590H05 of equality also increased from 54.8% in 1971-72 to 56.8% in
1600H05 1972-73. ^Percentage enrolment and co-efficient of equality by States are
1610H05 shown in Table 11 below. ^Enrolment figures are given in statement *=5
1620H05 of Appendix 'A'.
1630H05 $Table 11: Percentage enrolment and Co-efficient of Equality of
1640H05 Scheduled Castes in High/ Higher Secondary Schools. **[table**]
1650H05 $*<(**=5) Schools for Vocational and Technical Education.*>
1660H05 $^Total enrolment in Vocational and Technical schools in the country
1670H05 was 1,70,157 in 1971-72. ^Of this, the number of Scheduled Caste
1680H05 students was 15,347 and formed 9.0 per cent of the total enrolment.
1690H05 ^In 1972-73, the total enrolment of all communities in these schools increased
1710H05 to 1,72,450 and the enrolment of Scheduled Castes students increased
1720H05 to 16,500 forming 9.6 percent of the total enrolment. ^Corresponding
1730H05 co-efficient of equality increased from 61.6% in 1971-72 to 65.8%
1740H05 in 1972-73. ^*State-wise enrolment percentage and the co-efficient of
1750H05 equality have been indicated in Table 12 below. ^The enrolment
1760H05 figures may be seen from Statement *=6 of Appendix 'A'. $Table 12:
1770H05 Percentage Enrolment and Co-efficient of Equality of Scheduled
1780H05 Castes in Vocational/ Technical schools. **[table**]
1790H05 $*<(**=6) Schools for Special Education.*>
1800H05 $^Schools for physically and mentally handicapped children and the reformatories
1810H05 are generally taken under schools for Special Education. ^In
1820H05 the year 1971-72, 27,637 students from all communities were enrolled in
1830H05 these institutions of which 2,147 were scheduled caste students. ^These
1840H05 students formed 7.8 percent of the total enrolment in the year 1972-73.
1860H05 ^Total enrolment increased to 28,549 of which 2,795 were scheduled caste
1870H05 students. ^*Scheduled Caste students formed 9.8 per cent of the total
1880H05 enrolment. ^The corresponding coefficient of equality for Schduled Caste
1890H05 enrolment increased from 53.4% in 1971-72 to 67.1% in 1972-73. ^The
1900H05 State-wise figures of percentage enrolment and coefficient of equality
1910H05 are delineated in Table 13 as below. ^Enrolment figures may be seen
1920H05 from Statement *=7 of the Appendix 'A'.
1930H05 $Table 13: Percentage Enrolment and Co-efficient of Equality of Scheduled
1940H05 Castes in Special education schools. **[table**]*#
        **[no. of words = 01902**]

        **[txt. h06**]
0010H06 **<*3GENERAL SURVEY*0**> $^In
0020H06 pursuance of the National Policy on Education, the educational programmes
0030H06 included in the Fourth Plan continued to_ maintain their progress
0040H06 during 1971-72; but the programmes could not be executed fully due to
0050H06 financial constraints as a result of border conflicts with the Pakistan.
0070H06 $^Out of the Plan allocation of \0Rs. 822 *4crores for education, a
0080H06 Plan provision of \0Rs. 157.74 *4crores was approved by the Planning
0090H06 Commission for the year 1971-72. ^Out of this \0Rs 105.35 *4crores was
0100H06 in the State sector and \0Rs. 52.39 *4crores in the Central sector.
0110H06 ^The total budget of the Ministry of Education and Social Welfare was
0120H06 \0Rs. 85.17 *4crores (Plan and Non-plan) and constituted 2.9 per ceent
0130H06 of the total budget on revenue account.
0140H06 $^A brief account of the main activities in the field of education during
0150H06 the year under report is given below:--
0160H06 $*<(**=1) *3Elementary Education*0*>
0170H06 $^In order to_ give a fillip to the realisation of elementary education,
0180H06 a Central scheme of appointment of 3,000 additional primary teachers and
0190H06 240 Assistant Inspectors of Schools were evolved during the year.
0200H06 ^Besides, \0Rs. 27 *4lakhs were provided for giving free textbooks and
0210H06 stationery to about 9 *4lakhs beneficiaries, and \0Rs. 25.8 *4lakhs were
0220H06 provided for the expansion of midday meal facilities in schools, all over
0230H06 the country. ^Financial sanction was also given for the introduction
0240H06 of work-experience in 1,000 selected middle schools in the country in
0250H06 order to_ give a practical bias to the curriculum of elementary stage.
0260H06 $*<(**=2) *3Secondary Education*0*>
0270H06 $^The qualitative improvement of science and medical education at the various
0280H06 levels of school education continued to_ receive priority; and under
0290H06 the \0Unesco/ \0Unicef assisted pilot project for improvement of science
0300H06 education, instructional materials were provided to schools and training
0310H06 given to key personnel.
0320H06 $*<(**=3) *3Education of Girls & Women*0*> $^The
0330H06 recommendations of the National Council for Women*'s Education made
0340H06 at its twelfth meeting for the promotion of the girls education *8*3vis-a-vis*0*9
0350H06 the recruitment of women teachers, literacy programmes for
0360H06 women, construction of hostels for girls, \0etc., were accepted and implemented
0370H06 by ten States and five Union Territories.
0380H06 $*<(**=4) *3University and Higher Education*0*>
0390H06 $^Two new universities, \0viz., Cochin University and Kerala Agricultural
0400H06 University (Trichur) were established during the year. ^Besides,
0410H06 the University Grants Commission gave its concurrence for the establishment
0420H06 of a university at Pondicherry. ^The recommendations made by the
0430H06 Gajendragadkar Committee relating to size of university, university
0440H06 autonomy and block grants, the role of Central universities, students*'
0450H06 participation in university administration, \0etc., were accepted in principle
0460H06 by the University Grants Commission and the Government of India.
0480H06 $^The University Grants Commission initiated a scheme relating to the
0490H06 award of National Scholarships intended to_ relieve teachers of outstanding
0500H06 eminence from their normal duties for a year or two to_ enable them
0510H06 to_ give their time and attention to research. ^The scheme envisages
0520H06 the award of emoluments payable to the teachers equivalent to their salaries
0530H06 and other allowances and a grant of \0Rs. 3000 each year for secretarial
0540H06 assistance, travel and other expenses on contingencies. ^Besides,
0550H06 there was a provision of making available an additional contingent grant
0560H06 upto \0Rs. 2000 per annum, wherever considered essential. ^Under this
0570H06 scheme, one national scholarship was provided in social sciences in the
0580H06 year 1971-72.
0590H06 $^The University Grants Commission decided to_ make available grants
0600H06 for computers to the Universities in addition to the Fourth Plan allocations
0610H06 for their development programmes. ^The proposal of the Indian Institute
0620H06 of Science for the development of computers facilities was
0630H06 accepted.
0640H06 $^The Government of India accepted the recommendations of the University
0650H06 Grants Commission for the revision of pay scales of the univeristy
0660H06 and college teachers and agreed to_ give special assistance to the State
0670H06 Government covering 80 per cent of the cost of implementing the recommendations
0680H06 \0w.e.f. 1st April, 1966 for a period of five years endingMarch
0690H06 31st, 1971.
0700H06 $(**=5* *<*3Technical Education*0*> $^There
0710H06 was no further expansion in the facilities for technical education
0720H06 at the degree and diploma levels and the actual admission was maintained
0730H06 at the reduced level. ^In 1971-72, 18,197 students were admitted to the
0740H06 first degree courses in engineering and technical education and 33,154
0750H06 students admitted to various diploma courses.
0760H06 $^The number of places for the training of serving teachers at master*'s
0770H06 and doctoral level was increased to 200 to_ meet the increasing demand
0780H06 for training facilities for various institutions.
0790H06 $^The programme of practical training for teachers in industry was initiated
0800H06 in 1971-72 and a little over 250 teachers were deputed for practical
0810H06 training in various public and private sector industrial establishments.
0820H06 ^For the training of polytechnic teachers, four Regional Training institutions
0830H06 have been established which offer a wide range of facilities,
0840H06 particularly in-service training of polytechnic techers. ^In addition,
0850H06 special provision has been made at the Institute of Technology to_ train
0860H06 teachers of engineering colleges for the Master*'s and \0Ph.D. degree,
0871H06 $^The programme of sandwich courses for improving the practical content
0872H06 of degree and diploma courses, introduced in 1970-71, was further extended,
0873H06 thus covering a total number of 40 institutions in 1971-72. ^The
0874H06 programme envisages co-operation with industry to_ integrate theoretical
0875H06 engineering education with actual practical experience.
0880H06 $^At the National Institute for Training in Industrial Engineering
0890H06 Bombay, a full-time post-graduate course in Industrial Engineering was
0900H06 started in July, 1971 with an admission of 19. ^The Institutes of
0910H06 Management at Hyderabad and Calcutta introduced \0Ph.D. course in Management.
0920H06 ^In the Ahmedabad Institute, a computer and a one-year programme
0930H06 in Management for Agricultural **[sic**] was started with an
0940H06 admission of 40 students.
0950H06 $^A high power committee was set up to_ review the set-up of the 14 Regional
0960H06 Engineering colleges in the country and to_ recommend measures for
0970H06 their further development and financial arrangements necessary for the
0980H06 maintenance of these colleges in the future.
0990H06 $*<(**=6) *3Social Education*0*>
1000H06 $^There has been a greater involvment of the universities who took up adult
1010H06 education as an important component of their programmes of National
1020H06 Service Scheme.
1030H06 $^Further, in pursuance of the recommendations of the National Board of
1040H06 Adult Education, it was decided to_ initiate pilot projects towards
1050H06 the speeding up of adult literacy in selected districts, intended to_ cover
1060H06 about 6 million illiterate adults in the first phase of the Fourth
1070H06 Plan period. ^The programme of functional literacy taken up in 100 high
1080H06 yielding varieties and in operation in 60 districts in 1970-71 was extended
1090H06 to_ cover 80 districts in 1971-72.
1100H06 $*<(**=7) *3Physical Education*0*>
1110H06 $^The organisation of the National Physical Effciency Drive, has been
1120H06 entrusted to the Lakshmibai College of Physical Education, Gwalior
1130H06 \0w.e.f. the year 1971-72. ^The participation target was increased from
1140H06 10.6 *4lakhs to 18.5 *4lakhs during the year under report.
1150H06 $*<(**=8) *3Scholarships*0*> $^During
1160H06 the year, 400 scholarships and fellowships were offered by various
1170H06 foreign Governments and organisations to Indian nationals for study,
1180H06 research and training abroad. ^Of these, 301 scholarships were utilised.
1190H06 ^99 scholars from foreign countries came to India for research work
1200H06 or studies in the various fields of edcuation under the Government of
1210H06 India*'s scholarship schemes. ^Besides, schemes of Overseas Scholarships
1220H06 for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, National Scholarships
1230H06 Scheme for the Children of School Teachers, Junior National Scholarships
1240H06 Scheme and various other scholarships schemes for studies in
1250H06 India were continued.
1260H06 $^A new scheme, \0viz., National Scholarships Scheme for Study Abroad,
1270H06 was initiated in 1971-72 to_ provide financial assistance to
1280H06 meritorious students who do not have the means to_ go abroad for post-graduate
1290H06 studies. ^58 student scholars were selected. $^Another
1300H06 new scheme, "National Scholarships at the Secondary Stage for
1310H06 Talented Students of Rural Areas", was instituted \0w.e.f. 1971-72
1320H06 with the object of achieving greater equalization of education of rural
1330H06 talent for the purposes of promoting National Integration. ^The
1340H06 scheme is being administered as a Central Scheme through the State Govenments
1350H06 who make the selections. $*<(**=9) *3Book Promotion*0*> $^The
1370H06 various programmes for the book promotion \0viz., providing support
1380H06 for the writing of quality books at University level, republication of
1390H06 low-priced editions of standard works originally published in \0U.S.A.,
1400H06 \0U.K. and \0USSR, production of books in core subjects, reduction
1410H06 of prices of university books by means of subsidies, \0etc., were continued
1420H06 during the year.
1430H06 $^In pursuance of recommendation of the second meeting of the National
1450H06 Board of School Textbooks held in May, 1976, the problem of modern management
1460H06 techniques in textbook production was taken up for study by Department
1480H06 of Textbooks of the \0N.C.E.R.T.
1490H06 $^As part of the International Book Year Celebrations in India, the
1500H06 National Book Trust organised in cooperation with the Federation of
1510H06 Publishers and Booksellers Associations in India, a World Book
1520H06 Fair at Windsor Place, New Delhi, from 18th March to 4th April,
1530H06 1972. ^Outstanding books published in India since independence were exhibited
1540H06 at this Fair. $^A
1550H06 National Writers*' Camp was held during the World Book Fair from
1560H06 March 26 to 31, 1972 in which about 100 eminent writers in various Indian
1570H06 Languages and English participated and presented papers on various
1590H06 topics. $*<(**=10) 3Development of Languages*0*> $^A
1600H06 Conference of eminent Linguists and sociologists was held in the Central
1610H06 Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore from October 11-13, 1971
1620H06 to_ draw a blue-print for the proposed Socio-linguistic Survery of
1630H06 India. ^The Conference resolved that survey projects be undertaken by
1640H06 the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, University Departments
1650H06 of Linguistic and Social Sciences and other adequately manned
1660H06 institutions. $^A conference
1670H06 on Language Instruction through Mass Media was held in
1680H06 December, 1971, at Mysore and was attended by the linguists, phychologists
1690H06 and mass media experts. ^The Conference discussed the nature and type
1700H06 of instructional material to_ be prepared, steps to_ be taken to_ prepare
1710H06 such material, and to_ frame general guidelines for the implementation
1720H06 of these programmes. $*<(**=11) *3National Integration*0*>
1740H06 $^On the suggestion of Committee of Educationists and Students*' leaders
1750H06 for evolving a suitable National emblem for the National Integration
1760H06 *4Samitis, an All India Competition was held inviting entries from
1770H06 the students of universities, colleges and art colleges for selecting
1780H06 the best entries and for awarding the cash prize of \0Rs. 3000 for the same.
1800H06 $^First meeting of the Review Committee on National Integration Programmes
1810H06 in the Ministry of Education and Social Welfare was held on
1820H06 10th February, 1972 to_ review the various programmes being implemented
1830H06 and having a direct and indirect bearing on the promotion of National
1840H06 Integration. ^The Committee gave its suggestion for modifying, strengthening
1850H06 and expanding existing programmes for achieving National Integration.
1860H06 $*<*3STATISTICS*0*> $*<*3Institutions*0*>
1890H06 $^The total number of educational institutions in the country decreased
1900H06 from 6,53,493 in 1970-71 to 5,97,117 in 1971-72. this shows a decrease of
1910H06 8.6 per cent over the previous year. ^It will be seen from Table 1.01
1920H06 that even though there was a decrease in the number of institutions of
1930H06 certain types which was very nominal, and abnormal decrease to the extent
1940H06 of 69.8 per cent was observed in the case of schools for social (adult)
1950H06 education which decreased mainly in Maharashtra State. ^Excluding social
1960H06 (adult) education schools, the total number of educational institutions
1970H06 in the country increased from 5,52,374 in 1970-71 to 5,66,616, showing
1980H06 an increase of 2.6 per cent as against 1.9 per cent in the pervious
1990H06 year. ^Barring a few types of institutions which recorded a decrease, and
2000H06 a few others whose number remained stationary, increase was observed in
2010H06 all other types of institutions. ^The break-up of total number of institutions
2020H06 by type of education with comparative figures for the previous
2030H06 year is given in Table 1.01. $*<*3Enrolment*0*> $^The total
2050H06 number of pupils receiving instruction in all types of recognised institutions
2060H06 increased by 21,65,872 from 8,24,03,400 (5,39,77,399 boys and
2070H06 2,84,26,001 girls) in 1970-71 to 8,45,69,272 (5,53,63,683 boys and
2080H06 2,92,05,589 girls) in 1971-72, which gives an increase of 2.6 per cent.
2090H06 ^The corresponding increase in the previous year was 1.7 per cent. ^Girl
2100H06 students constituted 34.5 per cent of the total enrolment as compared
2110H06 to 34.7 per cent during 1970-71. ^Barring a few, all types of institutions
2120H06 showed an increase in enrolment. ^As was expected, the maximum increase
2130H06 in enrolment was in primary schools (12,19,218), followed by middle
2170H06 schools (6,99,727) and high/ higher secondary schools (3,96,557). ^Substantial
2180H06 decrease was reported by social (adult) education schools (6,19,464)
2190H06 due to discontinuation of social (adult) education centres in Maharashtra
2200H06 State, as already mentioned.*#
        **[no. of words = o2014**]

        **[txt. h07**]
0010H07 ^The ergot occurs in parts of India and is known to_ cause substantial
0020H07 losses. ^High-yielding hybrids have been found specially susceptible.
0030H07 $^The symptoms are seen on the ears. ^The first symptom is the appearance
0040H07 of sticky substance over the spikelets. ^This is called the honey-dew
0050H07 stage. ^The honey-dew attracts insects which in turn pick up the conidia
0060H07 of the fungus from the honey-dew and take them to other spikelets. ^This
0070H07 is how the disease spreads. ^Later the honey-dew disappears and instead
0080H07 of normal grains, purplish-brown, irregular structures are formed and
0090H07 these are two or three times longer than the healthy grains.
0100H07 $^At the time of threshing the sclerotia get mixed with the normal
0110H07 grains. ^When such seed is sown, the sclerotia find entry into the soil.
0120H07 ^Sclerotia are also known to_ survive in the soil. ^Sclerotia possibly
0130H07 serve as source of primary infection at the time of ear emergence.
0140H07 $^The sclerotia contain water-soluble alkaloids which are poisonous to
0150H07 human beings and cattle. ^The freshly formed sclerotia contain 1.0 per
0160H07 cent alkaloid and while 6-month-old ones contain 0.4 per cent
0170H07 (Sundaram, 1969). $*<*3CONTROL*0*> $1. Use of certified seed.
0200H07 $2. ^Soaking of seed in 10 per cent solution of common salt
0210H07 makes the sclerotia float on the surface. ^These sclerotia then
0220H07 can be removed mechanically (Nene and Singh, 1976). ^Seeds are removed
0230H07 from the solution washed in water, sun-dried, and then treated with
0240H07 Thiram or Agrosan \0GN (0.25 per cent). $3. ^A crop rotation giving
0250H07 a three-year break between two *4bajra crops reduces soil-borne inoculum.
0270H07 $4. ^A periodic ploughing of the field which had infected crop has
0280H07 been claimed to_ be effective in reducing infection in the succeeding
0290H07 crop (Kulkarni, 1967). $*<*3Green ear disease or downy mildew*0*>
0300H07 (*8Sclerospora granunicola (\0sacc.) Schroet*9*0>)$^This
0320H07 disease is quite common all over India. ^*Mitter and Tandon (1930)
0330H07 estimated the loss due to the disease at about 45 per cent while
0350H07 Chaudhari (1932) reported complete loss in case of severe infection. ^*Mathur
0370H07 and Dalela (1971) reported the loss in *4bajra yield in Rajasthan
0380H07 only to the tune of \0Rs. 23.37 millions in 1964.
0390H07 $^Two distinct symptoms are observed. ^The green ear symptoms involve
0400H07 malformation of the ear. ^The spikelets get transformed into leafy
0410H07 structures which are twisted in appearance. ^Usually the whole ear shows
0420H07 malformation, although partial deformity can also be seen. ^The downy
0430H07 mildew symptoms are seen on the leaves. ^The affected plants become
0440H07 pale-yellow and stunted. ^Leaves show chlorotic, parallel streaks. ^On the
0450H07 under surface of such leaves, the downy growth of the fungus can be
0460H07 seen. ^Later, the chlorotic streaks turn brown and there may be shredding
0470H07 of leaves.
0480H07 $^Seeds produced on the partially proliferated ears have been claimed
0490H07 to_ be an important source of perpetuation and annual recurrence of the
0500H07 disease (Arya and Sharma, 1962). ^It seems to_ be generally accepted
0510H07 that seeds carry oospores on their surfaces and these serve as source of
0520H07 primary infection in addition to oospores present in the soil from previous
0530H07 crop seasons (Nene and Singh, 1976). ^There is yet no acceptable
0540H07 evidence in favour of internal seed transmission. $*<CONTROL*> $1.
0550H07 Use of certified seed. $2. Crop rotation. $**<SUGARCANE**>
0590H07 $*<*3Whip smut (*3*8Ustilago scitaminea*9 \0*3Syd.)*>
0600H07 $^The whip smut is a well-known disease of sugarcane. ^The disease was
0610H07 first reported from India by Sydow and Butler in 1906.
0620H07 $^The characteristic symptoms of the smut are the production of a
0630H07 whip-like, sooty black shoot produced from the top of the affected plant.
0640H07 ^This whip-like shoot is several feet long and curved. ^In the
0650H07 beginning the shoot is covered by a white silvery membrane which later
0660H07 ruptures and releases the spores (Ajrekar, 1916). ^Affected plants normally
0670H07 produce thin canes. $^The fungus survives in the form of mycelium
0680H07 in the setts, ratooned stumps, and as spores on buds of the setts
0690H07 (Ajrekar, 1916; Chona, 1943). $*<*3CONTROL*0*> $1. ^Removing the whips
0710H07 carefully and burning them. $2. ^Selecting the setts from disease-free
0720H07 area.
0730H07 $3. Treatment of setts: ^Use of mercuric chloride solution (\01kg/1000
0740H07 litres) or a 6 per cent organo-mercurial (\0e.g. *7Aretan. \0etc.) at
0750H07 5 \0kg/1000 litres of water for dipping the setts for about 5 minutes
0760H07 gives excellent control of seed-borne infection. $4. ^Ratooning should
0780H07 not be done if incidence is fairly high in the main crop.
0800H07 $*<*3Red rot*0 (*3*8Colletotrichum falcatum*9*0 *3went*0)*>
0810H07 $^The red rot is one of the most serious problems in sugarcane cultivation.
0820H07 ^In 1939-40, it caused heavy losses (Chona and Padwick, 1942).
0830H07 $^The whole plant shows the symptoms. ^The leaves lose their colour and
0840H07 drop down. ^The entire tip of the plant may wither. ^Later on the canes
0850H07 are affected, which become shrivelled with narrow rind. ^Such canes if
0860H07 cut open, exhibit reddened pith with white bands of fibres. ^In severe
0870H07 infections the reddened pith turns to brown in colour. ^Juice of the affected
0880H07 canes gives a bad smell. ^On the rinds of affected canes, a few minute
0890H07 dots of fungus also appear (Singh and Singh, 1961; Chona and Sharma,
0900H07 1961) (fig. 7). $^The
0910H07 fungus survives in or on setts as well as in the soil. ^The setts obtained
0920H07 from the diseased plants carry the mycelium. ^The acervuli enable
0930H07 the fungus to_ survive on the surface of the setts. ^The fungus survives
0940H07 on the dead plant refuse in the soil (Chona, 1950; Padwick, 1940).
0950H07 $*<*3CONTROL*0*> $1. Growing recommended varieties and changing them
0960H07 every five years. $2. Selecting well-drained soil. $3. Selecting
0980H07 the setts from disease-free plants. $4. Avoid ratooning. $5. Following
1000H07 a three-year rotation with some other crop. $6. Destroying diseased
1020H07 plants. $7. Burning the trash of the crop after harvest. $*<*3Wilt*0
1030H07 (*3*8cephalosporium sacchari*9*0 *3Butler*0)*> $^The disease was first
1040H07 reported from India by Butler and Khan (1913). ^Occasionally the
1060H07 disease has caused heavy losses in several sugarcane-growing areas.
1070H07 $^Wilt is generally found associated with red rot and symptoms of wilt
1080H07 and red rot are more or less similar. ^Symptoms are generally visible
1090H07 when plants are about half-grown. ^Plants in groups become stunted and look
1110H07 pale. ^This is followed by a gradual withering of the cane. ^The canes
1120H07 become dry and thin. ^On splitting the canes, the reddening of the
1130H07 tissues of the pith is observed without any white bands which is the characteristic
1140H07 of the red rot. ^Affected canes give bad smell.
1150H07 $^The fungus survives as mycelium in the setts or in the plant refuse.
1160H07 ^The duration of survival has been shown to_ be between 27-31 months
1170H07 (Ganguly and Ramanujam, 1959). $*<*3CONTROL*0*>
1190H07 $^The control measures are similar to those given under red rot.
1200H07 $*<*3Grassy shoot and mosaic*0*> $^The
1210H07 disease was first reported from Bombay in 1949 (Vasudeva, 1955). ^It
1220H07 was described under different names, like 'chlorosis', 'new chlorotic disease',
1230H07 'albino', and 'yellowing disease'. ^*Singh and Singh (1963) reported
1240H07 that these maladies were identical with grassy shoot disease. ^This
1250H07 disease has been observed in a large number of sugarcane varieties.
1260H07 ^It has been seen to_ cause substantial reduction in the yield of sugarcane
1270H07 and sugar per acre as affected stools produce few millable canes (Singh
1280H07 and Shukla, 1967). ^It is feared that some of the varieties now under
1290H07 cultivation may have to_ be given up because of their susceptibility
1300H07 (Singh, 1968).
1310H07 $^The characteristic symptom of the disease is the production of a number
1320H07 of thin tillers from the base of the affected stools. ^These bunches produce
1330H07 pale-yellow or chlorotic, narrow, thin small leaves. ^There is
1340H07 also production of thin tillers from the bud sprouts. ^The disease is more
1350H07 severe on ratoon crop, and the slender tillers appear as perennial
1360H07 grass and gives a grassy shoot appearance. ^Seed material from diseased
1370H07 clumps when planted, generally gives rise to diseased plants. ^The harvesting
1380H07 knife could obviously be an important means of spreading the disease
1390H07 in the field (Chona \0*8et al*9., 1960).
1400H07 $^The disease is primarily transmitted through setts and is caused by a
1410H07 virus, (Evidence indicates that the cause might be mycoplasma, personal
1420H07 communication from \0Dr. Kishan Singh). ^Insect vectors and harvesting
1430H07 implements also cause secondary infection (Chona \0*8et al*9., 1960).
1450H07 ^There are three aphids known to_ spread the virus, \0viz. *8Aphis
1460H07 maidis, A idiosacchari*9 and *8A. sacchari*9. $^Another viral disease
1480H07 of sugarcane is mosaic. ^The disease is not considered to_ cause
1490H07 serious loss. ^Symptoms differ with the variety
1500H07 but generally the affected plants look pale with yellowish chlorotic
1510H07 areas (Dastur, 1923). ^The virus perpetuates through infected canes.
1520H07 ^The spread during the season is by the insect vector, *3Aphis maidis*0
1530H07 (Chona and Seth, 1958). $*<*3CONTROL*0*>
1550H07 $1. ^Use of reliable, disease-free seed.
1560H07 $2. ^Ratooning should be avoided if the incidence in main crop is high.
1570H07 $3. ^Control of aphid through fortnightly insecticide Endrin or Malathion
1580H07 (0.1 per cent) sprays (Singh, 1968).
1590H07 $4. Hot-air treatment: ^Canes are kept in hot air at 54*@ \0C.
1600H07 for 8 hours in an airtight chamber. ^This inactivates the virus. ^The
1610H07 treated material is then cut into setts with a sterilized knife and soaked
1620H07 in an aqueous solution of ethoxyethyl mercury chloride (0.003 per cent
1630H07 mercury) for 30 minutes. ^The treated material is planted immediately
1640H07 (Singh, 1968). $**<*3POTATO*0**>
1660H07 $*<*3Late blight*0 (*8Phytophthora infestans*9 (\0Mont.) deBary)*>
1670H07 $^The late blight is a very destructive disease in the hills as well as
1680H07 in the North-Indian plains. ^Since the damage is done to the tubers also,
1690H07 the losses may be complete. ^The famous Irish famine of 1845 was primarily
1700H07 because of the failure of the potato crop due to late blight. ^*Majid
1710H07 (1950) recorded a loss of potatoes in between 10-65 per cent which
1720H07 was more pronounced in the hilly regions of Assam. ^During 1965 to 1968,
1730H07 complete destruction of the crop in many fields was observed throughout
1740H07 the Brahmaputra Valley (Roy and Das, 1968).
1750H07 $^Symptoms first appear on leaves in the form of purplish black lesions
1760H07 which under cool and moist conditions spread rapidly on the plants as well
1770H07 as to the other plants. ^In the early morning whitish growth of the fungus
1780H07 can be observed on the lesions. ^The disease spreads to haulms and
1790H07 then to the tubers. ^If the affected tubers are cut, brownish lesions can
1800H07 be noticed. ^The rot continues in the storage
1801H07 and increases during the storage (Walker, 1957).
1810H07 $^The fungus mainly survives as mycelium in the infected tubers and the
1820H07 plant refuse (Melhus, 1915, Schultz, 1953). $*<*3CONTROL*0*>
1840H07 $1. Use of disease-free tubers.
1850H07 $2. ^Watching the crop carefully for the disease particularly if there are
1860H07 heavy rains followed by cloudy weather with slight indication of the
1870H07 disease. ^Spraying should be started with Zineb or Mancozeb
1871H07 (Maneb+zinc ion)
1880H07 at 0.2 per cent. ^The spray interval should be adjusted between
1890H07 7-14 days, the interval being shorter in case of wet weather. ^In all 4-6
1900H07 sprays are required. ^The under surface of the leaf must be covered well
1910H07 (Roy and Das, 1968; Choudhuri, 1954). ^In the hills Bordeaux mixture
1920H07 (5:5:50) is more effective than Zineb (Dutt, 1962).
1930H07 $^Destruction of the plant refuse helps in reducing the inoculum.
1940H07 *<*3black scurf*0 (*8Rhizoctonia solani*9 Kuhn)*> $^The
1950H07 black scurf is an important disease of potato and reduces the market
1960H07 value of the tubers considerably. ^It is observed extensively both in the
1970H07 hills as well as plains of India (Thirumalachar, 1953). ^The disease
1980H07 incidence is more when the soil is wet and the temperature is low during
1990H07 the first few weeks of planting (Sharma and Sohi, 1965). $^The
2000H07 symptoms may appear just after the planting of infected tubers. ^This
2010H07 may be pre-emergence wilt or appearance of the lesions on the aerial
2020H07 stem. ^These lesions are elongated, sunken and brown in colour, and may
2030H07 cause premature death of the plants. ^The fungus spreads through the soil
2040H07 to other tubers and the symptoms appear in the form of black sclerotia,
2050H07 irregular in shape, sticking to the surface. ^The sclerotia may coalesce
2060H07 to_ form bigger crust on the tuber surface. ^Affected plants may be
2070H07 stunted and pale in colour (Singh, 1964) (\0fig. 8).
2080H07 $^The fungus survives as sclerotia on the tuber surface. ^The sclerotia
2090H07 remain superficial without penetrating the tuber tissue (Thirumalachar,
2100H07 1953). $*<*3CONTROL*0*> $1. Planting of healthy tubers.
2130H07 $2. Tuber dipping for 5 minutes in a 3 per cent organo-mercurial suspension
2140H07 (0.25 per cent) before planting. $3. ^Soil
2150H07 treatment with \0PCNB (33.6 \0kg/\0ha) combined with tuber treatment
2160H07 with Aretan has been found effective (Sharma and Sohi, 1965).*#
        **[no. of words = 02016**]

        **[txt. h08**]
0010H08 *<2. INSTRUCTIONAL PROCESSES*> $^One
0020H08 of the most important aspects of quality improvement of education is improving
0030H08 the instructional processes in all its aspects. ^This involves
0040H08 various features such as recruitment, development and evaluation of the
0050H08 faculty; selection of students, identifying their needs, evaluating their
0060H08 performance and giving them adequate support services. ^The continuous
0070H08 revision and updating of the curriculum to_ meet the requirements of the
0080H08 ever expanding store of knowledge is yet another important aspect of
0090H08 the instructional process. $2.*<1 *3Faculty*> $^In
0110H08 discussing educational processes it is sometimes said that the student
0120H08 is more important than the teacher, and the teacher is more important
0130H08 than the curriculum. ^This may be true generally, but in the context of
0140H08 quality improvement it is the teacher who is at the focal point. ^Improvement
0150H08 and development of the faculty therefore, will have to_ receive top
0160H08 priority if a real and meaningful improvement in quality is to_ be achieved.
0170H08 $2.1.1. *3Recruitment
0180H08 (**=1) *3Qualification: ^Faculty recruitment should be
0190H08 based on precise job descriptions. ^The minimum qualifications necessary
0200H08 for recruitment of the various categories of teaching staff should be
0210H08 carefully drawn up. ^In doing this it should be borne in mind that both
0230H08 teaching and research abilities are required of a teacher;
0240H08 and for senior teaching positions, particularly in colleges, it must
0250H08 be ensured that the persons recruited possess both these abilities. $^It
0260H08 was noted that the minimum qualifications for recruitment have been
0280H08 laid down by \0UGC/\0AICTE. ^These are considered to_ be generally
0290H08 adequate. ^The only lacuna in these is the inadequate emphasis placed
0300H08 on industrial experience. ^The commitee recommends that in addition to
0310H08 the minimum academic qualifications already laid down, for all fresh recruitment
0320H08 at least one year*'s industrial experience should be considered
0321H08 essential
0330H08 for junior categories of teaching staff (\0i.e. Lecturers and below)
0340H08 and at least two years for all senior categories (\0i.e. \0Asstt. Professors
0350H08 and above). ^All educational institutions should be urged to_
0360H08 accept these additions to the list of essential qualifications. $(**=2)
0370H08 *3Selection Procedures: ^Regarding selection procedures, it was
0380H08 realised that several procedures are possible, each with its own advantages
0390H08 and disadvantages. ^While other methods of selection could be tried
0400H08 out in selected places, it was felt that the present method of screening,
0410H08 short-listing followed by a personal interview appears to_ be satisfactory
0420H08 and may be continued. ^However, whatever be the method of selection
0430H08 employed, the Committee recommends that all recruitment should be strictly
0440H08 on merit, by open competition, on an all India basis.
0441H08 $(**=3) *3Contract Employment
0450H08 ^One of the incentives for good performance and hard work at the
0460H08 Lecturer*'s and Assistant Professor*'s level is the fact that these
0470H08 categories of staff can aspire for promotions to the next higher category.
0480H08 ^However at the level of the Professor or the Head of an Institution
0490H08 such incentives no longer exist. ^Persons at this level have to_ be
0500H08 self-motivated; but unfortunately, not all persons at this level fall into
0510H08 this category. ^In order to_ ensure that the quality of work
0511H08 done by persons
0520H08 at higher levels continues to_ be good, the Committee recommends
0530H08 that all appointments to the post of Professors and Heads of Institutions
0540H08 should be on the basis of renewable contracts, for five years at a
0550H08 time. ^This would provide check points in the careers of such persons and
0560H08 ensure sustained high quality of output. $2.1.2 *3Faculty Development:
0570H08 ^Once a teacher is recruited, his planned development is
0580H08 the key-note to the building up of a dynamic faculty. ^This
0590H08 cannot be done on an *8ad-hoc*9 basis. ^The Committee recommends that
0600H08 planned, carefully organised faculty development programmes be considered
0610H08 as being absolutely essential to the improvement of quality and should
0620H08 be started in all educational institutions. ^Although this is primarily
0630H08 a managerial responsibility of the administration (\0i.e. of the Heads
0640H08 of Departments and Heads of Institutions), this important aspect is
0650H08 discussed here because considerable responsibility devolves on the faculty
0660H08 itself to_ respond to these programmes.
0661H08 $(**=1) *3Programmes for Higher Degrees:
0670H08 ^The need for teachers to_ acquire higher qualifications is justified
0680H08 from the point of view of both the beneficial impact this has on
0690H08 the teaching process and also the fulfilment of personal aspirations of
0700H08 the teachers. $(a) *3College Teachers: ^In the case of college
0710H08 teachers a master*'s degree has now been prescribed as minimum qualification
0720H08 required for
0730H08 initial recruitment at the Lecturer*'s level. ^Besides, it was noted that
0740H08 most existing faculty members at the College level already have the
0750H08 Master*'s degrees. ^The Committee, therefore, recommends that the provision
0760H08 for Master*'s degree training in the \0QIP should be rapidly
0770H08 phased out and in its place provision should be made for training an additional
0780H08 number of \0Ph.Ds.
0781H08 $^It is estimated that there are nearly 12,000 teachers at the college
0782H08 level. ^A large number of these teachers have yet to_ acquire the Doctor*'s
0783H08 degree. ^In view of this the Committee recommends that provision
0784H08 should be made under \0QIP to_ train at least 250 teachers per
0785H08 year for the \0Ph.D. degree. $(b) *3Polytechnic Teachers: ^For
0790H08 Polytechnic teachers, a Bachelor*'s degree has
0800H08 now been prescribed as the minimum qualification required for initial
0810H08 recruitment. ^It would be desirable, therefore, to_ ensure that the existing
0820H08 faculty also satisfy this norm. ^But it was noted that out of the
0830H08 10,000 or so Polytechnic teachers in the country a very large number are
0840H08 only Diploma holders. ^The Committee, therefore, recommends that selected
0850H08 Engineering Colleges should be requested to_ organise three-year
0860H08 courses to_ enable Diploma holders to_ get Bachelor*'s degrees. ^Institutions
0870H08 which agree to_ do so should be given full financial support.
0880H08 $^The acquiring of higher degrees by Polytechnic teachers would also have
0890H08 an important feed-back on the quality of the whole system of Polytechnic
0900H08 education. ^Since the existing Master*'s degree courses available
0910H08 in the country are not considered appropriate for Polytechnic teachers,
0920H08 the Committee recommends that one year Post-graduate Diploma Courses
0930H08 for Polytechnic teachers should be started in selected institutions.
0940H08 ^These should be primarily industry oriented courses; a few could also be
0950H08 in the fields of technical education and its management. ^They could be
0960H08 organised under the present \0QIP for Polytechnic teachers by providing
0970H08 an adequate number of fellowships for this purpose. $(**=2)
0980H08 *3Short-term Courses: ^In view of the rapid changes in technology
0990H08 the risks of teacher obsolescence are very high. ^It is essential, therefore,
1000H08 that every serving teacher should be provided with opportunities
1010H08 to_ renew and update his knowledge periodically. ^This may be achieved
1020H08 by deputing teachers to short-term courses organised in all parts of the
1030H08 country on a regular basis. ^At present such courses are being organised
1040H08 through agencies like \0ISTE and the various \0QIP Centres. ^There
1050H08 is a need for better coordination of the efforts of the various agencies
1060H08 conducting these short-term courses. ^It would be better if a single
1070H08 agency were made responsible for the organisation of these courses and
1080H08 their continuous monitoring to_ ensure that the resource utilization
1090H08 is optimum. ^The Committee recommends that a National Advisory Committee,
1100H08 consisting of representatives of Central and State Governments,
1220H08 \0QIP Coordinators and \0ISTE nominees should be set up for this
1130H08 purpose. $(**=3) *3Training in Education Technology: ^It is
1150H08 not enough for a teacher to_ know what he is required to_ teach; he
1151H08 should also be able to_ teach it well. ^A teacher must be well trained
1160H08 in all aspects of education technology; his pedagogical skills must be
1170H08 well developed. ^This is important for both College and Polytechnic teachers.
1180H08 ^The four \0TTTIs are already conducting courses on many aspects
1190H08 of education technology. ^The Committee recommends that these efforts
1200H08 of the \0TTTIs be strengthened and expanded. ^Provision should also
1210H08 be made to_ organise short-term courses for the pedagogical development
1220H08 of teachers. ^While all teachers should be encouraged to_ attend at
1230H08 least one such course during their careers, fresh entrants to the profession
1240H08 should be required to_ undergo some form of formal training in education
1250H08 technology soon after joining. $(**=4) *3Industrial Training:
1260H08 ^There is a wide-spread feeling in academic circles that the present
1270H08 industrial training programmes are not satisfactory. ^This is primarily
1280H08 because teachers who go for such training are not permitted to_ do any
1290H08 meaningful work in the industy; they are treated more as remote observers
1300H08 to what goes on in the organisation than as participants. ^For the industrial
1310H08 training to_ be more beneficial, the teacher trainees must be more
1320H08 actively engaged in the work of the industry so that they can have a
1330H08 first hand impression of the problems and procedures that_ persons in industry
1340H08 have to_ tackle. ^Such training programmes must, therefore, be carefully
1350H08 planned on an individual basis so that the best advantage accrues
1360H08 to both the teacher and the industry. $^The
1370H08 present provisions of the industrial training programmes permit a teacher
1380H08 to_ go to industry only for short periods. ^This is not adequate.
1390H08 ^The Committee recommends that industrial residencies of 12 months duration
1400H08 should be created with a provision for adequate additional payment
1410H08 to the teacher during the whole period of residency.
1420H08 $2.1.3 *3Staff Appraisal: ^Teacher evaluation is a very sensitive
1430H08 issue. ^The main reason for this is the fear that the results of the
1440H08 evaluation will be used to the disadvantage of the teachers by the administration.
1450H08 ^This fear can only be removed by proper motivation. $(**=1)
1460H08 *3Staff Appraisal Schemes: ^At present staff appraisal is done primarily
1470H08 for administrative purposes. ^The confidential reports prepared hardly
1480H08 represent profiles of the strengths and weaknesses of teachers. ^A
1490H08 scientific staff appraisal scheme should be established which is based
1500H08 on a methodology acceptable to the faculty. ^The results of such an appraisal
1510H08 are necessary for identifying the needs of staff development.
1520H08 $^The Committee feels that the successful implementation of scientific
1530H08 staff appraisal schemes is necessary for quality improvement. ^This work
1540H08 of appraisal should preferably not be done by a single individual; it
1550H08 is best done by a committee consisting of internal and/ or external experts
1560H08 as may be considered necessary by the institution concerned.
1570H08 $(**=2) *3Personal Promotion Schemes: there is a lot of discontentment
1580H08 among the existing bright young faculty members who have had to_ stay
1590H08 in the same category for long periods of time because there are no
1600H08 opportunities for promotion due to lack of vacancies at the higher levels.
1610H08 ^This problem is likely to_ become more acute in the future as more young
1620H08 teachers get employed at the highest levels. ^The Committee recommends
1630H08 that for such bright young faculty members personal promotion scheme
1640H08 should be initiated by which they could be promoted, even though no vacancies
1650H08 exist at the higher levels. ^Such promotions would be on a personal
1660H08 basis. ^Financial provision should be made such that approximately
1670H08 20% of the faculty members of each lower cadre could be considered for promotion
1680H08 to the next higher cadre. ^This would provide motivation for sustained
1690H08 good work. $*<2.2 *3Curriculum*>
1710H08 $^The curriculum should be one of the most important concerns of academic
1720H08 administration. ^In the context of improvement in the quality of education
1730H08 the importance of curriculum growth and development can hardly be
1740H08 over-emphasized. ^It is a continuous process and in many countries it
1750H08 is standard practice for educational institutions to_ have standing Curriculum
1760H08 Committees who look after this work. $2.2.1
1770H08 *3Curriculum Development: ^Curriculum development work is being
1780H08 done in our country in selected educational institutions: the \0QIP
1790H08 Centres for degree-level curricula and the \0TTTIs for diploma-level
1800H08 curricula. ^It was noted that although considerable work has been done
1810H08 with respect to diploma-level curriculum development, the progress made
1820H08 in the case of degree-level work is not the same. ^The main reason for
1830H08 this appears to_ be the fact that curriculum development is being interpreted
1840H08 differently by the different \0QIP centres working on it. ^The
1850H08 Committee recommends that continued support be given to the Curriculum
1860H08 Development Centres operating at the various institutions. ^Steps should
1870H08 also be taken for the coordination of the work being done at the various
1880H08 centres and for the dissemination of the information generated at
1890H08 these Centres to all the institutions of the country. $2.2.2. *3Laboratory
1900H08 work: ^Although laboratory work has a crucial and specific role
1910H08 to_ play in both degree-level and diploma-level engineering education,
1920H08 so far not much work has been done for the improvement of laboratory
1930H08 instruction.*#
        **[no. of words = 02015**]

        **[txt. h09**]
0010H09 **<RECONNOITORY HYDROGEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN AND AROUND 41 VILLAGES $IN
0020H09 FOREST AREA OF NIGHASAN TEHSIL, LAKHIMPUR KHERI DISTRICT $UTTAR PRADESH
0030H09 $(Field Season 11976-77)**> $*<ABSTRACT*> $^Reconnoitory hydrogeological
0040H09 survey was carried out around 41 villages dispersed
0050H09 in the forest area of North Kheri division, Nighasan tehsil,
0051H09 Lakhimpur Kheri district, Uttar Pradesh. ^The area of investigation
0052H09 is underlain by Gangetic alluvium of Quaternary age. ^It consists of clay,
0053H09 *4Kankar, sands of various grades, pebbles and boulders. ^Fortyone
0060H09 dug wells were inventoried. ^The depth to water ranged between 1.35 and
0070H09 9.77 metres below land surface and temperature of formation water varied
0080H09 from 19.0 to 24.5*@ \0C. ^The data of hand pumps were also collected.
0090H09 ^There are a few shallow tubewells (cavity type) and their depth varies
0100H09 from 10.67 to 24.38 metres below ground level. ^These tubewells tap
0110H09 water table aquifer and their yield ranges between 300 and 600 litres per
0120H09 minute. ^At places, boring has been done down to a depth of 45.72 metres
0130H09 and only hard clay was encountered. ^The nature of clay did not permit
0140H09 local people **[sic**] further boring. ^It is likely to_ encounter artesian
0150H09 conditions at depths in such areas after piercing through this impermeable
0160H09 stratum. ^However, systematic hydrogeological survey is required
0170H09 to_ select suitable sites and exploratory drilling may be carried out
0180H09 to_ ascertain potentiality of deeper aquifers.
0181H09 $^There is no problem of drinking water in the area. ^The ground water
0182H09 is slightly alkaline and moderately hard. ^The chloride contents are
0183H09 within the limits of drinking water supply standards. ^The irrigation
0190H09 largely depends upon monsoon. $*<*=1. INTRODUCTION*>
0200H09 $1. ^As per item no. A/*=3 under Part-*=1 of the Field Season Programme
0210H09 of Northern Region, Central Ground Water Board for 1976-77 reconnoitory
0220H09 hydrogeological survey was carried out around 41 villages despersed
0230H09 in the forest area of North Kheri Division, Nighasan tehsil,
0240H09 Lakhimpur Kheri district. ^Out of the 41 villages 37 are forest villages
0250H09 and the rest are revenue villages. ^Out of the 37 forest villages 14
0260H09 each are located in Sonaripur and Dudwa ranges and the remaining are
0270H09 in Bankati range. $^These
0280H09 villages have been included in Integral Tribal Area Development
0290H09 Project of Uttar Pradesh Government to_ improve the socio-economic
0300H09 conditions of the inhabitants of the area. ^The project has been formulated
0310H09 by Government of Uttar Pradesh in compliance of instructions issued
0320H09 by the Planning Commission of Government of India, \0DO. letter
0330H09 \0No. *(0PC/SW/11(85)(*=4)/72*) dated the 28th November, 1974.
0331H09 ^These villages
0340H09 are mainly populated by 'Tharus' and at places surrounded by
0350H09 forest (Appendix-*=1). '^*Tharu' caste is known as one of the Scheduled
0360H09 Tribes of the State. ^Being victims of past circumstances they have
0370H09 been leading a secluded life for ages. ^They were deprived of getting
0380H09 any opportunity of associating themselves with the civilized society. ^This
0390H09 resulted in a socio-cultural gulf between the tribals and non-tribals.
0400H09 ^They are still in a primitive stage of civilization. ^The objective
0410H09 of the project is to_ remove illiteracy, poverty and backwardness from
0420H09 the area. ^This may be achieved by opening educational institutions,
0421H09 projecting
0430H09 irrigation schemes, installing small-scale industries and markets
0440H09 and other infra-structural facilities. ^This would not only raise economic
0450H09 status of 'Tharus' but would also improve their quality of life by making
0460H09 available to them the benefits bestowed on humanity by the modern
0470H09 science. $2.
0480H09 ^As ground water availability in the area is one of the most important
0490H09 components in starting the above mentioned schemes, carrying out reconnoitory
0500H09 hydrogeological survey is imperative. ^The investigation was taken
0510H09 up between 21.12.1976 and 29.12.1976 with a view to_ study ground water
0520H09 resources of the area, its present exploitation and future scope for
0530H09 ground water development. ^A total of 41 dug wells were inventoried in detail
0540H09 Hydrogeological Data of hand pumps used for drinking purposes and
0550H09 a few shallow tubewells (cavity type) were collected. ^The water samples
0560H09 from dug wells, hand pumps, tubewells and streams draining the area
0570H09 were collected for partial chemical analysis.
0580H09 $3. ^The investigation was taken up under the supervision of \0Dr. *(0B.D*)
0590H09 Pathak, Director, Central Ground Water Board, Northern Region,
0600H09 Lucknow and the author gratefully acknowledges the guidance rendered
0610H09 by him. ^The author is also thankful to \0*4S/Shri *(0N.S.*) Chopra,
0620H09 District Magistrate, Lakhimpur Kheri, *(0R.L.*) Singh, Divisional
0630H09 Forest Officer of North Kheri Division and *(0N.N.*) Sharma,
0641H09 Project Officer, Harijan and Social Welfare, Palia Kalan, Lakhimpur
0650H09 Kheri district. $*<*=2. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE*>
0670H09 $4. ^The major part of area of investigation (about 375 \0Sq. \0Kms) lies
0680H09 mainly in the forest area of North Kheri division, Nighasan tehsil
0690H09 Lakhimpur Kheri district. ^It lies between longitudes 80*@30*'5-81*@00*'5
0700H09 \0E and latitudes 28*@25*'5-28*@45*'5 \0N
0701H09 and falls in survey of India Toposheet \0Nos. 62D/10.
0710H09 14 and 15. ^The area is bounded in the north and north-east by Kingdom
0720H09 of Nepal separated by the river Mohan, in the south and south-east
0730H09 by Palia and Nighasan blocks of Lakhimpur Kheri district and in the
0740H09 west by Reserved Forest (Part of Dudwa National Park) and the Suheli
0750H09 river. ^The general slope of the area is towards south-east. ^There
0760H09 are no prominent eminences and the topographical features are governed
0770H09 by low river beds and the high banks which flank them on either side.
0780H09 the result is a series of fairly elevated plateaus, separated by streams
0790H09 flowing from north-west to south-east and each bordered by beds of
0800H09 varying width. ^The general ground elevation varies from 182.90
0810H09 \0m. in the extreme north along the river Mohan to 152.40 \0m. in the south-eastern
0820H09 corner along the river Suheli; a fall of 30 metres in about
0830H09 43 \0kms. ^The elevation of ground is 156.10 \0m. at \0Mohd. Allahuddin
0840H09 Ghauri Fort, 163.70 \0m. at Dudwa, 183.5 \0m at Gauri Ghat
0850H09 154.795 \0m. at Chandan Chauki and 144.145 \0m. at Ludaria well. $5.
0860H09 ^The major part of the area is drained by the river Mohan and the western
0870H09 and southern parts of the area are drained by the river Suheli. ^There
0880H09 are number of *4nalas, the main being Juraha and Bajahi. ^*Mohan
0890H09 river emerges from Nepal and enters into the area of investigation
0900H09 near Gauri Phanta village. ^It flows along northern, north-eastern and
0910H09 south-eastern borders of the area and joins Ghagra river. ^Initially
0920H09 it emerges as a small stream but after receiving number of tributaries namely
0930H09 Andhra, Khutia, Ghurra and Kandara, it flattens and possesses
0940H09 wider course. ^In Tehri block it is seen as a matured river with steep
0950H09 banks and a well-defined bed. ^It has a broad meandering course in the entire
0960H09 area of investigation. ^Sandy soil is deposited on either side of
0970H09 banks and fine to coarse sands are found in its bed. $6.
0980H09 ^The Suheli (or Sarju) river also emerges from Nepal and enters into
0990H09 the area in north-west. ^It flows with a very irregular course more or
1000H09 less along south-west of North Kheri division and has its confluence with
1010H09 Ghagra. ^It has an average width of about 12 metres but the depth
1020H09 is very little. ^The current is found sluggish in this river. ^It is fed
1030H09 by several tributaries most of which flow down from higher land on the
1040H09 north draining the central depression of the forest tract. ^On both sides
1050H09 of the river there are numerous channels and water courses which formerly
1060H09 contained its bulk of water. ^This river is believed to_ have, at one
1070H09 time, been joining the Sarda, but its present confluence with Ghagra
1080H09 has assumed a permanent character.
1090H09 $7. ^Besides the above rivers, the area is also drained by number of *4nalas,
1100H09 which are ephemeral. ^In the extreme north is Chhawa *4nala which
1110H09 has got wider course in the south and known as Bajahi *4nala. ^*Bajahi
1111H09 *4nala joins Jauraha *4nala at about 3.5 \0kms.
1120H09 south-south-west of Masan Khanb village. ^*Jauraha
1130H09 *4nala emerges at 1.5 \0kms. south of Chhedia village and is fed by number
1140H09 of *4nalas, in south-east. ^It is the widest *4nala and at places current
1150H09 in its water was observed during the course of investigation. ^Its
1160H09 major course falls in thick forest of the area. ^It gets flow in water
1170H09 when Bhola and other minor *4nalas, join it in the south-east. ^Ultimately
1180H09 it joins Suheli river in the further south-east. $8.
1190H09 ^There are a few perennial tanks ('*4tals'), the main being Media Tal,
1200H09 Mankanha Tal, Ranwas Tal, Mahadeva Tal and Sonai Tal. ^These taanks
1210H09 are located in the Doab between the rivers Mohan and Suheli. ^At
1220H09 one time all the country between the rivers Suheli and Mohan was a level
1230H09 high land but it was lowered by the action of central drainage channels.
1240H09 ^In the extreme north near Kajaria there is a large stretch of
1250H09 high ground which extends into Nepal. $9. *3Communications:
1260H09 ^The area is approachable through Dudwa range (10 \0km east of
1270H09 Palia Kalan) and through Bellraien range. ^There are only two
1280H09 tarred roads. ^One of these roads, starting from Palia Kalan, goes to
1290H09 Gauri Phanta via Dudwa and the other connects Dudwa with Chandan Chauki.
1300H09 ^*Gauri Phanta village is located near the boundary between India
1310H09 and Kingdom of Nepal. ^There is another long road (Bardia road) but
1320H09 it is all through *4Kuchcha and is maintained by Forest Department.
1330H09 ^It runs from Gauri Phanta to Chandan Chauki and connects Bellraien
1340H09 after touching Bela Persua. ^The major part of the area is covered
1350H09 by a network of forest roads and some of them are not jeepable. ^The
1360H09 area remains inaccessible during monsoon and the area can be approached
1370H09 by motorable road during fair weather (November to middle June). ^There
1380H09 is also a railway line which runs from Gauri Phanta and connects Bellraien
1390H09 via Dudwa and Sonaripur forest ranges.
1400H09 *<*=3. *3CLIMATE AND RAINFALL*0*> $10.
1410H09 ^The climate of the area is very unhealthy. ^Malaria is endemic and from
1420H09 time to time outbreaks of cholera occur. ^The most unhealthy months
1430H09 are August, September and October. ^In the summer months water is often
1440H09 tainted and liable to_ cause illness. ^The inhabitants ascribe the prevalence
1450H09 of fever and the resultant bowel complaints and **[sic**]
1451H09 in a large measure
1460H09 to the liquid bitumin which floats on the surface water on being kept
1470H09 for few minutes at places. ^The summer begins from 15th March and ends
1480H09 by 15th June, rainy season from 15th June to 15th October and cold
1490H09 weather from 15th October to 15th March. ^Frost frequently occurs in Phantas
1500H09 and is often severe. ^Inside the forests frosts are uncommon. ^The
1510H09 prevailing winds are westerly and they begin to_ increase in March
1520H09 and usually blow strongly in April and May, becoming excessively hot till
1530H09 monsoon outbursts. ^During the rains the low-lying areas and particularly
1540H09 south-eastern part of the area remain in state of flood and the
1550H09 area becomes accessible only in the end of November. $11. ^The rainfall
1560H09 of the area is high. ^The average rainfall in Bankati
1570H09 (7 years), Dudwa (5 years), Sonaripur (7 years) and Bellraien
1580H09 (16 years) Forest Ranges is 190.22 \0cms., 159.87 \0cms., 159.84 \0cms.
1590H09 and 136.98 \0cms. respectively. ^The daily and monthly figures of rainfall
1600H09 were not available. ^Most of the precipitation occurs between June
1610H09 and September and accounts for about 90% of the total rainfall.
1620H09 *<*=4. SURFACE WATER*> $12. ^*Mohan river, which is perennial
1630H09 in nature, forms the northern boundary
1640H09 of the area surveyed and also constitutes the International Boundary
1650H09 with Nepal. ^*Suheli river, Jauraha, Bajahi and Chhawa *4nalas, are
1660H09 the other principal drainage features in the area. $13.
1670H09 ^The discharge of Mohan river was measured at three places, \0viz.,
1680H09 at Gauri Phanta (near the road bridge) in the upstream section, near
1690H09 Najhota village downstream of above and near Gol Bojhi village further
1700H09 downstream. ^The discharge figures are given below:
1710H09 $**=1) At Gauri Phanta (near road bridge): 7110 \0M*;3**;/\0hr
1720H09 $**=2) At Najhota: 15458 \0M*;3**;/\0hr
1730H09 $**=3) At Gol Bojhi: 19246 \0M*;3**;/\0hr
1740H09 $14. ^It will be seen from the above that the discharge of Mohan river
1750H09 increases as one proceeds downstream. ^This may be due to one or both of
1760H09 the following factors:
1770H09 $**=1) ^Flow from tributaries emerges from territory of Nepal
1780H09 $**=2) ^Sub-surface flow from ground water body (base flow components)
1790H09 $15. ^In order to_ ascertain the effluent nature of this river it will
1800H09 be essential to_ draw water table contours. ^As the scope of survey was
1810H09 only of a reconnoitory nature reduced levels of wells inventoried could
1820H09 not be determined.*#
        **[no. of words = 02016**]

