F01 001 **[144 TEXT F01**]
F01 002 |^*0Personality tests are widely used in managerial selection in New
F01 003 Zealand. ^But are they an accurate measure of how a candidate will
F01 004 perform on a job? ^*4Mike Smith *0and *4Dave George, *0of the
F01 005 Psychology Department, Massey University, critically evaluate such
F01 006 tests and come up with some disturbing conclusions.
F01 007 |^*4T*0he popularity of personality tests is not too difficult to
F01 008 understand. ^Many managers believe that certain personal qualities are
F01 009 needed to perform managerial jobs effectively.
F01 010    |^Personality tests look their part and appear superficially to
F01 011 do the job well. ^But there is no evidence that they can consistently
F01 012 predict future job performance.
F01 013    |^Unsophisticated test users tend to take the results of tests
F01 014 too literally. ^They are often impressed by the way tests assign
F01 015 numbers to people in an *"objective**" way, and can place undue
F01 016 emphasis on minor variations in scores.
F01 017    |^According to a survey conducted by Beryl Hesketh for the
F01 018 Institute of Personnel Management in 1974 the most popular test used
F01 019 by management is the 16 {0PF} personality questionnaire designed
F01 020 originally by Cattell and his colleagues in the {0USA} in the late
F01 021 1940s and early 1950s. ^We do not doubt from our experiences of New
F01 022 Zealand industry that the situation is any different today. ^The test
F01 023 appears to be used by a large number of organisations *- perhaps
F01 024 unwittingly if they use management consultants for hiring and are
F01 025 unaware of the procedures used.
F01 026    |^The test comes in a number of forms each of which contain up to
F01 027 187 questions. ^The test's aim is to ensure the selection of the ideal
F01 028 candidate for any particular position.
F01 029    |^The 16 {0PF} test has been administered to large numbers of
F01 030 people in America, Canada and the United Kingdom and provided in the
F01 031 extensive test manual are comparative profiles for different
F01 032 occupational groups. ^In this country we often talk about things being
F01 033 suited to New Zealand conditions but it would seem that many people in
F01 034 industry are not too concerned about foreign tests and their relevance
F01 035 to this country. ^The 16 {0PF} has been criticised by New Zealand
F01 036 psychologists because the personality dimensions that it measures have
F01 037 not been confirmed in this country.
F01 038    |^But the appeal of the 16 {0PF} continues today unabated. ^Users
F01 039 pay little attention to either the accuracy of the test in predicting
F01 040 future job performance or the dimensions which it seeks to measure.
F01 041    |^The test's popularity is partly due to its use by management
F01 042 consultants who require a general test which they can apply to a wide
F01 043 range of jobs. ^It has been made even more appealing by its creators'
F01 044 introducing of a shortened version of the test for industrial use.
F01 045 ^The designers appear to have succumbed to pressure from those who
F01 046 want a quick and easy way of measuring personality. ^The truth is no
F01 047 quick and easy way of measuring personality has shown itself to be
F01 048 consistently predictive of work-related success.
F01 049    |^Criticisms of personality tests for personnel selection do not
F01 050 rest on the 16 {0PF} alone. ^The problems of deception when the
F01 051 questionnaires are used are recognised by the necessity of a lie scale
F01 052 on some tests and a sabotage index for the 16 {0PF}. ^A method for
F01 053 detecting random and careless responses on such tests has even been
F01 054 proposed.
F01 055    |^An example of how applicants for a job can unwittingly *- or
F01 056 even deliberately *- deceive their employers is shown by an experiment
F01 057 in which we asked students to complete a personality questionnaire on
F01 058 two separate occasions for two distinct jobs. ^One was as a vacuum
F01 059 cleaner salesperson and the other an assistant to an anglican bishop.
F01 060 ^Students' responses and profiles varied significantly, demonstrating
F01 061 how candidates give the answers they think employers want to hear.
F01 062 ^There is no reason to believe that applicants don't behave in a
F01 063 similar way when going for real jobs. ^In fact the likelihood is that
F01 064 they do.
F01 065    |^William Whyte in his classic book the Organisation Man
F01 066 describes how to cheat on personality tests. ^He recognised a long
F01 067 time ago the problems of the instruments. ^The advice consists of
F01 068 making sure that for the personality dimension measured that you do
F01 069 not appear to be *"too odd**". *"^Try to give average responses for
F01 070 most of the questions so that your final profile does not appear too
F01 071 strange,**" was Whyte's advice. ^It is usually possible to work out
F01 072 for most items what is a good answer.
F01 073    |^Occupational psychologists have developed better methods of
F01 074 predicting job success, including work samples like the *"in Basket
F01 075 test.**" ^But managers often appear to prefer simplicity rather than
F01 076 taking selection seriously or investigating alternatives to some of
F01 077 the inadequate methods they use.
F01 078    |^Accurate personality tests would be invaluable in personnel
F01 079 selection. ^But even if reliable and valid personality assessment
F01 080 techniques were found they would be competing with the rather poor
F01 081 tests presently being used. ^Therefore, it is doubtful whether formal
F01 082 personality assessment should ever be preferred over selection methods
F01 083 based on the job.
F01 084    |^It is not illegal to be stupid about the way you go about
F01 085 selection in New Zealand. ^And it would appear that at the present
F01 086 time you don't really have to be sensible either about how well your
F01 087 selection procedure predicts future behaviour, if indeed that is what
F01 088 you are expecting it to do.
F01 089    |^We believe it is stupid to use personality tests, but at
F01 090 present the law does not legislate against stupidity since it is not
F01 091 proven that the tests are discriminatory. ^Personality tests do
F01 092 usually have a white American middle-class bias, however, and do not
F01 093 consider the multicultural aspects of New Zealand society. ^It may not
F01 094 be long before there are demands to do something about this. ^We
F01 095 believe New Zealand companies should act.
F01 096 *<*4Creative Problem Solving*>
F01 097    |^*0The effective solving of business problems is often hampered
F01 098 by a rigid approach. ^The real problem may be the way the ostensible
F01 099 problem is viewed. ^Then there are cases where managers know there is
F01 100 a problem but can't define it. ^Creative problem solving techniques
F01 101 can help. ^In the second of two articles, *4Owen Dennis *0outlines a
F01 102 five step process to isolate and solve practical business problems.
F01 103 ^Dennis has conducted a number of creative problem solving courses for
F01 104 companies and the Canterbury division of {0NZIM}.
F01 105 |^*4A*0listair Young, managing director of Spiraloc Tubing had a
F01 106 problem. ^For some time, Alistair had been trying to develop a quick,
F01 107 efficient way of bending metal flue tubes, instead of the old cut and
F01 108 weld method.
F01 109    |^While on holiday in Fiji, sipping an iced drink at the hotel
F01 110 poolside, he observed that the drinking straw had a flexible joint,
F01 111 making it easy to bend. ^After returning to Christchurch, he designed
F01 112 a machine to produce a bend in a tube using the flexible straw
F01 113 principle, and the Spiraloc tube problem was solved.
F01 114    |^The flue bending problem was presented as an exercise during a
F01 115 creative thinking course in Christchurch. ^Using problem-solving
F01 116 techniques developed by the Creative Education Foundation, a similar
F01 117 solution was reached in 35 minutes, by comparing the bending of the
F01 118 metal tube to the opening of a piano accordion bellows. ^Women in the
F01 119 group had earlier suggested the hooped effect resulting from starched
F01 120 Victorian type underskirts, and this triggered off the relationship
F01 121 with a piano accordion.
F01 122    |^Creative problem-solving techniques are best applied to
F01 123 unstructured or open**[ARB**]-ended problems, such as how to create a
F01 124 new product or improve a manufacturing process or increase sales. ^In
F01 125 contrast, the selection of a car, for example, would be a structured
F01 126 problem, requiring relatively routine, analytical thinking on
F01 127 function, price and reliability.
F01 128    |^The creative problem solving process starts at the *4fuzzy mess
F01 129 *0stage, where there is an awareness that a problem exists, but no
F01 130 certainty as to what it is. ^Use the five step creative problem
F01 131 solving process, developed by the Creative Education Foundation, to
F01 132 solve your problems. ^Use the process as a guide, not a formula.
F01 133 *<*41. Fact finding*>
F01 134    |^*0List all the facts you know or need. ^The more facts fed into
F01 135 the imagination, the easier it is to generate ideas.
F01 136 |^Ask: Who, What, Where, When, Why, How.
F01 137    |^*4Problem: ^*0Macpac Wilderness Equipment wanted to increase
F01 138 the warmth of its Macpac sleeping bags. ^Initial fact finding
F01 139 concentrated on size, weight and materials, but was widened to include
F01 140 factors causing heat loss from the body. ^Manager Bruce McIntyre
F01 141 commented that this widening shifted thinking away from sleeping bag
F01 142 construction to looking at generating heat from some alternative
F01 143 source. ^The project is still current, so watch out for the sleeping
F01 144 bag with the built in electric blanket!
F01 145 *<*42. Problem finding*>
F01 146    |^*0Begin with a wide, broad statement; ask *"why?**"; frame the
F01 147 answer *"because...**"; and then ask *"^In what ways might I...?**",
F01 148 until you have a number of restatements or sub-problems. ^From these,
F01 149 select the one which you consider most applicable to the problem.
F01 150    |^*4Problem: ^*0A cafeteria supervisor wondered what new approach
F01 151 she could take when telling an employee her services were no longer
F01 152 needed. ^Fact finding revealed that staff were not using the
F01 153 cafeteria. ^Problem redefined: how can staff be encouraged to use the
F01 154 cafeteria? ^A number of ideas were generated, and so the staff member
F01 155 kept her job.
F01 156    |^*4Problem: ^*0Preventing sparks from motor-mowers setting fire
F01 157 to grass surrounding the Malaysian National Oil Company's oil tanks.
F01 158 ^Redefined, the problem became: how to keep the grass short.
F01 159 ^Solution: graze sheep. ^There were a number of limitations on the
F01 160 problem, preventing the use of more permanent material being used as
F01 161 tank surrounds.
F01 162 *<*43. Idea finding*>
F01 163    |^*0David Ogilvy set out his recipe for idea finding in
F01 164 *1Confessions of an Advertising Man:
F01 165 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F01 166    |^*0For those who do not have time for long hot baths or walks in
F01 167 the country, the following techniques have proved most successful in
F01 168 idea finding. ^While using these techniques, observe the basic rule of
F01 169 idea finding: *4think first *0and *4judge later. ^*0Write down all and
F01 170 any ideas that come into your mind no matter how unconnected with your
F01 171 problem. ^One idea may trigger another which may prove to be the
F01 172 solution to your problem. ^Some of the techniques are:
F01 173    |*?31 ^*4Random word selection.
F01 174 ^*0Open a dictionary, choose one word which has no logical
F01 175 relationship to your problem, and use it as a trigger for ideas.
F01 176    |^*4Problem: ^*0Improvements needed to staff cafeteria. ^The word
F01 177 *"pocket**" was chosen. ^This led from pocket Oxford dictionary to
F01 178 books and magazines being made available; pocket handkerchiefs to
F01 179 scatter rugs; pocket battleships to water to tropical fish tanks; top
F01 180 pocket to button-holes to floral decorations; air pockets to air
F01 181 conditioning and separate areas for smokers and non-smokers. ^This was
F01 182 a group exercise, and volunteers were asked to empty their pockets and
F01 183 the contents stimulated further ideas *- coins led to video games,
F01 184 rebates on purchases and lower prices.
F01 185    |^While conventional thinking could have produced these ideas, a
F01 186 fun atmosphere is created, serving to loosen minds for further problem
F01 187 solving activities.
F01 188    |^At a recent creative thinking session on product development,
F01 189 the word *"martello**" was selected. ^No one had heard of the word
F01 190 before, the meaning was read, and in a 10-minute session an idea
F01 191 emerged which is being evaluated for its commercial potential.
F01 192    |*?31 ^*4Association of ideas. ^*0This gears imagination to
F01 193 memory and causes one thought to lead to another.
F01 194    |^*4Problem: ^*0Publicise \0St Anne's Church fair in Christchurch
F01 195 with a zero budget. ^The convener observed a repairman working up a
F01 196 telephone pole, associated this with the pole sitting promotions of
F01 197 some years back, and persuaded the vicar to sit for 50 hours on top of
F01 198 the 15-metre high church bell tower, sheltered by a Skyline shed
F01 199 provided free of charge. ^The promotion featured twice on prime-time
F01 200 local television news, in news stories in local newspapers, and
F01 201 resulted in extensive radio coverage and great local interest. ^A very
F01 202 successful fair resulted.
F01 203    |*?31 ^*4Forced relationships. ^*0Force two unrelated products or
F01 204 concepts together and endeavour to produce a third.
F01 205    |^*4Example: ^*0Participants in creative thinking seminars at
F01 206 {0G.L.} Bowron in Christchurch were handed a short length of
F01 207 clothesline wire and a sheepskin rug off-cut. ^Products created
F01 208 included a fluffy puppy, a chicken catcher, a sweat band for skiers, a
F01 209 toilet seat cover, ear muffs, hanging mobiles and a fan.
F01 210 *#
F02 001 **[145 TEXT F02**]
F02 002    |^*0When astronauts sent back the first pictures of what the earth
F02 003 looked like from space many people were struck by the limited size of
F02 004 their planet. ^What had once seemed so big and limitless was suddenly
F02 005 seen to be a vulnerable sphere, entirely dependent on its own limited
F02 006 resources.
F02 007    |^Today there are 4 1/2 billion human passengers on spaceship
F02 008 earth. ^The year 2000 is less than fifteen years away, when the
F02 009 earth's population is predicted to reach some 6 1/2 billion. ^Already
F02 010 a quarter of the people on earth are struggling just to stay alive and
F02 011 the strain on the earth's space and resources is escalating.
F02 012    |^Pressure for land to house and feed expanding populations means
F02 013 that valuable forest cover is increasingly lost. ^In New Zealand the
F02 014 reduction of forests and drainage of large areas of swamp have meant
F02 015 that there has been a considerable loss of habitat for many animal and
F02 016 plant species.
F02 017    |^About two-thirds of New Zealand was still forested when
F02 018 Europeans first began clearing the land. ^Since the arrival of those
F02 019 first settlers over 80% of New Zealand's natural lowland wetlands have
F02 020 been drained or filled.
F02 021    |^Many of our animal and plant species are specifically adapted to
F02 022 a swamp or forest habitat. ^Nearly a quarter of the world's endangered
F02 023 bird species are found in New Zealand. ^Many of these birds adapted
F02 024 over millions of years to a distinctive forest ecosystem.
F02 025    |^Some 10-15% of all flowering plants and ferns in New Zealand are
F02 026 similarly threatened through loss of habitat. ^Herbivores, such as
F02 027 deer, possums, rabbits and goats, were introduced to New Zealand.
F02 028 ^They had a great impact on the indigenous flora which had evolved in
F02 029 the absence of browsing animals.
F02 030    |^Spaceships contain oxygen, water and food in measured amounts to
F02 031 sustain the astronauts on board. ^On planet earth these elements which
F02 032 sustain all living things are kept in balance. ^Wild animal
F02 033 populations cannot be permanently maintained at a level above the
F02 034 carrying capacity of their habitat. ^The availability of resources
F02 035 within an animal's habitat does fluctuate from time to time, but
F02 036 populations tend to remain fairly constant over a long period of time.
F02 037    |^Human populations have continued to rise as if the carrying
F02 038 capacity of the planet has not yet been reached. ^Yet severe land and
F02 039 forest degradation and widespread air and water pollution have
F02 040 resulted, in both developing and developed countries.
F02 041    |^People everywhere need to be educated towards a sustained
F02 042 lifestyle, so that each person can gain a livelihood from the earth
F02 043 without undermining the earth's capacity to support life. ^Likewise,
F02 044 conservation education needs to be based on the premise that all
F02 045 natural resources are interdependent. ^It would be futile to study
F02 046 water quality without taking into consideration the impact on water of
F02 047 soil erosion and sedimentation.
F02 048    |^A major goal of conservation education is to produce an
F02 049 ecological conscience or conservation ethic. ^Most educationalists
F02 050 would agree that this process should start with young children, with
F02 051 programmes related to their daily living habits.
F02 052    |^Methods of instruction vary according to the age group the
F02 053 teacher will teach. ^A popular and effective form of instruction,
F02 054 particularly at the lower age levels, is the *'hands-on**' experience.
F02 055 ^For example, children can place a piece of sticky tape in a jar in
F02 056 their playground. ^A week later they might discover that it is covered
F02 057 in black flecks. ^This experience would have a far greater impact on
F02 058 them than thousands of words spoken on air pollution.
F02 059    |^Education is needed to increase awareness of misuse and waste of
F02 060 resources. ^Wise use of renewable resources enables them to be
F02 061 replaced at the same rate as they are being used. ^We are already
F02 062 looking at alternatives to non-renewable resources so that we can
F02 063 reduce our dependence on them. ^If managed wisely, the earth is
F02 064 capable of providing everyone with their needs.
F02 065    |^Conservation Week has been a focal point for environmental
F02 066 awareness and conservation education for fifteen years. ^The next
F02 067 fifteen years lead us into the 21st Century. ^Decisions and actions
F02 068 made in the next few years will affect what happens next century.
F02 069 ^That is why *4Conserving Our Future *0was chosen as this year's
F02 070 Conservation theme.
F02 071    |^Conservation Week is always the first week in August. ^This year
F02 072 emphasis is placed on a concern for quality of life and on the urgent
F02 073 need to prevent unwise exploitation of resources. ^The Conservation
F02 074 Week campaign will focus on the following:
F02 075 _|conserving air, water and soil
F02 076 |protecting and preserving natural habitats
F02 077 |conserving and recycling resources
F02 078 |using non-polluting energy alternatives
F02 079    |^It is important that every one of us is aware of environmental
F02 080 planning, whether urban or rural, concerning wildlife habitat or
F02 081 arable land, scenic or recreational resources.
F02 082    |^Conservation is the wise use of the environment and everything
F02 083 in it. ^Our spaceship earth depends on each person making a determined
F02 084 effort to manage the available resources so that all plants and
F02 085 animals have the basic necessities for life.
F02 086 *<*4Farming and the Environment Team up for Tourism.*>
F02 087 *<Aubrey Gifford*>
F02 088    |^*0In 1983 the Land Settlement Board reaffirmed its decision of
F02 089 August 1977 that the Wakelins farm block should not be available for
F02 090 settlement as farms, and approved a new proposal that the property be
F02 091 permanently farmed in terms of conservation and landscape principles
F02 092 allowing the general public to view farming activities.
F02 093    |^This general concept became known as *2WAKELINS AGTOUR *0and
F02 094 after a period of preparation, the block was opened to the public on 7
F02 095 December 1985.
F02 096    |^Wakelins Agtour comprises 700 hectares of farm land, with a
F02 097 further 140 hectares being leased from the Waitangi National Trust.
F02 098 ^Agtour is only 10 minutes' drive from Paihia and extends west of
F02 099 Haruru Falls being bounded by the Waitangi River to the south, and the
F02 100 Waitangi State Forest to the north.
F02 101    |^The property in its present state is developed: from the farming
F02 102 point of view that is. ^It is divided into four farms which enable the
F02 103 Department of Lands and Survey to show off its Angora goats, Red and
F02 104 Wapiti Deer, Saanen milking goats, Santa Gertrudis and New Zealand
F02 105 Angus cattle, and Perendale sheep. ^All these breeds have played or
F02 106 are at present playing a significant role in the development of
F02 107 Northland agriculture.
F02 108    |^The travelling public, both overseas visitors and New Zealanders
F02 109 are invited to drive through the farm, stopping off at strategic
F02 110 points to see farming activities and landscape views. ^The Visitor
F02 111 Centre near the entrance to the property introduces visitors to all
F02 112 facets of the farm. ^In broad terms descriptions of the animals and
F02 113 their management during the seasons is discussed in pictorial displays
F02 114 and text as is basic interpretation of the environmental issues, both
F02 115 flora and fauna. ^Other buildings have been opened to the public. ^For
F02 116 example the woolshed and covered yard, goat house, goat milking shed,
F02 117 and the goats' milk processing factory shortly to be completed. ^All
F02 118 these buildings contain further displays of a more specific nature
F02 119 related to the units on which they are situated.
F02 120 *<*4Environmental Planning*>
F02 121    |^*0The Lands and Survey Department's landscape architect, John
F02 122 Hawley, was charged with the task of setting a course to satisfy the
F02 123 following basic objectives.
F02 124 _|1. ^To set out management proposals for existing remnant indigenous
F02 125 vegetation to enhance the value of the property both for wildlife and
F02 126 aesthetics.
F02 127 |2. ^To create wetlands and amenity planting for the same reasons.
F02 128 |3. ^To put forward proposals to make the existing undesirable strong
F02 129 visual elements less of an impact and to enhance those that are
F02 130 desirable.
F02 131 |4. ^To ensure all buildings, structures and development are
F02 132 subservient to the cultural landscape.
F02 133    |^These objectives represented quite a task when one considers
F02 134 that the property has been farmed traditionally by the Department
F02 135 since 1957 and therefore when John undertook the work he faced many
F02 136 constraints such as existing buildings of various designs, use and
F02 137 colour schemes, and some of the strong visual elements which have been
F02 138 mentioned earlier. ^These include the exotic forest plantations along
F02 139 the northern boundary which impose an arbitrary pattern of vegetation
F02 140 determined by ownership rather than the natural ground contour.
F02 141 ^Mature pines planted as shelter belts, predominantly on the western
F02 142 end of the block, superimpose another pattern of vegetation and tend
F02 143 to emphasise the ridges rather than the gullies, and introduce
F02 144 straight lines on undulating landscape. ^Wetlands contained within the
F02 145 farm have invariably been modified to some extent by ground clearance,
F02 146 stock, drainage works and erosion.
F02 147 **[PLATE**]
F02 148    |^There were however some attributes which the property had, to
F02 149 make our task easier.
F02 150    |^The Waitangi River with its ribbon of remnant native vegetation
F02 151 extending in long fingers up the tributary gullies. ^Some remnant
F02 152 native bush in gully heads. ^A mostly rolling contour with enough
F02 153 elevation to give magnificent scenic views of the Bay of Islands and
F02 154 surrounding land, even as far as the rapidly regenerating indigenous
F02 155 Opua Recreation Forest. ^And at two locations, rock outcrops at the
F02 156 head of bush-filled gullies, resulting in the formation of impressive
F02 157 waterfalls.
F02 158 *<*4A management plan*>
F02 159    |^*0The management plan drawn up in 1984 tackled the objectives in
F02 160 the following way.
F02 161    |^Firstly the existing exotic woodlots, shelterbelts and native
F02 162 bush remnants. ^Many of the pine shelterbelts are nearing the end of
F02 163 their useful lives and a phased programme of selected timber
F02 164 extraction has been implemented. ^Often these shelterbelts were
F02 165 interplanted with eucalyptus. ^These eucalypts will be left to
F02 166 maintain a continuous theme along the 8 kilometre farm road and some
F02 167 more planted as specimens to help with this theme. ^The present pine
F02 168 woodlots are being managed according to appropriate management
F02 169 principles and when clearfelled will be replaced with acacia
F02 170 melanoxylon to provide a more diverse landscape and higher returns.
F02 171    |^The bush remnants generally have survived in areas of steeper
F02 172 contour and where stock have had less impact. ^Most are found on
F02 173 relatively unproductive, erosion-prone soils and provide valuable
F02 174 water and soil protection, and will be fenced from stock to protect
F02 175 both wildlife and scenic values. ^Some enrichment planting will be
F02 176 implemented.
F02 177    |^Secondly the plan suggests the creation of wetland areas and
F02 178 amenity plantings. ^Our aim with the wetlands is to reintroduce
F02 179 characteristic vegetation along the rather extensive wetland network,
F02 180 in the hope that it will create an infrastructure of native plants
F02 181 which will enhance the scenery and expand the ecosystem diversity for
F02 182 the benefit of both stock and wildlife. ^The most suitable catchments
F02 183 to dam have been identified with the help of the Wildlife Service, to
F02 184 make open water for marsh and wading birds, and will be fenced and
F02 185 planted to create new wildlife habitat. ^Amenity planting will take
F02 186 the form of planting along the farm road and around working areas of
F02 187 the farm visible to the public in order to improve the physical
F02 188 environment, for shelter, shade, and to screen buildings and farm
F02 189 development.
F02 190    |^Both these areas of the management plan encompass erosion-prone
F02 191 areas which will be dealt with initially by pair or group planting
F02 192 willows or poplars, to be followed when stable by underplanting with
F02 193 natives. ^The willows and poplars will eventually be removed.
F02 194    |^Thirdly, buildings and structures. ^With a large number of
F02 195 buildings already in existence the major thrust in attempting to
F02 196 integrate them with the proposed character of the property is by
F02 197 strategic planting of both native and exotic species, along with the
F02 198 adoption of a co-ordinated colour scheme. ^Generally speaking
F02 199 buildings used to accommodate staff are given a degree of
F02 200 individuality as regards colour, while those with which the public
F02 201 deal directly and farm service buildings maintain a colour scheme
F02 202 throughout the farm. ^New buildings and structures such as fences and
F02 203 water tanks, are being architecturally designed and sited according to
F02 204 landscape principles outlined earlier.
F02 205 *<*4Looking to the future*>
F02 206    |^*0To give an idea of the extent of development, Agtour has
F02 207 planned native tree purchases of some 66800 trees and approximately
F02 208 10000 exotics. ^Total fencing costs are likely to top *+$100000. ^With
F02 209 buildings and other work done to date expenditure exceeds *+$1
F02 210 million.
F02 211    |^With a new and rather unique enterprise such as Wakelins Agtour,
F02 212 projected popularity is very much the question in many minds. ^During
F02 213 the design phase local visitor flows in the Bay of Islands were
F02 214 analysed and predictions of around 60000 visitors a year were
F02 215 produced. ^This sort of figure no doubt will take 2 or 3 years to
F02 216 achieve at the earliest, but with sufficient activity and a rapidly
F02 217 improving scenic and wildlife environment, the
F02 218 Department has no doubt that Wakelins Agtour will provide an
F02 219 alternative land-based attraction within the Russell-Paihia-Kerikeri
F02 220 tourist triangle.
F02 221 *#
F03 001 **[146 TEXT F03**]
F03 002 |^*4Speaking in public can be a minefield of hazards, hiccups and
F03 003 horrors *- but there are rewards too if you're good enough, both for
F03 004 the ego and the pocket.
F03 005 |^P*2IONEER *0American media-mouth Art Linkletter has a story about a
F03 006 guy who fought stage fright for years to become an ace public speaker.
F03 007 ^Even landed a spot on television. ^One night, after yet another day
F03 008 of stomach-churning anxiety, he got up to speak at a celebrity dinner
F03 009 and gave the speech of his life. ^On a performance high, he made his
F03 010 way back to his seat, rested his head on the shoulder of his 
F03 011 still-clapping neighbour, and died. ^If, like Linkletter, you find this
F03 012 story inspirational, you could have the makings of an after dinner
F03 013 speaker.
F03 014    |^Endless magazine surveys of people's worst fears have shown that
F03 015 speaking in public is right up there making things like nuclear
F03 016 holocaust, quadriplegia and death seem like minor anxieties. ^It could
F03 017 be something to do with a primeval fear of exposure. ^More intelligent
F03 018 lifeforms, like cats, heed the survival advantages of skirting open
F03 019 ground keeping within a whisker of heavy cover. ^But every night of
F03 020 the week, somewhere around the country, someone is preparing to get up
F03 021 stone cold sober and play Russian roulette with a loaded audience.
F03 022    |^Those speakers look so relaxed, don't they? ^Look again. ^We're
F03 023 talking about the body language of naked terror. ^The nonchalant
F03 024 rocking on the balls of the feet is to make sure that the nervous
F03 025 system is still functioning, if only on auxiliary. ^Throat-clearing is
F03 026 a desperate attempt to reprogramme vocal cords that have been
F03 027 petrified out of a few thousand years of evolution. *"^Unaccustomed as
F03 028 I am to {5oogah zurrgh bloof...}**" ^The casual flick of the hand in
F03 029 the direction of the fly. ^Those people are dying up there and it's
F03 030 only human to want to do it with a little dignity.
F03 031    |^So why do they do it? ^Failure means a lifetime of meeting
F03 032 people whose lips start to twitch at the sight of you. ^And success?
F03 033 ^At the top end of the market, after dinner speakers are turning pro.
F03 034 ^People like Billy \0T James and Jeremy Coney are said to get *+$1000-
F03 035 plus a hit. ^That can amount to *+$50 a minute. ^But the fact remains
F03 036 that few can do it and fewer would want to.
F03 037    |^The cavalier Andy Haden has done his share of after dinner
F03 038 spots. ^He was among the first to see the advantages of getting the
F03 039 business organised. ^His agency, Sporting Contacts, will do everything
F03 040 up to and including writing clients' speeches for them. *"^I set up
F03 041 the agency after a year I was asked to speak 50 times. ^That is not
F03 042 conducive to a good family life. ^Try to fit in business and sport as
F03 043 well and it's just impossible.**" ^The agency handles sports
F03 044 personalities and performing politicians like Tim Shadbolt. ^The way
F03 045 Haden sees it, if you can get someone else to make all the
F03 046 arrangements, book the travel and set the fees, telling anecdotes for
F03 047 fun and profit can work for you. ^He says he isn't making a lot of
F03 048 money out of the business. *"^As far as I was concerned it was more to
F03 049 take the hassles out of it than to exploit the commercial side.**"
F03 050    |^But for speakers who are now in the four-figure bracket *"the
F03 051 commercial side**" is increasingly an issue. ^In the past, payment for
F03 052 such services has been a mutually agreed upon grey area. ^You didn't
F03 053 talk money, you talked *"expenses**" and *"gifts**". ^Accepting money
F03 054 over the table, in full view of the taxperson, sets up a whole new set
F03 055 of pressures and expectations. *"^How much preparation would a
F03 056 professional put into something if you weren't being paid?**" says
F03 057 Haden. *"^Overseas it's quite accepted that a speaker will get a good
F03 058 fee and they are expected to perform accordingly.**"
F03 059    |^This is a new, hard-nosed approach to what has traditionally
F03 060 been an amateur minority art form. ^But Haden points out that there
F03 061 have always been ulterior motives for speaking. *"^You can get a
F03 062 message across to people who don't know your side of the story. ^You
F03 063 can build into a speech that, for all intents and purposes is to
F03 064 entertain people, uses for other ends.**"
F03 065 |*2^FOR SHARON CROSBIE *0the rewards of being flavour of the month on
F03 066 the circuit are less tangible. *"^Listen to this,**" she says. ^Down
F03 067 the phone line, sounds of the riffling of vast quantities of paper.
F03 068 *"^At this moment I am gloomily contemplating a pile of 50 or 60
F03 069 invitations to be *- gasp *- an after dinner speaker.**" ^Is she less
F03 070 than pleased? *"^I can't *1tell *0you how much I hate it.**" ^She
F03 071 certainly tries. *"^My heart sinks within me. ^I hyperventilate. ^When
F03 072 the day comes I think of 800 lies, 400 excuses. ^I'm prepared to
F03 073 declare nuclear war. ^I'm actually practising creative lying as we
F03 074 talk.**"
F03 075    |^As it turns out she's always been a soft touch. *"^I do it
F03 076 because I have a moral conscience about it. ^When I was trained in
F03 077 Broadcasting back in 1969 there was a great thing about us doing it as
F03 078 good {0PR}. ^At the moment I'm being asked because I've been to
F03 079 America. ^I've had Harkness and Nieman Fellowships and I do have an
F03 080 obligation, especially given the rather taut relationship between the
F03 081 two countries. ^Of course I must share it. ^I must tell it like the
F03 082 Ancient Mariner, but I don't want to.**"
F03 083    |^For a *"name**" speaker Crosbie is also a bit of a bargain. *"^I
F03 084 will not do what these nauseating sportsmen do and charge
F03 085 1500 bucks for a collection of unrelated jokes.**" ^For her own
F03 086 efforts, she has scored some *"totally bizarre**" expressions of
F03 087 gratitude. *"^Once I got a gift**[ARB**]-wrapped tin of Raro. ^I've
F03 088 had a *+$1 petrol voucher from a lot of ladies in MGs and mink hats,
F03 089 and a sponge roll gift wrapped and tied with a hair ribbon.**" ^She's
F03 090 plotting to ask for book tokens in the future, because there doesn't
F03 091 seem to be any let**[ARB**]-up in sight. ^The Institute of
F03 092 Professional Engineers must be faced. *"^It's a form of masochism,**"
F03 093 she muses. *"^I was brought up by my grandmother. ^On a bad day she
F03 094 would say, *'^Today you have behaved like
F03 095 **[PLATES**]
F03 096 a performing hyena.**' ^I suspect that some residual performing hyena
F03 097 from the age of four has lasted through the decades.**"
F03 098    |^High-profile recluse Keri Hulme refuses to give an inch to any
F03 099 performing hyena within. ^Yes, she does get asked to be an after
F03 100 dinner speaker. ^No, she almost never accepts. *"^I had a marvellous
F03 101 approach from a publicity agent suggesting that I needed an agent for
F03 102 that sort of thing. ^I very politely said I had no intention. ^To me
F03 103 it's the Tim Shadbolt circuit; you trade on a media image and go and
F03 104 infiltrate people's ears after dinner.**"
F03 105    |^She does have her price. *"^I don't feel obliged in any way
F03 106 except to things that are of pertinent concern. ^I have talked to
F03 107 writers or people associated with book selling or publishing. ^Quite
F03 108 frankly I've been pushing writers' barrows.**" ^Local issues, hui of
F03 109 various sorts and the odd publisher's Christmas party are about it.
F03 110 ^And for Hulme there is no rubbish  about prepared speeches and no
F03 111 drinking beforehand. *"^God, why else would you go to these things?
F03 112 ^If I'm there I'm basically there for the food and the drink and the
F03 113 company. ^Anything else sounds to me like the antithesis of what
F03 114 speaking to informally communicate is.**"
F03 115    |^Book Phil Gifford for your function and you get two for  the
F03 116 price of one. ^His alter-ego, eccentric sportscaster Loosehead Len,
F03 117 set him on a roll that ended with up to four engagements a week. *"^It
F03 118 was just insane. ^Really, really bad. ^So I started cutting down.**"
F03 119 ^These days his appearances on Radio Hauraki's brekkie show have him
F03 120 at the studio by 6.20{0am} and he tries to keep speaking engagements
F03 121 down to one a month. ^Most people I spoke to ranked him as one of the
F03 122 best things you can get served up after dessert. ^But for Gifford, the
F03 123 stakes may be getting too high. ^When people like Jeremy Coney, Stu
F03 124 Wilson and Andy Haden are charging like wounded bulls, there are
F03 125 choices to be made. *"^If I wanted to be greedy, I could push myself
F03 126 pretty close to their fee. ^I'd much rather do a speech for charity or
F03 127 for a friend for nothing because it takes the heat out of it. ^If
F03 128 you're being paid a tremendous amount of money and it falls over *- I
F03 129 wouldn't really fancy that. ^I don't think I've got the
F03 130 temperament.**"
F03 131    |^In his years of putting himself out there Gifford has ridden
F03 132 both the highs and the lows. ^From a dinner in Queenstown with scenic
F03 133 flights and jet-boating laid on, to a school rugby function where he
F03 134 had to buy his own beer. *"^When I was finishing the dinner, which was
F03 135 something like pressed ham and coleslaw, the guy had the gall to say,
F03 136 *'^This must really be good for you. ^If you do this a lot, you'd eat
F03 137 free meals every night.**'**" ^He has spoken with just about everyone
F03 138 else on the round and he's heard some *1real *0horror stories. ^Like
F03 139 the disabled athlete who paid her own fares and accommodation and
F03 140 never saw a cent. ^Neither did the charity which was supposed to
F03 141 receive her fee.
F03 142    |^Gifford reckons he has just about seen it all but has never
F03 143 completely worked out what makes an audience tick. ^He remembers how
F03 144 one time in Pukekohe he and Jeremy Coney had them dancing on the
F03 145 tables at a cricket club do. ^Not long after, the same speakers with
F03 146 pretty much the same speeches laid an egg in Te Puke. *"^The more you
F03 147 do it, the more you realise how mysterious audiences are and the more
F03 148 nerve-wracking it becomes.**" ^Experience has taught him how to stay
F03 149 alive up there. *"^With me the audience is just hoping I'll tell them
F03 150 a few stories they haven't heard before. ^About two-thirds of what I
F03 151 do is true.**"
F03 152    |^At the moment, the other third is mainly anti-Australian jokes.
F03 153 ^He's been doing them for a couple of years now. ^And they still do
F03 154 the trick? *"^Good as gold, good as gold.**" ^He has an emergency joke
F03 155 he uses to check out particularly enigmatic audiences. *"^It's very
F03 156 much a weathervane; I tell it about fourth or fifth story in.**"
F03 157 ^Something about a naked Australian taxi driver with a new *+$200 pair
F03 158 of shoes. ^Not too gross, not too sexist. *"^I'll tell it earlier if
F03 159 things aren't going well. ^If they really don't laugh at it, I start
F03 160 talking about raising money for charity.**"
F03 161    |^Tips for the aspiring? ^Be prepared, be on time and don't let
F03 162 the turkeys start dancing. *"^I was flown down to a rugby club thing
F03 163 where they let the dance go on for a couple of hours. ^All the young
F03 164 guys were having a great time. ^Then the chairman got up and said,
F03 165 *'^Shut up you jokers, we've got Loosehead Len here. ^It cost us a lot
F03 166 to fly him down, so shut up and listen.**'**" ^About six people did,
F03 167 the rest carried on as if he didn't exist. *"^I told 25 minutes of
F03 168 jokes in about 10 minutes.  ^\5Thangyouvermuch-
F03 169 s'beenwunnerful**[ARB**]-g'night.**"
F03 170    |^You get the feeling that for all the speakers, those risky few
F03 171 minutes poised between triumph and terminal humiliation produce a
F03 172 slightly addictive chemical buzz. *"^There are nights when you think
F03 173 you'll never make a speech again,**" says Gifford. *"^Then there are
F03 174 the nights when you think, *'Oh, yeah, I'd like to do nothing but make
F03 175 speeches for the rest of my life.**'**"
F03 176 |^*2THE BIG *0corporate annual dinner is set to start at a fashionable
F03 177 7.30-for-eight. ^Black tie, carnations for the ladies, entertainment
F03 178 provided by a couple of the four-figure boys. ^Tonight it's Jeremy
F03 179 Coney and David McPhail. ^Over pre**[ARB**]-dinner drinks, Coney gives
F03 180 the audience a team-talk. ^We are to be his fielders and will be
F03 181 seated accordingly.
F03 182 *#
F04 001 **[147 TEXT F04**]
F04 002 |^*4C*0an you see the Mikhail Lermontov these days? ^No you can't.
F04 003 ^She lies deep in the waters off Cape Jackson in the Marlborough
F04 004 Sounds.
F04 005    |^It's nobody's fault that she lies there *- with over *+$100
F04 006 million of somebody's money and one dead seaman trapped inside her.
F04 007 ^So far nobody is accountable. ^The Ministry of Transport says it does
F04 008 not know for certain that senior Russian officers have been punished
F04 009 *- although our news media has reported this.
F04 010    |^The Marlborough Harbour Board says it is not to blame. ^It
F04 011 offered no heartfelt regrets *- but has asked the Russians to take it
F04 012 away.
F04 013    |^And Captain Don Jamison, who piloted the ship on its fatal
F04 014 course *- is he to blame?
F04 015    |^Should this concern you? ^It certainly should.
F04 016    |^This is the story of three men. ^It takes place in a small town.
F04 017 ^Just below the surface.
F04 018    |^*4M*0aybe it could only happen in a small town. ^Loyalties run
F04 019 deep, between the comparatively small numbers of businesses and their
F04 020 workers, between the bowling clubs, rowing clubs, {0RSA}, Chambers of
F04 021 Commerce *- the organisations that make up the fabric of male
F04 022 connections.
F04 023    |^Old mates work and play together. ^Their kids marry each other.
F04 024 ^They
F04 025 **[PLATE**]
F04 026 make allowances. ^There's an unwritten code of fellowship that rejects
F04 027 the outsider until he knuckles under to the majority view and rejects
F04 028 the professional man because his education makes him a little suspect.
F04 029    |^Men are not thinkers, but doers. ^If they want a job done, they
F04 030 go out and do it, and to hell with red tape *- that's for office
F04 031 workers, who sit on their backsides and make other people's lives
F04 032 complicated. ^What's good for one, is good for all. ^There is mutual
F04 033 back scratching *- and what's wrong with that? ^Isn't that how the
F04 034 whole world ticks over, more or less?
F04 035    |^Is there room in this cosy world, for people who delight in
F04 036 structure and organisation *- for the professional management caste?
F04 037 ^Can it ever hope to make headway with the murky and familiar
F04 038 cross-connections of a small community, and get the job done?
F04 039    |^Questions like this come up with harbour boards, and similarly
F04 040 elected bodies, which can get voted out every three years, but still
F04 041 have to keep the wheels turning over for their large staffs.
F04 042    |^In an ideal situation, the elected boards work smoothly with
F04 043 their managements. ^But if they're at loggerheads, if either side has
F04 044 to prove dominance, it is an unhappy climate in which public
F04 045 accountability doesn't even count. ^This is a story about power, and
F04 046 who should have it.
F04 047    |^Just by the way, it deals with public money, and affects
F04 048 shoreline and waters all New Zealanders have a stake in. ^The
F04 049 principles involved are those of well-intentioned amateurism against
F04 050 analytical professionalism. ^You would think there would be a middle
F04 051 ground, but there's not. ^Not where the Marlborough Harbour Board's
F04 052 concerned.
F04 053    |^*4T*0he story began well before the night the *1Mikhail
F04 054 Lermontov *0sank on February 16 this year. ^The Marlborough Harbour
F04 055 Board was already a troubled collection of people but suddenly its
F04 056 inner problems seemed more significant than they ever had before. ^It
F04 057 began to look as if those problems might have a bearing on why the
F04 058 *1Mikhail Lermontov *0sank.
F04 059    |^If you think the doings of this harbour board don't matter much,
F04 060 you're wrong. ^It is a wealthy little harbour board. ^And the reason
F04 061 is that the equivalent of the population of the whole South Island of
F04 062 this country passes through its main port at Picton each year.
F04 063    |^The Cook Strait rail ferries pay something like *+$5 million a
F04 064 year to berth here. ^Big passenger liners have begun to put the port
F04 065 on their schedules. ^Thousands of this country's boaties know the
F04 066 shoreline here well. ^And all of them mean money.
F04 067    |^Picton is crawling with motels. ^Blenheim, only half an hour's
F04 068 drive away, boasts a strangely expensive antique shop for a small
F04 069 town. ^Here American tourists are expected to pay hundreds of dollars
F04 070 for small pieces of Royal Doulton.
F04 071    |^The doings of the Marlborough Harbour Board affect many more
F04 072 people than those of the small catchment area who vote for it. ^And
F04 073 while the board might well wish the *1Mikhail Lermontov *0out of its
F04 074 sight, and out of its mind, it will not go away.
F04 075    |^People want to know this: how can you sink a multi-million
F04 076 dollar ship, apparently for no discernible reason, and get away with
F04 077 it?
F04 078    |^Because however unfair it may seem, that's exactly what seems to
F04 079 have happened. ^And as far as anyone knows, that could be the end of
F04 080 the matter, though the police have yet to decide whether *1they *0will
F04 081 take any action.
F04 082 *<*6THE STORY BEGAN LIKE THIS:*>
F04 083    |^*0The *1Mikhail Lermontov *0sailed out of Picton this year with
F04 084 the Marlborough Harbour Board's chief pilot to guide it through the
F04 085 Marlborough Sounds and on to Milford Sound. ^Captain Don Jamison was
F04 086 an asset to the Board in its campaign to attract more cruise ships.
F04 087 ^He could guide them through both Marlborough and Milford Sounds,
F04 088 which made him uniquely qualified in his field.
F04 089    |^The travel brochure described the ship as *"20,000 tons of
F04 090 gleaming white elegance**". ^It had been completely refurbished at a
F04 091 cost of around *+$20 million. ^Each cabin had its own bathroom and
F04 092 toilet. ^There were ladies' and a gentlemen's hairdressing salons on
F04 093 board, there was a library, a cinema, shops, bars, games room,
F04 094 gymnasium, massage rooms and sauna, laundry, hospital, and a
F04 095 restaurant with the unpromising name of The Leningrad Room.
F04 096    |^The brochure recommended that casual clothes be worn, with
F04 097 rubber soled deck shoes. ^People who saw the ship in those last few
F04 098 hours described it as looking rather lovely, bathed in the day's last
F04 099 rays of sunlight.
F04 100    |^At Shakespeare Bay, the Marlborough Harbour Board plans a deep
F04 101 sea port to connect with future forestry developments. ^You can take a
F04 102 huge ship like this almost up to the edge of the cliffs, the water is
F04 103 so deep. ^Captain Jamison did this. ^Some people say he churned up a
F04 104 bit of mud while he was at it *- suggesting he may have been a bit
F04 105 close to shallow water for comfort. ^But there were many people wise
F04 106 after the event, and many rumours.
F04 107    |^Captain Jamison piloted the ship through Tory Channel. ^By all
F04 108 accounts this can be frightening. ^The Russians were alarmed. ^He
F04 109 called for a rear thrust of the engine to get the ship through a
F04 110 manoeuvre, but the engine was not ready. ^Anxious moments went by
F04 111 while the pilot showed his expertise, and the ship got through safely.
F04 112 ^Russian crewmen were impressed. ^They felt he knew his job.
F04 113    |^Maps show clearly how far Captain Jamison's pilot's licence
F04 114 extended. ^A question that remains unanswered is why he was piloting
F04 115 the ship after that line was crossed. ^Because it was not far over
F04 116 this line that he gave the order to enter waters clearly marked as
F04 117 dangerous, to pass through a stretch of water that men in
F04 118 comparatively insignificant fishing boats were nervous about crossing,
F04 119 and which caused the ship to be holed and to disintegrate beneath the
F04 120 water like a ruptured sardine tin.
F04 121    |^Some passengers were about to start an aerobics class when they
F04 122 felt the thump. ^Others were at a wine and vodka tasting. ^The captain
F04 123 was in his cabin. ^In accidents like this, water rushes in at such a
F04 124 rate that it would fill a house in three seconds.
F04 125    |^It seemed the Russians did not quite believe what had happened.
F04 126 ^They cabled Vladivostok, but they seemed reluctant to accept help
F04 127 from local shipping. ^Thanks to the efforts of the rail ferry
F04 128 *1Arahura, *0the {0LPG} tanker *1Tarahiko, *0and a flotilla of small
F04 129 boats from the sounds, everyone was rescued. ^All save the Russian
F04 130 crewman who may well have been killed at the start.
F04 131    |^The day after our newspapers first reported the sinking, the
F04 132 chairman of the Marlborough Harbour Board, Bruno Dalliessi, announced
F04 133 that Captain Jamison's legal responsibility for the ship had ended at
F04 134 Long Island, opposite Ship's Cove, and well short of the cape where
F04 135 the ship went down. ^He was making it clear that his board would not
F04 136 pay the bills. ^Of course, there would be an inquiry.
F04 137 *<*6OF COURSE THERE WOULD BE AN INQUIRY...*>
F04 138    |^*0Right away, Captain Steve Ponsford, of the Marine Division of
F04 139 the Ministry of Transport was told to conduct a preliminary inquiry
F04 140 into the sinking. ^After this, he was to report to the Minister of
F04 141 Transport, Richard Prebble, on whether a full marine inquiry should be
F04 142 held into the sinking.
F04 143    |^Captain Ponsford said he was only interested in Captain Jamison
F04 144 if he was navigating the liner during the grounding, or was on the
F04 145 bridge at a critical time.
F04 146    |^Captain Jamison said nothing. ^Bruno Dalliessi said that since
F04 147 being hired by the harbour board in 1970, Captain Jamison had piloted
F04 148 20 to 30 cruise ships in the area. ^He said he had every confidence in
F04 149 Captain Jamison's abilities. ^Since coming to Picton, Captain Jamison
F04 150 had become a well respected member of the community, involved in the
F04 151 local yacht club, on the board of the Queen Charlotte College board of
F04 152 governors, and running navigational courses.
F04 153    |^The next day it was reported that Captain Jamison had helped
F04 154 write a book which said the area where the ship was holed was *"best
F04 155 avoided in bad weather conditions**".
F04 156    |^Nothing was coming out of the inquiry, but a comment from
F04 157 Captain Ponsford that the Russian captain was very co**[ARB**]-
F04 158 operative. ^Captain Jamison appeared at the inquiry on February 24.
F04 159 ^It seemed like a shock when the official news came through from the
F04 160 preliminary inquiry: that Captain Jamison was navigating the ship when
F04 161 it ran aground, and that the Russian crew was exonerated.
F04 162    |^\0Mr Dalliessi said *"^I feel sorry for Captain Jamison, but I
F04 163 can't say more than that because I wasn't there and I haven't read the
F04 164 full report yet.**" ^He confirmed Captain Jamison in his job. ^After
F04 165 the Ponsford report the government had the option of opening a public
F04 166 inquiry by a senior lawyer or district court judge. ^Such an inquiry
F04 167 is usually held if major questions are left unresolved after a
F04 168 preliminary inquiry. ^This was not to be.
F04 169    |^It was puzzling, when \0Mr Prebble announced this on March 6.
F04 170 ^\0Mr Prebble said a further inquiry would serve no useful purpose *-
F04 171 giving the lie to government sources there was no way a disaster like
F04 172 this could happen without a full-scale inquiry.
F04 173    |^And what of Captain Jamison? ^He surrendered one of his pilot's
F04 174 licences to the Marlborough Harbour Board when the Ponsford report
F04 175 came out.
F04 176 **[PLATE**]
F04 177    |^A maritime law expert said the harbour pilot who caused damage
F04 178 *"by neglect or want of skill**" was only liable to forfeit a *+$2,000
F04 179 bond and the pilotage fee. ^It would have to be shown he was negligent
F04 180 for a civil action to take place, but the expert queries whether this
F04 181 would be worthwhile, given the small amount that could be won from a
F04 182 private individual.
F04 183 **[PLATE**]
F04 184    |^Incredibly, it now seemed that Captain Jamison would be fined or
F04 185 censured by nobody. ^This seemed so strange that even the Prime
F04 186 Minister remarked that people were entitled to know why Captain
F04 187 Jamison had made this great blunder, incompatible with his years of
F04 188 experience.
F04 189    |^He said something else. ^David Lange noted that Captain Jamison
F04 190 had been involved in court proceedings concerning the Marlborough
F04 191 Harbour Board, and that it was possible he had been working long hours
F04 192 under stressful conditions. ^He understood Captain Jamison had been in
F04 193 a situation *"fraught with tension**" for some time.
F04 194    |^This was the first most people had heard of the board's 
F04 195 long-running battle to sack its general manager. ^Its case against him 
F04 196 had carried on since 1983, as it happens, and it is estimated that it 
F04 197 has cost the board close to *+$250,000.
F04 198    |^The man they want to sack is Mike Goulden. ^He, Bruno Dalliessi
F04 199 and Don Jamison are the three men with a story to tell that dovetails
F04 200 with that of the *1Mikhail Lermontov. ^*0They are important men in
F04 201 Blenheim, population 12,000 and in Picton, population considerably
F04 202 less.
F04 203 *<*6BUT LET'S NOT FORGET THE TELEVISION INQUIRY...*>
F04 204    |^*0Baffled, like so many others, by the strange fizzling-out of
F04 205 the Lermontov inquiry, *1Close-Up *0reporter Carol de Colville decided
F04 206 to tackle the Ponsford report.
F04 207 *#
F05 001 **[148 TEXT F05**]
F05 002 |^*4N*0ew Zealanders and, I suspect, Australians have become boring to
F05 003 audiences outside our shores in denouncing agricultural protectionism
F05 004 and the damaging things it has done to their two economies over the
F05 005 past twenty-five years. ^They seethe at what they see as the utterly
F05 006 cynical and ruthless behaviour of certain wealthy countries with an
F05 007 alleged tradition of economic liberalism. ^However, concern about this
F05 008 subject is a matter of self-interest for every country which makes up
F05 009 the Pacific Basin Economic Council.
F05 010    |^The fact is that, internationally, there is structural
F05 011 over-supply of most agricultural commodities. ^The principal cause has
F05 012 been price support programmes and protection policies. ^The
F05 013 distortions they are creating are growing and the impact on other
F05 014 producing countries and international trade is destructive.
F05 015    |^The problem is that most countries have tended to approach the
F05 016 problems of agriculture as something special *- an issue that can be
F05 017 dealt with in isolation from the rest of the domestic economy and the
F05 018 international trading system. ^Many people have sentimental and
F05 019 traditional views of agriculture and quite wrongly do not expect it to
F05 020 show the vitality and adaptability of other industries. ^In some
F05 021 countries farmers have a rather undemocratic share of political power
F05 022 which has further encouraged governments to give excessive protection.
F05 023 *<*4Alarming threat*>
F05 024 |^*0Wherever it exists agricultural protection is creating an
F05 025 increasing restraint on domestic economic growth and an alarming
F05 026 threat to world trade. ^In its own interests every country must bring
F05 027 these policies under review.
F05 028    |^The first place to consider the impact of agricultural
F05 029 protection is the domestic economy. ^Modern economic theory and the
F05 030 practical evidence of the last couple of decades demonstrates that
F05 031 countries and industries which have achieved the best income and
F05 032 employment growth are those which have remained flexible and have
F05 033 continuously reallocated their resources to areas of competitive
F05 034 advantage which yield the highest real return. ^Efficient resource
F05 035 allocation is best achieved by removing artificial price distortions
F05 036 and barriers to competitive pressure. ^What is more, the very removal
F05 037 of such obstructions will often result in restructuring that makes the
F05 038 protected industry efficient and competitive.
F05 039    |^The more open economies of the Pacific basin have maintained
F05 040 their growth rates by being better at allowing uncompetitive
F05 041 industries to decline while new ones grow. ^There has, however, been a
F05 042 disturbing failure to reduce protection in problem industries,
F05 043 particularly agriculture, in North America and Japan and there are
F05 044 trends towards similar errors in Asian newly industrialised countries.
F05 045 ^With the recovery from the recent recession, favourable currency
F05 046 realignments and oil price reductions, there has never been a better
F05 047 time than now for a really determined attempt at further trade
F05 048 liberalisation.
F05 049 *<*4Problem industries*>
F05 050 |^*0Many parts of agriculture are in the front rank of problem
F05 051 industries, which also include such areas as textiles, ship**[ARB**]-
F05 052 building and steel. ^Assistance to these industries is a tax on all
F05 053 others, particularly exporters. ^The rates of assistance on milk and
F05 054 beef and some other farm products in the major industrial countries
F05 055 is**[SIC**] now astronomical. ^These interventions are highly
F05 056 regressive in their impact on the population. ^High food prices hit
F05 057 the poorest sectors of the population worst.
F05 058    |^The argument that subsidies and protection are necessary to
F05 059 maintain employment is hollow. ^A recent study by the Institute for
F05 060 International Economics in the United States showed that the cost of
F05 061 import controls to protect a number of American industries from
F05 062 foreign competition was {0US}*+$56 billion in 1984. ^In the dairy
F05 063 industry it was {0US}*+$5.5 billion and, more significantly, the cost
F05 064 per each job saved was {0US}*+$220,000 per annum. ^Some of this money
F05 065 would have been more effectively spent in assisting in the
F05 066 restructuring
F05 067 **[PLATE**]
F05 068 of the industry and the retraining and relocation of workers.
F05 069 *<*4National security*>
F05 070 |^*0Another argument that does not stand scrutiny is the suggestion
F05 071 that self-sufficiency in food production is necessary for reasons of
F05 072 national security. ^It ignores the interdependent world we live in and
F05 073 the fact that a country is not self-sufficient if it needs to import
F05 074 energy, feed grains and fertiliser to meet its food consumption needs.
F05 075    |^There is no case for treating the protection of agriculture
F05 076 differently from manufacturing. ^Anne Krueger of the World Bank
F05 077 commented recently that:
F05 078 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F05 079 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F05 080 **[END INDENTATION**]
F05 081 *<*4Domestic incentives*>
F05 082 |^*0Too many countries have become conditioned to think that the
F05 083 removal of protection is a matter of waiting for reciprocal
F05 084 dismantling of barriers in multilateral trade negotiations. ^However,
F05 085 national interests lie primarily in setting correct domestic
F05 086 incentives, whatever the world environment. ^Action by other countries
F05 087 is a bonus. ^It is like smoking in a smoke filled room. ^Most of the
F05 088 health damage to an individual smoker is reduced by independently
F05 089 quitting. ^He gets further benefits if others quit too.
F05 090    |^The recognition of the domestic origins of protection and
F05 091 industry intervention points to the need for domestic solutions. ^It
F05 092 requires a recognition of the effect on other industries and sectors
F05 093 of the economy. ^It is a good reason for insisting that any protection
F05 094 is given in a form that is transparent and can be measured.
F05 095 ^Realisation of the distortions being created and their cost can
F05 096 mobilise widespread support for change, especially if reductions in
F05 097 all distortions are pursued in an even-handed way.
F05 098 *<*4Classic case*>
F05 099 |^*0In this regard, recent policy changes in New Zealand are
F05 100 interesting. ^New Zealand has been a classic case of a country whose
F05 101 economic policies have been manipulated by sectoral interests and the
F05 102 overall wealth-reducing effects are only just being recognised by the
F05 103 public. ^Industry has been highly protected and interventions and
F05 104 subsidies have been widespread. ^The Government is now following a
F05 105 policy of quite rapid reduction in protection and subsidy to all
F05 106 sectors. ^In the case of agriculture, subsidy benefits have to a large
F05 107 extent been absorbed in land prices and inflated servicing costs.
F05 108 ^Clearly, the subsidies attracted too many resources into some forms
F05 109 of farming activity with attendant waste given world market
F05 110 opportunities.
F05 111    |^The reversal of this assistance is now creating severe and
F05 112 painful adjustment pressures but there is widespread acceptance that
F05 113 there is no alternative for New Zealand but to carry the adjustment
F05 114 through. ^Obviously the difficulties of this adjustment for New
F05 115 Zealand, and the similar efforts that many countries need to make,
F05 116 would be eased by freer international markets.
F05 117 *<*4High barriers*>
F05 118 |^*0Because of popular domestic politics, most countries maintain high
F05 119 barriers against foreign investment in agriculture. ^Such barriers are
F05 120 seldom the subject of much international discussion *- probably
F05 121 because the investment is not seen as sufficiently exciting. ^But the
F05 122 case for liberalising capital flows is identical to those for goods
F05 123 and services. ^Particularly in the case of agriculture such capital
F05 124 brings benefits that can never be taken away *- as the economies of
F05 125 New Zealand and Australia demonstrate. ^Foreign capital in agriculture
F05 126 should not be discouraged, bringing as it often does new technology
F05 127 and markets. ^It can help in the restructuring process and alleviate
F05 128 equity losses. ^New Zealand last year liberalised the rules for
F05 129 foreign investment in land and farming for this very reason.
F05 130    |^Agricultural protection also poses a threat to international
F05 131 trade politics. ^There are three central elements:
F05 132 |_*?31 trade frictions among developed countries have become key
F05 133 political issues;
F05 134 |*?31 of these frictions agriculture is probably the most difficult
F05 135 and intractable in terms of trade relations
F05 136 **[PLATE**]
F05 137 amongst *1developed *0countries;
F05 138 |*?31 we will shortly begin a new multilateral negotiating round that
F05 139 is in many respects the last chance for {0GATT}. ^The extent to which
F05 140 the three major powers in world trade *- Japan, the United States and
F05 141 the European Community *- can come to grips with their agricultural
F05 142 sectors will essentially determine whether this new round makes real
F05 143 progress or just tails off into almost indefinite discussions.
F05 144 *<*4Political agenda*>
F05 145 |^*0This is not the first time trade has been at the top of the
F05 146 political agenda. ^But it is fifty years since the beggar thy
F05 147 neighbour policies of the 1930s. ^The exclusion of agriculture from
F05 148 effective international rules was probably the biggest mistake the
F05 149 United States made in designing the postwar international economic
F05 150 system *- the International Monetary Fund, {0GATT} and so on. ^The
F05 151 United States has never been able to rectify that mistake. ^Parts of
F05 152 their own agricultural sector are in deep trouble because of it.