        **[txt. h10**]
0010H10 *<*3*=2. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE*>
0020H10 ^The area is characterised by typical desert topography comprising various
0030H10 types of sand dunes and insignificant development of drainage. ^The
0040H10 maximum height of sand dunes in the area is about 20 \0m. above general
0050H10 land surface. ^Most of these are of stable type and trend *(0NE-SW.*)
0060H10 ^A majority of the villages are located in the inter-dunal depressions
0070H10 which form the level plains of the area.
0080H10 $^The area experiences semi-arid type of climate with severe summers and
0090H10 winters and low rainfall. ^The lowest and highest temperatures in the
0091H10 area range from zero degree centigrade to 46*@\0C. ^The normal
0100H10 annual rainfall of the area as recorded at Taranagar and Rajgarh respectively
0110H10 for the past 25 years (1949 to 1973) is 30.2. and 34.2 \0cm.
0120H10 ^Data of 25 years indicate that Rajgarh is not as frequently confronted
0130H10 with water scarcity problem as Taranagar is.
0140H10 *<*=3. *3GEOLOGY*0*>
0150H10 $^The area is occupied by Quaternary aeolian deposits comprising straw
0160H10 yellow to brown coloured, very fine to medium grained sand and clay and
0170H10 *4kankar. ^These are underlain by the older formations like granite gneisses
0171H10 and consolidated sedimentary rocks. ^The granite-gneisses
0180H10 possibly belongs to Erinpura or Jalore suite of igneous rocks of
0190H10 the post Delhi period. ^The age of the consolidated sedimentary rocks
0200H10 comprising medium to fine grained sandstones of purple to reddish brown
0210H10 shades, might belong to Vindhyan or later period.
0220H10 $^The thickness of the Quaternary formations in the area ranges from
0230H10 66.39 \0m. at Dhiruwas to 116.05 \0m. at Rajgarh. ^From the available
0240H10 lithologs of the various boreholes drilled in the area by the erstwhile
0250H10 *(0E.T.O., CG*/B*) and the Rajasthan Ground Water \0Deptt. it
0260H10 is observed that the granite-gneisses basement has been touched at 90.52
0270H10 \0m. depth at Changoti at 76 \0m. at Dudwa khera and at about 116. \0m.
0280H10 depth at Rajgarh. ^From the strata logs of various boreholes in the
0290H10 area a geological section was prepared. $*<*=4. *3GROUND WATER*0*>
0310H10 $*<*3Occurrence.*0*> $^Ground
0320H10 water in the area occurs mostly under water table conditions in the
0330H10 alluvium. ^However, in the south-eastern part of the area evidence of
0340H10 feeble confined conditions have been noted. ^The Quaternary sediments
0350H10 comprising sand, sandy clay and gravel composed of *4kankar and quartz
0360H10 pebbles as well as pieces of granite gneiss and sometimes pegmatites constitute
0370H10 a single and almost homogeneous aquifer in the area. ^This aquifer
0380H10 is interbedded with thin and impersistent beds of plastic to semi-plastic
0390H10 yellowish clay at many places. ^In the area around Changoti the
0400H10 clay beds have given rise to feeble confined condition to the groundwater
0410H10 in the underlying granular zones. ^Occurrence of ground water under perched
0420H10 conditions has also been observed in this area.
0430H10 $^During the course of the present study 107 wells were inventoried. ^Their
0440H10 data is given in Appendix-*=1. ^These wells include open wells, tubewells
0450H10 and dug-cum-bored wells. ^The depth to water in this area ranges
0460H10 from 6 \0m. at Bhanin to 51 \0m.b.g.l. at Tirpali Bari. ^The following
0470H10 table shows the number and percentage of wells in different depth to
0480H10 water ranges in the area surveyed. **[table**] $^From the table it is
0490H10 seen that in 68% of the wells examined the depth to water
0500H10 ranges between 20 and 40 meters. ^Plate-*=1 shows the depth to water
0510H10 table in the area. ^It is observed that in general the various
0520H10 depth to water zones are roughly aligned in a *(0NE-SW*) direction.
0530H10 ^With the deepest zone in the extreme \0SE corner the depth to water gradually
0540H10 gets shallower towards north-west upto Bhamin where the water
0550H10 table is being less than 10 \0m.b.g.l. ^Further westwards the depth to water
0560H10 becomes deeper and ranges between 10 and 40 meters \0b.g.l. ^Isolated
0570H10 patches of deep or shallow zones are not uncommon within different depth
0580H10 to water ranges. $^The
0590H10 thickness of the alluvial aquifer material as recorded in the boreholes
0600H10 varies between 24 \0m. at Taranagar to 150 \0m. at Sahwa. ^In general
0610H10 the thickness appears to_ increase in the north-western part.
0620H10 $*<*3Yield of Wells:*0*>
0630H10 $^Yields of a majority of the wells in the area was found to_ be meagre.
0640H10 ^In the following paragraphs the yields of different types of wells are
0650H10 described: $a) Shallow dug wells: ^As a rule the shallow dug wells tap
0660H10 the perched water bodies only. ^Their daily yield does not exceed 1000
0670H10 litres. ^They mostly dry up in summer. ^They are always unlined.
0690H10 $b) Open wells tapping main groundwater body:
0700H10 ^These are lined. ^Their yields vary from 30,000 to 50,000 litres per
0710H10 day. ^Exceptional yields of upto 1.5 *4lakh litres per day have also been
0720H10 observed. ^Very few open wells are fitted with pumping sets. ^The yields
0730H10 in a few such wells were observed and reported to_ vary from 90 to 350
0740H10 litres per minute for mostly intermittent pumping from 1 to 12 hours.
0750H10 $c) Dug-cum-bored wells: ^Only three dug-cum-bored wells were observed
0760H10 at Taranagar. ^They are about 45 metres deep. ^As per \0P.H.E.D. which
0770H10 owns these wells their tested yield is about 205 litres/ minute for
0780H10 drawdowns of three to ten metres. ^Their cumulative yield is 4.5 *4lakh
0790H10 litres per day.
0810H10 $d) Tubewells: ^Tubewells are observed only at Rajgarh and Changoti.
0820H10 ^Erstwhile \0E.T.O. had constructed five tubewells at Rajgarh in the
0830H10 depth range of 65 to 100 metres. ^Their tested yields were 240 to 430
0840H10 \0l.p.m. for 5 to 6 metres of drawdown. ^Recently at Changoti, 25 \0km.
0850H10 south of Rajgarh eight tubewells have been constructed in the depth range
0860H10 of 110 to 118 metres. ^Their yields vary from 1,500 to 36,500 litres/
0870H10 hour for drawdowns of 3.5 to 12 metres.
0880H10 $<*3Chemical quality of groundwater:*0*> $^To_
0890H10 determine the chemical quality of groundwater, water samples from open
0900H10 wells, dug-cum-bored wells and tubewells, 87 wells were analysed at
0920H10 the Regional Chemical Laboratory of the Western Region of \0C.G.W.B.
0930H10 at Jaipur. ^The results are given in Appendix-*=2.
0940H10 $^A perusal of the analytical data indicates that the p*:h**: of the groundwater
0950H10 in the area ranges from 7.1 to 8.4 indicating that it is
0960H10 alkaline in reaction.
0970H10 $^The specific conductance could not be determined in all the samples.
0980H10 ^However, in 51 samples it was observed to_ range from 840 to 19,444 micromhos/\0cm
0990H10 at 250*@\0C. ^Excepting two samples where its value
1000H10 was 840 and 1966, all the samples have \0E.C. values higher than
1010H10 2000. ^This is indicative in general of higher mineralisation in the
1020H10 ground water in the area.
1030H10 $^Sodium concentration in the groundwater of the area is pronounced. ^In
1031H10 a majority of the samples it is more than 500 \0ppm with a general range
1040H10 of 42 to 2870 \0ppm. ^Magnesium and Calcium content in the ground
1050H10 water ranges from 12 to 409 \0ppm. and 9 to 820 \0ppm. respectively. $^The
1060H10 chloride content in the ground water varies from 21 to 9992 \0ppm.
1070H10 ^The isochlor map (plate-*=2) shows areas with different chloride content
1080H10 in the ground water. ^Sulphate content ranges from 17 to 643 \0ppm. ^In
1090H10 a majority of the samples it is over 200 \0ppm. giving rise to bitter
1091H10 taste to the
1100H10 groundwater. ^Carbonates are present only in five samples and range from
1110H10 24 to 132 \0ppm. ^The bicarbonates vary from 141 to 2203 \0ppm. ^Total
1120H10 hardness expressed as \0CaCo*;3**; ranges from 100 to 4400 \0ppm.
1121H10 ^In the majority of samples it is more than 500 \0ppm indicating
1130H10 that the ground water in this area is hard to extremely hard.
1140H10 $^It is inferred from table-3 that the resources of normal, fresh and
1150H10 potable water is very little in the area. ^It constitutes only about 25
1160H10 percent of the total groundwater reserves. ^The rest 75 percent of the
1170H10 groundwater is brackish to very saline. ^Since there is great dearth of
1180H10 potable water the brackish water having 500 to 1000 \0ppm. of chlorides
1190H10 can be used. ^Such waters are found in about 10 percent of the wells the
1200H10 water of which was analysed. ^For the same reason,
1250H10 highly brackish waters containing about 1000 to 1500 \0ppm. of chlorides
1260H10 and found in about 10 percent of the wells analysed may also be
1270H10 used only locally if alternative source is not provided.
1280H10 $^The fresh groundwater, containing chlorides only upto 250 \0ppm. occurs
1290H10 in and around (**=1) Galar and Tambakheri in the extreme north-eastern
1291H10 parts; (**=2) Mothwa and Phalau in the north-western parts (**=3)
1300H10 Sathon in the south-western parts and (**=4) Rampura Ka Bas in
1310H10 the south-eastern parts of the area. ^As regards the waters having chlorides
1320H10 between 250 and 500 \0ppm. it mainly occurs in the south-eastern parts
1330H10 at Naorangpura, Janao Mithi, Changoti, Tirpali Bari, Besli, Sangarwan
1340H10 Balan, Bairasar Chhota and Sankhu villages. ^Minor pockets
1350H10 have been observed also at Cothan Khurd 20 \0km. north-east of Rajgarh
1360H10 at Jhothra and Deogarhia about 20 and 25 \0km. north and \0NNE
1370H10 of Taranagar respectively; at Rajpura about 20 \0km. south-east of Taranagar
1371H10 in the south-western parts and at Hanpura in the
1380H10 Central parts of the area.
1390H10 $^Salinity of the groundwater at some places was reported by the local
1400H10 populace to_ increase at depths. ^This report seems corroborated by the
1410H10 following:-- (**=1) a shallow groundwater sample from the open well \0No.
1420H10 44P-2B13 at Rajgarh was analysed and found to_ contain only 71 \0ppm.
1430H10 of chloride while the chloride content was found to_ be as much as
1440H10 2584 in the deeper groundwater occurring in an agricultural, dug-cum-bored
1450H10 well \0No. 44P-2B14 situated hardly 300 metres to the north-west.
1460H10 (**=2) ^The shallow groundwater in the dug well \0No. 44P-2B1, 13 and
1461H10 18 at
1470H10 Rajgarh was found to_ be fresh, but the water samples collected from two
1480H10 tubewells (44P-2B15, 16) situated about 1 \0km. north of these open
1490H10 wells were found to_ contain 1577 and 1129 \0ppm of chloride respectively.
1500H10 (**=3) ^The dug well water sample \0No 44P-3C4 collected from Changoti
1501H10 contained 415 \0ppm of chloride which have been found ranging from
1510H10 440 to 730 \0ppm in the water of the tubewells existing close to the open
1520H10 well. $^A quality hazard seems to_ be due to the presence of undesirable
1540H10 higher concentrations of fluorides (over 1.5 \0ppm.) in the water. ^The
1550H10 local \0P.H.E.D. officials collected in 1973 water samples from
1560H10 150 open wells located in different villages of Rajgarh and Taranagar
1570H10 *4Tehsils. ^Out of this, 50 water samples were found to_ contain fluorides
1580H10 between 1.5 and 23.5 \0ppm. ^The maximum value of 23.5 \0ppm was found
1590H10 at Dhani Chhoti which is about 6 \0km. \0NW of Rajgarh. ^Out of
1600H10 the 50 open wells at least 22 wells are located within investigated area.
1601H10 ^In the remaining 100 samples the fluorides ranged from traces to 1.5
1610H10 \0ppm. ^Drinking of water having more than 15 \0ppm of fluorides is
1620H10 said to_ cause dental as well as skeleton forms of fluorosis. ^The latter
1630H10 kind of fluorosis makes a person disabled on a permanent basis. $^In
1640H10 a majority \0i.e. 24 of the total 31 villages the concentrations of
1650H10 fluorides and chlorides in the groundwater are very high, being between
1660H10 1.6 & 11 \0ppm. and 1890 & 14740 respectively. ^Enquiries made in the field
1670H10 during the course of the present investigation, revealed that the
1680H10 waters from the 24 wells are never drunk because of their saline nature.
1681H10 **[table**] *<*=5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS*>
1690H10 $^The ground water in the greater part of the area investigated occurs
1700H10 generally under water table conditions and locally under very feebly confined
1710H10 conditions in sand and soft sandstones. ^There are a few perched
1720H10 water bodies in the western parts. ^The granite gneiss, intruded by pegmatites
1730H10 forms aquifer locally and basement for the sediments. ^Although the
1740H10 thickness of sediments penetrated in the boreholes varies from 42 \0m
1750H10 (Taranagar) to 197 \0m (Dhiruwas), the thickness of saturated sediments
1760H10 varies between 2.4 \0m (Taranagar) to 150 \0m at Sahawa.
1770H10 ^Thickness of the aquifer increases from \0SE to \0NW.
1780H10 $^The depth to water table varies from 6.15 \0m in the northwest to
1790H10 5.05 \0m in the south-eastern parts; but in a majority (68 percent)
1800H10 of the 107 canvassed wells the water table was found resting at depths
1810H10 of 20 to 40 metres below the land surface.
1820H10 $^The perched water bodies are shallow and yield at the rate of 500 to
1830H10 1000 litres of fresh water per day per well.*#
        **[no. of words = 02002**]

        **[txt. h11**]
0010H11 ^There is virtually no difference between a Ho house of traditional villlage
0020H11 and that_ of industrial village. ^The house of an industrial worker
0030H11 does not differ also from that_ of an agriculturist. ^An industrial worker
0050H11 of the industrial village lives in his house in which he lived before
0060H11 joining the industry. ^Even if he constructs a new house it does not
0070H11 differ in type or style from the traditional one. ^The size varies according
0071H11 to economic
0080H11 status irrespective of occupation. ^Only, it appears that a house belonging
0090H11 to an industrial worker is well maintained; its mud walls are
0100H11 properly plastered and roof leaks are repaired in appropriate time. ^Another
0110H11 conspicuous point concerning the house of an industrial worker is
0120H11 the colour of the outer walls. ^Most of the houses which have white paint
0130H11 on outside walls, belong to the industrial workers. ^It is perhaps
0140H11 due to some association with the factory colony where buildings and quarters
0150H11 have white paints of lime. ^Even in the traditional village, a person
0160H11 who is more acculturated uses whitewash for the walls.
0170H11 $^Domestic articles or equipments like agricultural implements, a few earthen
0180H11 vessels for preparation and storing of rice-beer, cooking utensils,
0190H11 bamboo baskets, brooms made of a type of grass called *4Jono, one
0200H11 or two cots made of wood and rope of *4Sawai grass used as beds as well
0210H11 as for sitting, wooden measures like *4Poila *4Topa mats, or *4Jati
0220H11 made of a type of grass called *4Kita \0etc., are found both in the
0230H11 houses of agriculturists as well as the industrial workers.
0240H11 $^As the industrial workers who live in the village are also farm workers
0250H11 and their material life style is not much different from the agriculturists,
0260H11 their household commodities also reflect the same picture. ^However,
0270H11 a few special articles have entered the house of an industrial worker
0280H11 and these are to some extent conspicuous. ^One or two wooden chairs, a
0290H11 wooden table, a bicycle and a transistor radio are commonly met within
0300H11 a house of an industrial worker. ^A worker who has put up 25 years service
0310H11 in the factory, receives in kind \0Rs. 150 and his one month*'s basic
0320H11 pay in cash as a token of compliment. ^The management asks for the choice
0330H11 of the worker before purchasing the present worth \0Rs. 150 and
0340H11 in most cases the choice is for a bicycle or a transistor radio. ^In a few
0350H11 cases the workers purchase bullocks for agriculture by adding some money
0360H11 from their own account with the prescribed sum. ^To_ have a transistor
0370H11 is a status and prestige issue particularly among the young men. ^A
0380H11 Ho Employee of the *(0C.C.W.*) who completed 25 years of service was
0390H11 implored by his sons to_ get a transistor radio with the compliment money.
0400H11 ^Instead he gave his choice for a bicycle. ^The Ho Father remarked,
0410H11 'I had told them (sons) to_ purchase radio by themselves when they
0420H11 earned. ^Cycle was a necessity for me and so it was my choice.'
0430H11 $^The Ho industrial workers who live in the township possess
0440H11 similar luxury and domestic articles as are owned by other non-tribal workers
0450H11 of the same level. $*<*3FOOD HABIT*0*>
0470H11 $^In a traditional village like Kokcho, the intake of food by the Ho
0480H11 starts with the breakfast or *5*3Setarea Basium*0*6 it consists of *4*3Diang*0
0481H11 or home-made rice-beer or *4*3Basium*0 (soaked rice kept overnight).
0490H11 ^When the breakfast is composed of rice-beer, some boiled pulses
0500H11 kept overnight are also taken along with it. ^Some left over green
0510H11 leaves or vegetables which were prepared in the previous night are taken
0520H11 with soaked rice. ^These items form the breakfast both in the summer and
0530H11 the winter. ^During the summer when the vegetables cannot be kept overnight
0540H11 for fear of decomposition, a little of the same is prepared in the
0550H11 early morning to_ be taken with the soaked rice. ^Those who go out in the
0560H11 field early in the morning for ploughing, take breakfast in the field
0580H11 which is carried over there by his wife. ^During sowing and harvesting,
0581H11 they go to the fields after taking the breakfast at about 5-30 \0A.M.
0590H11 ^The lunch, *5Muli Singi*6 or *5Tikine Mandi*6 also consists
0600H11 of the same soaked rice and vegetables kept overnight. ^During winter,
0610H11 fresh lunch is cooked in a few families, particularly in the well-to-do
0620H11 families. ^Those who go out for ploughing, return home at about 12 noon
0630H11 and lunch between 12 noon to 1 \0PM. ^During sowing and harvesting, lunch
0640H11 is taken in the field usually. ^In the afternoon nothing is taken generally;
0650H11 if there is rice-beer in the house, one or two *4Matlas (earthen
0660H11 measure for rice-beer) are consumed. ^The dinner, called *5Nide Mandi*6
0670H11 or *4Aiyuppang is taken around 8 o*'3clock at night. ^It consists
0680H11 of fresh cooked rice, pulses, green leaves or vegetables. ^Fish and
0690H11 meat come in the menu casually and usually on the market-days. ^Egg is
0700H11 also a rare item, as it is usually sold in the market for cash. ^There
0710H11 is little variation in the food items and if there is any, it is seasonal.
0720H11 ^Most of the items are grown in the fields or kitchen garden. ^Food is
0730H11 usually cooked only once in the evening by the housewife. ^Cooking medium
0750H11 is mustard oil.
0760H11 $^During ceremonial occasions like marriage, name giving ceremony or *4Ekiosla,
0770H11 hot rice, pulses, vegetables and meat of sheep, goat or fowl
0780H11 compose the menu. ^Rice-beer is a common item. ^During funeral feast
0790H11 or *4Sabsih, the same food is served. ^On festive occasions like *5Henro
0800H11 Porar,*6 *5Makar Sankranti,*6 \0etc. *4^*Lad is prepared of rice
0810H11 powder. ^Rice powder is mixed with water and molasses and then kneaded
0820H11 into a dough. ^Round pieces are made out that_ dough and then boiled
0830H11 wrapped in leaves, or simply fried in oil. ^During *4Jamnama, chapped
0840H11 rice or *4Taben is prepared and taken. ^Meat of fowl or goat is an
0850H11 essential item of food on festive occasions. ^There is no special food
0860H11 during pregnancy or after childbirth. ^But rice-beer and soaked rice are
0870H11 not given to the mother for about two weeks after childbirth.
0880H11 $^After preparation of the meal, the housewife puts a little of each
0890H11 food item on a leaf kept at one corner of the *4Ading or kitchen. ^This
0900H11 is an offering to the ancestors and the deity *3Dessauli. ^This offering
0910H11 is called *5Ham Ho*6. ^In some houses, there are raised earthen
0920H11 surface of about a foot high in the kitchen where people sit to_ take
0930H11 meal. ^This raised surface is called *4Dipai. ^A wooden seat called
0940H11 *4Ganduh is used for sitting during
0950H11 taking meal. ^The housewife does not have any special cloth which
0960H11 she wears during cooking, nor does she take bath. ^She simply washes her
0970H11 hands and feet and enters the *4Ading. *4^*Ading is considered as a
1050H11 sacred place and intrusion into the same by an outsider is not allowed
1060H11 $^In an industrial village like Jorapokhar, the food habits of the Ho
1070H11 are virtually same as has been described above. ^There is not much difference
1080H11 in food habits between the agriculturists and the industrial workers.
1090H11 ^But a worker who has average land holding in the village is economically
1100H11 well off than an average agriculturist and his proportionate expenditure
1110H11 on food is more than that_ of the latter. ^He takes meat and fish
1120H11 more frequently than an agriculturist. ^His lunch is cooked fresh in the
1130H11 morning during winter. ^Stock of some rice-beer for home consumption can
1140H11 almost always be met within his house. '^Economic position of a Ho
1150H11 can be determined by the stock of rice-beer in the house'-- this is a common
1160H11 saying among the Ho. ^Habit of drinking tea is more among the industrial
1170H11 workers than that_ among the agriculturists. ^In the industrial
1180H11 village, a number of Hos, whether an agriculturist or an industrial worker,
1190H11 have started taking *4*3Roti*0 made of wheat flour at night and at
1200H11 breakfast.
1210H11 $^The women workers take *4Basium in the morning and also carry the same
1220H11 in aluminium carriers for lunch. ^During winter, she cooks rice and
1230H11 vegetables early in the morning and carries with her. ^For a worker who
1240H11 goes out for duty in the morning, the housewife prepares the meal early
1250H11 in the morning which he carries in carrier for lunch.
1260H11 *<*3CLOTHING*0*> $^In an
1270H11 industrial village like Jorapokhar where both the farmers and the
1280H11 industrial workers live side by side, it is difficult to_ distinguish
1290H11 industrial and farm individuals by dress or costume. ^But during factory
1300H11 hours when a man or a woman worker goes out for duty, he or she is easily
1310H11 distinguishable by the factory costume. ^Male workers get two pairs
1320H11 of *4khaki trousers and shirts a year which form their working costume.
1330H11 ^Women workers also get a pair of blue linen per year which they wear while
1340H11 going to factory site. ^These costumes are given to the workers by the
1360H11 *(0C.C.W.*) free of cost. ^Those who operate heavy engines like the
1370H11 Euclid or shovel, have to_ wear steel helmets supplied by the *(0C.C.W.*)
1380H11 ^In a number of local markets, the Ho workers were found moving
1390H11 about fully donned with their factory costumes and steel helmets to_ make
1400H11 them distinguished. ^Factory women wear sandals more frequently than
1410H11 do farmers*' wives; and similarly male industrial workers use trousers and
1420H11 shoes or foot-gear more often than their farm counterpart. ^But there
1430H11 is considerable overlap between the dress of the agriculturists and industrial
1440H11 workers and the latter do not stand out in this respect.
1450H11 $^*Women*'s lower garment consists of a white cloth with a border of
1460H11 about 10 cubits in length which is known as *5Peai Sari*6 and is made
1470H11 by local weavers. ^Under the *4Sari a small piece of chequered or
1480H11 white cloth of 3.5 cubits in length is worn. ^This is known as *5Peai
1490H11 Gamcha*6 or *4Langa which is wrapped round the waist. ^Now-a-days sewn
1500H11 *4Saya is a common lower undergarment for the women, particularly for
1510H11 the young girls. ^The upper garment is a blouse called *4Jaket or *4Bodi
1520H11 usually halfsleeved but sometimes sleeveless. ^Old women do not wear
1530H11 any upper garment when in the village. ^Women working in the fields wear
1540H11 sometimes a small chequered or coloured cloth (blue is very common) known
1550H11 as *4Gamcha. ^This is worn over the *4Saya or undergarment and it
1560H11 hangs a little above the ankle. ^Another piece of the same term is
1570H11 wrapped round the waist and then passed over the shoulder covering the
1580H11 breast. ^The *5Peai Sari*6 and *4Gamcha are supplied by the local
1590H11 weavers who visit the village. ^Mill made coloured *4Saris are liked
1600H11 by the Ho women and form the ceremonial dress usually.
1610H11 $^*Men*'s lower apparel is a white *4Dhuti of about 8 cubits. ^Under
1620H11 this a *4Jangia or undergarment is worn. ^The upper garment consists
1630H11 of a shirt. ^A *4Genji or an undergarment is worn usually under a
1640H11 shirt. ^The *4Lungi a piece of coloured or chequered unsewn cloth,
1650H11 which is wrapped round the waist as a lower garment is a popular casual
1660H11 dress for all sections of the people. ^While going out to a town or an
1670H11 urban centre, use of trousers is more frequent among the industrial workers
1680H11 and people who have outside contact. ^The young boys, particularly
1690H11 the students are quite modern with their dress. ^While visiting a town,
1700H11 an industrial centre or the market, they dress themselves with narrow
1710H11 drain pipe trousers, shirts or bush shirts with loud colours, pointed
1720H11 shoes, socks and goggles. ^Half pants and *4Pyjamas have also their intrusion
1730H11 in the dress habits, mainly among the young boys and educated.
1750H11 $^This change in the style of dress among the younger people along the
1760H11 line of the style prevalent among the urban and industrial population
1770H11 of the region, is not a special phenomenon for the Jhinkpani but it is
1780H11 a general trend in the region. ^The dress of women has not departed much
1790H11 from traditional form or content. ^Even now the village priest or *4Deori
1800H11 wears during worship a small strip of cloth called *4Botoi
1810H11 which is passed between his thighs. ^This piece is woven by the village
1820H11 weaver observing fast.*#
        **[no. of words = 02002**]

        **[txt. h12**]
0010H12 **<*3BIOCHEMISTRY*0**>
0020H12 $^In biochemistry, researches covered the areas pertaining to structure-function
0030H12 of enzymes and proteins, energy metabolism, functions of vitamins
0040H12 and hormones, biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids during cell
0050H12 growth and differentiation. $^The presence
0060H12 of heavy water (\0D*;2**;O) considerably modified the allosteric functions
0070H12 but not the catalytic activity of rat liver \0UDPG-dehydrogenase.
0080H12 ^Among other studies on structure-functions of enzymes
0090H12 were characterization of \0**3L. casie-lactic dehydrogenase, elucidation
0100H12 of the regulatory role of protein phosphatase in tumour cells, and
0110H12 identification in potato buds of an enzyme protein which exhibited dual
0120H12 activities of asparagine synthetase and amidating enzyme. ^Yeast cells
0140H12 to which fungal glucose oxidase was artificially attached \0*3via *(0Con
0150H12 A.*) could be entrapped on a polyacrylamide gel to_ serve as an efficient
0160H12 immobilized catalase-invertase-glucose oxidase multi-enzyme system
0170H12 for the production of fructose and gluconic acid from sucrose.
0180H12 $^Studies were carried out on the distribution of various enzymes and proteins
0190H12 in different tissues, cell types and sub-cellular components. ^An
0200H12 extensive study has been made on the levels of high and low molecular
0210H12 weight polypeptides in the brain of various vertebrate animals such as
0220H12 lizard, pigeon, rat and mouse. \0*8^*E. coli*9 ribonucleotide reductase
0230H12 has been solubilized from a \0DNA*-membrane preparation. ^There
0240H12 are subtle differences between the membrane-bound and the soluble enzme
0250H12 in their \0ATP and \0Mg*:2+**: requirements and the effects of
0260H12 \0EDTA.
0270H12 $^Various aspects of intermediary metabolism, biosynthesis of macromolecules
0280H12 and regulation of intracellular functions have been studied in animals
0290H12 and other organisms under conditions such as nutritional deficiencies,
0300H12 hormone and drug administrations exposures to environmental chemicals
0310H12 malignant transformation and aging. ^The radiation-induced changes
0320H12 in \0RNA synthesis in the liver have been found to_ be solely due to
0330H12 abscopal (neuroendocrine) mechanisms, those in the spleen largely due
0340H12 to the direct radiation injury on the spleen itself and those in the thymus
0350H12 partly from the direct effect on the thymus and partly from the abscopal
0360H12 mechanisms. ^Mitochondrial biogenesis occurring during the shift in
0370H12 the growth of (*8*\0S. cerevisiae*9) from anaerobic to aerobic conditions
0380H12 was extremely sensitive to ultra-violet radiation; the impaired
0390H12 process however could be completely restituted by exposure of ultraviolet
0400H12 irradiated cells to visible light.
0410H12 $^Biochemical and electron microscopic studies on the development of endoplasmic
0420H12 reticulum membranes in rat placenta reveal a close correlation
0430H12 between membrane characteristics and the appearance of microsomal mixed
0440H12 function oxidases at 15 days of gestation. ^The component of the microsomal
0450H12 mixed-function oxidase system could be successfully induced in rat
0460H12 and mouse liver by a single injection (*(0i. p.*)) of nicotinamide a
0470H12 normal metabolite. ^The induction of this enzyme system was successfully
0480H12 applied to_ enhance the decreased activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes
0490H12 in the livers of animals bearing transplanted tumours.
0500H12 $^Benzo(a) pyrene a carcinogen present as a pollutant in city air, undergoes
0510H12 metabolism by the liver mixed-function oxidase to_ produce several
0520H12 metabolites. ^Studies on the mammalian metabolism of lindane a chlorinated
0530H12 hydrocarbon pesticide, have revealed some hitherto unknown pathways;
0540H12 these include aromatisation, dechlorination and hydroxylation, as also
0550H12 ring fission. ^The body retention of the pesticide is significantly influenced
0560H12 by the nutritional status of the animal, diet restriction resulting
0570H12 in faster excretion.
0580H12 $^Under a variety of experimental conditions which are reported to_ influence
0590H12 aging in mice, several biochemical parameters such as lipoperoxidation,
0600H12 accumulation of lipofuscin pigment, superoxide dismutese activity
0610H12 and membrane damage have been examined. ^The findings provide experimental
0620H12 evidence in support of the free radical theory of aging.
0630H12 $^The programme on the radiation injury and repair mechanisms at physiological,
0640H12 cellular and molecular levels was continued.
0650H12 $^A method has been developed for the production of very high specific
0660H12 activity molybdenum-99 which finds extensive applications in nuclear
0670H12 medicine as a source of technetium-99. ^In collaboration with various
0680H12 leading hospitals and medical research institutions in the country, development
0690H12 work is under way to_ introduce new and improved radio-pharmaceuticals
0700H12 and radioimmunoassay reagents and kits for studies of various
0710H12 tropical diseases. ^Other areas where active development work is under way
0720H12 include radiation sterilisation of pharmaceuticals and synthesis of
0730H12 isotopically labelled insecticides. $**<*3METALLURGY*0**>
0750H12 $^The major applied research programmes in metallurgy have been concerned
0760H12 with: (**=1) development of processes for the extraction and refining
0770H12 of strategic metals and special materials of interest to nuclear engineering,
0780H12 electronics, aero-space, and chemical industries, (**=2) studies
0790H12 on the physical, mechanical and corrosion properties of these materials,
0800H12 (**=3) development of high temperature ceramic materials for advanced applications
0810H12 as in the \0MHD programme and (**=4) development of
0820H12 special fabrication techniques involving powder metallurgy and electroforming.
0830H12 ^Basic research programmes are in the areas of metallurgical thermochemistry,
0840H12 diffusion, structural metallurgy, radiation damage, corrosion
0850H12 kinetics and sintering. ^Assistance was extended to several organisations,
0860H12 meeting their specific material requirements, and participating
0870H12 in investigations on materials performance and failure analysis.
0880H12 $^The setting-up of a Beryllium Pilot Plant (Initial annual capacity
0890H12 of 10 tonnes of \0Cu-2% \0Be and 250 \0Kg vacuum hot-pressed beryllium
0900H12 metal) in collaboration with the Department of Space and Department
0910H12 of Electronics, has been approved. ^There has been good progress on
0920H12 the development of graphite-coating of zircaloy tubes, to_ minimise pellet-clad
0930H12 interaction in power reactor fuel. ^Ring-shaped boron carbide-aluminium
0940H12 composites have been successfully fabricated for use as control
0950H12 rod material. ^Attractive pyro- and hydro-processing schemes have been
0960H12 evolved to_ recover nickel and molybdenum values from the sulphide concentrates
0970H12 in the by-product recovery plant at Jaduguda. ^Process flowsheets
0980H12 for the recovery of vanadium in diverse industrially important usable
0990H12 forms, such as pure vanadium ferro-vanadium and vanadium oxycarbide
1000H12 have been developed starting from by-products of the aluminium industry
1010H12 and also from vanadiferrous slag. ^A plasma furnace facility is being
1020H12 set up for investigating new extractive processes at high temperatures.
1030H12 ^Molten salt electro-winning and electro-refining processes were continued
1040H12 to_ produce ductile titanium and hafnium, and for the reclamation
1050H12 of zircaloy scrap.
1060H12 $^Extensive work has been carried out on phase transformations, structure
1070H12 property correlations, solid state diffusion and radiation damage.
1080H12 ^These studies include: the martensitic transformation and the precipitation
1090H12 of meta-stable and stable intermetallic phases in the binary systems
1110H12 of zirconium as well as titanium; rationalisation of the observations
1120H12 in terms of computer-generated free energy versus composition data;
1130H12 the influence of the second phase on the strength properties of these alloys;
1140H12 the effects of a variety of heat treatments on the micro-structure
1150H12 and the mechanical properties of important structural alloys like
1160H12 zircaloy-2, \0etc; establishment of a detailed structure-property correlation
1170H12 in the reactor pressure vessel steel \0HY-130; the mechanisms of
1180H12 solid solution hardening in a number of zirconium alloys; micro-structural
1190H12 characterisation of some important super-conducting alloys
1200H12 and compounds; the effect of neutron irradiation on the mechanical properties
1210H12 of some titanium alloys ion-irradiation induced blister formation
1220H12 on several nuclear structural materials; and setting up of a versatile
1230H12 gas pressure bonding assembly for studying the diffusion bonding behaviour
1240H12 of zircaloy-2. ^Apart from these research programmes, service facilities
1250H12 were provided to external users, for transmission and scanning electron
1260H12 microscopy, electron probe micro-analysis, and instron testing.
1270H12 $^Studies on the high temperature corrosion of zircaloy-2, containing
1280H12 aluminium as impurity have shown that aluminium contents up to 140
1290H12 \0ppm can be tolerated from the view-point of acceptable corrosion rates.
1300H12 ^In the high temperature corrosion of carbon steel in lithiated water
1310H12 at an oxygen level less than 0.05 \0ppm, the corrosion product release rates
1320H12 have been observed to_ be extremely low. ^High temperature autoclave
1330H12 collapse tests for ridging on \0RAPP fuel pins have indicated that
1340H12 low yield strength fuel-clad may be accepted provided the pellet-clad gap
1350H12 is less than 0.003 inch. ^Studies on stress corrosion cracking of zircaloy-2
1360H12 in iodine have shown that annealed tubes are susceptible to stress
1370H12 corrosion cracking by iodine during internal pressurization. ^As
1380H12 regards the effects of alloying elements on the stress corrosion cracking
1390H12 of zirconium, it has been observed that iron and copper are not as efective
1400H12 as chromium in imparting resistance. ^Nickel, both in the wrought
1410H12 and electro-deposited form has been found to_ be resistant to corrosion
1420H12 in highly alkaline solution, but this resistance is affected by impurities
1430H12 in the alkaline solution, particularly \0H*;2**;S. ^Studies
1440H12 on sea water corrosion in \0CIRUS jetty have shown that a copper-base
1450H12 alloy, *(0Cu-9%Sn-4%Al*) is resistant to sea water. ^Electroplating
1460H12 of antimony, *(0Ni-Mn*) alloys, *(0Ni-Ti-o*;3**;*) composites, electrophoretic
1470H12 deposition of \0NiO, electroforming of porous nickel tubes,
1480H12 and particle-bed electrolysis of dilute copper solutions have been successfully
1490H12 carried out in the electrometallurgy programmes. $^In
1500H12 the field of nuclear ceramics, *(0R & D*) studies are being carried
1510H12 out on *(0Uo;**;, *UO*;2**;-*ZR*0*;2**;*) and \0BeO. ^A programme
1520H12 on the development of high-density thin sintered platelets of \0Uo*;2**;
1530H12 and \0Uo*;2**;-ZrO*;2**; was taken up. ^For the platetype fuel development,
1540H12 the powder preparation and fabricational parameters have been
1550H12 successfully optimised. ^In the field of high temperature materials, for
1560H12 the development of high temperature oxide ceramics for the \0MHD channels,
1570H12 *(0R & D*) studies are being carried out on \0Al*;2**;O*;3**;,
1580H12 \0MgO and \0ZrO*;2**;.
1590H12 $*<*3Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics:*> ^A computer code *3COBRA-3*C*0
1600H12 for sub-channel analysis of nuclear fuels was commissioned
1610H12 and a computer code *3DECOND*0 for the process design of surface condensers
1620H12 was developed.
1630H12 $^Computer code *3THABNA*0 was modified to_ analyse quarter core of *3TAPS.*0
1640H12 ^As a part of the fuel management service for *3TAPS,*0
1650H12 thermal hydraulics analysis of core was carried out.
1660H12 $^An analysis of the temperature differential across the walls of the solid
1670H12 storage vault to_ be set up at *3TAPS*0 was carried out.
1680H12 $^Work on setting up the 1.2/3 \0MW Boiling Water Loop was continued.
1690H12 ^A facility for emergency core cooling studies and another for the study
1700H12 of blow-down from a high pressure system are being set up. ^A few trial
1710H12 runs on a tubular test section in 100 \0KW Boiling Water Loop
1720H12 were made to_ measure heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux.
1740H12 $*<*3Nuclear Economics and Fuel Cycle Studies;*0*> ^An investigation
1750H12 on utilising thorium in heavy water reactors with special emphasis on
1760H12 arriving at a fuel cycle which is self-sustaining was started. ^A few
1770H12 lattice experiments with thorium fuel were analysed using the available
1780H12 computer codes. $^A comparative evaluation of the capital investment
1790H12 required in a coal-fired power programme and a nuclear power programme
1810H12 has been made. $**<*3REACTOR ANALYSIS*0**>
1820H12 $*<*3Plant Dynamics and Simulator Project:*0*> ^Dynamic modelling
1830H12 of the entire reactor systems, steam generators, boilers, turbines, feed-heating
1840H12 systems, with corresponding controls was completed. ^The coupled
1850H12 performance of such complex reactor systems with electrical power
1860H12 systems is also being investigated. ^Detailed dynamic modelling for transients
1870H12 such as start-up of pump-motors, turbines, generators \0etc. was
1880H12 also done. ^Performance of systems under various modes of operations as
1890H12 well as fault conditions is now being investigated.
1900H12 $*<*3Safety:*0*> ^Mathematical modelling of primary coolant
1910H12 system for different types of reactor systems was completed and more details
1920H12 are being incorporated for the understanding of core heat transfer.
1930H12 ^Safety work regarding modified *3ZERLINA*0 for handling special types
1940H12 of fuels was completed.
1950H12 $*<*3Thermo-Hydraulics:*0*> ^Several of the thermo-hydraulic codes were
1960H12 modified and extended to_ handle different types of reactor systems to_
1970H12 study their behaviour under unbalanced pump operations, decay heat removal
1980H12 conditions \0etc. ^Steady state and dynamic analysis of the vertical
1990H12 U-tube type of steam generators is being carried out. ^Certain insight
2000H12 has been developed into the performance of steam generator internals
2010H12 and designs are being prepared for testing and evaluating their performance.
2020H12 $**<*3REACTOR CONTROL*0**>
2040H12 $^During the year, development work on control systems, components and
2050H12 reactor system analysis was carried out. $*<*3Projects*0*>
2070H12 $*<*3Sodium Pump Speed Control System for \0FBTR:*0*> ^This system
2080H12 is being developed for flow control of liquid sodium coolant in two
2090H12 primary and secondary loops of \0FBTR. ^Flow control is achieved by
2100H12 controlling the speed of the pump motor. ^Design of field amplifiers for
2110H12 varying the field of Ward-Leonard generator was completed. ^Fabrication
2120H12 drawings of the central panel were prepared.
2130H12 $*<*3Computerised Fuelling Machine Control System:*>
2140H12 ^A computer-controlled system for operating two fuelling machine heads,
2150H12 carriages and fuel transfer system is being developed. ^The control
2160H12 system comprises two micro-processors which control the fuel handling
2170H12 system and a mini-computer for controlling overall system operation.
2180H12 ^The system configuration including manual back-up was finalised.
2190H12 $*<*3Power Reactor Fuel Reprocessing System:*> ^A data acquisition
2200H12 system for \0PREFRE was designed. ^The system will be used for alarm
2210H12 monitoring data acquisition, material balance and performance calculations.
2220H12 ^It will also control a mass spectrometer used for the separation
2230H12 of radioisotopes. ^Design of real-time sub-systems was completed.*#
        **[no. of words = 02016**]