F05 153 ^European agriculture is in a worse state. ^Japanese agriculture is
F05 154 similarly the most important constraint on the ability of the Japanese
F05 155 Government to push forward with comprehensive import liberalisation in
F05 156 their own market. ^As the developed country with the most to lose from
F05 157 people turning away from multilateralism, that could cost Japan
F05 158 dearly.
F05 159    |^For the major countries *- the big three *- agriculture is the
F05 160 *1most *0difficult issue, because after forty years of no effective
F05 161 international rules much of their respective agricultural sectors is
F05 162 almost completely divorced from world prices.
F05 163 *<*4Sensitive issues*>
F05 164 |^*0We are coming up to a new Multilateral Trade Negotiation and there
F05 165 are a number of very sensitive issues such as services, investment,
F05 166 intellectual property, safeguards and the like on the negotiating
F05 167 agenda. ^None of them will finally prove as dangerous to the whole
F05 168 process of the new round as agriculture. ^Agriculture is fundamentally
F05 169 different because world trade in agriculture is all about relations
F05 170 amongst the major developed countries.
F05 171    |^The Japanese action programme, concentrating as it does on
F05 172 industrial products, is unlikely to have much impact on increasing
F05 173 imports into Japan, which was its aim. ^But if the Japanese Government
F05 174 *1had *0included agriculture *- and we know why they did not *- what a
F05 175 difference that would have made.
F05 176 *<*4Bigger issue*>
F05 177 |^*0A much bigger issue than the action programme is coming up *-
F05 178 namely the new Multilateral Trade Negotiation. ^Japan will have to
F05 179 make its own decision as to whether it wants to run the argument that
F05 180 comparative advantage is a one way street or a two way street. ^Those
F05 181 of us who have a track record of supporting Japan strongly *- who
F05 182 understand that Japan's extraordinary success in industrial goods is
F05 183 not by and large based on unfair trading practices *- will be watching
F05 184 closely to see what fundamental approach Japan takes to agriculture
F05 185 when the new round gets underway.
F05 186    |^Agriculture is politically difficult enough for Japan but one
F05 187 wonders whether the European Economic Community has almost got beyond
F05 188 the point of no return. ^Japan's decisionmakers can make their own
F05 189 trade-offs between incurring domestic political pain and protecting
F05 190 Japan's enormous longterm interests in ensuring that countries do not
F05 191 simply turn away from multilateral solutions *- which is the real
F05 192 issue in this new round.
F05 193    |^Can the European Commission seek that sort of trade-off, or are
F05 194 they any longer interested in the rest of the world? ^Is the European
F05 195 Community now so big, so complex, so politically demanding that they
F05 196 have got past the point where they can change their policies to
F05 197 accommodate the rest of the world? ^If so the sclerosis that has
F05 198 afflicted their productivity performance and their job markets in the
F05 199 past 10-15 years could prove deep seated indeed.
F05 200 *<*4Agricultural policy*>
F05 201 |^*0It is the Common Agricultural Policy that raises the question, not
F05 202 other European policies. ^For this reason agriculture is far more
F05 203 important, far more of a threat to the world trading system than is
F05 204 commonly supposed.
F05 205    |^A quote from a recent speech by the British Foreign Secretary,
F05 206 Sir Geoffrey Howe, is relevant:
F05 207 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F05 208 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F05 209 **[END INDENTATION**]
F05 210 |^Sir Geoffrey then concluded:
F05 211 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F05 212 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F05 213 **[END INDENTATION**]
F05 214 **[PLATE**]
F05 215 *<*4Simple solution*>
F05 216    |^*0This is not overstating the dimensions of the problem. ^The
F05 217 solution to that problem is simple *- there must be a credible and
F05 218 sustained movement towards exposing agriculture to market forces. ^You
F05 219 can argue about the time and the extent of movement required but the
F05 220 direction required is crystal clear.
F05 221    |^What happens if the formidable political obstacles to change
F05 222 once more mean the three key players duck the issue? ^The United
F05 223 States could well decide that the political pain of reforming, for
F05 224 example, its dairy and sugar sectors is too high. ^The consensus to
F05 225 change direction in Japan may not exist irrespective of pressure from
F05 226 far-sighted people in the Japanese system who understand the grave
F05 227 dangers to Japan of a Multilateral Trade Negotiation that fails to
F05 228 give a new impetus to multilateralism. ^And Europe could fold its tent
F05 229 and content itself with the task of getting another two market
F05 230 economies *- Spain and Portugal *- into their system of trade
F05 231 policies.
F05 232 *#
F06 001 **[149 TEXT F06**]
F06 002 |^*4I*0f you met me today, you probably wouldn't believe that ten
F06 003 years ago I was given a less than 40% chance of ever again becoming a
F06 004 *'normal**' functioning member of society.
F06 005    |^I know I appear to be a capable, talented and attractive 35-year
F06 006 old woman *- and I am. ^Yet I suffered three major nervous breakdowns
F06 007 between the ages of 22 and 25. ^I was twice committed to mental
F06 008 hospitals by friends, and once by the police. ^The last time, I was
F06 009 inside for seven months. ^The words used on my hefty psychiatric file
F06 010 to describe my condition: manic-depressive psychotic with schizoid
F06 011 tendencies. (^These days it is called bi-polar disorder.)
F06 012    |^I remember much of it very clearly. ^The mind-numbing
F06 013 tranquillisers that dry your mouth so you can't swallow, that
F06 014 un**[ARB**]-focus your eyes, disturb your balance and make you walk
F06 015 with *'the loony-bin shuffle**'. ^Being locked up, for days on end,
F06 016 alone in a bare room. ^Patients egging each other on to fresh heights
F06 017 of insanity. ^The overworked staff who cannot allow themselves to see
F06 018 their patients as *'real**' people. ^The unbearably black depressions
F06 019 that balance the *'highs**' in equal or greater proportion.
F06 020    |^Looking back from this distance in time I realise that my
F06 021 madness, and over**[ARB**]-coming it, was possibly the key to my
F06 022 becoming a responsible, successful person. ^I blame nobody but myself
F06 023 for what happened and likewise I give myself major credit for
F06 024 recovery.
F06 025    |^Why did this happen to me? ^I had a wonderful childhood in a
F06 026 loving family with no previous history of insanity. ^When I was 17 I
F06 027 left my home in the country to attend University and for the first
F06 028 time I discovered my peer group. ^I never studied, just scraping
F06 029 through my exams. ^Life was all fun and excitement.
F06 030    |^Very quickly I became involved with men, sex, and all that goes
F06 031 with it: pleasure, pain, contraception, jealousy, false expectations,
F06 032 betrayal. ^I also developed close female friends who have, along with
F06 033 my family, loved and supported me through all my difficult times.
F06 034 |^*4T*0hings went smoothly for the next seven years. ^I adopted the
F06 035 current hippie lifestyle of long hair, raggy clothes and communal
F06 036 living. ^Though I appeared *'straight**', during the day at my job,
F06 037 after hours I became one of the *'beautiful people**' *- or so I
F06 038 imagined. ^Looking back, I see a certain desperation in my actions: I
F06 039 was always trying to fit into a mould that wasn't my shape. ^Everyone
F06 040 else seemed to be better at it than me. ^But I thought I was happy.
F06 041    |^It was the time of *"All You Need Is Love**". ^The music was the
F06 042 Beatles, the Stones, the Mamas and the Papas, Jimi Hendrix \0etc. ^We
F06 043 went barefoot on the pavements and loved shocking the un-turned-on.
F06 044 ^And of course we smoked as much marijuana as we could lay our hands
F06 045 on.
F06 046    |^I still believe that the odd joint is harmless and even
F06 047 beneficial. ^It wasn't until after I decided to try {0LSD} that my
F06 048 life turned turtle.
F06 049    |^But this isn't just another drug story. ^My third and last
F06 050 *'trip**' is acknowledged as a possible trigger rather than the cause
F06 051 of my problem (although the terror and confusion engendered by that
F06 052 ill-considered ingestion was nothing compared to the effects of the
F06 053 legal drugs later pumped into me by the hospitals.)
F06 054    |^During the previous five years my weight had increased to about
F06 055 2 1/2 stone more than I liked. ^According to American weight charts I
F06 056 should have been about eight stone, so I dieted myself strictly down
F06 057 to there. ^To do this I stopped eating normal meals with my flatmates,
F06 058 maybe my first step towards abnormal social relationships. ^None of
F06 059 them understood why I was doing it *- I suppose I seemed relatively
F06 060 normal in size as I was.
F06 061    |^I lost that extra weight in under two months, and my new
F06 062 self-image was wildly sexy and irresistible. ^I left my long-term
F06 063 live-in man and moved to another house where I met another circle of
F06 064 so called freespirited, artistic and exciting people. ^There were long
F06 065 nights of intense talk and all sorts of fantastic ideas and unlimited
F06 066 dreams were born.
F06 067 |^*4H*0ow do I describe what it feels like to *'go over the top**'?
F06 068 ^Think of the time when you were your most elated and effervescent,
F06 069 then multiply it by one hundred. ^I began to gain speed, everything
F06 070 seemed clearer and more beautiful. ^I saw symbolism in a banana skin
F06 071 lying on the pavement, and the sun would set only to rise again the
F06 072 next minute.
F06 073    |^This is a lot of fun when it happens to you, but very exhausting
F06 074 for your companions, faced with a person who has severed connections
F06 075 with reality and never stops talking.
F06 076    |^To shorten a long story. ^I was taken to hospital by a friend.
F06 077 ^I didn't even recognise where I was. ^I remember thinking the men in
F06 078 white coats were hilarious, until they grabbed me and stuck a
F06 079 hypodermic in my arm.
F06 080    |^I understand that mental patients usually get worse before they
F06 081 get better, possibly due to the fact that the doctors don't know
F06 082 initially what dosage of tranquillisers to give, so they have to
F06 083 experiment.
F06 084    |^I can't remember much after that for weeks, except my family
F06 085 came to visit and I couldn't talk because my mouth was so dry, my
F06 086 tongue was stuck. ^Nobody realised I desperately needed a drink of
F06 087 water. ^I remember above all the zombie-like attitude of the other
F06 088 patients, the glazed eyes, and how little notice was taken of us by
F06 089 the staff.
F06 090 |^*4A*0fter three months I was released, successfully *'brought
F06 091 down**' by medication. ^I entered my first real depression. ^It was
F06 092 too much to get out of bed. ^I tried to ignore the day until afternoon
F06 093 and when I got up I ate. ^My friends tried to cheer me up, but
F06 094 everyone knows that when you're down the last thing you want to hear
F06 095 is *"you'll come out of it**" or *"things could be worse**".
F06 096    |^Six months on a sickness benefit *- then I found a job I began
F06 097 to enjoy. ^The stability of work and home helped a lot. ^Then I threw
F06 098 it all away to go and live with a friend in the country. ^Things were
F06 099 good for a while, especially when I met a new man who seemed the
F06 100 answer to my dreams.
F06 101    |^Eighteen months after my release from hospital, I found myself
F06 102 in another, once more committed by a friend *- my lover *- who simply
F06 103 could not handle my bizarre behaviour.
F06 104    |^This time I had stayed up all night and ruined the entire
F06 105 contents of his kitchen: mixing extraordinary concoctions, singing at
F06 106 the top of my voice *- thinking how I was being filmed for my own
F06 107 Pythonesque television show. ^When he emerged the next morning I was a
F06 108 raving idiot and I really don't blame him.
F06 109    |^My second hospitalisation was a re**[ARB**]-run of the first,
F06 110 but longer, and twice I was locked in the *'time-out**' room. ^This is
F06 111 where patients are put ostensibly to protect themselves from
F06 112 themselves, but I still can't see the point in total deprivation.
F06 113 ^Even things to rip up and jump on would have helped.
F06 114    |^Once more I was discharged and resumed my life. ^After the
F06 115 inevitable depression I found work and things gradually improved
F06 116 until, yet again, I met a man who touched my soul. ^I had not yet
F06 117 learned to keep my *'self**' separate: I saw him as everything while
F06 118 he saw me as an occasional bedmate.
F06 119 |^*4M*0y third crack-up was the longest and most severe. ^I had vivid
F06 120 fantasies of myself as the embodiment of good and evil. ^One would lie
F06 121 down and the other would get up. ^I was the tiger  *- twins, alive
F06 122 from time immemorial. ^I was Wonderwoman. ^I could scale mountains and
F06 123 fight off whole gangs of demons. ^I could walk the streets alone at
F06 124 night and the toughest person would melt away at my sight. ^I blazed
F06 125 with energy: my eyes alone made others avert theirs.
F06 126    |^So there I was in yet another hospital, this time for seven
F06 127 months. ^For the first time, despite minimal day-to-day care, I
F06 128 developed a trusting relationship with a psychiatrist. ^Over a long
F06 129 period he got me back in touch with myself, and handed me personal
F06 130 keys to control my emotions.
F06 131    |^There I also met the man I would later marry, who balanced my
F06 132 *'highs**' and helped me develop a stable lifestyle. ^Our time
F06 133 together has been far from easy but I will always be grateful to him
F06 134 for seeing the person within the madwoman.
F06 135    |^It took a lot longer to re-adjust the third time. ^My depression
F06 136 was blacker than ever, and to punish myself for my stupidity I ate
F06 137 myself up to more than five stone overweight. ^I knew exactly what I
F06 138 was doing but I couldn't stop. ^I was eating, smoking, getting no
F06 139 exercise, and desperately unhappy. ^But I have always been an optimist
F06 140 at heart, and finally broke the cycle.
F06 141    |^After a year or so of misery and inactivity I started an easy
F06 142 job, then went into another slightly more demanding, then found one
F06 143 which really suited my talents and which I loved.
F06 144    |^I was still fat, but after I developed pneumonia and stopped
F06 145 smoking I realized I had to do battle with my size. ^Instead of
F06 146 dieting I bought a bicycle and began to ride everywhere. ^Slowly I
F06 147 subsided, and have easily maintained my weight since *- not a
F06 148 fashionable weight but one where I fit my clothes easily and feel
F06 149 good.
F06 150 |^*4A *0lot has happened since, but the crucial thing has been my
F06 151 adhering to medical advice and staying on my medication. ^Previously I
F06 152 had stopped when I judged myself *'okay**'.
F06 153    |^I have been given the choice to stop in recent years, but my
F06 154 psychiatrist cannot guarantee that I won't have another attack, and I
F06 155 prefer not to take that chance. ^I am happy and productive now, with
F06 156 no side-effects from my medication, and I value my sanity.
F06 157    |^I no longer worry continually about *'it**' happening again *-
F06 158 though of course I can't absolutely discount the possibility.
F06 159 ^Whenever anybody (however jokingly) tells me I'm crazy, I feel
F06 160 obliged to take them seriously and run through my own mental
F06 161 checklist. ^If I come up with the answer yes, that was a bit off,
F06 162 (which happens infrequently) I remove myself from the situation and do
F06 163 something like drink several large glasses of water *- nature's own
F06 164 cure.
F06 165    |^I feel I must always be more strict with myself than possibly
F06 166 *'ordinary**' people are. ^I know I have the capacity for wild flights
F06 167 of fancy, and that is where my weakness lies. ^Oh yes, I still draw on
F06 168 my imagination, but I will not let it rule me.
F06 169    |^I am now in a situation where I have surpassed my adolescent
F06 170 dreams for myself and I continue to build on new ones. ^My work is
F06 171 very satisfying, I have a solid core of friends and have regained the
F06 172 trust of my family.
F06 173    |^What I would like to say to people who have spent time in mental
F06 174 hospitals is: don't be ashamed of it. ^Whilst I don't tell everyone I
F06 175 meet, I am always pleased to give others my story and the knowledge
F06 176 that things can be all right again.
F06 177    |^There is no stigma that clings forever, or if there is I am
F06 178 proud of it. ^Because I have experienced the worst I can be and now
F06 179 everything else is a wonderful plus.
F06 180 *<*6CONFESSIONS OF A BURGLAR'S WIFE*>
F06 181 *<*2AN AMORALITY TALE*>
F06 182 |*4^Poor Margaret. ^So lonely, late at night, wondering how Scott's
F06 183 getting on ripping off his fellow citizens.
F06 184 *<*0By Sue Bramwell*>
F06 185    |^It's 2.30{0am} in Remuera, Auckland, and Margaret is sitting up
F06 186 in bed reading a book. ^Waiting for her husband to come home from
F06 187 work.
F06 188    |^Unlike most women whose husbands work night-shift, however,
F06 189 Margaret can never be sure that her husband will in fact appear.
F06 190    |^He's a thief.
F06 191    |^As the wife of a *"tealeaf**", Margaret admits that stress is
F06 192 the main draw**[ARB**]-back of Scott's job. *"^You never know when the
F06 193 wheels are going to come off,**" she says, referring to the many
F06 194 nights that have been interrupted by calls from the Central Police
F06 195 Station.
F06 196 *#
F07 001 **[150 TEXT F07**]
F07 002 |*4^The New Zealander who wrote this story says she's been asked many
F07 003 times to write it. *"^There are lots of women like me,**" she says.
F07 004 *"^Married too young. ^Often to men we had started *'going steady
F07 005 with**' in our teens. ^Either because you were pregnant or had had sex
F07 006 with them (in an age when you then married them!). ^Nearly all of us
F07 007 are very hard-working people. ^Victims of the old Protestant work
F07 008 ethic. ^Which then traps us all, in later life, in our difficult
F07 009 marriages because we have painstakingly acquired possessions. ^Things.
F07 010 ^A nice lounge suite, stereo, crystal chandelier, silver candelabra,
F07 011 \0etc. ^A nice house, which neither wants to leave willingly. ^Which
F07 012 both would like to continue living in *- on their own.**" ^But,
F07 013 somehow, they keep on keeping on...
F07 014    |^When *0you lie flat on your back in bed, controlling all
F07 015 movement and weeping as silently as possible, in an attempt to conceal
F07 016 this fact, a strange and rather uncomfortable thing occurs. ^The tears
F07 017 ooze out from under your closed lids, slide smoothly down your cheeks
F07 018 and form little pools in your ears.
F07 019    |^You suddenly realise how stupid it all is and regret your
F07 020 dramatic statement of several weeks previously, when you struck a pose
F07 021 that would have done Bette Davis proud, and proclaimed to the man
F07 022 lying so angrily and now so stubbornly silent beside you, that *-
F07 023 *"^You will never, ever, have the satisfaction of seeing me cry
F07 024 again.**"
F07 025    |^You meant it at the time too. ^You felt that the numbing
F07 026 physical pain that engulfed you at that moment, in an uncontrollable
F07 027 response to his cruelty and vicious remarks, would immunise you from
F07 028 any further emotional display such as you are now desperately trying
F07 029 to control.
F07 030    |^Unfortunately, your body has now decided to tell you, in no
F07 031 uncertain manner, that it is anything but numb! ^Your wet ear lobes
F07 032 are suddenly of secondary importance and it is the block of concrete
F07 033 in the back of your throat that now threatens to choke you. ^You want
F07 034 to gasp aloud, take in deep breaths of air and cry and cry and cry.
F07 035    |^But somewhere inside your head a cynical little voice reminds
F07 036 you of the futility of such behaviour. ^You've tried *2THAT *0so many
F07 037 times before, remember, and it brings you nothing positive. ^You end
F07 038 up with salty tears miring your contact lenses and compounding the
F07 039 *'red eye**' problem that plagues you for the following 48 hours. (^In
F07 040 spite of what they say in novels, splashing your swollen eyelids with
F07 041 cold water does *2NOT *0miraculously return them to their normal
F07 042 state. ^Not mine anyway!)
F07 043    |^Nor does *"primal screaming**" bring instant relief. ^It
F07 044 probably could if you were able to do it instantly when the pain first
F07 045 became intense. ^But since he hides the keys, or removes the rotor arm
F07 046 from the car when in one of his *"moods**", it means a 20-minute walk
F07 047 out into the country before you get far enough away from houses whose
F07 048 occupants would be sure to dial 111 if they heard your screams.
F07 049    |^Besides, he is always saying how mad you are *- how tainted with
F07 050 your family's insanity you are *- and if he could see you there,
F07 051 screaming aloud into the still night air... well, he would be proved
F07 052 right wouldn't he? ^He would never accept such *"craziness**" as a
F07 053 valid psychological therapy. ^Oh no *- he knows *"weirdos**" when he
F07 054 sees them all right, and in his eyes you are definitely one of them.
F07 055 ^So is your father who has had two bouts of manic depression in his 70
F07 056 years of life.
F07 057    |^You also think yourself rather stupid too, however, since you
F07 058 have chosen to remain married to your husband for almost a quarter of
F07 059 a century. (^What a masochist!) ^Foolish certainly to begin with.
F07 060 ^Engaged at 17, married at 18. ^A mother for the first time at 19, for
F07 061 the second time at 20, and another for the final time (ha!) at 23.
F07 062    |^What's this? ^Migraines, blackouts, vomiting? ^Can't take the
F07 063 pill? ^Then the answer's simple *- stop taking it!
F07 064    |^It must be so easy to be a doctor. ^To say to a desperately
F07 065 unhappy woman, *"^It will be at least a month for the effects of the
F07 066 pill to leave your body. ^For the blackouts to stop. ^But I can't give
F07 067 you a tubal ligation. ^Not yet. ^Why, you're a healthy young woman of
F07 068 28. ^You only have three children. ^You may want more in the future.
F07 069 ^Use other preventatives for three months and then come and see me
F07 070 again.**"
F07 071    |^You have no choice. ^In three months' time you need his
F07 072 obstetric skills because you're pregnant again for the fourth time.
F07 073    |^*2NO! ^*0Certainly not *- don't even mention abortion! ^Don't
F07 074 you realise it's a sin? ^It is sinful in *1your *0eyes too, to be
F07 075 subjected to such treatment by your husband. ^And why? ^Have you been
F07 076 unfaithful? ^No. ^A spendthrift? ^No. ^Addicted to alcohol or drugs?
F07 077 ^No. ^Are you a *"bad**" housewife? ^Yes.
F07 078    |^Would you rather read stories to your children, play with them,
F07 079 talk to them, point out the sun and the moon and the stars to them,
F07 080 than do housework? ^Definitely, yes. ^Do you prefer blowing soap
F07 081 bubbles in the bath and explaining the beauty of refracted light to
F07 082 them to merely cleaning it and then disinfecting and scrubbing the
F07 083 toilet? ^Guilty again. ^He doesn't approve. ^You are a woman and he
F07 084 married you to cook and to clean and to look after his children. ^It's
F07 085 not enough to keep them clean and well fed and the house comfortable
F07 086 and pleasant for all to relax in. ^It has to be spotless.
F07 087 ^Antiseptically and clinically clean at all times. ^Like his mother
F07 088 did.
F07 089    |^*"I was one of the lucky ones dear,**" she tells you proudly.
F07 090 ^*"I always *2ENJOYED *0looking after *2MY *0family!**"
F07 091    |^You thought he was joking the first time he spelt your duties
F07 092 out to you in minute detail. (^Nobody thinks like that in the age of
F07 093 Betty Friedan, do they?) ^They do. ^He does. ^And you married *1him
F07 094 *0because you loved him. ^Not because you wanted someone to become a
F07 095 *"meal ticket**" for you for ever more. ^How come the two of you never
F07 096 talked about your expectations of each other beforehand? ^After all,
F07 097 you did go to *1one *0of the Marriage Guidance lectures, recommended
F07 098 to you by the minister before he agreed to marry you. ^Oh, that's
F07 099 right *- you thoroughly enjoyed the discussion and the theories
F07 100 presented, but the young man beside you hated it. ^Refused to go back
F07 101 again. ^Said it was a lot of *"clap-trap**" and that the two of you
F07 102 should be able to sort out your own problems. ^Remember?
F07 103    |^And you so loved his strength. ^The fact that he seemed afraid
F07 104 of nothing and certainly no-one. ^His decisiveness. ^His sense of
F07 105 always knowing at all times what was what. ^He *2KNEW *0right from
F07 106 wrong. ^He was more than *"cool**", he was incredible. ^And besides,
F07 107 you loved his body and his *"Fonzie**" hair**[ARB**]-cut! ^Talk about
F07 108 electricity between you! ^\0TV One could have stood you both on \0Mt
F07 109 Kaukau the night of their break**[ARB**]-down and transmitted from
F07 110 Nelson to the Kapiti Coast with the force generated between you when
F07 111 you looked into each other's eyes. ^Held onto each other. ^Caressed
F07 112 each other. ^Loved each other.
F07 113    |^When did it go wrong? ^When did he start reading the evening
F07 114 newspaper and then burning it in front of you so that you couldn't
F07 115 read it also. ^Making a full pot of tea *- pouring one out into a cup
F07 116 for himself *- and the rest down the sink so that you couldn't have
F07 117 one too. ^Tampering with the electricity switchboard and de-activating
F07 118 the power points in the house so that you couldn't watch the political
F07 119 debate on \0TV or the Sunday play. ^Sneaking up to the bedroom in
F07 120 winter and switching off your side of the electric blanket after you
F07 121 had been in earlier and switched both sides on. ^Ripping your
F07 122 favourite plants out of the garden and digging in the seedlings you
F07 123 had been so carefully nurturing.
F07 124    |^Throwing your clothes out onto the lawn so that when you came
F07 125 home from Play Centre, or a Meet the Teacher evening, you found your
F07 126 wardrobe lying in the rain. (^He stopped doing *2THAT *0when he
F07 127 realised you didn't really care. ^That they were all wash 'n' wear
F07 128 fabrics that could take such treatment.) ^So he started throwing your
F07 129 typewriter outside instead. (^Poor old dented Imperial 66, circa 1960.
F07 130 ^Good job they made 'em tough in those days!)
F07 131    |^Destroying your manuscripts. ^Your published short stories,
F07 132 articles and features. ^Ripping up the only rough drafts of
F07 133 almost-ready-to-be-published work, and the greatest grief of all *-
F07 134 burning your five-year diary.
F07 135    |^You didn't even realise that it was grief that had you literally
F07 136 rolling on the floor in pain that night. ^The night he forced you to
F07 137 watch as he ripped it apart page by page and fed it to the fire.
F07 138 ^Burning too the love letter from Jonathan Logan, aged 7, to your
F07 139 daughter Sarah aged 6 1/2, saying how he wanted to marry her when he
F07 140 grew up. (^Lucky Jonathan. ^Saved from a future Breach of Promise case
F07 141 perhaps?) ^But at the time you didn't realise that it was grief that
F07 142 could gnaw at your gut and reduce you to sobs *- merely for a lost
F07 143 dream of love. ^You thought you had to lose a real flesh and blood
F07 144 person in order to feel such pain. ^You didn't realise you could lose
F07 145 them and feel such grief at the loss, whilst they continued to live in
F07 146 the same house. ^That came later. ^When you did the Human Relations
F07 147 Course in Human Growth and Development. ^Or was it the course teaching
F07 148 you how to become a Samaritan telephonist? ^You decided to do *2THAT
F07 149 *0when you realised the abysmal quality of some of the help that was
F07 150 available to *2YOU.
F07 151    |^*0When that very correct (and newly qualified) marriage guidance
F07 152 counsellor said to you in a properly impassive and non-committal tone
F07 153 *- *"^Come now, surely you don't want *2ME *0to enter into your
F07 154 argument do you?**" when you had told her of the dreadful untrue
F07 155 things he had accused you of. ^Yes! ^Of course you wanted her to
F07 156 *"enter into the argument**". ^You really thought you were going crazy
F07 157 *- as he kept maintaining. ^And if he was right, and you were so very
F07 158 wrong, then you needed to be told that. ^You needed a second opinion
F07 159 so that you could then be helped. ^Please God *- there *2MUST *0be
F07 160 help available if you are the one that needs it.
F07 161    |^*4So you *0try another marriage guidance counsellor. ^She's
F07 162 lovely. ^She listens. ^Occasionally she comments. ^Helps you to see
F07 163 your errors of judgement. ^Sometimes she cautions and eventually she
F07 164 says *- *"^I'm sorry. ^If what you are saying about your husband's
F07 165 behaviour is true, and I have no reason to doubt you, and if he
F07 166 continues to refuse to see me, then there is nothing further I can do.
F07 167 ^Except to tell you that I think he needs help. ^Badly.**"
F07 168    |^So do I.
F07 169    |^So I see the Minister. ^He tells me to read the words of \0St
F07 170 Paul and to pray. ^So I see the Doctor. ^He takes detailed notes of my
F07 171 bruises and tells me to get a good lawyer. ^So I see the Lawyer
F07 172 (happily married) who proceeds to first, make a pass at me, and then
F07 173 get testy when I refuse to immediately denounce my husband, my
F07 174 marriage (of so many years), my home, my family and my life and
F07 175 instantly sue for divorce. ^He is so frustrated, he tells me, by women
F07 176 like me, who choose instead to stay in a ridiculous *"no win**"
F07 177 situation.
F07 178    |^I learn later, when doing voluntary work in a local women's
F07 179 refuge, that there are hundreds, probably thousands, like me. ^Lots of
F07 180 them far worse off than I am. ^And all we have left is hope. ^Some of
F07 181 us find comfort in the words of Theocritus *- *"^Hope walks with life,
F07 182 only in death does hope end.**"
F07 183 *#
F08 001 **[151 TEXT F08**]
F08 002    |^*4I*2T'S 8.30 {0AM} AND THE TELE*0phone is already ringing as
F08 003 Neil Mackenzie unlocks the door of the small shabby building that
F08 004 houses the New Zealand {0AIDS} Foundation. ^This must be one of
F08 005 downtown Auckland's last remaining Victorian edifices, a tiny one-room
F08 006 wide three-rooms long ornate brick structure about the size of a two
F08 007 car garage. ^It is precariously perched on the crumbling edge of a
F08 008 vast demolition site one block up from Queen Street, just by Albert
F08 009 Park.
F08 010    |^Before Neil can get through the door, the answering machine
F08 011 clicks into action.
F08 012    |^*"Hello, you have reached the {0NZ} {0AIDS} Foundation toll-free
F08 013 hotline number. ^No one is available right now to take your call.
F08 014 ^This phone is attended weekday office hours, 8.30 to 4.30, and in the
F08 015 evenings Monday to Friday, 6 {0pm} to 10 {0pm}. ^If you'd like to
F08 016 leave a message after the tone, we'll get back to you as soon as
F08 017 possible. ^Thank you for your call.**"
F08 018 ^The caller waits a few moments, and then hangs up without saying a
F08 019 word.
F08 020    |^*"We get quite a few silent callers,**" explains Neil, switching
F08 021 the phones over to Day. *"^I think some people are just too frightened
F08 022 and shy to ask for help.**"
F08 023    |^Neil, young and good looking, is fashionably dressed in a soft
F08 024 grey shirt, very full cut trousers and a black leather tie. ^He goes
F08 025 round opening up for the day and fills the electric jug with water to
F08 026 make coffee.
F08 027    |^The premises still look very much like the solicitor's offices
F08 028 they were before the Foundation moved in. ^They're painted a dirty
F08 029 cream and the glass partitions between the rooms have drab olive green
F08 030 twill curtains. ^Posters advertising Safe Sex are blue-tacked to the
F08 031 walls.
F08 032    |^Neil works in what was the receptionist's office, now crowded
F08 033 with a desk, several chairs, a large office cabinet, two ancient
F08 034 manual typewriters, several telephones and answering machines and a
F08 035 cold water-only stainless steel sink. ^Opposite, through the 
F08 036 glass-louvre partition, is a waiting room, empty save an enormous
F08 037 U-Bix copier and sorting machine.
F08 038    |^The front office is shared by Ray Taylor who supervised the
F08 039 training of the counsellors and the support network, and Tony Hughes,
F08 040 the bio-medical co**[ARB**]-ordinator. ^Tony spends his days
F08 041 interfacing between the public and the medical profession and
F08 042 organises the mass of research data flooding into the office. ^This he
F08 043 catalogues and files, thus creating a library for local health care
F08 044 professionals and scientists.
F08 045 **[PLATES**]
F08 046    |^Megan Grant works out in the back office at a small desk jammed
F08 047 in the corner. ^The Foundation's board meetings take place in this
F08 048 room. ^Megan acts as secretary and is also the office manager, keeping
F08 049 accounts, paying wages and ordering supplies. ^Megan, as is usual for
F08 050 the only woman working with a group of men, acts as an emotional
F08 051 buffer and a barometer with which to gauge the mood of the day.
F08 052    |^There's no staff room, no hot water, no fridge, not even a
F08 053 toilet. ^If you want that facility you pick up the key from Neil, go
F08 054 out the front door, along an alley, down some stairs and there's the
F08 055 toilet in the car park of the dental hospital next door. ^The
F08 056 Foundation doesn't even have its own carpark. ^Tony Hughes, the only
F08 057 one to drive to work, parks out on the street and keeps a constant
F08 058 lookout for the meter woman.
F08 059 |^*2MEGAN ARRIVES. ^SHE'S A REMARKABLY *0pretty woman, trim, petite
F08 060 with an alert sensitive face. ^Neil makes her a cup of
F08 061 coffee and they stand by the phones chatting about their day and the
F08 062 complexities of the {0IR} 12 form Neil is filling in. ^Their talk is
F08 063 constantly interrupted by the clamour of the phones.
F08 064    |^Neil gives out a list of the common symptoms of a progressive
F08 065 infection with the {0AIDS} virus, all signals from an immune system
F08 066 that is breaking down.
F08 067    |^*"Let's see *- there's extreme and constant tiredness; recurrent
F08 068 fevers, chills or night sweats; rapid weight loss for no apparent
F08 069 reason; swollen lymph glands in the neck, underarm or groin area;
F08 070 white spots or unusual blemishes in the mouth; skin blotches, raised
F08 071 purple ones; persistent dry cough; diarrhoea.**"
F08 072    |^Everyone at the Foundation can reel the symptoms off as easily
F08 073 as a toddler reciting a nursery rhyme.
F08 074    |^The next call comes from someone worrying about catching {0AIDS}
F08 075 from having shared a spa pool with a gay cousin.
F08 076    |^*"We get a lot of calls from people worried about casual contact
F08 077 with gays and lesbians,**" explains Neil. ^*"This is despite all the
F08 078 educational material that stresses that {0AIDS} is a very difficult
F08 079 virus to contract, and that no one has ever caught it through having
F08 080 close daily contact with {0PWA}s (People With {0AIDS}). ^You can't
F08 081 reassure people enough.
F08 082    |^*"We've had several unusual calls. ^One from a person worried
F08 083 about lying on the same beach as gay men. ^One from a teenage boy
F08 084 anxious about developing {0AIDS} after eating his own semen. ^Oh, and
F08 085 we get a lot of mosquito calls. ^People nervous about mosquitoes
F08 086 biting someone with {0AIDS} and flying into their house and biting
F08 087 them. ^All you can do is repeat that there is no evidence of {0AIDS}
F08 088 ever having been transmitted by mosquitoes, sweat, saliva, swimming
F08 089 pools, through the air, whatever.
F08 090    |^*"To contract {0AIDS} you must exchange body fluids with someone
F08 091 already infected. ^This usually happens during intimate sexual contact
F08 092 or through sharing an infected intravenous needle.
F08 093    |^*"Less often it appears to have been transmitted through
F08 094 infected blood or blood product. ^Now that this is known blood is
F08 095 tested and treated so that no virus-containing blood is used anymore.
F08 096    |^*"The reason there was so much infected blood about is because
F08 097 so much donated blood comes from people who sell their blood to the
F08 098 collecting agencies. ^These agencies collect the blood in prisons, in
F08 099 the poor areas of towns where junkies and prostitutes live, and in
F08 100 Third World countries in the Caribbean and Africa.
F08 101    |^*"We're lucky now to know that the {0AIDS} virus is easy to kill
F08 102 in collected blood. ^10 minutes heat at 70 *@\0C, or a one-in-four
F08 103 solution of household bleach destroys it.
F08 104    |^*"I think my oddest call was from someone who'd been listening
F08 105 to talk**[ARB**]-back radio and heard how scientists have discovered
F08 106 the {0AIDS} virus closely resembles the scrapie retro-virus found in
F08 107 sheep. ^This causes progressive degeneration of the sheep's brain,
F08 108 ending with the poor sheep literally scraping itself to death on posts
F08 109 and trees. ^Some of the autopsies on {0PWA}s show a similar pattern of
F08 110 brain degeneration. ^Anyway, there's this caller asking *'^Can I eat
F08 111 the lamb chops I've bought for dinner? ^Or should I just throw them
F08 112 out?**'
F08 113 |^*2IT'S TIME FOR NEIL TO GO OUT TO *0pick up the mail. ^Megan comes
F08 114 in to take over the phones, and at the same time Tony and Ray arrive
F08 115 for work.
F08 116    |^Ray is a big sturdy guy with a solid reassuring persona. ^He
F08 117 looks like a great shoulder to lean on. ^Tony is lean and wiry, with a
F08 118 bright enthusiastic manner. ^Both are casually dressed, Ray in a loose
F08 119 cotton shirt and shorts, Tony in a plaid shirt and grey cords. ^Both
F08 120 kick their shoes off and settle at their desks. ^Everyone greets each
F08 121 other in a cheery friendly way, laughing out loud at a flurry of
F08 122 jokes. ^This is similar to the mood found among doctors and nurses and
F08 123 others who work in serious situations dealing with personal stress and
F08 124 possible death. ^There's a supportive camaraderie and mutual uplift.
F08 125    |^The day is warming up, turning into one of those muggy Auckland
F08 126 days people expect of summer. ^Tony throws open the windows to the
F08 127 busy Kitchener Street footpath with its stream of pedestrians, most
F08 128 looking as if they have business in the District Court a few metres
F08 129 down the street. ^Gang members wearing patches stand around battered
F08 130 Kingswoods and Falcons. ^Rough tattooed women in cheap cotton shifts
F08 131 from Asia puff furiously on their cigarettes. ^Lawyers in crumpled
F08 132 working suits carry manilla folders stuffed with papers. ^It's a tense
F08 133 and bitter scene. ^The downside of life in the Big Smoke.
F08 134    |^Tony Hughes is talking about the evolution of the Foundation.
F08 135 ^He has a swift way of speaking, almost shorthand; his hands
F08 136 constantly describe arcs and rectangles in the air.
F08 137    |^*"Bruce Burnett started it all off. ^He'd been living in San
F08 138 Francisco working for the Shanti Project helping {0PWA}s and their
F08 139 families cope with the many serious illnesses that the {0AIDS} virus
F08 140 brings.**"
F08 141    |^*"Ray worked there too,**" adds Tony, indicating Ray at the
F08 142 adjacent desk. ^Ray is busy on the phone discussing a weekend training
F08 143 course for volunteer home support teams.
F08 144    |^*"In September 1984, when more than 2,500 Americans had already
F08 145 died of {0AIDS}, Bruce returned to New Zealand, to a country
F08 146 completely unprepared for an {0AIDS} epidemic.
F08 147    |^*"{0AIDS} had been given little press apart from the
F08 148 *2MYSTERIOUS GAY KILLER SENSATION *0sort of thing. ^Because {0AIDS}
F08 149 was first perceived as a gay male disease which was sexually
F08 150 transmitted by promiscuous anal sex, and thus was unlikely to affect
F08 151 the general public, it rated little attention. ^No one was keen to be
F08 152 associated with such a distasteful malady. ^It had all the taboos *-
F08 153 sex, drugs, gays. ^All low on anyone's agenda. ^Those people who tried
F08 154 to help were vilified by right wing politicians and fundamentalist
F08 155 religious groups as closet gays or other insulting epithets.
F08 156    |*"^From his San Francisco experiences, Bruce knew there wasn't a
F08 157 lot of time before {0AIDS} would be a serious problem here. ^Already
F08 158 two men had died, but their deaths were treated as *'overseas**'
F08 159 cases, not a domestic illness. ^Bruce contacted all the people he
F08 160 could think of. ^He held public meetings. ^He spoke to the media. ^He
F08 161 wanted to organise a prevention campaign *-  with no vaccine in sight
F08 162 for a very long time prevention is the only cure *- and a supportive
F08 163 network of helpers who would provide home help and counselling for
F08 164 those who actually contracted {0AIDS}.**"
F08 165    |^Outside on the footpath a couple start into a violent argument.
F08 166 ^Not allowing himself to be distracted, Tony continues.
F08 167    |*"^This was when I met Bruce. ^I'd been involved in conservation
F08 168 activities for several years. ^In '83 I was the National Conservation
F08 169 Officer for the Native Forest Action Council. ^In '84 I was a Director
F08 170 of the Whirinaki Forest Promotion Trust. ^We bought**[SIC**] David
F08 171 Bellamy out to promote that cause.
F08 172    |^*"I've an {0M.Sc.} in Zoology and always read biological
F08 173 journals. ^Since 1981 there'd been mentions of these mysterious
F08 174 wasting diseases and cancers killing otherwise young and healthy gay
F08 175 men in the {0US}. ^Paul Goldwater, then senior lecturer in virology at
F08 176 the Auckland University School of Medicine, Ian Scott, a local {0GP},
F08 177 and I started collecting research material on this virus. ^So, when
F08 178 Bruce arrived here I happened to be finished with my conservation work
F08 179 and also probably one of the better informed people on {0AIDS} in the
F08 180 country. ^We met, and in November '84 I started as the Community
F08 181 Liaison Officer dealing with {0AIDS}, paid {0PEP} wages by the
F08 182 Auckland City Council. ^All arranged by Bruce.
F08 183    |*"^In February 1985, with 4000 already dead in the {0US}, Bruce
F08 184 was given space in the Department of Health offices behind the Civic
F08 185 Theatre. ^Neil started as his office helper. ^They got a telephone
F08 186 number, and the calls from worried people started coming it**[SIC**].
F08 187 ^Remember, this was when that American guy on the {0QE2} got sick and
F08 188 there was a panic in the media. ^Also there was the first Auckland
F08 189 {0AIDS} death, bringing New Zealand's total up to three fatalities.
F08 190    |*"^Ray came back from San Francisco for a brief visit and gave
F08 191 Bruce some invaluable help. ^He never saw him again.
F08 192    |*"^Bruce had been diagnosed as having an Aids Related Complex,
F08 193 which means he had a few symptoms of the {0AIDS} virus infection, but
F08 194 his immune system wasn't completely devastated. ^Still, he knew his
F08 195 time was limited. ^He could have gone back to San Francisco, to his
F08 196 old friends and the best medical attention available to {0PWA}s at the
F08 197 time. ^But he stayed on here, working till he couldn't go on. ^It's
F08 198 impossible to calculate just how many people will owe their lives to
F08 199 Bruce's dedication and love of his country.**"
F08 200 *#
F09 001 **[152 TEXT F09**]
F09 002 |^*2AT 1.15 {0PM}, ON THE FRONT STEPS *0of the Waitemata City Council
F09 003 Chambers a solidly built man in work-worn shorts and faded cotton
F09 004 shirt takes off his muddy boots and steps purposefully through the
F09 005 doors into the lobby. ^He crosses the expanse of brick-red carpet to
F09 006 the building inspector's desk, leans against the burnished native wood
F09 007 of the public counter and waits to be served.
F09 008    |^Around the corner in the executive offices, the mayor is
F09 009 sitting at his desk eating fish and chips, dipping the fish into a
F09 010 plate of tomato sauce which leans perilously into a pile of official
F09 011 papers. ^Between mouthfuls, microphone in hand, he dictates a letter
F09 012 to Peter Tapsell, Minister of Internal Affairs, about funding for the
F09 013 Cornwallis urban forestry project. ^The mayor's gum**[ARB**]-boots,
F09 014 backpack and navy wool bush jacket are piled in a corner beneath a
F09 015 photograph of his father in air force uniform and a portrait of the
F09 016 Maori prophet Rua Kenana.
F09 017    |^The mayor and the man at the inspector's desk have a lot in
F09 018 common: they are working men, of the earth, young and strong. ^They
F09 019 both feel vague unease in this international hotel lobby environment
F09 020 with its piped music, hanging plants and fashionable furnishings.
F09 021    |^But around them are people who find this ambience right and
F09 022 fitting: the city manager in his pinstripe suit swivelling in his
F09 023 chair in the pale green office to look out at the straggling rose
F09 024 bushes in the front garden; the councillors who stride across the
F09 025 foyer to talk to department heads; the senior executive staff to whom
F09 026 this *+$5.5 million, Miles Warren-designed building is a well-deserved
F09 027 haven after years in cramped temporary offices in Auckland City and
F09 028 Henderson.
F09 029    |^The man at the inspector's desk comes here a couple of times a
F09 030 month with an application. ^This is the mayor's permanent place of
F09 031 work, in the monument built by his predecessor. ^The incumbent has a
F09 032 Greater London Council anti**[ARB**]-racism poster and a Nuclear
F09 033 Weapon Free Zone sticker on the wall behind his desk, alongside a
F09 034 portrait of a young and remarkably slender Queen Elizabeth flanked by
F09 035 the New Zealand flag and the Union Jack.
F09 036    |^If the young builder passed by the executive suite on his way
F09 037 out of the building, one glance into the mayor's office would reveal
F09 038 conflicts and paradoxes at work: they have dogged his term of office.
F09 039    |^And that's the least of it. ^Before he even assumed office the
F09 040 council was suing him for libel. ^In the weeks that followed two of
F09 041 his councillors were swinging at each other in the council car park,
F09 042 the city manager was still not speaking to him and the former mayor
F09 043 was suing him in what would be a protracted defamation case.
F09 044    |^Two councillors pledged support for the mayor from the start,
F09 045 and another *- who joined the council after the Lincoln ward 
F09 046 by-election *- plus a couple of non**[ARB**]-aligned councillors, can be
F09 047 counted on for constant support. ^But the other 10 generally vote as a
F09 048 group, although they earnestly deny that this can be called a block
F09 049 vote. ^The mayor has not managed to win them over in two and a half
F09 050 years, and the hostility of certain councillors, notably chairman of
F09 051 works Ron Manuel, towards him is deep and enduring. ^The mayor
F09 052 acknowledges that his adversaries have made him a political neuter.
F09 053    |^Most people wouldn't touch another three years of this, but
F09 054 Timothy Richard Shadbolt will again stand for mayor of Waitemata City
F09 055 this October and await the wisdom of the voters.
F09 056    |^They will have to decide whether he has been a good mayor; good
F09 057 enough to deserve re-election in a new city of unsettled politics
F09 058 where no mayor has ever served more than one term.
F09 059 |*"^*4Just imagine what would happen if I won. ^We could become one of
F09 060 the most exciting creative imaginative and socially progressive
F09 061 communities in New Zealand. ^I have offered myself to the people of
F09 062 West Auckland. ^That is all I can do. ^The choice is yours. ^Only you
F09 063 can make it happen.**"
F09 064 *<*6TIM SHADBOLT, 1983*>
F09 065    |^*0And they did. ^The message went out to the young families
F09 066 struggling with spiralling mortgage interest rates in the barren
F09 067 Universal Homes Subdivisions with half paved driveways and kids' bikes
F09 068 at the front door and a rusting Cortina parked on the street. ^It went
F09 069 out to the liberals in the Titirangi bush *- the potters and teachers,
F09 070 painters and professionals. ^It went out, perhaps, to some of the
F09 071 traditionally conservative voters on the Te Atatu peninsula in their
F09 072 snug bungalows with gladioli in the garden. ^On election night Tim
F09 073 Shadbolt had beaten Tony Covic by 1179 votes.
F09 074    |^The country has never had a mayor who described himself as a
F09 075 poet and a philosopher before. ^It was a sensation. ^People didn't
F09 076 know quite how to react. ^There are reports that some senior council
F09 077 officers cried at the news of Covic's defeat. ^The media crowded in,
F09 078 knowing Tim would come up with his proverbial wisecracks and loopy
F09 079 grin. ^There was *- a year before the voters would turf out Muldoon *-
F09 080 a heady feeling that now anything could happen.
F09 081    |^His story will pass into the national folklore: the tough kid
F09 082 from Blockhouse Bay who bonded his adolescent soul and passions into
F09 083 the West, working at the family orchard in Massey for his *'wicked
F09 084 stepfather**', who briefly flirted with life on the road and the
F09 085 Hell's Angels and then moved on to university with the state house
F09 086 kids in the late sixties and became a student radical, editor of
F09 087 *1Craccum, *0at the forefront of marches against Vietnam, fined and
F09 088 imprisoned for saying *'bullshit**' in a public place, organiser of
F09 089 the Jumping Sundays in Albert Park, a family man in a car case shed on
F09 090 the commune at Huia, the move into the suburban wasteland of Glen Eden
F09 091 and the concrete business, the elevation to the mayoralty of New
F09 092 Zealand's fifth largest city *- the sprawling mass of orchard and
F09 093 tract housing, wild beach and bush that is Waitemata.
F09 094    |^One thing people need to know about him now is that despite the
F09 095 antics *- towing the concrete mixer behind the mayoral Daimler,
F09 096 dressing in bra and frilly knickers for an {0RSA} dinner *- Tim
F09 097 Shadbolt is not a clown.
F09 098    |^The election campaign in 1983 proved how deadly serious he
F09 099 could be. ^He stood without much thought of winning, declaring that he
F09 100 wanted to fight the traditional voter apathy in the city which had
F09 101 left Tony Covic running for a second term unopposed, a city where the
F09 102 voter turnout averages 21 per cent. ^Shadbolt's four-page election
F09 103 manifesto, while full of charm and rhetoric, was a skilled piece of
F09 104 politicking, aiming straight for Tony Covic's jugular. *"^Tony Covic
F09 105 is a nice guy. ^But make no mistake about him. ^In the final analysis
F09 106 he will fight tooth and nail to protect the interests of his class.
F09 107 ^The property developers, the strong and powerful, the wealthy
F09 108 businessmen and the greedy.**"
F09 109    |^Shadbolt told the people of West Auckland that in this election
F09 110 they had *"the choice between a poet and a used car salesman. ^You
F09 111 have the choice between a philosopher and a materialist... ^Tim
F09 112 Shadbolt is a nice guy. ^But make no mistake about him. ^In the last
F09 113 analysis he will fight tooth and nail to protect the interests of his
F09 114 class. ^The workers, the sick, the oppressed and the needy. ^He has
F09 115 always worked for Justice and Freedom.**"
F09 116    |^But the poet and philosopher, fresh from the concrete mixer,
F09 117 found himself up against a council, the majority of whom were quite
F09 118 unaccepting that *1their *0mayor, Covic, had been defeated. ^Key
F09 119 opponents made it clear in the days that followed the election that
F09 120 they would not make life easy for Shadbolt. ^*"I copped it from the
F09 121 old guard councillors who believed I had no right to be here. ^I was
F09 122 the wrong sort of person to be mayor *- part Polynesian with a strong
F09 123 affinity with Maoris, heavy working class background,**" Shadbolt
F09 124 reflects.
F09 125    |*"^In the beginning they thought they could break me *- they saw
F09 126 me as a laughing hippy dippy and they thought that because I laughed I
F09 127 must be weak. ^They said *'we'll give him three months**' and they
F09 128 expected me to crash. ^But when I was 19 I spent a year working at
F09 129 Manapouri where a man a mile was lost, and in Australia I worked on a
F09 130 building site where everyone but me was killed and I had to carry my
F09 131 mates' bodies out... ^I laugh, but I'm not weak. ^It finally dawned on
F09 132 them that I'm as hard as nails and I've been crunched by bigger and
F09 133 better people than them all my life and I have never dropped out.**"
F09 134    |^The people of Waitemata appeared from the first to enjoy the
F09 135 spectacle of their radical young mayor at odds with the old
F09 136 conservatives on the council. ^At the first council meeting, where the
F09 137 battle lines were drawn for the conflicts to follow, the public seats
F09 138 at the back of the council chamber were packed and the doors had to be
F09 139 closed to meet fire regulations. ^The people outside in the lobby
F09 140 watched the proceedings on video screens. ^The media was out in full
F09 141 force. ^Since then, at least 30 ratepayers attend the last Thursday of
F09 142 the month full council meetings which have been described as *'the
F09 143 best free show in town**'. ^The *1Western Leader *0is full of letters
F09 144 either for or against the mayor and debating civic issues.
F09 145    |^The city had a mayor who was regularly on television and the
F09 146 radio, constantly in the papers; one who travelled the country with
F09 147 Gary McCormick and Tom Scott in the series of Great Debates. ^He gave
F09 148 the city a profile it had never had before. ^When, on a hot and close
F09 149 December night Gary McCormick can announce to the upstairs bar at the
F09 150 Gluepot, packed with young moderns and liberals, yuppies and old
F09 151 hippies, the impending arrival on stage of *"His Worship, the Mayor of
F09 152 Waitemata City**", traditionally fusty local politics is carried into
F09 153 a new and powerful arena. ^The mayor is a media star, the mayor has
F09 154 the potential to enhance and broaden his reputation as a cult figure.
F09 155 ^Who recognises Barry Curtis *- mayor of the Manukau, largest city in
F09 156 the country? ^But one glance of the row of teeth, the sound of the
F09 157 cracked laugh brings the first citizen of Waitemata into the living
F09 158 rooms of the nation.
F09 159    |^When Tony Covic sued Tim Shadbolt for defamation, the 
F09 160 still-fresh honey**[ARB**]-moon between the mayor and his public
F09 161 strengthened. ^In his election material Shadbolt had been critical of
F09 162 Covic's *'Think Big**' approach to the development of Waitemata. ^As a
F09 163 largely rural and residential territory, the city lacked a strong
F09 164 commercial and industrial rating and employment base and Covic had
F09 165 consolidated the work of previous mayors in this area. ^But he made
F09 166 some errors of judgement which Shadbolt was quick to exploit. ^He
F09 167 pointed to the purchase of a *+$30,000 Daimler as the mayoral car as
F09 168 an example of gross extravagance and this probably struck a chord with
F09 169 the young families in Massey and Ranui. ^He went further in
F09 170 criticising the construction of the *+$5.5 million city complex off
F09 171 Lincoln Road, opposite the vehicle testing station and just down the
F09 172 road from Covic Motors. ^There were hints of corruption and comments
F09 173 about a *"Dally Mafia**". ^Covic sued for *+$90,000, despite
F09 174 Shadbolt's efforts to keep the matter out of court.
F09 175    |^The public appeared to rally to his
F09 176 **[PLATE**]
F09 177 side. ^A group of lawyers offered their services free in an earlier
F09 178 libel case over the Scenic Drive allegations for which the council was
F09 179 suing Shadbolt when he took office. ^Councillor Stan Blanch, a
F09 180 Shadbolt supporter who had chaired the Give Tim A Fair Go Campaign,
F09 181 says that one ratepayer, critical of Covic's suit, growled to him:
F09 182 *"^Hell \1hath no fury like a rich man's ego.**" ^Shadbolt supporters
F09 183 were convinced that the legal moves were politically motivated, that
F09 184 his opponents knew that Shadbolt had no financial base and that if he
F09 185 lost the case he would be bankrupted and barred from office. ^His
F09 186 entire future was on the line. ^Many ratepayers saw Covic playing an
F09 187 unfair game *- he was a rich man, he could afford to pay the legal
F09 188 costs *- and they began to doubt his credibility.
F09 189 *#
F10 001 **[153 TEXT F10**]
F10 002 |^*4At close range... Mirams put three bullets into his wife's head.
F10 003 ^Was it a *"brief psychotic episode**", or did he act in *"cold
F10 004 anger**"? ^The prosecution psychiatrists swore he was sane, the
F10 005 defence psychiatrists swore he was not. ^Mike Riddell spoke to both
F10 006 sides and learned that, these days, lawyers shop round for psychiatric
F10 007 opinion.
F10 008 |^T*2HE ACCUSED *0was insane at the time he shot his wife,
F10 009 psychiatrist \0Dr Roger Culpan told the court. ^He suffered a genuine
F10 010 break with reality, slipping into a psychotic state which lasted
F10 011 approximately 20 seconds. ^During this period, Culpan explained to the
F10 012 jury, the man was under the influence of powerful emotions and was out
F10 013 of touch with reality. ^He was still capable, however, of pointing the
F10 014 rifle at his wife's head and pulling the trigger.
F10 015    |^A second psychiatrist, \0Dr Henry Bennett, concurred with
F10 016 Culpan. ^The man was legally insane when he shot his wife. ^He had
F10 017 lost the ability to test reality, was unable to appreciate the
F10 018 harmfulness of firing a gun, and could not weigh up the consequences.
F10 019 ^From the time he first saw the rifle to the time he placed three
F10 020 bullets in the dead woman's head he was in a state of temporary
F10 021 insanity.
F10 022    |^Enter psychiatrist number three, \0Dr Laurie Gluckman. ^The
F10 023 accused was mentally sane and knew what he was doing during the
F10 024 incident, Gluckman told the court. *"^I am certain in my mind he knew
F10 025 he was loading a firearm. ^I am certain he knew what he was doing when
F10 026 he entered the living room with a gun.**" ^The case had none of the
F10 027 hallmarks of a murder committed by an insane man. ^Furthermore, he
F10 028 informed the jury, the term *"brief psychotic episode**" did not
F10 029 **[PLATE**]
F10 030 exist in ordinary medical literature.
F10 031    |^There was no evidence in the case to suggest that the killer's
F10 032 behaviour had been psychotic, a fourth psychiatrist testified. ^\0Dr
F10 033 James Woolridge suggested that the murder had been committed in an icy
F10 034 rage. ^He respected the other psychiatrists for their experience and
F10 035 qualifications, but offered his own explanation of the facts as the
F10 036 most likely.
F10 037 **[PLATE**]
F10 038    |^Defence lawyer John Haigh pleaded with the jury to find Mirams
F10 039 not guilty on the grounds of insanity. ^There had been no
F10 040 premeditation, no signs of rage immediately prior to the killing.
F10 041 ^Haigh asked whether it was the act of a sane man to shoot his wife
F10 042 before a witness and to allow the witness to leave the house. ^The
F10 043 case was not one of murder. ^*"It was an insane act,**" he said.
F10 044    |^Prosecutor Robert Fardell described the killing as nothing
F10 045 short of cold**[ARB**]-blooded murder. ^The close grouping of the
F10 046 three shots suggested that the man had shot his wife with the accuracy
F10 047 of a skilled hunter. ^He made a conscious decision to kill her, and
F10 048 quite plainly knew what he was doing. ^He asked for a verdict of
F10 049 guilty of murder.
F10 050    |^The decision was left to the jury. ^The judge instructed them
F10 051 that the sole issue in the case was that of the state of mind of the
F10 052 accused. ^He noted that the evidence of the two defence psychiatrists
F10 053 was in contradiction with that of the two prosecution psychiatrists.
F10 054 ^It was left to the jury to decide whether at the time of the shooting
F10 055 the man had been legally insane or not. ^The verdict returned was that
F10 056 of guilty of murder; the sentence life imprisonment. ^The case is
F10 057 currently under appeal on the grounds that the decision of the jury
F10 058 went against the weight of the evidence.
F10 059    |^The trial highlighted the shifting sands of psychiatric
F10 060 opinion. ^Given that it only takes the signature of two psychiatrists
F10 061 to commit someone to an institution the public might well be concerned
F10 062 that the question of insanity is open to such a wide spectrum of
F10 063 interpretation. ^Confidence in the medical profession is not inspired
F10 064 by the sight of four eminent psychiatrists lining up on either side of
F10 065 what would seem a basic issue.
F10 066    |^Culpan hastened to assure me that the conflict was not as bad
F10 067 as it appeared: ^*"There is a difference between medical insanity and
F10 068 legal insanity,**" he explained. *"^Medical insanity is unsoundness of
F10 069 mind in which the person needs to be detained. ^Legal insanity is
F10 070 quite different; it is defined by the Crimes Act. ^A person can be
F10 071 medically sane but legally insane.**"
F10 072    |^With remarkable foresight, Culpan described difficulties
F10 073 encountered by psychiatrists in a paper delivered some months before
F10 074 the trial. ^In this, he noted that once a defence of insanity has been
F10 075 introduced in a murder trial, it is likely to be vigorously attacked
F10 076 by the prosecution which will produce its own psychiatric witnesses.
F10 077    |^*"This leads to the unedifying spectacle of a group of doctors,
F10 078 all of whom are supposed to be highly knowledgeable and experienced in
F10 079 psychiatry, expressing contradictory opinions regarding an extremely
F10 080 fundamental matter.**"
F10 081    |^Culpan lays the blame on the legal definition of insanity.