        **[txt. h13**]
0010H13 **<*3CHAPTER *=2*0**> $**<*3Establishment of the Press Council*0**>
0020H13 $*<Incorporation of the Council*>
0030H13 $*34.*0 (1) ^With effect from such date as the Central Government may,
0040H13 by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint, there shall be established
0050H13 a Council by the name of the Press Council of India.
0060H13 $(2) ^The said Council shall be a body corporate having perpetual succession
0070H13 and a common seal and shall by the said name sue and be sued.
0080H13 $*<Composition of the Council*> $*35.*0 (1) ^The Council shall consist
0090H13 of a Chairman and twenty-eight other members.
0110H13 $(2) ^The Chairman shall be a person nominated by a Committee consisting
0120H13 of the Chairman of the Council of States (*5Rajya Sabha*6), the
0130H13 Speaker of the House of the People (*5Lok Sabha*6) and a person
0140H13 elected by the members of the Council under sub-section (6) and the
0150H13 nomination so made shall take effect from the date on which it is notified
0160H13 by the Central Government in the Official Gazette.
0170H13 $(3) ^Of the other members--
0180H13 $(a) thirteen shall be nominated in accordance with such procedure as may
0190H13 be prescribed from among the working journalists, of whom six shall be
0200H13 editors of newspapers and the remaining seven shall be working journalists
0210H13 other than editors; so, however, that the number of such editors and
0220H13 working journalists other than editors in relation to newspapers published
0230H13 in Indian languages shall be not less than three and four respectively;
0250H13 $(b) six shall be nominated in accordance with such procedure as may be
0260H13 prescribed from among persons who own or carry on the business of management
0270H13 of newspapers, so, however, that there shall be two representatives
0280H13 from each of the categories of big newspapers, medium newspapers and small
0290H13 newspapers; $(c) one shall be nominated in accordance with such procedure
0300H13 as may be prescribed from among persons who manage news agencies;
0320H13 $(d) three shall be persons having special knowledge or practical experience
0330H13 in respect of education and science, law, and literature and culture
0340H13 of whom respectively one shall be nominated by the University Grants
0350H13 Commission, one by the Bar Council of India and one by the *4Sahitya
0360H13 Academy;
0370H13 $(e) five shall be members of Parliament of whom three shall be nominated
0380H13 by the Speaker from among the members of the House of the People
0390H13 (*5Lok Sabha*6) and two shall be nominated by the Chairman of the Council
0400H13 of States (*5Rajya Sabha*6) from among its members:
0410H13 $^Provided that no working journalist who owns, or carries on the business
0420H13 of management of, any newspapers shall be eligible for nomination under
0430H13 clause (a):
0440H13 $^Provided further that the nominations under clause (a) and clause (b)
0450H13 shall be so made that among the persons nominated there is not more than
0460H13 one person interested in any newspaper or group of newspapers under the
0470H13 same control or management.
0480H13 $*3Explanation.*0-- ^For the purposes of clause (b), a "newspaper" shall
0490H13 be deemed to_ be--
0500H13 (**=1) "big newspaper" if the total circulation of all its editions exceeds
0510H13 fifty thousand copies for each issue;
0520H13 (**=2) "medium newspaper" if the total circulation of all its editions
0530H13 exceeds fifteen thousand copies but does not exceed fifty thousand copies
0540H13 for each issue;
0550H13 (**=3) "small newspaper" if the total circulation of all its editions does
0560H13 not exceed fifteen thousand copies for each issue.
0570H13 $(4) ^Before making any nomination under clause (a), clause (b) or clause
0580H13 (c) of sub-section (3), the Central Government in the case of the
0590H13 first Council and the retiring Chairman of the previous Council in the
0600H13 case of any subsequent Council shall, in the prescribed manner, invite
0610H13 panels of names comprising twice the number of members to_ be nominated
0620H13 from such associations of persons of the categories referred to in the
0630H13 said clause (a), clause (b) or clause (c) as may be notified in this
0640H13 behalf by the Central Government in the case of the first Council and by
0650H13 the Council itself in the case of subsequent Councils:
0660H13 $^Provided that where there is no association of persons of the category
0670H13 referred to in the said clause (c), the panels of names shall be invited
0680H13 from such news agencies as may be notified as aforesaid.
0690H13 $(5) ^The Central Government shall notify the names of persons nominated
0700H13 as members under sub-section (3) in the Official Gazette and every
0710H13 such nomination shall take effect from the date on which it is notified.
0720H13 $(6) ^The members of the Council notified under sub-section (5) shall
0730H13 elect from among themselves in accordance with such procedure as may be
0740H13 prescribed, a person to_ be a member of the Committee referred to in sub-section
0750H13 (2) and a meeting of the members of the Council for the purpose
0770H13 of such election shall be presided over by a person chosen from among
0790H13 themselves. $*<Term of office and retirement of members.*>
0800H13 $*36.*0 (1) ^Save as otherwise provided in this section, the Chairman and
0810H13 other members shall hold office for a period of three years:
0820H13 $^Provided that the Chairman shall continue to_ hold such office until
0830H13 the Council is reconstituted in accordance with the provisions of section
0840H13 5 or for a period of six months whichever is earlier.
0850H13 $(2) ^Where a person nominated as a member under clause (a), clause (b)
0860H13 or clause (c) of sub-section (3) of section 5 is censured under the provisions
0870H13 of sub-section (1) of section 14, he shall cease to_ be a member
0880H13 of the Council.
0890H13 $(3) ^The term of office of a member nominated under clause (e) of sub-section
0900H13 (3) of section 5 shall come to an end as soon as he ceases to_ bea
0910H13 member of the House from which he was nominated.
0920H13 $(4) ^A member shall be deemed to_ have vacated his seat if he is absent
0930H13 without excuse, sufficient in the opinion of the Council, from three
0940H13 consecutive meetings of the Council. $(5) ^The chairman may resign his
0950H13 office by giving notice in writing to the Central Government, and any
0960H13 other member may resign his office by giving notice in writing to
0961H13 the Chairman, and upon such resignation being accepted by the Central
0970H13 Government, or as the case may be, the Chairman, the Chairman or the
0980H13 member shall be deemed to_ have vacated his office.
0990H13 $(6) ^Any vacancy arising under sub-section (2), sub-section, (3), sub-section
1000H13 (4) or sub-section (5) or otherwise shall be filled, as soon as may
1010H13 be, by nomination in the same manner in which the member vacating office
1020H13 was nominated and the member so nominated shall hold office for the
1030H13 remaining period in which the member in whose place he is nominated would
1040H13 have held office. $(7) a retiring member shall be eligible for re-nomination
1050H13 for not more than one term. $*<Conditions of service of members.*>
1090H13 $*37.*0 (1) ^The Chairman shall be a whole-time officer and shall be
1100H13 paid such salary as the Central Government may think fit; and the other
1110H13 members shall receive such allowances or fees for attending the meetings
1120H13 of the Council, as may be prescribed.
1130H13 $(2) ^Subject to the provisions of sub-section (1), the conditions of service
1140H13 of members shall be such as may be prescribed.
1150H13 $(3) ^It is hereby declared that the office of a member of the Council
1160H13 shall not disqualify its holder for being chosen as, or for being, a member
1170H13 of either House of Parliament.
1190H13 $*38.*0 (1) ^For the purpose of performing its functions under this Act,
1200H13 the Council may constitute from among its members such committees for
1210H13 general or special purposes as it may deem necessary and every committee
1220H13 so constituted shall perform such functions as are assigned to it by the
1230H13 Council.
1240H13 $(2) ^The Council shall have the power to_ co-opt as members of any committee
1250H13 constituted under sub-section (1) such other number of persons, not
1260H13 being members of the Council, as it thinks fit.
1270H13 $(3) ^Any such member shall have the right to_ attend any meeting of the
1280H13 Committee on which he is so co-opted and to_ take part in the discussions
1290H13 thereat, but shall not have the right to vote and shall not be a member
1300H13 for any other purpose.
1310H13 $*<Meetings of the Council and Committees.*>
1320H13 $*39.*0 ^The Council or any committee thereof shall meet at such times
1330H13 and places and shall observe such rules of procedure in regard to the transaction
1340H13 of business at its meetings as may be provided by regulations
1350H13 made under this Act.
1360H13 $*<Vacancies among members or defect in the constitution not to_ invalidate
1370H13 acts and proceedings of the Council.*> $*310.*0
1380H13 ^No act or proceeding of the Council shall be deemed to_ be invalid
1390H13 by reason merely of the existence of any vacancy in, or any defect
1400H13 in the constitution of, the Council. $*<Staff of the Council.*> $*311.*0
1430H13 (1) ^Subject to such rules as may be made by the Central Government
1440H13 in this behalf, the Council may appoint a Secretary and such other
1450H13 employees as it may think necessary for the efficient performance of
1460H13 its functions under this Act. $(2) ^The terms and conditions of service
1470H13 of the employees shall be such as may be determined by regulations.
1490H13 $*<Authentication of orders and other instruments of the Council.*>
1500H13 $*312.*0 ^All orders and decisions of the Council shall be authenticated
1510H13 by the signature of the Chairman or any other member authorised by the
1520H13 Council in this behalf and other instruments issued by the Council
1530H13 shall be authenticated by the signature of the Secretary or any other officer
1540H13 of the Council authorised in like manner in this behalf.
1550H13 $**<*3CHAPTER*0 *=3 $POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL**>
1560H13 $*<Objects and functions of the Council*> $*313. (1) ^The objects
1570H13 of the Council shall be to_ preserve the freedom of the press and to_
1580H13 maintain and improve the standards of newspapers and news agencies in India.
1600H13 $(2) ^The Council may, in furtherance of its objects, perform the following
1610H13 functions, namely:-- $(a) to_ help newspapers and news agencies
1620H13 to_ maintain their independence;
1640H13 $(b) to_ build up a code of conduct for newspapers, news agencies and journalists
1650H13 in accordance with high professional standards;
1660H13 $(c) to_ ensure on the part of newspapers, news agencies and journalists,
1670H13 the maintenance of high standards of public taste and foster a due sense
1680H13 of both the rights and responsibilities of citizenship;
1690H13 $(d) to_ encourage the growth of a sense of responsibility and public service
1700H13 among all those engaged in the profession of journalism;
1710H13 $(e) to_ keep under review any development likely to_ restrict the supply
1720H13 and dissemination of news of public interest and importance;
1730H13 $(f) to_ keep under review cases of assistance received by any newspaper
1740H13 or news agency in India from any foreign source including such cases
1750H13 as are referred to it by the Central Government or are brought to its
1760H13 notice by any individual, association of persons or any other organisatin:
1780H13 $^Provided that nothing in this clause shall preclude the Central Government
1790H13 from dealing with any case of assistance received by a newspaper
1800H13 or news agency in India from any foreign source in any other manner
1810H13 it thinks fit;
1820H13 $(g) to_ undertake studies of foreign newspapers, including those brought
1830H13 out by any embassy or other representative in India of a foreign State,
1830H13 their circulation and impact. $*3EXPLANATION*0-- ^For the purposes
1870H13 of this clause, the expression "Foreign State" has the meaning assigned
1880H13 to it in section 87A of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908;
1900H13 $(h) to_ promote a proper functional relationship among all classes of
1910H13 persons engaged in the production or publication of newspapers or in news
1920H13 agencies:
1930H13 $^Provided that nothing in this clause shall be deemed to_ confer on the
1940H13 Council any functions in regard to_ disputes to which the Industrial
1950H13 Disputes Act, 1947, applies;
1960H13 $(*3i*0) to_ concern itself with developments such as concentration of or
1970H13 other aspects of ownership of newspapers and news agencies which may affect
1980H13 the independence of the Press; $(*3j*0) to_ undertake such studies
1990H13 as may be entrusted to the Council and to_ express its opinion in
2020H13 regard to any matter referred to it by the Central Government;
2040H13 $(*3k*0) to_ do such other acts as may be incidental or conducive to the
2050H13 discharge of the above functions. $*<Power to_ censure.*>
2070H13 $*314.*0 (1) ^Where, on receipt of a complaint made to it or otherwise,
2080H13 the Council has reason to_ believe that a newspaper or news agency has
2090H13 offended against the standards of journalistic ethics or public taste or
2100H13 that an editor or a working journalist has committed any professional misconduct,
2110H13 the Council may, after giving the newspaper, or news agency,
2120H13 the editor or journalist concerned an opportunity of being heard, hold
2130H13 an inquiry in such manner as may be provided by regulations made under this
2140H13 Act.*#
        **[no. of words = 02080**]

        **[txt. h14**]
0010H14 *<18. *3Special grounds for divorce available to wife*0*>
0020H14 $^The grounds on which either a husband or wife may ask for divorce are
0030H14 set out above. ^In addition, a wife married before the Act is also
0040H14 given a right to_ obtain divorce on the ground that the husband had married
0050H14 again before the commencement of the Act or that any other wife of
0060H14 the husband married before the commencement of the Act was alive at
0070H14 the time of the solemnization of her marriage. ^This right would enable
0080H14 a wife to_ obtain relief whenever needed, notwithstanding that, at the
0090H14 time of her marriage, it was a valid marriage, the law having permitted
0100H14 polygamy. ^To_ sustain a petition under this provision the wife must,
0110H14 however, show that the other wife is alive at the time of the presentation
0120H14 of the petition. ^A wife can also apply for divorce if the husband
0130H14 has, after the solemnization of the marriage, been found guilty of
0140H14 rape, sodomy or bestiality.
0150H14 $^Besides, after the Marriage Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976, a wife can
0160H14 present a petition for divorce where a decree has been passed against
0170H14 the husband awarding maintenance to the wife (whether it be in a suit under
0180H14 section 18 of the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956,
0190H14 or in a proceeding under section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure,
0200H14 1973, or under the corresponding section 488 of the Code of Criminal
0210H14 Procedure, 1898) notwithstanding that she was living apart and that
0220H14 since the passing of such decree or order, cohabitation between the parties
0230H14 has not been resumed for a period of one year or more.
0240H14 $^There is a further right conferred upon the wife to_ seek divorce where
0250H14 her marriage (whether consummated or not) was solemnized before she
0260H14 attained the age of fifteen years and she has repudiated the marriage after
0270H14 attaining that_ age but before attaining the age of eighteen years.
0280H14 ^This right is available whether the marriage was solemnized before or
0290H14 after the commencement of the Marriage Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976.
0300H14 $*<19. *3Judicial Separation*0*>
0310H14 $^A salient feature of the present law is that the grounds for judicial
0320H14 separation have been brought on par with the grounds for divorce. ^On
0330H14 any one of the grounds for divorce specified in paragraph 16, either of
0340H14 the parties to marriage may present a petition for judicial separation.
0350H14 ^Similarly on any of the grounds for divorce available to the wife and
0360H14 referred to in paragraph 17, she may present a petition for judicial separation.
0370H14 ^However, where a decree for judicial separation has been passed,
0380H14 the court may, on the application by petition of either party and on
0390H14 being satisfied of the truth of the statements made in such petition
0400H14 rescind the decree if it considers it just and reasonable so to_ do.
0410H14 ^Hence if there are still hopes of adjustment of the conflict between the
0420H14 parties to a marriage, either of them need not necessarily seek a divorce
0430H14 straightaway. ^Instead they can seek judicial separation. ^The parties
0440H14 concerned will get a period of one year to_ come to terms as between
0450H14 themselves. ^Besides, the court has been given a discretion, after
0460H14 the amendment in 1976, to_ pass a decree of judicial separation even
0470H14 though the petition is for divorce, where the ground alleged for the divorce
0480H14 is any of the grounds referred to in paragraph 16 not being a case
0490H14 against a person who has not been heard of for over seven years, or who
0500H14 got converted to another religion or who renounced the world.
0510H14 $*<20. *3Divorce by mutual consent*0*>
0520H14 $^One of the important changes in the law brought about by the Marriage
0530H14 Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976, is the introduction of the concept of divorce
0540H14 by mutual consent. ^A similar provision is already there in the
0550H14 Special Marriage Act, 1954. ^The new provision (section 13B) applies
0560H14 to marriages solemnized before the date of commencement of the Marriage
0570H14 Laws (amendment) Act, 1976, as well as to marriages solemnized after
0580H14 that_ date. ^A petition for divorce by mutual consent can be presented
0590H14 to the district court by both the parties to a marriage together, on the
0600H14 ground that they have been living separately for a period of one year
0610H14 or more, that they have not been able to_ live together, and that they
0620H14 have mutually agreed that the marriage should be dissolved. ^After the
0630H14 expiry of six months from the date of the presentation of the petition
0640H14 and before the expiry of eighteen months from such date, both the parties
0650H14 may move for the dissolution of the marriage if the petition is not
0660H14 withdrawn in the meantime. ^The court, on being satisfied, that a marriage
0670H14 has been solemnized and that the averments in the petition are true,
0680H14 may pass a decree for divorce declaring the marriage to_ be dissolved with
0690H14 effect from the date of the decree. ^The petition would lapse unless
0700H14 a motion is made by both the parties before the expiry of eighteen months
0710H14 from the date of the presentation of the petition.
0720H14 $*<21. *3Time limit for petitions for divorce*0*>
0730H14 $^Ordinarily a petition for divorce cannot be entertained by any court
0740H14 unless one year (it was three years before the amendment in 1976) has elapsed
0750H14 since the date of the marriage. ^But where the case is one of exceptional
0760H14 hardship to the petitioner or of exceptional depravity on the
0770H14 part of the opposite party, the court may allow a petition to_ be presented
0780H14 earlier. ^In such a case, the special leave of the court has to_ be
0790H14 obtained and if the leave is obtained by any misrepresentation or concealment
0800H14 of nature of the case, the court may dismiss the petition or order
0810H14 that the decree shall not have effect until the expiry of one year
0820H14 from the date of the marriage. ^In granting leave under this provision
0830H14 to_ present a petition for divorce before the expiration of one year from
0840H14 the date of the marriage, the court is required to_ have due regard
0850H14 to the interests of any children of the marriage and also to the question
0860H14 whether there is reasonable probability of a reconciliation between
0870H14 the parties before the expiration of the said period.
0880H14 $*<22. *3Divorced persons when may marry again*0*>
0890H14 $^When a marriage has been dissolved by a decree of divorce, the parties
0900H14 are free to_ marry again. ^But the law places certain restrictions on
0910H14 this right in order to_ ensure that divorce proceedings are completely
0920H14 above board. ^Before the parties can remarry, the period of limitation
0930H14 prescribed for any appeal against the decree should have expired or if an
0940H14 appeal has been presented it should have been dismissed. ^If there is
0950H14 no right of appeal against the decree either party is at liberty to_ marry
0960H14 again.
0970H14 $^Before the amendment in 1976, the parties to a marriage could not marry
0980H14 again before the expiry of one year since the date of the decree for
0990H14 divorce in the court of first instance. ^As it was felt that this period
1000H14 of waiting of one year may well be dispensed with, the proviso to section
1010H14 15 was omitted. $*<PART *=5*> $*<JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE*>
1020H14 $*<23. *3Court to which petition should be made*>
1050H14 $^After the amendment in 1976, every petition under the Hindu Marriage
1060H14 Act, whether it be for judicial separation or for restitution of conjugal
1070H14 rights or for a decree of nullity or of divorce, has to_ be presented
1080H14 to the district court within the local limits of whose ordinary civil
1090H14 jurisdiction-- $(a) the marriage was solemnized, or
1100H14 $(b) the respondent resides at the time of the presentation of the petition
1110H14 (if such respondent is not residing outside the territories to which
1120H14 this Act extends), or
1130H14 $(c) the parties to the marriage last resided together, or $(d)
1140H14 the petitioner is residing at the time of the presentation of the petition,
1150H14 in a case where the respondent is at that_ time residing outside
1160H14 the territory to which the Act extends, or has not been heard of as
1170H14 being alive for a period of seven years or more by those persons who would
1180H14 naturally have heard of him if he were alive.
1190H14 $"^District court" means, in places where there is a city civil court,
1200H14 the city civil court, and in other places the principal civil court of original
1210H14 jurisdiction. ^Power is also given to_ the State Government to_
1220H14 notify any other civil court as a court having jurisdiction in respect
1230H14 of matters dealt with in the Act so that even courts subordinate to the
1240H14 district court would be vested with powers under the Act and relief brought
1250H14 nearer home to persons aggrieved.
1260H14 $^Every petition for relief under the Act should state the facts of the
1270H14 case as distinctly as the nature of the case permits and should also state
1280H14 (except in the case of a petition for a decree of nullity in the case
1290H14 of a void marriage) that there is no collusion between the parties.
1291H14 ^Complete good faith is necessary in all proceedings under the Act.
1300H14 ^The statements in the petition have to_ be verified in the manner required
1310H14 by law for the verification of plaints. ^One will also have to_ consult
1320H14 the rules of the High Court concerned to_ see whether any other formalities
1330H14 have to_ be complied with. ^Where two petitions are filed, one
1340H14 by the husband and the other by the wife, for judicial separation or for
1350H14 divorce, both the petitions are to_ be tried together. $^The
1360H14 Marriage Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976, incorporated certain new provisions
1370H14 for the expeditious disposal of petitions under the Act. ^It
1380H14 has been provided that the trial of the petition has to_ be continued, as
1390H14 far as possible, from day to day till its conclusion. ^The time normally
1400H14 taken for disposal of a petition shall not be more than six months from
1410H14 the date of service of notice of the petition on the respondent.
1420H14 ^Similarly, more than three months should not normally be taken to_ conclude
1430H14 the hearing of an appeal. ^The three months period is to_ be calculated
1440H14 from the date of service of notice of appeal on the respondent.
1450H14 $^Provision has also been newly made that when a proceeding is initiated
1460H14 by a party on the ground of adultery, cruelty or desertion, the respondent
1470H14 may not only oppose the relief sought but may also make a counter claim
1480H14 for any relief under the Act on that_ ground. $^It has also been provided
1490H14 that a document cannot be excluded from evidence in any proceeding
1500H14 at the trial of a petition under the Act on the ground that it is not
1510H14 duly stamped or registered. $*<24. *3Proceedings in camera*>
1530H14 $^One of the important changes brought about in the Hindu Marriage Act
1540H14 by the amendment in 1976 is that the provision for holding the trial
1550H14 *3in camera has been made obligatory. ^Before the amendment, the proceedings
1560H14 under the Act were to_ be conducted in *3camera only if either
1570H14 party so desired or if the court so ordered, and the reports of the proceedings
1580H14 before the court could be published with the permission of the
1590H14 court. ^This often resulted in all sorts of controversies affecting the
1600H14 private life of couples being discussed in public. ^It was considered that
1610H14 this is not a healthy trend and that unhappy married life should not
1620H14 be allowed to_ become an object of amusement or interest for others who
1630H14 are not in any way concerned with the matter. ^It has therefore been provided
1640H14 that it is obligatory for the court to_ hold the proceeding under
1650H14 the Act *3in camera without waiting for a request therefor by any of
1660H14 the parties to the proceeding. ^Any matter in relation to the proceedings
1670H14 before the court is prohibited from being printed or published. ^The
1680H14 only exclusion from this prohibition is the judgment of a High Court
1690H14 or of the Supreme Court printed or published with the previous permission
1700H14 of the Court. ^Contravention of this provision is made punishable
1710H14 with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees.
1720H14 $*<25. *3Special duty of the court in regard to certain matters*>*#
        **[no. of words = 02005**]

        **[txt. h15**]
0010H15 ^Provided that for the purposes of determining the amount of income-tax
0020H15 in accordance with this sub-clause, the provisions of clause (**=2) of
0030H15 the proviso below Sub-Paragraph *=1 or, as the case may be, Sub-Paragraph
0040H15 *=2 of the said Paragraph A and the provisions relating to surcharge
0050H15 on income-tax in the said Sub-Paragraphs shall not apply;
0060H15 $(**=2) the net agricultural income shall be increased by a sum of eight
0070H15 thousand rupees and the amount of income-tax shall be determined in respect
0080H15 of the net agricultural income as so increased at the rates specified
0090H15 in Sub-Paragraph *=1 or, as the case may be, Sub-Paragraph *=2
0100H15 of the said Paragraph A, as if the net agricultural income as so increased
0110H15 were the total income:
0120H15 $^Provided that for the purposes of determining the amount of income-tax
0130H15 in accordance with this sub-clause, the provisions of clause (**=1) and
0140H15 clause (**=2) of the proviso below Sub-Paragraph *=1 or, as the case
0150H15 may be, Sub-Paragraph *=2 of the said Paragraph A and the provisions
0160H15 relating to surcharge on income-tax in the said Sub-Paragraphs shall
0170H15 not apply; $(**=3) the amount of income-tax determined in accordance
0180H15 with sub-clause (**=1) shall be reduced by the amount of income tax
0190H15 determined in accordance with sub-clause (**=2):
0210H15 $^Provided that where the sum so arrived at exceeds seventy per \0cent.
0220H15 of the amount by which the total income exceeds ten thousand rupees, the
0230H15 excess shall be disregarded;
0240H15 $(**=4) the amount of income-tax determined in accordance with sub-clause
0250H15 (**=3) shall be increased by a surcharge for purposes of the Union calculated
0260H15 at the rate of fifteen per cent of such income-tax and the sum
0270H15 so arrived at shall be the income-tax in respect of the total income.
0280H15 $(3) ^In cases to which the provisions of Chapter *=12 or section 164
0290H15 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (hereinafter referred to as the Income-tax
0300H15 Act) apply, the tax chargeable shall be determined as provided in that_
0310H15 Chapter or that_ section, and with reference to the rates imposed
0320H15 by sub-section (1) or the rates as specified in that_ Chapter or section
0330H15 as the case may be.
0340H15 $(4) ^In cases in which tax has to_ be deducted under sections 193, 194,
0350H15 194A, 194B, 194BB, 194D and 195 of the Income tax Act at the rates
0360H15 in force, the deduction shall be made at the rates specified in Part
0370H15 *=2 of the Schedule.
0380H15 $(5) ^Subject to the provisions of sub-section (6), in cases in which income-tax
0390H15 has to_ be calculated under the first proviso to sub-section
0400H15 (5) of section 132 of the Income-tax Act or charged under sub section
0410H15 (4) of section 172 or sub-section (2) of section 174 or section 175 or
0420H15 sub-section (2) of section 176 of the said Act or deducted under section
0430H15 192 of the said Act from income chargeable under the head "Salaries"
0440H15 or deducted under sub-section (9) of section 80E of the said Act from
0450H15 any payment referred to in the said sub-section (9) or in which the "advance
0460H15 tax" payable under Chapter *=17-C of the said Act has to_ be computed,
0470H15 at the rate or rates in force, such income-tax or, as the case
0480H15 may be, "advance tax" shall be so calculated, charged, deducted or computed
0490H15 at the rate or rates specified in Part *=3 of the Schedule:
0500H15 $^Provided that in cases to which the provisions of Chapter *=12 or section
0510H15 164 of the Income-tax Act apply, "advance tax" shall be computed
0520H15 with reference to the rates imposed by this sub-section or the rates as
0530H15 specified in that_ Chapter or section, as the case may be, and shall pay
0540H15 such amount of advance tax as accords with the statement or, as the case
0550H15 may be, estimate in equal instalments on the dates applicable in his
0560H15 case under section 211.
0570H15 $(2) ^Where an assessee who is required to_ send a statement under clause
0580H15 (a) of sub-section (1) estimates at any time before the date on which
0590H15 the first instalment of advance tax is due in his case under sub-section
0600H15 (1) of section 211 that, by reason of his current income being likely
0610H15 to_ be less than the income on which advance tax is payable by him under
0620H15 sub-section (1) or for any other reason, the amount of advance tax computed
0630H15 in the manner laid down in section 209 on the current income would
0640H15 be less than the amount of advance tax payable by him under sub-section
0650H15 (1), he may send to the income-tax Officer, in lieu of such statement,
0660H15 an estimate of-- $(**=1) the current income, and $(**=2) the advance
0680H15 payable by him on the current income calculated in the manner laid down
0700H15 in section 209, $and shall pay such amount of advance tax as accords with
0710H15 his estimate in equal instalments on the dates applicable in his case
0720H15 under section 211.
0730H15 $(3) ^Where an assessee who has sent a statement under clause (a) of sub-section
0740H15 (1) estimates at any time before the last instalment of advance
0750H15 tax is due in his case that, by reason of his current income being likely
0760H15 to_ be less than the income on which advance tax is payable by him under
0770H15 sub-section (1) or for any other reason, the amount of advance tax
0780H15 computed in the manner laid down in section 209 on the current income would
0790H15 be less than the amount of advance tax payable by him under sub-section
0800H15 (1) he may, at his option, send to the Income-tax Officer an estimate
0810H15 of-- $(**=1) the current income, and
0830H15 $(**=2) the advance tax payable by him on the current income calculated
0840H15 in the manner laid down in section 209,
0850H15 $and shall pay such amount of advance tax as accords with his estimate in
0860H15 equal instalments on such of the dates applicable in his case under section
0870H15 211 as have not expired, or in one sum if only the last of such dates
0880H15 has not expired.
0890H15 $(4) ^In the case of any assessee who is liable to_ pay advance tax under
0900H15 sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) or, as the case may be, sub-section
0910H15 (3), if, by reason of the current income being likely to_ be greater than
0920H15 the income on which the advance tax so payable by him has been computed
0930H15 or for any other reason, the amount of advance tax computed in the manner
0940H15 laid down in section 209 on the current income (which shall be estimated
0950H15 by the assessee) exceeds the amount of advance tax so payable by
0960H15 him by more than 33-1/3 per cent of the latter amount, he shall, at any
0970H15 time before the date on which the last instalment of advance tax is payable
0980H15 by him, send to the Income-tax Officer an estimate of-- $(**=1)
0990H15 the current income, and $(**=2) the advance tax payable by him on the
1000H15 current income calculated in the manner laid down in section 209, $and
1020H15 shall pay such amount of advance tax as accords with his estimate on such
1030H15 of the dates applicable in his case under section 211 as have not expired,
1040H15 by instalments which may be revised according to sub-section (5):
1060H15 $^Provided that in a case where the Commissioner is satisfied that, having
1070H15 regard to the nature of the business carried on by the assessee and
1080H15 the date of expiry of the previous year in respect of such business, it will
1090H15 be difficult for the assessee to_ furnish the estimate required to_
1100H15 be furnished by him in accordance with the provisions of sub-section before
1110H15 the date on which the last instalment of advance tax is due in his
1120H15 case, he may, if the assessee pays the advance tax which he is liable to_
1130H15 pay under sub-section (3) or sub-section (2) or, as the case may be,
1140H15 sub-section (3) before such date, extend the date for furnishing such estimate
1150H15 up to a period of thirty days immediately following the last date
1160H15 of the previous year in respect of that_ business and, where the date
1170H15 is so extended, the assessee shall pay, on or before the date as so extended,
1180H15 the amount by which the advance tax already paid by him falls short
1190H15 of the advance tax payable in accordance with his estimate.
1200H15 $(5) ^The assessee may send a revised estimate of the advance tax payable
1210H15 by him before any one of the dates specified in section 211 and adjust
1220H15 any excess or deficiency in respect of any instalment already paid in
1230H15 a subsequent instalment or in subsequent instalments.
1240H15 $(6) ^Every statement or estimate under this section shall be sent in the
1250H15 prescribed form and verified in the prescribed manner.
1260H15 $*3Explanation:- ^For the purposes of this section and section 212
1270H15 "current income", in relation to the advance tax payable by an assessee
1280H15 during any financial year, means the total income of the assessee [exclusive
1290H15 of capital gains and income referred to in sub-clause (**=9) of clause
1300H15 (24) of section 2, if any] of the period which would be the previous
1310H15 year for the assessment year immediately following that_ financial year.
1330H15 *<Amendment of section 211.*> $25. ^In section 211 of the Income-tax
1340H15 Act, in sub-section (1), with effect from the 1st day of June, 1978,--
1350H15 $(a) in the opening portion, for the words and figures "Subject to the
1360H15 provisions of this section and of section 212," the words, figures and
1370H15 letter "Subject to the provisions of this section and of sections 209A
1380H15 and 212" shall be substituted; $(b) for the *3Explanation, the
1390H15 following *3Explanation shall be substituted, namely:--
1410H15 $'*3Explanation:- ^In this sub-section, "total income" means,--
1420H15 $(a) in a case where the advance tax is paid by the assessee in accordance
1430H15 with the statement sent by him under sub-section (1) of section 209A
1440H15 or in accordance with an order of the Income-tax Officer under section
1450H15 210, the total income with reference to which the advance tax payable
1460H15 has been calculated in such statement or order;
1470H15 $(b) in a case where the advance tax is paid in accordance with an estimate
1480H15 (including a revised estimate) made by the assessee under section 209A
1490H15 or section 212, the total income with reference to which the advance
1500H15 tax is so estimated,
1510H15 $as reduced, in either case, by the amount of capital gain and income referred
1520H15 to in sub-clause (**=9) of clause (24) of section 2, if any, included
1540H15 therein.' *<Amendment to section 212.*> $26. ^In section 212
1550H15 of the income-tax Act, with effect from the 1st day of June, 1978,--
1560H15 $(a) in sub-section (1), for the words, brackets and figures "by reason
1570H15 of his total income [exclusive of capital gains and income referred to
1580H15 in sub-clause (**=9) of clause (24) of section 2, if any] of the period
1590H15 which would be the previous year for the immediately following assessment
1600H15 year (such total income being, hereafter in this section, referred to
1610H15 as the current income), the words "by reason of his current income" shall
1620H15 be substituted; $(b) sub-section (3) shall be omitted.
1630H15 *<Amendment to section 215.*>
1640H15 $27. ^In section 215 of the Income-tax Act, in sub-section (1), for the
1650H15 words and figures "advance tax under section 212 on the basis of his
1660H15 own estimate", the words, figures, letter and brackets "advance tax under
1670H15 section 209A or section 212 on the basis of his own estimate (including
1680H15 revised estimate)" shall be substituted with effect from the 1st day
1690H15 of June, 1978. *<Amendment to section 216.*>
1700H15 $28. ^In section 216 of the Income-tax Act, in clause (a), for the words,
1710H15 brackets, figures and letter "under sub-section (1) or sub-section
1720H15 (2) or sub-section (3) or sub-section (3A) of section 212", the words,
1730H15 figures and letter "under section 209A or section 212" shall be substituted
1740H15 with effect from the 1st day of June, 1978.
1800H15 $^Clause 2, read with the Schedule to the Bill, seeks to_ prescribe the
1810H15 rates at which income-tax (including surcharge thereon) is to_ be levied
1820H15 on income chargeable to tax for the assessment year 1978-79. ^Further,
1830H15 it lays down the rates at which tax is to_ be deducted at source during
1840H15 the financial year 1978-79 from incomes subject to such deduction under
1850H15 the Income-tax Act; and the rates at which "advance tax" is to_ be
1860H15 paid and tax is to_ be calculated and charged in special cases for the
1870H15 financial year 1978-79.*#
        **[no. of words = 02025**]

        **[txt. h16**]
0010H16 ^The security guards, he said, had been brought "from outside" by the management
0020H16 of the factory, Auto Pins (India) Ltd. ^All the guards belonged
0030H16 to one particular community.
0040H16 $^The \0DSP and the Police authorities said that they are ready to_
0050H16 get the cooperation of the different industries to_ save their factories,
0060H16 but they said that 'they regarded the police as their personal servants;
0070H16 they feel we should arrest anyone they name as a trouble-maker.'
0080H16 $^In another allied industry, the paper reports, the workers had been agitating
0090H16 against arbitrary dismissal of some of their colleagues. ^A
0100H16 notice was stuck on the gate by the management declaring the strike as illegal
0110H16 and gave the names of 114 workers involved. ^Another notice dated
0120H16 February 16 asked the striking workers to_ sign a statement to the effect
0130H16 that they had been forced to_ go on strike; that they regret their
0140H16 involvement in it; and that they would not participate in trade union activities
0150H16 or in a tool-down strike before being allowed to_ resume work.
0160H16 ^About ten men of the Central Reserve Police guarded the premises.
0170H16 $^*Sir, in another factory, that is, Hein Lehmann in Sector *=6 of Faridabad,
0180H16 the workers were agitating. ^The workers said that the main cause
0190H16 of complaint was a management directive on February 9, asking each
0200H16 worker to_ operate two machines at a time. ^Previously one person was
0210H16 working on one machine only. ^Three workers were suspended by the management,
0220H16 they alleged, when the workers refused to_ accept the management*'s
0230H16 proposal. ^They also alleged that two members of the management, on
0240H16 separate occasions, had assaulted workers and warned them against participation
0250H16 in union activities.
0260H16 $^In another factory, that_ is Top Style Ltd., where the workers submitted
0270H16 a Charter of Demands to the management, \0Mr. Bijay Walia, a
0280H16 Member of the working committee of the Union, was assaulted.
0290H16 $^In this way you will find, Sir, a reign of terror is going on in the
0300H16 Faridabad Industrial Complex, in and around Delhi, which is the Capital
0310H16 City of India. ^It has got serious repercussions. ^It has created
0320H16 a feeling of insecurity in the minds of thousands and thousands of
0330H16 workers who are agitating and it has created a serious industrial relations
0340H16 problem.
0350H16 $^So, I request the Minister concerned to_ make a statement on the floor
0360H16 of the House assuring us that he will take proper steps so that the
0370H16 workers may feel that they are safe and industrial peace is restored. ^It
0380H16 is a very urgent matter and it will affect Delhi, Faridabad and Ghaziabad.
0390H16 ^It will affect the Capital City of this country, and so it
0400H16 is a very serious matter. ^So I want to_ know about this. $*<(**=4) *3Reported
0410H16 burning of a *4harijan in Reputha near Sasaram*> $\0*4^*Shri
0430H16 JYOTIRMOY BOSU (Diamond Harbour): ^A news report which has
0440H16 come has really shocked us. ^The report is about the assaulting, shooting
0450H16 and then burning of a *4Harijan named Vasist Dusadh in Raputha near
0460H16 Sasaram on the 15th of February, 1978 by some upper-class people to_
0470H16 discredit the present Government. ^This report has shocked everybody
0480H16 in the country. $^*Sir,
0490H16 the atrocities and the repression on *4Harijans by upper castes
0500H16 and the Police which used to_ be an almost everyday practice during the
0510H16 erstwhile regime of \0Mrs. Indira Gandhi, should be checked at once.
0520H16 $^The House is seriously concerned about this incident and demands of
0530H16 the Government to_ make a statement instantly, and, at the same time,
0540H16 ensure vigorous steps against the culprits under advice to the House.
0550H16 $**<*3CHILD MARRIAGE RESTRAINT $(AMENDMENT) BILL*0**>
0560H16 $*3THE MINISTER OF LAW, JUSTICE AND COMPANY AFFAIRS (\0*4*SHRI SHANTI
0570H16 BHUSHAN):*0 \0^*Mr. Deputy Speaker, Sir, I beg to_ move:
0580H16 $"^That the Bill further to_ amend the Child Marriage Restraint Act,
0590H16 1929, and to_ make certain consequential amendments in the Indian Christian
0600H16 Marriage Act, 1872, and the Hindu Marraige Act. 1955 be taken
0610H16 into consideration."
0620H16 $^*Sir, the Bill seeks to_ increase the minimum age for the purpose of
0630H16 marriage both for males and females. ^It further provides that the offences
0640H16 under this Act, the Child Marriage Restraint Act, may be capable
0650H16 of investigation by the police officers under the Code of Criminal
0660H16 Procedure as if they were cognizable offences. but, at the same time, the
0670H16 police officers may not have the power to_ effect arrests without a warrant
0680H16 or without an order of a magistrate.
0690H16 $^*Sir, the question of raising the minimum age for marriage in the case
0700H16 of both males and females has been under the consideration of the Government
0710H16 for quite some time. ^In fact this Act of 1920 was enacted in order
0720H16 to_ prevent child marriages. ^Originally, the Act provided that a male
0730H16 who was under 18 years of age and a female under fourteen years of
0740H16 age were not entitled to_ marry. ^Subsequently, the age-limit for females
0750H16 was raised to 15 years as a result of an Amending Bill of 1948 which
0760H16 had been brought forward by Pandit Thakurdas Bhargava in the Constituent
0770H16 Assembly. ^Earlier in fact, that_ Bill was enacted to_ raise the
0780H16 minimum age for marriage of a male from 18 to 20 years and of the female
0790H16 from 14 to 15 years. ^But, the bill was referred to a Select Committee
0800H16 which had agreed with the proposal. ^However, when the Bill was ultimately
0810H16 passed, it provided for raising of the minimum age for females only
0820H16 from 14 to 15 and the position with regard to males was maintained as
0830H16 it was before.
0840H16 $^As the \0Hon. Members of the House are aware, this question of minimum
0850H16 age for marriage has a direct bearing on the growth of population in
0860H16 the country. ^When this growth of population is such an important problem
0870H16 which the country is facing, it is necessary that the minimum age both
0880H16 for males and females should be increased. ^Earlier also a Bill had
0890H16 been introduced in this House in August, 1976 but it had lapsed with
0900H16 the dissolution of the *5Lok Sabha*6 on the 18th of January, 1977.
0910H16 $^Now, Sir, having regard to the importance of this matter, it is proposed
0920H16 by this Bill to_ raise the minimum age of marriage for males to 21
0930H16 and for females to 18. ^Although in the Bill, as introduced, the age was
0940H16 proposed to_ be raised from 15 to 16 only, but, Sir, having regard to
0950H16 this very important matter of growth in population, it is proposed, I
0960H16 have already given notice of an official amendment, to_ fix the minimum
0970H16 age for females as 18.
0980H16 $^There has often been a plea that, these offences until they are made cognisable,
0990H16 the enforcement of the act is not really fully made. ^Government
1000H16 gave anxious consideration to this matter and it cannot be disputed
1010H16 that the provisions in such an Act should be rigorously enforced. ^But,
1020H16 at the same time, it is necessary that the people may not unnecessarily
1030H16 be harassed. ^Therefore, this *3via-media*0 has been found, namely,
1040H16 that the offences may be made cognisable so that it may be open to the
1050H16 police to_ investigate the offences and bring the offenders to book. ^At
1060H16 the same time the power has not been given to the police officers to_
1070H16 effect arrests without a warrant or without an order from a magistrate.
1080H16 $^*I might add that so far as any measures for such social reforms are
1090H16 concerned, they do not merely depend upon law because the attitude of the
1100H16 public is also very important. ^Our aim should also be that the public
1110H16 should be educated to_ fall in line with such reforms. ^There is, of
1120H16 course, an amendment proposed to the Enacting Formula and the clause of
1130H16 the Bill because the Bill was introduced in 1977 and, by the process
1140H16 of history, we have come to 1978 now.
1150H16 $^With these remarks, I commend this Bill for the consideration of the
1170H16 House $\0MR. DEPUTY SPEAKER; ^Motion moved:
1180H16 $"^That the Bill further to_ amend the Child Marriage Restraint Act,
1190H16 1929 and to_ make Certain consequential amendments in the Indian Christian
1200H16 Marriage Act, 1872, and the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, be taken
1210H16 into consideration." $\0*4SHRI
1220H16 VAYALAR RAVI (Chirayinkil): \0^*Mr Deputy-speaker, Sir,
1230H16 there is not much to_ argue on this and the hon*'3ble Minister himself
1240H16 has accepted an amendment. ^There is an official amendment raising
1250H16 the age of female upto eighteen.
1260H16 $^*Sir, one of the main reasons for bringing forward this Bill, that is
1270H16 raising the marriage age is to_ check the growth of population. ^It is
1280H16 true the population problem is one of the major problems facing this country
1290H16 but different methods are being adopted to_ tackle this problem. ^Government
1300H16 itself is proposing many things. ^*I do not want to_ get myself
1310H16 involved in that_ problem just now. ^Government is realising the gravity
1320H16 and seriousness of the rate of growth in population.
1330H16 $^*Sir, I would like to_ draw your attention to the Statement of Objects
1340H16 and Reasons wherein it is stated:
1350H16 $"^The question of increasing the minimum age of marriage for males and
1360H16 females has been considered in the present context when there is an urgent
1370H16 need to_ check the growth of population in the country. ^Such increase
1380H16 of the minimum age of marriage will result in lowering the total fertility
1390H16 rate on account of lesser span of married life."
1400H16 $^In this respect, I would like to_ point out that there is a heavy demand
1410H16 from the young men for lowering the voting age. ^The young men feel
1420H16 that they are mature at the age of eighteen. ^Actually the Janata governments
1430H16 of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat have accepted this demand for
1440H16 lowering the voting age to eighteen. ^So, Sir, when a citizen of this
1450H16 country is capable of exercising his right of franchise at the age of eighteen,
1460H16 how can you prevent him by law from marrying at the age of
1470H16 eighteen? ^Further, marriage does not mean just producing children. ^There
1480H16 is something else to it. ^Here you are restricting the right of
1490H16 the citizens of this country-- especially menfolk-- upto the age of twenty-one.
1500H16 ^*Sir, there seems to_ be no logic of criteria behind fixing the
1510H16 age for male at twenty-one. ^There is no logical explanation as to why
1520H16 in the case of male it is twenty-one whereas for female it is eithteen.
1530H16 ^My demand is that in the case of male also it should be eighteen. ^The
1540H16 age should be equal for both men and women. ^Today women are clamouring
1550H16 for equal rights and this morning the Railway Minister also said
1560H16 that he was going to_ appoint more women on the ticket booking counters.
1570H16 ^So, my suggestion is that the age of male and female should be equal.
2680H16 ^It is now accepted by the governments of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat
1590H16 that a young man is capable of thinking about the future of the nation
1600H16 at the age of eighteen. ^So, you must give the same right to the citizens
1610H16 in their individual freedom. ^Today a student becomes a graduate at
1620H16 the age of twenty-one. ^He will have to_ wait for another one year to_
1630H16 get married. $^So, my simple request is... (interruptions). ^Mine is a
1650H16 late marriage. $*3THE MINISTER OF LAW, JUSTICE
1660H16 AND COMPANY AFFAIRS*0 (\0*4SHRI SHANTI BHUSHAN): ^The
1670H16 \0Hon. member is already above 21. ^Why is he worried? $\0*4SHRI
1680H16 VAYALAR RAVI: ^*I am worried about the future generation.
1700H16 $AN \0HON. MEMBER: ^He is worried about his son, Sir. $\0*4SHRI
1701H16 *(0A.*) BALA PAJANOR (Pondicherry): ^He is highly deceptive in
1720H16 age. $\0*4^SHRI VAYALAR RAVI: ^*Sir, there should be equal rights.
1730H16 ^It should be 18 years for both boys and girls. ^So far as population growth
1740H16 is concerned, the mere criterion should not be raising of marriageable
1750H16 age. ^But it may be one of the criteria which I fully appreciate. ^In
1760H16 so far as raising of marriageable age of girls is concerned, it is all
1770H16 right because if they are married at the early age, they may have two
1780H16 or three children before they attain the age of 20 or so and the entire
1790H16 family is affected. ^Now, when a child is born, we should think in terms
1800H16 of what should be the attitude of the child towards the society.*#
        **[no. of words = 02018**]

        **[txt. h17**]
0010H17 \0*4^SHRI. *(0B. C*) KAMBLE (Bombay South-Central): \0^*Mr
0020H17 Chairman, Sir, the question of law and order has become so much confused
0030H17 that one wonders as to whose responsibility it is and how to_ enforce
0040H17 this responsibility so far as the maintenance of law and order is concerned.
0050H17 ^In this House a debate has taken place and the straight question
0060H17 that I would like to_ ask the Government is "Are you going to_
0061H17 assume
0070H17 the responsibility with regard to the maintenance of law and order or say
0080H17 that it is the responsibility of the States and that you have no responsibility
0090H17 at all."
0100H17 $^So far as this position is concerned, it seems that for the last thirty
0110H17 years, the administration is being carried as if there is no responsibility
0120H17 and there is no method of enforcing the responsibility. ^This is
0130H17 not a new problem. ^Even when the Constituent Assembly sat, even at that_
0140H17 time, the Constituent Assembly had to_ face this situation and during
0150H17 the last thirty years there had been more than two *4lakhs of atrocities
0160H17 on the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. ^In the Constituent
0170H17 Assembly, late \0Dr. Ambedkar had given a warning before 29 years.
0180H17 ^He said, while concluding his speech in the Constituent Assembly:
0200H17 $"There is a danger of democracy giving place to Dictatorship".
0210H17 $and that_ has happened.
0220H17 $^Now there is another prophecy in the speech of late \0Dr Ambedkar.
0230H17 ^He said: $"If we wish to_ maintain democracy not merely in form, but
0240H17 also in fact, what must we do? ^The first thing, in my judgment, we must
0250H17 do is to_ hold fast to the Constitutional methods of achieving our social
0260H17 and economic objectives. ^It means we must abandon the bloody methods
0270H17 of revolution. ^It means we must abandon the bloody methods of civil
0280H17 disobedience, non-co-operation and *4Satyagraha."
0290H17 $^This is the warning which late \0Dr. Ambedkar gave 29 years ago.
0300H17 $^If this warning is not heeded, I am quite sure that there is going to_
0310H17 be anarchy in this country and nothing can control it.
0320H17 $^Now therefore, what is the method by which we can enforce this responsibility
0330H17 with regard to the maintenance of law and order? ^The Home Minister
0340H17 either in the States or in this \0Hon. House cannot go on saying
0350H17 that these are the disturbances and this is the statistics. ^Who is responsible?
0360H17 ^Who has to_ enforce this responsibility? ^The surer way is--
0370H17 it may be the responsibility of the Centre or the States-- there must
0380H17 be certain norms established and if the situation goes beyond that norm,
0390H17 every Home Minister must forthwith resign, if he is not able to_ enforce
0400H17 the law and order. ^That_ is my suggestion.
0410H17 $^So far as these incidents are concerned these are not isolated incidents.
0420H17 ^They are inter-mixed. ^This problem is a very complicated problem
0430H17 because these are religious incidents, some are social incidents and some
0440H17 are political incidents and all of them are woven together. ^Therefore,
0450H17 it is good that the \0Hon. Prime Minister has been good enough to_
0460H17 call a Conference and my suggestion is, the Conference must not only
0470H17 deal with the law and order problem, but also two main subjects.
0490H17 $^One is social order. ^What kind of social order do we have? ^It must
0500H17 also consider whether it is a social order which breeds violence and whether
0510H17 it creates disturbances and whether there can be any remedy and whether
0520H17 we can improve upon the social order. $^Similarly
0530H17 about the system of Government, that_ question must also be
0540H17 considered and discussed in that_ Conference. ^Otherwise, if we take in
0550H17 an isolated manner the question of law and order alone, probably that_
0560H17 Conference may not be successful and we will not be able to_ get any solution
0570H17 whatsoever. ^There are certain remedies as suggested by late \0Dr
0580H17 Ambedkar and one remedy is that if any Cabinet or any Government either
0590H17 in the State or at the Centre is failing to_ protect the lives of
0600H17 the Scheduled Castes and Tribes, then, certain special powers must be
0610H17 given to the Governor and it should be the special responsibility of
0620H17 the Governor to_ protect them.
0630H17 ^*I understand that if such special powers are given to the Governor, there
0640H17 will be diminution of the powers of the cabinet. ^But when the cabinet
0650H17 is not using the necessary powers for the protection of these people
0660H17 there is no other way than investing the Governor or the President as
0670H17 the case may be with special powers.
0680H17 $^There has been violence in Bihar. ^40 years ago, \0Dr Ambedkar gave
0690H17 a warning saying that this monster of caste should be destroyed. ^He
0700H17 had analysed thoroughly that if this monster is not destroyed, it shall
0710H17 raise its head and there will be a sort of civil war. ^Such of those who
0720H17 want caste, either high or low, will have to_ face the situation. ^Otherwise,
0730H17 we should destroy caste and see that our social order is reformed.
0750H17 $^There should be established certain committees of legislatures comprising
0760H17 scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and special powers should be
0770H17 given to these committees, if they are to_ be protected.
0780H17 $^*I want to_ give certain statistics. ^All these reserved seats are captured
0790H17 by different political parties and therefore, there is no unity of
0800H17 purpose so far as the welfare of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes
0810H17 is concerned. ^In the Legislative Assemblies, the Janata Party
0820H17 has captured 240 seats, the Congress Party 51 seats, \0CPI 12 seats
0830H17 and \0CPM 48 seats. ^In the *5Lok Sabha*6 also there are certain
0840H17 seats captured by various political parties. **[sic**] ^If these are reserved
0850H17 seats, leave it to them. ^Let them be organised. ^There real representatives
0860H17 should be elected and they should be able to_ influence the
0870H17 policy of the Government. ^In that_ conference, this question of representation
0880H17 must be discussed properly and the real representatives should
0890H17 be called for that_ conference. $^With
0900H17 these words, I conclude. $\0*4SHRI. SOMNATH CHATTERJEE (Jadavpur):
0910H17 ^*Sir, this is a very important Ministry. ^It has a very important
0920H17 task to_ perform, namely, dismantling the citadels of reaction and dictatorship
0930H17 that_ had been set up during those dark days of the emergency.
0940H17 ^*I know that various commissions have been set up and that so far as
0950H17 persons at the higher levels are concerned, they are awaiting the reports
0960H17 of the Shah and other commissions. ^But in the executive set up, there
0970H17 are various people who have indulged in the grossest misuse of the laws
0980H17 that_ were prevalent in those days. ^*I would like to_ know what steps
0990H17 government have so far taken to_ ascertain who have been responsible
1000H17 for the grossest misuse of laws like \0MISA and \0DIR and how the
1010H17 laws of this country had been manipulated for the purpose of taking away
1020H17 whatever minimal rights the citizens of this country were enjoying.
1030H17 ^This explanation is owed by this government to the people of this country.
1040H17 ^Therefore, it is not enough to_ merely leave it to the commissions
1050H17 to_ find out what happened. ^The commissions*' findings will not be operative
1060H17 as such. ^There will have to_ be follow-up action. ^When will you
1070H17 take any concrete steps to_ undo the mischief of the dictatorship, and
1080H17 the emergency that had been taken recourse to? ^How soon will you do
1090H17 it and how do you propose to_ do it? ^We would like to_ know what is the
1100H17 thinking of the Home Ministry on this point. ^*Sir, we have seen how
1110H17 things have been done **[sic**] some time back, how a simple prosecution
1120H17 could not be conducted in a proper manner. ^So, it seems there are
1121H17 still forces
1130H17 which are operating in the corridors of the Home Ministry or in the
1140H17 Home Ministry itself who are more sympathetic to the continuation of
1150H17 the old system of Government that_ was there. ^They are interested in covering
1160H17 up the misdeeds than interested in uncovering those misdeeds and
1170H17 taking real steps to_ stop these things in future. ^This is important
1180H17 because there is an impression in the minds of the people that there are
1190H17 still forces operating which are preventing real disclosure of the true
1200H17 state of affairs and from taking any action against the persons who are
1210H17 guilty of those wrong doings.
1220H17 $^Secondly, with regard to the All India Services, the Indian Administrative
1230H17 Service, the Indian Police Service and other All-India Services,
1240H17 an anomaly has been created because of the control which is left
1250H17 with the Central Government in regard to their disciplinary proceedings
1260H17 or in regard to taking action
1270H17 against them. ^Various persons are deputed from here and assigned to the
1280H17 States. ^The State Governments have really no control over these All-India
1290H17 Service officers. ^We are told that the Central Government
1300H17 takes away officers from some States. ^Those whom the State Governments
1310H17 want to_ retain for the services of the States are not allowed to_
1320H17 remain there. ^Those decisions are not taken in consultation with the States.
1330H17 ^It is the Central Government which ultimately decides. **[sic**]
1340H17 ^The Constitution has imposed so many responsibilities on the State
1341H17 Governments.
1350H17 ^Now, we cannot do away with bureaucratic set up as such. ^Whether
1360H17 \0IAS officers or \0IPS officers of State Governments are
1370H17 really to_ be kept in the States for carrying out the States*' policies
1380H17 or not, this is a matter which has to_ be decided by the Centre only.
1390H17 ^This is a very important aspect because after all, you want that the
1400H17 State Governments should function properly. ^There are various responsibilities
1410H17 under the Constitution and with the bureaucratic set up that_
1420H17 we have, we cannot do away with the \0IAS and \0IPS because that_
1430H17 is all controlled by the Centre. ^But the State Governments are becoming
1440H17 more and more powerless in selecting officers for being deputed to
1450H17 the States and in taking action against them, if they do not perform their
1460H17 functions well. ^One has to_ come to the Centre for clearance for
1470H17 anything that_ is to_ be done by the States. ^This is creating difficulty.
1490H17 $^The other point is the question of Centre State relations. ^We have
1500H17 been saying that this is not a matter of confrontation between any State
1510H17 and the Centre. ^This is a stark reality of this country that thirty
1520H17 years of the operation of the Constitution of India as it has been
1530H17 framed or even amended many times, has not been able to_ bring about any
1540H17 real change in the economic condition of the people of this country. ^It
1550H17 has not resulted in equal development of the different parts of the country,
1560H17 namely, the different States. ^There are discriminations whether
1570H17 knowingly or unknowingly which have been perpetrated. ^There are uneven
1580H17 developments. ^In some parts of the country there is concentration
1590H17 of resources while large areas of the country are still as in the pre-Independence
1600H17 days. ^Has the Constitution of the country so far as the
1610H17 distribution of powers under a federal set up is concerned, and distribution
1620H17 of legislative power and distribution of executive power between the
1630H17 Centre and the States is concerned, served the people of this country?
1640H17 ^That is the touch-stone of its utility. ^Has it helped in the uniform
1650H17 development of all the states of the country? ^It does not require any
1660H17 statistical data to_ prove that the eastern part of this country has
1670H17 been deprived of various inputs and various investments which the other
1680H17 parts of the country have got. ^*I am not saying that the other parts
1690H17 of the country should not develop. ^*I am not crying over that_; but what
1700H17 I am saying is that the Constitution has imposed very serious and important
1710H17 responsibilities on the State governments. ^Has the Constitution,
1720H17 in the matter of distribution of economic and political powers, made
1730H17 such provisions which will help in the proper development of the States,
1740H17 and which will help the different State governments to_ arrange for
1750H17 their own affairs satisfactorily, for the improvement of the conditions
1760H17 of the weaker sections of the people? ^It is undeniable that after 30
1770H17 years of Independence, 70 per cent of the people of this country are below
1780H17 the poverty line.*#
        **[no. of words = 02006**]