F10 082 ^Section 23 of the Crimes Act specifies that a person may be judged
F10 083 innocent *"when labouring under natural imbecility or disease of the
F10 084 mind to such an extent as to render him incapable *- (a) of
F10 085 understanding the nature and quality of the act or omission; or (b) of
F10 086 knowing that the act or omission was morally wrong, having regard to
F10 087 the commonly accepted standards of right and wrong.**"
F10 088    |^Very few defendants ever suffer from sufficient mental
F10 089 disturbance to prevent their understanding the nature and quality of
F10 090 their act. ^It is in terms of section (b) that most of the debate
F10 091 takes place; whether the defendant was capable of knowing the act was
F10 092 morally wrong. ^Culpan says that it is impossible for a psychiatrist
F10 093 to tell what was going on in the mind of the accused at the relevant
F10 094 time, and that a judgment inevitably represents conjecture based on
F10 095 evidence as to the person's mental state before and after the offence.
F10 096 ^Prosecution witness Gluckman also says that much of the apparent
F10 097 contradiction between psychiatrists is the result of the legal system.
F10 098 ^*"The question of insanity is not vague medically, it's only vague in
F10 099 its legal application,**" says Gluckman. *"^By and large, doctors
F10 100 classify things one way, and lawyers classify things another way. ^Our
F10 101 judgment is scientific, the legal judgment is social, made by society.
F10 102 ^Society can't decide if a man has a brain tumour; society can decide
F10 103 whether what the man with the brain tumour does is right or wrong, or
F10 104 should be punished or treated.**" ^Social interpretations of medical
F10 105 phenomena are not always satisfactory. *"^There was a time, not many
F10 106 hundred years ago, when if a woman had three nipples, she was
F10 107 considered possessed by the devil and judiciously executed. ^That's a
F10 108 social viewpoint which no doctor would accept today.**" Gluckman
F10 109 suggests that lay people are in no position to make assessment of
F10 110 psychiatric disorders. ^*"Sadly, the law takes the viewpoint in jury
F10 111 trials that they can evaluate the evidence.**"
F10 112    |^Crown prosecutor Fardell, buoyed by his recent success, is
F10 113 sympathetic to the jury and the task which it must perform. *"^The
F10 114 jury has to grapple with psychiatric concepts. ^Although the
F10 115 psychiatrist identifies for them the clinical condition, they've got
F10 116 to determine for themselves what that clinical condition discloses,
F10 117 relate that to Section 23, and see if it fits the bill. ^Now I think
F10 118 most psychiatrists find that task difficult enough. ^But the jury are
F10 119 asked to consider cold not only complicated legal issues but also
F10 120 often very fluid psychiatric concepts.**"
F10 121    |^Despite the difficulties of this task, Fardell says juries
F10 122 usually do a good job. *"^The 12 of them bring together a very
F10 123 powerful and valuable resource of common sense and knowledge of human
F10 124 affairs. ^I personally would not favour the question of insanity being
F10 125 removed from the scope of the jury.**" ^He sees the present system as
F10 126 having some valuable checks and balances when it comes to the plea of
F10 127 insanity. ^*"Otherwise you're getting very close to the situation
F10 128 where the psychiatrist serves the jury's function.**"
F10 129    |^Gluckman's experience of giving psychiatric evidence before
F10 130 juries makes him more hard-headed about their capabilities. ^He
F10 131 recalls a murder case in which he appeared for the defence, and in
F10 132 which the accused was found to be insane. ^Years later, one of the
F10 133 jurors explained why the jury had accepted Gluckman's view above the
F10 134 opinions of colleagues who testified for the prosecution. ^*"We didn't
F10 135 understand one word of what you or any of the other psychiatrists
F10 136 said,**" explained the man. *"^But we thought from the way the crown
F10 137 attacked your evidence, you must be right.**"
F10 138    |^In another case in which he was a witness, he discovered an 
F10 139 ex-patient on the jury. ^She had previously been in a psychiatric
F10 140 hospital. ^Some time after the trial, she explained to Gluckman what
F10 141 took place when the jury retired. ^She alone among the jurors had been
F10 142 in favour of a verdict of insanity. ^She refused to give way. ^After a
F10 143 long struggle, she persuaded the rest of the jury by disclosing that
F10 144 she had been in a psychiatric hospital, she'd had electro-convulsive
F10 145 therapy, and, as she put it, *"she was one and she could recognise
F10 146 one**".
F10 147    |^*"Juries can only really evaluate in terms of their own
F10 148 experience, their own emotions, their own feelings, their own
F10 149 prejudices,**" Gluckman concludes. ^Defense counsel John Haigh also
F10 150 says there are inadequacies with the present system. ^When there is
F10 151 conflicting evidence from psychiatrists the jury is placed in the
F10 152 position of giving quasi-medical opinion; *"like a set of professors
F10 153 sitting in judgment on medical students**". ^This is, he says, a role
F10 154 they are not qualified for. *"^The jurors' idea of insanity is that of
F10 155 a raving lunatic. ^It's an uphill battle to win a defence on the
F10 156 grounds of insanity.**"
F10 157    |^When the plea of insanity under Section 23 is used by the
F10 158 defence, it is often as a last resort. ^The burden of proof shifts to
F10 159 the defence, and the insanity must be proved on the balance of
F10 160 probabilities, rather than simply beyond reasonable doubt. ^The
F10 161 prosecution gets the last say, in that they are entitled to call
F10 162 expert witnesses in rebuttal of the defence case. ^The prosecution's
F10 163 psychiatrists are permitted to sit in court and listen to the
F10 164 opposition's evidence, thus giving them the opportunity to prepare
F10 165 themselves for cross-examination. ^Under law, a jury should only
F10 166 consider the verdict of insanity once they have found the offence to
F10 167 be proved, so if the plea fails, the consequence is the verdict of
F10 168 murder with its mandatory life sentence.
F10 169    |^Despite these disadvantages, the defence of insanity is often
F10 170 used in murder trials. ^Where the facts are clear and damning for the
F10 171 accused, the insanity option is definitely worth a gamble. ^Gluckman
F10 172 says that until recently the only way a person could be charged with
F10 173 murder and released into the community was on the grounds of
F10 174 automatism. ^Now all sorts of people found innocent on the grounds of
F10 175 insanity can be discharged into the community immediately. ^The plea
F10 176 of insanity was not nearly so widely used when the alternative to
F10 177 prison was an equally lengthy stay in a psychiatric institution.
F10 178    |^Haigh, like many defence lawyers, automatically contacts a
F10 179 psychiatrist to interview his client as soon as possible after a
F10 180 murder. ^He may brief a number of psychiatrists and use whichever
F10 181 report is best for his client. ^Certain psychiatrists have a
F10 182 reputation as *"defence**" or *"prosecution**" psychiatrists. ^Haigh
F10 183 sees no ethical problems in shopping around for the most advantageous
F10 184 expert witness. ^Although he admits that prosecutors often see
F10 185 psychiatric witnesses as *"hired guns**" for the defence, he firmly
F10 186 stands by the integrity of the psychiatrists whom he has used.
F10 187    |^Culpan says that a psychiatrist, once briefed for the defence,
F10 188 has a responsibility to turn in a good performance. ^In his paper on
F10 189 psychiatric defence, he suggests the expert *"confine himself to
F10 190 simple positive statements presented to the court in a loud firm voice
F10 191 with plenty of vocal inflexion and dynamic variation. ^There is no
F10 192 reason why he should not employ pauses for dramatic effect.**" ^A
F10 193 really skilful expert *"may withhold some of the background
F10 194 information on which his conclusions are based, thus inviting the
F10 195 prosecutor to attack these apparent weaknesses during 
F10 196 cross-examination**".
F10 197 *#
F11 001 **[154 TEXT F11**]
F11 002    |^*4An old enemy will never let you down. ^Enemies are more
F11 003 faithful than lovers *- they'll stand behind you through thick and
F11 004 thin, ready to shaft you at a moment's notice.
F11 005    |^We've all got enemies *- and we're all somebody else's enemy.
F11 006 ^We're stuck with each other *- so relax. ^Enjoy. ^Spice up your life.
F11 007 ^Love thine enemy.
F11 008 |^*6A LOT OF THINGS STOP *0at Christmas, the season of joy and
F11 009 goodwill to men. ^Loathing isn't one of them. ^Our enemies are
F11 010 constant. ^Perennial warts on our unblemished character. ^And chances
F11 011 are that, like our current face and body, we get the kind of enemies
F11 012 we deserve.
F11 013    |^Enemies are our own creation *- all our ambitions, double lives
F11 014 and double deals coming home to roost. ^Come on, let's be honest for
F11 015 once. ^Having cheated, lied, tricked, deceived and stabbed your way to
F11 016 the top, on the way selling out your loved ones, dear ones, probably
F11 017 some dead ones, and even current ones, do you really think that people
F11 018 forgive that easily?
F11 019    |^Right now, out there, are people who harbour an earnest desire
F11 020 for simple, cold-hearted, old-fashioned vengeance, a chance to get
F11 021 their own back, just this once. ^Nice people *- ex-friends, ex-lovers,
F11 022 ex-partners-in-crime. ^Each day their eyes flick down the back page of
F11 023 the *1Herald, *0down those endless columns of death, hoping to catch
F11 024 your surname in capital letters. ^Real enemies think of you a lot.
F11 025 ^Some may even take drastic action. ^But, we'll come to that one
F11 026 later.
F11 027    |^My friend, the sergeant at Central, tells me that in New
F11 028 Zealand, unlike the rest of the world, only 10% of murder victims are
F11 029 killed by strangers. ^The rest of us get killed by yesterday's
F11 030 friends. ^Who do you think killed Gibson Grace and buried his body in
F11 031 a Titirangi garage? ^His ex-mates, of course. ^The history of New
F11 032 Zealand crime is bloodied by yesterday's friends, plotting and
F11 033 scheming with one end result *- vengeance *- and that sweet
F11 034 satisfaction of knowing they've removed, either temporarily or
F11 035 permanently, a real unmitigated stinker.
F11 036    |^My wife, who has had better luck than me in making some really
F11 037 cracker enemies, gives me sound advice on the art of enemies, good
F11 038 enough to pass on. ^It's simple: don't make mediocre enemies, make
F11 039 them whoppers. ^Why have people hating you in a teeny way when you can
F11 040 have a king-size job that can make the heart race just with the
F11 041 thought of seeing them in the same room, outside the fish and chip
F11 042 shop or, better still, at the doctor's?
F11 043    |^To me, that makes a lot of sense. ^Too many times we pussyfoot
F11 044 round with people we don't like, not giving people who hate us a
F11 045 chance to really do the job well. ^I reckon if you have five or six
F11 046 friends in your whole life, you're lucky. ^So it's probably wise to
F11 047 even out the balance and have six or seven wonderful enemies.
F11 048    |^You can add fuel to the fire over the years by some prodding
F11 049 and re-opening of old sores. ^Arguments over in-laws and illegitimate
F11 050 offspring are good starters. ^Fist-fights with relatives at either
F11 051 weddings or funerals are sure-fire winners, but it's what you do
F11 052 *1after *0which really counts, the *1way *0you prod and pick at the
F11 053 scab.
F11 054    |^You can help by getting into a bit of vicious letter-writing *-
F11 055 after all, the pen is mightier than the sword. ^Phone calls are a
F11 056 waste of time. ^Don't make them or receive them.
F11 057    |^Within 20 years or so you should have a good crop of people who
F11 058 loathe you with style. ^It's advisable to keep them in the country.
F11 059 ^It's pointless having enemies overseas. ^The bad vibes, like radio
F11 060 signals, seem to weaken with distance, and it's better to know that
F11 061 you'll bang into them in the supermarket or see them soon after a hair
F11 062 transplant.
F11 063    |^With friends turned enemies, do not try reconciliation. ^After
F11 064 all, the joy is simply knowing they exist and how lucky you are to
F11 065 even rate the anguish. ^Reconciliations with enemies lead nowhere.
F11 066 ^Obey your instinct. ^If you turn the relationship sour, it's not
F11 067 going to vanish with the sunset. ^Be firm, polite, turn down an offer
F11 068 for drinks. ^Return presents, threaten to shoot emissaries bearing
F11 069 greasy overtures.
F11 070    |^Besides, enmity is too good and too important in your life.
F11 071 ^Good enemies are a status symbol. ^They show you've arrived, that
F11 072 life is to be counted on. ^Remember that average people don't have
F11 073 enemies, they have spats, no-speaks, mundane backyard domestics.
F11 074    |^When I was a lad and lived in Ponsonby with my grandmother,
F11 075 half the street rejoiced in one-off domestics over ridiculous things
F11 076 like people burning rubbish and letting smoke drift over the fence
F11 077 onto the backyard washing, whispering in church about who hadn't been
F11 078 to mass for a month. ^God, I used to think, is this really life? ^They
F11 079 all had deathbed reconciliations, anyway, before they were carted off
F11 080 to Waikumete. ^Now their houses have rich people, who have other
F11 081 people to do their washing, living in them.
F11 082 |^*6ENEMIES CROSS *0all barriers *- sexism, racism, chauvinism *- and
F11 083 by far the cruellest enemies to have, if you haven't guessed it
F11 084 already, are women. ^Not only do they never forget, they never truly
F11 085 forgive. ^They are superb at the game, leaving us males mere babies in
F11 086 the get-even stakes.
F11 087    |^Enemies stalk the business world relentlessly, blossoming in
F11 088 the world of intrigue; big money always grows big enemies.
F11 089 ^Advertising, as everyone knows, is one of the most competitive
F11 090 businesses in the world. ^It's a business of hype, creativity and
F11 091 enemies as thick as flies in summer. ^Because so many people get fired
F11 092 (or as we say in the business, *"let go**") and because of the high
F11 093 rate of client-poaching between the agencies, an enormous amount of
F11 094 animosity builds up. ^So highly-paid agency executives, who should
F11 095 have better things to do, can spend their whole life consumed with
F11 096 hatred, and that great partner of enemies, paranoia, soon takes a grip
F11 097 on things.
F11 098    |^But the real enemies of the advertising world are not within
F11 099 the industry. ^Enemies of advertising are the media, the companies who
F11 100 would like to reduce the agency commission system, the government
F11 101 which taxes the advertising industry, and clients who long for the day
F11 102 to set up their own in-house industry and claim on the {0BMW}s, the
F11 103 lunch expenses, the company boat and the weekends at Huka Lodge.
F11 104    |^This is just one example of people looking for the wrong enemy
F11 105 in the wrong place. ^Take politicians. ^No group spends more time
F11 106 worrying endlessly about enemies than this lot. ^But their political
F11 107 enemies are not in the opposite camp *- the real enemies are in their
F11 108 own party, and the higher you are up the political totem-pole, the
F11 109 more enemies you have underneath, stabbing, fighting, politicking
F11 110 their way to the top. ^The enemies of politicians lie awake scheming
F11 111 how they can be the party leader or deputy. ^And as they watch their
F11 112 birthdays roll up, they can see the hope of such an event drifting
F11 113 further away.
F11 114    |^But they're great optimists and they know that history is often
F11 115 on their side. ^They are also probably aware that political parties,
F11 116 no matter how successful, often get on the slide. ^This can mean rapid
F11 117 promotion upwards. ^If the party is finally dumped by the voters, then
F11 118 a re**[ARB**]-arranging of the deckchairs is often immediate. ^In the
F11 119 meantime, while all hell breaks loose, all they have to do is keep
F11 120 innocent of plotting, Bolger-style. ^Any sign of over-zealous pushing
F11 121 up the queue will be immediately picked by the leader, his bodyguards
F11 122 or, even worse, the news media.
F11 123    |^If newspapers burst into print, spotting a rising star, he's
F11 124 finished. ^The enemy within is exposed, and now has more in-house
F11 125 enemies than they can cope with. ^It's a messy business, politics, and
F11 126 I advise you to have nothing to do with it. ^Or, if you're lucky
F11 127 enough to spot rising-comers first, you should get to know them.
F11 128 ^There's nothing like political favours from the top *- and remember,
F11 129 people with patience have always been rewarded.
F11 130    |^In the field of international politics, the spotting and
F11 131 knowing of enemies is a science in itself. ^Both the {0CIA} and the
F11 132 {0KGB} keep current dossiers of all enemies of the people and the
F11 133 state. ^To be current and up-to-date and get to know your enemy,
F11 134 particularly the current leaders of foreign countries, you must not
F11 135 only know how his head works, but also his body. ^That's why summit
F11 136 meetings between, say, Reagan and Gorbachev, are so important to the
F11 137 manipulations of the secret services. ^They provide an amazing array
F11 138 of information.
F11 139    |^They can get close up to observe trembling hands, skin colour,
F11 140 twitching and warts. ^\0TV cameras, using infra-red scanning
F11 141 techniques, can detect all kinds of illness *- heat spots, cold spots,
F11 142 and just plain old cancers and tumours. ^A big moment is when visiting
F11 143 heads of state use the dunny *- after all, everyone's got to go
F11 144 sometime, even Maggie Thatcher. ^The goods must be caught and
F11 145 extracted from the waste pipe. ^God knows who's given that job but,
F11 146 yes, they do it. ^Russian dinners or White House turkeys, 
F11 147 well-digested and recently processed, are examined in detail. ^If you
F11 148 really want to know how your enemy is doing, then his dinner will tell
F11 149 you all. ^It's like an autopsy on the living. ^It's better than tarot
F11 150 cards and if the Star Wars project was in the balance, wouldn't you
F11 151 want to know the lowdown?
F11 152    |^It's always sad to see yesterday's greats *- giants of power,
F11 153 money and position *- in old age turning into enemies of the people.
F11 154 ^Sure, we all know they're more enemies of themselves, but, how can
F11 155 you tell that? ^Touch-stones of the past in suddenly enforced
F11 156 retirement, become bitter and twisted with the passing days, with the
F11 157 bitterness setting in like concrete. ^Nothing is right, or will be
F11 158 ever again, without their hand at the helm.
F11 159    |^Robbie, Auckland's great mayor, is such a man *- what can we
F11 160 ever do to please him? ^Robbie, in retirement, could have been this
F11 161 City's Father, loved by all, honoured, a living treasure. ^But in his
F11 162 retirement, we have to be harangued and treated as callow enemies of
F11 163 the man we used to adore. ^It's a great pity, but a fact, and Robbie
F11 164 will go to his grave hating the city and its people for spurning him
F11 165 when nothing could be further from the truth. ^But he sees us as
F11 166 enemies, and that's it.
F11 167    |^Rob Muldoon is another who, after knowing great power shows a
F11 168 will to make enemies of anyone who doubts, for a second, that he is
F11 169 still the best leader of the National Party. ^That point I wouldn't
F11 170 debate for a minute.
F11 171    |^We can only wonder how an aged David Lange or Tim Shadbolt will
F11 172 treat us when they are out of office, out of favour and, although it
F11 173 sounds an impossibility right now, out of mind.
F11 174 |^*6WHILE WE HAVE *0enemies on a personal scale, we also have enemies
F11 175 on a global scale. ^Our world, as it has always done, is debating the
F11 176 issues of both peace and war. ^Right now, New Zealand is locked in
F11 177 this debate. ^The problem is not whether we should have nuclear
F11 178 war**[ARB**]-ships downtown or whether America is trying to intimidate
F11 179 us into doing so, but whether we should be part of an alliance that
F11 180 will ensure we always have an enemy ready to destroy us.
F11 181    |^I can't remember a time when there hasn't been the potential
F11 182 for war, on either political, economical or territorial grounds. ^We
F11 183 are always about to be destroyed by someone. ^The domino factor came
F11 184 and went with the Vietnam War, and now the Anzus row is supposed to
F11 185 have us on the edge of our seats, awaiting the next threat from the
F11 186 White House. ^One thing is certain, we are continual victims of
F11 187 orchestrated paranoia.
F11 188    |^If we are talking of global strategy, it is clear to me that
F11 189 the enemy is always created, first by politicians and then by
F11 190 paranoia.
F11 191 *#
F12 001 **[155 TEXT F12**]
F12 002 |^*3THE *1pa site of Rangitatau occupies a prominent hilltop at the
F12 003 entrance to te Whanganui a Tara, Wellington Harbour. ^With a full 360
F12 004 degrees viewpoint, Rangitatau proved a formidable defence for the Ngai
F12 005 Tara iwi, the mana whenua of Poneke.
F12 006 |^*4W*0ith the pa site of his tupuna, Tuteremoana virtually on his
F12 007 backyard and dominating his skyline, Ray Ahipene Mercer is finding
F12 008 that his whakapapa has proved that the best defence is offence as he
F12 009 battles to prevent the continued desecration taking place below
F12 010 Rangitatau.
F12 011    |^The fight is over the sewage outfall of Wellington city at Moa
F12 012 Point. ^Untreated sewage has been pouring from this outfall pipe for
F12 013 many years despoiling kaimoana and desecrating a fishing resource
F12 014 guaranteed to the Maori people under article two of the Treaty of
F12 015 Waitangi. ^It is equally an affront to pakeha with flow on effects to
F12 016 health from the polluted water.
F12 017    |^For Ray and his allies, the Clean Water Campaign, the take is
F12 018 quite simple. ^All the people in Wellington contribute to the tiko, so
F12 019 all should share in its removal.
F12 020    |^For the operators of the outfall, the Wellington City Council,
F12 021 it's equally clear unlike the moana around the outfall. ^Sewage is a
F12 022 necessity of life and must go somewhere. ^Moa Point has proved handy
F12 023 for many years but the increasing community concern regarding
F12 024 environmental issues means improvements must be considered.
F12 025    |^The council has been involved in a battle with the Clean Water
F12 026 Campaign for the past year over plans to build a milliscreening plant
F12 027 at Moa Point. ^The council says this would reduce the sewage in size
F12 028 and so make it easier to be broken down and absorbed by the sea.
F12 029    |^Opponents say milliscreening would be no more than a giant
F12 030 sieve and make less obvious, dangerous pollution. ^They say it could
F12 031 even give a false sense of security to people that the shellfish and
F12 032 surrounding beaches are safe for use.
F12 033    |^Ray lives at Breaker Bay, just around the corner from Moa
F12 034 Point, and along with local residents and other allies such as the
F12 035 environmental action group,
F12 036 **[PLATE**]
F12 037 the Clean Water Campaign, has worked to get improvements. ^This has
F12 038 included adequate warning signs at Moa Point. ^Ray says the old ones
F12 039 were almost illegible through weathering. ^Even newer ones are so full
F12 040 of jargonese that they are not effective as a health warning.
F12 041    |^He says many times people in the water even collecting
F12 042 shellfish have to be told about the outfall. ^He provided Wellington
F12 043 City councillor David Bull with warning messages in Samoan and Maori
F12 044 as well as English, but says nothing came of it.
F12 045    |^Ray is a 37-year-old musician and guitar maker by trade. ^He
F12 046 spent most of his life in England, returning to his homeland in 1981,
F12 047 the time of the Springbok protests. ^For him it was a rude awakening
F12 048 to divisions in New Zealand society, divisions that cut right across
F12 049 racial, economic and political lines. ^In the aftermath of a more
F12 050 conscious New Zealand, Ray found a vitality and an increased social
F12 051 concern. ^In a linking of this concern with his musician's background,
F12 052 Ray has received the support of the Wellington Musician's Union in
F12 053 opposition to the outfall at Moa \0Pt. ^He also received the backing
F12 054 of the recent Maori Trade Unionists' Hui at Rotorua. ^He says his
F12 055 involvement in the Clean Water Campaign came more from a cultural
F12 056 viewpoint than just environmental concern.
F12 057    |*"^I am a Maori first. ^I've avoided getting wrapped up in the
F12 058 technical aspects, the dispersal rates, the flow rates \0etc, and
F12 059 stuck to the principles.**" ^He has the support of his parents, mother
F12 060 Romona Ahipene and father Gene Mercer.
F12 061    |^Ray is most angry that two alternate sites have been
F12 062 investigated by the Wellington City **[SIC**] encompassing primary and
F12 063 secondary treatment. ^Both Gollans Valley among the hills on the east
F12 064 side of the harbour, and Karori Stream mouth were found to be
F12 065 environmentally superior and similar in cost to Moa Point according to
F12 066 Ray. ^That cost was estimated at more than 70 million dollars.
F12 067    |^The milliscreening plant at Moa Point is costed at ten million
F12 068 dollars for which the council has to get a loan. ^However ratepayers
F12 069 rejected the loan proposal in a recent poll. ^Other sites are now
F12 070 being considered.
F12 071    |^The council has said a milliscreening plant is just the first
F12 072 stage with secondary treatment, so to speak, in the pipeline. ^The
F12 073 debate has raged equally fiercely within the council, with Labour and
F12 074 Citizen party politics, each accusing the other of time**[ARB**]-
F12 075 wasting.
F12 076    |^What the battle has shown is the inability and in some cases,
F12 077 unwillingness of local authorities to acknowledge their obligations
F12 078 under article two of the Treaty of Waitangi, where the Maori were
F12 079 guaranteed the use of their taonga, included in which were fisheries.
F12 080    |^The findings of the Waitangi Tribunal in the recent Manukau
F12 081 decision showed how successive local authorities around the Manukau
F12 082 harbour, ignored local Maori fishing areas and built drainage systems,
F12 083 outfalls and even prohibited marae building and fishing in one area
F12 084 because of an airport extension that never came.
F12 085    |^Wellington city has been no different, with lip service only
F12 086 being paid to cultural sensitivity. ^In cases where it is needed the
F12 087 pakeha bureaucratic response is to seek out the definitive *"Maori**"
F12 088 view, that is the viewpoint that all Maori people are expected to
F12 089 hold.
F12 090    |^As well as being extremely simplistic, it is patronising in
F12 091 that pakeha people aren't expected to hold all the views of Sir Robert
F12 092 Muldoon, so why expect all maoridom to agree with Sir Graham Latimer?
F12 093    |^And usually the consultation process defines what is accepted
F12 094 as the definitive Maori view.
F12 095    |^Maori planner, George Asher has always stressed this in his
F12 096 dealings with local authorities. ^He says because Maori people are not
F12 097 part of the planning process from the beginning consultations, it is
F12 098 very hard to introduce cultural sensitivity part way along the road.
F12 099    |^He's found that when Maori views are understood by local
F12 100 authorities, it is quite a different matter to firstly rectify past
F12 101 mistakes and secondly make sure they don't happen again.
F12 102    |^The Wellington City Council has heard the views of Te Atiawa
F12 103 elder, Ralph Love, as has Ray Ahipene Mercer.
F12 104    |^Ray says the council has preferred to accept the more
F12 105 conservative view of \0Mr Love.
F12 106    |^Frustration with not getting the support of the Te Atiawa
F12 107 elder, drove Ray to seeking the opinion of other Te Atiawa and Raukawa
F12 108 people, who are seen as being the custodians of Te Whanganui a Tara
F12 109 from the pakeha settlement of Poneke.
F12 110    |^Ray's tupuna, Ngai Tara are acknowledged as being occupants of
F12 111 Wellington prior to Te Atiawa and Raukawa, hence Te Whanganui a Tara,
F12 112 the sheltering harbour of Tara. ^It was at the Wellington District
F12 113 Maori Council that this support came through. ^They've resolved to
F12 114 approach the Wellington City Council over this concern for the
F12 115 continued disposing of sewage from Moa Point.
F12 116    |^Whatever the Wellington City Council response to the ratepayers
F12 117 loan poll, Ray is aware that the battle is being fought on many
F12 118 fronts.
F12 119    |^He's watched the successful appeals
F12 120 **[PLATES**]
F12 121 to the Waitangi tribunal over the dumping of sewage into the Kaituna
F12 122 River by the Rotorua City Council. ^Also the Te Atiawa appeal over
F12 123 sewage disposal by the New Plymouth City Council, and the Motunui
F12 124 Synthetic Fuel Plant siting of waste pipes, in the traditional
F12 125 kaimoana gathering area.
F12 126    |^Ray's seen that the Treaty of Waitangi does have significance,
F12 127 and soon teeth, in a bureaucratic world. ^An appeal to the tribunal
F12 128 over Moa Point is an option that makes more sense to Ray day by day.
F12 129 **[BEGIN BOX**]
F12 130 |^*4A *0trip to the Moa Point sewage outfall is not my idea of a
F12 131 pleasant journey. ^Nor was that the experience of about seventy
F12 132 predominantly Maori people who gathered by the outfall, on Saturday
F12 133 the twelfth of March.
F12 134    |^The occasion was to see with our eyes what was happening to the
F12 135 shoreline and surrounding sea area and to hear how our tupuna viewed
F12 136 the area.
F12 137    |^One Te Atiawa man said the common expression of solidarity,
F12 138 *"tatou, tatou**", had been turned into *"tutae, tutae**", and the
F12 139 time had come to bring this message home to the decision makers in the
F12 140 capital.
F12 141    |^It was pointed out that Moa Point, by the flight path to
F12 142 Wellington International Airport and the seaway into Wellington
F12 143 Harbour, was a shocking introduction to a so-called *'civilized**'
F12 144 capital.
F12 145    |^Later the group were taken to the peak of Rangitatau,
F12 146 overlooking Moa Point.
F12 147    |^There the full majestic creation of Te Whanganui a Tara lay in a
F12 148 full circle around the pa site. ^From there could be seen, te Pito-one,
F12 149 the sandy end (anglicised to Petone) and the Hutt Valley. ^Closer
F12 150 was the area of Kilbirnie that geologically recently was uplifted.
F12 151 ^This coupled with the levelling of the area around the airport,
F12 152 contributed to the runway which now extends far into the harbour.
F12 153    |^From Rangitatau could equally be seen the Pencarrow sewage
F12 154 outfall on the east side of the harbour and how the coastal currents
F12 155 and winds drive the effluent carrying waters to many parts of the
F12 156 harbour.
F12 157    |^At that time looking out over the harbour the quoted words of a
F12 158 Hutt Valley city councillor came to mind that a strong South Atlantic
F12 159 current carried the Pencarrow primary treated sewage away.
F12 160    |^And then much closer at hand was the fatty slick clearly
F12 161 visible coming out of the Moa Point outfall. ^I there and then
F12 162 resolved never to swim at Lyall Bay or even Island Bay.
F12 163    |^On the descent the bay adjacent to Moa Point was pointed out.
F12 164 ^Called Tarakena Bay, it was long recognised by the tribes crossing te
F12 165 Moana o Raukawa, (Cook Strait) as the best place to launch or beach a
F12 166 waka in rough southerly weather. ^This has been recognised by the
F12 167 Civil Aviation in the last twenty or so years because it is designated
F12 168 as the official launching ramp for rescue craft in the event of an
F12 169 aircraft going down in the sea approach to Wellington Airport.
F12 170    |^Just around the corner into the harbour entrance is Breaker Bay
F12 171 and Steeple Rock, known as Te Aroaro a Kupe, the entranceway of Kupe.
F12 172 ^This was the area the inter-island ferry the Wahine sunk in. ^After
F12 173 seeing what Ray sees at Moa Point, it is easier to understand what Ray
F12 174 is on about.
F12 175    |^*"Coming against what is being done at Moa Point, it is fairly
F12 176 easy to see what has to be done. ^I've had to establish my whakapapa
F12 177 within my own understanding first before asking others to support this
F12 178 take.
F12 179    |^*"It's then I realise the incredible depth we all have to draw
F12 180 on and see I'm sitting on top of a mountain of what has been.
F12 181    |^*"We owe it to our children to look after that heritage.**"
F12 182 **[END BOX**]
F12 183 *<*4Saving the whale*>
F12 184 *<*1Ian Stewart comments on the recent meeting of the International
F12 185 Whaling Commission in Sweden*>
F12 186 |^*4T*0he International Whaling Commission ({0IWC}) held its 38th
F12 187 Annual Meeting at Malmo, Sweden, in June 1986. ^For the first time
F12 188 since the {0IWC} convention was signed 40 years ago, the Commission
F12 189 did not vote on any of the proposals before it, but reached agreement
F12 190 (not without difficulty in some cases) on all issues by consensus.
F12 191 ^This may suggest a harmony among the member governments over the
F12 192 objectives and policies of the Organisation which does not in fact
F12 193 exist. ^The differences between the whaling countries and the
F12 194 conservationist countries (the latter often called the
F12 195 *'like-minded**') are very real, and are by no means being merged in a
F12 196 broad consensus. ^It does indicate however that considerable efforts
F12 197 are being made by all member states, as the Commission is
F12 198 progressively changing course, to try to hold the Organisation
F12 199 together.
F12 200    |^As with a number of other international organisations, the
F12 201 focus of attention in the Commission is very different in 1986 from
F12 202 what it was when the Convention was signed. ^The objective in the
F12 203 Convention was stated to be *'to provide for the proper conservation
F12 204 of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the
F12 205 whaling industry.**' ^It was in essence a whale harvesting agreement,
F12 206 and for most of its history the Commission at its annual meetings
F12 207 considered the scientific advice as to the size and state of the
F12 208 different stocks of whales in the world, and then allocated the quotas
F12 209 to be caught.
F12 210 *#
F13 001 **[156 TEXT F13**]
F13 002 |^*"*4I *0swear I don't know how to behave around women any more!**"
F13 003 an irate middle-aged male complained to me recently. *"^Last time I
F13 004 opened a door for a woman, she scolded me!**"
F13 005    |^*"Probably it was more convenient for her to open it for
F13 006 herself,**" I suggested.
F13 007    |^*"Well, I don't know *- but opening a door for a woman is *1good
F13 008 manners,**" *0he replied.
F13 009    |^Not necessarily. ^The robotlike behaviour of men going through a
F13 010 prescribed sequence of manoeuvres without considering what good it
F13 011 does the recipient no longer earns a *"thank you**" from women.
F13 012    |^I recall being taken on a tour of a brewery, over narrow
F13 013 cat**[ARB**]-walks, through countless doors. ^The manager made me go
F13 014 first, then at each door pushed past me to open the door, then I had
F13 015 to push past him to go through. ^I said, *"^Please go first and lead
F13 016 the way.**" ^But he was so calcified by habit that he could not behave
F13 017 logically. ^Furthermore, he was probably more worried about his male
F13 018 peers seeing him go through the right motions than about making life
F13 019 easier for me.
F13 020    |^A woman friend tells how, when she was very efficiently changing
F13 021 a flat tyre, a truck drove up, a man got out, pushed her aside, took
F13 022 the tools out of her hands, and finished the job. ^He never bothered
F13 023 to ask, *"^Would you like some help?**" ^No doubt he later complained
F13 024 to his pub mates that the bloody woman never even thanked him!
F13 025    |^The best guideline for men's behaviour toward women *- indeed,
F13 026 for anybody's behaviour toward anybody *- is this: ^Good manners means
F13 027 making life easier or more pleasant for the other person. ^It has
F13 028 nothing to do with sex. ^Nor with age, rank, income, power, authority
F13 029 or class.
F13 030    |^Today's superficial behaviour originated at the Court of France
F13 031 in the 18th century, peaking in 1775 during the time of *"Madame
F13 032 Etiquette,**" the Comtesse de Noailles. ^Highborn ladies wore
F13 033 ridiculous costumes *- enormous skirts, shoes impossible to walk in,
F13 034 tight corsets *- to show they never worked. ^And palace doors were
F13 035 great heavy chunks of wood that required two footmen to open.
F13 036    |^The world has changed. ^Debrett's 1982 edition of *1Etiquette
F13 037 and Modern Manners *0says about the door question, *"^If he happens to
F13 038 reach the door first, the courtesy of opening it for her will be
F13 039 appreciated, but if she reaches the door first, she will quite likely
F13 040 open it for him.**"
F13 041    |^As Moncreiffe and Pottinger observed in their book *1Simple
F13 042 Custom, *0about the English imitating the French, *"^Strict rules of
F13 043 behaviour became a tortuously artificial substitute for the
F13 044 straightforward expression of good nature.**"
F13 045    |^About the only reason men no longer lift their hats to women is
F13 046 that men no longer wear hats. ^There was a useless custom! ^According
F13 047 to \0R. Brasch in his history of manners, *1How Did It Begin?, *0the
F13 048 custom came from knights lifting their visors, and later removing
F13 049 helmets completely, to show *"man has nothing to fear from a mere
F13 050 woman.**"
F13 051    |^*"But as a custom is necessarily a limitation on freedom of
F13 052 action, if not on freedom of thought,**" observe Moncreiffe and
F13 053 Pottinger, *"it may hamper civilisation by its rigid misapplication in
F13 054 parrot rules, unless it is understood.**"
F13 055    |^I asked a boy attending a prestigious private school whether he
F13 056 was being taught to treat females differently from males. ^Yes, he
F13 057 was. ^For example? ^Men should walk on the outside of women on
F13 058 footpaths. ^Why? ^Because in olden days roads were unpaved and threw
F13 059 up mud on ladies' clothes.
F13 060    |^But this is 1985 and cars on city streets rarely splash mud.
F13 061 ^Yes, well... and it is very annoying to a woman to have the man
F13 062 ducking behind her to get to the other side when they turn corners.
F13 063 ^In Italy, the rule is reversed: men walk on the inside. ^Furthermore,
F13 064 what good does it do the woman?
F13 065    |^At this point the boy's father burst in with, *"^I don't give a
F13 066 damn what good it does the woman! ^It's good manners!**"
F13 067    |^Men who persistently ridicule women and laugh at their ideas,
F13 068 who are unable to discuss logically any women's right **[SIC**] issues
F13 069 (or manners), who use sexist language, ignore women's opinions on
F13 070 committees and boards but ask them to make the tea, who refuse women
F13 071 *"men's jobs**" and sneer at their abilities, who boast that they are
F13 072 *"male chauvinist sexist and proud of it!**" are invariably the ones
F13 073 who stand up when a woman enters a room, let women go first into
F13 074 lifts, kiss their hand and employ a smokescreen of meaningless
F13 075 courtesies to hide a basic contempt for women under the guise of
F13 076 *"showing respect.**"
F13 077    |^The problem of how to behave is usually approached from the
F13 078 wrong viewpoint: sex. ^The question is not, *"should a man give up his
F13 079 seat on a bus to a woman?**" because the shape of the genitals is
F13 080 irrelevant. ^Ask instead, *"^When should one human being give up a bus
F13 081 seat to another human being?**" ^Answer: ^When the one standing is
F13 082 infirm, crippled, sick, obviously tired, or carrying something heavy.
F13 083    |^At one private boys' school, a fed-up teacher assigned the class
F13 084 to make a list of good manners. ^One student's list concentrated on
F13 085 things like *"wear table napkin... don't pick your nose... don't argue
F13 086 with umpires... be kind to your sister... after the party you must
F13 087 take the girl you took out home**" and so on. ^Why? *"^If we didn't
F13 088 have manners, everything would be sloppy.**"
F13 089    |^The concept of consideration for others does not enter into this
F13 090 boy's understanding. ^In the future, when he comes up against a
F13 091 situation not covered by rules, he will not know how to behave.
F13 092    |^In contrast, a nearby primary school has begun a good manners
F13 093 programme, much appreciated by parents. ^The principal says it is
F13 094 entirely based on thoughtfulness for others regardless of sex. ^He
F13 095 adds that the national curriculum now concentrates on good
F13 096 interpersonal relations, with emphasis on the question: *"^Why do
F13 097 people feel and think and act the way they do?**"
F13 098    |^Adults will find it hard to break out of their straitjackets of
F13 099 habit. ^Women can help men by quietly reminding them that certain
F13 100 behaviour does no good and perpetuates the myth of females as helpless
F13 101 and dependent.
F13 102    |^Men must wrench their minds off sex long enough to ask, *"^How
F13 103 can I make life easier or more pleasant for this other person?**"
F13 104    |^Debrett sums it up: *"^The attributes a well-mannered person
F13 105 should nurture in himself or herself are an awareness of the needs and
F13 106 moods of others.**"
F13 107 *<*4Staff motivation *- it all boils down to enthusiasm*>
F13 108 |^*0Staff motivation is a major concern for many companies. ^We spend
F13 109 a lot of time complaining about the lack of it *- *"^Jack isn't
F13 110 motivated**", *"^Jill is demotivated**", *"if only all the staff were
F13 111 as motivated as Eric**". ^Sales managers crave it *- *"well motivated
F13 112 sales**[ARB**]-person required, must be a self-starter**". ^Millions
F13 113 of dollars are spent on motivational courses, but in the long run most
F13 114 attempts at motivating staff fail. ^Christchurch management consultant
F13 115 *4Keith McIlroy *0looks at why this is the case and suggests that the
F13 116 solution may be simpler than you think.
F13 117 |^*4T*0he basic philosophy of staff motivation has not changed since
F13 118 life began. ^What has changed, is the sociological environment in
F13 119 which people work. ^Sticks and carrots did work when loss of job meant
F13 120 starvation and more money meant more meat, but in today's society we
F13 121 have to use more subtle techniques.
F13 122    |^The motivation of staff is simplicity itself. ^What is difficult
F13 123 is looking for, and correcting, attitudes and practices of managers
F13 124 and companies which destroy such motivation.
F13 125    |^What we are looking for is enthusiasm, (dictionary definition
F13 126 *- passionate eagerness, zeal, fervour in a cause, hearty service).
F13 127 ^We want our staff to be enthusiastic about our products, about our
F13 128 services, about our company and possibly, even about ourselves.
F13 129    |^What do staff and managers therefore need to feel enthusiastic
F13 130 about your organisation and about you? ^The simple answer is that they
F13 131 need you to feel enthusiastic about them. ^It obviously helps if your
F13 132 organisation has reasonably high ideals, but even the Mafia has
F13 133 enthusiastic staff.
F13 134    |^Expressing enthusiasm about your staff and your managers brings
F13 135 us to the first of two important words. ^*2CARE (*0definition *- feel
F13 136 concern or interest) is a word used continually in an article by Colin
F13 137 Marshall, chief executive of British Airways (*1Management, *0October,
F13 138 1985). ^It is so refreshing to see such an esteemed member of the
F13 139 super**[ARB**]-executive club using such personal and emotive words.
F13 140 ^Caring for your managers and caring for your staff is the key to
F13 141 producing an enthusiastic team.
F13 142 **[PLATE**]
F13 143    |^As one gets higher up the corporate ladder, it becomes more and
F13 144 more difficult to retain basic human emotional responses. ^Executives
F13 145 are conditioned to behave like a cross between an {0IBM} 3600 and a
F13 146 senior member of the diplomatic corps. ^They are expected to respond
F13 147 in a totally controlled manner and any individuals who do not conform
F13 148 have to have a hallmark of eccentric genius attached to them in order
F13 149 to succeed.
F13 150    |^We tend to be very boring people, at least for the time we are
F13 151 at work. ^We tend to shut out emotional responses, we are conditioned
F13 152 to look only at results and we slot our managers and our staff into
F13 153 prejudged roles without caring for the individual beneath it all. ^Is
F13 154 it surprising that we have such unenthusiastic workers?
F13 155    |^Yet, if you look at the managers who are directly responsible
F13 156 for people it is soon apparent that the ones who always get the best
F13 157 out of their subordinates are the ones who care. ^In order to care
F13 158 about people you have to care about them as individuals. ^You have to
F13 159 care about their health. ^You have to care about their family. ^You
F13 160 have to care about their overall happiness. ^It is often the trivial
F13 161 details that show whether or not a manager really cares for his or her
F13 162 staff.
F13 163    |^If you limit your caring to the quality and quantity of work
F13 164 that they are producing, you are seeing them as an *"employee**", as a
F13 165 tool to be used for maximum efficiency. ^If you care about the trivia
F13 166 in their lives, you are seeing them as a human being, an individual.
F13 167    |^Caring for your staff isn't easy. ^It takes a lot of time and
F13 168 you must always be wary of overstepping the mark and becoming a social
F13 169 worker rather than a boss. ^But the art of caring is far simpler to
F13 170 understand and operate than Hawthorne Experiments, Theory X and Theory
F13 171 Y, management by objectives, *"Excellence**" or any other of the
F13 172 motivational theories which reappear every decade.
F13 173    |^Caring for your people, will show them that you are enthusiastic
F13 174 about them. ^This, in turn, will make them feel enthusiastic about you
F13 175 and your organisation. ^Unfortunately caring, itself, is not
F13 176 sufficient. ^*"That isn't fair!**" is a phrase that is rarely heard
F13 177 from employees, but which is almost permanently on their lips. ^*2FAIR
F13 178 (*0definition *- just, equitable) is an easy word to say but a very
F13 179 difficult one to cope with. ^Fairness and justice (definition *-
F13 180 correct, proper, right) are two words that are frequently absent from
F13 181 the vocabulary, or even the thoughts, of larger organisations. ^Yet
F13 182 without them, there can be no prolonged enthusiasm. ^There is no
F13 183 denying that business itself is unfair and unjust. ^Much of business
F13 184 practice is cut-throat and ruthless and that is something that will be
F13 185 impossible to correct, even if it was desirable to do so. ^You do not
F13 186 expect your competitors to feel enthusiastic about your company.
F13 187 ^Therefore, how fair or just you are to them is a matter for your own
F13 188 conscience.
F13 189    |^Unfortunately, this attitude rubs off onto dealings with your
F13 190 managers and staff. ^It is for this reason, and this reason alone,
F13 191 that most motivational effort comes to no avail. ^You cannot expect
F13 192 staff to feel enthusiastic about you, or your organisation, if your
F13 193 practices are unfair or unjust.
F13 194    |^Senior managers are all capable people who, quite naturally they
F13 195 think, receive certain unofficial benefits. ^We are not talking about
F13 196 official benefits, {0eg} company cars, expense accounts, although many
F13 197 of these are also unjust.
F13 198 *#
F14 001 **[157 TEXT F14**]
F14 002 ^*0Our masculinity and sexuality, the concerns of this paper, do not
F14 003 fit neatly into a logical line of argument. ^Rather, our reality is
F14 004 alive with ghosts, paradoxes and dilemmas.
F14 005    |^To begin with, what are these things called men? ^During this
F14 006 year's election campaign, Muldoon referred to a televised debate as
F14 007 *"sorting the men from the boys**" (Morning Report,1984), so maybe men
F14 008 are not boys. ^There is currently an advertisement promoting televised
F14 009 rugby that goes *"^I'm a rugby man, a little bit rough, a little bit
F14 010 tough**"; then it says to watch the game *"if you can**" (there being
F14 011 more than a simple rhyme here).
F14 012    |^Biologically, masculinity is testosterone. ^Socially it means
F14 013 much more. ^It is the subject of a long term debate about biological
F14 014 versus social determination. ^In our modern, technological world we
F14 015 claim to be in control of our destiny; we do not see ourselves as just
F14 016 some biological phenomenon. ^We are civilised, highly evolved, and a
F14 017 long way from being animals. ^This belief in evolution is, after all,
F14 018 one of the fundamentals of racism, be it Hitler's Aryan supremacy
F14 019 theory or New Zealand's particular form of pakeha patronisation. ^This
F14 020 view is in contrast with the notion that sexually men are subject to
F14 021 uncontrollable natural urges that have to be realised. ^Our final call
F14 022 of the wild. ^Not much civilization there.
F14 023    |^A social or behavioural definition of masculinity invariably
F14 024 involves the notion of men being powerful, ranging from the feminist
F14 025 generalisation that *"men are oppressors**" to the right wing view
F14 026 that *"men should be in control**". ^It is the same definition,
F14 027 really, although the interpretation differs, depending on your sense
F14 028 of justice for women.
F14 029    |^Much recent research shows that men are more aggressive than
F14 030 women from as early as two years old. ^They are better spatial
F14 031 thinkers, less expressive of emotions, more competitive and seek more
F14 032 control of situations. ^They also suffer more from dyslexia and die
F14 033 earlier than women, often from accidents and stress-related illnesses.
F14 034 ^The traditional masculine stereotype is the *"unemotional, dominant,
F14 035 ruggedly independent, competitive, achieving, stoical, forceful,
F14 036 decision-making, competent and unfailing breadwinner.**" (For Men
F14 037 Collective, 1983). ^As a young man growing up in New Zealand, I was
F14 038 subjected to all the socialisation to conform to this stereotype. ^My
F14 039 dilemma has been like that of many men *- having received these
F14 040 messages about what I should be, yet feeling I am more complex, more
F14 041 subtle and much more human than that image suggests. ^The ghost of
F14 042 this stereotype is something that lives in men's souls, though.
F14 043 ^Whether we conform to it or not, we have to deal with it.
F14 044    |^A recent sociological study of New Zealand men, *1The Jones Men
F14 045 *0(1983), found the Kiwi male to be one of three types. ^The first was
F14 046 a *"Goer**", *"men who had been successful**" in the traditional way,
F14 047 the ambitious, breadwinning worker. ^This was the second largest group
F14 048 of the study, while the smallest group were the *"Introverts**", those
F14 049 who did not live up to the confident, insensitive stereotype. ^The
F14 050 biggest group, the solid centre of the Jones Men, were the *'Easy
F14 051 Goers**', who *"expressed pride in being tolerant, flexible and
F14 052 accommodating**" (\0p.165), not exactly the stereotype of always being
F14 053 aggressively right, but not too different from the stereotype, either.
F14 054    |^The Jones men dealt with their socialisation in a variety of
F14 055 ways, the most common being to become *"easy-going**", though there
F14 056 was a certain ambivalence about this:
F14 057 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F14 058 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F14 059 **[END INDENTATION**]
F14 060    |^In New Zealand the socialisation into traditional masculine
F14 061 values, which are generally the values of a male-dominated capitalist
F14 062 western culture, is in conflict with particular Kiwi values. ^To
F14 063 compete, be it in the workforce or on the sports field, is in conflict
F14 064 with the Kiwi male ethos of being a decent, co-operative joker. ^Being
F14 065 the ruggedly independent Man Alone does not go with being a good mate
F14 066 or being *"one of the team**".
F14 067    |^Herb Goldberg, an American psychologist, claims in his book,
F14 068 *1The New Male *0(1979) that:
F14 069 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F14 070 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F14 071 **[END INDENTATION**]
F14 072 |^Men are simply not women, not girls, not boys, and certainly not
F14 073 poofters. ^It is definition by what men are not. ^As one of the Jones
F14 074 men said, *"^There's some things, being a man, I *1wouldn't *0like to
F14 075 do... like the cooking, or the housework.**" ^Yin only because it is
F14 076 not Yang, the opposite sex of women. ^So much energy goes into being
F14 077 the one thing, such as tough, sexually potent and manly to prove that
F14 078 a man is not the opposite. ^It is questionable how wise it is to
F14 079 reduce personal qualities to simple dichotomies, let alone stay at one
F14 080 end simply to deny the other option.
F14 081    |^Goldberg claims that women tend to have a greater ability than
F14 082 men *"...to express strength or weakness, independence or dependence,
F14 083 activity or passivity, rationality or emotionality, courage or fear...
F14 084 without threat to their self-image,**" whereas men tend to have a
F14 085 *"one-track, all or nothing response**" to life. (\0p.14). ^This
F14 086 single-minded approach involves men in constant proving. ^As the
F14 087 criteria of achievement are unexplained and unclear, life is a
F14 088 never-ending test of masculinity, the Holy Grail of masculinity being
F14 089 infinitely desirable but ultimately unattainable.
F14 090    |^How happy can an individual be when he is striving not to be
F14 091 something and never being certain if he is not being that enough? ^A
F14 092 common analogy for men's working lives is the mechanical paradox of a
F14 093 treadmill. ^It is also a good analogy for the way men live their lives
F14 094 generally, striving to get somewhere but never reaching it. ^The
F14 095 problem is made worse by the conditioning men get that they have it
F14 096 all, that they are where it's at. ^So, no matter how miserable and
F14 097 unhealthy men's lives are, we keep living them, believing we are the
F14 098 most sophisticated and most evolved creatures. ^We were, after all,
F14 099 made in God's image and live in God's own country. ^There's no place
F14 100 for personal unhappiness. ^Indeed, few men stop to consider the
F14 101 quality of their lives, and if they do, they see it as an:
F14 102 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F14 103 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F14 104 **[END INDENTATION**]
F14 105    |^However *"being a man**" is defined, it requires some external
F14 106 object as a yardstick. ^*"Men are oppressors**" means men need someone
F14 107 to oppress. ^*"Men aren't women**" requires women for men to have an
F14 108 identity. ^This reliance on external influences for self-identity is a
F14 109 dilemma for men who have admired and aspired to be like countless
F14 110 heroes who are self-sufficient and in fact succeed in their endeavours
F14 111 because of their independence: the Lone Ranger, for example.
F14 112    |^Masculinity has generally been seen as a negative thing. ^Boys
F14 113 are, after all, snails and puppy dogs' tails compared to girls' sugar
F14 114 and spice. ^At best men are foolish, as exemplified by the Australian
F14 115 women's magazine that has a *"Mere Male**" column with readers'
F14 116 stories of how much more stupid men are than women. ^At worst men are
F14 117 seen as perpetrators of all the world's evil. ^And it is easy to see
F14 118 some of the injustices of the world as a result of men being
F14 119 competitive and unfeeling, particularly when the victims of these
F14 120 injustices are the people who are obviously different from the
F14 121 traditional masculine figure, such as women and gays. ^It is also very
F14 122 easy to see the nuclear arms escalation as a result of men's egos
F14 123 always wanting to do one better *- especially when the concern is the
F14 124 missile size, the length of the phallus being an old concern for men.
F14 125 ^It is perhaps not unexpected to see graffiti that says *"^War is
F14 126 menstruation envy.**"
F14 127    |^Though socialisation to fit the stereotype is a powerfully
F14 128 pervasive and subtle process, human beings are not simply victims of
F14 129 their upbringing. ^There is a great deal of rejection of the
F14 130 stereotype, with good reason too, as the traditional stereotypical man
F14 131 is often unattractive and at times damn dangerous. ^Not the sort of
F14 132 person to have round in times of crisis like growing old, raising
F14 133 children or just trying to get through a bad day. ^Men's notorious
F14 134 lack of high quality intimate friendships with other men is possibly
F14 135 our rejection of masculine behaviour in others. ^After all:
F14 136 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F14 137 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F14 138 **[END INDENTATION**]
F14 139    |^The poet Robert Bly (1982) talks about individual men's
F14 140 rejection of their own masculinity, particularly men who have been
F14 141 encouraged by post-1960s liberalism to get in touch with their
F14 142 feminine aspects. ^Bly calls these men *"life-preserving but not
F14 143 exactly life-giving**" because they have *"come to equate their own
F14 144 natural male energy with being macho**". ^And in rejecting the macho,
F14 145 the worst behaviour of the stereotypical man, they also reject their
F14 146 own maleness. ^Equating machismo with masculinity is the same kind of
F14 147 link as equating mens identity and worth with what they do, it being
F14 148 quite usual to measure a man by what he does, particularly as a job.
F14 149 ^Rarely is masculinity seen as an inherent and natural attribute of
F14 150 men with its own pure beauty.
F14 151    |^This ambivalence about masculinity is a theme in New Zealand
F14 152 history with the traditional male culture being considered *"an
F14 153 affront to society's respectability**" (Phillips, 1981), with men's
F14 154 drunken larrikinism being seen as something evil to be controlled. ^As
F14 155 this evil was peculiarly masculine, it became the overt
F14 156 responsibility, from the 1890s on of femininity to provide
F14 157 *"refinement, morality and culture,**" with women having the *"special
F14 158 task of preserving a civilised order and preventing men from giving in
F14 159 to baser animal instincts**" (ibid., \0p.226). ^Another dilemma for
F14 160 men, then, is that if they are in the powerful position, why is it
F14 161 *1women *0have to make sure that they do not go too far? ^If men have
F14 162 control, how is it that women sanction their behaviour? ^This all
F14 163 comes out in *"that peculiar mixture of resentment and adoration,
F14 164 feelings of threat and paternalism, with which males have treated New
F14 165 Zealand women.**" (ibid., \0p.218).
F14 166    |^This pattern can also be seen in the common male-female
F14 167 interaction, where the man is the initial actor and the woman is the
F14 168 second stage reactor. ^This gives the man the power to act and the
F14 169 woman the power to judge his actions and reward or punish accordingly.
F14 170 ^It leaves men with too much responsibility and is a big part of the
F14 171 male reality of always waiting for the judges' cards. ^*"The
F14 172 Actor-Reactor relationship lays the foundations for unending guilt and
F14 173 opens men up for the most hostile accusations.**" (Goldberg, 1979,
F14 174 \0p.78). ^The man can be blamed for everything, while the woman who
F14 175 has not taken an equal responsibility for initiation, nor been clear
F14 176 and direct about what she wants, because of her conditioning, tends
F14 177 *"only to blame, accuse, turn away in hurt or scream out in righteous
F14 178 rage**" (ibid., \0p.78). ^All these behaviours are referred to as
F14 179 *"being a bitch**", *"being a ball-breaking woman**", *"never
F14 180 satisfied**" or *"there's no pleasing her**". ^And women, to maximise
F14 181 their power, learn their role well, know the man's weakest spot and
F14 182 know just the weapon to figuratively cut him off at the knees. ^The
F14 183 paradox for men then becomes *"^If I'm so powerful and competent, how
F14 184 come I'm so decimated by one cutting remark? ^How come she's got me by
F14 185 my balls? ^How come it's women who are the judges and validators of
F14 186 masculinity?**" (Wilson, 1979, \0p.108).
F14 187    |^The Brave Warrior is easily wounded, partly because he learnt
F14 188 the pattern young. ^It was another woman, Mother, who was responsible
F14 189 for the reward and punishment process involved in parenting a young
F14 190 male and probably that too was an Actor-Reactor relationship. ^There
F14 191 were also all the women school teachers. ^For males growing up in New
F14 192 Zealand there is the whole dilemma of being raised by a woman, the
F14 193 opposite, the person not to be, and yet with very little initiation
F14 194 needing to mature and go into the man's world. ^*"Alien and distant
F14 195 fathers in childrearing appearing to be the rule rather than the
F14 196 exception,**" (Wilson, 1979, \0p.103). ^In Freudian terms this
F14 197 confusion is explained by saying that *"even though boys love their
F14 198 mothers (they repress this and) end up by identifying with the father
F14 199 and all the attitudes of masculinity he represents**" (ibid.,
F14 200 \0p.105). ^This leaves men feeling *"both guilty and hostile about
F14 201 their relationship with their mothers and therefore their relationship
F14 202 with other women.**" (ibid., \0p.106).
F14 203 *#
F15 001 **[158 TEXT F15**]
F15 002 ^*0They contribute to the food supplies, provide the work force for
F15 003 the kitchen, dining room, meeting house and grounds, and welcome the
F15 004 visitors. ^It is the tangata whenua who remove the tapu from the
F15 005 visitors to allow them to become one with the tangata whenua.
F15 006    |^For the duration of the visit, visitors are given some of the
F15 007 privileges and responsibilities of tangata whenua. ^They are now free
F15 008 to move on any part of the marae. ^They may help the ringa wera (*"hot
F15 009 hands**"; workers) in the kitchen with their chores, assist in
F15 010 welcoming further visitors, or become one of those invited to sit on
F15 011 the paepae (speakers' platform).
F15 012    |^This tangata whenua status is an honorary one, for first-time
F15 013 visitors especially, and applies for the duration of that particular
F15 014 hui. ^It is not carried away with the visitor when he or she leaves
F15 015 the marae. ^However, it does mean that the visitor is no longer a
F15 016 waewae tapu (sacred foot, or first-time visitor to that particular
F15 017 marae) and could therefore go to that marae at some future time
F15 018 without needing to be formally welcomed.
F15 019    |^The tangata whenua can be divided into subgroups on the basis of
F15 020 their hosting roles, even though the roles will overlap. ^These
F15 021 subgroups comprise young children, teenagers, adults and elders.
F15 022    |^Young children have access to all parts of the marae. ^They can
F15 023 play anywhere on the marae; but, when a formal welcome is in progress
F15 024 on the marae-atea, this becomes out of bounds. ^Children, like
F15 025 everyone else, are valued members of the marae. ^They belong to the
F15 026 marae and are important. ^All adults on the marae become *"parents**"
F15 027 to these children, and it is the responsibility of all adults to care
F15 028 for them and to discipline them if necessary.
F15 029    |^Teenagers also have considerable freedom on the marae. ^They,
F15 030 too, learn by experience. ^They are expected to carry seats, set and
F15 031 clear tables, serve meals, pour coffee or tea, wash and dry dishes,
F15 032 and generally do manual work to ensure that visitors are looked after.
F15 033 ^They help the ringa wera.
F15 034    |^Adults are the ringa wera. ^On them depends the mana of their
F15 035 marae. ^Food has to be ordered and delivered; fires have to be tended
F15 036 (where appropriate); meals have to be prepared, cooked and served; the
F15 037 hangi has to be put down. ^Gardens have to be maintained; buildings,
F15 038 including the ablution block, have to be kept clean; and the whare moe
F15 039 (sleeping house) must be made ready for the manuhiri.
F15 040    |^The fourth important group is nga kaumatua (the elders, both men
F15 041 and women). ^It is very difficult to define when a person becomes an
F15 042 elder, as distinct from an adult. ^Some elders are experts in the area
F15 043 of whakapapa (genealogy); others are more expert in whai korero; some
F15 044 older women excel in waiata (song); others are experts in karanga.
F15 045    |^In some districts where there are very few older folk, the
F15 046 younger group of men and women assume the role of the elders. ^In
F15 047 other areas, where the number of elders is greater, the older leaders
F15 048 may be very old, so the younger ones have to wait *"in the wings**"
F15 049 until given the opportunity to participate in the formal arena. ^This
F15 050 may become frustrating to some of the more impatient youth.
F15 051    |^A feature of marae life is that there is always a place for the
F15 052 old people *- both male and female. ^The mana and authority of the
F15 053 elders are very influential, yet inconspicuous. ^They are honoured
F15 054 because of their wisdom, their wise counsel, their expertise in nga
F15 055 taonga a nga tipuna (treasures of the ancestors), and their authority
F15 056 in matters pertaining to the marae. ^Their role is to *"front**" the
F15 057 marae, to welcome the visitors, to ensure that the kawa is followed,
F15 058 and, when questioned specifically, to pass their knowledge on to the
F15 059 young.
F15 060    |^In all these roles, the Maori is expected to learn by seeing, by
F15 061 hearing, and by doing. ^Rarely is he or she specifically told what to
F15 062 do or why it should be done. ^The expectation is that by seeing their
F15 063 elders in action, young people know how things should be done. ^So,
F15 064 when it is time for them to assume that role, they know exactly what
F15 065 is expected and how to respond.
F15 066 *<*4Te huihuinga ki waho/ The gathering together*>
F15 067 |^*0The organisers of a hui usually suggest that those persons wishing
F15 068 to enter the marae should gather together outside the marae gates by a
F15 069 certain time. ^This is not a request that is made of Pakeha people
F15 070 only. ^When going to a tangi (funeral) or hui, it is expected that,
F15 071 unless they are arriving in a large group, visitors will wait at least
F15 072 a few minutes. ^This is to make sure that there is not another group
F15 073 of manuhiri already being welcomed on the marae, and to see if other
F15 074 individuals also arrive. ^Of course, if a group does arrive, one could
F15 075 join that group. ^It is most helpful to the tangata whenua if visitors
F15 076 enter as a combined group. ^This lessens the burden on the speakers
F15 077 and on the ringa wera in the whare kai.
F15 078    |^While gathering together, it is usual to greet all others at the
F15 079 gate, whether they are known to you personally or not. ^A hariru
F15 080 (handshake) is right and proper. ^Should the other people waiting be
F15 081 well known to you, then there will follow the hongi (pressing of
F15 082 noses), the kiss and hug, and maybe even tears.
F15 083    |^Speakers for the manuhiri will be selected. ^The person selected
F15 084 as the last speaker for the group will place the koha, usually money,
F15 085 on the marae. ^One person will collect the koha while the group is
F15 086 outside the gate. ^If you are alone among strangers, ask
F15 087 **[PLATE**]
F15 088 one of them who the last speaker is to be, and give your koha to that
F15 089 person. ^This is a very personal gift. ^A note or notes, folded up or
F15 090 placed in an envelope (with your name on the outside if you want it
F15 091 recorded), is acceptable. ^It is not good form to show others at the
F15 092 gate the amount that you propose to give. ^It is not usual, either, to
F15 093 enquire as to what the koha should be. ^This is your personal
F15 094 decision. ^You give what you, personally, wish to give.
F15 095    |^During this time of gathering together, smoking and talking
F15 096 quietly are part of the *"settling down**" process. ^Loud calling,
F15 097 boisterous behaviour, and children playing chase do not contribute to
F15 098 the state of mind that is appropriate on such a tapu occasion.
F15 099 ^Neither would loud noise be appreciated by those on the marae,
F15 100 especially if a group were in the process of being welcomed.
F15 101    |^When the tangata whenua are ready, one of them usually
F15 102 approaches the visitors waiting outside and indicates that the tangata
F15 103 whenua are ready.
F15 104    |^The order in which the group assembles at the gate depends on
F15 105 the local kawa. ^In some areas all the men precede the women, and the
F15 106 speakers and most important menfolk will be expected to be in front.
F15 107 ^In other areas the important menfolk will be in front, followed by
F15 108 the women, the children and the other men, who may form themselves to
F15 109 the sides and rear of the body of womenfolk. ^Again, the group could
F15 110 be led on by the womenfolk, with those men who will be speaking to the
F15 111 side of the group of women. ^Sometimes the kai whakautu (woman who
F15 112 will respond to the karanga) will be in front of the group and lead
F15 113 them on; at other times she will be to the side or slightly behind the
F15 114 leading male members. ^Those who will whai korero (speak) and waiata
F15 115 should be to the fore of the group.
F15 116    |^Before entering the gate, talking and smoking cease. ^Once the
F15 117 manuhiri begin to move forward in response to the karanga, or the wero
F15 118 if it is issued, they do so in a respectful way and as a body. ^It is
F15 119 not good practice to *"hang back**", no matter how strong the
F15 120 inclination.
F15 121 *<*4Te wero/ The challenge*>
F15 122 |^*0*"Wero**" literally means *"to cast a spear**", and it is a
F15 123 challenge that is accorded to distinguished visitors. ^Originally, the
F15 124 purpose of the wero was to find out whether the visiting party came in
F15 125 peace or in war.
F15 126    |^As with all other aspects of the marae, the basic principles are
F15 127 universal, but there are differences in detail between one tribe and
F15 128 another and for different occasions. ^There is significance in the way
F15 129 that the taiaha (spear) is held and swung and there is significance in
F15 130 the way that the taki (challenge dart) *- which may be a small carved
F15 131 dart or a twig *- is placed before the manuhiri.
F15 132    |^The wero is always issued by a male, who will begin his
F15 133 *"intimidation**" from the ranks of the tangata whenua before the
F15 134 karanga is issued. ^Thus the manuhiri must stand at the gate and wait
F15 135 until the opportunity arises to show that their intentions are
F15 136 peaceful. ^This they will do by their most honoured member picking up
F15 137 the taki. ^A wero may be issued to a woman of rank *- such as the
F15 138 Queen *- but the taki must always be picked up by a male member of her
F15 139 party.
F15 140    |^On a full ceremonial occasion there are three challengers. ^The
F15 141 first is the rakau whakaara (warning challenger). ^If he believes that
F15 142 the manuhiri have come in peace, he places the taki parallel to the
F15 143 manuhiri; if he places the taki with the point towards the group, he
F15 144 believes that they have come for war. ^If he throws the taki at them
F15 145 *- he could be asking for trouble.
F15 146 **[PLATE**]
F15 147    |^When the taki has been picked up, the second challenger *- the
F15 148 rakau takoto *- comes forward to prevent the manuhiri from advancing
F15 149 further until the rakau whakaara has returned to the chief with the
F15 150 information that he has gleaned. ^His taki is placed in the peaceful
F15 151 position. ^As he returns to the tangata whenua, always facing the
F15 152 manuhiri, the third challenger *- the rakau whakawaha *- proceeds to
F15 153 challenge the manuhiri. ^When his taki is picked up, he turns his back
F15 154 on the manuhiri and brings his taiaha over his head with the point
F15 155 towards the marae *- the signal for the manuhiri to come forward. ^The
F15 156 karanga and the powhiri then begin.
F15 157    |^On some occasions the rakau whakawaha may place his taki in the
F15 158 warlike position and, at the end of his wero, slap his thigh and run
F15 159 for the security of his people. ^The manuhiri, having been challenged,
F15 160 may send one of their number to chase and, if possible, to ground the
F15 161 challenger. ^This caused some consternation at the Waitangi Day
F15 162 ceremony in 1985 when a young naval *"warrior**" from the
F15 163 Governor-General's party caught and grounded the challenger.
F15 164 ^Protesters present *- not immediately understanding the full
F15 165 significance of what was happening *- became momentarily irate. ^The
F15 166 young challenger was mortified that he had got cramp at a most awkward
F15 167 time.
F15 168    |^The full significance of the wero stems from the traditional
F15 169 need of the marae to determine the intent of their manuhiri. ^This was
F15 170 done without any physical contact between the tangata whenua and the
F15 171 manuhiri. ^It was done through a spiritual awareness of the actions of
F15 172 people and the responses between people. ^The taki, the representative
F15 173 of Tane Mahuta, is placed before you, to invite you to come in peace,
F15 174 while recognising that you may have a take (reason) for which harsh
F15 175 words may need to be spoken. ^However, on the marae-atea a way can
F15 176 always be found whereby an exchange of words, of wairua (spirit) and
F15 177 of feelings can bring people to a better understanding of one another.
F15 178 ^By accepting the wero, you take the first step signifying the
F15 179 beginning of an exchange between people. ^Relaxation results from the
F15 180 knowledge that, for the time being, we are at peace one with another.
F15 181 *<*4Te karanga/ The call*>
F15 182 |^*0As soon as the tangata whenua see that the manuhiri are ready to
F15 183 proceed, a woman *- the kai karanga (the caller) will karanga (call).
F15 184 *#
F16 001 **[159 TEXT F16**]
F16 002    |^*0Five years before a similar accusation had been levelled at
F16 003 Maori, Chinese and Indians:
F16 004 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F16 005 |gross intemperance [is] heading the Tamaki State housing area toward
F16 006 slum conditions. ^Drunken orgies by groups of Maoris, Chinese,
F16 007 Indians, and a number of irresponsible pakehas [are] the reason...
F16 008 **[END INDENTATION**]
F16 009    |^These criticisms were symptomatic of the majority rejection of
F16 010 visibly different life-styles of physically identifiable groups, whose
F16 011 differences were compounded by their membership of the lowest 
F16 012 socio-economic strata of society, shared by only a few *'irresponsible
F16 013 pakehas**'. ^Their economic status as wage earning migrants together
F16 014 with discrimination among landlords led to their congregating in the
F16 015 areas of cheapest housing, and overcrowding and poverty from the same
F16 016 causes rendered Pacific Polynesians visible to their Pakeha fellow
F16 017 citizens in an unflattering light.
F16 018    |^Other stereotypes became attached to Pacific Polynesians, again
F16 019 as a result of their over-representation in the ranks of the poor,
F16 020 ill-housed and overcrowded. ^In 1965 it was suggested that they were
F16 021 especially liable to commit crimes of violence when under the
F16 022 influence of liquor, and that they came before the notice of the
F16 023 public to a greater extent than their numbers warranted. ^But in 1966
F16 024 Justice Department figures were quoted by David Ballantyne in the
F16 025 *1Auckland Star *0which showed that crime was not a problem with
F16 026 Polynesians; 0.01 percent of Islanders had committed crimes in New
F16 027 Zealand. ^Minister of Island Territories {0J. R.} Hanan was quoted as
F16 028 describing Islanders as *'probably the most law-abiding of any section
F16 029 of the community.**'
F16 030    |^It was not because of their drinking and criminal habits that
F16 031 Pacific Polynesians encountered prejudice, but because their physical
F16 032 presence in large numbers, together with that of growing numbers of
F16 033 migrating Maori, introduced a brown wedge into the cosy, homogeneous,
F16 034 white society in which many European New Zealanders wished to believe;
F16 035 one correspondent, writing on the subject of Samoan immigration, said:
F16 036 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F16 037 |^Auckland... is beginning to look like a huge ghetto.
F16 038 **[END INDENTATION**]
F16 039    |^Another wrote:
F16 040 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F16 041 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F16 042 **[END INDENTATION**]
F16 043 *<*426 Selective Immigration*>
F16 044 |^*0The desire for physical and cultural homogeneity had been
F16 045 reflected in New Zealand's immigration policy in the twentieth century
F16 046 as well as earlier in her history. ^After the Second World War the
F16 047 country had been faced by a continuing dilemma; a small country
F16 048 chronically short of population in a world in which industrial
F16 049 expansion seemed to be the only viable route to a balanced economy.
F16 050 ^The twenty year period of full employment achieved before 1967
F16 051 imposed its own limitations on the necessary expansion. ^Immigration
F16 052 was recognised as one of the necessary corrective measures.
F16 053    |^The majority of European New Zealanders were of British stock,
F16 054 either emigrating directly from Britain or coming by way of other
F16 055 British colonies. ^Many New Zealanders liked to think of Britain as
F16 056 *'Home**', or as *'the Old Country**'. ^She was the Mother Country,
F16 057 the source of traditions, language, law and art in a culture
F16 058 transplanted to a new environment, but expected to grow into a
F16 059 reproduction of its parent. ^New entrants to this colonial but British
F16 060 society were required to fit into the established pattern, at least in
F16 061 colour. ^Cultural assimilation could easily be imposed as long as the
F16 062 immigrants' physical attributes were acceptable.
F16 063    |^Various writers have recorded the assimilatory pressures
F16 064 levelled at various non-British European minority groups in the
F16 065 nineteenth century, including Dalmatians, Italians, and Germans.
F16 066 ^Southern Europeans, especially Italians and Greeks, were at times
F16 067 considered as much of a threat to racial purity as Chinese and other
F16 068 Asians.
F16 069    |^Migrants sought for New Zealand in the mid-twentieth century
F16 070 were from a narrow source. ^A Parliamentary Committee had been set up
F16 071 in 1945 to consider the question; its recommendation was that migrants
F16 072 should be carefully selected according to their skills and the
F16 073 requirements of industry. ^Although the ostensible criterion was
F16 074 needed skills, an unquestioned assumption that the required skilled
F16 075 persons would only be sought among people of British origins did not
F16 076 need to be formally expressed. ^Failing sufficient numbers of Britons,
F16 077 northern Europeans were to be encouraged, both of these categories of
F16 078 people qualifying for government assistance. ^Relatively limited entry
F16 079 was conceded to single persons of non-British nationality. ^These
F16 080 measures were incorporated in the assisted migration scheme of 1947,
F16 081 which was substantially re-written in 1950, without, however,
F16 082 broadening significantly the sources of immigrants.
F16 083    |^In 1950 the issue of migration within the Commonwealth was
F16 084 discussed at the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association's conference
F16 085 under the heading *'Empire Migration Problems**'. ^In spite of the
F16 086 dawn of a new era of overt racial equality promoted by increasing
F16 087 numbers of newly independent Asian and African nations through the
F16 088 medium of United Nations resolutions and other methods of diplomacy,
F16 089 the old imperialists could be seen to be in reluctant retreat,
F16 090 resisting the development of multi-cultural societies by clinging to a
F16 091 form of migration that would ensure for their nations continuing
F16 092 homogeneity, or at least continuing *'white**' domination of
F16 093 *'coloured**' minorities within their borders. ^{0H. E.} Holt of
F16 094 Australia said that his country *'needed alien immigrants, but it was
F16 095 desirable that the greatest proportion should come of British
F16 096 stock.**' ^{0S. W.} McNaught of Canada said:
F16 097 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F16 098 |the possibility of alien political resistance groups growing up
F16 099 concerned Canada. ^His country would prevent the immigration of people
F16 100 who could not be assimilated into Canada's way of life.
F16 101 **[END INDENTATION**]
F16 102    |^\0W. Sullivan, New Zealand's Minister of Labour, said that
F16 103 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F16 104 |the right type of artisan and tradesman could not be procured in
F16 105 sufficient numbers from the United Kingdom, so New Zealand had
F16 106 extended immigration to include people from the Netherlands.
F16 107 **[END INDENTATION**]
F16 108    |^This mild concession to New Zealand's need for skilled labour
F16 109 was not greeted with equanimity by all New Zealanders. ^The Dutch and
F16 110 other continental Europeans, both immigrants and refugees, though
F16 111 *'white**', were, like their predecessors in the nineteenth century,
F16 112 greeted with pressures to assimilate. ^One correspondent who signed
F16 113 him or herself *'Had Them**', was fed up with what he or she called
F16 114 the post-war influx of *'the rag tag of Europe**'. ^A further writer,
F16 115 calling him or herself *'Annoyed**', complained because Dutch
F16 116 immigrants received a newsletter which was intended to keep them up to
F16 117 date with events in Holland. ^*'Annoyed**' was supported by another
F16 118 correspondent who signed himself *'Friendly**', but wrote:
F16 119 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F16 120 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F16 121 **[END INDENTATION**]
F16 122    |^A similar spirit prompted a Question in the House concerning
F16 123 assistance by the Dutch Government to Dutch immigrants in New Zealand.
F16 124    |^If the way was difficult for European immigrants of non-British
F16 125 origins, it was much more difficult for non-whites such as Asians and
F16 126 Polynesians. ^New Zealand's assisted immigration scheme favoured
F16 127 British entry to the point of virtual exclusion of all others. ^If
F16 128 Australians, Canadians and white South Africans were counted as
F16 129 British, then in 1961 only 2 percent of all immigrants born outside
F16 130 New Zealand were aliens, and of that 2 percent more than a third were
F16 131 Dutch.
F16 132    |^In 1956 \0Dr Manikam, Asian Secretary of the World Council of
F16 133 Churches, was quoted as saying that *'the New Zealand immigration
F16 134 policy was a source of great irritation in South East Asia.**' ^A
F16 135 minister in Hong Kong, the \0Rev. \0P. Jansen, reported to the Council
F16 136 that *'the New Zealand immigration laws seemed to imply that Asians
F16 137 were a breed apart and of less dignity than Europeans.**' The \0Rev.
F16 138 {0F. W.} Winton told the Presbyterian General Assembly in 1956 that
F16 139 New Zealand was a closed country. ^*'It is most frustrating trying to
F16 140 get Asians into New Zealand... there seems to be no reason for
F16 141 refusal.**'
F16 142    |^The reason for such refusals was implicit in the idea expressed,
F16 143 for example, by Walter Nash in 1960 when he stated *'^If coloured
F16 144 persons were allowed to enter New Zealand indiscriminately... we would
F16 145 lose our standards.**' ^In fairness to Nash, he later defined these
F16 146 endangered standards as economic, and in any case was discussing the
F16 147 possibility of unlimited immigration, which he saw as a threat to the
F16 148 political power of the existing New Zealand population. ^But that he
F16 149 and many other New Zealanders had in mind the undesirability of Asians
F16 150 in whatever numbers is borne out by both the evidence of prejudice and
F16 151 the actualities of official policy on immigration.
F16 152    |^An alternative to these policies would have been to restrict
F16 153 immigration numerically by annual quotas to the categories of persons
F16 154 possessing needed skills, and to accept immigrants and their families
F16 155 on the basis of their qualifications regardless of their country of
F16 156 origin or their colour. ^In 1963 \0Dr {0B. K.} Gupta drew attention to
F16 157 this possibility:
F16 158 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F16 159 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F16 160 **[END INDENTATION**]
F16 161    |^He also pointed out, however, that immigrant Asians with high
F16 162 qualifications would be called on to face up to prejudice:
F16 163 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F16 164 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F16 165 **[END INDENTATION**]
F16 166    |^The interviewer Arthur Feslier agreed:
F16 167 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F16 168 |^I believe that the New Zealander in all truth has in his mind the
F16 169 image of the Asian as being the greengrocer.
F16 170 **[END INDENTATION**]
F16 171    |^If the Asian was welcome only as a greengrocer, then the
F16 172 Polynesian was welcome only as an unskilled labourer. ^The aim of the
F16 173 introduction of a Cook Islanders' migrant scheme was outlined in 1961
F16 174 by Leon Gotz, then Minister for Island Territories. ^He hoped the
F16 175 scheme would bring *'a ready response from rural employers who want
F16 176 unskilled but easily taught and willing labour.**' ^But to one farmer
F16 177 in the Auckland province the labour shortage in New Zealand and
F16 178 underdevelopment in the Cook Islands did not constitute sufficient
F16 179 reason to welcome even *'willing labour**' if it was coloured:
F16 180 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F16 181 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F16 182 **[END INDENTATION**]
F16 183    |^Another correspondent in the press went a little further:
F16 184 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F16 185 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F16 186 **[END INDENTATION**]
F16 187    |^In February 1970 the then government announced a *'radical new
F16 188 immigration policy**' aimed at boosting the total intake of migrants.
F16 189 ^The *'radical**' element was that assistance was to be offered for
F16 190 the first time to semiskilled and unskilled workers. ^However the
F16 191 migration net was also to be spread wider *- to the edges of Europe.
F16 192 ^Italy and Greece were judged to be relatively fitting sources of new
F16 193 New Zealanders, if only from the dearth of willing *'better stock**'.
F16 194 ^{0M. S.} Fonoti, President of the Samoan Progressive Movement, in
F16 195 commenting on the new scheme showed how little New Zealand's
F16 196 immigration policy had changed in reality:
F16 197 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F16 198 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F16 199 **[END INDENTATION**]
F16 200    |^Alas for such hopes, the New Zealand Government was still
F16 201 pursuing the goal of a predominantly white community. ^Skills or extra
F16 202 population were not as desirable as a majority with skins of the right
F16 203 shade. ^A final irony in the new scheme was the introduction of a new
F16 204 immigration card to replace the old format, which had required all new
F16 205 arrivals to nominate their race. ^A Labour Department spokesman said
F16 206 that such a question *'hinted at racial prejudice**'. ^The new
F16 207 immigration card, he announced, was to drop all mention of a visitor's
F16 208 racial origin *'except in the case of Polynesians**'. ^Polynesian
F16 209 immigration into New Zealand was to become a controversial issue in
F16 210 the mid-1970s, with mounting opposition to the *'influx **[SIC**] of
F16 211 migrants from various Pacific sources, and to the level of attempts by
F16 212 many of these to remain in the country after their work or holiday
F16 213 entry permits had expired as permanent if illegal residents. ^It was
F16 214 clear that one of the primary concerns of New Zealand governments was
F16 215 with the economics of the question; how many migrants of different
F16 216 categories could New Zealand afford to accept, given the fluctuating
F16 217 job supply crises of the 1970s? ^The governments of many Pacific
F16 218 countries also regarded the problem as economic rather than racial; in
F16 219 the opinion of many of their officials the migrant schemes for Pacific
F16 220 Islanders had been developed as a form of economic aid, rather than
F16 221 provided merely as a source of labour to benefit New Zealand industry.
F16 222    |^While governments in New Zealand and the Pacific were primarily
F16 223 concerned with economic and social welfare issues, some public
F16 224 reaction to the random arrest crisis of October 1976, when more than
F16 225 two hundred people were arrested at random on Auckland streets on
F16 226 suspicion that they might be *'overstayers**', or taken in dawn raids
F16 227 on the homes of Polynesians where *'overstayers**' were suspected to
F16 228 be hiding, demonstrated the continuing determination of many New
F16 229 Zealanders to keep their country *'white**':
F16 230 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F16 231 |^If Islanders are living in fear in New Zealand... why do they stay?
F16 232 **[END INDENTATION**]
F16 233    |^Another letter compared Pacific Islanders to West Indians in
F16 234 Britain:
F16 235 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F16 236 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F16 237 **[END INDENTATION**]
F16 238    |^Lloyd Geering reported in the *1Auckland Star *0that seeking out
F16 239 and arresting overstayers had been compared to *'catching the last
F16 240 rabbit**'. ^He commented:
F16 241 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F16 242 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F16 243 **[END INDENTATION**]
F16 244    |^The raids and arrests of Polynesians and other brown-skinned
F16 245 people at random on Auckland streets were made with a view to
F16 246 demanding evidence of identity and residential status.
F16 247 *#
F17 001 **[160 TEXT F17**]
F17 002 ^*0It was taught as part of anthropology *- alongside the study of
F17 003 buried Maori pas and campsites. ^In the cities, where 70 per cent of
F17 004 Maoris lived in the late 1970s, compared with 11 per cent forty years
F17 005 earlier, low wages, large families and state-supplied or subsidised
F17 006 housing concentrated Maoris in incipient brown ghettoes. ^By the late
F17 007 1960s Maoris had become an urban underclass in a European society.
F17 008    |^The university radicals objected: to the abandonment of things
F17 009 Maori by their parents; to their own cultural loss; to second-class
F17 010 status; to the social deprivation around them. ^A Maori Organisation
F17 011 of Human Rights argued the social case. ^A more radical grouping, Nga
F17 012 Tamatoa (the young warriors), emerged in 1970 to put a stronger case
F17 013 for Maori rights *- the beginnings of a demand for Maori control over
F17 014 things Maori. ^In 1972 a mock Maori parliament was set up in
F17 015 Parliament grounds.
F17 016    |^As with the Vietnam radicals and the feminist radicals, the
F17 017 Maori radicals found some reflection in the 1972-75 Labour Government.
F17 018 ^For the first time in forty years a Maori, Matiu Rata, was made
F17 019 minister for Maori affairs. ^One of the university radicals, Pat
F17 020 Hohepa, joined him as private secretary. ^A slow start was made to
F17 021 stop the alienation of the remaining 3 million acres of Maori land,
F17 022 then running at 70,000 acres a year (it came down to 2000 acres a
F17 023 year). ^A Waitangi Tribunal was set up to hear grievances based on
F17 024 Maori rights under clause 2 of the Waitangi Treaty.
F17 025    |^But that was not enough. ^In 1975 Te Matakite (the seers) land
F17 026 protest movement organised a vast number of Maoris *- perhaps as many
F17 027 as 30,000 in all *- who marched on parliament under the slogan of
F17 028 *'not one more acre of land**' to be alienated. ^In 1977 protesters
F17 029 occupied Bastion Point in suburban Auckland to stop the sale of the
F17 030 land for housing development *- and, after 507 days of occupation,
F17 031 ending in a large number of trials of the occupiers which were stopped
F17 032 by an embarrassed government, won their case. ^In the same year Eva
F17 033 Rickard led a successful campaign for the return of the Raglan golf
F17 034 course to Maori ownership. ^In 1979 He Taua (the war party) forcibly
F17 035 stopped engineering students at Auckland University performing a mock
F17 036 haka. ^Earlier that year a Waitangi Action Committee had disrupted the
F17 037 annual national celebrations of the signing of the treaty in 1840 to
F17 038 proclaim the treaty a fraud on the Maori people.
F17 039    |^So by the decade's end Maoris were succeeding by direct action,
F17 040 where conventional methods had failed, in putting a spoke in the wheel
F17 041 of long decline and eclipse. ^In late 1979 the next step was taken:
F17 042 Rata, denied front bench status after a reshuffle of opposition
F17 043 {0MP}s, walked out of the Labour party in protest at the failure to
F17 044 appoint a spokesman on Maori affairs and the relegation of Maori
F17 045 interests that represented and formed Mana Motuhake. ^The aim was
F17 046 Maori control of Maori society and interests *- a *'bicultural social
F17 047 order**'. ^The manifesto declared that *'its destiny is to liberate
F17 048 the people from the domination and manipulation so that Maori society
F17 049 is a being for itself and not a colony inhabited by another**'. ^In
F17 050 his report to the 1979 Labour party conference as chairman of the
F17 051 Maori policy committee, Rata had said: *'^We will master our own
F17 052 affairs *- we must command our own destiny and we want every acre of
F17 053 land wrongfully taken from us back.**'
F17 054    |^As feminist activism had by the late 1970s forced a growing
F17 055 public and private recognition of women's grievances and rights, so
F17 056 Maori activism forced recognition of Maori grievances and rights. ^In
F17 057 both cases there was a huge gap between the aims and the achievements,
F17 058 but there were achievements, both in practical terms and in terms of a
F17 059 forced awareness, both sympathetic and antipathetic, of the issues.
F17 060 ^One example: by 1979 demand to learn the Maori language had far
F17 061 outstripped the supply of even barely qualified teachers.
F17 062    |^Feminism and Maori activism, therefore, were manifestations of
F17 063 challenge and change. ^These two parts of the Vietnam big-change
F17 064 generation were still visibly active and achieving some change, even
F17 065 if there was little visible evidence of the rest.
F17 066    |^And their activity portended activity from others. ^In the long
F17 067 liberal-conservative periods, there was not much Maori or feminist
F17 068 activism. ^The sustained heightened activism among feminists and
F17 069 Maoris in the 1970s was therefore another sign that big change could
F17 070 be on the way.
F17 071    |^For that to occur the new generation had to take over the levers
F17 072 of power in the political, bureaucratic and business establishments
F17 073 which dictated the regulatory environment and the economic rules.
F17 074 ^That involves a long process of climbing up hierarchical ladders and
F17 075 it usually takes until people are in their 30s and 40s at the
F17 076 earliest. ^They needed to be in the upper-middle levels of management
F17 077 in business and the bureaucracy (that is, in the positions where the
F17 078 options on which top management or bureaucrats are delimited *- and
F17 079 often even effectively decided). ^And they needed to be on the front
F17 080 benches of the main political parties. ^In 1979 that was not so.
F17 081    |^There were signs that it was coming. ^Ian Douglas was the
F17 082 fulcrum of a change of stance among manufacturers, urging on them that
F17 083 government policy had, however little the actual movement, changed
F17 084 direction on protection policy. ^John Hunn was revolutionising the
F17 085 Development Finance Corporation. ^Michael Fay and David Richwhite had
F17 086 set up their merchant bank which would five years later be a force in
F17 087 finance. ^The Brierley whizzkids were already a force on the stock
F17 088 market and Bob Jones on the property market. ^A crop of small firms,
F17 089 some of them in provincial towns like Allflex in Palmerston North and
F17 090 Production Engineering in Marton, were breaking through into
F17 091 international markets with innovative products that sold on their
F17 092 superiority of design or concept.
F17 093    |^And if one looked under the skins of the establishments one
F17 094 could see some innovators of the Vietnam generation thrusting forward
F17 095 by 1979. ^The back benches of both Labour and National Parties
F17 096 contained some. ^Labour Party conferences were dominated numerically
F17 097 by people with a pedigree going directly back to the Vietnam protest
F17 098 era and had taken over key positions in the Labour Party organisation,
F17 099 including the installation of their candidate as president, while
F17 100 their contemporaries of the *'right**' had made some gains in the
F17 101 National Party organisation. ^In the government departments things
F17 102 were moving, too: Graeme Scott and Roger Kerr, for example, were
F17 103 reaching policy-generating rank at the Treasury. ^So was Rod Deane at
F17 104 the Reserve Bank. ^The bulk of the big-changers were not much visible:
F17 105 Allan Hawkins, founder of Equiticorp in 1984, was buried at Marac;
F17 106 people like Alan Gibbs and Charles Bidwill, now heading a resurgent
F17 107 Ceramco, and Douglas Myers, who has reconstructed and re-fired a
F17 108 sclerotic Lion Corporation, were in the background, making money but
F17 109 not waves; current union heavies like Rex Jones of the engineers and
F17 110 Rick Barker of the hotel workers were well out of sight; Helen Clark,
F17 111 central figure in the architecture of the 1984 nuclear policy switch,
F17 112 had not yet been selected for Parliament. ^One had to look hard to see
F17 113 them and use a good deal of imagination to assess their future impact.
F17 114 ^But if one did look hard, they could be seen.
F17 115    |^Otherwise change was subterranean, but beginning. ^By 1979
F17 116 considerable numbers of Vietnam generation people had reached middle
F17 117 to upper-middle management in corporations and the public service.
F17 118 ^They were generating the options from which their older generation
F17 119 superiors selected their decisions. ^Consequently they began to have
F17 120 an effect on the decisions, nudging them in the direction of change.
F17 121    |^So big change lay just beneath the surface by 1979. ^It could be
F17 122 seen just beginning to emerge on the fringes of business and in the
F17 123 down-table positions in politics. ^If conditions were to prove right,
F17 124 these people could bring big change to New Zealand *- not necessarily
F17 125 to total independence and full nationhood, for the poets and the
F17 126 artists had not presaged that, nor in agreed, specific directions, for
F17 127 their aims were diverse and there was no agreement what outcome should
F17 128 result, but a change of heart, a big step away from the temperament
F17 129 and attitudes of the previous three or four decades. ^And conditions
F17 130 were right.
F17 131 *<*44. Putting on the strain*>
F17 132 |^*0Radicals are minorities. ^If they want to make big change they
F17 133 must get the majority to go with them. ^Their own display of energy or
F17 134 powers of persuasion are not enough, because they have to compete in
F17 135 the marketplace of ideas with greater numbers of liberals and
F17 136 conservatives. ^So for big change to occur, the people must feel under
F17 137 strain. ^The more the strain, the more they will want to escape it.
F17 138 ^And the more they want to escape strain, the more they will be
F17 139 susceptible to and go along with big-change ideas and initiatives.
F17 140    |^Before the 1890s big-change period, there was a decade of
F17 141 economic strain. ^Falling prices for exports (mainly wool, wheat and
F17 142 other grain, and gold) dragged down export receipts per head by 39 per
F17 143 cent between 1877 and 1886 and it took to 1890 to regain the 1877
F17 144 level. ^But imports per head were still only 52 per cent of the 1877
F17 145 level in 1895. ^Manufacturing output declined under the impact of
F17 146 falling purchasing power, competition from imports at home and rising
F17 147 protectionism abroad, particularly in Australia. ^Wages were cut,
F17 148 inflation rose and there was serious unemployment. ^Conditions of work
F17 149 were often appalling and living conditions likewise. ^Economic strain
F17 150 was compounded by social strain.
F17 151    |^Building up to the 1930s big-change period there was a decade or
F17 152 so of economic uncertainty and then misery, coupled with a changing
F17 153 moral climate in which old, settled values were challenged. ^The
F17 154 misery came in the early 1930s when export prices collapsed, dragging
F17 155 down export income by 40 per cent between 1928-29 and 1931-32. ^As in
F17 156 the 1880s (and in the 1980s) farmers were caught in a terrible vice
F17 157 between debt and low prices. ^The government, trapped between falling
F17 158 revenue and rising social spending commitments, forced wages and
F17 159 salaries down, cut pensions and other welfare payments and postponed
F17 160 other programmes, including teacher training. ^Unemployment rocketed:
F17 161 officially recorded unemployment (those who qualified for some kind of
F17 162 relief) climbed to 80,000 by 1933, about 12 per cent of the workforce
F17 163 *- but the actual figure was much higher because it excluded women,
F17 164 people under twenty, people with assets above a certain minimum and
F17 165 people who did not register out of pride. ^Bill Sutch, who worked for
F17 166 the Minister of Unemployment, Gordon Coates, at the time, has
F17 167 estimated that the total was nearer 100,000 males, or about two-fifths
F17 168 of male workers between sixteen and sixty-five, excluding civil
F17 169 servants, farmers and self-employed. ^Families were broken up because
F17 170 unemployed had to do *'relief work**', often at remote camps. ^In 1932
F17 171 there were uncontrollable street riots. ^Economic and social strain
F17 172 was at a level not experienced before. ^The people were ready for big
F17 173 change in the late 1930s.
F17 174    |^The economy revived slowly from 1933 on and quickly after the
F17 175 Second World War. ^Unemployment was microscopic, averaging 0.07 per
F17 176 cent from 1955 to 1964. ^Incomes rose steadily. ^The terms of trade
F17 177 were fairly stable and the balance of payments did not get into
F17 178 serious trouble. ^There was little challenge to New Zealand's sense of
F17 179 its place in the world or the established morals and conventions. ^So
F17 180 the restrained liberal-conservative approach to change prevailed.
F17 181    |^From 1965, however, strain began to grow. ^The terms of trade
F17 182 dipped in 1966 with a fall in wool prices. ^Unemployment nudged 1 per
F17 183 cent in 1968. ^The Vietnam generation upset the placidity of society
F17 184 with their protests, disruptions of political meetings (Keith
F17 185 Holyoake's opening election campaign meeting in 1969 was wrecked by
F17 186 chanting demonstrators), flouting of accepted sexual morals and
F17 187 disregard of security. ^But in the early 1970s the protests abated
F17 188 some and the terms of trade turned back up. ^Perhaps, people thought,
F17 189 the late 1960s were just a blip and the quest for prosperity and
F17 190 continuity would be resumed. ^A National Development Conference in
F17 191 1968-69 confidently targeted ten years of steady growth, projecting
F17 192 the 1960s pretty well unchanged towards the 1980s.
F17 193    |^The blip turned out instead to be the early 1970s recovery.
F17 194 *#
F18 001 **[161 TEXT F18**]
F18 002 *|^*0The National Party has had somewhat more success maintaining a
F18 003 youth organisation than it has a Maori organisation over the past 50
F18 004 years despite the fact that Junior or Young National activity has
F18 005 periodically fluctuated.
F18 006    |^Members of the Junior Reform League, who in 1938 comprised
F18 007 two-thirds of the members of the divisional executive, were active in
F18 008 establishing the Auckland Division. ^The first Junior Nationals' ball
F18 009 in Auckland was held in August 1938, arranged by a committee of 13
F18 010 young women and five young men. ^In 1939 {0H. G.} Curran was appointed
F18 011 Dominion youth organiser. ^His task was to create *'a live youth
F18 012 movement**' based on the principles of *'freedom, Christianity,
F18 013 British Democracy, the Crown, family life, independence [and] personal
F18 014 service and sacrifice**'. ^The outbreak of war a few months later saw
F18 015 the project abandoned.
F18 016    |^In May 1944 the Wellington Division appointed \0H. Fiddes of
F18 017 Napier as organiser of young people's activities. ^When he resigned in
F18 018 October of the same year, 20 Junior branches were operating in the
F18 019 division. ^They were advised and supervised by older mentors from the
F18 020 electorates concerned, who also over the years had to subsidise
F18 021 financially their usually impecunious Junior sections. ^Eric Pryor was
F18 022 asked to continue Fiddes's work. ^By 1947, when {0L. W. A.} Foster
F18 023 became the Wellington divisional youth organiser, there were 37 Junior
F18 024 branches in that division.
F18 025    |^The chairman of the Auckland Division, Alex McKenzie, later in
F18 026 1944 asked \0Dr James Rutherford, Professor of History at Auckland
F18 027 University College, if he would establish such a Junior organisation
F18 028 in Auckland. ^Membership would be open to anyone over the age of 12
F18 029 but particularly in the 17 to 28 range and the recruitment of young
F18 030 returned servicemen was given priority. ^The first formal meeting of
F18 031 the Auckland Juniors was held on 21 September 1944. ^Rutherford was
F18 032 elected president and Marjorie Gadsby secretary. ^By 1946 Rutherford
F18 033 had developed an Auckland Junior section of 480 members with a social
F18 034 activities committee and a second educational and political committee.
F18 035 ^By 1947 the membership had more than doubled to 1,056.
F18 036    |^With the rapid development of similar Junior sections
F18 037 throughout the country, a rally attended by 120 Junior delegates
F18 038 was held in Palmerston North in March 1946. ^In 1947
F18 039 Canterbury-Westland emulated Wellington by appointing a full-time 
F18 040 Junior organiser. ^In Wellington six Juniors were co-opted to the
F18 041 divisional executive. ^In Auckland Peter Dempsey replaced Rutherford
F18 042 as Junior president and was himself succeeded in 1948 by Robert
F18 043 Muldoon. ^With Gadsby as their secretary, Rutherford, Dempsey and
F18 044 Muldoon created an Auckland Junior National movement that by 1949
F18 045 numbered in excess of 2,500 in some dozen branches. ^In Wellington
F18 046 the growth was even more remarkable with 3,500 Juniors enrolled
F18 047 before the 1949 election and producing such future prominent
F18 048 activists as George Chapman and Allan Highet.
F18 049    |^The late 1940s and the 1950s were in many ways a return to
F18 050 normality after years of depression and war. ^Life was at last
F18 051 relatively uncomplicated, stable and prosperous. ^That was reflected
F18 052 in the activities of the Junior Nationals. ^Dances, socials,
F18 053 barbecues, picnics, indoor games evenings, tennis evenings, golf
F18 054 tournaments, trips to the mountains, weekend camps and, in conjunction
F18 055 with the party's women's sections, debutante balls were used to
F18 056 attract and retain the Junior members. ^Some indication of Junior
F18 057 activity is given in the Dunedin City combined junior**[SIC**]
F18 058 sections' annual report for 1950.
F18 059 **[TABLE**]
F18 060 |^They also produced a 12-page monthly newsletter, *1Attack, *0visited
F18 061 Coronet Peak, and helped with a debutante ball. ^In the
F18 062 Canterbury-Westland Division the Juniors in the early 1950s were
F18 063 actively fundraising to build an alpine ski hut and visiting Arthur's
F18 064 Pass, Hanmer, Mount Cook, Picton and Peel Forest for weekends. ^In the
F18 065 South Auckland Division, a very popular Easter Camp was held under
F18 066 canvas at \0Mt Maunganui for a number of years from 1947. ^Informal
F18 067 social get-togethers over tea and table tennis were also popular in
F18 068 the rooms set aside for the Juniors in the National Party centres in
F18 069 the main cities.
F18 070    |^Although most, but not all, Junior Nationals were from
F18 071 anti-Labour homes, politics was the least important reason for
F18 072 joining. ^Most Junior members were interested primarily and some
F18 073 exclusively in having fun, not in trying to solve the problems of New
F18 074 Zealand or the world. ^Although they repeatedly had to refute their
F18 075 reputation as a wealthy, elitist social set, the Junior Nationals were
F18 076 for most of their history very much a broad-based community social
F18 077 club for young people. ^Many met their future husbands and wives there
F18 078 *- for example, Rob and Thea Muldoon, and George and Jacqueline
F18 079 Chapman.
F18 080    |^Debating, not only for entertainment but to train young people
F18 081 in public speaking, researching material, organising arguments and
F18 082 chairing meetings was a popular activity among a minority of Juniors,
F18 083 including
F18 084 **[PLATES**]
F18 085 the few who were politically aware or ambitious. ^Various trophies
F18 086 were donated for debating competition within the divisions: the
F18 087 Fels-Michelle Shield in Otago-Southland, the McKenzie Trophy in
F18 088 Auckland, the Walsh Cup in South Auckland. ^The best debating teams
F18 089 from each division competed for the Westminster Shield with the best
F18 090 individual speaker receiving the Holyoake Cup. ^There were other
F18 091 trophies and competitions. ^In Waikato, for example, the Ross Trophy
F18 092 went to the Junior section gaining the most new members or sending in
F18 093 the best 12-point policy proposals, and the Holland Trophy, originally
F18 094 donated for inter-branch sport, was later awarded for essay-writing on
F18 095 such topics as *'Self-help against state control**'.
F18 096    |^At various times and for usually only brief periods a
F18 097 succession of Junior newsletters appeared, such as Dunedin's *1Attack,
F18 098 *0Canterbury-Westland's *1Action, *0Auckland's *1Junior News, Newsreel
F18 099 *0and *1Junior Parade, *0or the Dominion Young Nationals' *1Awatea.
F18 100    |^*0One thing Alex McKenzie, as Auckland divisional chairman and
F18 101 later Dominion president of the party, prohibited was the making of
F18 102 public statements by the Juniors. ^Statements by inexperienced and
F18 103 usually ill-informed Juniors, he believed, could well be taken as
F18 104 official party policy or opinion to the party's detriment. ^Because at
F18 105 that time young people, with only a few exceptions, were much less
F18 106 opinionated and more deferential in every way to their elders than
F18 107 they were later to become, they accepted the restriction. ^One has the
F18 108 suspicion that even if they had been more outspoken, their views on
F18 109 policy would not have carried much weight in the upper levels of the
F18 110 party where many regarded the Juniors with paternal tolerance as a
F18 111 necessary burden.
F18 112    |^The continuity and often the motivation for Junior activity
F18 113 depended on the interest of a few senior advisors such as Theo Hills
F18 114 and Laurie Cleal in Wellington; Morris Friedlander, Trevor Barber and
F18 115 Jim Yendell in South Auckland; or Harold McLeod and {0G. N.} Carroll
F18 116 in Dunedin. ^They were usually assisted at any given time by one or
F18 117 two able and enthusiastic Junior office-holders: Muldoon and Gadsby in
F18 118 Auckland; Joyce Bulger in Dunedin; Derek Round in Christchurch; or
F18 119 Darcy Morrow in Hamilton. ^As with many church or other youth groups,
F18 120 there developed a regular cycle of activity and inactivity, increasing
F18 121 membership and falling numbers. ^As young activists married, shifted
F18 122 district, became more involved in establishing their careers and
F18 123 families, so there had to be repeated recruitment and retraining to
F18 124 replenish the ranks. ^A few exceptional Juniors such as Muldoon and
F18 125 Chapman stayed on to become leader and president. ^Similarly, Graham
F18 126 Johnstone, John Tremewan and James Austin became the directors
F18 127 respectively of the Canterbury-Westland, Auckland and Wellington
F18 128 Divisions. ^Others returned later in life to the senior organisation.
F18 129 ^Most continued to identify with and vote for the party.
F18 130    |^By the mid-fifties, after five years of steady numerical
F18 131 decline throughout the country, the Junior National movement was
F18 132 struggling even to survive. ^Only in the Wellington Division were the
F18 133 Juniors, with a great deal of help from the senior organisation, able
F18 134 to resist the decline. ^By 1958 Wellington had 27 of the 46 Junior
F18 135 branches still functioning in New Zealand and 2,200 of the 3,999
F18 136 financial members. ^There the Juniors balanced social, educational and
F18 137 political activities including a rally in Hastings in October 1958
F18 138 attended by 500 people.
F18 139    |^Elsewhere the Junior scene was one of almost unrelieved gloom.
F18 140 ^In the Otago-Southland Division only the Oamaru Junior branch, where
F18 141 debating was very popular, survived. ^The Southland Juniors went into
F18 142 recess in 1954 and the combined Dunedin Junior section in 1956,
F18 143 neither being revived until 1960. ^In the Canterbury-Westland Division
F18 144 only two Junior branches *- Selwyn and \0St Albans *- remained active
F18 145 by 1957 and their memberships were decimated. ^Waikato, which managed
F18 146 to retain a Junior presence in seven electorates, was only a shadow of
F18 147 previous years as the Junior branches at Otorohanga, Te Kuiti,
F18 148 Taumarunui and Whakatane went out of existence. ^In Auckland the
F18 149 membership was halved, even though new leaders such as Tremewan were
F18 150 emerging and two active juniors**[SIC**], Jonathan Hunt and Terry
F18 151 Power, both history students at Auckland University, had formed the
F18 152 University Progressive Conservative Club as a platform from which
F18 153 National {0MP}s could speak to student audiences.
F18 154    |^The undeniable decline in members and activity was only part of
F18 155 the problem. ^Some senior party officials discerned a qualitative
F18 156 deterioration as well. ^The new secretary of the Auckland Division,
F18 157 Bob Reid, observed that the Auckland Juniors *'were out of hand and
F18 158 their standard of conduct was not satisfactory**'. ^He took steps to
F18 159 reduce the numbers and improve the quality. ^His concern was shared by
F18 160 Holyoake, who warned against the growing tendency for inexperienced
F18 161 young people to criticise the party rather than display understanding,
F18 162 tolerance and loyalty. ^The general secretary, Theo Hills, was more
F18 163 specific; constructive criticism within the family was acceptable but
F18 164 outside it should be the party right or wrong.
F18 165    |^On 14 February 1957 McKenzie convened a meeting of divisional
F18 166 chairmen and secretaries in Wellington to consider a paper prepared on
F18 167 the Junior Nationals by Hills. ^It was decided, because of the
F18 168 difficulty in finding sufficient active members especially in weaker
F18 169 electorates, to organise the Juniors in future more on a divisional
F18 170 than on an electorate basis; to terminate membership at 25; to
F18 171 encourage the formation of Junior advisory committees; and to organise
F18 172 under the Dominion president's chairmanship a two-day meeting in
F18 173 Wellington in May of each year and attended by two Junior
F18 174 representatives from each division. ^Suggested programmes for a year's
F18 175 activities, down to detailed menus and catering hints for luncheons,
F18 176 dinners, suppers and camp meals were prepared and distributed by
F18 177 Dominion headquarters. ^A code of conduct was drawn up, stressing high
F18 178 standards of personal behaviour, commitment to the success of the
F18 179 Juniors' activities, tolerance to others, loyalty to the party, and
F18 180 willingness to work for it, for New Zealand, for the Commonwealth, and
F18 181 for *'peace and harmony**' in the world.
F18 182    |^In the early 1960s the Junior Nationals experienced a partial
F18 183 revival, though attracting a younger age group than immediately after
F18 184 the war. ^In 1961 discussion groups called *'The Churchillians**' were
F18 185 set up to discuss notes and papers prepared by Dominion headquarters
F18 186 on such subjects as *'^Should Parliamentary Procedure be Reformed, and
F18 187 How?**'. ^Efforts were made to establish a National presence on every
F18 188 university campus to counter the dramatically growing Labour activity
F18 189 there, which may well have had an influence in the conversion to
F18 190 Labour of such active Junior Nationals as Jonathan Hunt in Auckland or
F18 191 David Caygill, who was for a short time the chairman of the
F18 192 Canterbury-Westland Divisional Juniors. ^The Auckland Divisional
F18 193 Juniors reorganised under the leadership of Craig Liggins, Dianne Fell
F18 194 and Alan Turner. ^In the Waikato Peter Birnie led the revival,
F18 195 assisted by two very concerned seniors, \0Mrs Rona Stevenson and {0V.
F18 196 J.} Alexander. ^In the Canterbury-Westland Division, never the
F18 197 strongest in Junior activity, the resurgence culminated in a Junior
F18 198 National Party week during October 1965, when a wide range of social
F18 199 activities and educational meetings were held. ^In Otago-Southland the
F18 200 leaders of the division's Juniors during the mid-sixties stressed
F18 201 again and again the need for National {0MP}s to talk with and listen
F18 202 to young people and advocated the use of public opinion polls to
F18 203 identify issues of particular interest to youth.
F18 204    |^In the Wellington Division Hamish Kynoch, a very able and
F18 205 intelligent young farmer from Waipukurau who was later to become
F18 206 Dominion president of Young Farmers and very influential in the
F18 207 Wellington Division and on the Dominion Council and Executive of the
F18 208 National Party, became divisional Junior chairman in somewhat unusual
F18 209 circumstances.
F18 210 *#
F19 001 **[162 TEXT F19**]
F19 002    |^*0Little did anyone suspect that while these military-like plans
F19 003 were being finalised in the fish hold, a military operation of a quite
F19 004 different and more sinister kind had been taking place just a few feet
F19 005 away, on the outer side of the rivetted steel plates forming the
F19 006 ship's hull. ^With loud generator noise from the engine room and the
F19 007 intensity of the discussions, nobody would have noticed any strange
F19 008 sound made by a saboteur.
F19 009    |^All were tired and some were jet-lagged. ^Soon after eleven
F19 010 o'clock, after those waiting on deck had sent *'^Let's get going!**'
F19 011 notes down to the fish hold, the meeting broke up. ^Some of the
F19 012 directors not involved in the skippers' meeting had already left for
F19 013 the surf club at Piha. ^Elaine Shaw rounded up the rest and followed
F19 014 in a rental car.
F19 015    |^Others had already left for the night. ^Dutchman Henk Haazen,
F19 016 31, and his girlfriend Bunny McDiarmid, 28, had helped to refit
F19 017 *1Rainbow Warrior *0in Florida then signed on as third engineer and
F19 018 deckhand. ^Although their cabin, formerly a scientific laboratory, was
F19 019 one of the largest in the ship they decided not to sleep on board.
F19 020 ^Instead they would stay with Bunny's parents who lived in Auckland.
F19 021 ^She had just been re-united with them after a seven-year absence and
F19 022 wanted to be at home as much as possible before she sailed off again.
F19 023 ^Henk lifted his big old {0BMW} 750 motorbike off the maindeck and
F19 024 they rode away. ^Natalie Maestre, 19, was having a rest from the ship
F19 025 and sleeping at Margaret Mills' cottage on Waiheke Island. ^Grace
F19 026 O'Sullivan, 23, a deckhand from Ireland, had gone for a short break to
F19 027 Great Barrier Island. ^Bene Hoffman, the second mate from West
F19 028 Germany, was away on a tramping trip. ^Peter Willcox, 32, the American
F19 029 skipper, turned into his bunk. ^Radio operator Lloyd Anderson, another
F19 030 American, fell asleep while reading, still wearing his glasses. ^Andy
F19 031 Biedermann, the Swiss doctor, was in his cabin.
F19 032    |^As *1Rainbow Warrior *0settled down for the night, second
F19 033 engineer Hanna Sorensen unaccountably felt an urge to go for a walk
F19 034 and get some chilly air into her lungs. ^Thinking her friend Martin
F19 035 Gotje, 26, was asleep she went ashore without telling him and walked
F19 036 the length of the gloomy, dusty wharf towards the city lights.
F19 037    |^Martin, first mate of the ship, was in fact one of the eight men
F19 038 sitting around the two narrow tables in the cosy messroom next to the
F19 039 galley. ^The tall, curly-haired Dutchman, always known as
F19 040 *'Martini**', perched on a padded seat at the end of the table nearest
F19 041 the door. ^Nobody had the energy for a yahoo party. ^They were winding
F19 042 down, thinking of going to bed but too weary to make the effort. ^Also
F19 043 round the table sat Fernando Pereira, who had joined the ship in
F19 044 Hawaii, and Richard Rae, 18, then planning to skipper a small
F19 045 catamaran in the peace flotilla. ^At the head of the table sprawled
F19 046 Russell Munro, whose yacht was tied up alongside, and Rien Achterberg,
F19 047 36, another big Dutchman who lived on Waiheke, who was working in the
F19 048 Greenpeace office by day to co-ordinate the logistics of the protest
F19 049 flotilla and sleeping on board by night. ^Australian Chris Robinson,
F19 050 32, was to skipper *1Vega *0on what would be the Greenpeace yacht's
F19 051 fifth protest voyage to Moruroa.
F19 052    |^There was not much to drink, only a couple of bottles of beer to
F19 053 share among eight. ^Yorkshireman Davey Edward, 32, the ship's
F19 054 engineer, made a crack about it. ^Hans Guyt, 33, a former Dutch seaman
F19 055 who founded Greenpeace in Holland and sailed in *1Rainbow Warrior
F19 056 *0across the Pacific, looked at the clock on the bulkhead to see if
F19 057 the pubs were still open. ^He was surprised at how late it was. ^The
F19 058 hands of the cabin clock stood at 11.38{0pm}.
F19 059    |^A shattering explosion blasted *1Rainbow Warrior.
F19 060    |^*0The lights went out. ^The steady drone of the generator
F19 061 stopped abruptly. ^There was a sound of breaking glass. ^In their
F19 062 ringing ears people heard the sound of running water: not a trickle
F19 063 but a roar.
F19 064    |^In the same instant the entire ship lurched, thrown upwards and
F19 065 sideways. ^She did not straighten again. ^They sensed her going down,
F19 066 not fast but relentlessly.
F19 067    |^Davey Edward hurled himself out of the messroom. ^He reached the
F19 068 engine room door along the passageway in about eight seconds. ^As he
F19 069 jerked it open the sound of roaring water filled his ears. ^The engine
F19 070 room was already well submerged. ^The sea was hurtling into the ship
F19 071 through a vast hole in her side, filling her at a rate afterwards
F19 072 calculated to have been around six tons a second.
F19 073    |^Fast asleep until the explosion, skipper Peter Willcox first
F19 074 thought they had collided with a ship at sea. ^Then he looked out of
F19 075 the porthole, saw the lights on the wharf, and thought the generator
F19 076 must have blown up. ^Naked, he ran down the passageway and looked over
F19 077 Davey's shoulder. ^The emergency lights flickered on. ^In the dim
F19 078 illumination he could see water boiling around the ladders leading
F19 079 down to the engine, and steam from water hitting hot pipes. ^The
F19 080 lights flickered out as the rising water covered the batteries. ^The
F19 081 noise of the cataract was immense. ^Davey slammed the door. *'^We'd
F19 082 better get everyone off,**' the skipper said.
F19 083    |^The messroom was left in total darkness but for the glimmer of
F19 084 the container-terminal lights coming through the four portholes.
F19 085 ^Somebody said, *'^Christ, a tug's hit us!**'
F19 086    |^Russell Munro thought not. ^The generator had stopped too
F19 087 quickly. ^It could only have been a bomb. ^He worked his way clear of
F19 088 the table and put his hands on somebody's shoulders. ^*'Come on, let's
F19 089 get out!**' he said.
F19 090    |^Out in the passageway Rien Achterberg made for his cabin, only a
F19 091 few feet away. ^He thought he would grab his working files, camera and
F19 092 sleeping bag. ^But there was an acidy, burning, metallic smell in the
F19 093 air. ^Don't, he told himself. ^He sensed the ship going slowly down,
F19 094 and listing more sharply. ^A former chef and baker who had sailed in
F19 095 Dutch coasters, Rien had once been in a ship that suffered an engine
F19 096 room explosion. ^He thought the same thing must have happened again.
F19 097 ^He abandoned his belongings.
F19 098    |^While the others groped their way forward along the central
F19 099 passage towards the pale light over the maindeck, from which they
F19 100 could get ashore, five went aft. ^Russell Munro headed for his yacht,
F19 101 his one thought to get her clear before the ship sank and dragged her
F19 102 down. ^Russell's girlfriend Terisa, woken by the blast, was standing
F19 103 in the cockpit in her nightie wondering what had happened.
F19 104    |^Hans Guyt found himself at the aft end of the side-deck with
F19 105 Martin and Fernando. ^Water was already licking through the scuppers
F19 106 and wetting the planks. ^Fernando shouted in English, *'^She's sinking
F19 107 isn't she?**'
F19 108    |^Near the aft end of the passageway was a steep stairway leading
F19 109 down to the lower accommodation. ^At the foot of the stairs the doors
F19 110 of five cabins opened into a small lobby, now in pitch darkness.
F19 111 ^Three men slid down the stairway. ^Martin had obtained a flashlight
F19 112 and was desperately searching for Hanna whom he thought was in her
F19 113 cabin below. ^\0Dr Biedermann went down to help, and check the other
F19 114 cabins. ^And Fernando, who had something of a reputation in the ship
F19 115 for being last-man ready, never went anywhere without his precious
F19 116 Canons. ^The cameras were on the bunk in his cabin.
F19 117    |^Margaret Mills was just dropping off again when the loud bang
F19 118 shook her awake. ^Her first thought was that *1Rainbow Warrior *0had
F19 119 been hit by a ship. ^Then she heard running water and wondered if a
F19 120 tap had been left on. ^More curious than bothered, and not a bit
F19 121 alarmed, she quickly dressed. ^She was so unflustered that she took
F19 122 the time to tie her shoelaces. ^She didn't know the power had failed
F19 123 because she hadn't tried to switch on the light.
F19 124    |^Fumbling towards the door she arrived in the wardrobe and
F19 125 thought it would be better to find her glasses. ^Without them she was
F19 126 a cripple. ^At the same moment she opened the door and realised a man
F19 127 was standing in the darkness. ^She didn't recognise him until he
F19 128 spoke. *'^Come on, Margaret, we've got to get out,**' \0Dr Biedermann
F19 129 told her.
F19 130    |*'^Wait... my glasses!**'
F19 131    |*'^Don't be silly, the ship's sinking!**'
F19 132    |^On the basis (she related later) that boy scouts helped little
F19 133 old ladies across the street whether they wanted to go or not,
F19 134 Margaret decided to do what she was told. ^She still thought it all a
F19 135 bit ridiculous. ^Ships didn't sink in port. ^Then she saw the water
F19 136 pouring down the stairway.
F19 137    |^At the top of the steps Hans Guyt, wondering whether to nip down
F19 138 to collect belongings from his cabin, saw Martin with the flashlight.
F19 139 ^At that moment the ship listed sharply. ^Hans returned to the
F19 140 side-deck where Margaret was splashing forward towards the ladder, up
F19 141 to her calves in water. ^As Martin turned to go up the stairs he
F19 142 glimpsed Fernando packing his cameras into a bag. ^Water was jetting
F19 143 into the compartment through wire runs, under great pressure. ^He ran
F19 144 up the steps thinking Fernando was right behind him.
F19 145    |^In that instant a second explosion erupted beneath the stern of
F19 146 *1Rainbow Warrior.
F19 147    |^*0From the yacht's cockpit Terisa saw a flash of light streak
F19 148 through the cloudy water, just beneath the surface. ^The aft part of
F19 149 the ship lurched as if struck from below by a giant hammer. ^The lower
F19 150 accommodation must have flooded instantly. ^Those on deck scrambled up
F19 151 the ladder or took flying leaps to the wharf. ^Peter Willcox shouted,
F19 152 *'^Abandon ship!**' ^Then the skipper went forward, checking the
F19 153 cabins along the passageway to ensure everyone was out. ^Intending to
F19 154 check that the fish hold was clear he found the stairway compartment
F19 155 giving access to it was already full of water. ^He headed for his
F19 156 cabin to collect his glasses and some clothes but there was no time.