        **[txt. h18**]
0010H18 ^Therefore, I would like and would request the \0Hon. Minister to_ come
0020H18 forward before this House once again with a complete Blue paper on
0030H18 coal production, supply and demand situation in this country. ^The \0CIL
0040H18 has itself given notice to the industries in the Southern States that
0050H18 they better switch over to other sources of energy. ^This shows that
0060H18 the situation is not as simple as has been explained in the statement.
0070H18 ^There is a crisis. ^About 300 to 400 foundries are closed in the States
0080H18 of Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Gujarat and Maharashtra and the four
0090H18 southern States. ^The situation is going to_ be very acute in the
0091H18 coming
0100H18 few months. $^The second point I want to_ raise is that there are conflicting
0110H18 statements from the \0CIL and the Ministry of energy. ^We learn
0120H18 from one statement that coal is going to_ be exported, but now we read
0130H18 another statement that coal is going to_ be imported and steel is going
0140H18 to_ be imported because the steel plants are facing acute shortage while
0150H18 the \0CIL makes the charge that the steel plants have no storage capacity.
0160H18 $^It is also said that there is wagon shortage, but according to
0170H18 my knowledge, at the loading stations there is a 20 per cent fall in loading.
0180H18 ^Loading orders
0190H18 are not sufficient and wagons are less because, in some cases they are being
0200H18 retained. ^All these issues arise out of the basic shortage of coal
0210H18 for industry, for energy and for other uses, and even for Railways. ^In
0220H18 Maharashtra a few railway-lines had to_ be closed because there was no
0230H18 coal. ^Therefore, I would like to_ tell the Minister that this statement
0240H18 does not satisfy us. ^It is a pious statement, but it does not state
0250H18 the facts. ^Therefore, would he accept our request and come before the
0260H18 House with a complete statement-- a Blue Paper on the coal production,
0270H18 coal distribution, coal targets and the methods by which complete coordination,
0280H18 not only between the Ministry of Energy and the Railways,
0290H18 but also with Industry and Commerce will be ensured? ^If they are going
0300H18 to_ import now, a Coordination Committee of a high-powered nature would
0310H18 have to_ be set up to_ solve the problem of coal. $\0*4^SHRI. *(0P.*)
0320H18 RAMACHANDRAN: ^The \0Hon. Member raised a few points with regard
0330H18 to coal production. ^The production programme is based on the valuation
0340H18 of the demand in the country. ^It is only based on that_, that the
0350H18 target is fixed. ^That_ target is 130 million tons for the current year.
0360H18 ^Even last year the target was fixed at 110 million tons, and it was achieved;
0370H18 and we have despatched coal to the various consumers. $^But with
0380H18 regard to the production of explosives and other factors which were constraints
0390H18 in the production of coal, I have explained in my statement
0400H18 that, because of the strike in the explosives factory there were constraints
0410H18 about the availability of explosives. ^The import of explosives
0420H18 also cannot be done quickly for the simple reason that a number of formalities
0430H18 and also certain regulations also have to_ be followed in regard
0440H18 to their import in particular. ^That_ is why it is only after serious consideration
0450H18 and consultation with the Minister of Industries, my colleague,
0460H18 that we have decided to_ import a few thousand tons of explosives
0470H18 into the country. $^With regard to the availability of coal in various
0480H18 sectors, I would like to_ explain a few points. ^In this country, out
0490H18 of the production nearly 80 per cent is a linked quantity, and it is only
0500H18 about 20 per cent of the production that_ will be distributed to low
0510H18 priority consumers in this country. ^For instance, steel, power stations,
0520H18 railways, cement industries are the priority industries and the consumers
0530H18 are also there. ^First, we just distribute coal available to these
0540H18 sectors. ^The \0hon. Member was telling about the steel plants. ^Today,
0550H18 the stock position at the steel plants is 3.34 *4lakh tonnes and at no
0560H18 time the stock in the steel plants went down below 2.87 *4lakh tonnes. ^In
0570H18 the discussions that we had a few days ago, I enquired from the Chairman
0580H18 of the Steel Authority if there had been any occasion for the steel
0590H18 plants to_ close down for want of coal. ^There may be other reasons.
0600H18 ^He assured me that the steel plants were never closed down for want of
0610H18 coal and as I told you, the lowest stock at the steel plants at a particular
0620H18 point of time was 2.87 *4lakh tonnes. ^That_ means, it is a few
0630H18 days*' consumption. ^It may be that certain varieties of coal may not be
0640H18 available at that_ particular time; that_ also, we are looking into and
0650H18 we are trying to_ supply whatever coal they want. $^With regard to the
0660H18 power stations I can assure the \0Hon. members that we
0680H18 have tried to_ supply to all the power stations, the coal that_ was necessary.
0690H18 ^At times, what happens at the pit-head stations for example Talcher,
0700H18 Kordi \0etc. is this. ^There are ropeways and conveyor belts by
0710H18 which coal is supplied to them. ^At times there may be some failure in
0720H18 the ropeway and conveyor belt; that_ also affects the coal supply to the
0730H18 power stations. ^*I can tell you categorically that at times, because of
0740H18 the low stock position of coal at the power stations, the power generation
0750H18 could have been reduced, but no power station was closed for want
0760H18 of coal. $\0DR. VASANT KUMAR PANDIT. ^Power shedding is there.
0761H18 $\0*4SHRI. *(0P*) RAMACHANDRAN: ^That_ is different do not mix
0770H18 up that_. $^The \0Hon. Member has also raised certain other points about
0780H18 the coal companies and the coordination or lack of coordination between
0790H18 Coal India \0Ltd. and the subsidiary companies. ^That_ is a matter
0800H18 of administration. ^*I can tell the \0Hon. Member that all these probems,
0810H18 when they are raised, are being looked into and efficiency is being
0820H18 achieved in the functioning of the coal companies also. ^There may be many
0830H18 reports appearing in the press; that_ does not mean that they are authentic.
0840H18 ^Whatever statement is made by us periodically, I think, the \0Hon.
0850H18 Member should go by them. ^*I think, it would satisfy the \0Hon.
0860H18 Member. $\0DR. VASANT KUMAR PANDIT. ^What about the railways? $\0*4SHRI.
0870H18 *(0P.*) RAMACHANDRAN: ^About the railways, it is true that
0880H18 during the peak period, a few short-distance trains were cancelled.
0890H18 ^Even here, it may be due to some bottleneck in the movement of coal or
0900H18 coal being diverted to some needy industries. ^As I said, some of the
0910H18 short-distance trains were cancelled but at the same time, a number of
0920H18 special trains were run with the help of diesel locos or the power locos.
0930H18 ^A few trains were cancelled, but that_ is not because of non-availability
0940H18 of coal only. $\0*4SHRI. KANWAR LAL GUPTA: (Delhi Sardar):
0950H18 ^*Sir, I have read the detailed statement made by my friend the \0Hon.
0960H18 Minister. ^He has painted a very good picture of his performance. ^*I
0970H18 appreciate his difficulties and I would not outright condemn his performance.
0980H18 ^*I agree with the difficulties he has mentioned, but the picture
0990H18 which he has painted is not like that_. ^It is not a fact that we are
1000H18 losing about eighty *4crores of rupees per year in this
1010H18 coal business, whereas when it was in the private sector they were minting
1020H18 money? ^*I do not suggest that we have committed a mistake by nationalising
1030H18 the industry, but I think, there is something wrong somewhere
1040H18 which needs improvement. ^We lack efficiency. ^And there is a lot of pilferage.
1050H18 $*316 \0hrs. $^Secondly, is it not a fact that there are certain
1060H18 targets fixed for the whole year and you fix the target for every quarter
1070H18 also and for this quarter, the production was less by 3 million tonnes?
1080H18 ^So, the production is less as against the target fixed by you. $^Thirdly,
1090H18 last year there were reports in the Press that stocks had piled
1100H18 up at the mines and that there was no demand and they were lying. ^But
1110H18 this year there is no coal. ^Is this your planning? ^The only planning is
1120H18 that there is no planning. ^That_ is the only planning. ^So, I seriously
1130H18 object that you do not have proper planning. ^Last year you had
1131H18 sufficient
1140H18 coal but there was no demand and the coal piled up. ^But now you are
1150H18 not able to_ supply coal. $^Then you say that the picture is very good
1160H18 and the \0Hon. Minister has rightly said, 'Don*'4t go by the news that_
1170H18 appears in the Press.' ^In the Press if we read the comment of the
1180H18 Railway Ministry officials, they say that there is a shortage of coal
1190H18 and you are responsible for it. ^And if we read the statement of your
1200H18 officers, they say, 'No, we have got. ^The railways do not have the wagons.
1210H18 ^They are responsible for it.' ^Sometimes the *(energywalas*) say,
1220H18 'No, we are not responsible. ^We have sufficient electricity to_ give them.
1230H18 ^They are responsible for the shortfall.' ^The Industry Ministry
1240H18 officials say that the problem is there. ^Now you have started to_ import
1250H18 it. ^You rightly said, 'You do not listen to the papers.' ^But before
1251H18 your
1260H18 officials issue their statements, you must control your officers. ^In the
1270H18 same way, the Railway Minister should control their officials as also
1280H18 the Industry Ministry. ^You tell us, 'You believe me.' ^So I am going
1290H18 to_ believe you or your State Minister. ^Let me quote what the Minister
1300H18 of State has to_ say. ^He has made a statement at Calcutta.
1310H18 $\0*4SHRI. *(0P.*) RAMACHANDRAN: ^*I inquired about it. ^He tells
1320H18 me that it is all distorted. ^He did not say like that_. $\0*4SHRI.
1330H18 KANWAR LAL GUPTA: ^It is the prerogative of the politicians to_
1340H18 deny everything which does not suit them. $^The Minister of State said:
1350H18 $"If the coal industry was not immediately re-organized, it would be
1360H18 suicidal for the coal industry in future." $^Then he says: $"Since nationalisation
1370H18 the department of coal due to lack of vision and imagination
1380H18 could
1390H18 not plan for raising coal in sufficient quantities. ^Only old mines were
1400H18 being worked up and no new mines opened." $^The Minister said: $"The
1410H18 crisis of coal has come all of a sudden because of the sharp demand
1420H18 and power failure aggravated the situation...." $^So, he also says that
1430H18 it is on account of lack of planning. ^It cannot be misquoted. ^*I do
1440H18 not want to_ waste the time of the House. ^It cannot be wrong.... $\0*4SHRI.
1450H18 VASANT SATHE (Akola): ^Loss of \0Rs. 200 *4crores has
1460H18 taken place in Coal India \0Ltd. $\0*4SHRI. KANWAR LAL GUPTA:
1470H18 ^My question is that you need re-organization of the whole set up. ^Are
1480H18 you going to_ re-organize the set up of the Coal Department or not?
1490H18 ^This is my question. ^Another question is there was a news item in the
1500H18 press that you are losing the money heavily-- about \0Rs. 80 *4crores
1510H18 or \0Rs. 100 *4crores per year and you intend to_ raise the price of
1520H18 coal. ^Is it a fact that you proposed to_ increase the price of coal?
1530H18 ^It will be again disasterous. ^This is on account of your inefficiency
1540H18 and to_ hide your inefficiency you want to_ put burden on the people. ^That_
1550H18 is not proper. ^Kindly do not do it. $^There is no co-ordination among
1560H18 three or four Ministeries. ^*I want co-ordination at the Ministers*'
1570H18 level. ^The Railways Minister, the Energy Minister, the Minister
1580H18 of Coal and the Minister of Industry must have full co-ordination so
1590H18 that your officials may not accuse each other. ^Is it not a fact that
1600H18 the production of steam coal is much less? ^The demand is much more. $^Is
1610H18 it not a fact that about 150 trains have been cancelled even now. ^*I
1620H18 give you exact figures. ^It is not one or two but hundred and fifty trains
1630H18 which have been cancelled and he says there is no power station which
1640H18 was closed on account of shortage of coal. ^Well these may not have
1650H18 been closed continuously for a fortnight, or a year or six months.*#
        **[no. of words = 02012**]

        **[txt. h19**]
0010H19 \0*4^*Shri Raj Narain wants that in Tamil Nadu the people should learn
0020H19 Tamil, in Kerala the people should learn Malayalam \0etc. ^We have
0030H19 also no objection in the people of Bihar speaking and learning only Hindi.
0040H19 ^But the problem arises when the people of Bihar want to_ communicate
0050H19 with the people of Tamil Nadu. ^In what language they should do
0060H19 this? ^We have got this House, a representative body of 22 States in
0070H19 the country. ^What should be the language in which this House, if it desires
0080H19 should communicate with 22 States having different languages? ^That_
0090H19 is the problem we are facing today. ^*Hindi or any other language--
0100H19 which should be the language of such a communication? ^Here I have without
0110H19 any doubt to_ say that English puts equal burden on all the people.
0120H19 ^*English is not an alien language at all. ^*Nagaland, a constituent unit
0130H19 of our country, has adopted English as the State language. ^Do you
0140H19 want to_ throw out Nagaland by saying that English is an alien language?
0150H19 ^If that_ happens, naturally other States will follow and if this is
0160H19 allowed to_ happen, then disintegration of the country sets in. $^*I do
0170H19 not deny that the \0D.M.K. was committed to secession. ^What was the
0180H19 reason? ^We were afraid of becoming the slaves of Hindi imperialism.
0190H19 ^Later on we realised that we could pursue our struggle within the constitutional
0200H19 framework and we surrendered our demand for secession. ^But
0210H19 I hasten to add that the reasons which provoked us to_ demand secession
0220H19 persist. ^We have forfeited our demand for secession but we are not yet
0230H19 alienated from the causes that culminated in such a demand. ^Even after
0240H19 31 years of our Independence, we have not been able to_ find a solution
0250H19 to the language problem. ^Why should it be allowed to_ plague our country
0260H19 further? $\0*4SHRI *(0A. C.*) GEORGE: \0^*Mr. Deputy
0261H19 Speaker,
0270H19 the Prime Minister may be answering the Debate. ^The \0Hon. Member is
0280H19 making good points. ^May I suggest that the Prime Minister puts the
0290H19 earphones so that he hears the translation. \0MR. DEPUTY-SPEAKER:
0300H19 ^He is getting it translated. ^Leave it to him. ^Please don*'4t disturb
0310H19 the speaker. $\0*4SHRI *(0A. V. P.*) ASAITHAMBI: ^As I stated
0320H19 at the beginning, I wish to_ repeat that I have no hatred towards Hindi.
0330H19 ^But I hate its imposition. ^It is claimed that Hindi is spoken
0340H19 by majority of the people in the country. ^*I would like to_ counter this
0350H19 argument by quoting from the 1972 Census Report of the Government
0360H19 of India. ^According to this Report out of the population of 54.81 *4crores,
0370H19 16 *4crores of people speak Hindi. ^But, you will be surprised
0380H19 to_ know that 47 dialects have been grouped under the heading Hindi and
0390H19 thus the number of Hindi-speaking people has been swelled to 16 *4crores.
0400H19 ^The number of real Hindi-- that_ is the Khadi Bholi-- speaking
0410H19 people is just 2 *4crores. ^Where is your majority? ^In a democracy the
0420H19 minorities must be given protection from the oppression of majority, even
0430H19 if I concede that Hindi is spoken by majority of people. ^Here have
0440H19 you chosen peacock as the national bird on the strength of its numbers?
0450H19 ^Have you chosen tiger as the national animal merely on the strength
0460H19 of its numbers? ^If you go by the numbers, then the sparrow and rat alone
0470H19 can become the national bird and national animal respectively. ^You have
0480H19 chosen peacock for its beauty and rarity. ^Similarly you have chosen
0490H19 tiger for its valour and strength. ^A national language must merit its choice
0500H19 on its own culture, traditions and literary value, and not merely
0510H19 by the number of people speaking it. ^We got freedom from the Britishers,
0520H19 not to_ become slaves of another section. $^*I am afraid that the era
0530H19 of an all India party coming to power at the Centre is coming to an
0540H19 end. ^The Congress Party which ruled the country for three decades has
0550H19 been decimated with the defeat of \0Mrs. Indira Gandhi. ^Four parties
0560H19 came together to_ form the Government at the Centre and now within
0570H19 19 months of Janata Government these groups are vying with one another
0580H19 in becoming supreme and that_ has created unseemly squabbles in the Janata
0590H19 Party. ^If this is the case with a political party ruling at the
0600H19 Centre, you can imagine what will happen in a country, which is a sub-continent
0610H19 by itself because of its diverse cultures and different languages,
0620H19 if one linguistic group tries to_ establish its supremacy over the others.
0630H19 $\0*4^*Shri. *(0C. S.*) referred to the fall of Congress Party
0640H19 in 1967 in Tamil Nadu and he analysed the cause for this in a beautiful
0650H19 manner. ^No accusing finger could be raised against \0*4Shri Kamaraj
0660H19 the leader of the Congress Party in Tamil Nadu. ^Yet he could not
0670H19 save the Party from its rout. ^The reason was the grievous error committed
0680H19 by the Congress Party at the national level in the matter of language
0690H19 in 1965. ^The Congress Party has not yet been able to_ raise its
0700H19 head in Tamil Nadu. ^Similarly, the Janata Party has also no *3*4janata
0710H19 in Tamil Nadu. ^*Indira Congress has also drawn blank in Tamil
0720H19 Nadu. ^Only Bala Pajanor and myself-- in other words *4Thiru Karunanidhi
0721H19 and *4Thiru *(0M. G. R.*) have the opportunity. ^If these two
0730H19 come together in Tamil Nadu, there can never be anybody else in Tamil
0740H19 Nadu, on the political arena. $*319.15 \0hrs. $[\0MR
0750H19 SPEAKER *3in the Chair] $^The people of four Southern States
0760H19 have woken up. ^The four Chief Ministers of Southern States have
0770H19 come together in this conference for the first time, since they have realised
0780H19 that the Central Government is getting debilitated. ^If Indira
0790H19 Congress Government had been there at the Centre, \0Dr. Chenna Reddy
0800H19 and \0*4Shri Devraj Urs would not have attended this meeting. ^Similarly,
0810H19 if Janata Government had been there in these two States, then
0820H19 also the Chief Ministers of these two States would not have come to_
0830H19 attend this conference. ^If in the coming Elections, no all-india party
0840H19 comes to power, and only regional parties get elected, what will happen
0850H19 in the country? ^There will be inevitable and unavoidable separation.
0860H19 ^Passion will be let loose. ^In spite of anti-secession law, there will
0870H19 be demand for secession. ^As is commonly known in legal circle, law cannot
0880H19 be based on full justice and fairplay. ^We on our part do not want
0890H19 such a thing to_ happen. ^We want to_ protect our country*'s unity and integrity.
0900H19 ^But we must bear in mind that there were 633 princely States
0910H19 before the advent of British here. ^The Britishers unified the nation
0920H19 and after independence, Sardar Patel strengthened the bonds of unity.
0930H19 ^In 1956 language was the basis for reorganising the States. ^*I want
0940H19 that during Morarji Desai*'s regime the country should not sunder apart.
0950H19 ^*English is the world language and it can safely be the link
0951H19 language
0960H19 of the country also. ^It is no longer an alien language. ^Even now, as
0970H19 mentioned by $\0*4shri *(0C. S.*) non-Hindi speaking people are second
0980H19 class citizens. ^If tomorrow Hindi supplants English, what will be
0990H19 the position? ^The fear of slavery makes us oppose this move. $^*Mahatma
1000H19 Gandhi got us freedom. ^But within a short time after that_ one of his
1010H19 moves was misinterpreted and he was murdered. ^Now we should not break
1020H19 the country. ^We want to_ protect the nation. ^*Hindi is the enemy of
1030H19 India and we should thwart its efforts to_ subjugate India. ^Now four
1040H19 non-Hindi States have come together. ^*I would like to_ warn the Government
1050H19 that at not a very distant future 15 non-Hindi speaking States
1060H19 in the country may come together to_ oppose the imposition of Hindi.
1070H19 $^With these words I conclude my speech, thanking you for giving me an
1080H19 opportunity to_ participate in this debate. $\0MR SPEAKER: ^The
1090H19 Prime Minister. $THE PRIME MINISTER (0*4SHRI MORARJI DESAI): \0^*Mr.
1100H19 Speaker, Sir... $*3AN \0HON. MEMBER:*0 ^Is he replying or intervening?
1110H19 $\0*4*4SHRI MORARJI DESAI: ^*I am replying... $\0MR. SPEAKER:
1120H19 ^We shall resume the debate after this. $\0*4Shri MORARJI DESAI:
1130H19 ^You may call it intervention if you like. $\0MR. SPEAKER
1140H19 ^The Prime Minister is speaking. $\0*4Shri MORARJI DESAI: ^*I
1150H19 have listened very carefully and attentively to all that_ has been said
1160H19 here. ^Even when I was absent from the House for about 45 minutes in
1170H19 two shifts, I was listening because I attach great importance to the
1180H19 question which has been debated here today. ^*I should have been very happy
1190H19 if no passions had been involved. ^But it only shows the sensitivity
1200H19 of the question. ^*I do not want, therefore, to_ tread on any sensitive
1210H19 ground. ^*I would not yield to the temptation of replying to some points
1220H19 which are not really necessary for the consideration of this question
1230H19 but which might create even an unintentional misunderstanding. ^*I
1240H19 do not want, therefore, to_ take that_ risk. ^This is a question which is
1250H19 very vital for the unity and strength of this country. ^But how politics
1260H19 comes in to this can be illustrated by the fact that, when my \0hon.
1270H19 friend, the Mover, \0Mr. Sathe, said that ultimately Hindi alone can
1280H19 be the common language, he was not considered a Hindi fanatic, but I
1290H19 am depicted as a Hindi fanatic. ^*I never said that Hindi should be imposed
1300H19 on anybody. ^*I do not believe in imposition of Hindi because such
1310H19 things cannot be done by imposition and governmental imposition does
1320H19 not lead to desired results. $^Sentiments and emotions ought not to_ be
1330H19 brought in here and they ought not to_ be exacerbated. ^*I have no doubt
1340H19 about it in my mind. ^That_ does not help the process. ^*I have, therefore,
1350H19 said that it is not the compulsion of the government but it is the
1360H19 compulsion of patriotism which will bring Hindi. ^That_ is all that I
1370H19 have always said and, patriotism is not a thing which I have to_ inculcate
1380H19 $(*3Interruptions) $\0*4Shri *(0P*) VENKATASUBBIAH:
1390H19 ^Why are you trying to_ equate the two? $\0*4Shri VAYALAR RAVI: ^We
1400H19 are also patriots. ^It is not the monopoloy of anybody. $\0MR. SPEAKER
1410H19 ^He never said that we are not. $\0*4Shri MORARJI DESAI:
1420H19 ^*I have not said that I am a better patriot than the \0hon. Member. ^*I
1430H19 have never said it. ^But why is sensitivity brought into it? ^*I do not
1440H19 want to_ hurt anybody. ^It is not what I am saying but it is a fact
1450H19 that in this country all of us are suffering from shortcomings in this
1460H19 matter because of the past history of the country. ^That_ is why the language
1470H19 problem is there. ^For thousands of years in its previous history
1480H19 we never had one common language because there never was one common government.
1481H19 ^There were hundreds of governments.
1490H19 ^At no time of history was there one government in this country
1500H19 before 1948. ^In 1948 all the princely States were merged and it was
1510H19 by the end of 1948 that the country had one government. ^Otherwise,
1520H19 the Britishers had left us with 551 governments in this country, but
1530H19 the country achieved one government because we realised that that_ was
1540H19 what was required to_ be done if India was to_ progress, develop and take
1550H19 its own place in the comity of nations. $(*3Interruptions) ^If my
1560H19 \0hon. friend, \0Mr. Venkatasubbiah, does not become impatient and allows
1570H19 me to_ speak, I shall be grateful. $^This is a matter which arose when
1580H19 the movement for national freedom was going on and the Indian National
1590H19 Congress for freedom. ^*I will not say that it was only the Indian
1600H19 National Congress which was working for freedom, there were others too,
1610H19 but Indian National Congress was the main body which was working,
1620H19 and if I say so, it will be no exaggeration. ^At that_ time people from
1630H19 the south, from Bengal, from Maharashtra and from Gujarat proposed
1640H19 that Hindi be the common-- national language; that_ is what they called
1650H19 it at that_ time. ^That_ was accepted and nobody contested it until we
1660H19 won our freedom. ^After freedom when the Constitution was drafted, Hindi
1670H19 was recognised as the common language, not as a national language and
1680H19 all the other languages of the country which are recognised in the Constitution
1690H19 are considered national languages so that there may be no quarrels
1700H19 on that_ account.*#
        **[no. of words = 02044**]

        **[txt. h20**]
0010H20 ^*I am not asking them as a Privilege Committee but as a Committee of
0020H20 the House. $(*3Interruptions) $^Unless I study the papers I cannot
0030H20 give a ruling. (*3Interruptions) $\0*4SHRI *(0B*) SHANKARANAND
0040H20 (Chikkodi): ^*I rise on a point of order. $^Only a Committee specified
0050H20 under the Rules have the authority to_ summon any person or call
0060H20 for any document. ^Now you are saying that a Committee without any authority...
0070H20 $\0MR. SPEAKER: ^No, no... $\0*4SHRI *(0B.*) SHANKARANAND:
0080H20 ^Please listen to me. ^You are referring this matter to the
0090H20 Privileges Committee, not as a Privileges Committee... $\0MR. SPEAKER:
0100H20 ^As a Committee of the House. $\0*4SHRI *(0B.*) SHANKARANAND:
0110H20 ^Please listen to me. ^That_ Committee is not according to the
0120H20 procedure. ^This Committee will have no authority to_ summon anybody...
0130H20 $\0MR. SPEAKER: ^*I can always appoint a Committee to_ go into
0140H20 the matter: the House can always go into the matter. $\0*4SHRI *(0B.*)
0150H20 SHANKARANAND: ^No, no: ^You have to_ say whether this Committee
0160H20 will have authority to_ summon anybody. $\0MR. SPEAKER: ^We will
0170H20 give you all the authority. ^The House will now take up further consideration...
0180H20 $(*3Interruptions) $\0MR. SPEAKER: ^Please do not
0190H20 record. $(*3Interruptions) $*315.00 \0hrs. $*<*3MOTION \0RE. THIRD
0200H20 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF PRIVILEGES--*0*> $\0Contd. $\0MR. SPEAKER:
0210H20 ^The House will now take up further consideration of the Motions
0220H20 regarding the Third Report of the Committee of Privileges and
0230H20 the Substitute Motions and Amendments moved thereto. $^Some more Substitute
0240H20 Motions and Amendments have since been tabled by Members to
0250H20 the Motion moved by \0*4Shri Morarji Desai on 8th December, 1978. $^*I
0260H20 will allow the Members concerned to_ move them also. ^They may, if
0270H20 they desire to_ move their Substitute Motions Amendments, send slips
0280H20 to the Table within 15 minutes indicating the serial numbers of the Substitute
0290H20 Motions Amendments they would like to_ move.
0291H20 $^Now, before I
0300H20 start the procedings may I make a request to the \0Hon. Members, since
0310H20 there are a large number of Members desiring to_ speak, to_ be brief
0320H20 in their submissions. $\0*4SHRI *(0C.*) SUBRAMANIAM (Palani):
0330H20 ^As far as Amendment \0No. 39 is concerned-- which is standing in the
0340H20 name of the Prime Minister-- before he moves that_ I have to_ rise on
0350H20 a point of order. ^Please hear me before that_. $\0MR. 2Speaker: ^Now...
0360H20 $\0*4SHRI *(0C. M.*) STEPHEN (Idukki): ^On a point of
0370H20 order. ^We must know where we stand with respect to whatever motions are
0380H20 there, whatever amendments are there. ^The point is this. ^*I have got
0390H20 before me the proceedings of the 8th. ^It is not clear what are the amendments
0400H20 before the House,
0410H20 what are the substitute motions before the House. ^These things are not
0420H20 clear. ^*I would just read out. ^You were pleased to_ say this when
0430H20 I rose on a point of order after \0Mr. Morarji Desai moved his motion:
0440H20 $"\0Mr. Speaker: ^*I do not think I should decide this now. ^There
0450H20 are a number of motions. ^This is not the only motion before us. ^There
0460H20 are a number of motions. ^*I will give the decision after all the
0461H20 motions
0470H20 are moved. ^If any one of them contravenes the rule, that_ will be
0480H20 over-ruled. ^This is not the only motion before the House. ^*I would
0490H20 have given my decision here and now on this, but that_ does not serve the
0500H20 purpose. ^There are a large number of motions." $^This was your ruling
0510H20 on that_ day. ^Subsequently you made this observation when the matter
0520H20 was pursued further; ^You said:
0530H20 $"\0Mr. Speaker: ^*I propose first to_ have all the amendments to the
0540H20 motion moved and thereafter consider which ones of them are valid or not.
0550H20 ^If all of them are invalid, they are invalid. ^If they are valid, they
0560H20 are valid. ^At that_ stage, I will hear you." $^Then it went on and
0570H20 I said: $"\0*4shri *(0C. M.*) Stephen: ^*I am not making a speech. ^*I
0580H20 am saying which motion the House must take into consideration." $^It
0590H20 went on. ^Then you said: $"\0Mr. Speaker: ^*I am going to_ take up the
0600H20 motions." $^Then I said: $"\0*4shri *(0C. M.*) Stephen: ^Then the
0610H20 point of order is in which order the motions will be taken up." $^Then you
0620H20 said: $"\0Mr. Speaker: ^*I will consider it." $^In that_ way, the proceedings
0630H20 of the 8th were over. ^The next day-- please see the proceedings
0640H20 of the next day-- you made these observations. ^The next day it happened
0650H20 like this. ^What I am saying is that the next day you said, 'Proceedings
0660H20 will be like this..' and you said 'Whoever wants to_ move his
0670H20 motion, may send in the chit.' ^Nothing further was said about it. ^We do
0680H20 not know what all amendments have been moved. ^We do not know what all
0690H20 substitute motions have been moved... $\0MR. SPEAKER: ^They have
0700H20 been circulated to you. $\0*4SHRI *(0C.M.*) STEPHEN:
0710H20 ^No. ^The point is that all the amendments that_ came were circulated.
0720H20 ^You did not say the way you have said to-day in the House, that is
0730H20 to_ say, 'Anybody who sends in the slip, his motion will be treated
0740H20 as having been moved.' ^You did not make that_ announcement. $\0MR. SPEAKER:
0750H20 ^*I have made that_ announcement. ^*I have read it. $\0*4SHRI
0760H20 *(0*C.*M.*) *2STEPHEN ^This is page 11322. ^This is what you have said:
0770H20 $"^The procedure will be that those who have given notices of substantive
0780H20 motions and those who have given amendments and who want to_ move
0790H20 them may send their slips to the Table within 15 minutes." $^You did
0800H20 not say as you said now that whoever sends in the slips, those amendments
0810H20 will be treated as moved. ^You did not say that_. ^This is all you said.
0820H20 ^*I am reading again: $"^The procedure will be that those who have given
0830H20 notices of substantive motions and those who have given amendments
0840H20 and who want to_ move them, may send their slips to the Table within 15
0841H20 minutes." $^You did not say as you said now that whoever sends in the
0842H20 slips, those amendments will be treated as moved. ^You did not say that_.
0843H20 ^This is all you said. ^*I am reading again: $"^The procedure
0844H20 will be that those who have given notices of substantive motions and those
0845H20 who have given amendments and who want to_ move them, may send their
0846H20 slips to the Table within 15 minutes."
0850H20 $[\0*4Shri *(0C. M.*) Stephen] ^Now, 'Those who send in the
0860H20 slips within 15 minutes will be treated as having moved their amendments'--
0870H20 you did not say that_. ^Therefore, the point is this... (*3Interruptions)
0880H20 ^No, no. ^Let me say. $\0^*Mr. Kamath was called and he moved
0890H20 his amendment. \0^*Mr. Kamath was one of the persons who sent in
0900H20 the chit. ^He moved his amendment. ^*I take it that his amendment alone
0910H20 has been moved. ^How do I know which are the amendments which are moved?
0920H20 ^Mere inclusion of it in the record of proceedings will not do. ^*I
0930H20 have looked up at the Budget proceedings. ^You will see the cut motions are
0940H20 treated there in the same way. ^But the Speaker will invariably
0941H20 make
0950H20 an announcement that now the cut motions are open for debate. ^*I have
0960H20 looked through all the Budget papers. ^Every time the Speaker makes an
0970H20 announcement, 'Now the cut motions are before the House for debate.'
0980H20 ^This announcement did not come at all. ^*I am submitting that a ruling
0990H20 by you remains to_ be done, that_ is to_ say, about the validity of the
1000H20 motions and the validity of the amendments because that_ was what you said,
1010H20 'After everything comes to me, I will decide which is valid and which
1020H20 is invalid.' ^This point will have to_ be clarified. ^There are points
1030H20 of order in regard to validity with respect to many amendments and
1040H20 many motions. ^This will have to_ be considered. ^You have promised on the
1050H20 8th that we will get an opportunity. ^There is no objection. ^Anybody
1060H20 can move amendments and even now. ^Then we must have an opportunity to_
1070H20 object with respect to any amendment on the basis that it is not permissible
1080H20 under the rule. ^You can now announce that whoever has sent in the
1090H20 slip at that_ time will be treated as having moved. ^Then we must be allowed
1100H20 to_ raise our objection with respect to the amendments pursuant to
1110H20 the ruling you gave on the 8th saying that after everything comes, I
1120H20 will consider what is invalid and what is valid. ^*I must get an opportunity
1130H20 to_ raise objections with respect to amendments given. $\0*4SHRI
1140H20 *(0C.*) SUBRAMANIAM: ^When a motion is moved by the Leader of
1141H20 the house,
1150H20 as you have already said, that_ stands on a special footing. ^There
1160H20 are amendments 38 and 39 with regard to that_. ^Have they been moved
1170H20 or not? ^If it has been moved, then I would like to_ take objection to
1180H20 this very motion because I have got valid points against that_. ^You must
1190H20 hear me before allowing amendment no. 39 to_ go on record and putting
1200H20 it for discussion. ^At what stage you will allow me to_ say it is for
1210H20 you to_ decide. ^But I want to_ be understood that I have raised objection
1220H20 to amendment \0No. 39. ^It cannot be allowed, it should not be allowed
1230H20 to_ be moved and you should hear me before you come to a decision on
1240H20 that_. $\0MR. SPEAKER: ^*I will hear you at the stage when he formally
1250H20 moves and opens the debate. $\0*4SHRI *(0C.*) SUBRAMANIAM:
1260H20 ^*I am objecting to the very moving of the motion. $\0*4SHRI VASANT
1270H20 SATHE (Akola): ^His objection is to the very admissibility of the
1280H20 amendment. ^You must hear him before that_ (*3Interruptions) $\0MR.
1290H20 SPEAKER: ^The procedure will be that those who have given notice
1300H20 of substantive motions-- of course, \0Mr. Jyotirmoy Bosu has already
1310H20 given notice-- those who give amendment and who want to_ move them
1320H20 may send slips to the Table within fifteen minutes. ^Now, the procedure
1330H20 normally adopted is: ^First we take up the substitute motion. ^If somebody
1340H20 takes objection to the validity of the motion at that_ stage the decision
1350H20 is given. ^Then we take up amendment. ^If anybody takes objection
1360H20 to the validity of the amendment then that_ will be taken into consideration
1370H20 and will be decided whether it is valid or not. ^This will be the
1380H20 proper course and this has been the course earlier adopted. ^Earlier adopted
1390H20 procedure is: ^We first take up substitute motions. ^In respect of
1400H20 substitute motions when anybody raises objection some of them I have
1410H20 found invalid *8*3prima facie*9 and I have myself over-ruled. ^But
1420H20 there may be that still others may take objection and say some motion
1430H20 is invalid then I will hear it and decide whether it is valid or invalid.
1440H20 ^Similarly, when amendments are coming up I will decide the
1450H20 question whether amendment is valid or not. $\0*4SHRI *(0C.*)
1451H20 SUBRAMANIAM:
1460H20 ^*Sir, I am not fond of hearing my own voice but I have a point to_
1470H20 make and that_ is why I rise. ^Now, as far as 39 is concerned is it for
1480H20 discussion before the House? $\0MR. SPEAKER: ^No. ^No. ^He has
1490H20 given notice of moving but he will formally move. ^The Prime Minister
1500H20 has sent the slip: ^*I propose to_ move my amendments \0Nos. 38 and 39.
1510H20 $\0*4SHRI *(0C.*) SUBRAMANIAM: ^Then you should hear my objection.
1520H20 $\0MR. SPEAKER: ^At that_ stage I will hear it. $\0*4SHRI*
1530H20 *(0*C.*) *2SUBRAMANIAM: ^Not at that_ stage. ^Now, he has moved it...
1531H20 $\0MR. SPEAKER:
1540H20 ^He has said: ^*I propose to move.. (*3Interruptions) \0*4SHRI
1550H20 *(0C. M.*) STEPHEN: ^Now, I am saying the slip is there.
1560H20 ^You have taken up the position that it is not treated as moved and he
1570H20 will move. ^The same standard will apply with regard to other amendments.
1580H20 ^Therefore, let us know which are the amendments before the House.
1590H20 ^There is a large bundle of amendments.
1600H20 ^Which exactly are the amendments that_ the respective members have
1610H20 chosen to_ move? $\0MR. SPEAKER: ^*I have explained the position.
1620H20 ^The validity of the amendments will be taken into consideration whenever
1630H20 an objection is taken to an amendment at the stage when we are putting
1640H20 it before the House.*#
        **[no. of words = 02012**]


        **[txt. h21**]
0010H21 **<*3RAILWAYS*' DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME*0**> *<*3New Lines, conversions
0020H21 and surveys*0*> $20. ^Railways are an integral part of the infra-structure
0030H21 for the economic growth of the country and therefore they cannot
0040H21 remain static in relation to a growing economy. ^With the increase in
0050H21 population and increase in industrial and agricultural output, Railways
0060H21 have to_ keep pace with the developments through provision of transport
0070H21 facilities in areas where these have been lacking and increased facilities
0080H21 where these are inadequate to_ meet the demands of the travelling
0090H21 public, as well as the industrial and agricultural sectors. $21.
0100H21 ^Twenty-eight new railway lines and restoration schemes, which still
0110H21 require about \0Rs. 180 *4crores for their completion, are in hand in
0120H21 the current financial year. ^On account of severe limitations on resources,
0130H21 it has been my endeavour to_ concentrate on some of the schemes with
0140H21 a view to completing them instead of spreading the outlay thinly on
0150H21 a large number of projects. ^As a result of this policy, it has been
0160H21 possible to_ complete 7 projects, in all respects, during the current financial
0170H21 year and these will not find place in the Budget for the next
0180H21 year. ^It has also been possible to_ commission three more lines partially.
0190H21 ^The same policy will be continued in the next financial year also and
0200H21 it will be possible to_ complete another four projects next year. ^Even
0210H21 in cases where funds cannot be provided for completing the entire project,
0220H21 we are planning to_ take up the work in suitable phases so that sections
0230H21 of projects can be commissioned and become productive progressively
0240H21 as more funds become available. $22.
0250H21 ^It will be possible to_ complete, during the next financial year, the
0260H21 remaining sections from Sakleshpur to Subrahmanya Road of the Hassan-Mangalore
0270H21 line in Karnataka, the Trivandrum-Nagercoil Section
0280H21 of the Trivandrum-Tirunelveli-Kanyakumari line in Kerala and Tamil
0290H21 Nadu, the Bagpat Road-Shamli Section of the Shahdara-Saharanpur
0300H21 line in Uttar Pradesh and about half the length of the Rohtak-bhiwani
0310H21 line in Haryana. ^The work on Nadikude-Bibinagar and Bhadrachalam-Manguru
0320H21 lines in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala Road-Jayant line in Uttar
0330H21 Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, Jakhapura-Banspani line in Orissa and
0340H21 Howrah-Amta line in West Bengal will also be speeded up. ^It is also
0350H21 proposed to_ provide siding facilities, on the request of the ministry
0360H21 of Steel and Mines, at Joruri in Orissa for exploitation of the rich
0370H21 iron ore resources in that_ area. $23.
0380H21 ^During every debate on the Railways in Parliament, Honourable Members
0390H21 have been voicing concern over the lack of railway facilities in
0400H21 several backward areas. ^*I share this concern equally with them and the
0410H21 Government is keen to_ take up construction of more and more new railway
0420H21 lines, especially in the backward areas. ^*I am exploring all avenues
0430H21 of mobilising more resources for this purpose in consultation with the
0440H21 Planning Commission and the Ministry of Finance so that construction
0450H21 of more new railway lines may be taken up. ^The Government is trying
0460H21 to_ evolve a long term policy in this regard.
0470H21 $24. ^Pending finalisation of the overall policy regarding the construction
0480H21 of new railway lines, the Ministry of Railways propose to_ take up,
0490H21 in the next financial year, construction of:
0500H21 $(1) ^A new railway line from Apta to Roha as the first phase of the
0510H21 proposed West Coast Konkan Railway from Apta to Mangalore, connecting
0520H21 Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka and providing direct link with kerala
0530H21 and Tamil Nadu; $(2)
0540H21 ^The link from Kalyani to Kalyani Township in West Bengal; and
0550H21 $(3) ^Nadiad-Modasa broad gauge line via Kapadvanj in Gujarat. $25.
0560H21 ^The policy of converting the saturated metre gauge and narrow gauge lines
0570H21 to broad gauge with a view to progressively achieving one uniform gauge
0580H21 in the country was continued during this year. ^Thirteen gauge conversion
0590H21 projects are at present in progress. ^In this case also, we are concentrating
0600H21 on some of the projects to_ complete them fully instead of tinkering
0610H21 with all of them simultaneously. ^As a result of this policy,
0620H21 it has been possible to_ complete the Ernakulam-Trivandrum gauge conversion
0630H21 project in Kerala. ^The Suratgarh-Bhatinda Project in Rajasthan
0640H21 and Punjab is also nearing completion. ^High priority is being given
0650H21 to the conversion of Barabanki-Samastipur Section in Uttar Pradesh
0660H21 and Bihar and the Viramgam-Okha Section in Gujarat on which substantial
0670H21 progress has been made. ^Work is in good progress on the Bongaigaon-Gauhati
0680H21 Project in Assam and Guntakal-Bangalore Project in Andhra
0690H21 Pradesh and Karnataka. ^Work will also be started on Manmad-Aurangabad
0700H21 Section of Manmad-Parli Vaijnath conversion project in the Marathwada
0710H21 region of Maharashtra also during the year. ^In the budget for
0720H21 1978-79, gauge conversion of Barauni-Katihar line in Bihar has been
0730H21 included. ^This line is an operational necessity and, when completed, would
0740H21 give fillip to the development of north Bihar.
0750H21 $26. ^It is also proposed to_ take up, during the next financial year, final
0760H21 location survey for Budge Budge-Namkhana line in West Bengal;
0761H21 traffic survey for Domohani Changrabandha restoration work in West
0770H21 Bengal; and preliminary engineering-cum-traffic surveys for Barwadih-Karonji
0780H21 line in Bihar and Madhya Pradesh, Khalilabad-Balrampur and
0790H21 Konch-Jalaun lines in Uttar Pradesh, and Lalitpur to Singrauli via
0800H21 Khajuraho, Satna and Rewa in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
0810H21 $27. ^The North Eastern Council has proposed construction of a few short
0820H21 railway lines to_ serve the member-States. ^These proposals are being
0830H21 examined by a Committee set up by the Planning Commission and decision
0840H21 about them will be taken shortly. $*<*3METROPOLITAN RAIL
0850H21 TRANSPORT PROJECTS*0*> $28. ^The allotment for the
0860H21 Metropolitan Rail Transport Projects in the 5-year period upto 1978-79
0870H21 was \0Rs. 50 *4crores out of which \0Rs. 41 *4crores are being utilised
0880H21 for the 16.5 kilometre underground line in Calcutta, now estimated
0890H21 to_ cost \0Rs. 250 *4crores. ^The technology required for civil engineering
0900H21 construction, rolling stock, signalling, ventilation \0etc. has been
0910H21 under development and testing, and civil engineering construction is
0911H21 being progressed **[sic**]
0920H21 in a phased manner. ^The line is expected to_ be completed
0930H21 in 1986, subject to adequate resources being made available. ^Orders
0940H21 for manufacture of the prototypes of rolling stock for the proposed underground
0950H21 railway have been placed on Integral Coach Factory, Madras.
0960H21 ^In Bombay, to_ facilitate the movement of commuters between the residential
0970H21 area north of Bandra and the central business district near Victoria
0980H21 Terminus, the construction of a rail fly-over to_ connect the slow
0990H21 lines of the Western Railway with the harbour branch lines of the Central
1000H21 Railway has been sanctioned. ^In Delhi and Madras, investigations
1010H21 are on hand for developing integrated projects to_ make optimum use
1020H21 of rail and road transport systems. $*<*3PASSENGER AMENITIES AND NEW
1030H21 TRAIN SERVICES*0*> $29. ^While presenting the railway Budget in June
1040H21 1977, I had informed the House that a
1050H21 new concept would be introduced in providing additional long-distance classless
1060H21 trains with only second class accommodation. ^A few services of
1070H21 this type have since been introduced such as Tatanagar-Muzaffarpur tri-weekly
1080H21 Express, Kacheguda-Ajmer bi-weekly Express, Tirupati-Hyderabad
1090H21 Rayalaseema Express and Madras Madurai Vaigai Express. $30.
1100H21 ^This has been further improved upon by a new type of Janata train
1110H21 with upholstered seats and berths. ^The first train of this type, the
1120H21 Geetanjali Express, was introduced between Bombay and Howrah in November
1130H21 1977. ^About 80 more cushioned second class sleeper coaches are being
1140H21 manufactured this year and will be provided in five additional train
1150H21 services. ^About 400 such coaches will be manufactured next year to_ be
1160H21 put on several fast express trains. ^Besides cushioned berths and backrests,
1170H21 additional amenities are being provided in these coaches some of which
1180H21 are: provision of tinted window glass to_ prevent glare, additional
1190H21 racks for keeping meal-trays in hygienic condition, space for keeping
1200H21 potable drinking water containers and provision for supply of linen
1210H21 and bedding to passengers on demand.
1220H21 $31. ^During the next financial year, I would like to_ go a step further
1230H21 in improving the travel conditions of second class passengers. ^In addition
1240H21 to second class sleeper coaches with cushioned berths, we have now
1250H21 decided that all second class general coaches on fast inter-city services
1260H21 will be provided with cushioned seats. $32.
1270H21 ^Besides these, a prototype second class 3-tier sleeper coach, slightly
1280H21 longer than the present one, with 6 toilets instead of 4, more fans
1290H21 and better water supply arrangements, is being manufactured at the Integral
1300H21 Coach Factory at Madras. $33.
1310H21 ^In furtherance of this concept of Janata trains and in order to_ provide
1320H21 additional accommodation to_ meet the requirements of the masses,
1330H21 in preference to the claims of the affluent classes, I have decided that
1340H21 first class air-conditioned accommodation will not be increased hereafter
1350H21 and will be progressively phased out. ^No new first class air-conditioned
1360H21 coaches on additional account will be built in future. ^This will
1370H21 also be in keeping with the recommendations of the Public Accounts Committee
1380H21 of Parliament. $34.
1390H21 ^While presenting the budget in June 1977, I had stated that after
1400H21 prototype trials, the progressive extension of use of double-decker second
1410H21 class coaches will be considered. ^One prototype *(0B.G.*) double-decker
1420H21 second class coach was put on trial on the Madras-Jolarpettai
1430H21 and Bombay-Pune sections. ^Twelve *(0B.G.*) double-decker coaches are
1440H21 expected to_ be turned out by the Integral Coach Factory this year
1450H21 and will be pressed into service on specified routes starting from April
1460H21 1978.
1470H21 $35. ^In spite of introduction of 108 new trains and extension of the runs
1480H21 of 74 trains since April 1977, heavy overcrowding continues to_ be
1490H21 the major problem requiring immediate solution. ^With limited terminal
1500H21 and line capacities, it has not been possible to_ meet all the demands
1510H21 for additional trains on our trunk routes without affecting freight movement.
1520H21 ^For giving the maximum relief to the travelling public, it has now
1530H21 been decided to_ increase the passenger-carrying capacity of the existing
1540H21 trains by rationalising coaches to_ be used and by increasing the
1550H21 number of coaches hauled by each train. ^As against 14 different types
1560H21 of coaches that_ are now being manufactured, orders will be placed, for
1570H21 some time to_ come, for manufacture of only three main types of passenger
1580H21 coaches, \0i.e., second class 3-tier sleeper coaches with padded cushions,
1590H21 second class general coaches with cushioned seats and second class
1600H21 air-conditioned sleeper coaches with 46 berths, the last named replacing
1610H21 two ordinary first class coaches each. ^In this process, additional
1620H21 accommodation will be provided on existing long-distance trains for 200
1630H21 to 300 extra passengers per train.
1640H21 $36. ^As per the Railways*' perspective, all the long-distance mail/ express
1650H21 trains in the country will be having, in the next two to three years,
1660H21 second class 3-tier coaches, with padded cushions and improved amenities,
1670H21 which will greatly wean away most of the passengers from the first
1680H21 class to the second class, thereby achieving our ultimate objective of
1690H21 having predominantly one type of accommodation in long-distance trains.
1700H21 ^This will mean gradual doing away with the different classes on the Railways.
1710H21 $37.
1720H21 ^As a part of our regular passenger amenities programme, selected stations
1730H21 are provided with better facilities of lighting, toilets, refreshment
1740H21 rooms, \0etc. ^This programme continues. ^*I am also considering the
1750H21 question of increasing the annual allotment for passenger amenities from
1760H21 \0Rs. 4 *4crores to \0Rs. 5 *4crores.
1770H21 $*<*3STREAMLINING OF RESERVATION SYSTEM-- COMPUTERISATION EXPERIMENT*0*>
1780H21 $38. ^Steps have also been taken to_ curb corruption in reservation and
1790H21 streamline the procedures. ^As a part of the drive to_ root out malpractices
1800H21 in booking and reservation offices, I have decided that, as a matter
1810H21 of general policy, only women should be employed as reservation/ booking
1820H21 clerks and supervisors in the major booking offices, starting with
1830H21 the metropolitan cities. ^We may be accused of being partial to the fair
1840H21 sex, but our experience has shown that malpractices in reservations are
1850H21 comparatively less where women are employed at the counters. $39.
1860H21 ^To_ streamline the mammoth and complex operation involved in the matter
1870H21 of reservation of rail accommodation in trains and to_ eliminate malpractices,
1880H21 I am also considering computerisation of passenger reservations
1890H21 in the four metropolitan cities. ^To_ start with, the feasibility of
1900H21 introducing this system in Delhi area is being explored in collaboration
1910H21 with the electronics Corporation of India Limited, Hyderabad. ^*I
1920H21 only hope that human deficiencies would not be replaced by mechanical errors
1930H21 of the machine.*#
        **[no. of words = 02001**]