F19 157 ^The ship was going down. ^Still naked, he waded out, climbed to the
F19 158 boat deck and jumped ashore.
F19 159    |^*'Look out, she's tipping!**' Everyone scattered back from the
F19 160 edge of the wharf. ^Just four minutes after the first explosion, two
F19 161 minutes after the second, the twin steel masts tilted suddenly towards
F19 162 the wharf as *1Rainbow Warrior *0listed and settled on the bottom. ^To
F19 163 the dismayed survivors it seemed almost miraculous that she neither
F19 164 capsized nor disappeared. ^The ship lay on her starboard side, not
F19 165 quite submerged, her masts nearly touching the gutter of the
F19 166 wharf**[ARB**]-shed roof.
F19 167    |^Russell pushed his yacht clear with a spinnaker pole. ^It had no
F19 168 engine so he hoisted sail and ghosted across to the opposite wharf.
F19 169 ^Then he raced back by dinghy to salvage what he could of the objects
F19 170 floating around in the dark water.
F19 171    |^Forlornly the numbed survivors gathered on the edge of the
F19 172 wharf, staring down at the ship. ^The first sirens were in the
F19 173 distance, getting louder. ^Several nearby ships had transmitted alarms
F19 174 to Auckland Marine Radio which had alerted police. ^The small
F19 175 passenger ship *1Gulf Explorer, *0once the Penzance to Scilly Isles
F19 176 ferry in Cornwall, England, had been thrown heavily against the
F19 177 pilings by the second blast. ^The two explosions were heard throughout
F19 178 the lower part of the city, sending roosting seagulls screaming like
F19 179 white shrapnel into the night sky.
F19 180    |^Martin was in shock. ^*'I think Hanna's in there,**' he muttered
F19 181 bleakly. ^Rien escorted him with Margaret to a Dutch yacht whose
F19 182 skipper had run along the wharf offering aid. ^They were given
F19 183 blankets and coffee.
F19 184    |^Peter Willcox, wearing only Davey Edward's shirt to cover what
F19 185 was necessary, tried to discover who was missing. ^On the long voyage
F19 186 out there had been routine lifeboat and fire drills but this was a
F19 187 contingency never catered for. ^It was hard to think exactly who of
F19 188 the crew should have been aboard and who was ashore. ^And what about
F19 189 the visitors? ^Peter worked out a list of names then called them out.
F19 190 ^Two were not accounted for. ^Where was Fernando? ^Did anyone see
F19 191 Hanna?
F19 192    |^A few minutes later, expecting to go to bed, Hanna returned from
F19 193 her walk.
F19 194 *#
F20 001 **[163 TEXT F20**]
F20 002 ^*0Their response to the laws enacted in December 1977 is now a matter
F20 003 of public record. ^To the Abortion Law Reform Association this was
F20 004 important because many people see doctors as authorities on the
F20 005 abortion issue.
F20 006    |^Doctors who actively supported abortion on demand represented a
F20 007 relatively small segment within the profession but medicine, like any
F20 008 other discipline, will have its share of supporters at the perimeter
F20 009 of an issue. ^There were doctors who argued passionately that their
F20 010 colleagues remain faithful to the profession's traditional ethical
F20 011 stand, but they were rather like voices crying in the wilderness. ^The
F20 012 great mass of doctors remained silent and many of them quietly
F20 013 referred their patients to the Auckland abortion clinic. ^They were
F20 014 not going to be seen rocking the boat. ^They were not going to raise
F20 015 any embarrassing questions about colleagues who were clearly providing
F20 016 abortion as a means of dealing with social problems.
F20 017    |^It seems probable that doctors remain silent because most of
F20 018 them, at sometime**[SIC**] in their career, have either referred a
F20 019 woman for abortion, or have authorised one or have even performed one
F20 020 for reasons they knew were dictated by social or economic
F20 021 considerations. ^Having done this even once, a doctor can find it
F20 022 difficult to be critical of a colleague who is doing likewise.
F20 023    |^As New Zealand moved into the 1980s, abortion was not simply
F20 024 available on demand, it was available on offer. ^I have had many women
F20 025 over recent years tell me of their experiences in visiting a doctor to
F20 026 have their pregnancies confirmed. ^It has become commonplace if they
F20 027 are single or have three or more children, or are well into their
F20 028 thirties to be asked by their doctor, *"^Do you want this
F20 029 pregnancy?**" ^Those who have told me of such an experience have
F20 030 confirmed that they knew perfectly well what the doctor was asking
F20 031 them. ^These were not women considering abortion, they had simply gone
F20 032 to the doctor for a confirmation of their pregnancies. ^Nearly all of
F20 033 them have told me how degraded they felt by the doctor's attitude.
F20 034    |^The dynamics of the *'abortion liberty**' started grinding to a
F20 035 halt. ^It had moved on at a forward momentum until the general public
F20 036 began to appreciate what was happening. ^It was during 1980 that any
F20 037 pretence about pro-abortion objectives was abandoned. ^The Working
F20 038 Women's Charter with its open call for abortion on demand set the
F20 039 dynamics in reverse. ^Few were as eager to identify with supporting
F20 040 abortions as they had been in the heyday of the Repeal petition.
F20 041 ^People were becoming reluctant to speak out publicly. ^They sensed it
F20 042 was no longer seen as a popular cause. ^It was left to the extreme
F20 043 radical feminists in {0WONAAC} to carry the abortion banner in public.
F20 044    |^By now a new technology was coming to the aid of unborn
F20 045 children. ^Public hospitals were installing ultrasound equipment in
F20 046 their ante-natal units. ^Mothers were able to see pictures of their
F20 047 unborn children on a screen. ^As they watched, their unborn child
F20 048 could be seen flexing little legs and waving little arms. ^This was no
F20 049 mindless immobile lump of protoplasm.
F20 050    |^During his visit to New Zealand in 1981, \0Dr Bernard Nathanson
F20 051 discussed changes these new technologies were bringing about. ^He
F20 052 spoke of his patients who had once been outspokenly for abortion.
F20 053 ^Some became pregnant and had an ultrasound scan. ^He said they would
F20 054 come back to him saying, *"^I'm not sure any more. ^I've had my
F20 055 certainty cracked.**" ^By 1982, this and similar developments were
F20 056 causing alarm within the ranks of New York's Planned Parenthood
F20 057 Federation. ^When their executive vice-president addressed the
F20 058 National Abortion Federation's annual meeting that year, he said
F20 059 advances such as the capacity to improve foetal viability and do
F20 060 foetal surgery *"tend to personalise**" the foetus. ^*"I believe,**"
F20 061 said Albert Moran,
F20 062 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F20 063 ^He warned his pro-abortion gathering, *"we will lose unless some way
F20 064 could be found to cope with the new technology that showed the unborn
F20 065 child as a patient.**"
F20 066    |^The birth of Louise Brown in England in 1978, was to herald yet
F20 067 another advance in technology. ^She was the world's first test tube
F20 068 baby. ^Since that event, television has been able to show viewers the
F20 069 process of fertilisation outside the human body. ^There has been no
F20 070 suggestion that the tiny embryo in the petri dish is not alive,
F20 071 growing and human. ^Nobody has ever suggested that the embryo is a
F20 072 part of the petri dish. ^One thing the in-vitro fertilisation
F20 073 technology has confirmed, is that we are dealing with a new individual
F20 074 human life from the onset of pregnancy. ^If this had not been
F20 075 accepted, there would be no basis for the ethical considerations that
F20 076 have become a part of the emerging technology.
F20 077    |^During 1981, abortions in New Zealand numbered one for every
F20 078 seven live births. ^They were funded from the public purse. ^This
F20 079 meant the tax**[ARB**]-payer, irrespective of his or her beliefs on
F20 080 this matter, was required to contribute towards the costs involved in
F20 081 authorising and performing many thousands of abortions. ^In units like
F20 082 the Parkview Clinic in Wellington and the Epsom Day Clinic in
F20 083 Auckland, there were doctors being paid twice from the public purse
F20 084 for making abortion decisions. ^Certifying consultants engaged by
F20 085 these clinics were paid a fee by the Department of Justice for acting
F20 086 as consultants and in addition they received sessional grants from the
F20 087 Health vote.
F20 088    |^Girls under sixteen were aborted without the knowledge or
F20 089 consent of their parents. ^Fathers had to stand by helplessly as
F20 090 doctors destroyed their unborn sons and daughters. ^I have all the
F20 091 documents from one father who lodged a complaint with the New Zealand
F20 092 Medical Council. ^He stated that prior to the abortion, the mother was
F20 093 four months pregnant, healthy and there was no medical or other reason
F20 094 to justify such an operation. ^The Council in its reply said the
F20 095 certificate authorising the abortion was in order and that Section
F20 096 187A of the Crimes Act had been complied with. ^The Council went on to
F20 097 say that no prima facie case could be established against anyone.
F20 098    |^New Zealanders belonging to a union affiliated with the
F20 099 Federation of Labour could have their union dues used to promote
F20 100 abortion on demand as could public servants once the Public Service
F20 101 Association endorsed the Working Women's Charter.
F20 102    |^The law Parliament had enacted in 1977 with the clear intention
F20 103 of increasing the protection of children before birth had been twisted
F20 104 into an instrument that enabled a small group of doctors to end
F20 105 virtually any unwelcome pregnancy.
F20 106    |^These events were not taking place in a vacuum, however. ^They
F20 107 were generating a dynamism of their own.
F20 108    |^A couple faced with an unintended pregnancy decide they will
F20 109 delay parenthood and so an abortion is planned. ^It is not, they soon
F20 110 discover, the harmless episode they imagined and something goes
F20 111 terribly wrong with their relationship.
F20 112    |^A fifteen-year-old is admitted to hospital where doctors
F20 113 identify retained foetal parts in her womb from an earlier abortion.
F20 114 ^The first her parents know of the abortion is when they discover why
F20 115 their daughter has been admitted to hospital. ^They are angry that
F20 116 some doctor had dared to abort their daughter without even consulting
F20 117 them.
F20 118    |^A thirty-five-year-old seeks confirmation of a suspected
F20 119 pregnancy. ^Her doctor asks, *"^Do you want this pregnancy?**" ^She
F20 120 knows what he means and feels degraded.
F20 121    |^A teenager, concerned that her boyfriend is losing interest
F20 122 comes off the pill expecting that if she became pregnant she could
F20 123 hold him. ^She is aborted after being dropped by her boyfriend and
F20 124 lapses into a deep abiding sadness.
F20 125    |^Although Paul Clarke opposed abortion he had not bothered to
F20 126 voice his concern. ^When the Federation of Labour adopted the Working
F20 127 Women's Charter however, he became angry and knew he could no longer
F20 128 remain one of the silent majority. ^As a result he became actively
F20 129 involved in promoting the rights of the unborn and the care and
F20 130 support of their mothers.
F20 131    |^From 1974 to 1984 some fifty-seven thousand abortions were
F20 132 reported in New Zealand. ^Each of them affected at least one person in
F20 133 some way. ^There was the woman or girl herself, her husband or
F20 134 boyfriend, her parents and brothers and sisters, her close friends,
F20 135 the doctors and nurses and counsellors... there was also her unborn
F20 136 child.
F20 137    |^By the early 1980s the demographic impact was starting to bite.
F20 138 ^Each year New Zealand's live births decreased. ^Fewer maternity
F20 139 facilities were needed. ^Smaller maternity hospitals were closing down
F20 140 and some of those that remained open needed fewer staff.
F20 141    |^As the birthrate dropped, there was a decrease in the demand for
F20 142 goods and services needed for toddlers and pre-school children. ^The
F20 143 numbers attending kindergarten and playcentres dropped.
F20 144    |^Soon the impact was being felt in the schools. ^Fewer children
F20 145 meant fewer teachers. ^Classrooms were standing empty. ^Training
F20 146 Colleges were forced to drop their intake of trainee teachers. ^In
F20 147 1983 the country's Catholic Bishops issued a statement which said
F20 148 *"^New Zealand is killing a classroom of children every school day.**"
F20 149    |^In the quiet there was unease where before there had been angry
F20 150 confrontation. ^It was in this setting that the dynamics of the
F20 151 abortion issue changed gear.
F20 152    |^At this point a new development took place. ^It involved a
F20 153 doctor who dared to rock the boat.
F20 154 **[PLATE**]
F20 155 *<*426*>
F20 156 *<A Doctor Carries the Banner Into the Courts*>
F20 157    |^*0In the dying days of 1981, a fifteen-year-old was admitted to
F20 158 Taranaki Base Hospital in New Plymouth. ^She had been referred there
F20 159 with symptoms of a recent origin together with a background history of
F20 160 a heart murmur. ^The doctor attending her found the heart murmur had
F20 161 no medical significance but he did find something else. ^Tests
F20 162 confirmed that his patient was expecting a baby.
F20 163    |^The doctor discussed his finding with the young girl. ^She
F20 164 accepted the situation and told him she intended to place her baby for
F20 165 adoption. ^She explained that she was not ready to take on the
F20 166 responsibilities of motherhood and wanted to finish her schooling.
F20 167 ^She told the doctor there were many couples able to love and adopt
F20 168 her baby.
F20 169    |^When he asked if she had or would consider an abortion, she told
F20 170 him that this would be *"killing the baby**" which she would not
F20 171 consider.
F20 172    |^When her parents were told about the pregnancy, they were quite
F20 173 naturally upset but they accepted the situation along with the offer
F20 174 of support which the doctor told them was available. ^When the young
F20 175 girl was discharged from hospital, it was on the understanding that
F20 176 there would be a follow-up from the doctor as well as from the
F20 177 hospital's social worker.
F20 178    |^Within days a request was made on behalf of the young girl,
F20 179 through the deputising family doctor, for a referral to two certifying
F20 180 consultants. ^Following a brief interview with the consultants, the
F20 181 abortion was authorised. ^Certificates were issued on the grounds that
F20 182 the young girl had a serious danger to her mental health.
F20 183    |^When the hospital doctor who had attended the young girl
F20 184 realised what had happened, he could not let the matter pass. ^He knew
F20 185 there was no medical justification for taking the life of this
F20 186 patient's unborn child and he was also concerned about the wellbeing
F20 187 of the girl. ^From his detailed assessment, he believed her interests
F20 188 would be jeopardised if she were to go ahead with this abortion.
F20 189    |^The doctor realised that the only way he would be able to stop
F20 190 the abortion proceeding would be through the courts where certificates
F20 191 authorising abortion could be challenged. ^This raised a dilemma for
F20 192 him because there were a number of matters to be considered.
F20 193    |^The first of these considerations related to the medical
F20 194 profession's traditional ethical code. ^This code expressly stated,
F20 195 *"^I will respect the secrets which are confided in me**" and it also
F20 196 stated, *"^I will maintain the utmost respect for human life from the
F20 197 time of conception; even under threat, I will not use my medical
F20 198 knowledge contrary to the laws of humanity.**" ^Melvyn Wall knew these
F20 199 principles were the cornerstone of ethical practice and were the very
F20 200 basis of the trust and respect accorded his profession.
F20 201 *#
F21 001 **[164 TEXT F21**]
F21 002 |*'^Why fuss over your kids, making them clean their teeth, if you are
F21 003 just going to let them get blown to bits by a nuclear bomb?**'
F21 004    |^My son was three years old when I heard \0Dr Helen Caldicott ask
F21 005 this question at a packed meeting in Auckland's {0Y.M.C.A.} on 10
F21 006 April 1983. ^I felt a hole open up in my stomach. ^I stumbled out of
F21 007 the hall, threw 10 dollars into a donation box, and went home. ^But
F21 008 giving away money didn't change anything. ^I needed to do much more
F21 009 than that.
F21 010    |^A few days later 150 women met together to talk about what more
F21 011 we could do. ^We decided to have a peace parade up Queen Street on 24
F21 012 May *- International Women's Day for Nuclear Disarmament *- and to
F21 013 invite women and children from all over Auckland.
F21 014    |^About eight of the women at that meeting were from my own
F21 015 neighbourhood. ^None of us had media skills, nor did we have the money
F21 016 for newspaper ads, but we quickly spread the word through our own
F21 017 personal networks *- through our contacts with other Plunket mothers,
F21 018 playcentre and kindergarten parents, our churches, vegetable
F21 019 cooperatives, other local volunteer groups, as well as our workplaces.
F21 020 ^We found that there was ready sympathy with the moral issues raised
F21 021 by the possibility of nuclear war. ^And we knew which shops and
F21 022 offices would be sympathetic to displaying our posters and gathering
F21 023 signatures for our local petition to the council.
F21 024    |^At this stage none of our group had heard of Larry Ross, Maire
F21 025 Leadbeater, Hilda Halkyard-Harawira and Owen Wilkes. ^We later
F21 026 realised that they, and many others like them, have provided
F21 027 invaluable resource material, factual research, inspiration and
F21 028 encouragement within the wider peace movement. ^For instance, many of
F21 029 the 101 nuclear-free zones around the country have been established
F21 030 thanks to the support of Larry Ross and the Nuclear Weapon Free Zone
F21 031 Committee in Christchurch.
F21 032 Maire Leadbeater and {0C.N.D.} helped us learn how to lobby
F21 033 politicians. ^Hilda
F21 034 **[PLATES**]
F21 035 Halkyard-Harawira and {0P.P.A.N.A.C.}, with the Pacific-wide network
F21 036 organised through Pacific Concerns Resource Centre in Hawaii, made us
F21 037 much more aware of the *'nuclear war**' which has been carried on in
F21 038 the Pacific region since 6 August 1945. ^And Owen Wilkes, with his
F21 039 work for {0S.I.P.R.I.} (Stockholm International Peace Research
F21 040 Institute) and later with the New Zealand peace movement through Peace
F21 041 Movement Aotearoa, provided world-standard research on global and
F21 042 local aspects of the arms race.
F21 043    |^Our local group had decided to go to the borough council and ask
F21 044 them to declare our borough nuclear-free. ^As it turned out, we were
F21 045 going to have to do a lot more than just ask. ^We organised a petition
F21 046 to the council and, in only 10 days, managed to get 2500 signatures.
F21 047 ^Twenty thousand women and children joined our march on 24 May, but
F21 048 when our small group went to the council with our petition that night,
F21 049 the mayor opposed us, and we were defeated on a technicality. ^Several
F21 050 of the councillors sneered at us, and belittled our arguments. ^They
F21 051 seemed determined not to hear us. ^So this was democracy in action?
F21 052 ^We were outraged.
F21 053    |^One of the problems with the peace parade was that it was for
F21 054 women only. ^Lots of men said that they wanted to be involved, too.
F21 055 ^So we set up a neighbourhood peace group in our area to carry on
F21 056 after 24 May. ^The first meeting was held the night after the council
F21 057 meeting. ^Forty-five men and women turned up. ^Even the mayor's wife
F21 058 turned up. ^1983 was the year of the local body elections and already
F21 059 our group was seen to have potential for political influence.
F21 060    |^We invited Marion Hancock from the North Shore Peace Group to
F21 061 bring us their leaflets on how to start a peace group and to talk
F21 062 about what we might do. ^We discovered that we had well and truly
F21 063 started already!
F21 064    |^The group which formed was very open. ^There was no executive
F21 065 committee, no hierarchical structure, no chairperson, and no
F21 066 subscriptions. ^We rotated or shared all the tasks to do with the
F21 067 running of the group. ^In the beginning we held our meetings in a
F21 068 church hall, but this was very expensive for a group with no money.
F21 069 ^So we met in our own homes, going to a different house each time, and
F21 070 getting to know each other very well. ^We all took turns at
F21 071 facilitating meetings, drawing up the agenda at the start of each
F21 072 meeting, and jointly determining the priorities. ^Decisions were made
F21 073 by those who actually came to the meetings, using the consensus
F21 074 approach. ^We found that decisions made in this way usually had strong
F21 075 commitment from members to see that they were carried out.
F21 076    |^We had no secretary and at each meeting took turns to record any
F21 077 decisions. ^Nor did we have a chairperson. ^The coordinator, or main
F21 078 contact person, had the task of keeping in touch with other peace
F21 079 groups in the region, and of channelling information into and out of
F21 080 our group. ^This job has been rotated, but not as easily as others
F21 081 because of the commitment required to keep your ear to the ground.
F21 082    |^The preparation and mailing of our newsletter was shared by
F21 083 about three people. ^Urgent telephone messages were delivered
F21 084 throughout the whole group using a telephone tree. ^(We have a sister
F21 085 group in England, near Greenham Common. ^They have a similar telephone
F21 086 network and discovered that the phones of key people would be cut
F21 087 whenever a protest action was needed at Greenham Common *- so they now
F21 088 take dead phones as a signal to meet at Greenham Common!)
F21 089    |^We had no spokesperson. ^Anyone who attended meetings regularly
F21 090 could make media statements on behalf of the group, so long as they
F21 091 consulted first with three other regular members. ^And we would often
F21 092 consult between ourselves when drafting letters to the newspapers. ^We
F21 093 also managed without a treasurer. ^By the end of the first year we had
F21 094 three separate accounts: one for information stalls and peace stock,
F21 095 one for the promotion and sale of a peace poster and cards designed by
F21 096 an artist who was a member of our group, and one for the organisation
F21 097 of a peace education course
F21 098 **[PLATE**]
F21 099 for adults at the teachers training college. ^There was a member
F21 100 responsible for each of these accounts, depending on their particular
F21 101 interest.
F21 102    |^The whole idea of sharing and rotating these tasks was to give
F21 103 people experience, and to ensure that a solid core group of people
F21 104 felt involved and therefore committed to keeping the group alive. ^It
F21 105 was a very supportive way of working.
F21 106    |^We found that what we needed most was not money, but people who
F21 107 would do things, like collect signatures door-to-door for the
F21 108 petition; design and distribute 10,000 leaflets to every letter box in
F21 109 our borough before the local body elections; lobby local body
F21 110 candidates prior to the elections to ensure support for the
F21 111 nuclear-free zone; write letters to local newspapers; organise
F21 112 displays and educational stalls around local shopping centres;
F21 113 and, yes, bake cakes! ^After the 1983 local body elections we had
F21 114 majority support within the new council for a nuclear free zone.
F21 115    |^Many women now discovered that our neighbourhood networks were
F21 116 very important for all of this activity, and we realised that when it
F21 117 comes to local politics we actually have far more power than a lot of
F21 118 the men. ^By mid 1983 we knew that declaring our borough nuclear free
F21 119 wasn't much use if nuclear bombs were still able to be brought into
F21 120 the harbour just down the road. ^So we joined up with approximately 50
F21 121 other peace groups in the Auckland region. ^We helped organise the
F21 122 nuclear free petition to the Auckland Regional Authority and to the
F21 123 Harbour Board. ^The Harbour Board refused to hear our case and
F21 124 wouldn't even allow us to present our 11,000 signature petition. ^So
F21 125 much for the democratic process, yet again!
F21 126    |^For some strange reason the National government was stepping up
F21 127 the invitations for ship visits, usually nuclear-armed and/or
F21 128 nuclear-powered. ^These ships and submarines provided us with a very
F21 129 tangible focus for our anti-nuclear activity and for our educational
F21 130 campaign. ^A lot of our activity became very reactive. ^We had to
F21 131 operate on very short notice most of the time, and most of us found it
F21 132 an exciting challenge to work in this way. ^The speed with which we
F21 133 had to react, together with the lack of funds for media advertising,
F21 134 meant that we were constantly thrown back onto our personal networks.
F21 135    |^This is where the telephone tree was most useful. ^Each group
F21 136 has one or two main contact people who in turn can phone five or six
F21 137 other members, who each have a list of other members to phone, and so
F21 138 on, right across diverse sections of the community. ^In January 1985,
F21 139 when the {0USS} *1Buchanan *0was due to visit Auckland, with the
F21 140 telephone network it took only 48 hours to gather between 20,000 and
F21 141 25,000 people in Queen Street to oppose the visit. ^As it turned out,
F21 142 by the time of the demonstration it became a celebration of the Labour
F21 143 government's decision to ban the entry of the *1Buchanan.
F21 144    |^*0The ship visits also provided an important focus for our deep
F21 145 anger with a political system which seemed designed to silence us, and
F21 146 with politicians who seemed determined not to hear us. ^We wanted
F21 147 nuclear-armed and nuclear-powered vessels banned from {0NZ} waters and
F21 148 ports, and we wanted a government prepared to put this into law. ^This
F21 149 became a major campaign leading up to the general elections in 1984.
F21 150 ^We called it the Votes for Peace campaign.
F21 151    |^Local neighbourhood peace groups had an important role to play
F21 152 in this campaign, lobbying candidates from all the political parties,
F21 153 letter-writing furiously, organising public debates on the issue,
F21 154 producing and distributing leaflets in the marginal electorates. ^The
F21 155 1983 local body elections had been an excellent training ground and we
F21 156 realised that we had learnt a lot as a result of the nuclear ships
F21 157 campaign. ^Most of all we had learnt how to cooperate within the peace
F21 158 movement, despite the enormous diversity of skills, ages, political
F21 159 affiliations and values. ^It was difficult, and we had many
F21 160 opportunities to practise non-violent conflict resolution.
F21 161    |^By the time of the general elections in mid 1984 there were
F21 162 approximately 300 peace groups spread throughout the rural and urban
F21 163 areas of New Zealand. ^The majority of these were local community or
F21 164 neighbourhood peace groups whose members were intimately linked with
F21 165 the values and attitudes of their area. ^For this reason these groups
F21 166 have had a unique role to play in the recent history of the peace
F21 167 movement. ^There seemed to be a peace group to suit every kind of New
F21 168 Zealander. ^Some had large memberships and campaigned on a variety of
F21 169 different issues related to the themes of peace and justice. ^Others
F21 170 were smaller and had to focus their energies on one or two issues.
F21 171    |^There was a lot of cross-fertilisation, especially where you
F21 172 might have a member of an occupational group like doctors or teachers
F21 173 also actively involved in their local neighbourhood or church group,
F21 174 for instance. ^The range of occupational groups became quite
F21 175 extensive, with special-interest groups forming for scientists,
F21 176 engineers, psychologists, visual artists, lawyers, teachers and
F21 177 doctors. ^The variety of women's groups often catered for needs not
F21 178 met by membership in these other groups. ^And then there were groups
F21 179 like Peace Squadron which had a very clearly defined campaign and role
F21 180 in direct action out on the harbour.
F21 181    |^A key function of a peace group, whatever the campaign, was to
F21 182 provide a support base for individuals wanting to change the system
F21 183 from within. ^Teachers for instance found it very important to have
F21 184 this support base. ^And the base widened when, from time to time,
F21 185 loose coalitions of groups inside and outside the peace movement took
F21 186 up the campaign focus of a special-interest group.
F21 187    |^This cross-fertilisation between groups occurred nationally as
F21 188 well as regionally, through the personal contacts which developed
F21 189 around the country.
F21 190 *#
F22 001 **[165 TEXT F22**]
F22 002 **[MIDDLE OF QUOTATION**]
F22 003 ^*0All the primitive instincts were showing. ^We were like that for 30
F22 004 seconds *- 30 years *- who knows? ^It seemed a long time.**"
F22 005    |^Geoff Chapple went to Waiheke Island to interview the couple who
F22 006 had taken the young child out right to the very bow of the *1Pintado
F22 007 *0and whose action was condemned in the press from one end of the
F22 008 country to the other. ^Dave Wray (39) said that he acted independently
F22 009 of the Peace Squadron. ^It was his own protest in his own way. ^With
F22 010 Jill Drewery and their two-year old son they had set out from Waiheke
F22 011 that morning in a 12 \0ft. wooden dinghy with a 4 1/2 \0hp. Seagull
F22 012 motor on the back.
F22 013    |^*"I keep out of politics,**" he said. ^*"I've been here for 20
F22 014 years, and I'm proud to say I've never voted. ^I turn wood, and fish
F22 015 for a living, but when I heard the sub was coming in, I was incensed.
F22 016 ^It was my personal act of conscience.**"
F22 017    |^*"I've got five kids. ^I want these waters to be safe for them.
F22 018 ^The Hauraki Gulf is their backyard. ^The son that I took out is
F22 019 called Leif Eriksson, after the Norwegian explorer, and he'll be a
F22 020 child of the water. ^We're always in boats, we know how to handle
F22 021 them, and he had a life jacket.**"
F22 022    |^*"It was for him and all the kids coming up, that we want these
F22 023 waters to remain safe from the accidents possible with nuclear power,
F22 024 and the nuclear weapons these things carry. ^It's their playground.**"
F22 025    |^*"I said to Jill on the way out, *'^If we get the chance, do we
F22 026 go right in?**' ^And she said, yes. ^We thought that you must meet
F22 027 fire with fire.**"
F22 028    |^Wray got his chance and rammed *1Pintado *0deliberately, at a
F22 029 closing speed he estimates was four knots.
F22 030    |^*"I assessed the situation, and it didn't feel dangerous. ^We
F22 031 went right up on his deck, and slewed off again and sat on the water.
F22 032 ^We got our opportunity to go in and we took it, and we'll do it
F22 033 again.**"
F22 034    |^Jill took Leif in her arms as the collision approached. ^*"He'd
F22 035 been sleeping in the forepeak, but he woke up with the noise of the
F22 036 helicopters. ^As we lay across the bows, I was yelling out to the
F22 037 skipper of the sub, *'^Go home! ^We don't want you!**'**"
F22 038    |^They drifted down beside the submarine. ^Then, said Jill, *"^All
F22 039 hell broke loose. ^The submarine took off at that stage, and that was
F22 040 the most scary and dangerous thing. ^There was a fantastic turbulence,
F22 041 and I lost my jacket overboard.**"
F22 042    |^The *1Waikato *0had seen a gap in the protest fleet, and went
F22 043 through it, with the *1Pintado *0following.
F22 044    |^There were many other incidents. ^The water was alive with boats
F22 045 of all shapes and sizes which were attempting to buzz or ram the
F22 046 *1Pintado. ^*0As the Chairman of the Auckland District Maori Council,
F22 047 \0Dr. Ranginui Walker later wrote in the *"Listener**",
F22 048 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F22 049    |^Chris Baker had taken his surfboard out and found himself right
F22 050 over the submerged section of the *1Pintado's *0bow. ^He said, *"^I
F22 051 attempted to get right in front of the thing, to force it to stop. ^It
F22 052 is a piece of evil technology and this is the only thing an individual
F22 053 human being could do at that stage to stop it getting into a New
F22 054 Zealand port.**"
F22 055    |^\0Mr {0L.E.} Brown of Hokitika, wrote a letter to the
F22 056 *"Listener**" *- criticising Chris Baker for his actions. ^On April
F22 057 22nd 1978 the *"Listener**" published replies from both Chris and his
F22 058 father.
F22 059 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F22 060 |**[LONG QUOTATIONS**]
F22 061 **[END INDENTATION**]
F22 062 |^After breaking through the peace flotilla, the *1Waikato *0and
F22 063 *1Pintado *0increased speed to about 15 knots and soon had most of the
F22 064 pursuing protest boats splayed out far behind them. ^From then on it
F22 065 was plain sailing for the submarine until it tried to berth. ^It
F22 066 headed into Ferguson wharf at about 1 {0p.m.} and then had to reverse
F22 067 and try to berth at Jellicoe wharf as planned. ^The second attempt was
F22 068 also unsuccessful when the vessel missed the wharf by about 20 metres.
F22 069    |^But on the third attempt the submarine came alongside Jellicoe
F22 070 wharf at 1.31 {0p.m.} only a minute outside its scheduled arrival
F22 071 time.
F22 072    |^The protest was reported with headlines around the world. ^From
F22 073 Tucson, Arizona, Ruth Dorman Strobel wrote to the Editor of the
F22 074 *"*4Auckland Star**"...
F22 075 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F22 076    |^*0From Veronica Mary Downey of Glenfield, Auckland came this
F22 077 prompt response:
F22 078 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F22 079    |^Headlines appeared far and wide across the world: ^In the London
F22 080 *"*4Times**" *0with a 4-column photograph *"^*2ARMADA OF SMALL CRAFT
F22 081 BLOCKS PATH OF NUCLEAR VESSEL**". ^*0In the Sydney **"*4Morning
F22 082 Herald**" *0with a 6-column photograph *"^*2{0U.S.} NUCLEAR SUBMARINE
F22 083 RUNS GAUNTLET OF PROTEST**" *0and in the **"*4Mainichi Daily News**"
F22 084 *0of Tokyo *"^*2KIWIS TAKE ON NUCLEAR SUB**". ^*0This latter headline
F22 085 was probably read by the Operational Commander of the {0U.S.} Pacific
F22 086 Fleet who was in Japan at that time. ^Immediately on stepping ashore
F22 087 in Auckland, Commander McDonald of the *1Pintado *0telephoned him and
F22 088 told him of the dangerous entry. ^It was the first such protest the
F22 089 36-year old captain had encountered in his naval career. ^As Geoff
F22 090 Chapple commented in the *"*4Listener**", *0by making New Zealand
F22 091 ports a trouble spot for nuclear craft, the protesters were, in a way,
F22 092 conversing directly with the United States Navy command, over the head
F22 093 of the New Zealand government.
F22 094 **[PLATE**]
F22 095 *<*4Shadow of Death*>
F22 096 |^F*2OR WHATEVER *0reason, no further nuclear ship visits were
F22 097 inflicted on New Zealand during 1978, an election year. ^But a few
F22 098 weeks after the National government was returned to power in November,
F22 099 Prime Minister Muldoon announced that the American nuclear submarine
F22 100 *1Haddo *0would call at Auckland from January 19th to 24th 1979 for
F22 101 *"^A routine visit**". ^Press reports listed the *1Haddo *0as a Permit
F22 102 Class submarine but peace organisations pointed out that she was
F22 103 originally classified as of the Thresher class. ^Indeed she was a
F22 104 sister ship of the *1{0U.S.S.} Thresher *0which had been lost without
F22 105 trace off the coast of New England in 1963 with 160 men on board.
F22 106 ^Soon many Aucklanders were sporting a new badge which was being sold
F22 107 by peace groups, with the message *'s*2HADDO*0w of Death**'.
F22 108    |^Faced with this new challenge, the Peace Squadron assessed its
F22 109 situation after nearly four years. ^Without a doubt the actions
F22 110 against the *1Long Beach *0and the *1Pintado *0and the Wellington
F22 111 Peace Squadron's move against the *1Truxton *0had succeeded in
F22 112 focussing public attention dramatically and in expressing to the {0US}
F22 113 government the strength of New Zealand opposition to these visits.
F22 114 ^The American fleets roamed the oceans of the world, making calls at
F22 115 hundreds of ports in friendly countries, but nowhere else were they
F22 116 confronted with protests quite like these.
F22 117    |^There had been a big difference of naval tactics between the
F22 118 entries to Auckland Harbour of the *1Long Beach *0and the *1Pintado.
F22 119 ^*0The former had proceeded cautiously towards the harbour limits at
F22 120 about 5 knots, slowing to 2 knots when close to protesting boats until
F22 121 finally stopped, by Pat Taylor's and Phil Amos's large sailing boats.
F22 122 ^These were boarded by police and their skippers arrested. ^*1Pintado
F22 123 *0was a different story. ^It had charged up the channel led by a New
F22 124 Zealand Naval frigate at 10-12 knots. ^It halted suddenly only when a
F22 125 New Zealand Navy helicopter capsized John Simpson's and Rex Le Grice's
F22 126 small yacht right in the path of the frigate. ^*1Pintado *0then jinked
F22 127 and spurted through the small boats and so into the harbour. ^There
F22 128 was no pretence at police action *- it was rather a naval assault.
F22 129    |^Unquestionably the dangers were escalating with each visit. ^At
F22 130 the same time considerable ground was being gained in public opinion.
F22 131 ^This was best shown by the fact that at the recent election the
F22 132 official policies of all the parties except National had explicitly
F22 133 rejected these visits. ^Local bodies were seriously discussing the
F22 134 concept of declaring *"Nuclear Free Zones**" and the Auckland Regional
F22 135 Authority had recently reviewed its Civil Defence plans for any
F22 136 nuclear reactor accidents to nuclear powered ships visiting Auckland.
F22 137 ^Even the Auckland Harbour Board, while persistently refusing to face
F22 138 the real issue, had given notice that it would seek compensation for
F22 139 loss of trade earnings and other expenses due to the berthing of
F22 140 nuclear submarines at commercial wharves, and the Prime Minister had
F22 141 agreed that this request would be considered.
F22 142    |^Concerned at the possibility of a repetition of the reckless and
F22 143 unlawful tactics used by the authorities to force the entry of the
F22 144 *1Pintado, *0a Peace Squadron delegation led by \0Dr. George Armstrong
F22 145 met with Police Area Commander Trappitt on December 20th. ^Accepting
F22 146 that the police were to some extent *"the men in the middle**", they
F22 147 expressed the hope that they would be as concerned about the *1Haddo's
F22 148 *0and the New Zealand navy's observance of the law as they were about
F22 149 the Peace Squadron's. ^\0Mr. Trappitt later commented that he had used
F22 150 the meeting to issue *"warnings**" to the Peace Squadron which they
F22 151 flouted but \0Dr. Armstrong issued a statement denying this.
F22 152 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F22 153    |^The next day it was announced that major extensions to the
F22 154 Auckland Harbour Board limits were to be gazetted prior to the arrival
F22 155 of the *1Haddo. ^*0The new limits would run from Rakino Island to Long
F22 156 Bay. ^This was clearly a major move by the authorities to prevent
F22 157 effective protest. ^If the Peace Squadron were to picket the new
F22 158 limits they would have to cover about 14 kilometers of sea, compared
F22 159 with the three kilometer entrance between Rangitoto Beacon and the
F22 160 North Shore.
F22 161    |^On previous occasions Peace Squadron strategy had been largely
F22 162 based on stopping the nuclear vessels just outside harbour limits,
F22 163 where the larger vessels had to give way to protest craft under
F22 164 International Collision Regulations. ^Inside the harbour limits all
F22 165 small craft are required to keep out of the way of larger craft,
F22 166 according to General Harbour Regulations.
F22 167    |^It now was clearly necessary to look hard at these tactics
F22 168 again, and so a full meeting of the Squadron was called at the
F22 169 University Maclauren Chapel Hall on Monday, January 8th 1979.
F22 170    |^Over a hundred boat owners were present, about twice as many as
F22 171 for corresponding meetings for previous visits. ^After an introduction
F22 172 by the convenor, \0Rev. George Armstrong, discussion soon moved to the
F22 173 salient point, the extension of harbour limits, and how this
F22 174 manipulation of the law would affect Squadron tactics. ^A prominent
F22 175 Auckland solicitor, Barry Littlewood explained that none of the
F22 176 previous arrests had been made under the Collision Regulations,
F22 177 largely because most of the police didn't know the regulations and
F22 178 both the {0US} and New Zealand navies had themselves broken the rules.
F22 179 ^Since breach of the Harbour Regulations is not an arrestable offence,
F22 180 he felt that being inside harbour limits would make no difference, in
F22 181 legal terms. ^If there were any arrests, they would probably be made
F22 182 under the Police Offences Act, as previously.
F22 183    |^After intense debate those present rejected any softening of
F22 184 Squadron policy of a complete blockade of the incoming vessel, despite
F22 185 the realisation that the police and armed forces would probably be
F22 186 ordered to intensify their already dangerous and intimidating response
F22 187 to protest craft and protestors. ^The meeting decided that this time
F22 188 they would bring the blockade well within the harbour and in full view
F22 189 of the inner city and maritime suburbs. ^This might reduce the
F22 190 possibility of the authorities deciding on a high-speed charge and the
F22 191 dangerous use of helicopters to capsize small protesting vessels with
F22 192 their downdraft.
F22 193    |^The meeting also rejected the manipulation which permitted the
F22 194 authorities to make *"law to order**" and thus frustrate the 
F22 195 non-violent protest of ordinary citizens.
F22 196    |^As the date of the visit drew nearer, the New Zealand peace
F22 197 movement was gaining impressive national and international support.
F22 198 ^The Leader of the Opposition, \0Hon. \0W Rowling condemned the visit,
F22 199 saying that the National Government was *"willing to make New Zealand
F22 200 a door mat for the larger powers... ^New Zealand should not be sucked
F22 201 into their war games.**" ^He said that the Labour Party remained
F22 202 committed to the concept of a nuclear weapon free Pacific. *"^This
F22 203 region is the last remaining opportunity to take a stand against the
F22 204 escalation of the arms race.**"
F22 205 *#
F23 001 **[166 TEXT F23**]
F23 002 |^*4T*0he Frenchmen who were involved in the early days of New
F23 003 Zealand's European history stand out like distinct threads in a
F23 004 tapestry: Marion Du Fresne, murdered in the Bay of Islands in 1772;
F23 005 the incredible Baron de Thierry; Bishop Pompallier, resplendent in his
F23 006 crimson cassock among the black frock coats of the Protestant clergy
F23 007 at Waitangi; and Dumont d'Urville.
F23 008    |^Dumont d'Urville. ^It was only on a holiday in Tasman Bay that I
F23 009 realised how little I knew about him. ^So I went to Olive Wright's
F23 010 translation of the part of his journals dealing with New Zealand and
F23 011 found that d'Urville was not only a great navigator, but also a
F23 012 botanist, zoologist, entomologist and linguist, as well as a fine
F23 013 writer.
F23 014    |^He was born near Caen in 1790, during the French Revolution,
F23 015 into a family that was aristocratic, especially on the side of his
F23 016 mother, Jeanne de Croisilles. ^His first Christian name was Jules.
F23 017 ^His surname was Dumont d'Urville ({0i.e.} of Urville), but in New
F23 018 Zealand he is usually known as d'Urville.
F23 019    |^After passing brilliantly through his schooling he did not
F23 020 become a priest, as his mother would have liked, nor accept the offer
F23 021 of a place in the famous military college at Fontainebleau. ^He was
F23 022 determined to join the navy and had already made a wager that he would
F23 023 be an admiral before he was 50. ^In 1807 this was a bold decision, for
F23 024 in Napoleon's France it was the army that counted, not the navy.
F23 025    |^He became a midshipman and served on various ships, learning
F23 026 seamanship, getting gradual promotion and also continuing his studies
F23 027 especially in languages. ^His knowledge of Greek language and art was
F23 028 lucky for France. ^One day when his ship was at the island of Melos,
F23 029 he came across a statue which local peasants had unearthed and were
F23 030 willing to sell for 400 French francs. ^He immediately recognised it
F23 031 as the Venus Victrix and tried to buy it. ^When his commander refused
F23 032 to take the bulky statue aboard, d'Urville wrote urgently to the
F23 033 French ambassador at Constantinople and persuaded him to buy it for
F23 034 France. ^The Venus de Milo has been in the Louvre ever since.
F23 035    |^Until the early 1820s, d'Urville's life was unrewarding. ^In
F23 036 politics a great dictator had been succeeded by a recycled monarch; he
F23 037 disapproved of both. ^In private life he had married very happily, but
F23 038 found it hard to support a wife and family on his naval pay. ^Then, in
F23 039 1822, he was appointed executive officer on the corvette *1Coquille
F23 040 *0(Shell), which was about to sail on a voyage of
F23 041 **[PLATE**]
F23 042 discovery. ^This was what d'Urville had always wanted.
F23 043    |^Although the *1Coquille *0was away from France for
F23 044 two-and-a-half years, only three weeks were spent in New Zealand, in
F23 045 the Bay of Islands. ^This was enough to give d'Urville a good
F23 046 impression of the Zealanders, as he called the Maori people, and the
F23 047 country and to make him long to return.
F23 048    |^The opportunity came in 1826, when he was commissioned to take
F23 049 the *1Coquille *0(re**[ARB**]-named *1Astrolabe) *0back to the
F23 050 Pacific. ^He was to sail round the Cape of Good Hope to Australia and
F23 051 New Zealand, into the Pacific *- searching for traces of the vanished
F23 052 La Perouse *- and back to France by the Indian Ocean and the Cape,
F23 053 exploring, mapping and charting as he went.
F23 054    |^Wherever he could, d'Urville followed Cook's maps and charts.
F23 055 ^Although half a century had passed since Cook's voyages, it seems
F23 056 that his was the only map of New Zealand. ^(In 1838 the British
F23 057 Admiralty published a new map, but by then d'Urville had left on his
F23 058 last voyage).
F23 059    |^Early in January 1827, the *1Astrolabe *0reached the South
F23 060 Island near Dusky Sound, sailed up the west coast and round into
F23 061 Tasman Bay, which, as d'Urville said, had not yet been made known by
F23 062 any expedition. ^He and his naturalists found this an entrancing part
F23 063 of the world, with clear deep water, beautiful sandy beaches and
F23 064 *"cool dark forests**" full of birds. ^The botanist, Lesson, spent as
F23 065 much time as possible on shore. ^Lesson Creek is named after him, and
F23 066 there are several native plants with the species name \6*1lessonii.
F23 067    |^*0The Frenchmen were surprised to find so few Maori. ^They were
F23 068 on sufficiently friendly terms for several chiefs to stay on board for
F23 069 a day or two *- a sign of confidence in Europeans that pleased
F23 070 d'Urville. ^It was typical of him that he had already learned some
F23 071 Maori from Kendall and Lee's *1Grammar. ^*0In meeting Maori people
F23 072 this was always a help; so, it seems, was his insistence that his men
F23 073 should avoid anything likely to cause misunderstanding. ^Nevertheless
F23 074 as a practical man he kept his guns ready, just in case.
F23 075    |^This visit to Tasman Bay is commemorated in the large number of
F23 076 French names which were given to various features on land and sea,
F23 077 when no Maori name could be discovered: Pointe de Se*?2paration, Anse
F23 078 (Cove) des Torrents and others. ^In 1827 there were even more, but
F23 079 over the years proper nouns (usually people's names) have survived,
F23 080 while common nouns have often been turned into English and so lost
F23 081 their French connection. ^Adele Island was called after d'Urville's
F23 082 wife, Ade*?2lie, in gratitude for the understanding way she accepted
F23 083 his wanderings.
F23 084    |^Just as d'Urville's life was in some ways like Captain Cook's,
F23 085 so \0Mme Dumont d'Urville's life resembled \0Mrs Cook's. ^Both
F23 086 belonged to that band of women who were left at home to bring up
F23 087 children *- and sometimes to bury them *- for years on end, while
F23 088 their husbands went into the unknown. ^It was Elizabeth Cook's fate to
F23 089 outlive her husband and all six of her children; Ade*?2lie d'Urville's
F23 090 experience was not quite the same.
F23 091    |^The *1Astrolabe's *0departure from Tasman Bay was dramatic. ^On
F23 092 either side d'Urville saw land, divided by a narrow channel, through
F23 093 which he determined to take the ship. ^Because of rocks and currents
F23 094 it was, as he said himself, a dangerous thing to do and the ship was
F23 095 very nearly wrecked. ^However, the *1Astrolabe *0sailed triumphantly
F23 096 through the channel, which was promptly named Passe des Francais. ^The
F23 097 island, as it had just been proved to be, was called d'Urville.
F23 098    |^The *1Astrolabe *0sailed across Cook Strait and up the east
F23 099 coast of the North Island. ^Near Turakirae Head a canoe approached and
F23 100 six Maori came aboard. ^After the canoe left, d'Urville found that a
F23 101 chief and another man had stayed behind. ^He explained that the ship
F23 102 could not possibly take them back to their home, but as he intended to
F23 103 land on the Wairarapa coast, he was not worried about them. ^When,
F23 104 however, rough sea made a landing impossible, they had to go with the
F23 105 ship. ^At first they were happy at the prospect; later they became
F23 106 very homesick and very seasick.
F23 107    |^Irregular currents and strong winds kept the *1Astrolabe *0away
F23 108 from the coast until Tolaga Bay. ^There she anchored in the same spot
F23 109 as Cook's *1Endeavour *055 years before, and the Frenchmen were
F23 110 delighted to go ashore. ^The Maori from Turakirae Head decided to
F23 111 remain, and in exchange for d'Urville's present of powder, the local
F23 112 chief undertook to provide a canoe for their return home. ^This was
F23 113 the best d'Urville could do, but the whole incident worried him.
F23 114    |^D'Urville's mind was not of the kind to anchor itself in his own
F23 115 day. ^Wide reading enabled him to glance back into the past, and
F23 116 imagination to look into the future. ^As the *1Astrolabe *0sailed
F23 117 north again, the shore reminded him of the Greek Archipelago and
F23 118 started a train of thought about the rise of peoples from unlikely
F23 119 beginnings. ^*"I thought of the Gauls**" he wrote
F23 120 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F23 121 ^He continued
F23 122 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F23 123    |^As a linguist, d'Urville had a special interest in the language
F23 124 of the Maori, who were *"so highly endowed, and who had not left an
F23 125 islet, a rock, or a corner of the land without a name**" and he
F23 126 regretted Cook's habit of substituting English names *"often in rather
F23 127 poor taste.**" ^So, in his own maps, d'Urville used Maori names. ^He
F23 128 thought it important to keep them because *"there comes a time when
F23 129 these names are all that remains to the country of the language spoken
F23 130 by its earliest inhabitants.**"
F23 131    |^In the Bay of Plenty his attention was needed for strictly
F23 132 practical matters, for there was a storm so terrible that it seemed
F23 133 the *1Astrolabe *0must capsize, or be wrecked on one of the uncharted
F23 134 reefs. ^Somehow the corvette survived, but there was no possibility
F23 135 **[PLATES**]
F23 136 of a landing and the ship made for the Hauraki Gulf. ^D'Urville was
F23 137 impressed by the *"splendid basin**" round which Auckland was later
F23 138 built. ^He named one of the channels Astrolabe, remarking that in
F23 139 years to come people would remember her work. ^False hope! ^The name
F23 140 has disappeared.
F23 141    |^The *1Astrolabe *0then sailed for the Bay of Islands. ^There
F23 142 d'Urville met people he had known on his first voyage, checked place
F23 143 names with Henry Williams, and explored the Kawakawa River with
F23 144 William Williams. ^When the time came to leave, d'Urville had no
F23 145 trouble disembarking *"the 12 to 15 women, who since our arrival had
F23 146 settled down on board almost without moving**", but some difficulty
F23 147 over a young Maori who announced that he would stay until he was
F23 148 thrown overboard. ^As he was intelligent and useful he was allowed to
F23 149 remain. ^So, in March 1827, the *1Astrolabe *0left New Zealand and a
F23 150 year later returned to France.
F23 151    |^It had been a wonderful voyage. ^The expedition brought back
F23 152 meticulous maps, charts and drawings, as well as scientific specimens,
F23 153 all of which greatly increased the world's knowledge of the Pacific.
F23 154 ^Yet, though prominent individuals were full of praise, d'Urville was
F23 155 disappointed. ^There were no rewards for the officers and men who had
F23 156 helped to produce this brilliant result. ^*"The
F23 157 **[PLATES**]
F23 158 attitude of the Admiralty**" wrote d'Urville *"was almost one of
F23 159 indifference to the achievements of the *1Astrolabe.**" ^*0He himself
F23 160 would have liked to belong to the august Acade*?2mie des Sciences
F23 161 (which had received scientific specimens) and stood for election,
F23 162 without success. ^He never became a member.
F23 163    |^He consoled himself with work, which included preparing for
F23 164 publication a book of maps and charts and an account of the voyage in
F23 165 many volumes. ^By 1835 the last was finished and he was ready for
F23 166 another voyage. ^He wanted to return for further study of Pacific
F23 167 languages, but King Louis Philippe, who wanted glory, was looking for
F23 168 a commander to go to the Antarctic. ^D'Urville accepted the commission
F23 169 and in 1837 set out with two ships, the *1Astrolabe *0and the
F23 170 *1Ze*?2le*?2e.
F23 171    |^*0His instructions were to make one journey into Antarctic
F23 172 waters, but he made two. ^On the first, land was sighted south-west of
F23 173 the South Shetland Islands. ^On the second *- on the opposite side of
F23 174 the continent *- rocks were seen in the snow, a landing was made, and
F23 175 the region was called Ade*?2lie Land. ^Many years later it included
F23 176 the French base, which was named, in his honour, Dumont d'Urville.
F23 177    |^D'Urville's third visit to New Zealand came after this exciting,
F23 178 dangerous probe into the Antarctic and lasted two months. ^The account
F23 179 of it has a different tone, for d'Urville had changed; he was older,
F23 180 less fit, more critical. ^New Zealand, too, had changed. ^From the
F23 181 start, in Otago, d'Urville was saddened by the deterioration in Maori
F23 182 looks, morals and manners as a result of contact with Europeans,
F23 183 particularly the roughest whalers and traders, who were his special
F23 184 aversion.
F23 185    |^The next port of call was Akaroa, where the *1Astrolabe *0had
F23 186 another narrow escape from the rocks. ^It is astonishing to read that
F23 187 she was so small that, in the crisis, sweep oars were used. ^Not that
F23 188 they had any effect; the ship was only saved by a sudden change of
F23 189 wind. ^In the harbour there were several French whaling ships, whose
F23 190 captains called on d'Urville and no doubt discussed the planned French
F23 191 settlement. ^In spite of its fine harbour d'Urville was critical of
F23 192 the choice of Akaroa, because it could support only a small
F23 193 population.
F23 194    |^After a refreshing stay, the ships sailed for the Bay of
F23 195 Islands, which they reached at the end of April, 1840.
F23 196 *#
F24 001 **[167 TEXT F24**]
F24 002    |^*0When war came to the Waikato in the spring and summer of 1863-
F24 003 64 most of the region's missionaries fled, whether Anglican Church
F24 004 Missionary Society, Roman Catholic or Wesleyan (Methodist). ^Many had
F24 005 good cause to fear for their lives. ^John Morgan, catechist and the
F24 006 Anglican minister, had helped his Maori parishioners to transform the
F24 007 Te Awamutu district into cultivated wheat fields and peach orchards
F24 008 during the 1850s, but he now found himself caught forwarding
F24 009 intelligence reports of *'rebel**' defences and troop movements to the
F24 010 governor. ^The Catholic missionary at Rangiaowhia was withdrawn to
F24 011 Auckland before General Cameron's troops captured and destroyed that
F24 012 Kingite food base. ^Thomas Skinner, Wesleyan catechist at Aotea (the
F24 013 highly populated harbour next to Kawhia) departed for Auckland in
F24 014 October 1863, soon after his monitors had announced that they would
F24 015 serve as *'chaplains**' for the Maori king. ^But one missionary
F24 016 returned again and again to his post at the height of the war, in the
F24 017 heart of this Kingite stronghold. ^In the midst of personal and
F24 018 political crises, in the face of threats and yet with the support of
F24 019 many local Maoris, he carried on with his duties. ^When it was
F24 020 impossible to do otherwise he retreated a step or two, but he never
F24 021 gave up his concern or his activities on behalf of the people of the
F24 022 west coast harbours. ^After the fighting was over, the emergency of
F24 023 *1Pai Marire *0finally forced his retreat, but he stayed on nearby, in
F24 024 Raglan, and when he could he slipped into Kawhia harbour to minister
F24 025 to his Maori flock. ^His name was Cort Henry Schnackenberg and he was
F24 026 known to his Maori parishioners as *'Henare Minita**'.
F24 027 *<*4The Making of a Missionary*>
F24 028    |^*0Cort Henry Schnackenberg was born in Wilstedt, Hanover, in
F24 029 1812. ^His parents were poor farmers, one step removed from being
F24 030 peasants. ^He was baptised a Lutheran and on his father's death in
F24 031 1825 was apprenticed to a rope-maker in his home town. ^In 1831 the
F24 032 nineteen-years-old Schnackenberg left Hanover for London. ^It is well
F24 033 to remember that Hanover was still the possession of England's King in
F24 034 1831. ^In London he was befriended by a Christian family, the
F24 035 Trappits, who encouraged him to study English and book-keeping at
F24 036 night school. ^Some of the other Trappit children emigrated to
F24 037 Australia, and sent back word about opportunities down under.
F24 038 ^Schnackenberg was persuaded that a better life awaited him in the
F24 039 Australian colonies and in March 1838 he emigrated to New South Wales.
F24 040 **[PLATE**]
F24 041    |^In Sydney Cort Schnackenberg won employment with the trading
F24 042 firm of Mercantile House and in November 1839 was sent to Kawhia, then
F24 043 a highly populated and commodious New Zealand North Island west coast
F24 044 port. ^As Mercantile House's resident agent Schnackenberg's task was
F24 045 to procure flax and timber for the Australian market, and store and
F24 046 protect his firm's purchases prior to their despatch to Sydney. ^Soon
F24 047 after his arrival he set himself the task of learning the Maori
F24 048 language.
F24 049    |^Existence in Kawhia in the 1830s and early 1840s was primitive,
F24 050 isolated and lonely. ^Schnackenberg was relieved to find kindred
F24 051 spirits among the otherwise alien European and Maori population. ^The
F24 052 Reverend John Whiteley, a Wesleyan missionary, had ministered from
F24 053 Kawhia since 1833 to a mission station that
F24 054 **[PLATE**]
F24 055 followed the coast from Aotea harbour to the Taranaki. ^He shared the
F24 056 work with James Wallis in Whaingaroa harbour (Raglan harbour) just to
F24 057 the north. ^Schnackenberg was a pious young Lutheran, untainted by the
F24 058 sins of the flesh common to most shipping agents on the New Zealand
F24 059 coast, and was a godsend to Whiteley and Wallis. ^Within a few months
F24 060 of his arrival Schnackenberg was persuaded to add the office of
F24 061 honorary catechist to that of trader. ^Whiteley persuaded
F24 062 Schnackenberg that his Christian duty lay with preaching the gospel.
F24 063 ^Schnackenberg already felt a strong commitment to the welfare of the
F24 064 Maori people, and decided that he should devote his life to them. ^In
F24 065 January 1843 he returned to Sydney, resigned his job with the shipping
F24 066 agency, and married Amy Walsall (ne*?2e Trappit), a widowed daughter
F24 067 of the family which had befriended him in London.
F24 068 *<*4Catechist and Minister*>
F24 069    |^*0In 1844 Schnackenberg was engaged as a full-time catechist by
F24 070 the Australasian Wesleyan Connexion. ^He was appointed to Mokau, a
F24 071 river mouth station in northern Taranaki. ^There he established a
F24 072 native school, set up preaching places, trained Maori monitors, and
F24 073 moderated the warlike behaviour of his charges by travelling with them
F24 074 when they *'invaded**' the New Plymouth settlement. ^He also
F24 075 cooperated with local chiefs and with Donald McLean (acting on behalf
F24 076 of the crown) in a large number of land purchases in the Mokau-Awakino
F24 077 region. ^\0Mrs Schnackenberg's health declined in Mokau and the first
F24 078 signs of what was eventually to prove a fatal illness appeared during
F24 079 this first missionary posting. ^After nine years as a full-time
F24 080 catechist, Schnackenberg was received as a probationer for the
F24 081 Wesleyan ministry in 1853, and was ordained at High Street Church in
F24 082 Auckland in 1857.
F24 083    |^After ordination Schnackenberg received a new assignment. ^He
F24 084 was sent back to Kawhia (his former trading post) in 1858 as an
F24 085 ordained minister of the word and sacrament. ^He returned to a Kawhia
F24 086 where politics had invaded life. ^Where previously trade, market
F24 087 prices, the missionary's sermon and local gossip had dominated
F24 088 conversation, arguments about the need for a Maori king, about the
F24 089 injustice of Taranaki land sales, and about Pakeha arrogance, were now
F24 090 dominant.
F24 091    |^Schnackenberg reported his first unease over the politicising of
F24 092 his Maori charges in early 1858. ^He informed his church authorities
F24 093 that some of his monitors had joined a Waikato war party heading for
F24 094 the Taranaki. ^He wrote to the governor, warning him that the Kawhia
F24 095 people mostly sympathised with the Taranaki Land League, and were bent
F24 096 on stopping further Pakeha land gains.
F24 097    |^During 1858 and 1859 several meetings of the Waikato and Ngati
F24 098 Maniapoto were held to proclaim the ageing chief, Te Whero Whero, as
F24 099 king *- Potatau *=I. ^To begin with, some Kingites, perhaps a
F24 100 majority, held that loyalty to a Maori King was perfectly compatible
F24 101 with loyalty to Queen Victoria. ^Government opposition to the King
F24 102 Movement soon made loyalty to the British Crown exclusive of loyalty
F24 103 to the King. ^Schnackenberg was then forced to recognise the existence
F24 104 within his station of a powerful movement which renounced loyalty to
F24 105 Queen Victoria in favour of the King, and even at divine service
F24 106 loudly interjected *'Kingi**' whenever he prayed for the queen.
F24 107    |^Schnackenberg was at first entirely antagonistic to the
F24 108 belligerent Kingites. ^Writing from Aotea on 12 June 1860 he commented
F24 109 on a visit to Kawhia by Rewi Maniapoto and the Maori king:
F24 110 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F24 111 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F24 112 **[END INDENTATION**]
F24 113    |^Schnackenberg initially concluded that the Kingite movement
F24 114 consisted of a hard core of fanatics with a large following stirred by
F24 115 oratory rather than ideology. ^Part of his dislike sprang from a
F24 116 personal tussle with a Wesleyan monitor who had joined the Kingite
F24 117 camp. ^This chief was responsible for collecting money to pay the
F24 118 Wesleyan minister's stipend. ^He had collected 500 pounds towards
F24 119 Whitely's stipend and 100 pounds towards Skinner's, then after the
F24 120 outbreak of war in 1860 he coldly informed Schnackenberg:
F24 121 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F24 122 |^Both are now our enemies, and so are you, therefore you shall have
F24 123 nothing *- the money will go to the King, who will build churches and
F24 124 appoint ministers.
F24 125 **[END INDENTATION**]
F24 126 |^The Kingites demanded tribute from Schnackenberg, who sternly
F24 127 refused. ^A request for permission to build a battle pa on missionary
F24 128 property was also declined. ^The missionary made few concessions to
F24 129 the new infrastructure of Kingite commanders and magistrates who now
F24 130 dominated the Kawhia region. ^His advice to a local chief was crystal
F24 131 clear:
F24 132 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F24 133 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F24 134 **[END INDENTATION**]
F24 135    |^In 1859 Schnackenberg had thought that the Kingite movement
F24 136 would be a short-lived comet and that a blockade of Kawhia and Aotea
F24 137 harbours by the Royal Navy would bring three-quarters of the
F24 138 district's population to the loyalists' side. ^By mid-1861 he had been
F24 139 proved wrong and had more reason still to dislike the Kingites. ^In a
F24 140 letter of 24 May he confided to a brother minister that some of his
F24 141 students had been carried away by invaders, and he noted that the
F24 142 **[PLATE**]
F24 143 inland Church Missionary Society stations were not threatened.
F24 144 ^Surprisingly, Schnackenberg now showed more understanding of the
F24 145 interplay of provocation and reaction which had brought the King
F24 146 movement into existence than he had hitherto. ^In a letter dated 1
F24 147 June 1861 the missionary wrote:
F24 148 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F24 149 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F24 150 **[END INDENTATION**]
F24 151    |^Throughout 1861 and 1862 Henare Minita continued to play with
F24 152 the problem of understanding the Kingite movement. ^Mid-June 1862 saw
F24 153 him penning a letter wherein he concluded that there were two
F24 154 foundations for Kingitanga *- a desire to keep their lands and a
F24 155 desire to dominate and plunder the Pakeha. ^He believed that those who
F24 156 supported the second direction were the majority of the king's
F24 157 following.
F24 158    |^In a letter to the governor, dated 11 February 1863,
F24 159 Schnackenberg solicited direct intervention in the affairs of his
F24 160 **[PLATE**]
F24 161 region. ^He proposed that the governor sail to Kawhia and negotiate
F24 162 with the seaboard chiefs. ^Schnackenberg argued:
F24 163 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F24 164 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F24 165 **[END INDENTATION**]
F24 166    |^Once the Waikato war began in July 1863, Schnackenberg increased
F24 167 his mediatorial attempts. ^He wrote three times to Governor Grey
F24 168 stating local opposition to the construction of the Raglan road *- a
F24 169 military road designed to link the garrison port of Raglan with the
F24 170 interior, and allow a thrust by the military towards the Kingite
F24 171 strong points at Paterangi and Rangiowhia. ^He also conveyed the
F24 172 condemnation of European settlers. ^On 26 June 1863 he appealed to the
F24 173 governor for the release of a Kawhia Maori, Aporo, arrested following
F24 174 a Kingite raid on John Gorst's printing press at Te Awamutu *- the
F24 175 press used to print a government newspaper in Maori. ^Aporo's arrest
F24 176 and subsequent conviction became a test case for Kawhia Maoris. ^The
F24 177 community was divided, and tensions built up which Schnackenberg had
F24 178 to take into account.
F24 179    |^Schnackenberg's circuit report of 16 November 1863, during the
F24 180 full thrust of Cameron's invasion down the Waikato river, revealed
F24 181 that his district was now fiercely Kingite. ^Collections of money were
F24 182 raised for the king's cause. ^Kawhia's youth were enrolled as the
F24 183 king's soldiers and its three water-mills had ceased to be used by a
F24 184 population now caught up in the fever of war. ^The missionary now
F24 185 found it expedient to keep his own counsel. ^He depended on overland
F24 186 delivery of messages, mail and newspapers from Raglan for his contact
F24 187 with Pakeha civilisation. ^The missionary admitted that
F24 188 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F24 189 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F24 190 **[END INDENTATION**]
F24 191    |^Circumspect he was, but cowardly he was not. ^A kingite chief
F24 192 robbed the mission station of three head of cattle. ^Schnackenberg at
F24 193 once informed the other chiefs who advised him to write to the king.
F24 194 ^The missionary refused. ^He answered, *"^The King has no power over
F24 195 chiefs *- nor do I look to him but to you for protection against
F24 196 thieves**". ^The robber, annoyed at the Pakeha minister's attempt to
F24 197 win justice through chiefs, denounced Schnackenberg to a king's
F24 198 magistrate who summoned him to a sitting of the king's court. ^When
F24 199 Schnackenberg did not attend, he was visited by a pair of the king's
F24 200 court officers (he referred to them as *'lawyers *- so called**') and
F24 201 told that he was required to pay 18 pounds as a fine for 
F24 202 *'non-attendance**'. ^Schnackenberg exploded:
F24 203 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F24 204 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F24 205 **[END INDENTATION**]
F24 206 **[PLATE**]
F24 207    |^How did Schnackenberg manage to keep himself from being
F24 208 assassinated during this turbulent period in Waikato history?
F24 209 ^Friendly chiefs, some loyalist but most rebel, saw to it that threats
F24 210 did not develop into physical molestation. ^When the king's tax
F24 211 gatherers called on the Europeans of the Waikato sea coast all the
F24 212 European residents paid up *- except Schnackenberg. ^The tax-collector
F24 213 threatened that *'the wind will roar and you will have no shelter**',
F24 214 but no action followed.
F24 215    |^Schnackenberg was no fool. ^He kept a very close eye on
F24 216 developments in the fighting in the Waikato, and took careful
F24 217 soundings into the temper of the people in his coastal villages. ^He
F24 218 was not going to hazard his life or his work, or the mission property,
F24 219 if this could be avoided, but also he was not prepared to turn tail
F24 220 and run. ^He wanted to keep on with his chosen work among the Maori
F24 221 people of Kawhia harbour. ^At the same time, he faced tragedy in his
F24 222 own life.
F24 223    |^In the winter of 1863 there were rumours of danger for Europeans
F24 224 along the coast as General Cameron's forces gradually worked their way
F24 225 up the Waikato River.
F24 226 *#
F25 001 **[168 TEXT F25**]
F25 002    |^*0This is a story of Rotowaro *- a town which was built for coal
F25 003 and that will disappear for coal when the opencast mining begins,
F25 004 where the houses stand today, in a few years time. ^The people will be
F25 005 rehoused in Huntly.
F25 006    |^*1Rotowaro, *0means *1lake of coal; *0the extensive deposits
F25 007 were known before the European came, and local Maoris warmed
F25 008 themselves at coal fires from the outcrops.
F25 009    |^In 1849, \0Dr. {0A.G.} Purchas, Vicar of Onehunga, relieving the
F25 010 missionary, \0Rev. {0B.Y.} Ashwell at his station at Kaitotehe,
F25 011 opposite Taupiri, was shown not only the outcrop that the missionaries
F25 012 were using for heat on the west bank of the river but also two areas
F25 013 of coalbearing land on the east side of the Waikato. ^He made a
F25 014 shipment of coal to Auckland by portage over the ground, down the
F25 015 Awaroa stream and across the Manukau harbour from Onehunga to
F25 016 Auckland.
F25 017    |^During the wars of the 1860s the coal seam on the west side of
F25 018 the river supplied coal for the gunboats, the soldiers carrying it
F25 019 down on their backs until a chute was constructed. ^After the wars the
F25 020 *1Waikato Steamship Company *0took coal from this seam for the river
F25 021 steamers.
F25 022    |^On the east side, Captain Anthony Ralph, previously a sergeant
F25 023 in the Fencibles at Onehunga, was granted land along with his sons,
F25 024 son-in-law and company of the *14th Waikato Militia, *0between Kimihia
F25 025 and Taupiri at Rahupokeka, now Huntly.
F25 026    |^Putting his knowledge of coal to good use, Ralph, and his wife
F25 027 Margaret, registered the first *1Taupiri Coalmines Company *0in April
F25 028 1874. ^Although Ralph died in December 1873, his wife and family
F25 029 carried on. ^The first mine was opened for commercial production in
F25 030 1876. ^In 1883, the company wanted more land and found under their
F25 031 articles that they could not expand so they formed a new company,
F25 032 *1Taupiri Extended Coalmines \0Ltd *0adjacent to, and incorporating,
F25 033 the original mine, with the pithead next to Hokanoa Lake in which is
F25 034 now Huntly Domain. ^A reserve mine had been opened at Kimihia in 1887.
F25 035 ^In 1889 the new *1Extended *0mine came into production, and the
F25 036 following year the *1Ralph *0mine in the main street. ^This had to be
F25 037 erected as a thick fault divided the coalfield.
F25 038    |^In 1889, the three Ralph owned mines, though under separate
F25 039 management, amalgamated with the Waikato mine, which had been in
F25 040 bankruptcy since 1890, to form *1Taupiri Coalmines \0Ltd. ^*0This
F25 041 company ran the mines and formed new ones on the west of Huntly until
F25 042 the State took over in 1950.
F25 043    |^Coal in the Waikato was formed over forty million years ago from
F25 044 accumulations of mosses, fern shrubs and small trees in peat swamps.
F25 045 ^The seams vary in thickness from an average three metres to more than
F25 046 twenty-five metres in parts of Maramarua, North Huntly and parts of
F25 047 Rotowaro. ^The western limit of the Waikato coalfields is clearly
F25 048 defined by thinning seams which do not extend economically beyond
F25 049 Renown, Glen Afton, Glen Massey and Whatawhata.
F25 050    |^At Rotowaro there is a proved reserve of ten million tons that
F25 051 could economically be recovered by opencast methods, according to a
F25 052 survey made in 1973.
F25 053    |^Huntly, incidentally, is also sitting on a lot of coal *- it has
F25 054 been estimated that the old mines, *1Taupiri Extended *0and *1Ralphs,
F25 055 *0extracted less than twenty-five per cent of the available coal.
F25 056 ^Plans are underway to extract this coal by modern methods.
F25 057    |^*1Ralph *0mine shut down in 1916 after the disaster in 1914 in
F25 058 which 43 men lost their lives; *1Taupiri Extended *0shut in 1924. ^The
F25 059 company then turned its attention to the west.
F25 060    |^As early as 1902 the *1Taupiri Coalmines Company \0Ltd *0had
F25 061 opened negotiations with the *1Taupiri Dairy Company *0to open mines
F25 062 on the west side of the river, but as neither of the companies, nor
F25 063 the Government, was prepared to build a bridge across the river at
F25 064 Huntly and a branch railway line to link the coalfields with the main
F25 065 trunk line, the project fell through.
F25 066    |^It was not until 1911 that work commenced on the bridge and
F25 067 railway line. ^Previously the river had been crossed by pontoon punt,
F25 068 or canoe. ^It was completed in 1914. ^*1Pukemiro Colleries *0was
F25 069 formed by {0W.R.H.} Hetherington commenced**[SIC**] sending out coal
F25 070 in 1915, and closed in 1967. ^This was the last mine on the field.
F25 071    |^*1Taupiri Coalmines \0Ltd, *0having closed the *1Ralph *0mine in
F25 072 1916, purchased property in the Rotowaro area. ^Machinery from *1Ralph
F25 073 *0mine was installed and in 1917 Rotowaro began producing coal.
F25 074    |^It had been in operation for six months when the *1Inspector of
F25 075 Mines *0made his report to the *1House of Representatives. ^*0\0Mr
F25 076 Boyd Bennie's report stated:
F25 077 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F25 078    |^The coal was reported as *'*1good hard coal**' *0and the mine
F25 079 comparatively *'*1dry**', *0which was a pleasant change from the
F25 080 Huntly mines which, running under the river and lakes, were always
F25 081 wet. ^The company erected houses for the manager and officials, and a
F25 082 number of *'*1comfortable cottages**' *0with modern conveniences for
F25 083 the miners in the new township arising near the Rotowaro railway
F25 084 station. ^Many of these *'*1comfortable cottages**' *0are still there,
F25 085 but not for much longer. ^Having extracted all the coal possible by
F25 086 underground mining, the entire township of Rotowaro is to be engulfed
F25 087 in a huge opencast mine *- by at least 1989.
F25 088    |^This move has been known since 1979 and many people moved into
F25 089 Huntly and were re**[ARB**]-housed; others thought it would not happen
F25 090 in their time and stayed on. ^Over the years Rotowaro became the main
F25 091 mine in the district.
F25 092    |^In 1921 there were three small accumulations of inflammable gas
F25 093 lit by naked lights in the Rotowaro mine, and one spontaneous fire
F25 094 which was put out without loss of life. ^The mine was closed for six
F25 095 weeks. ^Subsequently the whole mine was worked with safety lamps and
F25 096 permitted explosives, mostly A2 Monobel. ^In 1924 the mine was worked
F25 097 on two levels known as *1Rotowaro *0\0No. 1 and \0No. 2. ^In 1926 the
F25 098 great progress was made. ^The mine was now operating on three levels,
F25 099 \0No. 3 level producing 150 tons of coal a day with the help of a
F25 100 coalcutting machine, an innovation which had been in operation for
F25 101 about 18 months.
F25 102 **[PLATE**]
F25 103    |^By 1931, the depression was beginning to bite; the slack coal
F25 104 dump at the mine had increased to 30,000 tons due to cancellation of
F25 105 the slack contracts. ^The mine was capable of turning out 1000 tons a
F25 106 day. ^Total production to the end of 1931 was 1,633,856 tons.
F25 107    |^However the surplus was soon taken up by the *1Waikato
F25 108 Carbonization \0Ltd *0plant, making *1briquettes *0commenced**[SIC**]
F25 109 operations in June 1931. ^The *'*1little devils for heat**' *0you see
F25 110 advertised on television still come from there.
F25 111    |^\0No. 4 drive was opened at the Rotowaro mine in 1939, and plans
F25 112 by the State to open another underground mine, *1Allison's Taupiri
F25 113 Coalmines \0Ltd *0since its inception in 1899 until 1943.
F25 114    |^In 1939 eleven men lost their lives at *1Glen Afton *0mine
F25 115 (owned by the *1New Zealand Co**[ARB**]-operative Dairy Company). ^*0A
F25 116 fire had been located in the mine; instead of being extinguished, as
F25 117 was thought, it continued to burn and take oxygen from the air. ^When
F25 118 the manager and others went to investigate the next day, they were
F25 119 overcome by carbon monoxide. ^After this disaster, a *1Mines Rescue
F25 120 Station *0was set up at Rotowaro. ^Working in respirators and under
F25 121 bad conditions this unit averted many accidents by dealing with fires
F25 122 or falls of coal. ^\0Mr \0A. Duffy was seconded to Huntly to train the
F25 123 men when Andrew Lennox became the first Superintendent in 1942.
F25 124    |^In 1942 following a strike at the Pukemiro Mine, the Government
F25 125 took over the Waikato coalfields for the duration of the war. ^In 1950
F25 126 the State took over all areas owned by *1Taupiri Coalmines \0Ltd,
F25 127 *0including Rotowaro. ^This trend has continued; other mines such as
F25 128 *1Pukemiro *0and *1McDonald *0having been opencast after their
F25 129 underground workings had shut down *- in *1Kimihia *0mine, east of
F25 130 Huntly, they even drained a sizable lake. ^Now it is Rotowaro's turn.
F25 131    |^In 1951 the underground workers went on strike in support of the
F25 132 waterside workers. ^It was not a happy time in Huntly. ^The opencast
F25 133 workers did not stop working and were loathed by the others.
F25 134    |^In 1972 an important experiment began at Rotowaro. ^A new
F25 135 continuous miner (a Lee Norse {0CM} 100 continuous miner 450{0HP} and
F25 136 2 Joy 10{0SC} *- AC6 Shuttle cars), under mine manager, \0W. Munden,
F25 137 started**[SIC**] production at the new mine *1Rotowaro \0No. 5, *0east
F25 138 of the previous mines, was put to work. ^Another innovation was the
F25 139 use of roof bolting with hydraulic machines was tested here. ^This was
F25 140 to see whether the continuous miner was a practicable proposition for
F25 141 the new mines which were to be opened east and west of Huntly, and
F25 142 whether miners could be trained to operate this complicated machinery.
F25 143    |^The answer was *'*1yes**' *0on both counts. ^Output per man per
F25 144 shift with the underground miner was 5 to 6 times greater than in
F25 145 conventional mines. ^The men took to the machines with ease. ^These
F25 146 machines are now in full use at the east mine, Huntly (which has its
F25 147 adit on which used to be the bed of Kimihia Lake from which all coal
F25 148 is gone). ^This mine is operating under Huntly township and has given
F25 149 rise to a few problems *- but this is another story.
F25 150    |^Total production from the Rotowaro mine to 31 December, 1974 was
F25 151 6,389,030 tons. ^Latest figures available, from 1983 show 84,717
F25 152 tonnes from underground mines and 317,146 tonnes from opencast mines.
F25 153 ^Opencast mining must increase as the amount of coal which can be
F25 154 obtained by underground methods is worked out.
F25 155    |^So, farewell, Rotowaro, all the coal will be won from the vast
F25 156 lake of coal.
F25 157 *<*6WHEN REMUERA WAS OPEN COUNTRY...*>
F25 158 *<*4By Florence Barnes*>
F25 159    |^*0Born in 1900, I was the youngest in a family of seven and
F25 160 lived in Remuera until I married in 1922. ^I can remember when Remuera
F25 161 was like open country; all paddocks and native bush.
F25 162    |^I would be five years of age when I used to watch teams of
F25 163 bullocks drag great tree trunks out of the bush to make a clearing for
F25 164 the primary school which is still on that site today.
F25 165    |^In those days there were gypsies who used to arrive in their
F25 166 quaint caravans and camp for days in a clearing where Clonbern Road is
F25 167 today, not far from *1King's \0Prep. School.
F25 168    |^*0As a family we attended \0St Luke's Presbyterian church on
F25 169 Remuera Road which was a considerable walk from our home in Orakei
F25 170 Road. ^But we thought nothing of it in those days. ^I remember the
F25 171 interest we took *- as we passed *- in the magnificent, large Bond
F25 172 family home perched well above the road on the steep sides of \0Mt
F25 173 Hobson. ^There were two huge caves on the property that held a
F25 174 fascination for us. ^When the home was built the caves were filled in
F25 175 to make way for tennis courts.
F25 176    |^\0Mt Hobson has happy memories for me. ^On fine days during the
F25 177 school holidays mother would cut a picnic lunch and take us all up the
F25 178 mountain. ^Those were the days when there were no shops along Remuera
F25 179 Road and we would have to walk to Newmarket to do our shopping; that
F25 180 is, until the tramlines were laid as far as Victoria Avenue.
F25 181    |^Our education was limited to primary school, there being no
F25 182 opportunities for a secondary education. ^We would go straight into
F25 183 employment upon leaving school. ^I remember how proud my brother Ray
F25 184 was of his job with *1Pullan and Armitage *0in Albert Street, who
F25 185 hired out horses and gigs to commercial travellers, and employed boys
F25 186 to drive these company reps throughout the inner city and out into the
F25 187 suburbs, calling on retailers for their orders.
F25 188    |^But of those early days when we lived in Remuera there are sad
F25 189 memories of the influenza epidemic which, in real terms was a kind of
F25 190 plague. ^I was eighteen years of age when it hit my three sisters, my
F25 191 brother and me all at the same time. ^Kind people from \0St Luke's
F25 192 would bring large jugs of lemon drinks to our bedsides. ^Food had to
F25 193 be avoided as much as possible, but liquids had to be consumed in
F25 194 large quantities. ^My brother who had recently been repatriated by the
F25 195 army in France, because of a leaking heart valve, was at home and in a
F25 196 serious condition.
F25 197    |^I shall never forget the day in November, 1918 when the air
F25 198 became filled with noise.
F25 199 *#
F26 001 **[169 TEXT F26**]
F26 002 |^*3IN *1an age, when, what constitutes a good holiday for many folk
F26 003 is to clock up as many kilometers as possible while conducting a grand
F26 004 tour of New Zealand, it is a sobering thought of**[SIC**] what
F26 005 travelling entailed in old Aotearoa, forms a gap in our knowledge of
F26 006 an aspect of life in not so remote times.
F26 007 |^*0In olden times, there were two means available for parties
F26 008 travelling along the coastline and areas adjacent to the sea. ^These
F26 009 options available to travellers were walking along the shoreline with
F26 010 deviations inland at difficult headlands, promontories and rocky
F26 011 coasts and journeying by water. ^When viewed from this vista in time,
F26 012 both means had their shortcomings because of the varied nature
F26 013 presented by the terrain, the weather and sea conditions which
F26 014 handicapped to a varying extent swifter travelling by canoe.
F26 015    |^Now if there is one outstanding feature that strikes overseas
F26 016 visitors to these shores and the observant, who in an increasingly
F26 017 urbanised society keep an affinity with nature, it is the varied
F26 018 scenery which our country offers. ^However in days gone by this
F26 019 changing scenery assumed another dimension for travellers. ^For to a
F26 020 civilization where beasts of burden and wheels were not available for
F26 021 the transportation of goods and people, an ever changing vista in the
F26 022 course of a day's journey could throw up obstacles which often taxed
F26 023 the stamina of travellers to the limit.
F26 024    |^In certain areas canoes were in their element. ^The numerous
F26 025 bays and harbours of the North Auckland peninsula, the rugged terrain
F26 026 presented by the Marlborough coastline from the mouth of the Wairau
F26 027 the**[SIC**] Cape Koamaru at the northern tip of Arapawa Island, the
F26 028 deeply indented Marlborough Sounds which ruled out overland travel
F26 029 over most of the area, and the vast stretches that comprised the
F26 030 eastern and southern seaboards of the South Island, were districts
F26 031 where coastal voyaging held sway.
F26 032    |^Because of the sea keeping limitations imposed by the design of
F26 033 the waka taua, voyaging by canoe had one disadvantage in that it was
F26 034 governed by the weather. ^These limitations imposed on travelling by
F26 035 canoe, meant that it was standard practice to follow the shoreline and
F26 036 not set a canoe for a distant landmark. ^In windier parts of the
F26 037 country and where the shoreline provided unimpeded progress for miles
F26 038 because of the existence of sandy beaches, much of the travelling was
F26 039 on foot. ^These conditions existed in the lower half of the North
F26 040 Island's west coast where physical barriers placed in the path of the
F26 041 traveller were rivers to ford.
F26 042    |^Travelling by canoe however held the great advantage in that a
F26 043 greater distance could be covered in a given time and what is more
F26 044 important a greater volume of goods and produce could be transported
F26 045 with less energy being spent.
F26 046    |^Primitive as the old transport and communication system may
F26 047 appear in this day and age, it nevertheless worked for all the
F26 048 limitations imposed by the technology of the time.
F26 049    |^This can be readily judged by the distribution of greenstone
F26 050 from its South Island sources, and the widespread presence of Mayor
F26 051 Island Obsidian *- volcanic glass *- in ancient village rubbish heaps
F26 052 hundreds of miles away from where it was quarried.
F26 053    |^However the point that needs to be taken into account when
F26 054 looking back into these earlier times, is that whether travelling away
F26 055 from the pa or kainga as done by walking or coastal voyaging, the two
F26 056 means of journeying were complementary to one another.
F26 057    |^Although early missionaries, traders, naval and army officers
F26 058 and other persons of varying backgrounds have documented in their
F26 059 journals and published literary efforts aspects of travel in old New
F26 060 Zealand, there is still much that should be recorded.
F26 061    |^Historical societies abound but little is done by these bodies
F26 062 to look into the subject of how earlier generations moved about their
F26 063 districts and record information on salient points of interest for a
F26 064 wider community.
F26 065 |^*5T*1he heyday of coastal voyaging by canoe is well captured in this
F26 066 scene drawn by {0C.F} Angus off the mouth of the Wairau. ^Cloudy Bay
F26 067 is a wide stretch of water but here we can see the coastal navigators
F26 068 of old keeping close to the shoreline instead of making a direct
F26 069 course from A-Z. ^The inshore canoe is sailing before the wind while
F26 070 the one in the foreground is heading into a swell. ^Under these
F26 071 conditions the steersman would keep the bow a few degrees from the
F26 072 wind so that the craft would slice through the water and avoid the
F26 073 tendency to roll. ^All the indications are that it will be a wet trip
F26 074 for the complement of the canoe heading into the sea.
F26 075    |^In this part of the country overland travel was virtually out of
F26 076 the question because of the rugged nature of the Port Underwood Hills
F26 077 which extended from the Wairau to Tory Channel.
F26 078    |^Nevertheless these were times of change for the Maori. ^Though
F26 079 the scene depicts a past era it was nevertheless the time when the
F26 080 traditional Maori sail plaited from indigenous material had
F26 081 **[PLATE**]
F26 082 been replaced by a more durable article cut from duck.
F26 083    |^It is no doubt due to the early adoption of duck for sail making
F26 084 which accounts for the dearth of the genuine article in our museums.
F26 085 *<*4Kapiti Coast*>
F26 086 |^*5T*1oday the rocky headland of the Te-Ana-o-Hau excites no
F26 087 particular interest to travellers as it is simply yet another bold
F26 088 headland around our coastline.
F26 089    |^Situated near the southern end of the great coastal walkway
F26 090 which extended from Kawhia in the north and to all intents and
F26 091 purposes ended at Porirua Harbour in the south, Te-Ana-o-Hau which
F26 092 marks the western headland of Pukerua Bay was in old Aotearoa an
F26 093 important landmark.
F26 094    |^Legend has it, that Hau an early explorer in this part of Te
F26 095 Ika-A-Maui on finding his path blocked by the promontory and a mass of
F26 096 jagged and jumbled rocks, cleared the way by creating the archway
F26 097 which was from then on to perpetuate his name. ^This feat he achieved
F26 098 by resorting to and performing a number of incantations and spells.
F26 099    |^{0W.C.} Carkeek in his informative hand**[ARB**]-book on the
F26 100 placenames of the *"Kapiti Coast**" records how on reaching Te 
F26 101 Ana-o-Hau parties of Ngati Toa would make camp for the night.
F26 102    |^This practice would have been good bushcraft for south of Te
F26 103 Ana-o-Hau the terrain altered. ^Sand which had been so much part of
F26 104 the scenery now changed to a rocky coastline or as an alternative
F26 105 route, parties could scale the cliff and then proceed along the rest
F26 106 of the coastal range of hills for a few miles.
F26 107    |^Then the scenery changed again with some miles of wearying
F26 108 travelling along the mudflats of Porirua Harbour.
F26 109 **[PLATE**]
F26 110    |^This custom of calling a halt was no doubt a time honoured
F26 111 practice that had long been in vogue before the Ngati Toa wrested the
F26 112 land from the Ngati Ira in 1826.
F26 113    |^Te Ana-o-Hau no doubt served as a camp site in early times for
F26 114 parties of Rangitane from Rangitikei who were in the course of making
F26 115 a visit to their kinsfolk at Totaranui *- Queen Charlotte Sound and
F26 116 further to the south in the Wairau. ^The same practice of calling a
F26 117 halt at Te Ana-o-Hau no doubt applied to the Ngati Apa of Turakina in
F26 118 olden times, when parties were enroute to visit their kinsfolk of
F26 119 Durville Island *- Rangitoto.
F26 120    |^{0E.J.} Wakefield in his journal *"Adventure in New Zealand**"
F26 121 records that when proceeding to Wanganui by way of the route, a
F26 122 southerly swell was causing the sea to surge breast high through the
F26 123 archway and that through becoming somewhat mesmerised by the moving
F26 124 water he was unable to synchronise his movements and had to be carried
F26 125 on the shoulders of his companion Te Puke.
F26 126    |^The land mass on the horizon across the waters of Raukawa *-
F26 127 Cook Strait, is Durville Island where hard and durable argillite, a
F26 128 rock much in demand for adzes was quarried.
F26 129 *<*4Tidal Estuary*>
F26 130 |^*5W*1hen {0S.C.} Brees principal surveyor to the New Zealand Company
F26 131 drew this scene he was placing on record a section of a route for
F26 132 travellers that was soon to be consigned to limbo through its serious
F26 133 short-comings.
F26 134    |^The scene of Porirua Harbour is typical of the harbours and deep
F26 135 bays that are found dotted along both coastlines of the North Island.
F26 136    |^It was here that circumstances forced the traveller to walk
F26 137 along the mudflats. ^When the tide was in water of varying
F26 138 temperatures, depending on the season, had to be endured. ^In addition
F26 139 travellers often had to brush against thick coastal scrub lining the
F26 140 shoreline. ^Colonists and other literature**[SIC**] citizens have left
F26 141 a record in their journals how fatiguing, for both men and horse this
F26 142 section of the ancient coastal walkway of the Western North Island
F26 143 could be.
F26 144    |^From Porirua Harbour, paths through the bush led to Wellington
F26 145 Harbour, the Hutt and Wairarapa Valleys. ^In turn access would be
F26 146 obtained to Hawkes Bay and the East Coast, and though the nature of
F26 147 tribal politics ruled travel of this nature out of the question until
F26 148 the
F26 149 **[PLATE**]
F26 150 early nineteenth century, goods nevertheless were traded far afield by
F26 151 exchange and through the spoils of war.
F26 152    |^Because of the inbuilt shortcomings of this natural road it
F26 153 failed to measure up to the standards desired by the colonists. ^In
F26 154 1847 a coach road was constructed that threaded its way around the
F26 155 harbour before leading up the Horokiri Valley until it descended the
F26 156 coastal escarpment at Paekakariki five miles north of Te Ana-o-Hau.
F26 157 ^From Paekakariki, apart from the problem of fording rivers, it was
F26 158 sand all the way to Wanganui and it was well into colonial times
F26 159 before the ancient thoroughfare was abandoned for a highway built to
F26 160 coach road standards.
F26 161 *<*4Kupe and the Great Fleet: history in the telling*>
F26 162 **[PLATE**]
F26 163 *<Alan Taylor*>
F26 164 |^T*0raditional Maori history, namata, was taught in a special house
F26 165 of learning; its students being selected on the basis of social status
F26 166 and pumanawa: proven intelligence, along with a facility for
F26 167 memorising detailed information. ^On graduation, following years of
F26 168 training, pupils were termed ahorangi. ^For the most part highly
F26 169 esoteric, the learning was not exclusive to the rangatira class, but
F26 170 was also made available to the wider tribal community *- in a simpler
F26 171 form than that taught in the whare wananga. ^Particularly was this so
F26 172 in respect to the younger generation, who were instructed in tribal
F26 173 history in a generally more vivid, dramatic form.
F26 174    |^Since the 1820's, the teaching of tribal history by ahurewa has
F26 175 declined; the authority of teachers being undermined by European
F26 176 contact, with its hostility toward traditional Maori thought and
F26 177 values. ^Ironically however, about mid-19th century an interest in
F26 178 traditional Maori culture suddenly arose among certain Europeans. ^And
F26 179 an extraordinary (almost obsessive) search for matauranga maori was
F26 180 the result; particularly matauranga maori relating to Kupe and Great
F26 181 Fleet. ^Additionally, the Polynesian Society was founded, with its
F26 182 Journal and enthusiastic membership, which included few Maori members
F26 183 *- but many informants, some trained in tribal schools of learning.
F26 184    |^As a consequence of the pursuit of traditional Maori learning
F26 185 among such Tohunga pakeha as {0S.P.} Smith, Elsdon Best and {0J.M.}
F26 186 Brown, a surprising number of books and monographs were published in
F26 187 which theories both complex and bizarre were often propounded;
F26 188 particularly when the Kupe-Fleet traditions came under learned
F26 189 scrutiny. ^Equally disturbing was the distortion of recorded material,
F26 190 and the impulse to extensively comment on, or to explain Maori
F26 191 historical themes.
F26 192    |^A fiercely competitive field, early Maori studies had a rigid
F26 193 hierarchy of *'notable experts**' who, among the greater of their
F26 194 achievements, formulated a rather plausible standard history of the
F26 195 Maori, which was widely at variance with later research.
F26 196 ^Unfortunately, the history was widely adopted by Maori as an accurate
F26 197 account of the past (namata) as preserved by tupuna, and documented by
F26 198 European experts in matauranga maori... ^Europeans for the most part,
F26 199 did not question the history: it must be genuine history, it was
F26 200 reasoned, otherwise it would not be taught in schools for, as it
F26 201 turned out, almost a hundred years!
F26 202 *#
F27 001 **[170 TEXT F27**]
F27 002 |^*2WHEN WE *0arrived to live in Otaki in May 1940, the 2nd World War
F27 003 had been in progress for 8 months and was just starting to affect the
F27 004 daily lives of the local population. ^Not many people owned motor cars
F27 005 and those who did were greatly affected by petrol rationing, which had
F27 006 been introduced immediately War had been declared.
F27 007    |^Because of this, cars were used for local running only. ^All
F27 008 traffic outside of Otaki was by rail, as buses did not make long
F27 009 distance travel in those days, except for the *"Dominion Service
F27 010 Car**" which left Wellington about 2.00 {0a.m.} to deliver the morning
F27 011 paper between Wellington and Palmerston North. ^There were no other
F27 012 buses between towns and the Railways coped with everything in the way
F27 013 of passengers and goods. ^All travel centred around Otaki Railway
F27 014 Station and passenger trains were frequent during the day. ^It was
F27 015 possible to go to Wellington for a day's shopping by rail or even to
F27 016 Levin for an afternoon.
F27 017    |^Six days a week, return trips were made between Wellington and
F27 018 New Plymouth, and Wellington and Napier. ^Although they did not stop
F27 019 at small stations, all stopped at Otaki, except the Limited which left
F27 020 Wellington at 7.30 {0p.m.} and did not stop until it reached Levin;
F27 021 although every train stopped at Paekakariki so the passengers could
F27 022 get a cup of tea and a bun if they so wished. ^All of the trains were
F27 023 usually crowded as were the local train services between Wellington
F27 024 and Palmerston North which stopped at all stations. ^These were
F27 025 nicknamed *"The Fields**" in honour of a local {0M.P.} who lobbied so
F27 026 hard to get an efficient service on our line. ^Partly because of the
F27 027 war and partly because there was little work offering in Otaki, many
F27 028 young people had moved to live and work in Wellington or the Hutt
F27 029 Valley, and many more were joining the armed services as the War
F27 030 intensified.
F27 031    |^Most of these young men and women returned home to Otaki at
F27 032 weekends to visit family and friends, either coming by train Friday
F27 033 night, or Saturday morning. ^The cost of a weekend special ticket was
F27 034 5/6\0d or on a special Sunday excursion which ran to Palmerston North
F27 035 and cost 4/6\0d for return tickets. ^Ordinary fares to Wellington were
F27 036 8/7\0d. ^Almost without exception all returned to Wellington on a
F27 037 train which left Otaki at 6.00 {0p.m.} on Sunday night. ^The gathering
F27 038 on the station was the highlight of the week. ^There were usually
F27 039 several hundred people arriving,
F27 040 **[PLATE**]
F27 041 and the wonderful scenes of friendly happy faces (although some of
F27 042 those saying goodbye for the last time were filled with sadness) had
F27 043 to be seen to be believed as departing times drew nearer.
F27 044    |^Local young Maori girls and boys in colourful clothing, often
F27 045 accompanied by guitar-playing friends, were spontaneous in their songs
F27 046 and laughter, and those people who had come to say farewell joined in,
F27 047 whether they were acquaintances or strangers.
F27 048    |^As the war came closer to home after the bombing of Pearl
F27 049 Harbour, more and more uniformed locals boarded the trains on their
F27 050 way back to camps throughout the district. ^Of those saying *"good
F27 051 bye**" who will ever forget the beautiful strains of *"Now is the
F27 052 Hour**" sung with such sincerity by the passengers and those
F27 053 remaining, as the train pulled out of the station.
F27 054    |^Later in the war special trains were run to get troops back to
F27 055 camp and were often so crowded some soldiers slept in the aisles or
F27 056 climbed up into the luggage racks.
F27 057    |^When we lived up Te Manuao Road the smell of the coal burning
F27 058 engines used to rise up the hill, and I liked it so much I decided to
F27 059 apply for a position at the station when Alex (my husband) was going
F27 060 into the army. ^Incidentally when he went, he would not take his
F27 061 things in a suitcase but went off with a sugar-bag over his shoulder.
F27 062    |^The stationmaster came over to see me after about a month (I had
F27 063 moved to Dunstan Street with my invalid mother and a big black curly
F27 064 retriever watch dog), and I started work as Female Clerical Assistant
F27 065 1st Division on May 16th, 1942, and worked until December 1945.
F27 066    |^I was always surprised at the class distinction between 1st and
F27 067 2nd Division; the 1st consisting of the stationmaster, clerical staff
F27 068 and shift clerks, and the 2nd Division, outside staff and porters.
F27 069    |^The stationmaster was Joseph Hurley; the shift clerks, Horrie
F27 070 Watts and Stan Homer, but after I had been there a month or so Horrie
F27 071 had two years sick leave and so we managed with the stationmaster,
F27 072 Stan Homer and two cadets, Les Torrance and Norman Boeyaid. ^Reg Wylie
F27 073 was head porter and young Ted Fox was the Junior, and these two
F27 074 porters did all the work it seems to take a half a dozen people to do
F27 075 today.
F27 076    |^Reg told me recently the two worst times for him were the mess
F27 077 and worry he had on night duty, getting American servicemen back to
F27 078 their camps at Paekakariki on the late trains. ^Most of the Americans
F27 079 were just ordinary lonely soldiers like ours when away from home, but
F27 080 there is always the exception, and as either a shift clerk or head
F27 081 porter were on duty all night they had to deal with any trouble which
F27 082 arose. ^There was no 9.00 {0a.m.} till 5.00 {0p.m.} in those days.
F27 083 ^The Station was never left unmanned, as there were up to a dozen or
F27 084 more goods trains going through the night, with food or equipment for
F27 085 the troops, and most engines had to stop at the water tower just north
F27 086 of the station building to fill the engine's boilers with water.
F27 087    |^One race day Reg said there was absolute bedlam. ^All the
F27 088 horses, owners, jockeys and race goers came by rail. ^They didn't have
F27 089 enough room for all the carriages here, so they shunted four trains
F27 090 down to Te Horo. ^All went well until it was time for everyone to go
F27 091 home and with race goers, owners and horses arriving at once, he and
F27 092 one shift clerk did not make much headway until Joe Hurley arrived and
F27 093 had everything sorted out in fifteen minutes. ^But Reg had to clean up
F27 094 afterwards, and with fish and chip papers, race book tickets and horse
F27 095 manure, he said it took several hours, and finally he lit a fire on
F27 096 the platform and the asphalt caught alight.
F27 097    |^After that we all had to work on race day. ^As well as the Otaki
F27 098 Races we had owners and horses off to race meetings all over the
F27 099 country, but it was never as hectic as when the race meetings were
F27 100 held here.
F27 101    |^The Americans arrived about the middle of 1942, and we soon got
F27 102 used to dollars and cents and the American accent.
F27 103    |^Dozens came every night and must have found friends around the
F27 104 town, and the Patriotic Society put on a dance in the Railway Hall
F27 105 every Friday night (now a second hand mart). ^If I was on night shift
F27 106 that week (I finished every second week at 9.00 {0p.m.}) I used to
F27 107 take the office ruler home with me. ^It was a round ebony stick, about
F27 108 two feet long, but I must admit I was only accosted once by a drunken
F27 109 Yankee soldier, and the Traffic Officer saw me safely home.
F27 110    |^We never really had a dull moment in the three and a half years
F27 111 I was there. ^All the news and latest scandal came to the Station.
F27 112 ^Everyone had to travel by train. ^\0Mr Lowry {0M.P.} to Parliament,
F27 113 General Young to the War office, and \0Mr Atmore (the Mayor) to his
F27 114 Law Office in Levin. ^All produce for markets (except Wellington which
F27 115 went by Edwards Transport or Cooksleys) went by rail, as did all the
F27 116 casein and butter from the Rahui milk factory. ^And all the
F27 117 fertilizer, lime, coal and timber \0etc. came by rail.
F27 118    |^I was in charge of the ticket office, helped with the wages and
F27 119 banking, and took all the reserved seat bookings. ^Sometimes folk had
F27 120 to wait several days to even get on a long distance train, and for a
F27 121 while it was necessary to have a permit to travel, as the armed
F27 122 services always had first priority.
F27 123    |^If the cash was short I had to make up any shortage, but if it
F27 124 was over, the Government took it. ^So I became very careful to see any
F27 125 cash and additions were extremely accurate *- no calculators in those
F27 126 days (good old brain power).
F27 127    |^When we had the big earthquakes in June 1942, all services had
F27 128 to be halted until the tracks were examined to make sure there were no
F27 129 rails buckled.
F27 130    |^We had the local post office on the Railway Station. ^At first
F27 131 the Postmistress was a Miss MacIntosh, but after she left we had Alice
F27 132 Freeman (later Kirker) and we became firm friends. ^I think I was the
F27 133 first female ever to work in the Railway at Otaki, but later in 1942
F27 134 Pearl Wylie (now McGuigan) came to work with us. ^She mostly helped
F27 135 with the porters looking after the luggage \0etc.
F27 136    |^In those days trains were run on the tablet system, which had a
F27 137 machine into which we had to insert the round tablet disc, then press
F27 138 a few bells so the next station could get their tablet out. ^There
F27 139 could only be one train on the line, say between Otaki and Manakau, or
F27 140 Otaki and Te Horo, and to ensure this, no engine could leave Otaki
F27 141 without a tablet. ^We hung them on a trivet on a post in a sort of
F27 142 leather purse, and as the engine drove past, a similar trivet on the
F27 143 engine picked up our tablet and left one in its place, which it had
F27 144 picked up from the previous station.
F27 145    |^I was allowed to work the tablet machine, but was not allowed to
F27 146 shift the signals, and one night when the shift clerk had gone home
F27 147 for tea and the porter had not arrived back from his tea, we had a
F27 148 relief express coming over the bridge and of course it could not come
F27 149 through until the signal was changed. ^The new cadet said he would
F27 150 work the signal and I could flag it through with the green flag, as it
F27 151 was a non stop train, but I knew it was against the regulations so
F27 152 rang the Railway Hotel where I thought the stationmaster would be, and
F27 153 he dashed over and saved the situation. ^If the train had been held up
F27 154 a few heads would have rolled. ^Incidentally, the stationmaster was
F27 155 off duty at the time.
F27 156    |^We also had a bookstall on the station run by Una Wylie (Horn)
F27 157 so we had three of the Wylie family over there and two Fox's, as young
F27 158 Ted Fox's father *"Old Ted**" was in charge of the maintenance gang.
F27 159 ^Tom Lowe was his second in command, and Jim Owens was in charge of
F27 160 the signals, and his signalman did any maintenance on all the signals
F27 161 on this line. ^\0Mr Fox lived in a house on the Wellington side of the
F27 162 station, and the stationmaster and Tom Lowe lived on the north side.
F27 163 ^The ganger's and stationmaster's houses have since disappeared, but
F27 164 \0Mrs Elsie Lowe still lives in her cottage and has a beautiful flower
F27 165 garden. ^\0Mrs Lowe told me her house was built for the first
F27 166 stationmaster, when the Manawatu line was first put through.
F27 167    |^My first experience of a lost tablet was with a train loaded
F27 168 with Australian soldiers going home from the Middle East. ^Quite a lot
F27 169 of sick and wounded were with them, and they were on their way to
F27 170 Wellington to go with a convoy of ships to Sydney. ^The tablet flew
F27 171 over the roof of the engine into waste ground where the turntable was
F27 172 situated, and we all searched, Aussies and staff, but it could not be
F27 173 found. ^So Reg Wylie had to travel on the engine as a human tablet,
F27 174 until we could get a replacement.
F27 175 *#
F28 001 **[171 TEXT F28**]
F28 002 ^*0It was the beginning of Rotorua's Government Gardens nursery.
F28 003    |^Although a wing and a nurses' home had been added to the
F28 004 Sanatorium in 1908 and 1912 respectively, \0Dr Wohlmann had considered
F28 005 that the social side of the institution had remained at a standstill.
F28 006 ^The sitting rooms, particularly on the men's side, were, he said,
F28 007 *"depressingly poorly furnished and dingy**". ^\0Dr Duncan, the second
F28 008 Balneologist, added that, while the staff did magnificent work, the
F28 009 building was unsuitable, *"especially... for the better class of
F28 010 patient, who naturally objects to the lack of privacy in open wards
F28 011 and cubicles**". ^Duncan condemned the piecemeal construction of the
F28 012 place:
F28 013 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F28 014    |^The patients found the distance between the Sanatorium and the
F28 015 Bathhouse a greater drawback than the draughty verandahs on which they
F28 016 had to sleep when wards were full. ^In 1938 a patient commented sadly
F28 017 on the journey to and from the Bathhouse:
F28 018 **[LONG QUOTATION**].
F28 019    |^The new building was to have 100 beds, arranged in wards of 1, 4
F28 020 and 8, which were not to be specially separated into male and female
F28 021 sections. ^There was to be a communal room for lectures and music.
F28 022 ^The concept was similar in some ways to \0Dr Wohlmann's hydro, but it
F28 023 is doubtful whether the Labour Government, in planning the new
F28 024 Sanatorium, was very concerned about wealthy foreign invalids.
F28 025    |^In 1939 *+20,000 was spent on constructing a large raft
F28 026 foundation near the Rotorua Bathhouse. ^This type of foundation spread
F28 027 weight evenly over ground that could not be excavated. ^The war meant
F28 028 work on the building had to stop and only the foundations remain as a
F28 029 mystery object for tourists, who wonder at the purpose of such a
F28 030 massive construction.
F28 031    |^\0Dr Duncan, who had been transferred to the Health Department,
F28 032 died in 1942. ^His successor, \0Dr {0A. J. M.} Blair, had a different
F28 033 attitude towards balneology from that of his predecessors. ^\0Dr
F28 034 Duncan had been the last advocate of the spa principle, as against
F28 035 present day hydrotherapy, which is used as an adjunct to
F28 036 physiotherapy. ^Although he had pressed for the latest equipment and
F28 037 knowledge, he had laid considerably more importance on results
F28 038 obtained by water and mud alone. ^*"In some of the cases undergoing
F28 039 mud-bath treatment,**" he claimed, *"the effect has been almost
F28 040 miraculous... cases which have resisted all forms of drug treatment
F28 041 have cleared up in an almost magical manner**".
F28 042    |^The transfer to the Health Department took place in 1947 and the
F28 043 Sanatorium was promptly closed. ^The building survived for another 25
F28 044 years as a home for elderly men, but now the former nurses' home is
F28 045 all that remains of one of the only 2 spa sanatoria ever built in New
F28 046 Zealand.
F28 047    |^\0Dr Blair, the third Balneologist, saw spa treatment as being
F28 048 complementary to clinical work done in hospitals. ^By the end of the
F28 049 1940s a new attitude to the
F28 050 **[PLATE**]
F28 051 medical use of geothermal waters was evident. ^Rotorua's Queen
F28 052 Elizabeth Hospital was developed from the Second World War Services
F28 053 Convalescent Hospital and ever since has been the national hospital
F28 054 for the treatment of rheumatic diseases and other dysfunctions of the
F28 055 locomotor system, such as cerebral palsy. ^Appropriately, its first
F28 056 Medical Superintendent was \0Dr Wallis, formerly of the Pukeroa
F28 057 Hospital.
F28 058    |^In 1949 the Health Department's annual report contained the
F28 059 single most important statement in 150 years of written comment on New
F28 060 Zealand's medicinal hot springs. ^The author was the Director of
F28 061 Rotorua's new Division of Physical Medicine, \0Dr {0G. A. Q.} Lennane:
F28 062 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F28 063 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F28 064 **[END INDENTATION**]
F28 065 |^This new attitude affected not only Rotorua, but every area of hot
F28 066 springs used for bathing in the country. ^As a result, apart from the
F28 067 work that is carried out in the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Rotorua,
F28 068 New Zealand's geothermal waters are now used almost exclusively for
F28 069 recreational rather than medicinal purposes. ^Where Waiwera was once a
F28 070 place to recuperate, it is now a place for a swim, a party or a
F28 071 barbecue. ^Where Parakai once had a massage department, it now has
F28 072 water chutes and large swimming pools.
F28 073 *<*58 The End of the Dream*>
F28 074 |^*0By the late 1940s things at the Bathhouse were in a desperate
F28 075 state. ^A *1Rotorua Post *0article written in September 1948 claimed
F28 076 that the holes in the roof of the Bathhouse were so bad that the
F28 077 guttering had to be on the inside to catch the downpour when it
F28 078 rained. ^In the same year it was suggested that the Bathhouse be
F28 079 turned into a museum of the Arawa people, a plan that to some extent
F28 080 eventuated in 1986 when an Arawa Hall was created in the south
F28 081 transept of the building.
F28 082    |^The problems worsened. ^In December 1954 the *1Post *0described
F28 083 the working conditions and appearance of the place:
F28 084 **[LONG QUOTATION**].
F28 085 ^As an American visitor said in 1960, it was *"enough to make sick
F28 086 people ill**".
F28 087    |^In one of the many meetings held to discuss the fate of the
F28 088 Bathhouse, \0Mr Dan Kingi, representing the Ngati Whakaue people of
F28 089 Ohinemutu, urged the Government to retain the Bathhouse for its
F28 090 original function. ^He believed this would keep faith with the elders
F28 091 who had made a gift of the area, now occupied by the Government
F28 092 Gardens, for health and recreation purposes.
F28 093    |^In 1963 the Rotorua City Council took over control of the
F28 094 Bathhouse, with *+60,000 of Government money to convert the building
F28 095 for other communal purposes. ^It was still used for some bath
F28 096 treatments until 1966, when a hydrotherapy wing was opened at the
F28 097 Queen Elizabeth Hospital.
F28 098    |^Many people still remember treatments in the Bathhouse. ^The
F28 099 popular physiotherapist, Arthur White, who worked in the building for
F28 100 42 years, gave between 3 000 and 4 000 treatments a year. ^Some of his
F28 101 patients were very well known; Sir Bernard Freyberg and Sir Robert
F28 102 Stout (twice Premier of New Zealand) were among them. ^During the
F28 103 1940s the Bathhouse gave an average of 30,000 baths and 25,000
F28 104 massages and the building is still visited by people who were patients
F28 105 there from the 1920s through to its last year of treatment.
F28 106    |^\0Mrs Alice Robinson, who was a bath attendant during the Second
F28 107 World War, described the atmosphere in the building. ^The bath
F28 108 attendants signed on at 8 {0a.m.} and did not finish until 6 {0p.m.}
F28 109 They had a 2-hour lunch break.
F28 110 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F28 111 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F28 112 **[PLATES**]
F28 113 **[END INDENTATION**]
F28 114    |^\0Mrs Robinson has many other amusing memories of the old
F28 115 Bathhouse, among them the vibratory chair used in treating overweight
F28 116 patients. ^The person was strapped in at the waist, wrists and ankles
F28 117 and, when the motor was switched on, was subjected to rapid, violent
F28 118 movements. ^\0Mrs Robinson particularly recalls the treatment of a
F28 119 large woman with pendulous breasts; when the motor began, the woman's
F28 120 breasts flipped over her shoulders, one after the other, faster and
F28 121 faster, with slapping sounds. ^It was very difficult for the attending
F28 122 staff to keep straight faces.
F28 123    |^Of the other buildings in the Government Gardens, the original
F28 124 Blue Bath had been demolished at the end of 1932, while the second
F28 125 Blue Bath was last used for swimming in May 1982. ^The Postmaster
F28 126 Bath, south of the Government Gardens, in the Sanatorium Reserve, was
F28 127 closed in 1950 and, after several deaths, the spring was bulldozed in,
F28 128 during 1952.
F28 129    |^All that remains of the various bathing facilities is the
F28 130 building that opened as the Ward Baths in 1931. ^A *+23,000 Aix
F28 131 massage wing was added in 1965, intended as the first stage of a
F28 132 *+140,000 plan to create a modern international spa. ^The cost over
F28 133 the next 4 years changed the Government's attitude, and in 1971,
F28 134 against some protests, the baths were let to \0Mr Neville Lobb.
F28 135    |^After considerable alterations, the building reopened as
F28 136 Polynesian Pools in 1972. ^It was enlarged and altered again in 1985,
F28 137 and the complex now offers 2 large pools, 26 private pools, Priest and
F28 138 Radium Baths and Aix massage. ^Although some people bathe in the
F28 139 Priest Baths to treat rheumatic conditions, the pools are mostly used
F28 140 for recreation. ^A group of former European refugees living in
F28 141 Australia still, however, visit the Priest Baths every year for *"the
F28 142 cure**".
F28 143    |^Attitudes and situations may simply have changed with time, but
F28 144 if Sir Joseph Ward and Thomas \0E. Donne could visit Rotorua today
F28 145 what they saw would not seem the fulfilment of the dream they had of
F28 146 Rotorua as the great spa of the South Seas.
F28 147 *<*59 Te Aroha *- The North Island Rival*>
F28 148 |^*0Waiwera was the first spa in New Zealand, Rotorua was, for several
F28 149 reasons, considerably the most important, but Te Aroha was the first
F28 150 geothermal water area to receive many thousands of bathers annually.
F28 151 ^It was, for several years, ahead of Rotorua.
F28 152    |^As with Hanmer, Te Aroha's setting was almost as important as
F28 153 its water resources. ^The springs emerged from the side of Mount Te
F28 154 Aroha, the highest peak in the district. ^The Waihou River flowed at
F28 155 the foot of the mountain and the sheltered slope in between was ideal
F28 156 for growing trees and for laying out a town. ^There was native forest
F28 157 nearby and the scarp face of the Kaimai Range contrasted remarkably
F28 158 with the flatness of the Thames or Piako Valley lowlands.
F28 159    |^Unlike Hanmer, Te Aroha has retained its spa appearance. ^Of all
F28 160 New Zealand's geothermal areas, the Domain at Te Aroha looks most as
F28 161 it did in Edwardian times. ^Some of the old bathhouse buildings remain
F28 162 and the formal gardens have been only slightly altered; they are not
F28 163 dotted with barbecue grills, and hydroslides don't loop their way
F28 164 downhill.
F28 165    |^Before Te Aroha was developed, the local Marutuahu people valued
F28 166 the springs highly. ^As the hot water was salty, they believed it came
F28 167 from the sea, through a tunnel in the mountain. ^When he visited the
F28 168 area, Sir George Grey was led to the springs in 1849.
F28 169    |^The original bath was made in the early 1880s after gold was
F28 170 discovered in the adjacent Waiorongomai Valley in 1881 and after the
F28 171 Hot Springs Hotel was built in 1882. ^(This first bath was a
F28 172 zinc-lined packing case sunk into the depression of a spring.) ^Gold
F28 173 was responsible for the immediate introduction of a coach service,
F28 174 which in turn helped develop a settlement that became a town district
F28 175 in 1887 and a borough in 1898. ^The arrival of the railway had a great
F28 176 deal to do with this expansion. ^For the first time in New Zealand it
F28 177 was easy for travellers to get to a hot springs area. ^After March
F28 178 1886 visitors could travel by train from the centre of Auckland to
F28 179 within a few hundred metres of hot springs.
F28 180    |^Before the railway reached Te Aroha work had begun in the
F28 181 springs area. ^A reserve of 8 \0ha had been gazetted in December 1882
F28 182 and the construction of bathhouses began the following year. ^An 1884
F28 183 Government vote of *+200 meant that a women's bathhouse could be
F28 184 completed so that when the Te Aroha Hot Springs Domain Board was
F28 185 formed that same year there were 3 bathhouses on
F28 186 **[PLATE**]
F28 187 the reserve. ^Fencing and tree planting began, and {0J. A.} Pond
F28 188 analysed the water of 3 springs in February 1885. ^All contained a
F28 189 considerable proportion of sodium bicarbonate.
F28 190    |^From 1885 Te Aroha was advertised in newspaper articles and
F28 191 tourist literature *- it appeared, for example, in the Union Steamship
F28 192 Company's *1Tourist Vade Mecum *- *0and this quickly brought an
F28 193 increase in the number of visitors. ^Travellers could reach Te Aroha
F28 194 directly by rail, whereas Rotorua was a 64 \0km coach journey from
F28 195 Tirau, and the difference showed up in the number of baths taken at
F28 196 each spa. ^From January to May 1886 18 686 baths were taken at Te
F28 197 Aroha, but Rotorua's total was only 5 314 for the 9 months from
F28 198 October 1885 to June 1886. ^Even before the railway, however, Te Aroha
F28 199 was ahead. ^Not only was it much closer to Auckland but the journey to
F28 200 it could be made by boat; the small vessel *1Kotuku *0steamed up the
F28 201 Waihou River from Thames. ^It was much more comfortable than
F28 202 travelling the coach roads to Rotorua.
F28 203    |^An early problem facing the Domain Board was people using soap
F28 204 in the baths. ^Women were suspected of being the main offenders and
F28 205 the *1Te Aroha & Ohinemuri News *0recorded on 20 November 1886 that a
F28 206 caretaker had been detailed to keep a close eye on the use of soap.
F28 207 ^From the same paper it is interesting to learn the cost of
F28 208 developments 100 years ago. ^An attractive little building over the
F28 209 main drinking fountain cost only *+75 to construct over the summer of
F28 210 1886-87.
F28 211    |^There were 7 bathhouses at Te Aroha by 1886, and they received
F28 212 considerable praise.
F28 213 *#
F29 001 **[172 TEXT F29**]
F29 002 ^*0It was a time, Despard wrote, for *'bold measures**'.
F29 003 *<*2*=II OHAEAWAI AND THE ADAPTATION OF *3PA *2CONSTRUCTION*>
F29 004 |^SUFFERING FROM THE SAME CARTAGE PROBLEMS WHICH HAD *0beset Hulme,
F29 005 Despard struggled up to Ohaeawai. ^His vanguard of allied Maoris
F29 006 skirmished with Kawiti's scouts on 23 June, and Despard arrived before
F29 007 the *1pa *0on the next day, with 615 men and four cannon. ^He opened
F29 008 fire as soon as possible with his artillery. ^He had two objectives in
F29 009 mind. ^One was to create a viable breach in the palisades, and the
F29 010 other was to demoralize and inflict casualties on the garrison. ^He
F29 011 moved his batteries about several times to improve their firing
F29 012 position. ^Though harassed all the while by accurate sniping and
F29 013 irritating sallies by the garrison, the British kept up a reasonably
F29 014 well-directed cannonade for six days. ^The six- and twelve-pounder
F29 015 cannon failed to create a breach, and Despard ordered up a 32-pounder,
F29 016 the heaviest gun yet used on land in New Zealand, from the ships. ^As
F29 017 the 32-pounder fired its first shots, early on 1 July, Kawiti launched
F29 018 a particularly dangerous and provocative sally against one of the
F29 019 batteries. ^Despard felt he could wait no longer and launched an
F29 020 assault with 250 crack troops. ^The *1pa *0contained only 100 warriors
F29 021 at the time, but the British storming party was shattered and flung
F29 022 back, leaving 110 killed and wounded behind it. ^The impossible had
F29 023 occurred.
F29 024    |^If anything is a constant in the interpretation of the New
F29 025 Zealand Wars, it is the assumption that the British defeat at Ohaeawai
F29 026 was primarily caused by the monumental lunacy of Colonel Despard.
F29 027 ^This assumption took root immediately after the battle. ^From
F29 028 Despard, wrote one newspaper editor:
F29 029 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F29 030 ^Time did not temper these opinions. ^At the turn of the century, {0W.