        **[txt. h22**]
0001H22 **<*3CHAPTER *=1 $INTRODUCTION*0**>
0010H22 ^When we wish to_ talk about a portrait of Delhi*'s population, we should
0020H22 first know something about the settlement history of the place. ^*Delhi
0030H22 is a city with a fascinating past, a stimulating present and a future
0040H22 full of hope. ^*Parcival Spear claims that "Delhi can point to a history
0050H22 as chequered and more ancient than the eternal city of Rome. ^It
0060H22 was a famous capital before the days of Alexander. ^Today, it is many
0070H22 times bigger than it has ever been and many more times important a capital
0080H22 city which foreign diplomats regard as one of the most important political
0090H22 sounding boards in the world". ^It is a city from where a new India
0100H22 is being designed and directed.
0110H22 $^Situated between the Himalayas and the Aravalis range in the heart
0111H22 of the sub-continent, Delhi is a natural fortress in the shape
0120H22 of a triangle. ^It has been of strategic importance as it was the gateway
0130H22 to the plains of Punjab to the west and of the Ganga to the east.
0140H22 ^It has been the melting pot where all cultures which came into India
0150H22 fused together in the past. ^And since Delhi has been the capital city
0160H22 of India, people have migrated here from different parts of this vast
0170H22 country seeking work and better employment avenues. ^Besides, it has a
0180H22 substantial number of diplomatic representatives from different countries
0190H22 of the world. $^Historians
0200H22 say that Delhi*'s origin can be traced back to 1000 \0B.C.
0210H22 ^Within this small triangular piece of the Indo-Gangetic plain at least
0220H22 eight different cities emerged at different times of Indian history.
0230H22 ^Excepting Old and New Delhi all others lie in ruins or have perished.
0240H22 ^Each conqueror destoryed the citadel of his predecessor to_ build
0250H22 a new one and gave it a new name. ^Yet Delhi lives, fusing its chequered
0260H22 history into one glorious whole.
0270H22 $^The first mention of the population of Delhi is available for the reign
0280H22 of Shahjahan when the population of Delhi is quoted around
0290H22 1,50,000. ^After Mughal rule, the British conquered Delhi in 1803. ^At
0300H22 that_ time, except for parts of Shahjahanabad, Delhi was nothing but a
0310H22 large graveyard. ^In 1829, the British constituted the district of Delhi
0320H22 which included two *4parganas in the south and the north of Shahjahanabad
0330H22 as the centre. ^The old settlement near Indraprastha was a small
0340H22 suburb and the city near Qutab Minar was a country town. ^The main government
0350H22 administration centred in the present Civil Lines around the Kashmere
0360H22 Gate area. ^After 1857, Delhi started growing faster. ^In the
0370H22 later half of the 19th century it saw the coming of the railways and
0380H22 postal services and metalled roads were constructed throughout the city.
0390H22 ^*Delhi once again became one of the largest commercial and cultural centres
0400H22 of north and north eastern India.
0410H22 $^In 1911, King George *=5 announced the shifting of the capital of British
0420H22 India from Calcutta to Delhi. ^The Old Secretariat came up
0430H22 in Civil Lines and the Viceregal Lodge was built on the western slopes
0440H22 of the ridge. ^*King George *=5 also announced that an entirely new
0450H22 city would be built as the capital of British India. ^This new city
0460H22 was located at Raisina, south of Shahjahanabad and east of the ancient
0470H22 city of Indraprastha. ^This led to the development of New Delhi
0480H22 on a garden city pattern with wide avenues having double rows of trees
0490H22 with a huge central vista starting from the National Stadium in the east
0500H22 through the Memorial Arch (India Gate), the Central Secretariat
0510H22 and ending in the west at Rashtrapati Bhavan against the slopes of the
0520H22 Aravallis. ^With the decision to_ build a new capital city, it was also
0530H22 decided to_ shift the Cantonment then located near the west to the
0540H22 Viceregal Lodge in the Civil Lines, to the south-west of the new capital.
0550H22 ^This now forms the Delhi cantonment area.
0560H22 $^Population grew rapidly from 636,246 in 1931 to 917,939 in 1941 due to
0570H22 substantial migration into Delhi during the war years. ^With the transfer
0580H22 of power in 1947, came the gruesome partition of the sub-continent
0590H22 into India and Pakistan. ^Communal riots broke out, resulting in a mass
0600H22 movement of population across the borders and Delhi had its share of
0610H22 five *4lakh of refugees to_ absorb. ^The government rose to the occasion.
0620H22 ^The displaced were first accommodated in camps. ^Then a large-scale
0630H22 building programme began all around the city except in the north where
0640H22 land was subject to floods almost every year. ^The urban agglomeration comprising
0650H22 Delhi municipal corporation (urban), the huge complex around
0660H22 old Delhi, the New Delhi municipal committee and the Delhi Cantonment
0670H22 together had a population of 3,647,000 in 1971. ^This forms the core
0680H22 of Delhi Union Territory. ^It stands third amongst the urban agglomerations
0690H22 of India coming after Calcutta and Bombay. ^On the peripheries
0700H22 of this urban agglomeration lies the rural area of Delhi \0UT which
0710H22 is predominantly concentrated towards the western side touching Haryana.
0720H22 ^To the east across the Yamuna, it is bounded by Uttar Pradesh.
0730H22 $^How do we keep track of population? ^Population goes up with births
0740H22 and in-migration and gets depleted through deaths and out-migration. ^This
0750H22 continuous process is affected by many other factors-- social and economic,
0760H22 planned and unplanned. ^The counting of current population with
0770H22 its multifarious distribution is done after every ten years through Census.
0790H22 $^The word 'census' is derived from the Latin word '*7censere' meaning
0800H22 'to_ assess' or 'to_ rate'. ^In the literal sense, the term "population
0810H22 census" is primarily an official counting of human heads physically present
0820H22 at a given point of time within a defined boundary. ^Census tells
0830H22 us how many we are, how many are men and women, how many can read and write,
0840H22 how many are children and what are the occupations of our people.
0850H22 ^Without such counts it is difficult to_ assess the requirements of food,
0860H22 housing, medical and education facilities and employment needs. ^The
0870H22 number of representatives to_ be elected to local bodies, state legislatures
0880H22 and parliament and delimitation of electoral constituencies is also
0890H22 fixed on the basis of census data. ^Census is thus a national stock
0900H22 taking. ^The Census Act of 1948 empowers the central government to_
0910H22 take a census whenever necessary and to_ call upon persons to_ give assistance
0920H22 towards the taking of a census and also make rules and other laws
0930H22 for this purpose. ^Census taking now involves a set programme including           nt
0940H22 (1) territorial organisation (2) houselisting (3) publicity (4) main
0950H22 enumeration and (5) post enumeration check. ^Territorial organisation is
0960H22 the most important phase of the census. ^Prior to enumeration, the demarcation
0970H22 of the entire country into small units is done. ^It is essential
0980H22 to_ avoid over-lapping and exclusion of any part of the territory.
0990H22 ^The entire country is mapped showing the details of smallest unit of
1000H22 enumeration, \0i.e., an enumerator*'s block. ^In each block map, all the
1010H22 houses, streets and by-lanes are shown clearly. ^A block covered about
1020H22 150 households in rural areas and 120 households in urban areas. ^An enumerator
1030H22 was appointed for census-taking in each block. ^For every five
1040H22 contiguous blocks, there was a supervisor. ^Above them was a charge officer.
1050H22 ^The whole of Delhi was divided into 100 charges. ^There were 7,519
1060H22 enumerators*'s blocks and 1,279 supervisors*' circles.
1070H22 $^The census count was conducted in two stages. ^The first stage was houselisting.
1080H22 ^During houselisting an enumerator prepared a detailed sketch
1090H22 of his block, plotted all the houses and collected details about the houses.
1100H22 ^The second stage was enumeration. ^The enumerator visited each
1101H22 house and collected information regarding every person in the
1110H22 household by filling up a questionnaire called the individual slip (see
1120H22 Appendix *=1).
1130H22 $^Census is taken once in ten years. ^In the census, every person, man or
1140H22 woman, young or old, is counted. ^In our country, the census was conducted
1150H22 simultaneously on one night upto 1931. ^Now, however, it is spread
1160H22 over a short period of time and data are collected with reference to a fixed
1170H22 date called the 'reference date'. ^At the 1971 census, the enumeration
1180H22 took place from 10 March to 31 March 1971. ^With a revisional round
1190H22 from 1 to 3 April 1971. ^During 10 to 31 March the enumerator visited
1200H22 every house in the area assigned to him and collected details for persons
1210H22 in each of the house. **[sic**] ^Between 1 April and 3 April, he
1220H22 brought his record upto date by enquiring about births and deaths that_
1230H22 might have occurred after his visit and before sunrise of April 1971.
1231H22 ^All persons were enumerated at the place of their residence. ^The houseless
1240H22 were counted on the night of 31 March 1971. $^This
1250H22 report gives a broad picture of the basic characteristics of the
1260H22 population of Delhi \0UT. $**<*3CHAPTER *=2 $HOW MANY ARE WE?*0**>
1280H22 $^Very many, of course. ^The 1971 census yielded a figure of 548 million
1290H22 persons in the country as against 439 million recorded in 1961. ^Thus
1300H22 in a single decade our population has gone up by 109 million or by 24.80
1310H22 per cent. ^This addition alone is more than the present-day total population
1320H22 of Japan. ^It can be called a decade of unprecedented population
1330H22 increase.
1350H22 $^Our population of 548 million is greater than that_ of whole Europe,
1360H22 the two Americas or Africa. ^It is nearly equal to the population of
1370H22 the \0USA, the \0USSR and Japan taken together. ^*India constitutes
1380H22 16 per cent of the world*'s population. ^Broadly speaking, every seventh
1390H22 person in the world is an Indian. ^But India covers only 2.4 per
1391H22 cent of the World*'s area. ^These facts reveal how thickly populated
1392H22 our country is.
1400H22 $^Around 1800, it is estimated that our population was 100 million. ^A century
1410H22 later in 1901, it was 233 million. ^By 1921 it had gone upto 251
1420H22 million. ^During the last 50 years, it doubled to 548 million. ^In the last
1430H22 decade (1961-71) alone India added to its population more than five
1440H22 times the entire population of Canada (Canada had 21 million population
1450H22 in 1969). $*<*3Where do we live?*0*> $^We are spread in 3,126 towns
1470H22 and cities and 5.8 *4lakh villages of our country. ^About 20% of our
1480H22 population lives in urban areas and 80% in rural areas.
1500H22 $^Some of our states are more populous than many countries of the world.
1510H22 ^*Uttar Pradesh (88 million) alone has more than four times the population
1520H22 of Canada (21 million) and seven times the population of Australia
1530H22 (12.5 million). ^*Uttar Pradesh is our most populous state. ^Next
1540H22 in order are Bihar (56 million) and Maharashtra (50 million). ^*Delhi
1550H22 \0UT ranks 17th with a population of 4.07 million. ^Its population now
1560H22 is ten times more than what it was in 1901. ^As a result of a huge influx
1570H22 of in-migrants from West Punjab in Pakistan, Delhi \0UT registered
1580H22 an unprecedented growth rate of 90% in 1941-51. ^In the succeding
1590H22 two decades, it was 52.4 per cent and 52.9 per cent respectively. ^Even
1600H22 this growth rate is abnormally high as compared to the country*'s growth
1610H22 rate of 24.80 per cent. $**[table**]
1620H22 $^The population of Delhi \0UT on 1 April 1971 was 4065.698 consisting
1630H22 of 2,257,515 males and 1,808,183 females. ^Since Delhi has remained
1640H22 a capital of the country for centuries and a hub of all social and economic
1650H22 activities, it has always been attracting in-migrants.
1660H22 $**<*3CHAPTER *=3 $VILLAGE DWELLERS AND TOWN DWELLERS*0**>
1670H22 $^The bulk of India*'s population (80%) lives in villages, the remaining
1680H22 20% live in cities and towns. ^However, in Delhi \0UT, the position
1690H22 is reversed. ^The bulk of its population (90%) resides in urban areas
1700H22 and only 10% in rural areas.
1710H22 $^A visibly sharp difference exists between the life of villagers and that_
1720H22 of town dwellers in their dresses, the way they speak, their food,
1730H22 habits, the job they do and the like. $^Towns
1740H22 and cities possess certain characteristics like established street
1750H22 patterns, contiguously aligned buildings and public services such as sewerage,
1760H22 piped water supply, electric lighting, hospitals and market facilities,
1770H22 educational institutions, courts of law and local means of transport.
1780H22 ^A village is a cluster of houses, in one or more groups with
1790H22 surrounding agricultural fields.*#
        **[no. of words = 02001**]

        **[txt. h23**]
0010H23 ^The following definitions were adopted at the 1971 census to_ distinguish
0020H23 a 'worker' from a 'non-worker'. $*<*3Main activity*0*> $^Every person
0030H23 will be asked what his main activity is, that_ is, how he engaged
0031H23 himself
0040H23 mostly. ^For the purpose of this question, all persons will get themselves
0050H23 divided into two broad streams of main activity, namely, (1) as workers
0060H23 and (2) as non-workers according to the type of main activity that_
0070H23 the person returns himself as engaged in mostly. (1) $*3Worker difined:*0
0080H23 ^A 'worker' is a person whose main activity is participation in any
0090H23 economically productive work by his physical or mental activity. ^Work involves
0100H23 not only actual work but effective supervsion and direction of
0110H23 work. $*3Reference period:*0 ^The reference period is one week prior to
0120H23 the date of enumeration in the case of regular work in trade, profession,
0130H23 service or business. ^If a person had participated in any such regular
0140H23 work on any one of the days during this reference period and this
0150H23 has been returned as his main activity, the person will be categorised accordingly.
0160H23 ^A person who normally works but had been absent from work during
0170H23 this reference period on account of illness, travel, holiday, temporary
0180H23 breakdown, strike \0etc. should be treated as engaged in regular
0190H23 work in which he would have otherwise been employed but for his temporary
0200H23 absence. ^Persons under training such as apprentices with or without stipends
0210H23 or wages should be considered as economically active and recorded
0220H23 as working. ^A person who has been merely offered work but has not actually
0230H23 joined it is not to_ be treated as engaged in work. $^There are certain
0240H23 types of work which are not carried on throughout the year such as
0250H23 cultivation, livestock-keeping, plantation work, some types of household
0260H23 industry, \0etc. ^A person*'s main activity should be ascertained with
0270H23 reference to such work in the last one year even if he was economically
0280H23 active in the week prior to enumeration. ^It is likely that even when
0290H23 a person is engaged in some other work during the period of one week
0300H23 prior to the date of enumeration, the main activity of the person may
0310H23 be cultivation, agricultural labour or some other work attended to normally
0320H23 by him in the course of the year. ^Care must be taken to_ see that the
0330H23 main activity is properly ascertained in such cases. ^For example, a
0340H23 person*'s main activity may be agricultural labour and in the week priod
0350H23 to enumeration he may be engaged as a sugarcane factory labourer or as
0360H23 a road coolie. ^He should be categorised for his main activity as agricultural
0370H23 labour as returned by him as he engages himself mostly in that_ work
0380H23 and the other work should be treated as his subsidiary work. $^A man
0390H23 or woman who is engaged primarily in household duties such as cooking for
0400H23 one*'s own household or performing one*'s own household duties or a boy
0410H23 or a girl who is primarily a student attending institution, even if such
0420H23 a person helps in the family economic activity but not as a full-time
0430H23 worker should not be treated as a worker for the main activity. ^On the
0440H23 other hand, if a person is primarily engaged in some economic activity
0450H23 but at the same time does also attend to some household chores or attends
0460H23 a night school \0etc., he or she should be treated basically as a worker
0470H23 for the main activity and categorised accordingly. $^A person who merely
0480H23 receives as income such as a rent receiver or a pensioner who does
0490H23 not have to_ work for receiving the income, will not be treated as economically
0500H23 active unless the person is also engaged in some economic activity
0510H23 and if that_ activity is returned as the main activity of the individual.
0520H23 $^Question 17 of the individual slip provided the data to_ get a measure
0530H23 of the secondary work. ^The following instructions given to the
0540H23 census enumerator in filling this question explain its scope. $*<*3Secondary
0550H23 Work*0*> $^This question should be asked of every person whether
0560H23 he has returned some work as his main activity against 16 (a) (**=1) or
0570H23 had returned himself under any of the basically non-working categories
0580H23 against question 16(a) (**=2). ^As was noted earlier 16(a) (**=2) will
0590H23 cover cases like persons performing household duties or students who may
0600H23 not be engaged in any other economically productive work at all as also
0610H23 those who, though basically are performing household duties or students,
0620H23 \0etc., for the purpose of their main activity, still participated in
0630H23 some other economic activity such as helping the household in several
0640H23 items of work as in cultivation or in household industry or in looking after
0650H23 the cattle, in attending to family business \0etc., but not to the
0660H23 extent of a full time worker. ^Such participation will be considered as
0670H23 secondary work of these persons. $^Ask of each person if, besides what
0680H23 he had already returned as his/ her main activity against questions to
0690H23 (a) (**=1) or 16 (a) (**=2). he/ she participated in any secondary work.
0691H23 ^A number of unpaid family workers participating in household enterprises,
0692H23 who might have returned themselves mainly as 'H' or '\0ST' or 'R'
0693H23 under question 16(a) (**=2) for their main activity, will be netted
0694H23 here
0700H23 for their economic activity which is subsidiary. ^Mere rendering of service
0710H23 for one*'s own home or production of goods for purely domestic consumption
0720H23 are not to_ be treated as economic activity. ^For example, a
0730H23 servant who works as a cook in his or her employer*'s home for wages will
0740H23 be considered economically active but a housewife, even if she may work
0750H23 much more than a paid servant, in having to_ cook for the family or looking
0760H23 after the household will not be treated as economically active for
0770H23 the purpose of this classification. ^Similarly, women who may produce
0780H23 cloth on a loin loom at home for domestic consumption will not be treated
0790H23 as economically active unless the products are sold and the household
0800H23 derives an income. ^Participation in work that_ goes to_ augment the income
0810H23 of the household will only be treated as economic activity. ^A boy
0820H23 whose main activity is shown as a student under 16(a) (**=2) can have the
0830H23 secondary work of say, cultivation if he helped the head of household
0840H23 in the family cultivation during some parts of
0850H23 the season. ^But a girl student whose main activity is shown as '\0ST'
0860H23 under 16 (a) (**=2) also helped in weaving cloth purely for domestic consumption
0870H23 on a loin loom at home or helped in attending to household chores
0880H23 she will not be treated as having any secondary work. ^Secondary
0890H23 work will be reckoned only if the person is engaged in some economic activity,
0900H23 even if marginal, in addition to whatever is the main activity under
0910H23 question 16. ^A person whose main activity is shown as, say, a clerk
0920H23 in a government office or a teacher under question 16, also attends to
0930H23 some cultivation by his direct supervision or undertakes some tuition.
0940H23 ^This will be shown as secondary work under question 17. ^A person*'s main
0950H23 activity may be cultivation in question 16 and his subsidiary activity
0960H23 money-lending in question 17. ^Again main activity may be agricultural
0970H23 labourer and subsidiary work sugar factory labourer and so on and so forth.
0980H23 $^Persons classified as non-workers according to main activity were
0990H23 categorised under the following heads. \0viz. (1) those attending to household
1010H23 duties, (2) students, (3) retired persons or rentiers, (4) dependents,
1020H23 (5) beggars, (6) inmates of penal, mental or charitable institutions
1030H23 and (7) other non-workers. ^The types of non-workers coming under
1040H23 each of these categories can be understood from the following extracts
1050H23 of instructions to census enumerators. $*<*3H: Household duties*0*>
1060H23 $^This covers all those persons basically engaged in unpaid home duties
1070H23 doing no other work, or, even if such a person may also be participating
1080H23 in some other work, it is not to the same extent as a whole-time worker
1090H23 and if the person has returned his or her main activity as attending to
1100H23 household duties. ^The main activity of such a person should be entered
1110H23 as 'H'. ^If a person whose main activity is attending to household duties,
1120H23 also engaged oneself in some other economic activity such as helping
1130H23 in family cultivation or preparing cowdung cake at said times for sale,
1140H23 \0etc., that_ economic activity will be covered as secondary work under
1150H23 question 17. ^On the other hand, a woman who works primarily as a factory
1160H23 worker or a plantation labourer or an agricultural labourer or in
1170H23 some office or shop \0etc., and also attends to household duties obviously
1180H23 her main activity will be the economic activity in which she is mostly
1190H23 engaged in and should not be categorised as 'H' for her main activity
1200H23 in this question. ^She should have been treated basically as a worker
1210H23 and her main economic activity should have been recorded against 16 (a)
1220H23 (**=1). $*<*3ST: Student*3*) $^This refers to those whose main activity
1230H23 is returned as a student. ^This will cover all full-time students or
1240H23 children attending school. ^Even if such persons participated in some work
1250H23 but not to the same extent as a full-time worker, by merely helping
1260H23 casually as an unpaid family worker in family cultivation, household industry,
1270H23 trade or business, they should be treated primarily as students,
1280H23 if that_ is their main activity. '\0^*ST' should be entered in the box.
1290H23 ^The other economic activity, if any, that_ such persons attend to will
1300H23 be reflected under question 17 as secondary work. $*<*3R: Retired person
1310H23 or rentier*0*> $^A person who has retired from service and is doing
1320H23 no other work, \0i.e., not employed again in some full-time work or does
1321H23 not engage
1330H23 himself in some other work as cultivation, in business, trade, \0etc.,
1340H23 or a person who is a rentier or living on agricultural or non-agricultural
1350H23 royalty rent or dividend or any other person of independent means
1360H23 for securing which he does not have to_ work, will come under this category.
1370H23 '^*R' should be noted in the box for a person coming under this
1380H23 category. $*<*3D: Dependent*0*> $^This category will include all dependents
1390H23 such as infants or children not attending school or a person permanently
1400H23 disabled from work because of illness or old age. ^If a girl or
1410H23 an old woman attends to house-hold duties, she should be categorised under
1420H23 'H' for her main activity rather than 'D'. $^Dependents will include
1430H23 all non-workers even if able-bodied who have not other activity coming
1440H23 under any of the categories of non-workers and who are not seeking any
1450H23 work either but are purely dependent. $*<*3B: Beggars, \0etc.*0*> $^This
1460H23 will cover beggars, vagrants or such cases as independent women without
1470H23 indication of source of income and those of unspecified sources of
1480H23 subsistence and who are not engaged in any economically productive work.
1490H23 $*<*3I: Inmates of institutions*0*> $^This will cover convicts in jails
1500H or inmates of a penal, mental or charitable institution even if such
1510H23 persons are compelled to_ do some work such as carpentry, carpet-weaving,
1520H23 vegetable growing, \0etc., in such institution. ^An under-trial prisoner
1530H23 in a jail should not, however, be brought under this category but has
1540H23 to_ be indicated according to the main activity he was engaged in before
1550H23 he was apprehended. ^Inmates of such institutions will be noted as 'I'.
1560H23 $*<*3O: Other non-workers*0*> $^This will include all non-workers
1570H23 who may not come under any of the six categories and also those who are
1580H23 seeking work. ^They should be noted as 'O' in the box. ^A boy or girl
1590H23 who has completed education or has stopped studying and is seeking work,
1600H23 will come under this category. ^If a person is merely spending his time
1610H23 at home as a dependent and is not doing any work and is not seeking any
1611H23 work will come under 'D' rather than 'O'. ^A person irrespective of
1620H23 age and whether educated or not, if he reports that he is not engaged
1630H23 in any other activity but is seeking work will come under this category.**<*3AGRICULTURE,
1640H23 HUNTING, FORESTRY & FISHING*0**> $(^Do not merely say
1650H23 plantation or fishing \0etc. but indicate the appropriate details as
1660H23 given here.)*#
        **[no. of words = 02010**]

        **[txt. h24**]
0001H24 ^A comprehensive and systematic effort will be initiated to_ alleviate
0002H24 the conditions of the tribals in the hinterland of existing complexes. $^The
0010H24 present education pattern is not producing the desired results in the
0020H24 tribal areas. ^There is a large wastage at different levels and many
0030H24 areas do not have basic infra-structure. ^The location of the schools in
0040H24 relation to the settlement patterns, devising new institutional structures
0050H24 appropriate for the area, the school timings, suitability of the present
0060H24 vacation period, the need for lowering educational qualifications
0070H24 for teachers to_ attract local people will have to_ be examined and re-oriented
0080H24 so as to_ enable the tribals to_ participate in the development
0090H24 efforts more effectively. ^The curriculum and reading material are to_
0100H24 be so prepared as to_ have relevance to the local community requirements.
0110H24 ^Low literacy pockets of primitive communities will be given the highest
0120H24 priority and a package of services will be provided for them. ^In those
0130H24 areas where intensive economic activity has started, like the hinterlands
0140H24 of industrial and mining complexes, growing urban centres, investments
0150H24 will be made in education to_ improve employability of tribal people.
0160H24 ^Efforts will be made in the educationally backward regions to_ increase
0170H24 the output at the matric level, provide technical content and to_
0180H24 bring down the number of dropouts. ^In health a special plan will be
0190H24 formulated for even geographical distribution of health services and for
0200H24 eradication of the problem diseases like yaws, leprosy, malaria, \0VD,
0210H24 \0etc. and preventive methods devised.
0220H24 $9.208. ^In the new Plan the Central Ministries will play an important
0230H24 role in the development of tribal areas. ^Besides supplementing the
0240H24 efforts of the State Government in their respective sectors, each Ministry
0250H24 will be required to_ give priority to and earmark outlays for the
0260H24 tribal areas from within its plan. ^The Ministries will provide necessary
0270H24 guidance and supplement the States*' efforts in selected priority
0280H24 areas. ^Each Ministry will designate senior officers who will be incharge
0290H24 of the programmes of the concerned sector in the tribal sub-plan areas
0300H24 at Central as well as State levels.
0310H24 $*<*3(3) Hill Area Development*0*>
0320H24 $9.209. ^The hill areas have considerable variations in the physio-geographic
0330H24 and agro-climatic conditions and the resource endowment. ^The hilly
0340H24 areas are generally economically backward and the resource base of
0350H24 the different hill areas will call for specialised strategies for development.
0360H24 ^The problem of raising socio-economic development of these areas
0370H24 is not merely one of financial allocations, but also of developing a
0380H24 proper strategy and appropriate programme of development.
0390H24 $9.210. ^Though the development of the hill areas is primarily the responsibility
0400H24 of the concerned State Governments and Union Territories,
0410H24 the Central Government is also anxious to_ do as much as it can for
0420H24 setting the norms for the development of these areas by taking up pilot
0430H24 programmes.
0440H24 $**<*3Health and Family Welfare*0**> $*<*3A Policy Frame*0*> $15.1
0450H24 ^The directions and guidance provided by the Health Survey and Development
0460H24 Committee (Bhore Committee: 1946) and the Health Survey and
0470H24 Planning Committee: 1946) and the Health Survey and Planning Commitee
0480H24 (Mudaliar Committee: 1961) have provided the chief basis of health
0490H24 planning in India. ^The objectives of health programmes during the first
0500H24 four Five Year Plans were (**=1) control/ eradication of major communicable
0510H24 diseases, (**=2) provision of curative, preventive and promotional
0520H24 health services, (**=3) augmentation of training programmes of
0530H24 medical and para-medical personnel; and (**=4) strengthening the primaray
0540H24 health centre complex for undertaking preventive and curative health services
0550H24 in rural areas. ^The Fifth Plan tried to_ provide minimum public
0560H24 health facilities integrated with family welfare and nutrition for vulnerable
0570H24 groups-- children, pregnant women and nursing mothers. ^The accent
0580H24 of the schemes during the period has been on (**=1) increasing the
0590H24 accessibility of health services to rural areas, (**=2) intensification
0600H24 of the control and eradication of communicable diseases, especially
0610H24 small-pox, malaria, leprosy, (**=3) qualitative improvement in education
0620H24 and training of health personnel, and (**=4) attempts to_ develop referral
0630H24 services by providing specialists*' attention to common diseases in
0640H24 rural areas. ^Unfortunately, the achievements during the plan period fell
0650H24 short of the targets, especially in the minimum needs programme whose
0660H24 objective was to_ create adequate infrastructure and health care services
0670H24 in rural areas. ^The details of the targets set and likely achievements
0680H24 by 1977-78 are given in annexure *=1.
0710H24 $15.2 ^In recent years, there has been considerable re-thinking on the
0720H24 social, technological and philosophical basis of the development of health
0730H24 services in the country. ^There is serious dissatisfaction with the
0740H24 existing model of medical and health care services with its emphasis on
0750H24 hospitals, specialities and super specialities and highly trained doctors
0760H24 which gets limited in practice mostly to urban areas and which is availed
0770H24 of mainly by the well-to-do classes. ^It is also realized that it
0780H24 is this model which is depriving the rural areas and the poor people of
0790H24 the benefits of good health and medical services. ^Serious doubts have,
0800H24 therefore, been raised as to whether we did right in adopting this western
0810H24 model of medical services and health care whose costs go far beyond
0820H24 our resources, which emphasizes curative rather than preventive and promotional
0830H24 aspects and which creates immense problems because of overemphasis
0840H24 on inappropriately high level professionalisation, institutionalization
0850H24 and centralization. ^A search for alternative models has, therefore,
0860H24 been on for some time and excellent results have been obtained in some
0870H24 refreshing experiments conducted by dedicated individuals and agencies.
0880H24 ^The Srivastava Committee was the first official committee to_ take this
0890H24 into account and to_ suggest a new approach to health care services which
0900H24 begins with the community and trained health workers from within the
0910H24 community itself and then links up these basic services within the community
0920H24 with an infrastructure of dispensaries and hospitals through a sound
0930H24 and well organised referral system. ^This basic recommendation of the
0940H24 committee was immediately acted upon by the Government in October, 1977
0950H24 and steps were initiated to_ augment the health care facilities in the
0960H24 rural areas through (**=1) scheme of transferring skills to workers selected
0970H24 by the community under the new Community Health Workers*' scheme,
0980H24 (**=2) drawing up a scheme of involvement of medical colleges in
0990H24 the total health care of selected primary health centres with the objective
1000H24 of re-orienting medical education and making specialist services available
1010H24 to the rural public and (**=3) accelerating reorientation training
1020H24 of unipurpose workers engaged in control of various communicable diseases
1030H24 programmes into multi-purpose workers so as to_ integrate the present
1040H24 vertical structure for control/ eradication of communicable diseases.
1060H24 $15.3 ^It is proposed to_ give considerable attention to the development
1070H24 of an alternative model of health care services which will emphasize
1080H24 the preventive and promotive aspects, which will be fully geared to_ serve
1090H24 the rural areas and the poor people, which will visualize the development
1100H24 of a large band of health workers from among the community itself
1110H24 to_ take care of the common day-to-day ailments, which will make even
1120H24 the best medical aid available to every individual through a well-organised
1130H24 referral system and a chain of *4taluka, district and State hospitals,
1140H24 and whose costs will remain within the reach of our resources. ^It
1150H24 is hoped that a well-formulated and generally accepted programme of
1160H24 health and medical services will soon emerge out of these efforts, much
1170H24 before the end of the 1978-83 Plan itself.
1180H24 $15.4 ^Meanwhile it is proposed that the policies and programmes to_ be
1190H24 developed in the immediate future should be based on the following principles:
1210H24 $(**=1) ^The main objective in the Plan will be to_ provide better
1220H24 health care and medical care services to the rural areas and the poor
1240H24 people. $(**=2) ^Vigorous steps will be taken to_ launch a community
1250H24 based programme of health care and medical services in rural areas, this
1260H24 being the most neglected sector needs priority.
1270H24 $*<*3Services and Supplies*0*>
1280H24 $15.46 *3Rural Main Centres and Sub-Centres:*0 ^Family Welfare and
1290H24 \0MCH Services in the rural areas will continue to_ be provided through
1300H24 the Rural Family Welfare Centres and Sub-Centres. ^Additional
1310H24 180 Rural Family Welfare Centres will be opened and attached with the
1320H24 Primary Health Centres (\0PHCs). ^The backlog of 2500 functional
1330H24 buildings for these centres will be completed; in respect of about 700
1340H24 primary Health Centres and Rural Family Welfare Centres for which
1350H24 no buildings have been constructed, an integrated building design will
1360H24 be followed. ^Fifty per cent of the backlog of non-functional buildings
1370H24 will be completed. ^The expansion programme of sub-centres will be
1380H24 covered under the Health Sector Programme. $15.47
1390H24 *3Urban Family Welfare Centres and Post-Partum Programme:*0
1410H24 ^Eighteen hundred and twenty urban family welfare centres existing at present
1420H24 will be attached with the hospitals \0MCH centres. ^Fifteen hundred
1430H24 new urban centres will be opened during the Plan to_ cover the remaining
1440H24 urban population. ^Besides the urban centres, additional beds and
1450H24 operation theatre facilities have been sanctioned in medical colleges,
1460H24 major hospitals and district hospitals under the post-partum programme to_
1470H24 promote institutional deliveries and acceptance of contraception thereafter.
1480H24 ^This programme is already sanctioned in 449 institutions; it will
1490H24 be started in 75 new institutions during 1978-79. ^To the extent feasible
1500H24 the existing urban centres will be attached to the new post-partum
1510H24 centres to_ achieve integration of the services. ^The post-partum programme
1520H24 will be extended to 400 *4taluka/ sub-division level hospitals and
1530H24 100 hospitals in the organised sector.
1540H24 $15.49 *3Contraceptive Supplies:*0 ^The supplies are arranged in terms
1550H24 of the anticipated needs arising from acceptance of different methods
1560H24 of contraceptions. ^Oral pills have been introduced during the Fifth Plan.
1570H24 ^In view of the fact that all methods of contraceptions will be promoted
1580H24 equally and the 'cafetaria approach' will continue to_ be adopted,
1590H24 the requirements will have to_ be worked out on the basis of popular
1600H24 acceptance of the various devices. ^Natural methods of family welfare
1610H24 are also to_ be promoted. ^Provision has been made in the Plan on the basis
1620H24 of trends of acceptance of the various devices. ^In view of the anticipated
1630H24 increase in the demand for *4nirodh, provision has been made
1640H24 for augmenting the production capacity for the manufacture of *4Nirodh.
1650H24 $<*3Training*0*>
1660H24 $15.50 ^The quality of training imparted to the workers plays a crucial
1670H24 role in the propagation of the programme. ^The training facilities will
1680H24 be geared to the needs of the schemes pertaining to multi-purpose health
1690H24 workers and the community health workers. ^The training of local birth
1700H24 attendants (*4Dais) is an important component of the community health
1710H24 workers scheme. ^It is intended to complete the training of '*4dais' at
1711H24 the rate of one '*4dai' for 1,000 population during the Plan 1978-83.
1712H24 $*<*3Research & Evaluation*0*>
1720H24 $15.51 ^Reasearch in the field of bio-medicine, demography, population
1730H24 studies and communication aspects is being increasingly supported by the
1740H24 government. ^Six additional small demographic/ communication action research
1750H24 centres have been sanctioned in the Fifth Plan so that all the major
1760H24 States would have the benefit of such centres. ^To_ balance their
1770H24 activities, these centres as well as some of the existing centres will
1780H24 be strengthened. ^Two new centres will be established in the coming five
1790H24 years.
1800H24 $15.52 ^Research on fertility control will be a priority item in the area
1810H24 of bio-medical research. ^In this regard indigenous system will receive
1820H24 greater attention. ^To_ avoid overlapping areas of research in reproductive
1830H24 biology, collaborative projects by various scientific institutions
1840H24 will be taken up for their mutual benefit.
1850H24 $*<*3Mass Media and Extension Education*0*>
1860H24 $15.54 ^The approach so far has been oriented more towards mass education
1870H24 and adequate attention has not been paid to the extension techniques which
1880H24 have been successfully demonstrated in the agricultural sector. ^As
1890H24 the Programme of Family Welfare has to_ be implemented with the voluntary
1900H24 participation of the people and with the cooperation of public opinion
1910H24 leaders, intensive efforts for the strengthening of extension machinery
1920H24 will be made. ^In this task community health workers and multi-purpose
1930H24 workers will be fully integrated with the extension education structure
1940H24 which will provide family life and health education. ^A review of
1950H24 the existing machinery at the Centre, State and District level will be
1960H24 undertaken. ^This will include a second look at the training and utilisation
1970H24 of multi-purpose workers and community health workers for promotion
1980H24 of small family norm. ^Extension activities undertaken for the promotion
1990H24 of acceptance of small family norm will further be coordinated with
2000H24 the activities of other extension agencies working in the field.*#
        **[no. of words = 02026**]

        **[txt. h25**]
0010H25 *<*3Future Scope*0*>
0020H25 $2.1. ^The final Fifth Plan targets for output of yarn and cloth to_
0030H25 meet requirements for domestic consumption and exports, are 1150 million
0040H25 \0kgs and 9500 million metres respectively by 1978-79. ^Of the cloth
0050H25 target, 4800 million meteres are to_ be produced in the mill-sector.
0060H25 ^Based on the export performance of the past few years and the buoyancy
0070H25 in international markets, it is projected that by 1978-79, cotton textile
0080H25 exports will increase substantially. ^There is good export potential
0090H25 for fabrics such as wide width sheeting, terry towels, denims, drills,
0100H25 canvas, \0etc. ^A promising market is emerging in fully processed
0110H25 dress fabrics as well. $2.2. ^The principal guidelines for the future
0120H25 expansion of the industry may be enumerated as follows:
0140H25 $(1) ^Expansion of spinning capacity, with special emphasis on meeting the
0150H25 requirements of the decentralised sector and interests of cotton growers
0160H25 and with particular reference to a multi-fibre approach. ^No licence
0170H25 is required by cotton spinning units upto a capacity of 50,000 spindles
0180H25 subject to the following conditions:
0190H25 $(a) ^The packings of yarn in hank form and the countwise production
0200H25 should be in accordance with the policy in force and the directions
0210H25 issued by the Textile Commissioner in this regard from time to time;
0220H25 $(b) new unit should have a capacity of 25,000; and
0230H25 $(c) the unit should be located in an area other than in towns with a
0240H25 population of more than 5 *4lakhs.
0250H25 $(2) ^As per the new Industrial Policy, announced by the Minister of
0260H25 Industry in the Parliament, no expansion in the weaving capacity will
0270H25 be allowed in the organised sector or powerloom sector. ^Whatever additional
0280H25 production of cloth is required, it will be met out of the handloom
0290H25 sector, which is being given all facilities and priorities.
0300H25 $(3) ^Emphasis on production of coarse and lower medium varieties of cloth
0310H25 to_ meet the basic minimum needs of the people.
0320H25 $(4) ^Expansion of exports in quantity and increase in unit added value
0330H25 to_ conform to the Plan targets.
0340H25 $(5) ^Modernisation of the industry, including greater economies of scale,
0350H25 balanced utilisation of equipment, lowering of unit costs, \0etc.
0360H25 ^Special consideration will be given to improved preparatory, and processing
0370H25 capacities. $*<*3Facilities*0*> $3.1. ^The following facilities
0380H25 are already and/ or will be available: $*<*3(A) Working Capital*0*>
0410H25 $^While sanctioning working capital loans by Commercial Banks, the
0420H25 following will be kept in view; $(**=1) ^If the applicant mill has any
0430H25 unencumbered block assets, their value will be taken into account;
0450H25 $(**=2) ^The mills are being asked to_ use non-cotton fibre such as viscose
0460H25 staple fibre and polyester fibre. ^Unlike cotton, the prices of such
0470H25 fibres do not significantly fluctuate. ^This may be taken into account
0480H25 while determining the margin; and
0490H25 $(**=3) ^The unit prices of polyester fibre is much higher than that_ of
0500H25 cotton. ^This may be taken into account while sanctioning quantum of
0510H25 credit limit. $*<*3(B) Raw Material*0*> $^Following are the important
0520H25 aspects: $(**=1) ^The import of viscose/ polynosic staple fibre is
0530H25 being permitted on a free licensing basis; $(**=2) ^The import of polyster
0570H25 fibre has been decanalised and is being freely licensed; $(**=3)
0590H25 ^The import of acrylic fibre has been placed on free licensing system;
0610H25 $(**=4) ^It has been made compulsory on the cotton textile industry to_
0620H25 use at least 10% non-cotton fibre. ^This compulsion is applicable to
0621H25 all cotton textile mills except in relation to their production which is
0630H25 meant for exports of production in low coarse counts.
0650H25 $*<*3(C) Modernisation*0*>
0660H25 $^Financial assistance on concessional terms will be provided by the
0670H25 Industrial Development Bank of India under its Soft Loan Scheme
0680H25 to cotton textile mills for modernisation, replacement and renovation of
0690H25 their plant and machinery. ^The following are some of the important
0700H25 terms and conditions of small assistances:
0710H25 $(**=1) ^The basic criteria for assistance under the scheme will be weakness
0720H25 or non-viability of the industrial concerns arising out of mechanical
0730H25 obsolescence. ^The need for modernisation will have to_ be established
0740H25 beyond doubt as also the fact that viability would be achieved within
0750H25 a reasonably short period. ^Industrial concerns which are not in a position
0760H25 to_ bear the normal lending rate of interest of the financial institutions
0770H25 will be provided concessional asssistance to the full extent of
0780H25 the loan. ^In other cases, assistance on concessional terms would be provided
0790H25 upto the maximum extent of 66% of the loan (75% in the case of jute
0800H25 industry). ^In cases where the industrial concerns can conveniently meet
0810H25 the requirements for modernisation under the Bills Rediscounting Scheme
0820H25 of \0IDBI, they are expected as at present, to_ avail themselves
0830H25 of the facilities under that_ Scheme; for this purpose, the maximum
0840H25 period of deferred payment has been extended to 7 years for all the
0850H25 five eligible industries and in the case of jute industry, the effective
0860H25 rate of interest has been reduced to 11%.
0870H25 $(**=2) ^Industrial concerns to_ be eligible for assistance under the
0880H25 scheme, should have been registered as public or private limited companies
0890H25 or cooperatives. ^Partnership or proprietary concerns *3are not eligible*0.
0910H25 $(**=3) ^Specific project reports of modernisation, indicating both physical
0920H25 and financial requirements will have to_ be prepared and presented.
0930H25 ^Emphasis should be laid on changing out specific technological improvements
0940H25 in crucial processes or activities which would make a definite impact
0950H25 on production process in a short period.
0960H25 $(**=4) ^Assistance under the scheme will be need based; as such, no minimum
0970H25 or maximum limit for individual loans has been prescribed.
0980H25 $(**=5) ^Interest on the loan under the scheme will be charged at the rate
0990H25 of 7.5% \0p.a. ^In the event of default in payment of interest and/ or
1000H25 principal, additional interest @ 2% \0p.a. for the period of default on
1010H25 the amount of interest/ principal in default shall be charged.
1011H25 $(**=6) ^A commitment charge of 0.5% on the loan amount will be payable
1020H25 half-yearly after expiry of 6 months from the date of letter of intent
1030H25 or from the date of execution of the loan agreement, whichever is earlier.
1050H25 $(**=7) ^The period of repayment of loan to_ be sanctioned under the
1060H25 scheme would be upto 15 years including moratorium of 3 to 5 years.
1070H25 $(**=8) ^The loan to_ be sanctioned under the scheme will require to_ be
1080H25 secured by a first charge by way of mortgage/ hypothecation on the fixed
1090H25 assets/ movables to_ be acquired under the scheme along with a first charge
1120H25 or a second charge (where a first charge is not available) on the
1130H25 existing fixed assets of the industrial concerns. ^The financial institutions,
1140H25 \0viz. \0IDBI, \0IFCI and \0ICICI may also insist
1150H25 at their discretion, on suitable personal and/ or other guarantees.
1160H25 $^The margin on security will be decided on a case to case basis.
1170H25 $(**=9) ^A reasonable contribution from the concerns towards the cost of
1180H25 the modernisation is expected. $**<*3223. WOOLLEN TEXTILES**>
1200H25 $*<*3Present Status*>
1210H25 $1.1. ^Woollen textile industry in the country consists of the organised
1220H25 sector and the decentralised sector. ^The organised sector consists of
1230H25 woollen spinning units/ composite units/ woollen combing units/ machine
1250H25 made carpets. ^The decentralised sector covers hosiery/ powerloom/ handloom/
1260H25 hand knitted carpet units.
1261H25 $8. ^The performance of the units licensed/ approved to_ make mini-computer/
1262H25 micro processor based systems would be reviewed periodically (annually
1263H25 to_ begin with) and expansion of capacity approved on the basis of
1264H25 these reviews.
1265H25 $**<*365. PERIPHERALS FOR COMPUTERS**> $*<*3Present Status*> $1.1
1266H25 ^Letters of Intent have been given for computer peripherals such as
1267H25 low speed magnetic tape units, alphanumeric displays, data entry systems
1268H25 based on cassette tape drives, floppy discs, non impact printers and
1269H25 dot matrix printers. *<*3Future Scope*>
1330H25 $2.1. ^Scope for manufacturing programmes to_ cover the demand profile indicated
1340H25 at Annexure *=4 exists. ^As \0CRT terminals are becoming cheaper
1350H25 and are more reliable, it is likely that they may replace celetypes
1360H25 in certain applications areas. ^Direct entry devices like key to cassette,
1370H25 key to magnetic tape, key to floppy disc and discpacks are becoming
1380H25 more economical and easy to_ use and these devices will have significant
1390H25 impact on data preparation activities. ^Foreign collaboration can be
1400H25 considered on merit for more sophisticated items like high speed line printers,
1410H25 high speed magnetic tape units, and disc drives, but would be limited
1420H25 to_ purchase of designs and drawings, except in very special cases.
1440H25 $**<*366. TELEMETRY TELECONTROL AND DATA LOGGING INTERFACE SYSTEMS**>
1450H25 $1.1 ^Telemetry and telecontrol and data logging equipment find a wide
1460H25 variety of applications as in power generation, transmission and distribution,
1470H25 oil pipelines, long distance communication links, railways electrification,
1480H25 aerospace application, remote weather data collection, scientific
1490H25 exploration and most of the process industries. ^In many of the applications,
1500H25 these equipment form a part of the total instrumentation
1510H25 and control system and have been imported as part of package imports. ^Application
1520H25 of indigenous systems has been only in the railway electrification
1530H25 projects. ^So far only one manufacturer has manufactured indigenous
1540H25 systems. ^It is expected that at least three more companies will be
1550H25 bringing out equipment shortly two of them with foreign collaboration.$^This
1560H25 is an area where close liaison with the users, and promotional
1570H25 efforts by manufacturers will play a significant role in creating demand.
1580H25 ^A conservative estimate of demand for these systems during the next five
1590H25 years would be about \0Rs. 25 *4crores. ^The present licensed
1600H25 capacity appears adequate for the time being provided the progress of the
1610H25 licensed manufacturers is speeded up.
1620H25 $**<*367. ELECTRONIC PROCESS CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION**>
1630H25 *<*3Present Status*>
1640H25 $1.1. ^Although the process control insturments have nucleated recently
1650H25 in the country, the production activity shown by the units, both in terms
1660H25 of the production pattern as well as the volume of production is substantial.
1670H25 ^Over 100 manufacturing units are producing a wide range of pneumatic
1680H25 and electronic instruments (See \0EIP, May 1974). ^The present
1690H25 status of each category of instruments is given subsequently.
1700H25 $*<*3Future Scope*>
1710H25 $2.1. ^The next five year demand of process control instruments has been
1720H25 estimated as \0Rs. 140 *4crores. ^There is a definite trend towards
1730H25 increased use of electronic systems over pneumatic system. ^Electronics
1740H25 share of the demand has grown from 10 per cent in 1965 to 20 to 25 per
1750H25 cent in 1975, and is projected to_ reach 30 to 35 per cent by the end of
1760H25 the next five years. ^In post 1985 period electronic systems will predominate
1770H25 and their share will saturate at 65% in the post 1990 period.
1780H25 ^The next five years demand of electronic process control instrumentation
1790H25 is estimated at \0Rs. 40 *4crores. ^The estimates of groupwise demand
1800H25 during this period are given in Annexure *=5.
1810H25 $**<*368. TRANSDUCERS AND TRANSMETERS**>
1820H25 $^At present, transducers are the major bottlenecks in the development of
1830H25 control technology in the country. ^The demand of these in the next
1840H25 five years is expected to_ be about \0Rs. 400 million, the share of electronics
1850H25 would be about 25 per cent. ^There is a yawning gap between supply
1860H25 and demand in this area, and transducers for specific applications continue
1870H25 to_ be imported in the country. ^In general, investments in this
1880H25 area are welcome. ^Also proposals for manufacturing signal converters
1890H25 and conditioners in standard modular forms will be considered. ^Foreign
1900H25 collaboration will be considered on case to case basis. ^Specific
1910H25 guidelines are as follows:
1920H25 $*<*3(a) Temperature Transducers*>
1930H25 $^Temperature transducer technology is still in its infancy in the country.
1940H25 ^Available transducers do not cover the entire range of industrial
1950H25 \0temp. measurement. ^There are quite some difficulties at the upper end
1960H25 of the scale, particularly in the steel industry. ^Also, there are no
1970H25 reliable and accurate thermocouples which can satisfactorily operate for
1980H25 long duration in reducing atmospheres at high pressures and temperature
1990H25 ranging from 690*@ \0C to 1600*@ \0C. ^No effort has gone into establishment
2000H25 of methods to_ measure normal operating \0temp. of 160*@ \0C.
2010H25 inside a low pressure coal gasifier. ^Radiation and optical pyrometers are
2020H25 widely required in the steel industry. ^Radiation pyrometer sensitivity
2030H25 has to_ be increased by incorporating new detector materials. ^Proposals
2040H25 for the manufacture of the above indicated temperature transducers
2050H25 will be encouraged. $*<*3(b) Pressure Transducers*>
2070H25 $^Electronic pressure and force transducers include various strain gauges,
2080H25 load cells and \0LVDTs. ^Both strain gauges and load cells are presently
2090H25 made in the country, but the operating pressure range is limited.*#
        **[no. of words = 02004**]