F29 031 P.} Reeves wrote that the disaster at Ohaeawai was *'solely due to a
F29 032 commander's error of judgement**'. ^In 1962, Edgar Holt attributed the
F29 033 defeat to Despard being *'stupid enough to imagine that a Maori *1pa
F29 034 *0could fall before a bayonet charge**'. ^In the most recent book on
F29 035 the Northern War (1979), Michael Barthorp used a contemporary
F29 036 statement to entitle his chapter on Ohaeawai *'Downright Madness**'.
F29 037 ^If the Northern War was historiographically as popular as the
F29 038 Crimean, Despard would rank with Lord Cardigan as the definitive
F29 039 military cretin.
F29 040    |^To some extent the attribution of the Ohaeawai disaster to
F29 041 Despard's blundering is founded upon the opinions of the participants
F29 042 in the battle. ^Some of these contemporary comments have been used out
F29 043 of context. ^The contemporary reference to *'Downright Madness**', for
F29 044 example, concerned a night escalade which was suggested but never
F29 045 implemented, and not the assault itself. ^Other participants' comments
F29 046 were retrospective, and were influenced less by reasoned analysis than
F29 047 by the shock of defeat. ^Despite the experience of Kororareka and
F29 048 Puketutu, the shock was very great. ^*'Never did British troops pass a
F29 049 more dreadful night than the troops before Ohaeawai after this
F29 050 unsuccessful assault.**' ^The nature of their opponents naturally did
F29 051 not help matters. ^Major Cyprian Bridge recorded that after the
F29 052 assault he and his men were *'tired and dispirited and disgusted
F29 053 beyond expression at having been defeated by a mob of savages and with
F29 054 such fearful cost too**'. ^In this context, Despard was a natural
F29 055 scapegoat. ^Though by no means as intolerant, difficult, and immune to
F29 056 advice as the received picture suggests, the Colonel could be tactless
F29 057 and irascible. ^His attempt *- subsequently retracted *- to blame
F29 058 members of the storming party for disobeying instructions to carry
F29 059 axes and ladders to cut down or scale the stockade did not endear him
F29 060 to the survivors. ^It seems fair to suggest, in sum, that the opinions
F29 061 of veterans like Corporal {0W. H.} Free *- in this case expressed a
F29 062 mere seventy-four years after the event *- that Despard *'did not know
F29 063 his business**', are not quite iron-clad evidence.
F29 064    |^While uncritically accepting the views of Despard's
F29 065 subordinates, contemporary commentators and historians alike ignored
F29 066 the opinions of his military superiors. ^There is admittedly a
F29 067 much-repeated comment allegedly made by the Duke of Wellington, the
F29 068 Commander-in-Chief, to the effect that Despard should have been
F29 069 court-martialled for launching an attack *'in the face of such
F29 070 hopeless difficulties**'. ^It is just possible that Wellington made
F29 071 some comment of this type when the first newspaper reports of the
F29 072 battle arrived in England, but if he did so he soon reversed his
F29 073 opinion. ^After studying the relevant reports, he wrote that *'the
F29 074 service has been well conducted by Colonel Despard**', and that
F29 075 Despard should be made a Commander of the Bath, which he duly was.
F29 076 ^Despard had another supporter in Governor FitzRoy, for whom Ohaeawai
F29 077 was an unmitigated disaster. ^Bravely, FitzRoy made no effort to blame
F29 078 his woes on the Colonel, despite the obvious temptation to do so. ^Nor
F29 079 did Despard's direct military superior, General O'Connell, commanding
F29 080 in Australia. ^O'Connell explicitly exculpated Despard from blame for
F29 081 the defeat and expressed continued *'great confidence in his zeal and
F29 082 experience as well as in his prudence**'.
F29 083    |^Of course, Wellington, O'Connell, and FitzRoy could be wrong,
F29 084 and two major criticisms of Despard require closer examination. ^The
F29 085 first was that the assault could be seen to have no chance of success.
F29 086 ^The second, more specific, was that Despard failed to direct his
F29 087 attack against the point most damaged by his guns. ^These criticisms
F29 088 are unsound. ^Despard was no genius, but Wellington was right in
F29 089 concluding that he was moderately competent. ^The Colonel's
F29 090 reputation, however, is not our main concern. ^The crucial point is
F29 091 that the main causes of the Ohaeawai disaster, including the factors
F29 092 which deceived Despard about the effect of his bombardment and the
F29 093 chances of successful assault, were measures taken by the Maoris.
F29 094 ^Among these was the successful application of methods used in the
F29 095 Musket Wars, such as good fire discipline. ^The improvement of
F29 096 traditional features of *1pa *0construction *- modifications rather
F29 097 than radical changes *- were equally important. ^But the Maori
F29 098 performance at Ohaeawai also included sufficient innovations in the
F29 099 construction of the *1pa *0to make it a new kind of fortification. ^In
F29 100 terms of construction, Ohaeawai was the model for all future Maori
F29 101 defensive systems *- the prototype of what we will call the modern
F29 102 *1pa.
F29 103    |^*0Kawiti bore three closely related problems in mind while
F29 104 designing Ohaeawai: a charge by British regulars was extremely
F29 105 difficult to stop; any measures taken to this end had to be kept
F29 106 secret from the British; and the *1pa *0and its garrison had somehow
F29 107 to be protected against the new threat of artillery.
F29 108    |^As Kawiti was now well aware, attacking British infantry were
F29 109 not only ferociously effective but also had a *'high breaking
F29 110 strain**' *- a large proportion of the attackers would have to be shot
F29 111 down before the attack would stop. ^When this was added to the fact
F29 112 that the garrison of Ohaeawai were outnumbered six to one by their
F29 113 opponents, it became clear that engineering measures to correct the
F29 114 balance were vital. ^To make the best of his few musketeers, Kawiti
F29 115 sought to ensure that they could fire and load in relative safety;
F29 116 that they could bring fire to bear from the maximum number of angles,
F29 117 and for sufficient time to do the necessary damage; and that they
F29 118 could be concentrated rapidly and safely at threatened points.
F29 119    |^The two palisades of the *1pa, *0a strong inner fence and a
F29 120 lighter fence (the *1pekerangi) *0three feet outside it, provided some
F29 121 protection for the garrison. ^More was provided by flax matting,
F29 122 virtually musket-proof, which was hung on the *1pekerangi *0to within
F29 123 a foot or two of the ground. ^But a still more important protection
F29 124 for the musketeers in the firing line was the trench around the
F29 125 perimeter of the *1pa. ^*0This trench, located inside the inner fence,
F29 126 was five or six feet deep, and had firing steps cut in the side. ^The
F29 127 musketeer stood on its floor to load and stepped up to fire at ground
F29 128 level, shooting either through a loophole cut in contiguous timbers,
F29 129 or through gaps between separated timbers. ^To align his gun along the
F29 130 ground improved his aim. ^Even a short-range musket ball flew in a
F29 131 curved trajectory, and there was a tendency to fire too high. ^But
F29 132 more important was the fact that the warriors at Ohaeawai hardly
F29 133 needed to expose themselves at all when repelling the British attack.
F29 134    |^Mobility within the *1pa *0was another problem. ^A single, open
F29 135 firing trench running right around the perimeter of the *1pa *0would
F29 136 have exposed its occupants to deadly enfilading fire *- a cannon ball
F29 137 fired from one end could have swept a whole side clear. ^But if
F29 138 sections of trench were blocked off from each other to prevent this,
F29 139 safe communication would have become impossible. ^The storming party
F29 140 would have encountered only the tiny, isolated garrison of the point
F29 141 attacked. ^The solution was to *'traverse**' the trench *- to leave
F29 142 sections undug across the trench at six foot intervals along it. ^Each
F29 143 traverse had a small gap *- a tiny communications trench*- cut at one
F29 144 end to allow free passage. ^Alternate traverses had the gap at
F29 145 opposite ends. ^As a veteran of the garrison put it: *'^You could
F29 146 travel right round the *1pa *0in the main trench, winding in and
F29 147 out.**' ^The garrison could be concentrated at a single point in as
F29 148 long as it took the furthest man to complete a zig**[ARB**]-zagging
F29 149 sprint of 150 yards. ^Ohaeawai was probably also equipped with
F29 150 secondary communications trenches, giving easy access to opposite
F29 151 sides of the *1pa *0and to internal defensive features.
F29 152    |^In the effort to bring the optimum fire to bear on a British
F29 153 assault force it would have been tempting to resort to the traditional
F29 154 fighting platform atop the stockade. ^The inner palisade at Ohaeawai
F29 155 was easily strong enough to bear such a structure, and with split
F29 156 timber and flax matting it could be made fairly safe from musket fire,
F29 157 as its use in the Musket Wars proved. ^But fighting platforms were
F29 158 easy game for artillery and Kawiti simply abandoned them. ^Instead he
F29 159 turned to salients or flanking-angles. ^These were the same in height
F29 160 and structure as the main palisade and trench, and in fact were merely
F29 161 projections on the main perimeter. ^The angles were very small, and
F29 162 their purpose was not really to make possible a crossfire at a distant
F29 163 target. ^They were primarily intended to provide flanking fire against
F29 164 an enemy standing hard against the *1pekerangi. ^*0A man shooting from
F29 165 a flanking angle, only a couple of yards from another shooting from
F29 166 the main perimeter, would cross the T of his neighbour's fire when
F29 167 both aimed at the same enemy. ^This too was crucially important
F29 168 because of its relationship to the function of the *1pekerangi *-
F29 169 *0the outer fence. ^The inner fence was built of stout logs and could
F29 170 physically block an attacker's progress. ^The *1pekerangi, *0on the
F29 171 other hand, though stronger at Ohaeawai than at later modern *1pa,
F29 172 *0was not a major obstruction, particularly when damaged by artillery
F29 173 fire. ^The British storming party penetrated it at a minimum of two
F29 174 points on 1 July. ^But in struggling with the *1pekerangi, *0the
F29 175 attackers gave the defenders sufficient time to shoot them down, with
F29 176 the flanking fire from the salients proving particularly effective.
F29 177 ^The *1pekerangi *0was *'intended to delay a storming party, so that
F29 178 while they would be pulling it down, the men behind the inner fence
F29 179 might have time to shoot them**'. ^It performed a function similar to
F29 180 that of barbed wire on more recent battlefields.
F29 181    |^Kawiti's second major problem was to conceal his defences from
F29 182 the British. ^When first observing the Ohaeawai *1pa *0on 24 June,
F29 183 Despard could see that two *'barricades**' of logs and a *'ditch**'
F29 184 formed the perimeter. ^He could see a few partitions within the *1pa,
F29 185 *0but neither he nor his officers noted any significant defences in
F29 186 the interior. ^This was all the information the Colonel had. ^At
F29 187 Kororareka and Puketutu, the Maoris had made no great secret of their
F29 188 plans and activities. ^Missionaries and pro-government Maoris
F29 189 communicating with them had been able to provide the army with
F29 190 reliable information. ^At Ohaeawai, however, the Maoris suddenly cut
F29 191 the normal, casual, flow of information.
F29 192 *#
F30 001 **[173 TEXT F30**]
F30 002 |^*0As well as being able to handle the wide range of situations they
F30 003 encounter every day, the New Zealand Police must also know and
F30 004 understand the variety of different laws they are called on to
F30 005 administer and enforce. ^Training today is thorough and sophisticated
F30 006 but when the Police Force was established in 1886 learning on the job
F30 007 was really the only instruction that policemen received.
F30 008    |^The 1898 Royal Commission recommended, as a matter of highest
F30 009 importance, the establishment of a
F30 010 **[PLATES**]
F30 011 central training depot in Wellington. ^It was unfair to both constable
F30 012 and public to put a policeman on the street without giving him any
F30 013 preliminary training. ^The commission suggested a four-month training
F30 014 period for new recruits which should include instruction in the law
F30 015 relating to police duties, in functions and powers, in ambulance work
F30 016 and first aid, in athletics and simple drill, and in other matters
F30 017 ordered by the Police Commissioner.
F30 018    |^The police station at Mount Cook in Wellington was used as a
F30 019 training depot and station from December 1898. ^The first instructor,
F30 020 Sergeant O'Donovan, later became Commissioner. ^The depot proved a
F30 021 great success and recruits who passed through Mount Cook were
F30 022 considered to be of a much better calibre than those who hadn't had
F30 023 the benefit of the training school. ^By 1901 Mount Cook had to be
F30 024 extended and in 1909 a new and larger training depot was opened in
F30 025 Wellington South. ^This was to remain the official training school for
F30 026 the next 45 years.
F30 027    |^After World War *=I began there was a shortage of recruits and
F30 028 training at the Wellington South school was suspended in 1916.
F30 029 ^Training recommenced in 1921 when three-month courses were introduced
F30 030 to cater for the growth in recruitment needed in the postwar years.
F30 031 ^The Depression of the 1930s, however, saw recruitment virtually
F30 032 halted and the school closed again in 1930, to be reopened in August
F30 033 1935. ^In 1937 two large intakes of recruits were trained at Trentham
F30 034 Military Camp in an effort to build up police strength.
F30 035    |^Formal training was suspended again from 1938 to 1945 but a
F30 036 system of weekly lectures for constables and fortnightly lectures for
F30 037 senior staff were introduced during World War *=II. ^In 1946 the
F30 038 school at Wellington South reopened and the following year a
F30 039 correspondence scheme was set up to help police in outlying and
F30 040 isolated districts qualify for promotion. ^In 1953 the now dilapidated
F30 041 Wellington South school was replaced by one established in renovated
F30 042 naval barracks at Lyttelton.
F30 043    |^A comprehensive 1955 training review led to a complete change to
F30 044 the training of recruits and serving police of all ranks. ^Recruits
F30 045 were to undergo 13 weeks of basic training, while there would be an
F30 046 eight-week course for constables going to detective duties and courses
F30 047 for both {0NCO}s and officers. ^The new courses began in 1956 in a new
F30 048 location; the police training school had been moved from Lyttelton to
F30 049 Trentham.
F30 050    |^These changes represented a great stride forward; the police
F30 051 administration were giving training a high priority. ^A variety of
F30 052 courses were created for serving police. ^Specialists such as Search
F30 053 and Rescue staff, Armed Offenders Squads and police prosecutors
F30 054 received formal training at Trentham. ^The Police Dog School was also
F30 055 set up there.
F30 056 **[PLATES**]
F30 057    |^By 1971 it was obvious that a specially designed college was
F30 058 needed to cater for the greater range of sophistication of police
F30 059 training. ^Approval was given for work to start on planning a new
F30 060 college at Porirua. ^This was opened in 1981 by His Royal Highness
F30 061 Prince Charles. ^Now the New Zealand Police have a modern training
F30 062 complex with pleasant and attractive accommodation for over 400
F30 063 students and buildings for teaching, training aids and administration.
F30 064 ^There is also an amenities block containing a spacious dining room, a
F30 065 shop, a post office and recreation areas for staff and students.
F30 066    |^Police training in New Zealand was once an after**[ARB**]-
F30 067 thought. ^With the best of facilities it now has a very high profile.
F30 068 **[PLATES**]
F30 069 *<*6AN EQUAL FORCE*>
F30 070 *<*5Policewomen*>
F30 071 **[PLATE**]
F30 072 |^*0Since about half of New Zealand's population is female, it is not
F30 073 surprising that the number of women in the police is growing. ^It took
F30 074 many years, however, for them to be accepted.
F30 075    |^Women had been employed as matrons and searchers since 1898.
F30 076 ^Policemen's wives often acted unofficially as well. ^They dealt
F30 077 mainly with women and children in courts, escorting women prisoners to
F30 078 and from jail. ^It was 1914, however, before real moves were made to
F30 079 introduce women to the police force. ^It was suggested that they
F30 080 perform such duties as safeguarding girls and children at parks,
F30 081 amusement places, wharves and railway stations. ^At this stage most
F30 082 American cities and many European countries already had women police,
F30 083 and England was introducing them. ^Despite politicians' promises and
F30 084 despite the fact that the First World War was causing a shortage of
F30 085 male police, nothing was done in New Zealand.
F30 086    |^Attitudes were changing, though, by the mid 1920s when the
F30 087 subject was raised again in Parliament. ^More people were now
F30 088 beginning to see the value of women for some police duties. ^In 1938
F30 089 Minister of Police Peter Fraser announced that policewomen would be
F30 090 appointed as soon as possible and the Police Force Amendment Act of
F30 091 that year allowed for this. ^Although recruitment work began in 1939,
F30 092 so too did World War *=II. ^This meant further delays and it was not
F30 093 until 1941 that 10 policewomen, chosen from 150 applicants, were
F30 094 appointed.
F30 095    |^They received three months' training in legal subjects and
F30 096 general police duties at the Wellington South Police Training School.
F30 097 ^In October 1941 the first New Zealand policewomen were posted to the
F30 098 four main centres. ^Attached to the detective branch, the women
F30 099 investigated offences involving women and children, giving special
F30 100 attention to the problem of young girls out late at night, apparently
F30 101 without parental supervision. ^This, of course, was during the war
F30 102 years when large numbers of soldiers, sailors and airmen were on leave
F30 103 in the main cities. ^Teenage girls in particular were often
F30 104 susceptible to the glamour and romance of men in uniform *- and to the
F30 105 liquor they had with them. ^One female constable was put in charge of
F30 106 a camp at Pokeno which housed Japanese women and children brought to
F30 107 New Zealand after their husbands had been interned in the Pacific
F30 108 islands in 1942. ^By 1944 the number of policewomen had grown to 33.
F30 109 **[PLATE**]
F30 110    |^The first women police did not wear uniforms as the
F30 111 Commissioners of the day, the Cummings brothers, felt that they could
F30 112 do their job more effectively in plain clothes. ^Uniformed women did
F30 113 not appear on the beat until 1952.
F30 114    |^Despite their success, women police were, until 1946, employed
F30 115 only as temporary constables. ^There is no doubt that they had to put
F30 116 up with a good deal of prejudice from their male colleagues, who did
F30 117 not believe that women could participate properly in many police
F30 118 duties. ^The women were also paid less and there was a negative
F30 119 attitude towards promoting them above the rank of constable. ^Equal
F30 120 pay legislation passed in 1960 was not put into the Police Amendment
F30 121 Act until 1965 and policewomen only received equal pay in 1966.
F30 122    |^The same year Commissioner Spencer ruled that sex was no longer
F30 123 to be a factor in delegating men or women to particular police duties.
F30 124 ^Despite this directive, however, some police districts were reluctant
F30 125 to employ women fully. ^The very firm guidelines laid down by
F30 126 Commissioner Sharp in 1973 did eventually see a large part of the
F30 127 discrimination disappear. ^He increased the number of policewomen,
F30 128 made it clear that male or female {0NCO}s could command police tasks
F30 129 and instructed that {0NCO}s' and officers' courses must include
F30 130 material on the management of female personnel.
F30 131    |^Today there is full integration of male and female police. ^All
F30 132 recruits undergo identical, often very arduous, training at the
F30 133 Porirua police college and there is much greater acceptance of women
F30 134 in front line operations. ^Whether it is controlling demonstrations,
F30 135 interviewing suspects, attending court or patrolling streets in
F30 136 difficult areas, policewomen are on the job, sharing fully in the
F30 137 often demanding work that is the lot of the police in the 1980s.
F30 138 **[PLATES**]
F30 139 *<*6SNIFFING THEM OUT*>
F30 140 *<*5Dogs*>
F30 141 |^*0Dogs have always been known and valued for their innate ability to
F30 142 track humans and animals by smelling out and following their
F30 143 particular scent. ^This talent made dogs ideal for police work; where
F30 144 humans would have been forced to abandon a search, dogs could sniff
F30 145 out a fugitive and bring him to justice.
F30 146    |^The growing success of police dog operations overseas led to the
F30 147 establishment of the New Zealand Police Dog Unit in 1956. ^Set up at
F30 148 Trentham Military Camp, the unit was under the control of Constable
F30 149 (later Sergeant) {0S. F.} Riley, an experienced dog trainer and
F30 150 handler from the Surrey Constabulary. ^Riley brought with him to New
F30 151 Zealand a foundation stock of Alsatian dogs with suitable blood lines,
F30 152 and these four dogs and 12 pups were the beginning of the New Zealand
F30 153 Police Kennels.
F30 154    |^Training for police dogs is a long process during which they
F30 155 learn to track, using a ground scent, and to *'speak**' (bark) when
F30 156 something is found. ^They are taught to chase and hold suspects but
F30 157 not to bite. ^They also learn to go into noisy and sometimes dangerous
F30 158 situations.
F30 159 **[PLATES**]
F30 160    |^The Police Dog Unit quickly proved its worth. ^In one of their
F30 161 first successes, dogs followed the trail from a breaking and entering
F30 162 to the offenders' home. ^On another occasion they tracked an arson
F30 163 suspect.
F30 164    |^By February 1959 12 dogs had been trained and sent out to
F30 165 various districts. ^To create confidence in the dogs' capabilities,
F30 166 the animals were put through their paces at every possible public
F30 167 venue. ^By this time dogs were regularly being taken on patrol.
F30 168 ^Hooligans causing disturbances on city streets tended to change their
F30 169 minds when confronted by a large Alsatian. ^In just over three years
F30 170 the Dog Unit had become an accepted and valuable part of police work.
F30 171    |^The kennels were providing a growing pool of good Alsatians of
F30 172 the right strain and temperament, but by 1963 the danger of inbreeding
F30 173 and the need for fresh blood led to arrangements to import new
F30 174 Alsatians. ^In 1967 New Zealand provided the Papua New Guinea
F30 175 Constabulary with dogs and training for their handlers. ^The Fijian
F30 176 Police later received similar assistance.
F30 177    |^Labradors made their appearance in the Police Dog Unit in 1975.
F30 178 ^Customs Department officers used two Labradors which had been trained
F30 179 in narcotics detection for baggage searches at the country's
F30 180 international airports. ^These dogs proved to be very valuable in
F30 181 their sniffing out tasks and more were added to spread the work load.
F30 182    |^When the Timaru Dog Unit was set up in 1976 all 16 police
F30 183 districts had units and 61 dogs were operational throughout the
F30 184 country. ^By then dogs were being used in over 10,000 incidents each
F30 185 year, and the animals' involvement meant that more than 2000 of these
F30 186 were satisfactorily concluded.
F30 187    |^After their success in detecting drugs, police dogs were trained
F30 188 to detect explosives. ^This use of dogs was one of the ways in which
F30 189 overseas {0VIP}s visiting New Zealand could be protected against
F30 190 possible bomb attacks.
F30 191    |^The work undertaken by New Zealand's police dogs continues to
F30 192 grow. ^From small beginnings, the Police Dog Unit has made remarkable
F30 193 progress in its 30 years of operation. ^The many people both inside
F30 194 and outside the police who, in the 1950s, doubted the dogs' ability to
F30 195 be a valuable adjunct to police work have been proved wrong. ^Police
F30 196 dogs are now seen as more than just first class working animals; they
F30 197 have become a symbol of police control in much the same way as mounted
F30 198 constables did in the 1920s. ^Today police dogs are used for a wide
F30 199 variety of tasks, which include trailing escapers, finding missing
F30 200 people, going on search and rescue operations, helping the Armed
F30 201 Offenders Squads to arrest dangerous suspects, sniffing out drugs or
F30 202 explosives, bailing up unruly groups or intimidating those creating
F30 203 unrest. ^It is fitting that, in a country whose rural economy has been
F30 204 so dependent on the sheep and cattle dog, his police counterpart has
F30 205 proved his worth in the preservation of justice.
F30 206 **[PLATES**]
F30 207 *<*6READY FOR THE WORST*>
F30 208 *<*5Armed Offenders*>
F30 209 |^*0Unlike their counterparts in many other countries, the New Zealand
F30 210 police have managed to avoid arming their members for day-to-day
F30 211 duties, but they have had to devise a way to deal with armed law
F30 212 breakers.
F30 213 *#
F31 001 **[174 TEXT F31**]
F31 002 |^*6T*2HE MOST COMMON DEFINITION *0of noise is that it is unwanted
F31 003 sound. ^Every day, it intrudes on our lives. ^It may be obvious, loud
F31 004 noise like the sounds of traffic, or jets. ^Or it may be more subtle,
F31 005 such as the dripping of a tap when you are trying to get to sleep. ^We
F31 006 tend to think of noise as just a nuisance, but it can be more than
F31 007 that. ^In this report, we look at noise and its harmful effects and at
F31 008 how *- and when *- you should protect yourself against it.
F31 009    |^A long time ago, the loudest sounds people were likely to hear
F31 010 for any length of time were their own voices. ^The loudest periodic
F31 011 sound was probably thunder. ^The growth of cities and technology
F31 012 brought many more sources of noise. ^Every year there are more of them
F31 013 *- more cars, more planes, more lawnmowers, more electric tools, and
F31 014 so on. ^All around us are many different sounds that ears are not
F31 015 designed to withstand or shut out. ^Noise has become a form of
F31 016 pollution, and hearing has become the sense most often and easily
F31 017 damaged.
F31 018 *<*6HOW NOISE AFFECTS US*>
F31 019    |^*0Noise affects people both physically and psychologically. ^It
F31 020 annoys. ^It can be tiring and distracting. ^It may disrupt sleep and
F31 021 cause nervous tension. ^It makes people less efficient and less alert.
F31 022 ^In a noisy environment, it is hard to hear people talk and, in some
F31 023 situations, this can increase the risk of an accident. ^Headaches,
F31 024 increased blood pressure, instability and ulcers have all been linked
F31 025 with exposure to loud noise. ^But the main physical effect of noise is
F31 026 that it can cause deafness.
F31 027 *<*4Without these cells*>
F31 028    |^*0Inside the ear are some 15-20,000 hearing cells. ^Vibrations,
F31 029 produced by sound waves, travel through the ear to reach the hearing
F31 030 cells, which respond to different frequencies.
F31 031 **[PLATE**]
F31 032 ^Those that respond to higher pitched sounds are the most sensitive.
F31 033    |^Without these cells, no message would reach the brain, and no
F31 034 sound would be heard.
F31 035    |^Repeated exposure to too much noise can result in the hearing
F31 036 cells becoming tired so that for a short while they are unable to do
F31 037 their job. ^You may experience this as a ringing in the ears or a
F31 038 temporary dulling of hearing. ^But if the strain is not too great, the
F31 039 cells recover and hearing *"bounces back.**"
F31 040 *<*4You go deaf*>
F31 041    |^*0If the strain is repeated day after day, the hearing cells
F31 042 lose their ability to recover. ^The louder the noise, the shorter
F31 043 daily exposure need be before this occurs. ^There are usually no
F31 044 obvious signs of what has happened, though there may be a slight
F31 045 muffling of sound and a ringing in the ears. ^But sounds have to be
F31 046 louder to be heard, and very high sounds may be lost altogether. ^At
F31 047 first, some of the consonants disappear and understanding conversation
F31 048 in loud background noise becomes difficult. ^As more of the speech
F31 049 range becomes affected, even with quiet background noise, speech
F31 050 appears to be a mumble.
F31 051    |^Noise-induced deafness does not mean silence. ^It introduces the
F31 052 person into a world where familiar voices and sounds become jumbled
F31 053 and distorted, and where quiet moments of the day may be disturbed by
F31 054 an incessant ringing and buzzing in the ears from which there is no
F31 055 escape. ^There is no cure for noise-induced deafness.
F31 056 *<*4What ears are for*>
F31 057    |^*0Hearing, in combination with speech, allows us to communicate
F31 058 with each other and to learn. ^It is our most sensitive warning
F31 059 system, responsive whether we are awake or asleep. ^Through hearing we
F31 060 gain pleasure, from music and leisure time activities. ^Hearing is
F31 061 worth preserving, and this means protecting ourselves from the harmful
F31 062 effects of noise.
F31 063    |^It is difficult to say exactly when or what noise will be
F31 064 harmful. ^Everyone is affected by noise to some extent, depending on
F31 065 factors such as its pitch and loudness, how long it lasts, how close
F31 066 it is and the surroundings in which you hear it. ^But everyone reacts
F31 067 to it in their own individual ways.
F31 068 **[PLATE**]
F31 069    |^Sensitivity to noise varies from person to person. ^Some people
F31 070 are *"noise-sensitive**", so that they are irritated or distressed by
F31 071 noise that others barely notice. ^As well, people can be annoyed by
F31 072 one noise but not by another which is equally loud and long. ^And, of
F31 073 course, people differ in their judgements of what, actually, is noise.
F31 074 ^The trannie, blaring sports results into the quiet of a Sunday
F31 075 afternoon, produces music to the ears of some, unwanted sound to
F31 076 others.
F31 077 *<*4Noise *- the law*>
F31 078    |^*0New Zealand has laws that deal with the problem of noise.
F31 079 ^Among these is the Noise Control Act 1982, which makes
F31 080 *"unreasonable**" and *"excessive**" noise an offence. ^Local
F31 081 authorities have noise control officers, appointed to receive
F31 082 complaints about noise. ^Anyone is free to make a complaint to their
F31 083 local noise control officer, who will then decide whether the noise is
F31 084 reasonable, unreasonable, or excessive, and take action accordingly.
F31 085    |^The Factories and Commercial Premises Act 1981 requires
F31 086 employers to protect their workers from noise levels likely to harm
F31 087 their hearing. ^The maximum level of noise to which a worker without
F31 088 hearing protection can be exposed for eight hours a day, five days a
F31 089 week, is 85 \0dB. ^Each time the sound energy doubles *- represented
F31 090 by an increase of three on the decibel scale *-
F31 091 **[PLATE**]
F31 092 the allowable daily exposure time is halved. ^So, a person should work
F31 093 in sound levels of 88 \0dB for only four hours a day, in 91 \0dB for
F31 094 two hours a day, and so on. ^Where it is not possible to keep within
F31 095 these limits, the employer is obliged to provide workers with hearing
F31 096 protection devices. ^If you think your workplace is too noisy, you
F31 097 should find out from your employer whether ear protection is available
F31 098 and whether noise levels have been checked by the Department of
F31 099 Health.
F31 100 *<*4Noise at home*>
F31 101    |^*0The law ensures that ears are protected in the workplace. ^But
F31 102 once we get home it is up to us to look after them. ^At home, with our
F31 103 enthusiasm for do-it-yourself activities and other loud pastimes, we
F31 104 are a noisy people. ^But we may not realise that the equipment we use
F31 105 around the house, the garden, and in recreational pursuits, can be
F31 106 loud enough to damage hearing. ^This is true even though we may be
F31 107 exposed to it for only a few hours every now and then.
F31 108    |^We collected the sound levels of some common home appliances we
F31 109 had tested. ^Generally, indoor appliances produced noise at levels
F31 110 that would be a nuisance rather than a hazard. ^The possibility of
F31 111 hearing damage begins at 85 \0dB. ^Vacuum cleaners, dishwashers,
F31 112 hairdryers, juicers, extractor fans, and so on, were all much quieter
F31 113 than that. ^The exceptions were waste disposal units, which, when
F31 114 grinding bones, produced noise at an average level of 90 \0dB. ^This
F31 115 is very loud, but unlikely to be a problem as most people do not use
F31 116 their waste disposal units for more than a few minutes every now and
F31 117 then.
F31 118    |^But if indoor appliances are generally safe, for the gardener
F31 119 and do-it-yourselfer there can be substantial risk. ^Any power tool,
F31 120 whether powered by electricity or petrol, should be used with caution.
F31 121 ^Our measurements found that reel mowers produced an average 85 \0dB,
F31 122 rotary mowers 91 \0dB and chainsaws 107 \0dB. ^Department of Health
F31 123 figures put the maximum level of noise produced by chainsaws at 115
F31 124 \0dB *- which can damage hearing after 30 seconds. ^The Department of
F31 125 Health also gives sound levels for rotary hoes and power tools at 95
F31 126 \0dB and 100 \0dB respectively. ^If exposure to such noise levels is
F31 127 frequent or prolonged, hearing will be permanently damaged. ^Any
F31 128 amount of exposure to noise this loud will probably cause annoyance,
F31 129 stress and fatigue.
F31 130 *<*4Combating Noise*>
F31 131    |^*0There are three stages at which you can tackle an obtrusive
F31 132 noise: at its source, as it travels along a path, and as it reaches
F31 133 the listener.
F31 134    |^In the home, you can sometimes begin by choosing the quietest
F31 135 brand of an appliance when making your selection. ^Regular maintenance
F31 136 of appliances and equipment can help keep down noise output. ^Where
F31 137 possible, reduce the sound close to its source *- for instance, place
F31 138 foam mats underneath blenders and food processors. ^Try to isolate the
F31 139 noise. ^If you can, keep places of noisy activity *- like the laundry
F31 140 or the workshop *- well away from sleeping and living areas. ^Heavy
F31 141 drapes over windows will help keep out traffic and other external
F31 142 noise.
F31 143    |^If a loud noise cannot be quietened and you have to be close to
F31 144 it, protect your ears. ^Users of very noisy equipment such as
F31 145 chainsaws, power tools, mowers and so on should buy some form of
F31 146 hearing protection device. ^So, too, should people who do a lot of
F31 147 power-boating, go-karting, trail bike riding, shooting or other noisy
F31 148 activities. ^Firearms, especially, whether used in hunting or target
F31 149 shooting are dangerous. ^Gunfire can reach peaks of 160 \0dB or more,
F31 150 and at these levels hearing damage is instantaneous. ^As a general
F31 151 rule of thumb, if the noise is so loud that you have to shout to be
F31 152 heard by someone less than a metre away, your ears need protection.
F31 153 *<*6HEARING PROTECTION DEVICES*>
F31 154    |^*0There are two forms of hearing protection device: ear muffs
F31 155 and ear plugs. ^Generally, you can find a wide selection of both types
F31 156 at safety equipment outlets. ^Hardware shops usually have a limited
F31 157 range of ear muffs. ^Ear plugs and sometimes muffs can be bought at
F31 158 chemist shops.
F31 159    |^When deciding what to buy, look first for a device that is
F31 160 graded with a number between one and five. ^With muffs, this grade
F31 161 should be printed on the packet. ^It may be less obvious with ear
F31 162 plugs. ^If a grade is not marked on the packet or shown by a notice on
F31 163 the shelf, check with the retailer that it is a graded device before
F31 164 you buy it.
F31 165    |^A graded device is one that has been tested and approved by the
F31 166 Department of Health. ^The Department gives it a number to indicate
F31 167 the degree of protection it affords. ^The higher the number, the
F31 168 greater the protection. ^Grade 1 devices offer protection up to 91
F31 169 \0dB, grade 2 to 97 \0dB, grade 3 to 103 \0dB, grade 4 to 109 \0dB and
F31 170 grade 5 to 115 \0dB. ^An unapproved device does not necessarily
F31 171 provide poor protection. ^But without a grade you cannot know whether
F31 172 the protection you are buying will be adequate. ^Some ungraded devices
F31 173 provide hardly any protection.
F31 174    |^Whether you buy muffs or plugs depends first of all on how much
F31 175 protection you need. ^Plugs are approved only up to grade 2, or 97
F31 176 \0dB. ^Muffs are available in all grades. ^For most occasional
F31 177 activities around the home, a hearing device which gives grade 2 or 3
F31 178 protection should be sufficient. ^Grades 4 or 5 give added protection
F31 179 in situations where you are regularly exposed to loud noises for long
F31 180 periods of time *- for example, if you are building your own home and
F31 181 frequently using power tools.
F31 182    |^Both muffs and plugs have advantages and disadvantages. ^Ear
F31 183 plugs are small, easily carried and much cheaper than muffs. ^Most of
F31 184 those we looked at cost under *+$5, usually for a packet containing
F31 185 more than one pair. ^They can be worn conveniently with other safety
F31 186 equipment, and are relatively comfortable in the heat. ^On the
F31 187 negative side, they are more difficult to fit correctly and more prone
F31 188 to hygiene problems than muffs.
F31 189    |^The cheapest muffs we found cost around *+$15. ^Most were in the
F31 190 *+$20-*+$40 price range, and some cost more. ^But though they are more
F31 191 expensive than plugs, they last for much longer and are less likely to
F31 192 be lost.
F31 193    |^In general, muffs offer greater protection than plugs. ^They can
F31 194 be easily and hygienically removed and replaced. ^In some situations,
F31 195 they may be less convenient. ^They are not as easy to carry about, and
F31 196 may be uncomfortable in the heat or in very confined spaces. ^They may
F31 197 not fit well when worn with other safety equipment.
F31 198    |^The efficiency of both plugs and muffs depends on your using
F31 199 them correctly. ^If they are not a good fit, they will not work well.
F31 200 ^Bad fitting plugs may not work at all.
F31 201 *#
F32 001 **[175 TEXT F32**]
F32 002 |^*0A friend of mine, desperate and in pain from cystitis, consulted
F32 003 her doctor...
F32 004    |^I'm sorry. ^I know you don't want anecdotes, you want a cure.
F32 005 ^Right *- take 10 mils (two teaspoonfuls) of \0Mist. \0Pot. \0Cit. in
F32 006 half a tumbler of cold water.
F32 007    |^Now come back and finish reading this in twenty minutes or half
F32 008 an hour.
F32 009    |^There! ^It's amazing isn't it? ^Just remember to take some more
F32 010 in two or three hours, sooner if you like.
F32 011    |^As I was saying, this friend of mine, went to see her {0GP} with
F32 012 tears in her eyes *- she'd just been to the loo for the second time in
F32 013 the half hour she'd been in the waiting room...
F32 014    |^All this doctor said was *"^Go home and keep warm. ^Drink
F32 015 plenty. ^Come back next week if you're no better. ^Honeymoon
F32 016 cystitis,**" he said with a faint smile, *"very common with some of
F32 017 you young ladies I'm afraid.**"
F32 018    |^Feeling more like a streetwalker than a lady, my friend paid
F32 019 another agonising visit to the loo before going home to carry out
F32 020 doctor's orders. ^At the end of an unpleasant week of pain and nausea
F32 021 the cystitis had run its course *- for the moment. ^She was better *-
F32 022 more or less.
F32 023    |^This happened a few years ago, I'm glad to say. ^Doctors now are
F32 024 more tactful and understanding on the whole, and there is now a
F32 025 specific antibiotic to deal with the infection. ^This will have the
F32 026 problem under control fairly quickly, within about twenty-four hours.
F32 027 ^Pain and frequency will lessen, and after about three days the
F32 028 symptoms should have disappeared.
F32 029    |^Yet there are still women out there with cystitis, feeling ill,
F32 030 depressed and exhausted by pain. ^They're tired of making appointments
F32 031 to see their doctors who may be more sympathetic than they used to be,
F32 032 but who sometimes still behave as if the sufferers are making a fuss
F32 033 about something of no more importance than a common cold. ^And they're
F32 034 tired of collecting urine specimens *- from which activity nothing
F32 035 permanently helpful seems to result.
F32 036    |^One of our local papers has a medical column, usually very good,
F32 037 written by a general practitioner. ^A little while ago cystitis was
F32 038 the subject dealt with. ^After a description of symptoms and one or
F32 039 two vaguely helpful suggestions, the writer concluded that cystitis
F32 040 was just one more of those penalties of being a woman, and must be
F32 041 borne philosophically. ^After reading that all I could say was that he
F32 042 would write in a different vein if he had just one attack of cystitis
F32 043 himself.
F32 044    |^So let's go back to what seems to me to be little short of a
F32 045 miracle cure *- if used in the right way *- the \0Mist. \0Pot. \0Cit.
F32 046 ^*'\0Mist.**' stands for mixture, *'\0Pot.**' for potassium,
F32 047 *'\0Cit.**' for citrate. ^This potassium citrate mixture is a
F32 048 bitter-tasting colourless fluid that is available without prescription
F32 049 from many, not all, chemists. (^So you could start right now ringing
F32 050 round all the chemists in your neighbourhood. ^If they don't have it
F32 051 ask whether they'll get it for you.)
F32 052    |^This is no *'quack**' cure. ^It is a medicine that was
F32 053 prescribed by doctors and was given in hospitals until the advent of
F32 054 antibiotics. ^Many chemists no longer stock it, and will offer sachets
F32 055 of effervescent powder instead, which, they say, are just as
F32 056 effective. ^I doubt if they know this from experience *- it is not so.
F32 057 ^The sachets have their uses, however, so we'll come back to them
F32 058 later.
F32 059    |^When you track down the \0Mist. \0Pot. \0Cit. buy a big bottle
F32 060 *- say about 250 mils. ^It will cost a lot less than the sachets and
F32 061 won't deteriorate with time. ^It's something you'll always want to
F32 062 have available, and you never know when most of the chemists will opt
F32 063 for the convenience of selling a neat box of sachets instead of
F32 064 dealing with the messy business of measuring medicine into a bottle
F32 065 which must then be labelled.
F32 066    |^Now you have your magic elixir take two teaspoonfuls in water
F32 067 every four hours, or, as I said before, more often if you are in any
F32 068 discomfort.
F32 069    |^One evening I suspected I was in for an attack of cystitis. ^I
F32 070 was running to the loo every hour or so, but my \0Pot. \0Cit. bottle
F32 071 was empty. ^By morning I was feeling really ill and didn't think I'd
F32 072 be able to go to work. ^But I started out and on the way called at the
F32 073 chemist to buy some more of the medicine. ^To the assistant's surprise
F32 074 I asked for a glass of water so that I could take a dose right there
F32 075 and then. ^At morning tea time I took another couple of teaspoonfuls.
F32 076 ^By lunch time I felt so much better that I almost forgot to take
F32 077 another dose.
F32 078    |^A friend who had suffered miserably from recurrent cystitis over
F32 079 several years rang me in despair one morning. ^I gave her my precious
F32 080 bottle of \0Pot. \0Cit. ^Now, although she occasionally suspects she
F32 081 might be in for another attack, a few doses of \0Pot. \0Cit. deal with
F32 082 the problem in a few hours.
F32 083    |^Now many doctors will say that this does not *1cure *0the
F32 084 cystitis, just temporarily alleviates it. ^This may be true, but,
F32 085 unhappily, that is also the case with antibiotics. ^They may destroy
F32 086 the bacteria for the time being, but most women know from experience
F32 087 that it is not a permanent cure. ^Certainly, if someone with cystitis
F32 088 feels safer taking medically prescribed antibiotics, that's fine.
F32 089 \0Mist. \0Pot. \0Cit. may still be taken to relieve pain and
F32 090 frequency, there will be no harm done at all. ^Just any old
F32 091 antibiotics you have around the house, from last winter's flu,
F32 092 perhaps, won't do, of course. ^They must be the specific antibiotic
F32 093 for cystitis. ^There are some unfortunate people for whom the reaction
F32 094 to the antibiotic seems as unpleasant as the complaint. ^For them,
F32 095 \0Mist. \0Pot. \0Cit. would seem to be the ideal answer.
F32 096    |^\0Mist. \0Pot. \0Cit., in spite of my glowing recommendation, is
F32 097 not the only weapon against cystitis. ^Prevention is the best of all.
F32 098 ^Sometimes, if it occurs with other complaints such as influenza,
F32 099 there's no way of insuring against it. ^If it is the *'honeymoon**'
F32 100 type *- the result of sexual intercourse *- there's a solution put
F32 101 forward by the doctor in his column. ^He suggested that women should
F32 102 get up and pass urine immediately after intercourse. ^It is unwise to
F32 103 spend several hours with a bladder partially full of urine where germs
F32 104 might multiply. ^Another doctor says frequent sufferers may need to
F32 105 use an antiseptic cream around the urethra or even take a single
F32 106 antibiotic pill after intercourse.
F32 107    |^But there are other ways that will help to avoid attacks.
F32 108    |^In warm weather, particularly, avoid tight underwear, tight
F32 109 jeans or trousers, even pantihose if possible. ^Germs flourish in
F32 110 moist warmth. ^Even in cold weather someone sitting at a desk all day,
F32 111 for example, in briefs and pantihose (and other garments!) will
F32 112 produce perfect conditions for bacteria to multiply. ^The newly
F32 113 fashionable *'French knickers**' with wide legs worn with stockings
F32 114 are much better clothing for those of us liable to cystitis.
F32 115    |^You can now buy no-gusset pantihose (Bonds Sheer Freedom) which
F32 116 will improve the ventilation problem. ^Pantihose with cotton gussets
F32 117 are little better than all-nylon ones. ^Cotton briefs are better than
F32 118 nylon, but nylon pantihose over them reduce the advantage.
F32 119    |^The sanitary pads advertised as hygienic wear between periods
F32 120 might be \0OK for someone who never suffers from cystitis, but they
F32 121 are not for you.
F32 122    |^When travelling, particularly on long journeys, it is important
F32 123 to wear the coolest loosest-fitting underwear. ^Hours sitting in a car
F32 124 or plane will give those bacteria a great opportunity. ^This is the
F32 125 time when the sachets I mentioned are very useful. ^It's a good idea
F32 126 to keep a few in pocket or handbag. ^Although they're not as good as
F32 127 \0Pot. \0Cit. they are far from useless, particularly when taken early
F32 128 enough.
F32 129    |^This is one of the big secrets in beating cystitis *- catch it
F32 130 early. ^If you have the slightest suspicion that you just *1might *0be
F32 131 in for an attack take one of the sachets (or, of course, \0Pot.
F32 132 \0Cit.) in a glass of water. ^Don't just hope madly that it will come
F32 133 to nothing *- do something about it straight away.
F32 134    |^Drink plenty of water and fruit juice, avoid sugar, cakes, and
F32 135 biscuits. ^Avoid coffee, be careful about tea.
F32 136    |^Failing all else *- if marooned without \0Pot. \0Cit., sachets,
F32 137 or doctor, try half a teaspoonful of soda bicarbonate in water. ^And
F32 138 there's always the old-fashioned *'fruit**' or *'liver**' salts which
F32 139 may help in an emergency. ^The disadvantage about the sachets, baking
F32 140 soda, and *'salts**' is that they contain sodium, often considered a
F32 141 dangerous element in our diets if taken to excess. ^This is
F32 142 particularly important for someone who is pregnant or who has high
F32 143 blood pressure. ^One sachet, *'Ural**', contains bicarbonate of soda.
F32 144 ^Another, *'Citravescent**', says on the packet that it does not
F32 145 contain sodium bicarbonate *- but it does contain sodium citrate and
F32 146 sodium tartrate.
F32 147    |^Herbal remedies *- parsley is often considered helpful *- and
F32 148 such things as old-fashioned lemon barley water (not artificially
F32 149 coloured and flavoured commercial stuff) may be soothing, but they
F32 150 don't, I feel, act quickly enough. ^And it seems to me that the main
F32 151 thing is to stop cystitis almost before it starts, and if this isn't
F32 152 possible, to stop the pain and frequency as soon as possible.
F32 153    |^One last word of reassurance. ^These infamous germs or bacteria
F32 154 are not some nasty disease which some unfortunate women have
F32 155 contracted. ^They are always present in the bowel, where, in fact,
F32 156 they are necessary and beneficial. ^From there they spread onto the
F32 157 skin, particularly round the anus and vagina, where usually they cause
F32 158 no trouble at all, unless they spread by the urethra to the bladder.
F32 159 ^So cleanliness is important, and always wiping backwards after a
F32 160 bowel motion *- away from the vagina and urethra *- although these
F32 161 precautions will not guarantee against an attack of cystitis,
F32 162 particularly if the resistance is lowered by some other infection such
F32 163 as influenza.
F32 164    |^I must repeat, I am not against doctors and antibiotics. ^It
F32 165 would be most unwise, to say the least, to persist in treating one's
F32 166 self if the symptoms did not improve. ^A doctor should be consulted at
F32 167 the earliest opportunity. ^A urine test can then be carried out, and,
F32 168 in a few cases, an X-ray might be necessary in case there are
F32 169 correctable abnormalities causing the frequent infections.
F32 170    |^But even while these investigations are being performed the
F32 171 remedies I have suggested should bring some relief. ^We must have some
F32 172 means at hand to deal with the situation promptly and so save
F32 173 ourselves a good deal of suffering.
F32 174 *<*4{0RSI} sufferers group formed*>
F32 175 |^A*0n Auckland journalist who now has difficulty holding a cup
F32 176 because of {0RSI} (repetitive strain injury) says it is vital that
F32 177 early symptoms of the disorder are recognised and treated.
F32 178    |^Tessa Farnsworth is a journalist with the New Zealand Farmer
F32 179 magazine in Auckland and a member of the newly formed Auckland {0RSI}
F32 180 Support Group.
F32 181    |^Soon after she joined the magazine last year she switched from a
F32 182 golf ball typewriter to an electronic machine and within weeks the
F32 183 first symptoms of {0RSI} appeared. ^By September the ache in her
F32 184 forearms had spread to her hands and she was unable to use them even
F32 185 for a simple task such as cleaning her teeth or doing up buttons.
F32 186    |^{0RSI} was diagnosed and the Accident Compensation Corporation
F32 187 agreed to pay 80 percent of her salary. ^The balance was met by the
F32 188 New Zealand Farmer.
F32 189    |^Farnsworth is a five finger touch typist and during a brief
F32 190 return to work in November she tried to use a manual typewriter but
F32 191 found that it only aggravated her condition. ^She is still off work
F32 192 but hopes to return to work as a sub editor as soon as she can hold a
F32 193 pencil.
F32 194    |^Farnsworth says although she is a member of the new support
F32 195 group she is one of the few lucky sufferers of {0RSI}, her case has
F32 196 been recognised by the Accident Compensation Corporation and she has a
F32 197 supportive partner.
F32 198 *#
F33 001 **[176 TEXT F33**]
F33 002 |^*4Y*0ou may be used to your disgruntled children insisting school is
F33 003 bad for them *- now there's expert opinion to agree with them. ^In his
F33 004 book *1Posture Makes Perfect *0(Fitworld Publications) \0Dr Vic Barker
F33 005 begins a chapter on posture in childhood and schools:
F33 006 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F33 007    |^\0Dr Barker, who practises as a {0GP} in Auckland, specialising
F33 008 in posture, compares the life preparation of children in earlier ages
F33 009 with those of today. ^In traditional society it was performed by
F33 010 parents or other adult members of the tribe. ^Lessons were mostly
F33 011 physical interspersed with tribal knowledge and customs. ^The change
F33 012 came with the industrial revolution with the emphasis on training for
F33 013 a physically inactive and mentally demanding life.
F33 014 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F33 015 he says.
F33 016 **[PLATE**]
F33 017    |^Although education has changed to emphasize the mental rather
F33 018 than the physical during the past 80 years, evolution, he says, cannot
F33 019 work at that speed. ^So if our adult life is to be spent in mental
F33 020 activity and physical inactivity, we should build up a backlog of
F33 021 fitness in childhood to help us through adult life. ^He decries
F33 022 medicine's neglect of
F33 023 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F33 024    |^He cites as examples of this economy the speed at which milk
F33 025 dries up once a mother stops breastfeeding, and the way unfit people
F33 026 can improve their running ability and muscle strength after a few
F33 027 months of training.
F33 028 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F33 029    |^He says bodily activity increases the efficiency of the brain by
F33 030 improving the supply of oxygen, nutrients and recharging it with
F33 031 electricity.
F33 032 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F33 033    |^He warns parents:
F33 034 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F33 035    |^\0Dr Barker says studies have shown that when scholastic time is
F33 036 reduced and physical activity increased, scholastic achievement has
F33 037 improved. ^He quotes a French study involving several thousand
F33 038 schoolchildren whose daily schedule was changed to include an extra
F33 039 two hours of physical education. ^These pupils were more successful in
F33 040 examinations than children on the standard curriculum.
F33 041    |^In an experiment in Adelaide children were given severe exercise
F33 042 three times a week and compared with children in less severe
F33 043 programmes. ^The first group produced the greatest improvement in
F33 044 work, confidence, health and achievement together with an increased
F33 045 interest in sport and a decreased interest in television and video
F33 046 games. ^*"The old time British public school system saw scholastic,
F33 047 physical and spiritual achievement as of equal importance,**" says
F33 048 \0Dr Barker.
F33 049 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F33 050 *<*6CHILDREN'S HEALTH: *4Of Nits & Other Nasties*>
F33 051 |^T*0he new school year brings a new generation of parents with
F33 052 schoolage children *- and for some of them the unwelcome experience of
F33 053 the *"nits and other nasties**" that seem to be part of school life
F33 054 nowadays.
F33 055    |^The three health problems you may encounter are headlice, and
F33 056 skin infections such as scabies and sores.
F33 057    |^Some parents, after they recover from their initial dismay when
F33 058 they find lice in their child's hair, naturally cast around for
F33 059 someone to blame *- the school, the public health nurse, the Health
F33 060 Department.
F33 061    |^Ask the department whose job it is to make sure everyone is
F33 062 treated and it will reply firmly: *"^The community's.**" ^For
F33 063 community read parents.
F33 064    |^Not that the department expects parents or school committees to
F33 065 flounder around alone trying to combat the problem. ^Both the health
F33 066 and education departments and Victoria University have
F33 067 **[PLATE**]
F33 068 prepared a comprehensive kit on the headlice problem. ^After trials to
F33 069 test its usefulness it will be distributed nationally.
F33 070    |^In the meantime parents can take effective action against
F33 071 headlice.
F33 072    |^In a recent article in *1Consumer *0magazine World Health
F33 073 officials agreed that headlice is a particular problem at the moment.
F33 074 ^Some believe infestations are on the increase, others that the
F33 075 occurrence of headlice is cyclic and that we are at the peak of a
F33 076 cycle at the moment.
F33 077    |^Headlice are tiny, wingless creatures whose strong, curved claws
F33 078 are ideally suited for clinging to strands of hair. ^They are not
F33 079 elitist and will live as happily in dirty or clean hair, and on the
F33 080 heads of children from any class of home. ^Human heads provide
F33 081 everything a louse needs, from a warm temperature, to hair for the
F33 082 female louse to attach her eggs to, to food in the form of blood from
F33 083 the scalp.
F33 084    |^Lice are also very peripatetic and will move from head to head.
F33 085 ^That's why children, whose heads come together frequently in play,
F33 086 are so much more susceptible than adults.
F33 087    |^Because lice are so small, fast moving and close to the scalp,
F33 088 you may have trouble detecting them at first and your earliest sign of
F33 089 the problem may be your child's rigorous scratching of a constantly
F33 090 itchy head.
F33 091    |^Most colonies of lice can live on the head for up to three
F33 092 months before they are detected. ^It takes that long for the child to
F33 093 become sensitised to the louse's saliva which it injects into the
F33 094 scalp when it feeds.
F33 095    |^This is why treatment needs to be a community-based thing. ^If
F33 096 you treat your child and other parents don't, your child risks
F33 097 becoming infected again.
F33 098    |^As we said earlier, the Health Department considers it is the
F33 099 responsibility of parents to treat their children. ^But parents,
F33 100 teachers and public health nurses employed by the Health Department
F33 101 each have their role to play. ^Teachers whose job is not to check
F33 102 children for headlice, should still be on the lookout for them. ^And
F33 103 then s/he should contact the public health nurse and advise parents to
F33 104 check their child's head. ^According to *1Consumer *0the public health
F33 105 nurse's job is to identify the extent of the problem and to undertake
F33 106 health education for those involved: children, teachers and parents.
F33 107 ^Nurses may also visit families who are a source of infestation or
F33 108 reinfestation and supply lotions to families who cannot afford, or
F33 109 refuse to buy it.
F33 110    |^Some parents, working through their school committees, have
F33 111 campaigned against headlice. ^Mothers set up a system of checking the
F33 112 heads of children in a 400-pupil school at the beginning of each term,
F33 113 with a follow up check a week later. ^Notes were sent home with the
F33 114 children telling whether treatment was needed and the mothers also
F33 115 gave advice about treatment.
F33 116    |^Effective treatment means killing the lice and their eggs and
F33 117 preventing re-infestation. ^Use a medicated treatment (Consumer
F33 118 recommends Carylderm, Lyban, Paralice, Prioderm or Pyrifoam) and rub
F33 119 it well into the scalp and roots of the hair. ^Repeat 10 to 12 days
F33 120 later to prevent re-infestation.
F33 121    |^Remove the dead nits after each treatment. ^This can be painful.
F33 122 ^Special nit combs are available or use a fine-toothed comb. ^Dip the
F33 123 comb in a mixture of water and vinegar to make the task easier. ^The
F33 124 rest of the family and close associates also need to be treated.
F33 125    |^However, there is no need to spring clean the house. ^But do
F33 126 wash brushes and combs in very hot water.
F33 127    |^Best prevention is to brush and comb the child's hair daily,
F33 128 combing as close to the scalp as possible. ^This will dislodge or
F33 129 injure any newly arrived louse. ^Also check your child's head
F33 130 regularly, especially behind the ears and round the back of the neck,
F33 131 and lift up the hair in sections and look underneath. ^(For more
F33 132 detailed information see October 1985 issue of Consumer.)
F33 133    |^Now for the skin infections. ^Scabies cause itchy little
F33 134 blisters on the skin. ^These tiny, parasitic mites burrow under the
F33 135 superficial layers of the skin, depositing eggs and faeces and causing
F33 136 intense irritation. ^The itching is often worse at night and the red
F33 137 raised bumps or ridges on the skin may be found on the hands *-
F33 138 especially between the fingers *- around the waist or wrists, genitals
F33 139 or buttocks. ^Scratching the area can break the skin and cause
F33 140 secondary bacterial infection.
F33 141    |^Scabies is incredibly infectious. ^Children can catch it from
F33 142 the skin of infected people, by wearing their clothes, or sleeping in
F33 143 their beds.
F33 144    |^To get rid of scabies you need an ointment that is available
F33 145 from chemists. ^It must be treated, because the itching may go away,
F33 146 but the infection will stay and may eventually cause ugly patches of
F33 147 hard skin.
F33 148    |^Part of the treatment to keep scabies from spreading, is to be
F33 149 rigorous about hygiene. ^Wash all underclothing, sheets and towels,
F33 150 well.
F33 151    |^Put mattresses and other unwashable bedding out to air every day
F33 152 for a week, or run a vacuum cleaner or hot iron over them.
F33 153    |^Don't let children with skin infections sleep with other
F33 154 children, or share their clothes.
F33 155    |^If you're into old-fashioned treatments you may be interested in
F33 156 one which is making a comeback in popularity with dermatologists in
F33 157 the {0US}. ^According to the health handbook, *1Our Bodies, Ourselves,
F33 158 *0this sulphur-based treatment is especially useful for young
F33 159 children. ^It is considered less irritating than other chemicals that
F33 160 kill scabies, it seems to be less toxic and it seems to work, say the
F33 161 book's editors.
F33 162    |^It does have a couple of disadvantages; it smells like rotten
F33 163 eggs and can stain clothing.
F33 164    |^The recommended mixture is 6 percent sulphur, 3 percent balsam
F33 165 of Peru and the rest petroleum jelly. ^You put the mixture on the
F33 166 infected areas and leave it for 24 hours, with a new application each
F33 167 night for three nights. ^Some chemists will mix the ingredients.
F33 168    |^Sores start from a broken skin surface such as a scratch, or
F33 169 when itchy insect bites have been scratched. ^Or they may erupt as
F33 170 blisters with no apparent cause. ^Clear fluid or pus may be prevented
F33 171 from escaping from the sore by a scab or dry crust and this interferes
F33 172 with healing.
F33 173    |^These sores can spread, becoming larger or breaking out in other
F33 174 parts of the body. ^They are contagious and will not only spread from
F33 175 one part of the body to another, but from child to child.
F33 176    |^Treatment involves cleaning the sore with an antiseptic lotion,
F33 177 taking care not to infect the surrounding skin. ^Then remove the scabs
F33 178 and crusts gently. ^Apply lotion or ointment recommended by the health
F33 179 nurse or doctor. ^Cover the sore with a clean dressing, but don't seal
F33 180 it down with a waterproof plaster. ^Just strap the edges of the
F33 181 dressing. ^This allows air to circulate and helps healing.
F33 182    |^Used dressings should be wrapped in paper and destroyed.
F33 183    |^Good health is an important means of preventing these sores.
F33 184 ^Good food and adequate rest will help to keep the family healthy.
F33 185 ^Hygiene is also important, especially keeping fingernails short and
F33 186 clean.
F33 187    |^Children with sores should have their own face cloth and towel.
F33 188 ^The basin and the bath should be washed carefully with antiseptic
F33 189 bath cleaner after they have used it.
F33 190 *<*4Alzheimers Disease:*>
F33 191 **[PLATE**]
F33 192 *<The Double Tragedy*>
F33 193 *<By *6PRUE DASHFIELD*>
F33 194 |^*4T*0hey call it the silent epidemic.
F33 195    |^Already an estimated 20,000 New Zealanders are its victims.
F33 196    |^It usually strikes the elderly and our population isn't getting
F33 197 any younger.