        **[txt. h26**]
0010H26 ^The police-men co-dwell with them surrounded by the dirt and debris
0020H26 of the times. ^Of the 147 police station buildings in Haryana I have
0030H26 visited 98. ^*I visited their police posts also. ^As many as 51 police
0040H26 stations were found to_ be dilapidated. ^Thirteen were located in old forts.
0050H26 ^Many more had been accommodated in Old *4Rajas*' or *4Nawabs*'
0060H26 residences, *4Sarais, discarded veterinary hospitals, Industrial Training
0070H26 Institutes, temporary structures hired houses, \0etc. ^*I found the
0080H26 police lock ups in a deplorable condition. ^A part of many of the police
0090H26 stations had already collapsed making the rest of the building unsafe.
0100H26 ^Several police stations would get inundated in the rainy season so as
0110H26 to_ be under a few feet of water for many weeks. ^They had to_ be vacated
0120H26 and \0P.Ss had to_ be set up temporarily elsewhere. ^The Police Stations
0130H26 in the rented or improvised buildings did not have proper lock-ups
0140H26 nor *4Malkhanas. ^As it is not intended to_ describe them in all the
0150H26 details here, suffice it to_ say that most of the police stations in
0160H26 Haryana are hardly fit for occupation and the condition of the Police
0170H26 Posts is even worse. ^Apart from the hardships which the police personnel
0180H26 bore personally they experienced great difficulties functionally too.
0190H26 ^Certainly the condition of police stations and Police Posts in Haryana
0200H26 is in no way exceptional. ^We have them in other States also though
0210H26 not so extensively and closely. ^The point I like to_ make is that there
0220H26 is an imperative need for formulating a phased programme for construction
0230H26 of new Police Stations as well as Police Post buildings. ^Simultaneously
0240H26 a programme should also be drawn up for extensive special repairs
0250H26 to the existing buildings so that they can last without jeopardising
0260H26 the lines of the police-men, till the new buildings become available.
0280H26 $*<*3Misery of police-men posted at vulnerable guards, \0etc.*>
0290H26 $7. ^The conditions under which the police-men live are however, the worst
0300H26 at the Sales-Tax and food checking barriers the vulnerable point guards,
0310H26 particularly at the railway and road bridges, \0etc. ^*I have visited
0320H26 many a police personnel posted there. ^They do not have even a roof
0330H26 to_ protect them. ^They live in tents which are almost always tattered
0340H26 and torn because they cannot last as long as their prescribed period of
0350H26 service due to constant exposure to sun and rain and high velocity winds,
0360H26 and the poor quality of the materials out of which the tents are made.
0370H26 ^These tents can neither keep the rain nor wind out. ^They cannot protect
0380H26 the police-men from the glare of the lights of traffic nor from its
0390H26 noise. ^They have no place to_ cook and eat; except the open sky. ^The dust
0400H26 and smoke raised and emitted by the motor vehicles and railway trains
0410H26 mixes freely with what they eat and drink. ^They have no sanitary conveniences.
0420H26 ^They have no medical facility nearby if they fall sick. ^They
0430H26 have no family life. ^Neither the Excise and Taxation Commissioner
0440H26 nor the Railway authorities would bother about their lot. ^The \0P.W.D.
0450H26 authorities would consider it an encroachment upon their land if
0460H26 even a *4kacha thatched room(s) were proposed to_ be constructed for the
0470H26 wretched men of the police force. ^The authorities of even the biggest
0480H26 establishments guarded by the police rarely make provision for barracks,
0490H26 sentry posts, \0etc. for the police. ^The police suffer thus and continue
0500H26 to_ serve in such conditions. ^Should it not be made incumbent upon
0510H26 the Railways, State Electricity Boards, the Excise and Taxation
0520H26 Department, Thermal Plants and other Managements to_ provide at least
0530H26 barracks, sentry posts, kitchens and sanitary conveniences for the police
0540H26 guards? ^Most of them are commercial projects, or revenue earning
0550H26 departments, after all.
0560H26 $*<*3Police is undermanned and overburdened.*>
0570H26 $8. ^The lot of the policeman has not improved. ^The police stations are
0580H26 understaffed and the policemen generally are overworked. ^They are on
0590H26 duty when the people celebrate festivals and enjoy holidays. ^All the
0600H26 duties of the police are not performed at the police station itself; and
0610H26 for their performance in the '*4ilaqa' they hardly have any facilities--
0620H26 no transport, no arrangement for rations and nowhere welcome to_ stay.
0630H26 ^They have to_ fend for themselves and fall an easy prey to accepting the
0640H26 hospitality of those whose public image is as black as their own. ^Once
0650H26 they fall there is no limit to which they may not sink. ^If each police
0660H26 station were given a suitable motor vehicle many malpractices to which
0670H26 the police take willy nilly should decrease. ^Their impartiality will
0680H26 not become a casualty and they will have less need to_ stay with the undesirable.
0690H26 ^They would reach a scene of occurrence without delay and their
0700H26 response to a complainant even at odd hours, would be less reluctant.
0710H26 ^It will save their time too, for much-needed rest or for more work.
0720H26 $*<*3Unsanctioned duties deplete the police stations.*>
0730H26 $9. ^No police strength or very little of it has been provided for:
0740H26 (a) escort of prisoners, (b) collection of intelligence, (c) regulation
0750H26 of traffic in the towns and on the highways, (d) protection of \0V.I.Ps,
0760H26 (e) maintenance of order in situations which are of very recent development.
0770H26 ^To_ meet these requirements which have grown stupendously in
0780H26 recent times the district armed reserves as well as the policemen called
0790H26 from the police stations ostensibly for annual refresher training are
0800H26 diverted and deployed thus continuously. ^As a result their training suffers
0810H26 and efficiency of the police deteriorates. ^For keeping order at
0820H26 the public meetings, processions, demonstrations, film-nite shows, matches,
0830H26 cinemas, exhibitions, elections, \0etc., the police has to_ be picked
0840H26 out from the police stations which get depleted and for that_ period the
0850H26 police patrolling investigation of cases and all that_ has to_ be done
0851H26 at the Police Stations comes to a stop. ^Such cessations and set-backs
0860H26 to police station work are too frequent, so that the police station staffs
0870H26 could function smoothly and uninterrupted. **[sic**] ^It is essential
0880H26 that adequate staff is provided for each of the other duties also which
0890H26 the District Police has to_ perform. ^Some of them have been mentioned
0900H26 above and others are explained below. $*<*3Leakages of manpower*>
0920H26 $10. ^The creation of new districts and sub-divisions causes a new
0930H26 problem for the police who are supposed to_ keep the case
0940H26 property in safe custody in the police station *4Malkhana as long as
0950H26 a case is under investigation. ^As these one-room *4Malkhanas have always
0960H26 had a limited capacity and the case property has been multifarious
0970H26 and too large, it could never be contained in it. ^Consequently case property
0980H26 particularly in Excise Act cases would be kept in other rooms which
0990H26 may be lying vacant in the \0P.S. ^These are generally made out
1000H26 of the kitchens or the stables for ponies, which are no longer needed.
1010H26 ^Even these additional, improvised *4Malkhanas would get packed to the
1020H26 full. ^But formerly the situation used to_ remain controllable because
1030H26 with the *(4challaning*) of a case its property would be transferred to
1040H26 the Judicial *4Malkhana.
1050H26 $*<*3Absence or inadequacy of Judicial *4Malkhanas;*>
1060H26 $^This movement has now become impossible because there are hardly any
1070H26 Judicial *4malkhanas at the new district or sub-divisional headquarters,
1080H26 as few have been built, acquired or hired. ^The Judiciary having been
1090H26 separated is no longer under the control of the District Magistrate
1100H26 nor their proper functioning is his responsibility. ^The prosecution
1110H26 branch having been relieved of the control of the District Superintendents
1120H26 of Police, see no objection for taking over the case property when
1130H26 the case is *4challaned. ^So the police station has to_ keep generally
1140H26 all the case property till a long time after the cases have finally been
1150H26 disposed of by the Courts impinging upon limited accommodation they have
1160H26 at their disposal at the Police Station. ^The case property has found
1170H26 its way into the defunct and deserted cattle pounds also which are
1180H26 in ruins and even in the barracks of the Constables, who suffer the reek
1190H26 and smell which these emit. ^Once I found it lying in a religious place
1200H26 adjoining a Police Station and situated in its premises. ^On another
1210H26 occasion I saw it kept on the roof of the police station. ^Still
1220H26 another problem arises for the Police as a corollary of this situation.
1230H26 ^The cases get adjourned if the case property is not produced in the court
1240H26 at the right time, which means further delay in the disposal of cases.
1250H26 ^The vulnerability of the police is exploited by the magistracy and the
1260H26 prosecution agency in as much as the Police staff has to_ facilitate
1270H26 the production of the case property. ^It is an extra burden upon the Police.
1280H26 ^In the process the property loses its sanctity. ^Nobody cares
1290H26 for it much; though nobody acknowledges the position. ^There is an imperative
1300H26 need for the construction of the Judicial *4Malkhanas at each
1310H26 District and Sub-divisional Headquaters.
1320H26 $*<*3Inadequate *4Naib Courts*>
1330H26 $11. ^The establishment of new courts was not accompanied by the sanction
1340H26 of corresponding number of *4Naib Courts. ^All the same, they continue
1350H26 to_ be provided by the police either out of their helplessness or their
1360H26 desire to_ keep the magistracy and the prosecution agency in good humour.
1370H26 ^This is another drain on the already limited man-power resources
1380H26 of the Police. *(^*Naib-courts*) should be sanctioned for all the courts
1390H26 who need them. $*<*3Copies of Statements of witnesses.*>
1410H26 $12. ^The revised Criminal Procedure Code requires that the copies
1420H26 of the statements of witnesses and other relevant documents shall be provided
1430H26 by the Court to the accused promptly. ^It is clearly the duty and
1440H26 the responsibility of the Court. ^They cannot however discharge it because
1450H26 no clerks have been sanctioned to_ make the copies. ^Who should do
1460H26 this task? ^The Police Station has to_ do it because all the law enforcement
1461H26 agencies possibly think that it is the Police whose cases they
1462H26 are disposing of. ^This work of preparing copies is another
1470H26 undue burden on the Police. ^Neither the High Courts nor the
1480H26 State Governments are concerned because the burden is somehow, being carried
1490H26 by the Police-man.
1500H26 $*<*3No sanction for welfare institutions*>
1510H26 $13. ^The Canteens the Welfare Centres and the Messes in the Police
1520H26 generally have no sanctioned strength to_ run them. ^If it is sanctioned
1530H26 it is nominal and inadequate. ^So the staff for them has to_ be found
1540H26 entirely or partly by drawing Policemen from the already insufficient
1550H26 sanctioned strength. ^The welfare which these institutions are supposed
1560H26 to_ render to the Police force is negated by the extra burden
1570H26 which the latter have to_ bear in managing them. ^Furthermore the sanctioned
1580H26 strength of the School Master and the instructors in the District
1590H26 Police lines and the clerks in the District Police lines and the
1600H26 clerks in the District Police Offices and Sub-divisional Police offices
1610H26 is always inadequate. ^They have to_ be supplemented by drawing men
1620H26 from the Police Stations whose effectiveness to_ prevent and detect
1630H26 crime suffers. ^The unsanctioned and unauthorised guards at the residences
1640H26 of the \0D.Is.G. District Magistrates, \0etc. as well as the
1641H26 additional Orderlies too are provided out of the strength of the
1650H26 Police Station. ^When so much strength is withdrawn from the urban and
1660H26 rural Police Stations one wonders how they manage to_ cope up with
1670H26 their work. $*<*3Evil Consequences.*>
1690H26 $^As they cannot cope up with it, they try to_ reduce their work-load. ^They
1700H26 avoid registering the crime reported and attending to the complaints
1710H26 made to them. ^Visits to scenes of crime, patrolling, checking of \0B.Cs.
1720H26 verification of inquest reports and '*4pairvi' of cases becomes
1730H26 fictitious. ^Crime records are neglected. ^In despair they tend to_ become
1740H26 impatient and prone to_ lose temper. ^They begin to_ behave rudely
1750H26 with who-so-ever adds in what-so-ever way to their burden. ^They have
1760H26 little time or patience for thorough inspection of a scene of occurrence,
1770H26 proper interrogation of a suspect and examination of a complainant
1780H26 or a witness. ^They use short cuts and resort to third degree methods.
1790H26 ^Many other malpractices follow which tarnish their reputation and dim
        their public image.*#
        **[no. of words = 01993**]

        **[txt. h27**]
0001H27 **<*3REPORT*0**> $*<*31. Introductory*0*>
0010H27 ^Notwithstanding the enactment in the State of West Bengal in 1976 under
0020H27 the title of "The West Bengal Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
0030H27 Tribes (Reservation of Vacancies in Services and Posts) Act, 1976",
0040H27 in order to_ protect the interest of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
0050H27 Tribes in the matter of services in any office of the State Government,
0060H27 a local or statutory authority constituted under the State Act
0070H27 for the time being in force, or a Corporation in which not less than fifty-one
0080H27 per \0cent. of the paid-up share capital is held by the State
0090H27 Government and Universities, and colleges affiliated to the Universities,
0100H27 Primary and Secondary Schools and also other educational institutions
0110H27 which are owned or aided by the State Government, \0etc., the representation
0120H27 of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in those services
0130H27 is melancholy. ^Causes of this sorry state of affairs are more than
0140H27 one. ^Some of these in the opinion of the Committee, are ambiguities
0141J27 and flaws in the said Act and rules made thereunder. ^Consequently,
0142J27 the Committee thinks it expedient to_ make a report recommending some
0143J27 amendments
0150H27 in the Act and the Rules. ^Few of the reasons which led the committee
0160H27 for preparing the Report may be summarised in the following way:
0170H27 $(**=1) ^Any employment which in the opinion of the State Government is
0180H27 of "scientific or technical narure "has been kept outside the purview
0190H27 of the Act and the Committee thinks that ample scope has been created
0200H27 here to_ frustrate the letter and spirit of the Act and this can be done
0210H27 by an executive order of the Government mischievously interpreting the
0220H27 terms "scientific or technical nature". $(**=2) ^Fifteen
0230H27 per \0cent. of the vacancies for the candidates belonging
0240H27 to Scheduled Castes and five per \0cent. for the candidates belonging
0250H27 to Scheduled Tribes have been made reserved in the Act, provided suitable
0260H27 candidates are available from the respective castes, but the percentage
0270H27 of reservation in West Bengal Civil Service (Judicial) for Scheduled
0280H27 Castes has been reduced in the Act to ten per \0cent. which
0290H27 the Committee thinks to_ be improper and unjustifiable.
0300H27 $(**=3) ^The reservation facilities for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
0310H27 Tribes have been withheld in the Act for any post, the maximum scale
0320H27 of which is \0Rs. 2,000 or more, but as the facilities of reservation
0330H27 are made available subject to the minimum qualifications and required suitability
0340H27 of the candidates, this restriction will tantamount to further
0350H27 curtailment of reservation facilities
0360H27 and the Committee thinks it unjust.
0370H27 $(**=4) ^Power has been conferred by the Act upon the State Government
0380H27 to_ exempt from the application of the Act any service or post in view
0390H27 of specialised qualifications or experience, but in the opinion of the
0400H27 Committee this power may be used as a weapon by any State Government
0410H27 to_ negate the very intention of the Legislature **[sic**]
0411H27 in this respect and so
0420H27 the Committee suggests for the omission of this provision from the Act.
0440H27 $(**=5) ^Provision is there in the Act to_ penalise with a fine which
0450H27 may extend to two hundred and fifty rupees on appointing authority who
0460H27 makes an appointment in contravention of the provisions of this Act
0470H27 but the Committee thinks that the degree of punishment is quite inadequate
0480H27 to_ check the recalcitrant appointing authority, so the punishment with
0490H27 a larger fine together with imprisonment has been recommended.
0500H27 $^Further recommendations have been made to_ clarify the ambiguity and vagueness
0510H27 in mode of prosecution in this regard. $(**=6)
0520H27 ^It has been provided in the Act that penal measure cannot be taken
0530H27 in relation to any appointment to any service or posts of which the
0540H27 appointing authority is the Governor, but in view of Article 361 of the
0550H27 Constitution of India the Committee thinks that this provision of the
0560H27 Act is unnecessary and superfluous.
0570H27 $(**=7) ^The Committee thinks it a dire necessity for setting up a high
0580H27 power independent commission for the State to_ watch as to how the measures
0590H27 for the well-being of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
0600H27 are being implemented and to_ suggest ways and means for the purpose and
0610H27 to_ make annual report on relevant points to the State Legislature.$**<*3*=2
0620H27 Proposed Amendments to the Act and the Rules*0**>
0630H27 $A. ^The Committee recommends that the West Bengal Scheduled Castes
0640H27 and Scheduled Tribes (Reservation of Vacancies in Services and Posts)
0650H27 Act. 1976 (West Bengal Act *=27 of 1976) (Annexure *=1) be amended
0660H27 for the purpose and in the manner hereinafter appearing. $*<*3(*=1)
0670H27 Amendment of Section 2*0*> $^In section 2 of the West Bengal
0680H27 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (reservation of Vacancies
0690H27 in Services and Posts) Act, 1976 (hereinafter referred to as the said
0700H27 Act), clause (e) should be replaced by the following words '"Scredule"
0710H27 means the Schedules *=1 and *=2 appended to this Act,' and the following
0720H27 clauses be added after clause (e):
0730H27 $'(f) "^Scheduled Castes" has the same meaning assigned to it in clause
0740H27 (24) of Article 366 of the Constitution as listed in Schedule *=1 $(g)
0750H27 ^*Scheduled Tribes" has the same meaning assigned to it in clause
0760H27 (25) of Article 366 of the Constitution as listed in Schedule *=1
0770H27 $(h) "^*Commission" means Commission as set out in Section 13.'
0780H27 $*<*3(*=2) Amendment of Section 3*0*> $~in section 3 of the said Act
0790H27 clause (c) should be omitted and clauses (d) and (e) should be renumbered
0800H27 as (c) and (d) $*<*3(*=3) Amendment of Section 4*0*>
0820H27 $^The words "as set out in Schedule *=2" shall be inserted after the word
0830H27 "manner" in line 4 of section (4) of the said Act.
0840H27 $^In section 4(a) of the said Act the second proviso should be substituted
0850H27 by the following proviso: $"^Provided
0860H27 further also that the candidates belonging to the Scheduled
0870H27 Castes or Scheduled Tribes coming out in the general competion shall
0880H27 be excluded from their respective reservation quota." $^A new clause after
0890H27 clause (c) of this section (4) should be added in the following manner:
0910H27 $"(d) ^A Scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes candidate called for
0920H27 an interview by Public Service Commission or Government officer on
0930H27 the basis of a competitive examination shall be entitled to re-imbursement
0940H27 of a single second class Railway fare from the normal place of his
0950H27 residence to the place of his interview: $^Provided that his facility
0960H27 facility shall not be available to any candidate belonging to Scheduled
0970H27 Castes or Scheduled Tribes whose family income is more than \0Rs.
0980H27 1,000.00 per month." $*<*3(*=4) Amendment of Section 5*0*> $^In section
1000H27 (5) of the said Act the words "in the manner as set out in the schedule
1010H27 *=2" should be inserted after the words "Scheduled Tribes" in clause
1020H27 (a). $^In section 5 of the said Act clause (b) should be omitted and
1030H27 clause (c) renumbered as clause (b) $*<*3(*=5) Omission of Section
1060H27 6*0*> $^Section (6) of the said Act should be omitted. $*<*3(*=6) Insertion
1070H27 of a New Section (6)*0*> $^After section 5 of the said Act the
1080H27 the following section should be inserted: $"6 *3Abetment of offence and
1090H27 presumption:*0 (1) ^Any act or omission violating any of the provisions
1100H27 of this Act shall be treated as a penal offence
1120H27 punishable under this Act. $(2)
1130H27 ^Whosoever abets the commission of any offence under this Act shall
1140H27 be punishable with the same punishment provided for the offence. $*3Explanation*0--
1150H27 ^A public servant who wilfully neglects any of the provisions
1160H27 of this Act in handling any reservation matter in his capacity
1170H27 as such public servant, shall be deemed to_ have abetted the commission
1180H27 of the offence attributable to the appointing authority and punishable
1190H27 under this Act. $(3)
1200H27 ^Where an offence under this Act is committed the court shall presume
1210H27 unless the contrary is provided, that the act or omission relating to
1220H27 the offence was committed deliberately and with malafide intentions."
1230H27 $*<*3(*=7) Amendment of Section (7)*0*>
1240H27 $(a) ^In the first sentence of section 7 of the said Act the words "fine
1250H27 which... rupees" occurring after "punishable
1260H27 with" should be omitted and the following be inserted therefor. $"imprisonment
1270H27 for a term no less than six months and not more than one
1280H27 year, and also with a fine which may extend up to one thousand rupees."
1290H27 $^And this paragraph should be marked as clause (1). $(b) ^The proviso under
1300H27 the section shall be omitted and the following shall be inserted: $"(2)
1320H27 ^If an appointing authority violates any other provisions of this Act
1330H27 or the rules framed thereunder, he shall be punishable with fine which
1340H27 may extend up to five hundred rupees." $*<*3*(*=8)
1350H27 Insertion of New Section 8 instead of existing Section 8.*0*>
1360H27 $^After section 7 of the said Act (as amended) the following section
1361H27 shall be inserted: $"8.
1370H27 (1) *3Cognizance and trial of offences*0: ^Notwithstanding anything contained
1380H27 in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Act *=2 of 1973),
1390H27 every offence punishable under this Act shall be cognizable and triable
1400H27 as a warrant case, provided that an offence under section 7(2) of this
1410H27 Act may be tried summarily by a Judicial Magistrate of the first class
1420H27 or, in the metropolitan area by a Metropolitan Magistrate, in accordance
1430H27 with the procedure laid down in the said Code. $(2)
1440H27 ^When a public servant is alleged to_ have committed an offence, or
1450H27 of abetment of any offence, punishable under this Act, while acting or
1460H27 purporting to_ act in the discharge of his official duty, no court shall
1470H27 take cognizance of such offence or abetment thereof except with the sanction
1480H27 of the Commission set up under section 13. $(3)
1490H27 ^Where the appointing authority committing an offence under this Act
1500H27 is a body of persons whether incorporated or not, every person who at
1510H27 the time the offence was committed, was in charge of and responsible to
1520H27 the establishment for the conduct of its business, shall be deemed to_
1530H27 have committed the offence and shall be liable to_ be prosecuted and punishable
1540H27 accordingly." $*<*3(*=9)
1550H27 Replacement of Section 9 of the said Act by the following:*0*>
1560H27 $"9. ^No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall lie against
1570H27 the State Government, the Commission or any member thereof of any
1580H27 person acting under the direction, either of the State Government or of
15Z?H27 the Commission in respect of anything which is in good faith done or
1600H27 intended to_ be done in pursuance of the Act or any rules or orders made
1610H27 thereunder or in respect of the publication, by or under the authority
1620H27 of State Government or the Commission, of any report, paper or proceeding."
1640H27 $*<*3(*=10) Amendment of Section 12(4).*0*> $^In section 12(4)
1650H27 of the said Act the words "State Government" should be replaced by "Commission."
1670H27 $*<*3(*=11) Insertion of New Sections after Section 12
1680H27 (Appointment of commission)*0*> $^The existing section 13 should be renumbered
1690H27 as section 15 and the sections 13 and 14 should be inserted as
1710H27 follows: $"13. (1) ^The State Government shall appoint a Commission
1720H27 for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes by notification in Official
1730H27 Gazette to_ perform the following functions, namely:
1740H27 $(**=2) to_ aid and advise the State Government on the measures to_ be
1750H27 taken for the due enforcement of this Act and the rules thereunder;
1760H27 $(**=3) to_ examine any complaint lodged with the Commission and to_ take
1770H27 appropriate action thereon; $(**=4) to_ sanction prosecution in case
1780H27 of offences committed by public servants;
1800H27 $(**=5) to_ call for reports and returns from any appointing authority or
1810H27 establishment to_ secure due compliance with the provisions of the Act
1820H27 and the prescribed rules: $(**=6) to_ inspect and check the records
1830H27 maintained under the prescribed rules; $(**=7) to_ issue directions
1850H27 in connection with the due enforcement of this Act and the prescribed
1870H27 rules; $(**=8) to_ make annual reports to the State Government to_
1880H27 be laid before the State Legislature in respect of the working of this
1890H27 Act and the prescribed rules;
1900H27 $(**=9) to_ perform such other functions in regard to the Scheduled Castes
1910H27 and Scheduled Tribes as may be entrusted to it by notification in
1920H27 the Official Gazette by the State Government. $(2)
1930H27 ^The Commission may consist of one or more members appointed by the
1940H27 State Government and where the Commission consists of more than one
1950H27 member, one of them may be appointed the Chairman thereof.*#
        **[no. of words = 02003**]

        **[txt. h28**]
0010H28 ^This appeal is directed against the determination given by the Commissioner
0020H28 in proceedings under Section 52 of the Bombay Sales Tax Act,
0030H28 1959 (hereinafter referred to as the Act). ^The appellant herein sought
0040H28 for determination from the Commissioner by its application dated 14th
0050H28 october, 1971. ^It was contended that the appellant, a registered dealer,
0060H28 holding the necessary registration certificate, is a Government of
0061H28 India
0070H28 undertaking, carrying on business in oil, petrol, diesel \0etc. ^It
0080H28 was submitted that it procures Methanol, which is the same as the product
0090H28 known as "Methyl alcohol" from the Fertiliser Corporation of India.
0100H28 ^The Methanol, or the Methyl alcohol so procured, it was submitted,
0110H28 was mixed with distilled water. ^The fluid then was being supplied, according
0120H28 to the appellant, to the Indian Airlines Corporation and other
0130H28 air-lines. ^The fluids that_ were so supplied have been described as:
0140H28 $(a) Methanol Water Mixture 45/\0ST for \0RR Dort Engines (without
0150H28 anti-corrosion additions), and
0160H28 $(b) ^Methanol Water Mixtures for Reciprocating Engines (with anti-corrosion
0170H28 agents 50/5011 for defence).
0180H28 $2. ^According to the appellant, these fluids supplied are power augmentation
0190H28 fluids used for increased power development by aviation engines. ^The
0200H28 appellant supplied a sample sale bill in regard to its sale of Methanol
0210H28 Water Mixture (45/5510) termed as Methi Mix to \0Messrs. Indian
0220H28 Airlines Corporation, New Delhi. ^The delivery of the mixture of
0230H28 fluid was given at the Santacruz Airport, Bombay.
0240H28 $3. ^It posed in regard to this transaction three questions for determination
0250H28 by the Commissioner. ^The first question was whether the mixing
0260H28 of distilled water with Methanol, as was being done by the appellant,
0270H28 amounts to manufacture of goods within the meaning of section 2(17) of the
0280H28 Act. ^The second question was whether in the circumstances which showed
0290H28 that the Methanol, which the appellant was purchasing from registered
0300H28 dealers, it would be correct to_ presume that no tax would be leviable
0310H28 on the resale of these goods. ^The third question which was submitted
0320H28 to_ be answered by the Commissioner was in regard to the rate of tax payable
0330H28 in the event of the Commissioner came to_ hold that any process
0340H28 of manufacture was involved, the manufactured item would fall under the
0350H28 residuary entry 22 of Schedule E and, consequently, if tax had to_ be
0360H28 recovered, the same would be at the rate meant for the goods in this entry.
0380H28 $4. ^The learned Commissioner, on hearing the appellant and on examining
0390H28 all the legal and factual aspects that_ were produced before him, answered
0400H28 the first question against the appellant and held that the mixing
0410H28 of distilled water with Methanol in the circumstances pointed out by the
0420H28 appellant would amount to a process of manufacture. ^The second question
0430H28 as to whether the appellant would be required to_ pay tax in the positions
0440H28 canvassed was not specifically answered by the learned Commissioner,
0450H28 though his whole order shows that Sales Tax would be payable on the
0460H28 transaction. ^On the third question, he concluded that the rate of tax
0470H28 payable would be the rate specified in entry 67 of Schedule C for sale
0480H28 of "methyl alcohol".
0490H28 $5. ^The appellant having been dissatisfied with the order of determination
0500H28 given by the Commissioner on the lines above has approached the Tribunal
0510H28 for relief. ^It is being strenously contended that the learned Commissioner
0520H28 grievously erred in holding that the appellant*'s activity
0530H28 of mixing water with Methanol was manufacture within the meaning of Section
0540H28 2(17) of the Act. \0^*Mr. Sheth argued that if this finding given
0550H28 by the Commissioner is not accepted by the Tribunal, the finding on
0560H28 the second question must necessarily be that the sale made by the appellant
0570H28 of the fluid would be a resale, inasmuch as it related to Methanol
0580H28 or Methyl alcohol, purchased by the appellant from the registered dealers.
0590H28 \0^*Mr Sheth argued that the first two questions being answered.
0591H28 in the way canvassed by him the third question need not be answered. $6.
0600H28 ^Both sides agree that the matter regarding the activity conducted by
0610H28 the appellant would be governed by the definition of manufacture in Section
0620H28 2(17) of the Act. ^The definition, for ready reference, is reproduced
0640H28 below: $2(17). "manufacture" with all its grammatical variations
0650H28 and cognate expressions means producing, making, extracting, altering,
0660H28 ornamenting, finishing or otherwise processing, treating or adapting any
0670H28 goods; but does not include such manufactures or manufacturing processes
0680H28 as may be prescribed.
0690H28 $^The various processes prescribed and not included in the definition of
0700H28 manufacture as aforesaid are detailed in Rule 3 of the Bombay Sales
0710H28 Tax Rules, 1959 (hereinafter referred to as the Rules). $7. ^On the
0720H28 positions accepted herein all what **[sic**] the appellant did was that
0730H28 after purchasing the Methanol or methyl Alcohol it mixed the same methyl
0740H28 alcohol with distilled water in the proportion of 45 per cent and 55
0750H28 per cent. ^The facts demonstrated that these proportions were required
0760H28 to_ be accurately maintained so that the mixture, or the solution, ultimately
0770H28 produced could give the proper required results. ^The mixture was
0780H28 required to_ be tested in a laboratory, and the proportion of Methanol
0790H28 and distilled water properly regulated. ^The whole question is whether
0800H28 this activity of the appellant of mixing Methanol with distilled water
0810H28 could be an activity of "manufacture" within the meaning of Section 2(17)
0820H28 of the Act. ^We will come to the case law a little later. ^Suffice
0530H28 it to_ say at the moment that so-far-as the plain implications of the definitions
0840H28 stand, it does not include a mere activity of mixing two commodities
0850H28 together. ^The word "mix" nowhere appears in Section 2(17) of
0860H28 the Act. ^The processes of mixing, which have been excluded by Rule
0870H28 3 of the Rules (\0ibid), also do not suggest that such mixing of water
0880H28 in another liquid, or diluting a certain liquid by water, would amount
0890H28 to a process of manufacture within the meaning of Section 2 (17) of the
0900H28 Act. ^In our view, this should suffice to_ over-rule the contention
0910H28 of the revenue that the appellant by the mere activity of mixing the fluid
0920H28 purchased by it with water so as to_ dilute the fluid to a certain
0930H28 extent, engaged in an acitvity of "manufacutre".
0940H28 $8. ^The Supreme Court in *3Commissioner of Sales Tax, \0U.P., Lucknow,
0950H28 \0v. Harbilas Rai And Sons **[foot note**] has
0960H28 laid down that the word "manufacutre" has various shades of meaning,
0970H28 and in the context of sales tax legislation, if the goods to which some
0980H28 labour is applied remain essentially the same commercial article, it cannot
0990H28 be said that the final procuct is the result of manufacture. ^In the
1000H28 case before Their Lordships, the assessees, dealers in pig bristles,
1010H28 bought bristles plucked by Kanjars from pigs, boiled them, washed them
1020H28 with soap and other chemicals sorted them out according to their sizes
1030H28 and colours, tied them in separate bundles of different sizes and despached
1040H28 them to foreign countries for sale. ^The Supreme Court concluded
1050H28 that the sales made in foreign countries were not taxable as the bristles
1060H28 were not manufactured goods within Explanation *=2 (**=2) to Section
1070H28 2 (h) of the \0U.P. Sales Tax Act 1948. ^In the case in hand, even
1080H28 as the Commissioner*'s determination order stands, the final product
1090H28 produced by this mixture or dilution was none else but the methanol,
1100H28 or methyl alcohol. ^His conclusion that the product produced shall be liable
1110H28 to_ pay sales tax, according to Entry 67 in Schedule C must show
1120H28 that in his view, the ultimate product produced remained the same despite
1130H28 the mixing, or dilution. ^In our view, the Supreme Court judgment
1140H28 aforesaid would be a clear authority to_ hold that in the peculiar circumstances
1150H28 in which the activity was conducted by the appellant, no process
1160H28 of manufacture could be held as involved.
1170H28 $9. ^We might also usefully refer, in this connection, to the judgment of
1180H28 the Bombay High Court in *3Nilgiri Ceylon Tea Supplying Company
1190H28 \0v. The State of Bombay.*0 **[foot note**] ^In the case before Their
1200H28 Lordships, the assessees registered as dealers in tea under the Bombay
1210H28 Sales tax Act, 1953, purchased in bulk diverse brands of tea and
1220H28 without the application of any mechanical or chemical process mixed up
1230H28 the brands of tea so purchased and sold the tea as tea mixture. ^The
1240H28 mixing, as Their Lordships found, was not haphazard but according to
1250H28 a formula evolved by them. ^Despite all this position available on the
1260H28 record, the conclusion was that there was neither any process nor alteration
1270H28 so as to_ lead to a conclusion that a process of manufacture was involved.
1280H28 ^The facts in this case, as we have already said, are far too weaker,
1290H28 and no question of manufacture on the ratio of the judgment given
1300H28 by Their Lordships can be held as having been involved.
1310H28 $10. ^Some Tribunal judgments in this regard are also quite instructive.
1320H28 ^In *3Messrs Bombay Mercantile Corporation*0 \0v. *3The State of
1330H28 Maharastra.*0 (*(0S. A.*) \0No. 559 of 1964) decided on 23rd
1340H28 December, 1965, the then President had before him an appellant, a dealer
1350H28 in lubricating oils, who purchased six drums of oils and sold them
1360H28 after hand-blending the oils. ^The lower authorities had subjected these
1370H28 sales to tax because in their view they were not resales within the meaning
1380H28 of Section 2(26) of the Act as a process of manufacture was involved.
1390H28 ^The President concluded, over-ruling the contentions of the State,
1400H28 that the hand-blending of oils did not amount to alteration in the
1410H28 nature or character of the goods, and that the sales, in question were resales
1420H28 within the meaning of Section 2(26) of the Act. ^We have then
1430H28 the judgment of the Tribunal in *3Messrs Duken Coffee Manufacturing
1440H28 Company*0 \0v. *3The State of Maharashtra*0 (Appeal Petition \0No.
1441H28 8 of 1967) decided on 14th October 1968. ^The other judgments are:
1442H28 *3Messrs Bombay Traders*0 \0v
1450H28 *3The State of Maharashtra*0 (Appeal Petition \0No. 131 of
1460H28 1968) decided on 30th September, 1969 and the then President*'s judgment
1470H28 in *3Messrs *(0N.*) Girdharlal and Company*0 \0v. *3The State
1480H28 of Maharashtra*0 (Appeal \0No. 6 of 1970) decided on 4th December,
1490H28 1970. ^All these cases are clear authorities for supporting the submission
1500H28 of \0^*Mr. Sheth that the activity, which the appellant has been engaging,
1510H28 could by no argument amount to an activity of "manufacture" within
1520H28 the meaning of Section 2(17) of the Act. $11.
1530H28 ^In *3Messrs Bombay Traders*0 \0v. *3State*0 (cited above) a similar
1540H28 contention was urged on behalf of the State, and which is the basis
1550H28 of the Commissioner*'s determination, namely that in-so-far-as the
1560H28 appellant*'s activity amounts to an activity of "treating or adapting"
1570H28 the original fluid, the activity amounts to a manufacture. ^That_ contention
1580H28 was exhaustively examined and repelled. ^It was pointed out that the
1590H28 expression "treating or adapting" would necessarily postulate that there
1600H28 is some material change caused in some particular characteristics in
1610H28 the original commodity. ^The expression "processing" amounting to_ "manufacture"
1620H28 was also exhausitvely examined. ^It was pointed out that the
1630H28 expression has a very wide meaning and according to the dictionary, it would
1640H28 postulate an action of moving forward progressively from one point
1650H28 to another on the way to completion. ^The activity involved in that_ case
1660H28 was of frying the cashew nuts and spraying spices to_ make them tasty.
1670H28 ^It was concluded that the whole activity could not amount to a process
1680H28 of manufacture.
1690H28 $12. ^On behalf of the State, \0Mr. Damle, the learned Additional Government
1700H28 Agent, placed a considerable reliance on the judgment given by
1710H28 a Bench of this Tribunal in the case of *3Messrs Sunil and Company*0
1720H28 \0v. *3The State of Maharashtra*0 (Appeal Petition \0No. 48 of
1730H28 1968) decided on 3rd January, 1969. ^In that_ judgment, the late \0Mr.
1740H28 Hussain spoke for the Bench, constituted by himself and the then Member
1750H28 \0*4Shri. *(0K. V.*) Kalghatgi. ^The point involved was whether
1760H28 the appellant before the Tribunal who purchased sulphuric acid from registered
1770H28 dealers and diluted the same with distilled water and sold the
1780H28 same after bottling under his label "SACO" as battery charging solution
1790H28 was engaged in the activity of manufacture. ^The Bench concluded
1800H28 that the activity amounted to such manufacture.*#
        **[no. of words = 01991**]

        **[txt. h29**]
0001H29 **<*3Role of Orissa State Archives**>
0010H29 $^*Orissa State Archives is the central repository meant for housing
0020H29 the non-current records of enduring value for administrative use as well
0030H29 as for historical research. ^The origin of the State Archives as an
0040H29 independent institution goes back to the year 1960. ^A separate building
0060H29 was constructed and made available to the State Archives in the year
0070H29 1971. ^This building has a large stack area in five floors each measuring
0080H29 100*'6 x 50*'6 and is insulated from the administrative block.
0090H29 ^It consists of spacious halls used as library and research room, committee
0100H29 room, and for housing Photo Duplication unit, and Repair and Rehabilitation
0110H29 Unit. ^Besides there is a room for reception of records.
0120H29 ^The head of the State Archives is designated as the Superintendent
0130H29 of Archives and entrusted with the following duties and responsibilities:--
0150H29 $(a) ^He is the Inspecting Officer of all public records and records
0160H29 of semi public institutions like the municipalities and *5Zila Parishads*6
0170H29 \0etc. "vide Government Resolution \0No 156-CA., dated 6-3-1978"
0180H29 (see Appendix A).
0190H29 $(b) ^He is responsible for the custody, proper care and management of all
0200H29 records received in the State Archives of Orissa.
0210H29 $(c) ^He is required to_ co-ordinate and guide all operations connected
0220H29 with the public records in respect of the administration, preservation
0230H29 and elimination with a view to ensuring that records of permanent value
0240H29 are not destroyed and are transferred to the State Archives at the appropriate
0250H29 time.
0260H29 $(d) ^He is required to_ render such advice and assistance as may be possible
0270H29 to the officers and institutions in respect of technical problems
0280H29 bearing on record management. $(e)
0290H29 ^He is responsible for attending to ancillary matters, such as archival
0300H29 commissions and committees, archival publications, organising exhibitions
0310H29 and for development of general archival consciousness in the State.
0330H29 $(f) ^He is required to_ submit a report to Government every year on the
0340H29 management of public records with particular reference to actual working
0350H29 of the records management system.
0360H29 $^Archival policy of the State Government has recently been well defined
0370H29 and a Resolution to that_ effect has been issued with the approval
0380H29 of the cabinet. (see Appendix B). $^The main functions of the State
0390H29 Archives are the collection the preservation and the management of records.
0410H29 ^These functions are performed to_ serve the creators of records as
0420H29 well as to_ serve the *8*3bona fide*9 users of records.
0440H29 $^Archives contain the original and basic information in many important
0450H29 fields of study in humanities and social sciences. ^Though Archives are
0460H29 nothing more than mere instruments of administration and they are preserved
0470H29 primarily to_ enable the administrative bodies which created them
0480H29 to_ function efficiently as time passes, archives come to_ acquire values
0490H29 other than purely administrative values-- values for historians, economists,
0500H29 sociologists and geneologists; in short, for any enquirer into his
0510H29 country*'s past. ^The special value of archives to research has been
0520H29 realised from the gray dawn of written history \0i.e. from the very moment
0530H29 when archives keeping was started. ^But it is from the latter half of
0540H29 the 19th century, that the archives have been used as source materials
0560H29 for history. $*<*3Collection & Preservation*>
0570H29 $^As we have stated earlier, collection and preservation are the two
0580H29 main functions to_ serve the creators of records as well as the users of
0590H29 records. ^The Archivists not only collect the original materials by making
0600H29 intensive survey but preserve them scientifically and later on prepare
0610H29 various types of finding aids to_ help the administrative bodies which
0620H29 created them and to_ help the historians to_ write true history of the
0630H29 State. ^Most of the records are ill-kept and ill-cared for by the creating
0640H29 agencies. ^Sometimes they are tied in bundles and wrapped in cloths.
0650H29 ^It is often found that many important series of records are either
0660H29 missing or misplaced at different public offices. ^Records are found
0670H29 in a damaged condition due to the havoc wrought by white ants and other
0680H29 insects. ^In some cases the records are so hopelessly stored that much
0690H29 injury is inflicted on them by direct effect of sun rays. ^Sometimes
0700H29 humidity promotes the growth of mildew and various types of fungus. ^The
0710H29 alternate absorption of moisture during the monsoon and its drying out
0720H29 during the cold weather causes brittleness and deterioration of papers.
0730H29 ^The role of Orissa State Archives is to_ rescue the records from such
0740H29 deplorable condition of preservation and treat them in a scientific manner
0750H29 for the benefit of the genuine users. ^With limited resources at
0760H29 our disposal, we are trying our best to_ preserve the records in our custody
0780H29 in a scientific manner. $*<*3Preparation of Finding Aids*>
0790H29 $^The object of preparation of finding aids is to_ make records in the custody
0800H29 of archival institutions accessible for use. ^So for making the
0820H29 records known to the potential users we have taken up a project of printing
0830H29 a series of guides to records in the Orissa State Archives. ^So
0840H29 far five such volumes have been printed and \0Vol. *=6 of the series is
0860H29 now in the press. $*<*3Survey of Records in Private Possession*>
0870H29 $^When we talk of private records as distinguished from public records many
0880H29 of us hardly realise the wide variety of materials the expression covers.
0890H29 ^They include the records of business concerns, banking houses,
0900H29 industrial organisations, religious institutions, philanthopic societies
0910H29 \0etc. ^Besides these, there are the personal papers of eminent men in
0920H29 all walks of life, not merely politicians. ^Apart from correspondence and
0930H29 other business papers, they include travelogues, diaries, correspondence
0940H29 of personal nature with friends and relatives, and notes and memorandas
0950H29 kept for personal use. ^In respect of their location and surveys, appraisal
0960H29 and acquisition, each class of these records presents problems
0970H29 of its own and the role of an Archives Office is very important in this
0980H29 connection.
0990H29 $^In order to_ compile data about these records and with the limited funds
1000H29 made available the National Register Scheme was launched in 1957.
1010H29 ^It has made some progress and a few cyclostyled Registers have been issued
1020H29 but so far the fringe of the problem only has been tackled.
1030H29 $^In Orissa some important private records of Ex-*4Rajas of Parikud,
1040H29 Talcher and Athmallik have been listed and collected. ^Besides, some
1050H29 important papers from Muslim and Hindu religious institutions have also
1060H29 been listed and collected. ^What is more required is a systematic survey
1070H29 within a schedule period of all private papers, specially pre-1800.
1080H29 ^It is happy to_ note that on our request the Government of India have
1090H29 decided to_ open a Special State Cell in Orissa for this purpose.
1100H29 ^The proposed cell is expected to_ function very soon and with close collaboration
1110H29 with eminent historians of our State we hope to_ complete this
1120H29 responsible task within a schedule period. $*<*3Oral Archives*>
1140H29 $^The importance of preserving the recollections of the men and women who
1150H29 have played important part in recent history as well as the reaction
1160H29 of those who have seen history made has been recently felt. ^We have now
1170H29 reached a stage in the history of our country where two-third
1180H29 of the Indians are those who were too young to_ remember any thing of the
1190H29 freedom struggle. ^It is our duty to_ act at once to_ locate and obtain
1200H29 personal accounts of the freedom struggle from people lest they disappear
1210H29 for ever from out midst. ^Besides, the personal accounts of eminent
1220H29 educationists, administrators, social and religious thinkers as well
1230H29 as reaction of those who have played some important part in the Socio-cultural
1240H29 history of the region, should also be collected on tape and later
1250H29 on be transcribed for historical research. ^We have just made a beginning
1260H29 in this direction but we need the co-operation of the Intellectual
1270H29 mass in locating and identifying such persons.
1280H29 $^Now throughout India the general trend is to_ give more emphasis on local
1290H29 or regional research rather than on research on an all India level.
1300H29 ^The trend seems to_ be a healthy sign for such research brings forward
1310H29 new facts and new events, not known before and provides materials for
1320H29 the national history. ^So all our efforts are concentrated in centralising
1330H29 the Archival source materials relating to the region only. ^But
1340H29 in a democratic set up like ours any new programme of collection and preservation
1350H29 without a sense of awareness among the people is not possible.
1360H29 ^The historians have a valuable role to_ play in creating archival consciousness
1370H29 and a consciousness of our true cultural heritage among the masses.
1380H29 ^The best way of making the people aware of facts of our National
1390H29 heritage preserved in the archives is to_ undertake research and studies
1400H29 based on Archival materials and to_ bring the results of research to
1410H29 the notice of the common people so that they can very well appreciate the
1420H29 value of Archives and be aware of our national heritage. ^The historians
1430H29 should play their rightful role in this direction. ^It is happy to_
1440H29 note that Archival cells in the Universities of Orissa are going to_
1450H29 be set up soon. ^Though the primary function of these proposed cells
1460H29 will be to_ preserve their own records of permanent value, still for locating
1470H29 and listing the records in private possessions and creating archival
1480H29 consciousness these cells will have to_ play still more important function
1490H29 in close collaboration with the State Archives of Orissa. $**<3Main
1500H29 series of Records preserved in the Orissa State Archives**>
1520H29 $^The Orissa State Archives being the central repository meant for housing
1530H29 the non-current records of the State Government is required to_
1540H29 centralise all records which are over 30 years old. ^The earliest record
1550H29 of the Orissa State Archives is one important *4Sanad issued by the
1560H29 Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. ^The *4Sanad was transferred from the
1570H29 Cuttack Collectorate to the State Archives. ^After the British conquest
1580H29 of Orissa all holders of rent-free lands were required to_ produce
1590H29 original *4Sanads in support of their claims for rent-free land. ^By
1600H29 the year 1808 more than one *4lakh of such documents affecting at least
1610H29 one-eighteenth of the land in the province had been filed in Collector*'s
1620H29 Office under Regulation *=12 of 1805. ^Of this huge mass only a very
1630H29 few documents have survived destruction at the hands of the authorities.
1640H29 ^The document under reference is one of the few surviving Mughal documents
1650H29 and it records the grant of two *3*4Batis of *3*4Banjar
1660H29 land in *3*4pargana Hariharpur. $^There are three other early documents
1670H29 out of which two are known as *3*5Punjah Sanads.*6
1690H29 $^The purpose for which the documents were issued cannot be ascertained
1700H29 in the present state of our knowledge. ^They were in all probability issued
1710H29 by Murshid Quli Khan as Diwan or Subadar along with the imperial
1720H29 orders of appointment as token of his assurance and support to the
1730H29 Sadar Kanungoe. ^The third document is a *4Sanad of the time of Padmanava
1740H29 Deva recording the grant of a piece of land to Lord Jagannath.
1750H29 ^The grant is recorded in two sheets of paper out of which the first sheet
1760H29 containing the details of the grant \0viz, names of donor, donee, land
1770H29 granted, date of the grant \0etc. is in old Persian script. ^The other
1780H29 sheet is written half in Persian script and half in Oriya Script.
1790H29 ^Many of the alphabets used in the Oriya portion belong to what is commonly
1800H29 known as *3*4Karani script or Oriya court script, which is still
1820H29 used in writing out official documents. ^The historical importance of
1830H29 the documents under reference lies in the fact that it dispels all doubts
1840H29 about Padmanava Deva*'s reign. ^The grant was made in the 5th *4Anka
1850H29 of the reign of Padmanava Deva. ^According to *4Anka system of calculation
1860H29 1, 6 and all numbers with 6 & 0 at the end excepting 10 are to_
1870H29 be excluded. ^So the 5th *4Anka of the *4Raja*'s reign means the 4th
1880H29 regnal year.
1890H29 $^Thus it proves that Padmanava Deva ruled as the *4Raja of Khurda for
1900H29 at least 4 years. ^If the date of accession of Padmanava Deva be
1910H29 1735-36 the grant was made in 1738-39 \0A.D. ^There are many such important
1920H29 stray documents belonging to the Mughal and the Maratha periods
1930H29 in the collection of the Orissa State Archives.*#
        **[no. of words = 02006**]

        **[txt. h30**]
0010H30 **<SUBSIDIARY RULES**> $*<*3Payment at a Sub-Treasury*> $\0S.R.
0020H30 421. ^When an officer in charge of a sub-treasury has occasion
0030H30 to_ place in deposit an item which under any rule or order may be
0040H30 so dealt with, he may, subject to the provisions of this section,
0060H30 repay it without formal orders from the district treasury. $^If any
0070H30 class of deposits is payable at a sub-treasury, it must not, except
0080H30 with the special permission of the Collector, be payable at the district
0090H30 treasury also. $*<*3Lapsed Deposits.*> $\0S.R. 422. ^Deposits
0100H30 not exceeding one *4rupee unclaimed for one whole account year,
0110H30 balances not exceeding one *4rupee of deposits partly repaid during the
0120H30 year then closing and all balances unclaimed for more than three
0130H30 complete account years shall, at the close of March in each year,
0140H30 be credited to the Government. ^Of deposits and balances thus lapsing,
0150H30 the Treasury Officer will submit to the Accountant-General
0160H30 immediately after 31st March a list prepared in accordance with
0170H30 the directions contained in the Account Code, \0vol. *=2. $NOTE:--
0180H30 ^For the purpose of this rule, the age of a repayable item or
0190H30 of a balance of it is to_ be reckoned as dating from the time when
0200H30 the item or the balance, as the case may be, becomes first repayable. $\0S.R.
0210H30 423. ^The Government may, in relation to any particular class
0220H30 of deposits, issue orders varying or relaxing any of the conditions or
0230H30 limitations specified in the last preceding rule. $NOTE:--
0240H30 ^The following conditions govern the lapsing of *3Revenue Deposits:--
0250H30 $^Deposits or balances of deposits not exceeding five *4rupees
0260H30 unclaimed or partly repaid during two years including the year of
0270H30 deposit, deposits or balances thereof, transferred to Clearance Register
0290H30 which are reduced to five *4rupees or less by part payments during
0300H30 the third year from the year of deposit and all deposits or balances
0310H30 thereof unclaimed for more than three complete account years,
0320H30 will, at the close of March in each year, be credited to Government
0330H30 by means of transfer entries in the Accountant-Generals*'s office.
0340H30 **[foot note**] $\0S.R. 424. (1) ^Deposits, the detailed accounts
0350H30 of which are not kept at the treasury and which are credited to the
0360H30 Government under \0S.R.s 422 and 423 cannot be repaid without the
0370H30 sanction of the Accountant-General, who will authorise payment
0380H30 on ascertaining that the item was really received and was carried
0390H30 to the credit of the Government as lapsed, and that the claimant*'s
0400H30 identity and title to the money are certified by the Officer signing
0410H30 the application for refund. $(2) ^Deposits, the detailed accounts
0420H30 of which are kept at the treasuries and which are credited to the
0430H30 Government under \0S.R.s 422 and 423, may be refunded without the
0440H30 sanction of the Accountant-General. ^The Treasury Officer shall,
0450H30 before authorising the refund in such cases, ascertain that the
0460H30 item was really received and is traceable in his records, was carried
0470H30 to the credit of the Government as lapsed and was not paid previously,
0480H30 and that the claimant*'s identity and title to the money are certified
0490H30 by the Officer signing the application for refund. $NOTE:--
0500H30 ^The sanction/ payment authority issued by the Accountant-General
0510H30 in cases covered by the provisions of sub-rule (1) above shall be
0520H30 valid for three months from the date on which it was issued, after
0530H30 which no payment can be made on its authority unless it is revalidated.
0540H30 $\0S.R. 425. ^The application for sanction shall be made in \0T.R.
0550H30 Form \0No. 56. ^There must be a separate application for
0560H30 deposits repayable to each person, and it shall be used as the bill
0570H30 on which the payment is to_ be made at the treasury. $\0S.R.
0580H30 426. ^The repayment of a lapsed deposit shall be recorded in the appropriate
0590H30 deposit register of receipts so as to_ guard against a second
0591H30 payment. $^If the payment is made after the register of receipts
0600H30 has been destroyed, the responsibility for verifying the claimant*'s
0610H30 title to refund, shall devolve on the authority who signs the
0620H30 application in \0T.R. Form \0No. 56. $*<*3SECTION*0 *=4.-- CIVIL
0630H30 AND CRIMINAL COURTS*' DEPOSITS.*> *<*3Receipts and Repayments*>
0640H30 $\0S.R. 427. ^Subject as hereinafter provided in this section,
0650H30 the provisons of Section *=3. of this Chapter relating to receipt
0660H30 and repayment of Revenue Deposits, shall apply in relation to Civil
0670H30 and Criminal Courts*' Deposits, with such adaptation and modification
0680H30 as may be authorised by the Chief Judicial authority,
0690H30 after consultation with the Accountant-General. $\0S.R. 428. ^Subject
0700H30 to such general or special orders as may be issued by Government,
0710H30 Civil Courts and Magistrates may either-- $(1) keep a banking
0730H30 account with the treasury, remitting without detail their gross
0740H30 deposit receipts for credit in Personal Deposit Accounts and
0750H30 making payments by cheques on the treasury against such Personal Deposit
0751H30 Accounts, or $(2) arrange that each deposit is separately
0760H30 paid into or drawn from the treasury, upon documents passed by an authorised
0770H30 Officer of the Court and setting forth the particulars necessary
0780H30 for the entries in the deposit registers kept at the treasury.
0790H30 $NOTE 1.-- ^The object and effect of the arrangement set out
0800H30 at (**=1) above is simply to_ relieve the Treasury Officer of the responsibility
0810H30 for the details of deposit transactions, not to_ abolish
0820H30 the detailed records, but to_ confine it to the departmental office
0830H30 in which registers of receipts and payments and other initial
0840H30 records must be kept in accordance with the directions contained
0850H30 in the Account Code, \0Vol. *=2. $^The Civil Court or Magistrate
0860H30 in this case should be responsible for the submission of such
0870H30 monthly and periodical accounts and returns as may be required by the
0880H30 Accountant-General, although the vouchers are to_ be sent by the
0890H30 Treasury Officer. $NOTE 2.-- ^In cases in which the first
0900H30 method referred to in this rule is followed, each Civil or Criminal Court
0910H30 should incorporate in its own accounts, the deposit items of its
0920H30 subordinate Courts as a treasury does those of sub-treasuries, unless
0930H30 any subordinate Court is authorised to_ keep independent accounts and
0940H30 submit the returns directly to the Accountant-General. ~separate
0950H30 accounts should be kept for, and separate returns submitted by, the
0960H30 several Small Cause Courts. $NOTE 3.-- ^In actual practice
0970H30 the procedure indicated in sub-para (**=1) of this rule is generally
0980H30 followed by all Civil and Criminal Courts in West Bengal. $\0S.R.
0990H30 429. ^Each transaction of receipt or payment of a Civil or a
1000H30 Criminal Court deposit must be initialled by the Judge or Magistrate,
1010H30 or by some duly authorised gazetted officer of the Court. $^On
1020H30 receipt of advice of cancellation of any draft, or on its lapse,
1030H30 the fact shall be noted in the advice originally received. $\0S.R.
1040H30 546. ^At the close of each day, separate schedules for drawings and
1050H30 encashments during the day will be prepared in special forms prescribed
1060H30 by the Reserve Bank for submission to the Accountant-General
1070H30 in accordance with the directions contained in the Account Code
1080H30 \0Vol. *=2. ^The application forms for remittances drawn and also
1090H30 the receipted drafts and the payees*' receipts in respect of telegraphic
1100H30 transfers encashed, shall accompany, the schedules mentioned above.
1110H30 $\0S.R. 547. ^The following are the cross checks which the Treasury
1120H30 Officer shall each evening apply to the several documents connnected
1130H30 with remittances drawn and encashed. ^The registers of remittances
1140H30 drawn and encashed and the connected schedules check one
1150H30 another directly, the total of each schedule must agree with total
1170H30 receipts or total payments for the day as booked under the head "Reserve
1180H30 Bank of India Remittances" in the cash book, after allowing
1190H30 for receipts and payments, if any, at sub-treasuries, which will be entered
1200H30 under a separate sub-head. ^The total of the several advices for
1210H30 the day must also agree with the total of the column "Amount"
1220H30 in the schedule of drawings, and the agreement shall be at times
1230H30 checked by the Treasury Officer himself. $*<*3*=5.-- OTHER
1240H30 RULES*> $*<*3Issue of Duplicates*> $\0S.R. 548. ^In the case of
1250H30 an application received for the issue of a duplicate draft, the original
1260H30 of which is reported either lost or destroyed, it is not necessary
1270H30 for the issuing office to_ obtain a fresh application on the Bank*'s
1290H30 standard form from the purchaser. ^A letter intimating the loss
1300H30 of the original draft and requesting the issue of a duplicate one in
1310H30 lieu thereof will be sufficient for the purpose. $^The duplicate
1320H30 draft should not be issued unless the issuing officer has satisfied
1330H30 himself by reference to the office drawn upon that the original has
1340H30 not been paid. ^A duplicate draft issued in lieu of a lost one should
1350H30 be revalidated by the drawing officer if the period of currency of
1370H30 the lost draft has expired. $*<(**=1) *3Reserve Bank "Government
1380H30 Draft".*> $^When satisfactory evidence has been given that
1390H30 a Government draft has been either lost or destroyed, and an application
1400H30 is made within a reasonable period after issue but before it
1410H30 has lapsed (\0S.R. 555), a duplicate may, without reference to the
1420H30 Currency Officer, be issued to the applicant or
1430H30 to the payee, or to the legal representative of either, but to
1450H30 no other person. ^If a lost Government draft has been endorsed to
1460H30 the payee*'s banker, the endorsee must apply for a duplicte through
1470H30 the original payee. $^If the draft should not have been presented
1480H30 for payment within three months, it will be necessary for the applicant
1490H30 to_ produce a certificate of non-payment from the drawee; but the
1500H30 issue of this certificate will be no bar to the payment of the lost
1520H30 draft, if presented before the duplicate is paid. ^In the event
1530H30 of the loss of both original and duplicate, a triplicate may be issued
1550H30 on the same terms as the duplicate, the non-payment of others being certified.
1560H30 ^Neither duplicate nor triplicate can be issued without reference
1570H30 to the Currency Officer if the draft has lapsed. ^Issues of
1580H30 duplicate or triplicate must be promptly advised to the drawee, in order
1590H30 that proper note may be made on the advice originally received. $*<(**=2)
1600H30 *3Reserve Bank "Bank Drafts"*> $^The duplicate of a Reserve
1610H30 Bank "Bank" draft will not be issued to anyone other than the
1620H30 person who applied for the original draft. ^A letter of indemnity
1630H30 in the prescribed form (*3vide specimen form given in \0T.R. Form
1640H30 \0No. 61.) should be taken from the purchaser of the original
1650H30 draft irrespective of whether the draft reported lost is current or has
1660H30 lapsed. ^The letter of indemnity should be signed by the purchaser
1670H30 and, ordinarily, by two sureties each good for the amount of the draft.
1680H30 ^If the applicant is of undoubted standing and the amount of the draft
1700H30 is small, the production of sureties may be waived; but where the
1720H30 amount involved is large, sureties must be taken. ^If the issuing
1740H30 officer has any doubt as to the advisability of dispensing with the
1750H30 sureties or as to the acceptability of the names of the purchaser
1760H30 and/ or the sureties on the agreement for indemnity, he should refer
1770H30 to the Currency Officer, at the same time forwarding his confidential
1780H30 report on the means and standing of the parties. $^The letter
1782H30 of indemnity should be stamped as an agreement in accordance with
1790H30 the Stamp Act of the State in which it is executed and should
1800H30 *3not be attested. ^The completed letters of indemnity will be
1810H30 retained for record at the issuing office, of which the officer-in-charge
1820H30 will be personally responsible for their custody. $\0S.R.
1830H30 549. ^The duplicate and triplicate must be drawn in exactly the same
1840H30 terms as the original instrument, with the same date, the same number,
1850H30 the same amount and the name of the same payee; so that, if a lost
1860H30 draft has been endorsed, the endorsee must apply for a duplicate
1870H30 through the original payee. ^It will be issued under the signature
1880H30 of the officer-in-charge of the treasury at the time, although he
1890H30 be not the person who signed the original draft. $NOTE.-- ^Whenever
1900H30 a duplicate draft is issued, the words "duplicate issued in lieu of
1910H30 Draft \0No. , dated ," should be prominently superscribed
1920H30 thereon in red ink under the initials of the Drawing Officer.
1930H30 ^A fresh advice in respect of the duplicate draft in the prescribed
1940H30 form prominently marked "duplicate" in red ink should also be issued
1950H30 to the office drawn upon.*#
        **[no. of words = 02022**]

        **[txt. h31**]
0001H31 **<ASSEMBLY PROCEEDINGS, 8TH SEPTEMBER, 1976**> $^In respect of Section
0010H31 68, there is also an amendment. $^The proposed amendment reads:--
0020H31 $"^If this approval is not intimated within one month from the date of the
0030H31 receipt of the Budget by the State Government or the receipt of such
0040H31 other information as is called for by the State Government from the
0050H31 Board, it shall be taken that the Budget is passed".
0060H31 $^In this proposed amendment, the words "the receipt of the Budget by the
0070H31 State Government or the receipt of such other information as is called
0080H31 for by the State Government from the Board" is not required. ^The
0090H31 Budget is to_ be passed by the State Government as submitted by the
0091H31 Municipal Board under due consideration. ^As such the municipal
0100H31 Board will have nothing to_ offer to the State Government.
0110H31 ^In other words, such amendment of the Principle Act is not mentioned.
0120H31 ^There is only one Municipal Board for which the Budget is to_
0130H31 be passed. ^The provision of the Budget is also inadequate. ^There is
0140H31 also likelihood of submitting a supplementary demand. ^Since we are following
0150H31 the principle of Democracy we are supposed to_ be democratic.
0160H31 ^The Principle as defined in the books is "Democracy is the Government
0170H31 of the people, by the people and for the people". ^*I hope the honourable
0180H31 members of the House will also agree to_ refer the Bill to the Select
0190H31 Committee. ^Thank you, sir. $\0Mr. Speaker:-- ^Next, honourable
0200H31 member \0*4Shri \0Kh. Jugeshwar Singh will please speak.
0220H31 $\0*4Shri \0Kh. Jugeshwar Singh:-- \0^Mr. Speaker, Sir, the Manipur
0230H31 Land Revenue and Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Bill, 1976 is
0240H31 under consideration now. ^*I am to_ speak something in connection with
0250H31 this Bill. ^This amendment Bill has been introduced in the House with
0260H31 a view to_ bring prosperity and welfare of the people. ^As a matter
0270H31 of fact, at least 70% of the population is cultivators. ^The Bill is also
0280H31 very important and timely for the implementation of the 20-Point Economic
0290H31 Programme. ^We should always keep in view "work more, talk less".
0300H31 ^If we do not adhere to this theory it would be difficult to_ solve
0310H31 the problems which are arising in our society. ^The insertion of a proviso
0320H31 under Section 147 of the Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms
0330H31 Act is for the benefit of the people. ^It is my strong belief that the
0340H31 honourable Minister in-charge of the Agriculture will also take up
0350H31 effective action for providing facilities to the cultivators in respect
0360H31 of irrigation \0etc. ^Under the implementation of the 20-Point Economic
0370H31 Programme allotment of lands to the landless people has been started
0380H31 and is in the full swing. ^However, some cases of distribution of lands
0390H31 are pending. ^This Bill is very timely. ^*I hope, the cultivators
0400H31 will be benefitted after passing this Bill to a greater extent. ^Other
0410H31 Bills like the Manipur Town and Country Planning Bill had also been
0420H31 passed for raising the standard of living of the people in the State.
0430H31 $^*I hope, the Bills which are under consideration in the House to-day
0440H31 will be passed for the benefit of the people.
0450H31 $^Secondly, I would like to_ mention regarding the expansion of the Town
0460H31 and Country Planning. ^This is the main hope of the people and is
0470H31 known to all . ^The Town and Country Planning Bill can help and
0480H31 bring up something in the functions of the Board. ^We are unhappy as
0490H31 regards the Manipur Town and Country Planning Bill and Land Revenue
0500H31 and Land Reforms Bill, 1976. ^We have clearly seen that most of the
0510H31 members of this Board are Contractors and they are not working properly.
0520H31 ^Some State Governments have already paid out the additional \0D.A.
0530H31 to the employees but our employees are not getting their \0D.A.
0540H31 ^This is the look out of our Government. ^We actually can*'4t know what
0550H31 they are doing. ^It will be better to_ give out \0D.A. to the employees.
0560H31 ^With these words, I conclude my speech.
0570H31 $\0*4^*Shri \0Md. Alimuddin:-- \0^*Mr. Deputy Speaker Sir, in this
0580H31 august House, most of the Bills are placed before us by the honourable
0590H31 Finance Minister. ^These Bills are to_ be passed by the House.
0600H31 ^Most of the Bills have already been passed by the Assembly.
0610H31 ^But now it has newly introduced for amendment. **[sic**]
0620H31 ^Some of the Bills are converted into Act in order to_
0630H31 enforce in Manipur and now some Bills are brought for amendment. ^T0_
0640H31 amend the Bills again and again is not a good procedure. ^*I think that
0650H31 this is the weakness of the members at the time of passing the Bill.
0660H31 ^Now, there are so many experts. ^Therefore, I would like to_ appeal
0670H31 to the honourable Minister and members of the House kindly to_ constitute
0680H31 a Commission to_ examine the Bills before passing. ^It is not necessary
0690H31 to_ amend the Bill several times. ^From this we may get some
0700H31 conveniences. ^Now some of the Bills are vague. ^As this Government
0710H31 is a Democratic form of Government we have to_ discuss the Bill minutely
0720H31 for the future. ^We are to_ consider many Bills today. ^The Bills
0730H31 are (1) The Manipur Town and Country Planning Bill, 1976, (2) The
0740H31 Manipur Land Laws Bill, 1976, (3) The Manipur Land Revenue and
0750H31 Land Reforms Bill, 1976 (4) The Manipur Taxation Laws Bill, 1976
0760H31 \0etc. ^Financial statements are given for these Bills. ^Our main idea
0770H31 is to_ implement these Bills. ^The Land Revenue and Land Reforms
0780H31 Bill is an important one. ^Here, I want to_ know how lands are to_ be
0790H31 given to a family. ^There are some formalities to_ pass the Bills.
0800H31 ^The Land Revenue and Land Reforms Bill was passed during the \0U.L.P.
0810H31 Government and assented to_ by the Governor. ^We may get benefit
0820H31 from this. ^But we want to_ ask why the girls are not entitled to_ get
0830H31 the lands?
0840H31 $^Now third amendment Bill is introduced and as such we want to_ make a
0850H31 provision for the girls also. ^We have to_ consider for the girls who
0860H31 are not married at present. ^If not, what will be the position for the girls?
0870H31 ^Nobody knows how much time will be required in the implementation
0880H31 and how much benefit we can get from it. ^In order to_ discuss the Bill
0890H31 thoroughly, we want to_ refer it to the Select Committee. ^This is
0900H31 the public view which we want to_ initiate. ^The honourable Finance
0910H31 Minister will please hear our voice which is only for the welfare of the
0920H31 people. ^Today*'s Bills are numerous and the allotted time is very short.
0930H31 ^As the red Light is lit in the House, I have to_ shorten my speech.
0940H31 ^So, in order to_ discuss the Bill thoroughly it is better to_ refer
0950H31 to the Select Committee. ^*I would like to_ speak something about
0960H31 the Manipur Taxation (Amendment) Bill. ^*I request our Deputy Speaker
0970H31 kindly to_ allot a few minutes more. $Hon*'3ble Deputy Speaker:--
0980H31 ^Yes, 5 minutes are allotted to you to_ speak further.
1000H31 $\0Mr. Allimuddin:-- ^Regarding Taxation, I would like to_ say that
1010H31 we shall be active in the collection of financial resources as far as practicable.
1020H31 ^We don*'4t know about this tax even if these Bills were introduced
1030H31 yesterday. ^We know it only after getting clarification from
1040H31 the honourable Minister. ^As regards Town and Country Planning Bill,
1050H31 our desire is that we have to_ seek the advantages from this Bill.
1060H31 ^This Bill may be passed by the House to-day. ^Our idea is to_ enforce
1070H31 the Act uniformly and strictly not only in the jurisdiction of Municipal
1080H31 area but also throughout Manipur. ^In 1972-73 we have already moved
1090H31 for a city and to_ become a development country **[sic**] for which
1100H31 we had incurred much expenditure for the development works of the
1110H31 Country at a stage. ^So, the Town and Country Planning is necessary
1120H31 in Manipur. ^Honourable Finance Minister is a politician since a long
1130H31 time and he is holding the Government.
1140H31 ^He may know it. ^As we are not in the ruling
1150H31 party we cannot say much to_ bring up for the development of this Country.
1150H31 ^*I cannot express all the points as the allotted time is very
1160H31 short. ^We would like to_ say that if discussion is allowed sufficient
1170H31 time may be allotted to the honourable members at the time of discussion.
1180H31 ^It would be very convenient to_ pass the Bill by the House after
1190H31 the Bill is referred to the Select Committee first. ^Thank you, Sir.
1210H31 $\0Mr. Deputy Speaker:-- ^*I hope, all the honourable members might
1220H31 have known the allocation of time. ^10 minutes are allotted to each member
1230H31 of the Ruling Party and 15 minutes are allotted to each member of the
1240H31 Opposition Party. $\0*4Shri
1250H31 *(0Y.*) Yaima Singh:-- \0^*Mr. Deputy Speaker, Sir, first
1260H31 of all, I would like to_ raise a point of order. ^My point of order is
1270H31 about the allocation of time. ^How can we discuss such important Bills
1280H31 within the limited time? ^*Sir, I draw the ruling of the honourable Deputy
1290H31 Speaker in this matter.
1300H31 $Hon*'3ble Finance Minister:-- \0^*Mr. Deputy Speaker, Sir, the time
1310H31 allocation is made by the Business Advisory Committee. ^The same was
1320H31 announced on the last Monday. ^Why the honourable member did not complain
1330H31 on that_ very day? ^So, his point of order is baseless. $\0*4Shri
1340H31 *(0Y.*) Yaima Singh:-- ^*Sir, please give ruling to my point
1350H31 of order. ^If a ruling is not given, I will take that justice is denied
1360H31 in the House. ^So, please give a ruling, Sir.
1370H31 $\0Mr. Deputy Speaker:-- ^*I cannot give more time to the honourable
1380H31 memebr beyond the time allotted by the Business Advisory Committee.
1390H31 ^So, please proceed on. $\0*4Shri
1400H31 *(0Y.*) Yaima Singh:-- ^*Sir, I feel that justice is not here.
1410H31 ^The Bills are very important. ^We are required to_ discuss the Bills
1420H31 in detail.
1430H31 $^Sir, the Bill recalls the past \0U.L.P. Government. ^The Land
1440H31 Revenue and Land Reforms (Amendment) Bill was initiated by the last
1450H31 \0U.L.P. Government. ^Now, the present Government introduced
1460H31 the Bill for consideration. ^The public may think that this Government
1470H31 is going to_ pass the Land Revenue and Land Reforms (Amendment)
1471H31 Bill. ^*Sir, such thinking is wrong. ^The initial steps have been takenup
1480H31 during the regime of \0U.L.P. Government formed by Manipur People's
1490H31 Party.
1500H31 $^*Sir, at present, the \0A.I.R. Imphal has frequently announced
1510H31 regarding the distribution of land. ^It really bluffs to the interest of
1520H31 the people. ^First, let us examine the members of the Land Distribution
1530H31 Committee. ^Who are they? ^They are from the unfortunate group.
1540H31 ^Those who are the members of Land Distribution Committee are defeated
1550H31 candidates in the election. ^Such persons are nominated as the members
1560H31 of the so-called Land Distribution Committee.
1570H31 $^Now, we come to the present Government. ^The present Government is
1580H31 formed by the defectors from our party. ^The defectors are materially benefitted
1590H31 while some are bargaining. $^The honourable Ministers are
1600H31 very pleasing to_ look because of their sincerities and integrities.
1610H31 **[sic**] ^But their interest is very limited. ^They
1620H31 try to_ implement only the small schemes by leaving behind the major schemes.
1630H31 ^They are fully corrupted. ^They are having vindictive motives.
1640H31 ^For example, they give land to those who give vote to them.
1650H31 $^*Sir, I would like to_ speak something about the lands which are distributed
1660H31 by the present Government. ^Their interest is to_ get their shares.
1670H31 ^If land is distributed in this way, the future of Manipur will be
1680H31 in the dark. ^The lands which are cultivated by the poor cultivators
1690H31 are distributed to their agents. ^These are the grievances of the poor
1700H31 helpless cultivators. ^If they want to_ distribute the lands, they should
1710H31 distribute according to the existing rules.
1720H31 $^*Sir, in respect of Government services also some officers who do not
1730H31 go under the whims of the Ministers are given compulsory retirement.
1740H31 ^We want to_ suggest them to_ be brave in any case. ^If so, the public of
1750H31 Manipur will give rewards. ^They should cantact the public in many woorks.
1770H31 $^In respect of the Bills, I would like to_ say that we did not
1780H31 see the Bills before. ^If the Bills are passed without having proper
1790H31 consideration, it will be funny.*#
        **[no. of words = 02008**]

        **[txt. h32**]
0010H32 (2) ^Deductions from the wages of a person employed in a scheduled employment
0020H32 shall be of one or more of the following kinds, namely,-- $(**=1)
0030H32 fines in respect of such acts and omissions on the part of an employed
0040H32 person as may be specified by the State Government by general or special
0050H32 order in this behalf; $(**=2) deductions for absence from duty; $(**=3)
0060H32 deductions for damage to or loss of goods expressly entrusted to
0070H32 the employed person for custody or for loss of money for which he is required
0080H32 to_ account, where such damage or loss is directly attributable
0100H32 to his neglect or default; $(**=4) deductions for house accommodation supplied
0110H32 by the employer or the State Government or the Maharashtra Housing
0120H32 Board constituted under the Bombay Housing Board Act, 1948,
0130H32 or the Vidarbha Housing Board constituted under the Madhya Pradesh
0140H32 Housing Board Act, 1950 or such other agency as the State Government
0150H32 may, by notification in the *3Official Gazette, direct; $(**=5)
0160H32 deductions for such amenities and services supplied by the employer
0170H32 as the State Government may, by general or special order, authorise; $*3Explanation.--
0190H32 ^The words "amenities and services" in this clause do
0200H32 not include the supply of tools and protectives required for the purposes
0220H32 of employment; $(**=6) deductions for recovery of advances or for
0230H32 adjustment of overpayments of wages:
0240H32 $Provided that such advances do not exceed an amount equal to wages for
0250H32 two calendar months of the employee and, in no case, shall the monthly
0260H32 instalment of deduction exceed one fourth of the wages earned in that_
0280H32 month; $(**=7) deduction of income-tax payable by the employee;
0290H32 $(**=8) deductions required to_ be made by order of a Court or other competent
0300H32 authority;
0310H32 $(**=9) deductions for subscriptions to, and for repayment of advances from
0320H32 any provident fund to which the Provident Funds Act, 1925, applies
0330H32 or any recognised provident fund as defined in section 2 (38) of the
0340H32 Income-tax Act, 1961 or any provident fund approved in this behalf by
0350H32 the State Government during the continuance of such approval; $(**=10)
0360H32 deductions for payment to co-operative societies or deductions
0370H32 made with the written authorisation of the person employed, for payment
0038H32 of any premium on his life insurance policy to the Life Insurance Corporation
0390H32 of India established under the Life Insurance Act, 1956
0400H32 (31 of 1956); $(**=11)
0410H32 deductions not exceeding half the wages for a period not exceeding
0420H32 four months during which an employee is suspended from work in accordance
0430H32 with any rule of service or standing order framed under any law, or
0440H32 under a settlement or award which is legally binding on him, governing
0450H32 such suspension:
0460H32 $Provided that whereunder the conditions of service of an employee under
0470H32 a local authority provisions in respect of subsistence allowance during
0480H32 suspension are made and such provisons are similar to those contained
0490H32 in the Bombay Civil Services Rules, deductions from the wages of
0500H32 an employee shall not exceed an amount equal to the difference between the
0510H32 full wages payable to such employee and the subsistence allowance payable
0520H32 to him under the conditions of service aforesaid:
0530H32 $Provided further that if an employee is suspended from work as a punishment
0540H32 in accordance with any rule of service or standing order framed under
0550H32 any law, or under a settlement or award, governing such suspension,
0560H32 deduction during a settlement or award, governing such suspension, deduction
0570H32 during the period for which he is suspended may be equal to the amount
0580H32 of the full wages payable to such employee;
0590H32 $(**=12) deductions or recovery or an adjustment of amounts other than wages,
0600H32 paid by the employer to the employed person in error or in excess
0610H32 of what is due to him:
0620H32 $Provided that the prior approval of the Inspector or any other officer
0630H32 authorised by the State Government in this behalf is obtained in writing
0640H32 before making the deductions, unless the employee gives his consent
0650H32 in writing to such deductions;
0660H32 $(**=13) deduction made with the written authorisation of the employed person
0670H32 such authorisation being given once generally, and not necessarily
0680H32 every time a deduction is made for the purchase of the securities of
0690H32 the Government of India or any State Government or for being deposited
0700H32 in any Post Office Savings Bank, in furtherance of any savings
0710H32 scheme of any such Government;
0720H32 $(**=14) deductions made with the written authorisation of the employee
0730H32 himself or of the President or Secretary of the registered trade union
0740H32 of which the employee is a member, for contribution to the National
0750H32 Defence Fund or to any other Fund approved by the Government of India
0760H32 for the purpose of national defence or for any purpose as the State
0770H32 Government may, by notification in the *3Official Gazette, specify.
0790H32 $(**=15) deductions made under section 6BB of the Bombay Labour
0800H32 Welfare Fund Act, 1953.
0810H32 $(3) ^Any person desiring to_ impose a fine on an employed person or to_
0820H32 make a deduction for damage or loss caused by him shall intimate him also
0830H32 in writing the act or omission or the damage or loss, in respect of
0840H32 which the fine or deduction is proposed to_ be imposed or made; and give
0850H32 him an opportunity to_ offer any explanation in the presence of another
0860H32 person. ^The amount of the said fine or deduction shall also be intimated
0880H32 to him. $(4) ^The amount of fine or deduction mentioned in sub-rule
0890H32 (3) or deduction for absence from duty shall be such as may be specified
0910H32 by the State Government. $(5) ^The amount of fine imposed under sub-rule
0920H32 (3) shall be utilised only for such purposes beneficial to the
0930H32 employees as are approved by the State Government.
0940H32 $(6) ^Nothing in this rule shall be deemed to_ affect the provisions of the
0950H32 Payment of Wages Act, 1936.
0960H32 $22. *3Publicity to Minimum Wage fixed under the Act-- ^Notices
0970H32 containing the minimum rates of wages fixed together with obstracts from
0980H32 the Act the Rules framed thereunder the name and address of the
0991J32 establishment, place of work, name and address of the employer,
0990H32 and normal working hours of employees including rest interval
1000H32 shall be displayed in English and in language understood by the majority
1010H32 of the employees in the establishment. ^The notices shall be kept at
1020H32 the main entrance to the establishment and its office and at any other
1030H32 place as may be selected by the Inspector and shall be maintained in clear
1040H32 and legible condition. ^The abstracts of the Act and Rules made thereunder
1050H32 shall be in Form *=1.
1060H32 $23. *3Weekly day of rest-- (1) ^Subject to the provisions of this
1070H32 rule, an employee in a scheduled employment in respect of which minimum
1080H32 rates of wages have been fixed under the Act shall be allowed a day
1090H32 of rest every week (hereinafter referred to as "the rest day") which
1100H32 shall ordinarily be Sunday, but the employer may fix any other day of
1110H32 the week as the rest day for any employee or class of employees in that_
1120H32 scheduled employment:
1130H32 $Provided that employee has worked in the scheduled employment under the
1140H32 same employer for a continuous period of not less than six days:
1150H32 $Provided further that the employee shall be informed of the day fixed
1160H32 as the rest day and of any subsequent change in the rest day before the
1170H32 change is effected, by display of a notice to that_ effect in the place
1180H32 of employment at the place specified by the Inspector in this behalf.
1200H32 $*3Explanation.-- ^For the purpose of computation of the continuous
1210H32 period of not less than six days specified in the first proviso to
1220H32 this sub-rule-- $(a)
1230H32 any day on which an employee is required to_ attend for work but is given
1240H32 only an allowance for attendance and is not provided with work; or $(b)
1250H32 any day on which an employee is laid off on payment of compensation under
1260H32 the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947; shall be deemed to_ be days
1270H32 on which the employee has worked. $(2)
1280H32 ^Unless otherwise permitted by the State Government, any employee shall
1290H32 not be required or allowed to_ work in a scheduled employment on the
1300H32 rest day, unless he has or will have a substituted rest day for a whole
1310H32 day on one of the five days immediately before or after the rest day:
1330H32 $Provided that no substitution shall be made which will result in the employee
1340H32 working for more than ten days consecutively without a rest day
1350H32 for a whole day.
1360H32 $(3) ^Where in accordance with the foregoing provisions of the rules any
1370H32 employee works on a rest day and has been given a substituted rest day
1380H32 on any one of the five days before or after the rest day, the rest day
1390H32 shall, for the purpose of calculating the weekly hours of work, be included
1400H32 in the week in which the substituted rest day occurs.
1410H32 $(4) ^An employee shall be granted for the rest day wages calculated at
1420H32 the rate applicable to the next preceding day and in case he works on the
1430H32 rest day and has been given a substituted rest day, he shall be paid wages
1440H32 for the rest day on which he worked, at the overtime rate and wages
1450H32 for the substituted rest day at the rate applicable to the next preceding
1460H32 day:
1470H32 $Provided that where the minimum daily rate of wages of the employee
1480H32 as notified under the Act has been worked out by dividing the minimum monthly
1490H32 rate of wages by twenty-six or where the actual daily rate of wages
1500H32 of the employee has been worked out by dividing the monthly rate of
1510H32 wages by twenty-six and such actual daily rate of wages is not less than
1520H32 the notified minimum daily rate of wages of the employees, no wages for
1530H32 the rest day shall be payable and in case the employee works on the rest
1540H32 day and has been given a substituted rest day, he shall be paid, only
1550H32 for the rest day on which he worked an amount equal to the wages payable
1560H32 to him at the overtime rate:
1570H32 $^Provided further that in case of an employee governed by a piece-rate
1580H32 scheme, the employee shall be granted for the rest day wages, equivalent
1590H32 to the daily average earnings of the employee for the preceding six days;
1600H32 and in case he works on the rest day and has been given a substituted
1610H32 rest day he shall be paid wages for the rest day on which he worked at
1620H32 double the average rate as calculated above and for the substituted rest
1630H32 day at the said average rate. $*3Explanation.--
1640H32 ^In this sub-rule, "next preceding day" means the last
1650H32 day on which the employee has worked, which precedes the rest day or
1660H32 the substituted rest day, as the case may be; and where the substituted
1670H32 rest day falls on a day immediately after the rest day, the next preceding
1680H32 day means the last day on which the employee has worked, which precedes
1690H32 the rest day.
1700H32 $(5) ^The provisions of this rule shall apply to the employees in scheduled
1710H32 employments other than agricultural employment.
1720H32 $(6) ^The provisions of this rule shall not operate to the prejudice of
1730H32 more favourable terms, if any, to which an employee may be entitled under
1740H32 any other law or under the terms of any award, agreement or contract
1750H32 of service, and in such a case, the employee shall be entitled only to
1760H32 the more favourable terms aforesaid.
1770H32 $(7) ^Notwithstanding anything contained in this rule, an employee may be
1780H32 allowed to_ work on any weekly day of rest if he gives his consent in
1790H32 writing to_ do so, with a view to contributing the wages earned by him on
1800H32 that_ day, to the National Defence Fund or to any other Fund approved
1810H32 by the Government of India for the purpose of national defence or
1820H32 to any other purpose specified by the State Government under clause (**=14)
1830H32 of sub-rule (2) of the rule 21.
1840H32 $*3Explanation.-- ^For the purpose of this rule, 'week' shall mean a
1850H32 period of seven days beginning at midnight on Saturday night.
1860H32 $24. $*3Number of hours of work which shall constitute a normal working
1870H32 day.-- (1) ^The number of hours which shall constitute a normal
1880H32 working day shall be-- $(a) in the case of an adult 9 hours;*#
        **[no. of words = 02022**]

        **[txt. h33**]
0010H33 **<*33. MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE PROGRAMMES**>
0020H33 $*<*33.1 Eligibility requirements:*>
0030H33 $^The minimum qualification for admission to these programmes is the Bachelor*'s
0040H33 degree in Arts, Science, Commerce, Law or any other faculty
0050H33 of a recognised university. ^Applicants should be at least 20 years of
0060H33 age on july 1 of the year of admission. ^This condition is relaxable in
0070H33 exceptional cases. ^Candidates who have appeared for the qualifying examination
0080H33 and whose results are expected to_ be available by june 30 may
0090H33 apply in anticipation of their results.
0100H33 $^The medium of instruction is English and it is assumed that candidates
0110H33 seeking admission have an adequate knowledge of the language. ^The Institute
0120H33 offers a special course in English for the benefit of students
0130H33 who are weak in that_ language. ^A course in Marathi is also offered
0140H33 to students desirous of learning that_ language.
0150H33 $*<*33.2. Admission preliminaries:*>
0160H33 $3.2.1. ^The application for admission to (**=1) \0M.A. Social Work
0170H33 (any specialisation), (**=2) \0M.A. in Personnel Management and Industrial
0180H33 Relations should be made in the prescribed forms.
0190H33 $3.2.2 ^Separate application forms should be sent along with the separate
0200H33 application fee, by a candidate applying for both the Master of Arts
0220H33 Degree programmes. $3.2.3 ^A candidate seeking admission to the \0M.A.
0230H33 Social work should mention his second choice of specialisation ONLY
0240H33 if he wishes to_ be considered for that_ field. $3.2.4.
0250H33 ^The application will not be considered unless the form is complete
0260H33 and all relevant papers are received in time. ^Candidates should send only
0270H33 attested copies of their certificates along with their applications.
0290H33 $3.2.5 ^A fee of \0Rs 10/- must be remitted along with the application
0300H33 for admission. ^The fee may be remitted in cash or by money order or crossed
0310H33 postal order payable to the Registrar, Tata Institute of Social
0320H33 Sciences, Deonar, Bombay-400088. ^The application fee is not refundable.
0340H33 $*<*33.3 Selection procedure:*>
0350H33 ^From among the applicants satisfying the eligibility conditions, the Admissions
0360H33 Committee selects a certain number for an essay test a group
0370H33 discussion, an aptitude test and an interview. ^Candidates are given
0380H33 marks in each of the above tests as well as on their academic background
0390H33 for the purpose of final selection. ^The selection tests will be held
0400H33 during the third and fourth weeks of June. ^A communication whether the
0410H33 applicant has been selected for the tests or not should reach each applicant
0420H33 by June 20. ^If no such communication is received by the date,
0430H33 the applicant should communicate with the Registrar of the Institute
0450H33 immediately. $3.3.1 Academic background: ^Marks are awarded to each applicant
0460H33 on the basis of aggregate marks secured in degree and other examinations.
0470H33 ^However, high academic achievement is not the only criterion
0480H33 on which the candidate will be selected.
0490H33 $3.3.2 Essay test: ^Usually the topic for the essay is a contemporary problem.
0500H33 ^The time allotted is 45 minutes. ^In the essay test, candidates
0510H33 are judged in terms of their ability to_ understand the problems, to_
0520H33 think clearly, to_ express themselves in simple language and to_ present
0530H33 ideas systematically.
0540H33 $3.3.3 Group discussion: ^Every candidate is expected to_ participate in
0550H33 a discussion in a group of about 10 candidates. ^The time allotted will
0560H33 be about 45 minutes. ^An assessment of the candidate is made on the
0570H33 basis of how he expresses himself, how he relates himself to the group
0580H33 and how far he makes a contribution to the discussion. $*<*33.3.4 Interview:*>
0581H33 $(**=1) *3ELIGIBILITY*0: ^To_ be eligible for the interview,
0582H33 a candidate should have secured at lesat a total of 10 marks in the group
0583H33 discussion and the written essay for Social Work and 20 marks for
0584H33 Personnel Management and Industrial Relations programmes.
0585H33 $(**=2) *3CONTENT*0: ^In this interview questions are asked about the
0586H33 subjects studied at the university. ^The candidate is also expected to_
0587H33 know something about the field of specialisation for which he has applied.
0588H33 ^In addition, he may be asked questions in the area of general knowledge.
0589H33 $*<*33.4 other rules:*0*> $3.4.1
0590H33 ^An applicant called for interview may reside in the Institute*'s hostel
0591H33 on payment of boarding and lodging charges at \0Rs. 10/- per day.
0592H33 $3.4.1 ^An applicant selected for admission will have to_ undergo a medical
0593H33 examination by the Institute*'s Medical Officer on payment of a fee
0594H33 of \0Rs. 10/-. ^He will be finally admitted to the institute if certfied
0595H33 fit by the medical officer.
0596H33 $3.4.3 ^No student is permitted normally to_ seek employment or participation
0597H33 in any course of study outside the Institute during the period he
0598H33 is enrolled at the Institute except with the prior permission of the Director.
0599H33 $**<*34. SPECIAL STUDENTS**>
0600H33 $^Graduates who do not wish to_ enrol for the full \0M.A. degree programmes
0601H33 may be permitted to_ enrol as special students for one or more lecture
0602H33 courses on payment of special fees. ^Such students will not be eligible
0603H33 for any certificate. ^Further information will be available on request.
0604H33 $4.1 ^Students may enrol themselves on a part-time basis for one
0605H33 or more courses (excluding field work).
0606H33 $4.2 ^If such students are admitted (within a period of three years) as
0610H33 full-time students, they will be allowed credit for courses they have successfully
0620H33 completed earlier. $**<*35. REQUIREMENTS FOR PASSING THE
0630H33 MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE EXAMINATION**> $*<*35.1 Attendance:*>
0650H33 $5.1.1 ^Regular attendance in the class as well as field work and the fulfilment
0660H33 of required assignments are expected of all students. ^Any irregularity
0670H33 in this regard or absence without prior permission will affect
0680H33 the evaluation of the student concerned and may entail disciplinary action.
0690H33 ^Students shall apply for leave in the prescribed form in advance
0700H33 and in case of sickness immediately after rejoining.
0710H33 $5.1.2 Leave: ^The total leave available to a student is 14 days including
0720H33 absence of a maximum of four field work days each year.
0730H33 $5.1.3 Absence from classes: ^Any unauthorised absence from classes shall
0740H33 be automatically debited to their leave account at the rate of one-fourth
0750H33 day for every period of absence.
0760H33 $5.1.4 Absence from Field Work: ^A student who is absent for five days
0770H33 or more will have to_ compensate for his absence in toto in accordance
0780H33 with the instruction of the supervisor concerned.
0790H33 $5.1.5 Leave Sanctioning Authorities: ^The registrar is authorised to_
0800H33 sanction leave of absence upto three days at a time on the recommendation
0810H33 of the concerned member of the faculty. ^The Director may sanction
0820H33 leave for longer periods of leave normally not exceeding the leave period
0830H33 mentioned in rule 5.1.2 above. $*<*35.2 Field Work*>
0850H33 $5.2.1 "^Knowing" does not automatically result in the ability of "doing"
0860H33 so necessary for professional development. ^Therefore, a distinctive
0870H33 feature of the instructional programmes at the Institute is the emphasis
0880H33 laid on field work as an integral part of the total curriculum. ^Field
0890H33 work enables the student to_ integrate and reinforce the knowledge acquired
0900H33 in the classroom with actual practice under competent supervision
0910H33 provided by field instructors who may be members of the staff of the Institute
0920H33 or of an agency. ^In carefully selected field work settings, the
0930H33 student is helped to_ learn the application of classroom learning and
0940H33 to_ conceptualise the realities of practice itself in a living situation.
0950H33 ^The content of field work is planned to_ provide an orderly sequence
0960H33 of learning. ^Supervised field work, at least 15 hours per week, is
0970H33 required of all students.
0980H33 $5.2.2 ^Field work is organised as concurrent field work and block field
0990H33 work. ^During the first year concurrent assignments are given in case
1000H33 work and group work for students enrolled for \0M.A. degree programme
1010H33 in Social Work. ^In the second year, students are placed for concurrent
1020H33 field work in their specialisation according to the specific requirements
1030H33 of each field.
1040H33 $^For students enrolled for the Personnel Management and Industrial Relations
1050H33 programme placements are made in industrial organisations.
1060H33 $5.2.3 ^In addition, every student is required to_ complete a full-time
1070H33 block field work placement of four weeks in the month of April after the
1080H33 Fourth Semester examination. ^Any absence from block field work will
1090H33 have to_ be made good at the discretion of the department concerned.$5.2.4
1110H33 ^Where observation visits are arranged as a part of field work, student
1110H33 participation in such visits is compulsory. $*<*35.3 Project Reort:*>
1130H33 $5.3.1 ^During the beginning of the second semester, students
1140H33 who opt for research project select their topics in consultation with the
1150H33 members of the Faculty in the field of their specialisation.
1160H33 $5.3.2 ^A major consideration in the project requirement is its educational
1170H33 value. ^It offers students an opportunity to_ collect data in the filed
1180H33 under the guidance of the Faculty and to_ familiarise themselves with
1190H33 methods of research.
1200H33 $5.3.3 ^A student failing to_ submit corrected typewritten copies of the
1210H33 project report bearing the signarure of the guide on or before the last
1220H33 working day of February will not be permitted to_ appear for the Fourth
1240H33 Semester examination. $5.3.4 ^For detailed rules the booklet on 'Rules
1250H33 for Students' may be referred to. $*<*35.4 Examination:*>
1270H33 $5.4.1 ^Students must be in regular attendance and pass periodical tests
1280H33 as well as comprehensive examinations. ^In the final evaluation of a student
1290H33 for each course, due consideration will be given to the student*'s
1300H33 contributions to classroom discussions, written reports, readings and
1310H33 other assignments. ^There may be no written examination in some courses
1320H33 and the student may be evaluated on the basis of assignments.
1330H33 $5.4.2 ^A student weak in the English language should attend REGULARLY
1340H33 the Special English Classes arranged for his benefit and appear
1350H33 for an examination to_ be held at the end of the First Semester.
1360H33 $*<*35.5 Requirements for Passing:*>
1370H33 $5.5.1 ^Students*' work will be evaluated in Grades. ^The Grades and
1380H33 their point equivalents are as follows:
1390H33 $O (Outstanding) =6 Points
1400H33 $A (Very Good) =5 Points
1410H33 $B (Good) =4 Points
1420H33 $C (Average) =3 Points
1430H33 $D (Below Average) =2 Points
1440H33 $E (Poor) =1 Point
1450H33 $F (Very Poor) =0 Point
1460H33 $^Each lecutre course will carry one credit per hour per week. ^The Field
1470H33 work for an year will carry twelve credit hours, the Research Project
1480H33 for credit hours and *7Viva-Voce will carry two credit hours.
1490H33 $^The Grade point average for a semester/ year programme will be calculated
1500H33 by **[formula**] where G is the point equivalent of the Grade obtained
1510H33 by a student in a course and C is the number of Credit hours of
1520H33 the course.
1530H33 $5.5.2 ^To_ pass an examination a student should get at least a D grade
1540H33 in individual courses including Field Work, Research Project (where
1550H33 applicable) and *7Viva-Voce and should maintain a minimum grade point
1560H33 average of 2.5 in each semester. ^In addition, the student should complete
1570H33 his block field work satisfactorily. ^A student will be eligible for
1580H33 block field work only on successful completion of concurrent field work.
1600H33 $5.5.3 ^A student who is awarded an E or F grade in an individual
1610H33 course will be considered to_ have failed in the course.
1620H33 $5.5.4 ^Only a student who has failed in not more than two courses in one
1630H33 semester will be eligible to_ appear for a supplementary examination
1640H33 in those courses. $5.5.5 ^A student failing in a course will be allowed
1650H33 to_ appear only for one supplementary examination. $5.5.6
1670H33 ^A student failing to_ get a minimum grade point average of 2.5
1680H33 in the first/ third semester will be allowed to_ continue his study for
1690H33 the second/ fourth semester, but will be expected to_ make up for his deficiency
1700H33 and achieve the required grade point average by the end of the
1710H33 second/ fourth semester by obtaining better grades in other courses.
1720H33 $5.5.7 ^A student if he so desires may also take an additional examination
1730H33 in courses (excluding field work) in which he has obtained a D grade
1740H33 to_ improve his grade point average. ^However, such an additional examination
1750H33 will be given only during the period of arranging supplementary
1760H33 examination by the Institute of that_ semester.
1770H33 $5.5.8 ^A student who fails to_ attain a minimum grade point average of
1780H33 2.5 even after taking the additional or supplementary examination will
1790H33 be considered to_ have failed in the whole examination.
1800H33 $5.5.9 ^A student enrolling for the \0M.A. degree programme shall complete
1810H33 it within a period of five years from the date of his enrolment. ^A
1820H33 student who discontinues his studies before the end of the first semester
1830H33 of the first year will not be deemed to_ have spent a year at the Institute.*#
        **[no. of words = 02023**]

        **[txt. h34**]
0010H34 **<*3Chairman*'s Statement**> $TO $THE MEMBERS $^Presenting
0020H34 our annual accounts, is an appropriate occasion for a brief review
0030H34 of the industrial and economic environment under which your Company
0040H34 is operating. ^Last year, I had an occasion to_ refer to the political
0050H34 changes at the national level and their likely impact on the future
0060H34 of industries in general and electric generating utilities in the
0070H34 private sector. ^In doing so, I had struck a cautious but optimistic
0080H34 note, confident in my belief that with so many elder administrators
0090H34 at the helm of affairs, the new Government would no doubt do justice
0100H34 to the tasks confronting it. ^*I was right. ^Subsequent events
0110H34 have proved beyond doubt that \0Mr. George Fernandes, on assuming
0120H34 charge of the industries portfolio, wasted no time in appreciating
0130H34 the implications of power famine and took a quick decision on our
0150H34 500 \0MW project, languishing under indecision for the last 5 years.
0160H34 $2. ^Since then, at the State level, there have been further changes
0170H34 in the colour and constitution of the ruling party. ^Despite interruptions
0180H34 in the normal stability of the State Government, through
0190H34 polarisations of political parties, we are gratified to_ learn that
0200H34 the newly established Progressive Democratic Front, under the
0210H34 dynamic leadership of \0Mr. Sharad Pawar, is endeavouring to_ bring
0220H34 political stability to Maharashtra, which for the first time in its
0230H34 long history, became vulnerable to operations of political splinter
0240H34 groups. ^In offering our unstinted co-operation to \0Mr. Pawar,
0250H34 we trust that the State under his leadership and the active co-operation
0260H34 of \0*4Shri Shankarrao Chavan, the new Minister for Finance,
0270H34 Planning and Energy will achieve self-sufficiency in power generation
0280H34 expeditiously. $3. ^We can assure the powers-that-be, both at the
0290H34 Central and State levels, that we will continue to_ operate with
0300H34 dedication in the sphere of our activity, to_ maintain our traditional
0310H34 efficiency and even endeavour to_ improve upon it with the impending
0320H34 expansion of our generating capacity. ^However, it must be appreciated
0330H34 that such achievement can only be possible, through resort to higher
0340H34 technology on our part and the Government*'s unstinted support
0350H34 and encouragement to the Company in acquiring the latest available
0360H34 technology in the field and the appropriate infrastructure necessary
0370H34 to_ implement and operate such technology. ^Unless these two pre-requisites
0380H34 are fulfilled, India will never be able to_ maintain its
0390H34 place among the industrially advanced nations in the power field. ^Failing
0400H34 that_, let us be reconciled forever to_ be recipients of intermediate
0410H34 technology, haltingly handed down to the Third World at a
0420H34 disproportionately high price. $*<*3THE INDIAN POWER SCENE*0*> $4.
0430H34 ^It is a common practice in industrially advanced countries that forecasts
0440H34 concerning energy and capacity requirements are closely linked
0450H34 to those of a country*'s economic development as represented by the
0460H34 Gross National Product. ^*I presume that our planners are keeping
0470H34 such nexus between \0GNP and capacity requirements in mind in
0480H34 planning for power generation needs of the country. ^If it is so, then
0490H34 the gap between demand and supply should not widen as it does,
0500H34 resulting in continued shortages in almost all the States. ^Unfortunately,
0510H34 there happens to_ be a daily deficit in energy, averaging 25
0520H34 \0GWH all over the country. ^Somehow, it appears as if we have come
0530H34 to_ live with it, and take such deficit for granted every year.
0540H34 ^In fact, it has become a characteristic feature of all our 5-year
0550H34 Plans, with the result that there have been consistent shortfalls over
0560H34 the years between planned targets and actual achievement. ^Such
0570H34 shortfalls spell serious setbacks to industrial production, agriculture
0580H34 and a great blow to our dreams for rapid rural development. ^This
0590H34 brings into focus the stark fact that our energy projections need
0600H34 to_ be drastically revised. ^This unhappy situation does call for more
0610H34 realistic power planning and greater expertise in our approach. ^That_
0620H34 apart, in the context of existing generating units, it calls for better
0630H34 maintenance management, intensive training for plant operators and a
0640H34 sustained professional base for effective operational and administrative
0650H34 management. $5. ^One factor of recent origin affecting power supply
0660H34 reliability, is the prevailing climate of industrial unrest in
0670H34 the country. ^The impact of such unrest is felt well beyond the generating
0680H34 units and almost creates a chain reaction, the magnitude of which
0690H34 is not sufficiently realised. ^In the ultimate analysis, it seriously
0700H34 affects investment and the economic growth of the nation. ^Hence,
0710H34 it raises the crucial issue of the category of essential services,
0720H34 which calls for a special dispensation in our labour laws, restraining
0730H34 them from direct action in the forms of strikes, go-slows, \0etc.,
0740H34 which can be tolerated to some extent in non-essential sectors
0750H34 but not in such key sectors representing the nerve centre of our entire
0760H34 productive apparatus. $6. ^The Government of India today is committed
0770H34 to a faster economic growth, particularly in the rural areas, and
0780H34 in the Draft Sixth Plan, 43% of the total outlay has been set apart
0790H34 for Rural Development. ^Emphasis has also been placed on the
0800H34 small-scale industrial sector which is employment-oriented. ^The Draft
0810H34 Sixth Plan has fixed the target of additional generating capacity
0820H34 at 18,500 \0MW, calling for a doubling within 5 years of that_ installed
0830H34 capacity which actually has taken about 15 years to_ achieve.
0850H34 ^Tardy implementation of power programmes and inefficient functioning of
0860H34 some utilities in both the public and private sectors have seriously
0870H34 affected the current power situation. ^Consequently, to_ prevent
0880H34 an unprecedented crisis in the economy, a crash programme would have
0890H34 to_ be undertaken, not only to_ commission those power projects which
0900H34 have spilled over from the previous plan, but also to_ take suitable
0910H34 timely corrective action, at an expeditious pace, with regard to those
0920H34 projects which have been included in the Sixth Plan. ^Perhaps,
0930H34 it is not sufficiently realised that, while it is easier to_ discipline
0940H34 a more literate urban industrial worker, to_ make him conscious
0950H34 of power shortages, it is difficult to_ make the rural communities realise
0960H34 the needs and contingencies of power cuts which would affect agricultural
0970H34 output. $7. ^It is heartening to_ note that the Planning Commission
0980H34 is alive and conscious of encouraging professionalism in management
0990H34 economics and has stressed the need to_ streamline the management
1000H34 of electricity utilities to_ make them operate more efficiently by
1010H34 inducting a greater measure of professional expertise. ^Such a fresh
1020H34 approach has undoubtedly gained ground, through progressive realisation
1030H34 that the traditional operation of our power systems, whilst tolerably
1040H34 good for routine operation, left much to_ be desired for attaining
1050H34 planned power targets through improved construction, efficiency and
1060H34 management techniques. $8. ^It is here that modern well maintained
1070H34 and efficiently operated units, can provide useful models, through
1080H34 organising seminars and encouraging exchange visits to_ broaden the
1090H34 horizon of the operating staff and prepare them for impending changes
1100H34 involved in attaining higher planned power targets. ^*I am happy to_
1110H34 report that the Tata Electric Companies are in the forefront of
1120H34 such an exercise and have consistently encouraged such visits and seminars
1130H34 and I am sure, that other units as well-placed, are encouraging
1140H34 similar efforts. $*<*3POWER POSITION IN MAHARASHTRA*0*>
1150H34 $9. ^In Maharashtra State, the overall industrial scene appears to_
1160H34 be comparatively better and the State continued to_ maintain its
1170H34 lead in industrial and agricultural output. ^No doubt, statutory restrictions
1180H34 in varying degrees continue to_ be in force, but the magnitude
1190H34 of power cuts imposed are less severe and more selectively operated,
1200H34 bearing in mind the implications of such cuts in varying degrees
1210H34 according to the nature of industries. ^Hence, the total availability
1220H34 is utilised through judicious distribution, and monitoring and control
1230H34 after constant consultations with the industries concerned. ^Moreover
1240H34 it is a happy augury, that the disquieting note of unrest among
1250H34 electricity workers in other parts of the country, did not adversely
1260H34 affect the working of generating units in Maharashtra. ^It is undoubtedly
1270H34 a tribute to the discipline, solidarity and sense of responsibility
1280H34 of those employed in electricity undertakings within Maharashtra,
1290H34 both blue- and white-collared employees alike. $10. ^Despite
1300H34 such judicious utilisation of the available generating resources, there
1310H34 was acute shortage in a number of areas resulting in stagnating
1320H34 production, price increases through shortages of consumer goods, and
1330H34 non-utilisation of substantial productive capacity, so effectively
1340H34 pointed out by \0Mr. Moolgaokar in the \0TELCO annual report.
1350H34 ^All these factors point significantly to the phenomenal load growth
1360H34 in the State, and the cascading imbalance between available supply
1370H34 and demand, resulting in power cuts, which severely interfere with our
1380H34 national rate of growth. ^It is indeed an irony of fate that even
1390H34 under such compelling circumstances, our proposal for a 500 \0MW unit
1400H34 was held up for five years resulting in a cost escalation requiring
1410H34 nearly \0Rs. 70 *4crores of additional finance. ^We have a lesson
1420H34 to_ learn as a nation. ^How often ideological, regional and non-technical
1430H34 considerations are applied to economic problems which can cost
1440H34 the nation dearly. $11. ^In the challenges facing the country in terms
1450H34 of its power needs, your Company can say with pardonable pride, that
1460H34 it has played its part in alerting the appropriate authorities of
1470H34 the impending power shortages as early as 1952 when it approached the
1480H34 State Government for the first 50 \0MW thermal unit. ^From then
1490H34 onwards, your Company has persistently asked for expansion of its generating
1500H34 capacity and extension of its Licences. ^Unfortunately, in
1510H34 an area where there is unlimited scope for co-existence between private
1520H34 and public sectors, there has been more time devoted to the ideological
1530H34 considerations for confining the electricity industry to the
1540H34 public sector only, rather than for expeditiously expanding the generating
1550H34 capacity. ^In the bargain, power shortages have persisted in
1560H34 stagnating our industrial growth. $*<*3MANAGEMENT OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY*0*>
1570H34 $12. ^With the limitation of hydel power, the introduction
1580H34 of high level thermal technology in India will narrow the gap between
1590H34 this country and the Western world in terms of unit size and its
1600H34 allied infrastructure. ^It is in our national interest to_ apply our
1610H34 minds to this new technology lest we should be left out as a nation,
1620H34 from potential application of the latest trend in electricity generation.
1630H34 ^Larger units with higher pressure and temperature conditions
1640H34 are now recognised as standard in the industrially developed countries.
1650H34 ^Can we afford to_ be out of the race for production of these
1660H34 high precision units? ^In fact, they will be needed for our own needs
1670H34 if we have to_ bridge the gap of power deficiency rapidly. ^This
1680H34 will involve meticulous equipment procurement planning, design engineering,
1690H34 construction and installation, testing and commissioning, operation
1700H34 and maintenance, and practical simulator training to_ run these
1710H34 large-sized units with a high degree of reliability. ^All these call
1720H34 for first hand experience in handling and operating sophisticated
1730H34 high pressure and high temperature units of sizes two and a half times
1740H34 larger than the largest so far installed, which India would have
1750H34 missed but for the decision to_ install its first 500 \0MW unit.
1760H34 $13. ^The transport of electrical energy from these super-thermal
1770H34 stations to the load centres, in turn, will necessitate \0EHV and
1780H34 \0UHV transmission lines, and with the current state of the art
1790H34 in \0DC technology, \0HV \0DC transmission would also seem a very
1800H34 attractive economic alternative for bulk power transportation. ^We
1810H34 are well aware of these challenging problems and we are confident
1820H34 that inspired by our Government*'s epoch making decision to_ opt for
1830H34 super-thermal units, we will be able to_ study and be conversant with
1840H34 such high technology in power generation, needed not only for our
1850H34 domestic requirements but also for securing valuable consultancy jobs
1860H34 abroad. $*<*3LEGISLATION REVIEW*0*> $14. ^With regard to legislation
1870H34 governing electricity utilities, need I reiterate what I have
1880H34 been advocating over the years in the context of the present economic
1890H34 situation? ^The financial provisions and norms in The Indian
1900H34 Electricity Act, 1910, and The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948,
1910H34 need to_ be revised, to_ make them growth-oriented. ^The power famine that_
1920H34 we are suffering, originates from the restrictive provisions of these
1930H34 outdated legislations. ^With the urgent need for augmenting generating
1940H34 capacity to_ bridge the gap between power supply and demand, high
1950H34 priority needs to_ be given to electric utilities to_ establish and
1960H34 augment transmission and distribution facilities, simultaneously with
1970H34 each expansion of power generation.*#
        **[no. of words = 02016**]

        **[txt. h35**]
0010H35 *<PROFITS*> $4. ^The Directors regret to_ report that after an unbroken
0020H35 period of fifteen years, during which the Company produced record
0030H35 profits every year, 1977-78 was a year of decline in the Company*'s
0040H35 progress and profitability. $5. ^The profit of \0*4Rs. 407 *4lacs
0050H35 was \0*4Rs. 250 *4lacs less than last year. ^As, however, that_
0060H35 included a non-recurring profit of \0*4Rs. 45 *4lacs earned on the
0070H35 sale of investments, and benefited also from a reduction in depreciation
0080H35 of \0*4Rs. 57 *4lacs due to a change in method of charging depreciation,
0090H35 the operating profit for the year to_ be compared with that_
0100H35 of the previous year would be \0*4Rs. 305 *4lacs, reflecting a
0110H35 reduction of \0*4Rs. 352 *4lacs. ^Of this \0*4Rs. 68 *4lacs was represented
0120H35 by a loss in the Shipping Division, referred to separately
0130H35 later in this Report, and \0*4Rs. 284 *4lacs by a reduction in
0140H35 profit in the Chemical Division largely accounted for by three major
0150H35 factors-- (**=1) a sharp increase in the wage cost due to adverse
0160H35 Supreme Court Judgement; (**=2) an additional burden in respect
0170H35 of electricity duty; and (**=3) an increase in fuel and raw material
0180H35 costs beyond Management*'s control. $6. ^It is fortunate that as
0190H35 a result of the lagre investment and depreciation allowances earned
0200H35 on new plant and machinery worth \0*4Rs. 961 *4lacs commissioned during
0210H35 the year, no provision for taxation was required to_ be made
0220H35 and the year*'s net disposable profit of \0*4Rs. 407 *4lacs was \0*4Rs.
0230H35 50 *4lacs higher than in the previous year and the second highest
0240H35 earned so far. ^A tax saving of such magnitude cannot be expected in
0250H35 respect of the current year, during which capital expenditure on new
0260H35 plant and machinery will be materially lower than in 1977-78. ^Furthermore,
0270H35 some of the factors or problems responsible for the setback that_
0280H35 the company has suffered, still persist and will continue to_ affect
0290H35 operations and costs, and therefore profitability. $*<FINANCE*>
0300H35 $7. ^Despite heavy capital expenditure and the need to_ extend credit
0310H35 to customers during the major part of the year, the interest burden
0320H35 of your Company rose only marginally, from \0*4Rs. 204 *4lacs
0330H35 as a result of the strict controls exercised over inventories and raw
0340H35 materials, fuels and finished products. $8. ^Foreign currency loans
0350H35 aggregating to \0*4Rs. 55.54 *4lacs were drawn during the year from
0360H35 the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Limited,
0370H35 for meeting the cost of the second high-pressure boiler and
0380H35 the Company*'s expansion and modernisation programmes. $9. ^The Company
0390H35 has repaid \0*4Rs. 48.91 *4lacs in respect of loans availed
0400H35 of from the Industrial Finance Corporation of India and the Industrial
0410H35 Credit and Investment Corportation of India \0Ltd. ^The
0420H35 deferred payment liability has also been reduced by \0*4Rs. 91.51
0430H35 *4lacs. $10. ^Deposits from the public, employees, and their dependants
0440H35 and shareholders increased by \0*4rs. 113.14 *4lacs during the
0450H35 year and amounted to \0*4Rs. 879.52 *4lacs as on 30 june 1978. ^The
0460H35 Company had discontinued accepting fresh deposits with effect from
0470H35 12 june 1978, and is only accepting renewals for periods upto two
0500H35 years. $*<DEVELOPMENT REBATE AND INVESTMENT ALLOWANCE*> $11. ^Upon
0510H35 fulfilling the requirements laid down in the Income Tax Act, 1961,
0520H35 an amount of \0*4Rs. 20.16 *4lacs was transferred from the Development
0530H35 rebate Reserve to the Profit and Loss Account this year. $12.
0540H35 ^In terms of the Finance Act, 1976, your Company is entitled to_ claim
0550H35 \0*4Rs. 231 *4lacs by way of investment allowance on plant and machinery
0560H35 installed and commissioned during the year and has created the
0570H35 Statutory Investment Allowance Reserve or \0*4Rs. 174 *4lacs.
0580H35 $*<DEPRECIATION*> $13. ^Whereas in the previous years depreciation
0590H35 on new fixed assets was charged for the full year irrespective of
0600H35 the dates on which they were commissioned during the year, it has
0610H35 now been decided to_ provide depreciation on identifiable units of
0620H35 fixed assets of substantial value only from the actual date of commissioning.
0630H35 ^This change in the method of charging depreciation in the
0640H35 accounts of the Company has resulted in a decrease of \0*4Rs. 57
0650H35 *4lacs in the amount provided for depreciation for the year. $<INVESTMENTS*>
0660H35 $14. in order to_ facilitate investments by the Company,
0670H35 a wholly-owned investment subsidiary company was formed during the
0690H35 year under the name of Roshan Investments Limited with an authorised
0700H35 capital of \0*4Rs. 50 *4lacs. ^Your Company subscribed \0*4Rs.
0710H35 24.64 *4lacs towards its share capital and also advanced to it
0720H35 loans aggregating to \0*4Rs. 80 *4lacs. ^The Annual Report and Accounts
0730H35 of Roshan Investments Limited are appended. $15. ^Your Company
0740H35 sold its holdings of 31,721 shares of Rallis India Limited
0750H35 and 1,50,411 shares of Excel Industries Limited to its subsidiary,
0760H35 Roshan Investments Limited, and earned a tax-free profit of \0*4Rs.
0770H35 45 *4lacs which has been shown in the Accounts of the year
0780H35 and set apart as a Capital Reserve. $*<OPERATIONS*> $16. ^During
0790H35 the year under report production of Caustic Soda increased by
0800H35 12%, of \0BHC by 36%, and of Liquid Bromine by 8%, but, for the
0810H35 first time in eight years, the production of Soda Ash declined
0820H35 and was about 5% less than in 1976-77. ^Refined Sodium Bicarbonate
0830H35 was also less by 5% as compared to previous year. ^This unhappy result
0840H35 was brought about by prolonged outages on the boiler and the topping
0850H35 turbo-generator in the initial part of the year, a severe setback
0860H35 in lime burning capacity due to the poor quality of coke, a shortage
0870H35 of make-up water for the boilers and the premature failure of linings
0880H35 in the lime kilns during the latter part of the year. $*<SALES*>
0890H35 $17. ^The value of sales of chemical products at \0*4Rs. 41.25
0900H35 *4crores was higher by about 13% compared to that_ of the preceding
0910H35 year. ^*Soda Ash, Sodium Bicarbonate, Caustic Soda, Bromine
0920H35 and Vacuum Salt contribute to this result. $18. ^The sale of Soda
0930H35 Ash was sluggish during the major part of the year and consumers*'
0931H35 requirements could be met in full
0940H35 until the end of March 1978. ^However, a sudden and unexpected shortage
0950H35 of Soda Ash emerged during the subsequent months and the Company
0960H35 was compelled to_ limit from 1 May 1978, the supply of Soda
0970H35 Ash to its regular industrial customers to the level of their actual
0980H35 take-off during the nine month period ending 31 march 1978, when
0990H35 the supplies of Soda Ash were still freely available. ^As shortage
1000H35 conditions continued to_ worsen, while production at Mithapur remained
1010H35 depressed, the Company pleaded with Government to_ import
1020H35 Soda Ash. ^This did not bear fruit in time, and the Company was
1030H35 compelled, reluctantly, to_ restrict supplies only to actual industial
1040H35 users. $19. ^All the Company*'s products, for which the Indian
1050H35 Standards Specifications have been laid down, continue to_ be sold
1060H35 under the \0I.S. Certification Mark and are highly regarded by
1070H35 the customers all over India. $<SHIPPING DIVISION*> $20. ^As
1080H35 shareholders were informed in last year*'s report, the Company had
1090H35 applied for \0MRTP clearance of their project although advised
1100H35 that it was not strictly necessary. ^The clearance was duly obtained
1110H35 in October 1977. ^In the meantime the arrangements made with the
1120H35 Great Eastern Shipping Company Limited for the lease-cum-purchase
1130H35 of the second ship, \0m.v. Jag Darshan, lapsed and your Directors
1140H35 did not revive them as the freight markets had, in the meantime,
1150H35 further declined. $21. ^The Shipping Division incurred an operating
1160H35 cash loss of \0*4Rs. 69 *4lacs, besides depreciation for which
1170H35 a provision of \0*4Rs. 44 *4lacs has been made in the Profit and
1180H35 Loss Account. $22. ^Your Directors are naturally deeply concerned
1190H35 about the results of the Shipping Division which have turned out
1200H35 to_ be worse than were anticipated at the time of entry into Shipping
1210H35 and have under constant consideration possible measures to_
1220H35 meet this situation. $*<DEVELOPMENT*> $23. ^New plant and machinery
1230H35 worth \0*4Rs. 961 *4lacs were installed and commissioned during
1240H35 the year. ^This importantly, included the second high-pressure
1250H35 boiler at a capital cost of \0*4Rs. 716 *4lacs. ^The full benefit from
1260H35 this boiler will, however, only be realised when the coal supply
1270H35 position improves, production goes up and the second topping turbo-generator
1280H35 is installed. $24. ^The phased development of saltworks in
1290H35 Kalyanpur Mahal continues to_ make satisfactory progress. ^During
1300H35 the year, the extension of the condensors and the installation of
1310H35 a major sea-water pumping station were taken in hand. $25. ^With a
1320H35 view to eliminating the need for the transport of solid salt over long
1330H35 distances, the crystallisers at Mithapur have been further extended
1340H35 and new crystallisers are being built at Samlasar where, eventually,
1350H35 salt will be dissolved and the resulting brine transported by
1360H35 the pipeline to Mithapur. $*<INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS*> $26. ^As
1370H35 reported to the shareholders last year, your Company appealed to
1380H35 the Supreme Court against the award of the Industrial Tribunal
1390H35 which, in response to claims put forward by a non-recognised minority
1400H35 union, by linking the dearness allowance payable to the Company*'s
1410H35 employees at Mithapur with the dearness allowance rates payable
1420H35 to the textile industry of Ahmedabad, had upset the concept
1430H35 that wage and dearness allowance rates be determined on industry-cum-regionwise
1440H35 basis and had also upset the basic principle of bi-partite
1450H35 collective bargaining laid down in the Code of Discipline evolved
1460H35 at the Indian Labour Conference in 1958. $27. ^The Supreme
1470H35 Court has upheld the Industrial Tribunal*'s Award, as a result
1480H35 of which, with effect from 1 Februrary 1975, the Company will have
1490H35 to_ pay dearness allowance to its employees at a very much higher
1500H35 rate. $28. ^As a result of the Supreme Court Judgement, the 3-year
1510H35 settlement arrived at with the recognised Union on the expiry of
1520H35 the 1973 agreement has had to_ be filed with the Industrial Tribunal
1530H35 for an award in the face of counter-claims by the minority union.
1540H35 ^The Management*'s sincere attempt to_ bring the two unions together
1550H35 in order to_ avoid multiple litigation and long delay in arriving
1560H35 at a settlement unfortunately has failed. $29. ^In regard to the
1570H35 demands of the Staff Union, as distinct from the Workers*' Union,
1580H35 it was reported last year that pending a final Settlement or Award
1590H35 the Industrial Tribunal had granted an interim relief of \0*4Rs.
1600H35 80/- per month to employees who were admittedly falling within the
1610H35 category of 'workmen.' ^Efforts were made several times thereafter
1620H35 to_ negotiate a settlement. ^As these failed and as the dispute had
1630H35 been pending for a long time, the Management voluntarily increased
1640H35 the emoluments of the staff so as to_ maintain *7inter-se parity
1650H35 between the various sections of the employees. ^This was without prejudice
1660H35 to the Company*'s contention that barring those admitted as
1670H35 'workmen', no other member of the supervisory staff was covered by
1680H35 the Industrial Disputes Act. ^The adjudication proceedings before
1690H35 the Industrial Tribunal are pending. $30. ^Despite the protracted
1700H35 proceedings mentioned above, the day-to-day relations between the
1710H35 Management and its employees continue to_ be harmonious. $*<DONATIONS*>
1720H35 $31. ^During the year, donations amounting to \0*4Rs. 3.75
1730H35 *4lacs, were sanctioned for various educational, social and charitable
1740H35 causes and for promotion of research. $*<DIRECTORATE*> $32.
1750H35 ^In accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act, 1956,
1760H35 and the Company*'s Articles of Association, three of your Directors,
1770H35 \0Mr. *(0C. H.*) bhabha, \0Mr. *(0D. M.*) Ghia and \0Mr.
1780H35 Harshavadan Mangaldas retire by rotation and are eligible for
1790H35 re-appointment. $33. \0^*Mr. *(0S. J.*) Coelho, who had been the
1800H35 Gujarat Government nominee on the Board of this Company since
1810H35 4 August 1976 resigned on 15 February 1978. ^The Board placed on
1820H35 record their warm appreciation of the interest that_ \0Mr. Coelho
1830H35 took in the Company*'s affairs and the support he extended to the
1840H35 Company as a nominee of the Government of Gujarat. $34. ^In the
1850H35 vacancy caused by the resignation of \0Mr. *(0S. J.*) Coelho,
1860H35 the Government of Gujarat nominated, and the Directors pursuant
1870H35 to Article 129 of the Articles of Association, appointed \0Mr.
1880H35 *(0S. M.*) Ghosh, Secretary to the Government of Gujarat, Industries,
1890H35 Mines and Power Department, as a Director of the Company with
1900H35 effect from 7 March 1978. \0Mr. Ghosh also resigned with effect
1910H35 from 14 July 1978 on his being appointed as the Secretary (Energy
1920H35 and Research), Government of Gujarat. $35. ^In place of \0Mr.
1930H35 Ghosh, the Government of Gujarat have nominated and the Directors
1940H35 have appointed \0Mr. *(0M. G.*) Shah, Secretary, Government
1950H35 of Gujarat, Industries, Mines and Power Department, as a Director
1960H35 of the Company with effect from 21 July 1978.*#
        **[no. of words = o2034**]

        **[txt. h36**]
0010H36 **<UNEMPOLYMENT IN THIRD WORLD: \0*I*L*'s 'basic goods' approach holds
0020H36 promise**> $(\0^*Mr. Naval *(0H.*) Tata, President of the Employers*'
0030H36 Federation of India, who has been representing Indian employers
0040H36 on the international Labour Organisation for more than a quarter
0050H36 of a century now, was re-elected in 1978 to the Governing Body
0060H36 of the \0ILO for another three-year term. \0^*Mr. Tata first
0070H36 went to the \0ILO as the Delegate of Indian employers in 1951.
0080H36 ^His deep knowledge of the problems of industry and labour and his
0090H36 long service to the ideal of industrial harmony have made him an outstanding
0100H36 spokesman both at home and abroad on industrial and labour
0110H36 matters. ^In his address to_ the International Labour Conference
0120H36 concluded at Geneva, \0Mr. Tata commended to the Third World
0130H36 the \0ILO*'s "basic goods" approach for solving their colossal unemployment
0140H36 problem-- Editor). $*3^Unemployement was highlighted by
0150H36 \0Mr. Naval *(0H.*) Tata as the most challenging problem facing the
0160H36 developing world, at the 64th Session of the International Labour
0170H36 Conference held at Geneva recently. $^In his address to the Conference,
0180H36 \0Mr. Tata also referred to the question of the right
0190H36 of employees in Government and essential services to_ join trade
0200H36 unions, to collective bargaining and to strike. $^Describing the withdrawal
0210H36 of the United States of America from the \0ILO as "tragic",
0220H36 the President of the Employers*' Federation of India appealed
0230H36 to the \0US to_ reconsider its decision. $^Referring to the problem
0240H36 of unemployment, \0Mr. Tata said the projections made by the
0250H36 \0ILO revealed a staggering situation where the developing countries
0260H36 would need to_ create 922 million new jobs from the beginning of
0270H36 the current decade to the turn of the century which would mean nearly
0280H36 doubling the number of jobs that_ existed at present. $*<*363 Million
0290H36 Jobs*> $^The labour force of India alone, on that_ basis,
0300H36 was expected to_ increase by 63 million during the current decade.
0310H36 "^Would we have the capacity for job creation at this colossal rate,
0320H36 when, as it is, we are suffering from widespread unemployment through
0330H36 nearly one hundred thousand new entrants knocking at the door
0340H36 of employment every week?" \0Mr. Tata asked. $^Over the decades,
0350H36 with progressive industrialisation in many countries of the world,
0360H36 there had been a concentrated movement of people from farms to cities
0370H36 and the trend appeared to_ be gathering momentum. ^Hence, the question
0390H36 of employment had to_ be tackled both for the rural and the
0400H36 urban sectors, he added. $^Stating that as many as 224 million people
0410H36 in India alone were languishing below the poverty line, \0Mr. Tata
0420H36 said that the problem could only be tackled through massive investment
0430H36 in the rural areas and by creating appropriate infrastructure
0440H36 for extensive agro-economic industries which should be more labour-intensive
0450H36 and require less capital. ^In addition, efforts would have
0460H36 to_ be made for establishing small-scale industries with active promotion
0470H36 of self-employment. $*<*3"Basic Goods"*> $^He referred
0480H36 in this context to the call given by the \0ILO at the World Employment
0490H36 Conference in 1976 for adopting the "basic goods" approach
0500H36 to economic development in an endeavour to_ ameliorate mass poverty.
0510H36 ^It had laid down guidelines for practical action both by the developing
0520H36 and the developed countries in order to_ achieve the goal of
0530H36 growth with social justice. $^Such an approach held the promise for
0540H36 generating an enormous volume of employment both in the rural and urban
0550H36 sectors. \0^*Mr. Tata said that for three decades since the end
0560H36 of World War *=2, the developing nations had resorted to_ diverse
0570H36 strategies for relieving mass poverty, ranging from industrialisation,
0580H36 import substitution, export expansion, population control, trade
0590H36 with rather than aid from, developed countries and a shift from rapid
0600H36 industrialisation to rapid agricultural growth. $^It was, however,
0610H36 surprising that throughout these diversified approaches they never
0620H36 lost their faith in the "gross national product" to_ minimise, if
0630H36 not eliminate, proverty. \0^*Mr. Tata pointed out that \0Mr. Robert
0640H36 McNamara of the World Bank had attacked "this act of faith
0650H36 by pointing out that even where high \0GNP growth rates have been
0660H36 achieved, the benefits have bypassed the poorest of the poor." $\0^*Mr.
0670H36 Tata asserted that it was no wonder that the world at large
0680H36 in this mood had now turned to the \0ILO philosophy of basic needs.
0690H36 ^The \0ILO estimated that there were 300 million people in
0700H36 the Third World now out of work. ^It had been said in some quarters
0710H36 that "If only we could have put them to work, we may have found
0720H36 a solution to this highly difficult global problem. ^Unless we do so,
0730H36 we will be once again groping in the dark for yet another solution."
0740H36 ^The \0ILO would assess and evaluate the success of its world
0750H36 employment programme at its next conference. $*<*3New Awareness*>
0760H36 $\0^*Mr. tata was happy that the \0ILO had at least created
0770H36 a new awareness amongst the developed and developing countries about
0780H36 the social objectives to_ be achieved while pursuing economic growth
0790H36 and had set many governments thinking and planning. ^The \0ILO*'s
0800H36 call for the integration of efforts by the rich and the poor countries
0810H36 in this common cause deserved response and he expressed the
0820H36 hope that the inordinately long North South dialogue would at last
0830H36 produce worthwhile results. $\0^*Mr. Tata told the session that
0840H36 there had been considerable shift in public opinion all over the world
0850H36 on the question of the rights of employees in Government and in
0860H36 essential services to_ join unions and to_ bargain collectively, and
0870H36 whether they should be allowed to_ strike. ^If these workers were
0880H36 to_ be denied such rights, it was legitimate to_ ask as to what alternatives
0890H36 were there to_ guarantee them equitable wages and working
0900H36 conditions in the absence of free and unrestrained collective bargaining.
0910H36 ^It was true, he said, that some countries had either prohibited
0920H36 strikes or imposed heavy penalties. ^Admittedly, merely denying
0930H36 the right to strike or imposing heavy penalties for such strikes without
0940H36 providing for acceptable procedures to_ resolve them was too
0950H36 one-sided an approach. $"^Let us, therefore, look for a clue in the
0960H36 Conventions of the \0ILO that_ deal with the Freedom of Association.
0970H36 ^In these Conventions there is no specific mention of the
0980H36 word 'strike'; but the decisions of the Committee on Freedom of
1010H36 Association have establiished reciprocity between strike and lockout
1020H36 by implication. ^The former was intended to_ be the ultimate action
1030H36 of the employees and the latter as the ultimate remedy of the
1040H36 employers. ^The Freedom of Association Conventions (87 & 98) were
1050H36 admittedly basic to the enjoyment of trade union rights. ^The 'Right
1060H36 to_ form Associations or Unions' was also a Fundamental Right in
1070H36 the Constitution of India. ^Even so, the Founding Fathers had
1080H36 considered it necessary to_ provide that reasonable restrictions might
1090H36 be imposed by law on the exercise of such right in the public interest.
1100H36 ^Such a provision was absolutely necessary if the rights were
1110H36 to_ be exercised without detriment to equal and similar rights
1120H36 of other citizens and such a limitation was eminently justified under
1130H36 the jurisprudence of democratic countries. ^However, Conventions
1140H36 87 and 98 were broadly worded and extensive in their scope. ^Consequently,
1150H36 many countries, including mine, had not found it possible to_
1160H36 ratify them, more for technical reasons than for non compliance
1170H36 in spirit." $\0^*Mr. Tata suggested that the new instrument now proposed
1180H36 should take due note of the reluctance or inability of a large
1190H36 number of countries to_ ratify these conventions. "^We should also
1200H36 analyse the reasons for such reluctance." ^It must be recognised that
1210H36 employment under Government involed a different kind of relationship
1220H36 between the employer and the employee from what existed in a private
1230H36 sector enterprise or in an industrial undertaking within the public
1240H36 sector. ^The nature of duties and the privileges and rights which
1250H36 an employee enjoyed in a public sector industry, both by constitution
1260H36 and tradition, were vastly different from those of his counterpart
1270H36 in the service sector of the government. ^The public servant had
1280H36 to_ perform functions which the State, as a Sovereign, could not
1290H36 abandon and he could not be absolved of his responsibility under any
1300H36 circumstances. ^Therefore, while the right to_ organise could not
1310H36 be denied to a public servant, a different procedure had to_ be
1320H36 found for the settlement of disputes. $\0^*Mr. Tata said that he had
1330H36 often pleaded that there was no parity between an industrial employer
1340H36 and the Government as an employer. "^Can the Government close
1350H36 down its services such as post and telegraphs, hospitals, communications
1360H36 and numerous other administrative functions performed by public
1370H56 servants, including maintenance of law and order and preserving
1380H36 and protecting the judiciary? ^If the answer was no, then the employees
1390H36 in such services should, in fairness, voluntarily forego their
1400H36 right to_ strike. after all, as I have said before, strike and lock-out
1410H36 were reciprocal weapons and one cannot be resorted to in the
1420H36 absence of the other. ^In fact, the absence of such reciprocity would
1430H36 render the process of collective bargaining meaningless. $"^In view
1440H36 of the basic difference in the nature of employment, I would, with
1450H36 great respect, submit that a Government employee should only be
1460H36 recruited on a clear contractual understanding, that he voluntarily
1470H36 surrenders his right to_ strike since the Government cannot lock
1480H36 him out. ^Any new instrument to_ be adopted should re-affirm that
1490H36 the recognition of the principle of freedom of association, whilst
1500H36 giving him the right to_ organise and bargain collectively does not
1510H36 necessarily imply the right to_ strike. ^Any limitations on such
1520H36 right for direct action in essential services, strictly defined, are
1530H36 not in conflict with this principle, since the employer likewise has
1540H36 no scope for direct action. ^As an alternative, foolproof machinery
1550H36 should be provided to_ settle a dispute, subject to the overriding
1560H36 right of the Government, to_ offer conciliation, mediation or voluntary
1570H36 arbitration, and failing that_, the dispute must be subjected
1580H36 to compulsory adjudication. ^Unless we accept such restraint in the
1590H36 matter of public servants, I am afraid the spirit of Conventions
1600H36 87 and 98 may be grossly misinterpreted. $"^Any disregard of such implied
1610H36 spirit behind these conventions can, through paralysing strikes
1620H36 in sensitive areas, stop the pulse of a nation. ^Since establishing
1630H36 trade union rights through an \0ILO Convention was never intended
1640H36 to_ bring about such a catastrophe, I sincerely feel that in
1650H36 the absence of a clear interpretation we would be doing a great disservice
1660H36 to the \0ILO by failing to_ clarify such perplexity." $*<\0*3US
1670H36 *3Withdrawal*> $^Referring to the "unfortunate withdrawal"
1680H36 of the United States from the \0ILO \0Mr. Tata said it was
1690H36 indeed painful that it should happen to the \0ILO, which took pride
1700H36 in the doctrine of universality in terms of its constituents. ^It
1710H36 was all the more tragic since it was an eminent \0U.S. Trade Union
1720H36 leader, Samuel Gompers who originated the concept of tripartism,
1730H36 a feature so unique amongst international organisations. ^Hence
1740H36 it called for serious introspection by each one of them over what must
1750H36 have been responsible for this breach in the bonds that_
1760H36 kept them together as members of the \0ILO in pursuit of social justice.
1770H36 $\0^*Mr. Tata said that another feature which caused misunderstanding
1780H36 among the constituents was the over enthusiastic support
1790H36 they gave, whilst framing numerous Conventions expecting every member
1800H36 to_ honour them. ^However, at the time of implementation, on the
1810H36 plea of sovereign rights, some States resented any form of investigation,
1820H36 particularly in the matter of "Freedom of Association." $^He
1830H36 said that often members who were critical of the violations of these
1840H36 Conventions in other countries were reluctant to_ tolerate questions
1850H36 regarding their own States. ^Such an attitude gave rise to allegations
1860H36 of double standards in applying these Conventions. ^Another
1870H36 unfortunate feature of discord was that regardless of any relevance
1880H36 to the agenda, discussions and debates were permitted on resolutions
1890H36 beyond the \0ILO*'s scope and competence. $^Having expressed
1900H36 his disappointment at the \0US decision to_ withdraw, \0Mr. Tata
1910H36 appealed to them to_ reconsider their decision. ^He said that by
1920H36 isolating themselves from any international dialogue on social justice,
1930H36 the \0US had unfortunately deprived the world of the impact of
1940H36 their great prestige and stature on socio-economic problems of the
1950H36 world.*#
        **[no. of words = 02004**]

        **[txt. h37**]
0010H37 **<*3WORKSHOP IN CHEMISTRY AT HOMI BHABHA LIBRARY*0**> $^The construction
0020H37 of simple molecules and the different shapes of molecules were
0030H37 demonstrated with the use of inexpensive balloons at a Workshop
0040H37 in Chemistry held recently in the Homi Bhabha Memorial Science
0050H37 Teachers*' Library in Bombay. $^With the 2-member faculty consisting
0060H37 of \0Prof. *(0C. S.*) Warke of the Tata Institute of Fundamental
0070H37 Research and \0Prof. *(0B. M.*) Deb of the Indian Institute
0080H37 of Technology, Powai, the Workshop was attended by 28 teachers
0090H37 from 25 schools and junior colleges. \0^*Prof. Warke dealt with
0100H37 the hydrogen atom and the structure of matter and light, while \0Prof.
0110H37 Deb lectured on the different types of bonds and shapes of molecules.
0120H37 $^The participants were given 3 assignment sheets in the course
0130H37 of the Workshop and had to_ solve the problems during the appropriate
0140H37 session. ^Some of the difficult problems were then discussed
0150H37 with assistance from \0Prof. Warke. $^After seeing the construction
0160H37 of simple molecules with the use of balloons, the participants were
0170H37 made to_ construct two models of compounds using the same material,
0180H37 which they did with great enthusiasm. $^The Workshop included the
0190H37 screening of the films "The Hydrogen Atom", "The Rutherford
0200H37 Atom" and "Chemical Bonds", followed by a visit to the Tata Institute
0210H37 of Fundamental Research where the teachers were able to_ examine
0220H37 the molecular structure of compounds on sophisticated instruments
0230H37 like Nuclear Magnetic Resonance used by research scientists.
0240H37 $^It was evident to all concerned that such activity-oriented Workshops
0250H37 help the teachers to_ comprehend difficult concepts of science
0260H37 and there was a unanimous feeling among teachers for more such Workshops
0270H37 in future. $*<*3INTERACTION BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS*0*>
0280H37 $^Public sector industries engaged in the production of goods and
0290H37 services should have norms, controls and procedures totally different
0300H37 from those applied for controlling revenue expenditure in the rest
0310H37 of the Government sector, said \0Mr. *(0M. J.*) Shaikhali,
0320H37 Deputy General Manager (Human Resource) \0Telco, Jamshedpur,
0330H37 recently. $^He was presenting a paper on "Interaction between
0340H37 public sector and private sector" at a convention of public sector
0350H37 enterprises in Bihar held at Patna under the auspices of the Bureau
0360H37 of Public Enterprises. $^When the Government spent money on activites
0370H37 relating to the production of material like steel or products
0380H37 like pharmaceuticals, it did not merely incur an expenditure. ^The
0390H37 expenditure was an investment because the money was not just an outflow
0400H37 of cash but an input for production which would increase the national
0410H37 income. ^And the norms, controls and procedures for governing
0420H37 this type of expenditure should be such as would stimulate and not
0430H37 stifle productive activities in the core sector so essential for
0440H37 the growth of the Indian economy, he said. $\0^*Mr. Shaikhali said
0450H37 that at present such a distinction had not been made and a few individuals
0460H37 who had attempted to_ make this distinction and showed managerial,
0470H37 risk-taking and decision-making abilities had not always been
0480H37 encouraged or rewarded. $^He suggested the application of the system
0490H37 of target-setting for organisations and individuals. ^The appraisal
0500H37 of performance should be based on achievement against targets.
0510H37 ^The rewards and promotions should be linked to merit. ^The gap between
0520H37 the need of an individual and the need of an organisation could
0530H37 be minimised by following a result-oriented approach wherein jobs would
0540H37 be defined and the authority and accountability specified. $^The
0550H37 need of the hour was not to_ worry about any distinction between
0560H37 the public and private sectors. ^According to him, the problems facing
0570H37 the country were of a magnitude which required the optimum efforts
0580H37 of each and every individual. $\0^*Mr. Shaikhali emphasised that
0590H37 "all of us" belonged to the national sector and it was our task to_
0600H37 strive to_ maximise production before the events projected by the
0610H37 futurologists engulfed us. $^He felt that "interaction" between the
0620H37 larger units in the private sector and the public sector should be
0630H37 in the form of "experience-sharing and problem-solving". ^This could
0640H37 be arranged through a common platform where managers from both the
0650H37 sectors could come as professionals, pose their problems and seek solutions.
0670H37 $**<\0*3TRC *3LAUNCHES RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN CYCLONE-AFFECTED
0680H37 AREAS IN ANDHRA PRADESH*0**> $^Community Centres which will serve
0690H37 as protective shelters during times of emergency, will form an
0700H37 innovative feature of a relief and rural development programme, costing
0710H37 about \0*4Rs. 55 *4lakhs, launched recently by the Tata Relief
0720H37 Committee in the cyclone-affected areas of Andhra Pradesh. $^On
0730H37 the basis of detailed project reports submitted by the study teams
0740H37 deputed at the instance of \0Mr. *(0J. R. D.*) Tata immediately
0750H37 after the disaster, the Committee worked out a comprehensive scheme,
0760H37 in consultation with Andhra Government authorities, for some of
0770H37 the worst affected areas of the State, which are in the Divi Taluka
0780H37 in Krishna District and the Repalle Taluka in Guntur District.
0790H37 $^Construction of 350 houses in Nali and Francispuram in
0800H37 Divi Taluka and 200 houses in Nakshatranagar in Repalle Taluka is
0810H37 an important part of the development programme. ^Nine Community Centres
0820H37 which are to_ be constructed in Divi and one large and four
0830H37 medium-size Community Centres in Repalle will be utilised for various
0840H37 welfare activities of the people in normal times and serve as
0850H37 protective shelters during an emergency of the kind that_ occurred
0860H37 in November 1977. $^The cost of the whole \0*4Rs. 55-*4lakh programme
0870H37 is being met to the extent of \0*4rs. 41 *4lakhs by the Tata
0880H37 Companies, the balance coming from the employees of the Tata Companies.
0890H37 $^Some Tata Companies have also placed the services of their
0900H37 civil engineers and architects at the disposal of the Committee.
0910H37 $^The Committee adopted two designs for the new houses, one of which
0920H37 is round in shape and the other octagonal. ^Every housing unit will
0930H37 cost about \0*4Rs. 7,500. ^Provision is also being made for providing
0940H37 drinking water where it is not available. $^A senior deputy civil
0950H37 engineer of one of the Companies has been specially sent to Repalle
0960H37 to_ undertake the re-building of the salt works that_ had been
0970H37 washed away by the tidal wave. ^These works are being cleared of
0980H37 the sand, rebuilt and rendered fit for salt production once again. $^Fishermen
0900H37 in the Kothapalem village will be given help to_ purchase
1000H37 or build boats and nets, together with an ice plant and cold storage
1010H37 facilities. ^The fishing community is being organised into a registered
1020H37 society which will be a subsidiary of "CHETNA", which is
1030H37 already functioning with the Governor of Andhra Pradesh as Chairman
1040H37 and the Chief Minster as President.
1050H37 $**<*3A WICKET TO THE FIRST BALL, A SIXER TO THE LAST AND THE*0
1060H37 *(0K. M.*) *3CHINNAPPA TROPHY TO*0 \0*3TOMCO*0**> $^The fourth
1070H37 Tata Inter-Companies Cricket Tournament conducted in Bombay
1080H37 recently offered a ten-day feast of cricket to the lovers of the game
1090H37 who, besides seeing some top Test and Ranji Trophy cricketers
1100H37 in action, witnessed quite a few keen contests, some razor-sharp finishes
1110H37 and a thrilling tie between \0Telco and \0Tomco. $^Such was
1120H37 the uncertainty of the outcome of the tournament that though the matches
1130H37 in the 'A' Division were contested on a league basis for ten
1140H37 days, the issue of Championship was settled only on the last day with
1150H37 the last batting pair at the wicket and with only ten balls to_
1160H37 go. ^There was a see-saw battle in the tension-charged final which
1170H37 saw \0Tomco emerge as the Tata Cricket Champions for 1978-79 and
1180H37 take the *(0K. M.*) Chinnappa Trophy but with the margin of only
1190H37 half a point over Tata Chemicals. $^This is \0Tomco*'s first ever
1200H37 Championship victory in the tournament. ^The Chemicals team, unbeaten
1210H37 till then, gave a splendid performance in the competition. $^The
1220H37 tournament this year was conducted through two Divisions, 'A' and
1230H37 'B', to_ make it more competitive. ^The five strong teams which
1240H37 participated in the 'A' Division were \0Tisco, \0Telco, \0Tomco,
1250H37 Electric and Chemicals. $^The 'B' Division matches were played
1260H37 on a knock-out basis by eight teams, namely, Indian Hotels, Tata
1270H37 Press, Tata Sons, \0TIFR Tata Textiles, Voltas, Indian
1280H37 Tube and Tata-robins-fraser. ^However, the encounters in this division
1290H37 were not as closely fought as the senior division ones. ^The
1300H37 \0ITC team proved too good for their opponents and won the newly
1310H37 introduced *(0A. B.*) Kerkar Trophy defeating Voltas with ease
1320H37 in the final. $^The sweltering heat of one of the severest summers
1330H37 in Bombay did not dampen the spirit of either the Tata cricketers
1340H37 or the cricket-loving public. ^The matches, which were played on the
1350H37 Parsee Gymkhana grounds and the Cross *4Maidan, were watched by
1360H37 crowds that_ swelled with every succeeding contest and found day-to-day
1370H37 coverage in the national press. $^Over 150 cricketers, including
1371H37 some 50 who had come from Jamshedpur, Mithapur, Pune and Calcucutta
1372H37 played in the competition. ^As many as
1380H37 six Test stars and 30 first class cricketers
1390H37 did duty for the teams of their respective Companies. $^*Tata Electric,
1400H37 with the ranking of the Times of India 'A' Division team,
1410H37 and with the services of Test Cricketer Dilip Vengsarkar, were
1420H37 considered the hot favourites to_ retain the Trophy. $\0^*Tomco, led
1430H37 by former Test opener Sudhir Naik, were served well by Sandeep
1440H37 Patil, Ajit Naik, Suresh Deobhakta, Prashant Karekar and Raja
1450H37 Manohar while \0Tisco captained by Ramesh Saxena had Milind
1460H37 Rege, Ranjan Baindoor, Anil Bharadwaj, *(0M.*) Bhalla, Naren
1470H37 Tamhane and *(0B. R.*) Irani. $^*Chemicals were handicapped by the
1480H37 absence of their veteran spinner Padmakar Shivalkar but their diminutive
1490H37 Test star Ramnath Parkar rose to the occasion to_ mould
1500H37 the young team into a fighting combination. $^The match between \0Telco
1510H37 and \0Tomco produced the tie with the teams scoring 83 runs each
1520H37 all out-- something unprecedented in the history of cricket in the
1530H37 Tata Organisation. \0^*Tomco were also involved in three close finishes,
1540H37 two of which they won with only the last wicket in hand. $^True
1550H37 to the reputation of the glorious game of uncertainties, fortunes
1560H37 fluctuated in the final match from hour to hour and from session to
1570H37 session. \0^*Tomco, having shot out Chemicals for a moderate score
1580H37 of 131, seemed to_ be well on their way to victory with their stalwarts
1590H37 Sudhir Naik and Ajit Naik in the middle and the scoreboard
1600H37 showing a safe 101 for the loss of only three wickets. $^At this stage
1610H37 of the match, Jadeja and Parmar, the spinning duo of Chemicals
1620H37 struck a deadly form to_ reduce \0Tomco from 101 for three to 128
1630H37 for 9 wickets. $^With Nitin Churi and Yadav Pujari, \0Tomco*'s
1640H37 last two batsmen at the wicket, a maiden over was bowled followed
1650H37 by a run in the next over. $^Yet another maiden was bowled with tension
1660H37 gripping the Parsee Gymknana grounds. $\0^*Tomco needed four
1670H37 runs to_ win with 12 balls to_ go and without any batsmen in the pavilion.
1680H37 ^*Chemicals men once again readied themselves looking for the
1690H37 blood of the batsman at the striker*'s end as the first ball of the
1700H37 last but one over was bowled by Jadeja. ^Neither did they succeed
1710H37 nor did the batsman score off that_ ball. $^The time to_ do-or-die
1720H37 and to_ relieve the tension seemed to_ have arrived. ^*Nitin Churi,
1730H37 who had coolly faced six gruelling overs till then, took his stance
1740H37 and chose the very next delivery of Jadeja for severe punishment.
1750H37 ^He executed a clean and clear sixer which soared over the roof of
1760H37 the Parsee Gymkhana building and gave \0Tomco the *(0K. M.*)
1770H37 Chinnappa Trophy for the first time. $^What a tournament indeed which
1780H37 began by yielding a wicket to the very first ball bowled and ended
1790H37 with a sixer resulting from the last scoring stroke. $^*Ramnath
1800H37 Parkar was the consistent scorer for his side. ^His 126 not out against
1810H37 the Electric team was the best batting performance of the tournament.
1820H37 ^*Jodhsingh of \0Telco also registered a breezy ten against
1830H37 \0Tisco. ^*Milind Rege*'s knock of 96 against Electric and Visho
1840H37 Lele*'s 78 against Tata Sons were the other notable individual
1850H37 scores. $^Left-arm spinner Jagat Jadeja of Tata Chemicals turned
1860H37 out to_ be the 'discovery' of the tournament. ^He captured 20 wickets
1870H37 in four matches with 7 for 50 against the Electric as his prize
1880H37 winning effort. *(0^*S. D.*) Chaudhari of *itc bowled best against
1890H37 Voltas to_ bag 5 wickets for 15 runs in the 'B' Division.
1900H37 $^Cricket has been receiving Tata patronage for several years.*#
        **[no. of words = 02013**]