F33 198    |^On current reckoning, by the year 2000 the brain disorder known
F33 199 as Alzheimer's disease will be causing 33,000 New Zealanders to slowly
F33 200 lose their minds.
F33 201    |^As sufferers advance down the tragic path of their disease they
F33 202 become wholly dependent on others for their physical care. ^Life
F33 203 expectancy is reduced to about one half or one third that of normal
F33 204 people of the same age. ^On average, they will die six to eight years
F33 205 after the onset of Alzheimer's, though longevity varies.
F33 206    |^The Americans rank it as their fourth biggest killer after heart
F33 207 attacks, cancers and strokes.
F33 208    |^And at the moment, there is nothing anybody can do about it.
F33 209 ^Alzheimer's disease is the most common of the senile dementias, the
F33 210 family of behaviour-changing brain disorders which develop in mid to
F33 211 late life and whose victims are usually described as being
F33 212 *"senile**".
F33 213    |^It is not a normal part of the aging process but a disease,
F33 214 evidenced by changes to cells and chemical processes in the brain
F33 215 which become more pronounced as the illness progresses.
F33 216    |^It is not yet known what causes these changes.
F33 217    |^Although it can strike anyone over about 40 years Alzheimer's
F33 218 usually hits people upwards of 65. ^About one in ten of this age group
F33 219 will suffer Alzheimer's or a related disorder. ^For the over-80s, the
F33 220 ratio increases to about one in five.
F33 221    |^The early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease are subtle and
F33 222 patients may manage to conceal them from their families, though not
F33 223 necessarily more objective observers such as neighbours or employers.
F33 224 ^Even when detected many of these preliminary signs may be confused
F33 225 with other psychological or physical disorders like depression, drug
F33 226 or alcohol-related illnesses, minor strokes, kidney, liver or heart
F33 227 disease and over-medication.
F33 228 *#
F34 001 **[177 TEXT F34**]
F34 002 |^*4T*0he trouble began in intra-tribal feuding. ^About 300 years ago
F34 003 a Wairarapa chief named Tu-ahu-riri was attacked by his relation
F34 004 Hika-oro-roa. ^Among the attackers were Tu-te-kawa and his nephew
F34 005 Turuki.
F34 006    |^Turuki was spoiling for the fight, and put himself at the head
F34 007 of the force. ^But Hika-oro-roa was angry that a man of no standing
F34 008 should dare to usurp chiefly privilege in this way, and publicly
F34 009 shamed him.
F34 010    |^Turuki seethed with resentment, and with his uncle Tu-te-kawa
F34 011 made a plan to withdraw their family contingent from Hika-oro-roa's
F34 012 force and make their own separate attack on Tu-ahu-riri's fort. ^As a
F34 013 particular insult to Hika-oro-roa, however, Tu-te-kawa warned
F34 014 Tu-ahu-riri secretly beforehand of the attack. ^As a result,
F34 015 Tu-ahu-riri fled over the palisade and disappeared.
F34 016    |^Tu-te-kawa's men silently withdrew from Hika-oro-roa's camp to
F34 017 the other side of the fort and waited for the day. ^They attacked at
F34 018 dawn. ^Tu-te-kawa raced to Tu-ahu-riri's house and killed his two
F34 019 wives, though they pleaded for their lives. ^Their husband Tu-ahu-riri
F34 020 was, meanwhile, hiding alone in the forest, helpless and unarmed.
F34 021    |^Tu-te-kawa had spared Tu-ahu-riri's life according to the custom
F34 022 of *1kaikai**[ARB**]-waiu, *0or *'drinking milk**', which expresses a
F34 023 close degree of relationship. ^Under this custom a person might warn
F34 024 relatives of danger, even though he was one of the force which was
F34 025 preparing to attack them.
F34 026    |^In return, Tu-ahu-riri saved Tu-te-kawa's life. ^When the
F34 027 victorious canoes were leaving, he came to the edge of the forest and
F34 028 called Tu-te-kawa to give him back his *1maro, *0or kilt, and his
F34 029 weapons. ^Tu-te-kawa threw them ashore, and Tu-ahu-riri said to him:
F34 030 *'^O Tu, keep out to sea, or keep in shore, rather keep in shore**'.
F34 031    |^Then Tu-ahu-riri, who was a powerful *1tohunga, *0or priest,
F34 032 conjured up a fierce storm, and almost the whole of the conquerors'
F34 033 fleet was drowned in the seas of Raukawa, or Cook Strait. ^But
F34 034 Tu-te-kawa survived, because he had hugged the coastline.
F34 035    |^Because Tu-te-kawa had not only out**[ARB**]-manoeuvred
F34 036 Hika-oro-roa but also killed two high-ranking women, he was afraid to
F34 037 return home. ^He settled instead in the South Island among his Kati
F34 038 Mamoe relatives at Waihora, or Lake Ellesmere. ^He built a village
F34 039 called Waikakahi, *'The waters of kakahi**', which was a freshwater
F34 040 shellfish. ^The village lay near the Akaroa highway, close to
F34 041 Birdlings Flat. ^The lake was full of fish, and Tu-te-kawa lived in
F34 042 peace.
F34 043    |^But Tu-ahu-riri's son was Moki, and Moki never forgot that
F34 044 Tu-te-kawa had shamed his father by choosing to let him escape when he
F34 045 could have killed him, and had also killed his mother.
F34 046    |^When Moki heard where Tu-te-kawa was living he attacked Banks
F34 047 Peninsula, destroying the principal Kati Mamoe fortress at Long Bay.
F34 048 ^Then he set out for Waikakahi and Tu-te-kawa. ^Moki was bent on
F34 049 revenge, but his father Tu-ahu-riri had told him and his brothers that
F34 050 if they found Tu-te-kawa, they were to spare his life.
F34 051    |^Tu-te-kawa was by then an old man. ^His family knew that Moki's
F34 052 force was coming and pleaded with him to leave his village, but he
F34 053 refused. ^*'What will become of the basket of flat fish spread open
F34 054 here**', he said, in a plaintive allusion to the great lake which had
F34 055 sustained him.
F34 056    |^On the day the Kai Tahu force arrived, the village at Lake
F34 057 Ellesmere was almost deserted; the people were out eeling, and only
F34 058 the old chief and his daughter-in-law were at home. ^Tu-te-kawa was
F34 059 lying helpless on his mats in a corner of his house, huddled with his
F34 060 back to the fire for warmth.
F34 061    |^Remembering their father's instruction, Moki and his brothers
F34 062 hesitated to kill him. ^The chief Whakuku had no such constraints: he
F34 063 threw his *1tao, *0or spear, through the window and killed Tu-te-kawa
F34 064 where he lay.
F34 065    |^Moki's force occupied the village and waited for the return of
F34 066 Kati Mamoe from their eeling grounds. ^But Kati Mamoe's chief,
F34 067 Tu-te-kawa's son Te Rakitamau, saw the smoke of many cooking fires
F34 068 rising from the village and warned his people to stay away.
F34 069    |^When night fell Te Rakitamau slipped silently into the village
F34 070 and found the sentries and all the soldiers asleep. ^He crept into the
F34 071 house where Moki was sleeping and laid his chiefly dog skin cloak over
F34 072 Moki's knees. ^Then he left, after instructing his wife to give Moki
F34 073 this message: *'^Your life was in my hands but I gave it back to
F34 074 you.**'
F34 075    |^By this gesture the score was nearly evened: Tu-te-kawa had once
F34 076 spared Moki's father's life when he was at his mercy, but killed his
F34 077 wives. ^Now Moki's men had killed Tu-te-kawa but Tu-te-kawa's son had
F34 078 spared Moki. ^This payment and repayment is an illustration of the
F34 079 forces at work to maintain a balance of power between rival factions
F34 080 within a tribe so that society was in a state of equilibrium and
F34 081 therefore, peace. ^The long history of warfare in Maori society must
F34 082 be placed in the context of a system of thought which accepted the
F34 083 sacrifice of the individual without qualm, in the interests of
F34 084 achieving an overall balance.
F34 085    |^The next morning Moki and Te Rakitamau made peace. ^While Te
F34 086 Rakitamau became Moki's vassal, he was wary enough to ignore Moki's
F34 087 instruction to live at Kaiapoi, and instead went to Paturiki, now
F34 088 Longbeach, near Ashburton.
F34 089    |^Late last century Tu-te-kawa's village, Waikakahi, was the
F34 090 location of *'Wascoes Inn**', or the Birdlings Flat Hotel. ^This was a
F34 091 change station at which fresh horses were hitched to coaches on the
F34 092 Christchurch-Akaroa run. ^Archaeological investigations of the site
F34 093 have shown that the village was spread over an area of about three
F34 094 hectares.
F34 095    |^After their victory at Waikakahi, Moki's party ranged over Banks
F34 096 Peninsula claiming land for themselves. ^The rule of ownership was
F34 097 that a chief was entitled to as much land as he could walk over before
F34 098 meeting another claimant.
F34 099    |^But Moki himself was fated never to join in the spoils of
F34 100 victory. ^While on a raid further south he inadvertently insulted two
F34 101 women in a joke. ^The women reported the insult to two powerful
F34 102 tohunga, who laid a strong curse on Moki.
F34 103    |^Moki was unable to resist the power of the curse, and the great
F34 104 chief dwindled into death. ^His last wish was that he be buried on a
F34 105 mountaintop at Kaikoura where his spirit could gaze northwards to his
F34 106 *1kainga ake, *0or true home, at far away Turanga (Gisborne).
F34 107    |^Moki's followers tried to fulfil his dying wish. ^They set out
F34 108 on their journey to Kaikoura with his body on a stretcher, but the
F34 109 remains became so putrid that they stopped under the mountain, lit a
F34 110 fire, and cremated them.
F34 111    |^The men carried Moki's head back to Pekapeka, or Woodend, for
F34 112 the tribe to mourn the leader who established Kai Tahu's *1mana, *0or
F34 113 power, in the Canterbury area.
F34 114    |^According to Kai Tahu history, Moki's fate also brought about
F34 115 the deaths of his father, his brother and his half-brother, together
F34 116 with a number of other Kai Tahu chiefs. ^The history's emphasis on
F34 117 wiping out Moki's powerful connections suggests that it was recorded
F34 118 by a rival group, which was concerned to establish its own claim to
F34 119 South Island prominence over those of the *1hapu, *0or clan, to which
F34 120 Moki and his family belonged.
F34 121    |^When Moki's father, Tu-ahu-riri, and his brother Hamua heard the
F34 122 news of his death they set out for the South Island from Hataitai, in
F34 123 present day Wellington. ^Ignoring advice to take a double canoe, and
F34 124 failing to make the proper *1karakia, *0or prayers, to protect them
F34 125 from storms, the whole party drowned in Cook Strait.
F34 126    |^Meanwhile, Moki's half brother Tane-tiki had also drowned while
F34 127 on an expedition to the West Coast in search of greenstone.
F34 128 ^Tane-tiki's party came into conflict with the two tohunga who had
F34 129 been responsible for the death of Moki. ^These tohunga, forewarned of
F34 130 the expedition's approach, sent a storm to force the party to turn
F34 131 back towards the east. ^Tane-tiki and his men persevered and built
F34 132 *1mokihi, *0or flax rafts, to speed their journey. ^Some of these
F34 133 overturned in rapids and Tane-tiki and most of his company were
F34 134 drowned.
F34 135    |^One other brother survived in the South Island, but because the
F34 136 traditions are concerned to play down the power of Tu-ahu-riri's sons,
F34 137 they are careful to stress that he gave up the life of a warrior.
F34 138    |^This brother was called Tu-rakau-tahi. ^He was badly wounded
F34 139 while campaigning in the south, and carried back to Kaiapoi, close to
F34 140 death. ^Tu-rakau-tahi had his weapons hung up in front of his eyes.
F34 141 ^Gazing upon them, he vowed that if only he might recover he would
F34 142 never fight again.
F34 143    |^The people gathered for his *1tangi, *0or funeral, decided that
F34 144 the only thing that might cure Tu-rakau-tahi was *1hinu tangata, *0or
F34 145 the fat of men. ^Word was sent north to where there was fighting, and
F34 146 some of the victims were cooked and their fat collected and sent to
F34 147 Kaiapoi. ^The melted fat was poured in the wounds, and Tu-rakau-tahi
F34 148 recovered. ^True to his word, he never fought again. ^He is credited
F34 149 with building the famous pa at Kaiapoi.
F34 150 *<*4Maungahuka: the nearest maori settlement to the south pole*>
F34 151 *<*2PART 1*>
F34 152 *<*0na Buddy Mikaere (Ngati Pukenga/ Ngati Ranginui)*>
F34 153 |^*4I*0n 1835 the Ngati Mutunga and Ngati Tama hapu of Te Atiawa
F34 154 living in Wellington felt trapped. ^Pressed by their former ally Te
F34 155 Rauparaha in the west and expecting attack from Ngati Kahungunu to the
F34 156 east, they sailed for Wharekauri (the Chatham Islands). ^They
F34 157 conquered its Moriori inhabitants, and made their living by selling
F34 158 vegetables and pork to the whaling trade.
F34 159    |^Their easy conquest of the peaceful Moriori had given the
F34 160 Wharekauri Ngati Mutunga a taste for territorial expansion. ^A plan
F34 161 was made to invade distant Samoa and Ngati Mutunga approached visiting
F34 162 ships for transport for about one hundred people. ^Fortunately the
F34 163 whaling captains, aware that Samoa had a large and warlike population,
F34 164 declined to involve themselves in such a reckless scheme.
F34 165    |^In 1842 Ngati Mutunga decided to colonise the uninhabited
F34 166 Auckland islands far to the south of Wharekauri. ^This island group
F34 167 had been visited ten years earlier by a chief called Tauru Matioro.
F34 168 ^Now, he and his father-in-law, Patukumikumi, chartered a ship to take
F34 169 them to Maungahuka, as they named their destination.
F34 170    |^About forty Ngati Mutunga and twenty-five Moriori slaves left on
F34 171 the 500-kilometre journey. ^When they arrived, a party led by the
F34 172 chief Motukaraka set off to takahi the land. ^One walk over the bleak
F34 173 main island was enough for Motukaraka, and he and a companion called
F34 174 Tangari Te Umu got back on board the ship. ^Fearing that the rest of
F34 175 the Maoris would be of the same mind, the Captain hastily weighed
F34 176 anchor and sailed away.
F34 177    |^Matioro and the rest were left stranded on the beach, and had to
F34 178 make shift to survive. ^As a protection against the harsh
F34 179 sub-antarctic climate, they built a pa on a bluff overlooking the
F34 180 harbour. ^They had meat, because previous voyagers had liberated goats
F34 181 and pigs on the island. ^Kekeno (seals) were sometimes eaten and their
F34 182 skins used, Moriori fashion, for clothing. ^From the sea they got
F34 183 kuku, and a kind of fish called kokopu. ^As at Wharekauri, there were
F34 184 young albatross to be caught on the cliff tops.
F34 185    |^The Maoris found a substitute for flax on the island, while a
F34 186 plant with a leaf like a turnip top was used as a vegetable. ^The
F34 187 humble potato was a prized crop, although there was only one part of
F34 188 the island where it would grow.
F34 189 *#
F35 001 **[178 TEXT F35**]
F35 002    |^*0European arrival in the Pacific has been labelled a *'fatal
F35 003 impact**' (Moorhead 1966) because of the great changes to the small
F35 004 scale societies, their religion, ecology and economy through the
F35 005 introduction of European technology and ideology. ^Dance and music,
F35 006 closely related to religious observance and social ideology, received
F35 007 direct assault (as missionaries banned dancing) and indirect effects
F35 008 as societies changed and new realities came to be expressed in the art
F35 009 forms. ^But even under these conditions the introduction of the
F35 010 European ways proved far from a *'fatal impact**' *- distinctive dance
F35 011 and music remain the central cultural expressions in many Pacific
F35 012 Island societies.
F35 013    |^Among the dances most popularly and frequently performed today
F35 014 are those which appear to have originated in recent times and to be
F35 015 influenced by European ways. ^Although some outsiders may refer
F35 016 slightingly to these as *'derived**' or *'acculturated**' forms, they
F35 017 command the allegiance of those who practise and perform them. ^They
F35 018 are the focus of much creative effort in new compositions, and are a
F35 019 message-bearing vehicle in the society. ^Though the dances have an
F35 020 acknowledged recent *'origin**' yet they are an accepted part of the
F35 021 authentic tradition. ^Though named as new dances they contain, maybe
F35 022 predominantly, old features in new relationship to one another.
F35 023    |^Although studies of these forms are still relatively few in
F35 024 number it is the intention in this paper to summarise and compare some
F35 025 aspects of the origins and development of four contemporary genres,
F35 026 (the *4lakalaka *0of Tonga, the *4fa*?1tele *0of Tokelau, the Hawaiian
F35 027 *4hula ku'i, *0and the Maori action song of New Zealand) as this
F35 028 development is reported in the various studies has (see bibliography).
F35 029 ^They represent the many genres which originated in a period of
F35 030 intensive innovation and adjustment within the traditional arts.
F35 031 *<*2TONGA*>
F35 032    |^*0Tongan dances, particularly the impressive *4lakalaka *0are
F35 033 among the most intensively studied of Pacific forms. ^Adrienne
F35 034 Kaeppler gives this account of the origin of the dance:
F35 035 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F35 036 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F35 037 **[PLATE**]
F35 038 **[END INDENTATION**]
F35 039    |^*0Eric Shumway sees the same kind of link between the music of
F35 040 the *4lakalaka *0and earlier music:
F35 041 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F35 042 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F35 043 **[END INDENTATION**]
F35 044 *<*2HAWAII*>
F35 045 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F35 046 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F35 047 **[END INDENTATION**]
F35 048    |^*0In the century since its recognition as a distinct dance form
F35 049 the blend of old and new, and the components themselves of *4hula ku'i
F35 050 *0have undergone changes *- the *'new**' components of the late 19th
F35 051 century, became the *'old**' characteristics for later generations.
F35 052 ^The continuing evolution of the dance has made its appreciation (and
F35 053 definition) in the contemporary Hawaiian renaissance of traditional
F35 054 arts problematic: is the *4hula ku'i, kahiko *0(ancient) or *4auana
F35 055 *0(modern)? ^Profound musical changes illustrate this dilemma: ^*4Hula
F35 056 ku'i *0was at first chanted, with vocal techniques of the old *4hula
F35 057 *0performance style but with melodic contour derived from western
F35 058 tonic-dominant harmony. ^This *4mele hula ku'i *0was frequently
F35 059 accompanied by percussion instruments the gourd rattle feather
F35 060 decorated**[SIC**] (*4'uli'uli), *0split bamboo rattle (*4pulih)
F35 061 *0gourd drum (*4ipu). ^*0But as the accompaniment changed to strummed
F35 062 guitar or ukulele (themselves thoroughly Hawaiianised western
F35 063 instruments) the melodies were progressively sung
F35 064 **[PLATE**]
F35 065 rather than chanted, and the pitch level and contour adjusted to the
F35 066 accompanying instruments. ^While the resulting sung *4hula ku'i *0is
F35 067 musically distinct from chanted *4hula ku'i *0there are continuities
F35 068 between the two, and an overall process of continuing recombination of
F35 069 old and new, Hawaiian and western elements.
F35 070    |^The musical changes, as well as those in dance, text and
F35 071 costuming, indeed the whole phenomenon of *4hula ku'i *0can be seen as
F35 072 a reflection of changing social values:
F35 073 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F35 074 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F35 075 **[END INDENTATION**]
F35 076 *<*2NEW ZEALAND *- AOTEAROA*>
F35 077    |^*4Waiata kori, waiata-a*?1-ringa *0(the Maori action song) is
F35 078 without equivocation a 20th Century innovation. ^Most commonly the
F35 079 origin of the action song is linked with the name of Sir Apirana Ngata
F35 080 *- Member of Parliament, and the most prominent leader in the revival
F35 081 of traditional Maori life, and Maori adaptation to European society,
F35 082 in the early years of the 20th Century. ^Many others contributed to
F35 083 the action song development over several decades (see Shennan 1984),
F35 084 and there is already interesting contrast between the earlier and the
F35 085 later years of its history.
F35 086    |^Today the Maori action song is effectively the national dance of
F35 087 New Zealand. ^It is performed on all manner of public and social
F35 088 occasions, and most surely at all manner of Maori gatherings. ^There
F35 089 are examples of highly formal through to quite informal compositions
F35 090 and renditions. ^Today's action songs vary in a number of dance and
F35 091 music aspects from the classics of the first few decades. ^Originally
F35 092 European tunes, often from popular songs, were employed in the action
F35 093 songs. ^The Maori song may not in any way reflect the emotion of the
F35 094 European original *- the tunes were employed simply as vehicles for
F35 095 the words (as chants had done in the traditional repertoire.)
F35 096    |^Action songs are not mimed dances; the hand actions are stylised
F35 097 renditions of the emotion of the words. ^One early dance which mimed
F35 098 the building of house **[SIC**] is reported (see Shennan 1984) but
F35 099 this aspect of performance did not continue beyond an obviously
F35 100 experimental early stage.
F35 101    |^Themes can tend to the formal and oratorical. ^Many action songs
F35 102 offer the formal greeting of an orator, though other songs may be more
F35 103 intimate or humorous.
F35 104    |^There are several features of the dance movement which have
F35 105 found their way from older dances into the new form, through
F35 106 deep-rooted aesthetic preference as well as through conscious
F35 107 selection by composers. ^For example in the *4ringa *0(arm/ hand
F35 108 movements) of action song, (at least as regards their shape, though
F35 109 not their dynamics), continuity can be recognized from *4pa*?1tere,
F35 110 haka powhiri *0and *4haka taparahi, *0all traditional genres. ^The
F35 111 formation of the performance group is that of *4haka powhiri *- *0the
F35 112 chant dance of welcome onto the *4marae *0in which the women are
F35 113 ranked in lines in front of the men. ^In the aspect of relating to an
F35 114 audience (which will probably reply in kind) and also in the
F35 115 fundamental foot/ leg action marking the beat, the influence of *4haka
F35 116 powhiri *0and *4haka taparahi *0is apparent.
F35 117    |^Above all it is the age-old feature of the *4wiri, *0the
F35 118 life-giving quiver which vibrates through so many stylized movement
F35 119 forms *- *4haka, wero *0(traditional challenge), gestures of
F35 120 *4whaiko*?1rero *0(traditional challenge), that gives action song its
F35 121 pedigree as a Maori dance.
F35 122    |^\0Mrs Witarina Harris:
F35 123 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F35 124 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F35 125 **[END INDENTATION**]
F35 126    |^Thus while everyone knows that action songs were born in the
F35 127 20th century, it could be said that they were conceived a great deal
F35 128 earlier.
F35 129 *<*2TOKELAU*>
F35 130    |^*0The *4fa*?1tele *0(the modern action song) of Tokelau is
F35 131 likely to be more recent than the Polynesian dances so far discussed,
F35 132 but its history must be reconstructed or imagined from the most
F35 133 slender evidence because very few European written records have so far
F35 134 been discovered on the circumstances or personalities involved with
F35 135 the dance in the past. ^The *4fa*?1tele *0is a contemporary dance.
F35 136 ^Two ideas are however commonly expressed on its origin: one is that
F35 137 the *4fa*?1tele *0was introduced from Tuvalu to Tokelau, {0i.e.}, that
F35 138 it was originally a Tuvaluan (Ellice Island) dance. ^The second idea
F35 139 is that the dance was introduced to Tokelau under missionary influence
F35 140 *- to dance the bible stories as a means of teaching people about
F35 141 them.
F35 142    |^This statement can be interpreted as a short *'myth of origin**'
F35 143 for the *4fa*?1tele *- *0it is both, history (being located in
F35 144 historic time, and is a feasible scenario for the *'introduction**' of
F35 145 a dance), and it is myth (it pictures in non-literal or symbolic terms
F35 146 the relationship that the dance has with contemporary society). ^The
F35 147 combination of these oppositions, myth and history, is subtle and
F35 148 shifting.
F35 149    |^There have been a number of contacts with Tuvalu, during which a
F35 150 dance could have been introduced to Tokelau, \0viz. an Ellice Island
F35 151 pastor in Fakaofo 1895-1910; attendance by Tokelau {0LMS} students at
F35 152 Funafuti school; work by Tokelauans and Tuvaluans in Phoenix Islands,
F35 153 and administration of the Tokelaus from the Ellice Islands from 1910
F35 154 to 1925.
F35 155    |^But the Tokelau *4fa*?1tele *0is not the same as the Tuvaluan
F35 156 one (which Tokelauans
F35 157 **[PLATE**]
F35 158 can dance if they intend to) nor is the Tokelauan *4fa*?1tele
F35 159 *0associated with, or centred on, those points at which Tuvaluan
F35 160 contact has been made in Tokelau. ^As a statement expressing symbolic
F35 161 relationships however, the myth of origin appears to distance the
F35 162 *4fa*?1tele *0from the dominating Samoan influence on Tokelau *- the
F35 163 Tuvaluan attribution is a cultural statement in contradistinction to
F35 164 the Samoan presence.
F35 165    |^The mention of missionaries in the myth of origin is also likely
F35 166 to contain both historic and mythic qualities. ^Missionaries in
F35 167 Tokelau as elsewhere probably encouraged action songs as a means of
F35 168 learning bible stories (though in this they were drawing on earlier
F35 169 practice of the Polynesian habit of songs with gestures). ^But the
F35 170 mention of the missionaries is a more positive statement *- the dance
F35 171 given this *'patronage**' in the myth is located in a central position
F35 172 in the church dominated culture of Tokelau.
F35 173    |^Even if research were to reveal tomorrow the details of a dance
F35 174 *'introduction**' as an historic fact, we would still be confronted by
F35 175 a myth of origin as a cultural construct selecting some historic facts
F35 176 and generalizing the ownership of the dance away from any particular
F35 177 Church or atoll (centripetal forces in Tokelauan culture) and allowing
F35 178 it to be the equal property of all.
F35 179 **[PLATE**]
F35 180    |^These abbreviated versions of the work currently available on
F35 181 four Polynesian contemporary dances show some common threads, and may
F35 182 suggest ways in which approaches in one area could be fruitful in
F35 183 another.
F35 184    |^Ideas about the origin of a dance may be seen to be linked, in
F35 185 an historic account, to central aspects of the society in such a way
F35 186 as to give maximum security and prestige to the dance. ^If the Tokelau
F35 187 strategy is to be followed these accounts should be given
F35 188 consideration both as history and as myth. ^The cultural significance
F35 189 of the account should be examined. ^It is a remarkable similarity that
F35 190 three of the accounts name a national *'hero**' in connection with the
F35 191 origin of the dance *- one who was active at the time but who can be
F35 192 seen today as not the sole influential figure, particularly on the
F35 193 regional or local level. ^The *'hero**' acts as the validator of
F35 194 innovative change. ^Only in the Tokelauan ideas of the origin of the
F35 195 dance is a *'hero**' not identified. ^Tokelau is a highly egalitarian
F35 196 society, and here the *'validators**' of change are named as
F35 197 missionaries.
F35 198    |^One unanswered question is, *'how much does the account of the
F35 199 origin of the dance matter to the participants?**' ^Most of the
F35 200 emergent dance forms through Polynesia enjoy a vigorous creative life.
F35 201 ^They stand as central to the traditional culture. ^*'Tradition**', as
F35 202 discussed elsewhere in this symposium, is not primarily or
F35 203 necessarily, the preservation of past forms; it is not 
F35 204 anti-innovatory. ^However, the positive aspect of tradition, often
F35 205 involving a continuity from the past into present forms are **[SIC**]
F35 206 harder to define. ^Perhaps the studies in Tongan *4ma*?1fana
F35 207 *0the warmth and enthusiasm generated in audience and performer, and
F35 208 *4heliaki, *0the habit of obscuring the true purpose of the art form,
F35 209 come closest to understanding this phenomenon. ^The *4wiri *0in Maori
F35 210 dance has a similar function in securing an aesthetic base upon
F35 211 which freedom may flourish without threat to identity. ^With some such
F35 212 base Polynesian dance has the freedom to innovate *- a spanish guitar,
F35 213 a cellophane or plastic skirt, a western popular tune, or biscuit
F35 214 tin drum, can all be accommodated without disturbing the central
F35 215 *'traditional**' nature of the dance. ^Indeed each will have its own
F35 216 function in accumulating new meanings and associations for the dance.
F35 217    |^In a recent study of drumming in the Cook Islands, Wayne Laird
F35 218 gives a definition which emphasises that the word *'tradition**' is by
F35 219 no means the same as *'pre-European**':
F35 220 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F35 221    |^Clearly the longevity of an item through history is not the
F35 222 deciding factor on whether or not it is established as traditional.
F35 223 ^The dance genres, in their innovatory period, have undergone major
F35 224 transformations in incorporating new elements and rearranging the old.
F35 225 ^What is remarkable is that, although the transformations have taken
F35 226 place largely independently, at different times and under diverse
F35 227 influences, there has still resulted a group of emergent dance genres
F35 228 which have familial resemblances. ^The study of this contrast and
F35 229 resemblence should lead to an appreciation of the period of intense
F35 230 innovatory activity during which the dances were formed.
F35 231 *#
F36 001 **[179 TEXT F36**]
F36 002 |^*0Savage observed in 1807 in the Bay of Islands that women suffered
F36 003 little from this *"\1barbrous custom**", having only a small spiral
F36 004 figure on each side of the chin, a semi-circular figure over each
F36 005 eyebrow, and two, sometimes three, thin lines on each lip. ^He makes
F36 006 no mention of body tattoos for women (Savage 1807:4).
F36 007    |^Rutherford's account of female moko (Craik 1830:144) says:
F36 008 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F36 009    |^According to Cruise (1824:267), in 1820 women in the Bay of
F36 010 Islands were slightly tattooed on the upper lip, in the centre of the
F36 011 chin and above the eyebrows. ^Some of them had a few lines on the
F36 012 legs. ^He saw one woman at Hokianga with a pattern like links of a
F36 013 chain on her breast. ^She is said to have come from further south. ^He
F36 014 saw also a female prisoner who was tattooed almost as much as a man.
F36 015 *<*1Queen Charlotte Sound *- Ngai Tahu, Kati Mamoe, Ngati Apa*>
F36 016 |^*0In May 1820 the Russian Bellingshausen noted that only some of the
F36 017 women of Queen Charlotte Sound had their lips tattooed. ^A portrait by
F36 018 {0P. M.} Mikhailov is of a chief's wife tattooed in this way. ^In the
F36 019 collection that Bellingshausen took back to Leningrad there are two
F36 020 tekoteko, or gable apex figures, obtained in Queen Charlotte Sound.
F36 021 ^Both are tattooed with full spiral facial moko; one has no sex
F36 022 organs, the other has clearly marked female sex organs. ^As far as can
F36 023 be judged, this Queen Charlotte form of tattoo belongs generally to
F36 024 the south Taranaki-Wanganui area, with some minor differences. ^As we
F36 025 shall note later, this
F36 026 **[PLATE**]
F36 027 is not the only record of this form of female facial tattoo for the
F36 028 northern South Island.
F36 029    |^Considering the fact that Bellingshausen saw no tattooed women
F36 030 during his stay in the Sounds, it is possible that the tekoteko had
F36 031 been obtained from another area, or depicted a woman of great mana
F36 032 from whom the group were descended. ^Other artefacts obtained at the
F36 033 same time would suggest the people seen by Bellingshausen had a
F36 034 culture that combined some North Island elements with a basically
F36 035 South Island culture.
F36 036 *<*1The Bay of Islands in 1824 *- Ngapuhi, Ngati Wai*>
F36 037 |^*0Louis Isidor Duperrey visited the Bay of Islands in 1824. ^He
F36 038 described women's tattoo as follows (Sharp 1971:89):
F36 039 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F36 040    |^In plate 44 of his *1Atlas *0(1826) Duperrey illustrates Toui
F36 041 and his brother with Hongi Hika. ^With them is a young woman who is
F36 042 shown with tattooed lines parallel with the lips and from nose to
F36 043 half-way down the chin where they stop, a couple of squiggles on the
F36 044 chin itself, and two black dots on either cheek. ^On her shoulder are
F36 045 four or five cross-hatched lines, probably cut during a tangi.
F36 046 ^Another woman, *"Etinou**", is shown in plate 46 with no tattoo at
F36 047 all on the face.
F36 048    |^An original drawing by Jules Le Jeune, artist with Duperrey, of
F36 049 *"Ecao, a young girl of New Zealand**", shows three lines of tattoo
F36 050 above
F36 051 **[PLATE**]
F36 052 the top lip and two spirals starting on the side of the chin and
F36 053 curving to meet in the centre, the area between the spirals and lip
F36 054 filled in with indistinct patterns. ^Another drawing of a woman aged
F36 055 twenty to twenty-two years shows spirals on the nose, tattooed lips,
F36 056 bars over the mouth corners and an indistinct pattern on the chin.
F36 057 **[PLATES**]
F36 058    |^On Duperrey's 1824 voyage d'Urville, then second-in-command,
F36 059 went to Kahouwera, where Touao's wife was having the second half of
F36 060 her back tattooed in spirals by a woman. ^D'Urville's general comments
F36 061 on female tattoo, in the account of his later voyage, published in
F36 062 1830, owe something to his reading of Savage (d'Urville 1830 *=II:455,
F36 063 \0trans. {0D.R.S.}):
F36 064 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F36 065    |^Lesson, who was with Duperrey in 1824, notes: *"^Their lips are
F36 066 furrowed with intensely black lines and with patterns like spear heads
F36 067 deeply imprinted into the corners of the mouth and in the centre of
F36 068 the chin**" (Sharp 1971:81).
F36 069 *<*1D'Urville's voyage in 1826*>
F36 070 |^*0D'Urville's *1Atlas Historique, *0published in 1833, has an
F36 071 excellent series of regional studies of artefacts and people drawn by
F36 072 de Sainson, the artist with the 1826 expedition.
F36 073 *<*1Tasman Bay *- Ngati Apa, Ngai Tumatakokiri.*>
F36 074 |^*0A woman at Tasman Bay has a spiral on the wings of her nostrils
F36 075 and has the lower lip possibly tattooed, while another is shown with
F36 076 no tattoo.
F36 077 **[PLATES**]
F36 078 *<*1Palliser Bay *- Ngati Kahungunu*>
F36 079 |^*0Drawings done at Palliser Bay show no tattoo on the women.
F36 080 **[PLATE**]
F36 081 *<*1Northland *- Ngapuhi*>
F36 082 |^*0At Whangarei Tawiti's wife had her lips outlined above and a very
F36 083 small design below the lower lip. ^An old woman at Whangarei had no
F36 084 tattoo. ^However, at the Bay of Islands E Kara, a young girl of Ngati
F36 085 Kahungunu, had a tattoo on her lower lip, above the top lip and below
F36 086 the bottom lip, which was very elaborate (\0fig. 140).
F36 087 **[PLATE**]
F36 088 *<*1Augustus Earle in the Bay of Islands, 1827 *- Ngapuhi, Kapotai*>
F36 089 |^*0Earle's original paintings (Murray-Oliver 1968) of Bay of Islands
F36 090 and Hokianga women show blue marks at the mouth corners, blue lips and
F36 091 something on the chin. ^Amoko and Awow have both lips tattooed and
F36 092 three lines above the top lip. ^E Ana (\0fig. 141) has both lips
F36 093 tattooed, a line above the top lip and a chin tattoo of fish-hook
F36 094 shapes back to back below the lip, two points protruding into these
F36 095 and two counter-curving hooks with points inwards below this, and a
F36 096 tattoo of pincer shape between her eyes.
F36 097    |^The original painting of Te Rangituke of Kapotai from Kawakawa
F36 098 with his wife and son indicates that the woman has on the lower lip
F36 099 and chin some tattoo (\0fig. 142) that is probably similar to that
F36 100 described above. ^The engraving has an elaborate tattoo, which does
F36 101 not correspond at all with the painting.
F36 102 *<*1Female moko in the early nineteenth century*>
F36 103 |^*0In contrast to the eighteenth century, tattooing of women in the
F36 104 early nineteenth century is recorded as being on the chin as well as
F36 105 the lips and perhaps the legs and body. ^The Bay of Islands tattoos
F36 106 reported by Savage, Rutherford, Cruise, Duperrey, d'Urville and Earle
F36 107 are varied in design and can be allied to a certain extent with male
F36 108 moko styles. ^The first drawings are those of Jules Le Jeune, artist
F36 109 with Duperrey in 1824. ^*"Ecao**" of Ngati Wai has a tattoo of the
F36 110 form recorded for the West Coast invaders of the South Island.
F36 111 ^Earle's portrait of Rangituke's wife would suggest she came from
F36 112 North Taranaki, while *"E Ana**" appears to be local Ngapuhi. ^*"E
F36 113 Kara**", the girl drawn by de Sainson, d'Urville's artist in 1827, has
F36 114 what may have been a variation on a simple form.
F36 115    |^The Bay of Islands-Ngapuhi form of female moko, which was
F36 116 developing at the same time as the male spiral moko was achieving
F36 117 status in the area, would appear to consist of tattooed lips or lip,
F36 118 chin tattoo, and body and leg tattoo. ^People of the South
F36 119 Island-Queen
F36 120 **[PLATES**]
F36 121 Charlotte Sounds area (Ngai Tahu) had full facial moko in male style
F36 122 in addition to tattooed lips or lower lip tattoo with spiral on the
F36 123 nostril. ^In general, though, female moko in other areas was not
F36 124 common or standardised in form.
F36 125 *<*1Mid-nineteenth-century records: Polack, Bidwill, Angas and
F36 126 Shortland*>
F36 127 |^*0Joel Polack has a general comment on female tattoo (1838
F36 128 *=I:384-6):
F36 129 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F36 130 **[PLATE**]
F36 131 ^Polack was mainly in the north and Hokianga, but also visited Tolaga
F36 132 Bay. ^He included an engraving of a woman with tattoo (\0fig. 143)
F36 133 (Polack 1840 *=II:frontispiece), whom he identifies as *"Haupatu, a
F36 134 chieftess of Waipoa**", who would be of Te Roroa, the border tribe
F36 135 between Ngapuhi and Ngati Whatua.
F36 136    |^Catherin Servant was a missionary in the Hokianga and Bay of
F36 137 Islands between 1838 and 1842. ^He refers to female tattoo and notes
F36 138 that high-ranking women had upper and lower lips tattooed and two long
F36 139 lines of tattooing in the middle of the forehead (Simmons 973:14). ^In
F36 140 another section he notes: *"^As for the women, if they are noble, they
F36 141 are tattooed not only on the extremity of the two lips but also on the
F36 142 forehead**" (1973:20).
F36 143    |^In *1Rambles in New Zealand *0(1841), {0J. C.} Bidwill refers
F36 144 to a Ngaiterangi woman he saw near Tauranga who was tattooed on the
F36 145 buttocks like a man. ^This was rare, as women were not normally
F36 146 tattooed anywhere but on the lips and chin. ^Bidwill also
F36 147 distinguishes between the blue marks like sailor's self-inflicted
F36 148 tattoos, which were common on women, and the more elaborate tattoo
F36 149 that grooved the skin. ^Ernest Dieffenbach was in the same area and in
F36 150 the north in 1840, and his observations on female tattoo are worth
F36 151 quoting:
F36 152 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F36 153 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F36 154 **[END INDENTATION**]
F36 155 |^The work of George French Angas has already been noted in the
F36 156 section on male tattoo. ^Angas also painted a number of Waikato women
F36 157 including Te Kauwai of Ngati Haua, Matamata (\0fig. 144), Niapo of
F36 158 Ngati Maniapoto, King Country (\0fig. 147), Te Kauremu of Waikato
F36 159 (\0fig. 145) and Nga Mihi of Ngati Mahuta, Kawhia (\0fig. 146). ^In
F36 160 the Taupo area
F36 161 **[PLATES**]
F36 162 he painted Te Rau of Tuwharetoa (\0fig. 148), in Wanganui, Rihe, wife
F36 163 of a Maniapoto chief, and in Wellington, Kiko of Te Ati Awa and E Wai
F36 164 of Ngati Toa. ^Across Cook Strait he painted two women from Te Ati
F36 165 Awa.
F36 166    |^There are eleven women shown by Angas with lip and chin tattoo,
F36 167 three who have tattooing above the top lip, two with both lips
F36 168 tattooed, and sixteen with only the lower lip tattooed *- as well as
F36 169 women who have no tattoo at all. ^Angas's subjects were mainly wives
F36 170 and daughters of chiefs, or other women prominent in the social
F36 171 structure, therefore his portraits could be expected to reflect the
F36 172 amount of tattooing present at the time. ^Female moko was regarded
F36 173 mainly as a mark of rank, and it is an interesting sidelight on the
F36 174 custom to note the proportion of full to partial tattoo in the areas
F36 175 covered by Angas. ^He journeyed over 800 miles, mainly in the interior
F36 176 of the North Island, as well as visiting the main centres.
F36 177 ^Dieffenbach's observations are reinforced
F36 178 **[PLATES**]
F36 179 by the fact that the majority of the women Angas painted with moko
F36 180 were in the central North Island, particularly in the Waikato or in
F36 181 the Waikato-related tribal areas. ^It is probable that Taranaki and
F36 182 Wanganui were part of this area, but we have little early information
F36 183 for that region.
F36 184    |^The best record of female tattoo is the diagram made in 1843 by
F36 185 Renata Kawepo Tamakihikurangi, chief of Te Upokoire hapu of Ngati
F36 186 Kahungunu of Hawke's Bay. ^The tattoo consists of patterned lips
F36 187 (ngutu) and chin. ^Between the eyes are darkened crescents (hotoki),
F36 188 the upper and longest forming a curve with the open side to the
F36 189 centre. ^Beneath this and joined on to it are two small spirals with a
F36 190 common shank on the inside; an echoing spiral rises from the centre
F36 191 outside and curls up. ^This tattoo is probably that of a woman of
F36 192 rank. ^It is basically a negative pattern using darkened areas and
F36 193 clear-skin koru.
F36 194    |^In the *1Southern Districts of New Zealand *0(1851), based on a
F36 195 journey made to the South Island in 1844, Edward Shortland described
F36 196 the wife of Pokeni, an Otago Kai Tahu chief:
F36 197 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F36 198 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F36 199 **[END INDENTATION**]
F36 200 |^Shortland's observations of Kai Tahu women can be compared with the
F36 201 tekoteko taken to Russia by Bellingshausen in 1820, and with the
F36 202 record of Doubouzet, who was with d'Urville on his second visit in
F36 203 1840. ^Shortland reports that the chief's wife at Otago was tattooed
F36 204 all over the face (Wright 1955:23). ^Roquemorel, also on the same
F36 205 expedition, writes of *"these women with their square faces *-
F36 206 coloured yellow and lined with queer tattooing... with their thick
F36 207 lips, dyed blue by tattooing**" (Wright 1955:33).
F36 208 **[PLATE**]
F36 209    |^It would appear then that there was great variation for each
F36 210 area in female tattoo in the mid-nineteenth century. ^In the north it
F36 211 was just lip tattoo and lines on perhaps forehead or nose, chin and
F36 212 lips, and sometimes legs in the central North Island. ^In the Otago
F36 213 area of the South Island women were sometimes tattooed like men.
F36 214 *<*1Later nineteenth-century female moko: Merrett, Robley, Lindauer
F36 215 and Goldie*>
F36 216 |^*0By the later nineteenth century, tattooed chins were more usual.
F36 217 ^In 1850 Joseph Merrett painted *"E ono at Whakatane**" (Ngati Awa)
F36 218 (plate 23), who has tattooed lips and chin. ^In 1855 the \0Rev.
F36 219 Richard Taylor published *1Te Ika a Maui, *0which contained
F36 220 information from Wanganui, perhaps from earlier observations: *"^The
F36 221 females had chiefly the chin and lips, although occasionally they also
F36 222 had their thighs and breasts and a few smaller marks on different
F36 223 parts of the body**" (Taylor 1855:153).
F36 224 *#
F37 001 **[180 TEXT F37**]
F37 002    |^*0It is also misleading since some readers will straight away
F37 003 begin to look for evidence of the Maori in South China. ^What has to
F37 004 be understood is that at one time there were people whom we identify
F37 005 in the literature as Tangata Lapita or Lapita People. ^There were no
F37 006 Polynesians around when they were plying the oceans. ^After several
F37 007 centuries the Tangata Lapita who settled in various parts of Melanesia
F37 008 changed into the people we now call the Melanesians. ^Those who
F37 009 settled in Tonga and Samoa developed separately from the Melanesians
F37 010 through isolation and many hundreds of years of development. ^They
F37 011 became eventually the Polynesians. ^Some of the Tangata Lapita moved
F37 012 into Micronesia and through mixtures with people already there later
F37 013 evolved into the Micronesians.
F37 014    |^So the first Vikings of the Pacific were Tangata Lapita, who
F37 015 became the people of Tangaroa, the Polynesians.
F37 016    |^The first question has been answered and we can now turn to the
F37 017 second. ^We know that the cradle of Polynesia was in the west, at
F37 018 Tonga and Samoa. ^The evidence from archaeology suggests that the main
F37 019 direction of the settlement thrust was ever to the east, which is why
F37 020 Te Rangi Hiroa called the Tangaroa People *"Vikings of the Sunrise**".
F37 021 ^This is not to say that there were no explorations to the west from
F37 022 any particular point that had been previously settled. ^Aotearoa is
F37 023 the prime example.
F37 024    |^At some point pioneers from Eastern Polynesia, from the
F37 025 direction of the Society Group, the Tuamotus and the Marquesas, or
F37 026 even of the Australs and the Cook Islands, began a westward movement
F37 027 of the familiar *"discover and settle**" pattern. ^It is not exactly
F37 028 clear from which village or island of Tangaroa the ancestors came
F37 029 from. ^The Society Group and the Marquesas have both been cited as
F37 030 likely sources because of the similarity between the early
F37 031 archaeological objects found in those places and in Aotearoa. ^The
F37 032 Cook Islands are another likely source because some of the canoe
F37 033 traditions of New Zealand such as those of Takitimu can be linked to
F37 034 those of the Lower Cooks.
F37 035    |^No location can be identified with confidence as the place from
F37 036 which the ancestors came. ^It is still a possibility that there was
F37 037 more than one migration from more than one Hawaiki, but from the
F37 038 general region of East Polynesia came the very first settlers to New
F37 039 Zealand. ^If there was another wave of settlers who arrived later,
F37 040 they, too, came from East Polynesia. ^There is no evidence of
F37 041 Spaniards, Chinese, Melanesians or astronauts being among the first
F37 042 settlers of New Zealand.
F37 043    |^This fact needs to be stressed because a large section of the
F37 044 New Zealand population believes in a mythical group of Moriori or
F37 045 Melanesians being the first settlers. ^According to their myth the
F37 046 ancestors of the Maori then came along and displaced the Moriori.
F37 047 ^This act on their part made invasion of Aotearoa later by the British
F37 048 a deed of liberation and revenge for the poor Moriori. ^It is a myth
F37 049 which some people wish were true but there is no real evidence to
F37 050 support it.
F37 051    |^The greatest discovery awaiting the archaeologists of Aotearoa
F37 052 is to find the very first settlements of our East Polynesian ancestors
F37 053 who came here during the period prior to {0A.D.} 1000. ^Such sites
F37 054 have not yet been found (Sullivan 1984). ^A possible explanation for
F37 055 not finding any of them is that the archaeologists are looking at the
F37 056 wrong places and consequently are discovering only evidence of
F37 057 long-established settlement in New Zealand. ^The Ruatepupuke story
F37 058 suggests that we might need to look below the present water line
F37 059 especially in inland lake regions; that is, search in Tangaroa's
F37 060 domains.
F37 061    |^According to the present state of our knowledge Aotearoa was
F37 062 settled in the {0A.D.} 900-1000 period and that was when the
F37 063 foundations of Maori art were established in this country. ^We do not
F37 064 know the sequence of development in the arts from the time of first
F37 065 settlement to, say, the time of Captain Cook's first visit. ^However,
F37 066 there are prime decorated objects which look to be the antecedents of
F37 067 Classical Maori art and there are some sequences, such as the combs of
F37 068 Kauri Point, which help provide some of the clues needed. ^One example
F37 069 of a prime object is the Kaitaia carving. ^In appearance the
F37 070 decorations are not characteristically Maori but the structure of the
F37 071 composition is exactly the same as in later door lintels. ^There is a
F37 072 vague resemblance to the art of East Polynesia but as Archey (1977:30)
F37 073 has described, there are no precise details of relationship. ^What can
F37 074 be sensed is an elusive quality, a tone, a feeling that persuades an
F37 075 observer of affinities with East Polynesia.
F37 076    |^Another example that excites the imagination is the carved
F37 077 piece known as Uenuku (Archey 1977:113). ^This is an abstract work
F37 078 that is said to symbolise a tribal god of the Tainui people. ^It was
F37 079 discovered in 1906 in Lake Ngaroto near Te Awamutu. ^Basically it
F37 080 consists of a major curve and four *"fingers**" pointing heavenwards.
F37 081 ^So while the piece has been linked to a Hawaiian crested figure, the
F37 082 resemblance is merely suggestive. ^It certainly appears to be as much
F37 083 Maori or more so than Hawaiian.
F37 084    |^More intriguing for the purpose of establishing relationships
F37 085 with the earliest phases of Aotearoa art are various pendants such as
F37 086 the *"chevroned**" pendants, reels, and sundry shapes in bone,
F37 087 argillite and basalt. ^Many of these artefacts are reminiscent of
F37 088 early East Polynesian forms in locations such as Tahiti, Hawaii, the
F37 089 Marquesas and the Cooks. ^But again the resemblances are suggestive of
F37 090 common origins and are by no means exactly similar.
F37 091    |^A canoe prow and stern piece dug up at Tokerau Beach in
F37 092 Doubtless Bay and featured in various books ({0e.g.} Archey 1977)
F37 093 appear to be ancient but the head on the prow does appear to be Maori.
F37 094 ^It is not so stylistically different as to be describable as Chinese
F37 095 or Indonesian. ^Both the prow and stern piece look vaguely familiar.
F37 096 ^The canoe is, of course, an ancient Polynesian form and the two types
F37 097 *- the outrigger and dugout *- were widely distributed over the
F37 098 islands of Polynesia. ^It is interesting to note that at first
F37 099 European contact in Aotearoa the outrigger and dugout canoes were
F37 100 present. ^In fact there were two dugout varieties, the single-hull
F37 101 dugout and the well-known double canoe. ^These forms of canoe were
F37 102 also known in the Society Islands.
F37 103    |^However, a comparison of the canoes used by Polynesians at the
F37 104 time
F37 105 **[PLATE**]
F37 106 of Captain Cook reveals two outstanding facts which apply to every
F37 107 other type of object. ^The first is that the type is present as a
F37 108 concept or general invention. ^For Polynesia the inventions are the
F37 109 outrigger and the single-hull canoe. ^But wherever they occur they are
F37 110 different in shape and appearance. ^Moreover the differences tend to
F37 111 be so regular that the canoes of Hawaii can be distinguished from
F37 112 those of the Society Group, Niue, Tonga, Kapingamarangi and Aotearoa.
F37 113 ^In addition the surface decorations applied to the canoes, if any
F37 114 were worked in, are also distinctive of each island nation, thus
F37 115 emphasising the differences that would result from separate
F37 116 development over several centuries.
F37 117    |^The wooden bowl was a common Polynesian domestic item but the
F37 118 bowls of Hawaii, the Marquesas and Aotearoa are as different from one
F37 119 another as any one of them is from the bowls of Melanesia, for example
F37 120 from those of the Eastern Solomons. ^Adze blades might show a lesser
F37 121 degree of regional variation but even in the case of this artefact the
F37 122 differences are obvious to expert eyes. ^Likewise, the weapons used by
F37 123 the Polynesians are very different so that a Tongan club is easily
F37 124 distinguished from a Marquesan or Aotearoa club.
F37 125    |^Thus while the Eastern Polynesian ancestors brought with them a
F37 126 tool kit of adzes, the technology for producing tapa cloth, the
F37 127 conceptual models for constructing houses, canoes, bowls, weapons,
F37 128 fishing gear (including the harpoon point), ornaments, basketry and
F37 129 cordage, and while they brought with them the concepts and the
F37 130 necessary technology for tattooing and woodcarving, the cultural
F37 131 heritage would have developed quite differently through time from
F37 132 similar daughter heritages in other parts of Polynesia. ^If any of the
F37 133 objects are to bear close resemblance from one island to another
F37 134 across hundreds of nautical miles it can only be so at the moment when
F37 135 the daughters split off from the parent heritage. ^After that the
F37 136 processes of variation begin to take effect. ^This is why it is
F37 137 difficult to find actual similarities in artefact shapes and
F37 138 decoration. ^They are not the same.
F37 139    |^Tattooing illustrates the point clearly. ^Samoan tattooing
F37 140 (\0fig. 8) is quite unlike Hawaiian, Tahitian, Marquesan, Maori and
F37 141 the forms found in Sikaiana. ^We assume on the grounds of wide
F37 142 distribution that tattooing was part of the common heritage. ^But in
F37 143 each case the artists developed their portion of the heritage
F37 144 differently.
F37 145    |^Eventually examples of Maori art were collected by explorers
F37 146 and ships' captains and taken to Britain, Europe and the United
F37 147 States. ^Such collecting began almost from the first contact that
F37 148 Captain Cook had in 1769 with the Maori people. ^Because of Cook's
F37 149 expeditions large numbers of Maori artefacts were landed in Britain
F37 150 and a large quantity of them were deposited in the British Museum in
F37 151 London. ^Other early collections associated with the Cook expeditions
F37 152 found homes in museums in Stockholm, Leningrad and Rome. ^American
F37 153 trading vessels collected some valuable items from the Northland
F37 154 region in the early part of the 1800s and some of their pieces are in
F37 155 the Peabody Museums in Salem and at Harvard. ^Yet other collectors
F37 156 added to the trunks and cabinets of the art connoisseurs of Europe.
F37 157 ^The British Museum collection continued to grow following the British
F37 158 takeover of Aotearoa in 1840 and there is no question that outside of
F37 159 our own shores Britain has the largest share of the artistic plunder
F37 160 that Europeans competed for especially during the eighteenth and
F37 161 nineteenth centuries.
F37 162    |^The artists of long ago who developed what we now know as Maori
F37 163 art left a priceless legacy to the descendants of today. ^They
F37 164 produced an art tradition in which excellence was given a high value.
F37 165 ^They developed a truly magnificent art that Maori people today can
F37 166 figuratively wear as a cloak of distinction. ^All the evidence
F37 167 available to us now affirms the Polynesian stamp on Maori art: it grew
F37 168 out of an East Polynesian foundation and is therefore thoroughly
F37 169 Polynesian.
F37 170 *<3*>
F37 171 *<*4Ka tipu nga mahi whakairo*>
F37 172 *<*0The arts develop and flourish*>
F37 173 |^The Maori of 1769 were examples of Rousseau's noble savage who
F37 174 fascinated and at the same time disgusted the Western World (\0fig.
F37 175 9). ^Their appetite for human flesh, was, of course, the prime cause
F37 176 for disgust. ^But against this was their sophisticated art *- the
F37 177 beautiful war canoes seen by the early explorers, the cloaks, adzes,
F37 178 wakahuia and weapons. ^The tattooed faces and buttocks, the hair-do,
F37 179 the clothes and ornaments worn at the time presented a picture of the
F37 180 cultured Maori, of people enhanced by their arts.
F37 181    |^These people of 1769 were awe-inspiring, frighteningly
F37 182 different from the people of Europe (\0fig. 10). ^They were different
F37 183 too from the Tahitians, whom Cook had met before coming to Aotearoa
F37 184 and who were seen as soft people.
F37 185    |^Much can happen in 750 years, and especially in an isolated
F37 186 island group such as Aotearoa. ^A major task of archaeologists and
F37 187 ethnologists is to reconstruct the changes that occurred during that
F37 188 period and try to plot the high points or prime objects produced along
F37 189 the way. ^We are not yet able to provide a connected story or theory
F37 190 about the development. ^All that we can manage, as mentioned already,
F37 191 is to focus upon a few objects of great importance and presumed
F37 192 antiquity and draw inferences from their location, appearance and age.
F37 193    |^The theory followed here is that the foundations were
F37 194 introduced with the first settlers. ^They brought with them a portion
F37 195 of the East Polynesian heritage which includes the items already
F37 196 mentioned in the previous chapter. ^What the reader has to try to
F37 197 visualise is a founding canoe or canoes (we have no idea how many)
F37 198 landing with a small group of people, of men and women capable of
F37 199 bearing children.
F37 200 *#
F38 001 **[181 TEXT F38**]
F38 002    |^*0Due to the advent in this country of the rapidly expanding
F38 003 manufacture of so-called *'Reproductions**' or copies of original
F38 004 antique and vintage bisque head dolls over the past five years, it
F38 005 behoves the old established collector, to consider the investment side
F38 006 of his/her hobby!
F38 007    |^Now if you are a fond grandmother and want to buy a nice baby
F38 008 doll for little Karen to play with, you are looking at an outlay of
F38 009 some *+$200-*+$300 if you want a good quality modern doll for her.
F38 010    |^High priced and good quality vinyl German dolls have been
F38 011 imported in fairly large numbers over the past two years, and if you
F38 012 also want to help said little grand-daughter to get a first class
F38 013 education in the future, then it would be a wise investment to buy two
F38 014 samples of any given German doll.
F38 015    |^Put one away mint in box out of the light and away from extremes
F38 016 of heat and cold and in 10 years or so, the sale of such a doll will
F38 017 go towards the cost of Karen's education.
F38 018    |^A top quality reproduction doll can also run over the
F38 019 *+$200-*+$300 mark and this is a field where a lot of know-how on the
F38 020 originals is needed, not to mention keeping an eye on the number of
F38 021 such copies which have been made, the identity of the artisan and the
F38 022 date. ^Quite frankly you cannot afford to buy a poor sample of these
F38 023 copies, after all if you want a copy of a world famous painting by a
F38 024 legendary artist, you are going to buy the best quality copy you can
F38 025 find! ^Knowing such copy will eventually command a reasonable
F38 026 investment value in its own right.
F38 027    |^If, however, you have carefully picked your way among the many
F38 028 pitfalls awaiting the unwary in the field of antique and vintage
F38 029 dolls, and have a choice selection tucked away, well out of sight of
F38 030 possible burglary and/or vandals, then you will already have a
F38 031 **[PLATE**]
F38 032 good investment. ^It will be a hedge against inflation and a
F38 033 delightful piece of nostalgia. ^If you have had the doll redressed,
F38 034 then should the high fashion doll couturier be equally well thought
F38 035 of, then that too will add considerably to the value of your most
F38 036 prized possession!
F38 037    |^For many people an old doll with jointed or gussetted limbs, and
F38 038 natural looking smoothly delineated features is not just an investment
F38 039 in the future, but a piece of actual history to be cherished and taken
F38 040 care of before as *'guardian of the treasure**' you hand her on to the
F38 041 next generation.
F38 042    |^The antique doll business is booming world-wide, so it's natural
F38 043 there will also be fakes. ^The latter are not yet much of a problem in
F38 044 New Zealand, or Australia, but they will be.
F38 045    |^Already some bona fide copies, particularly of black dolls, have
F38 046 been seen at auctions, and the price has risen too high because the
F38 047 buyer has not bothered to check it out. ^Heaven knows there are many
F38 048 reference books available both in the libraries, and in bookshops.
F38 049 ^When the doll has no historic or family background to call on, it's
F38 050 often pure guesswork as to what you are actually getting for your
F38 051 money.
F38 052    |^When you are contemplating some *+$500-*+$1000 or more on the
F38 053 purchase of an old doll, you are entitled to carefully check out the
F38 054 provenance of the doll. ^For example two lovely bisque head dolls by
F38 055 the sought after firm of Simon & Halbig are to be seen in the National
F38 056 Museum in Wellington.
F38 057    |^However, the difference in the colouring of the dolls was quite
F38 058 marked, the older version was paler and her painting was very precise
F38 059 prior to final firing in the kiln. ^She was 50 years older than the
F38 060 other model, which had the typical more lurid colouring of the 1920s.
F38 061    |^Both dolls were wholly desirable from the same mould, but
F38 062 strictly speaking should they have been put up for auction, due to
F38 063 those small differences, one doll was worth *+$1000, the younger doll
F38 064 only *+$500.
F38 065    |^Some dealers make no such differentiation in this country, but
F38 066 call all bisque head dolls *'antique**'. ^This is just not true.
F38 067    |^Some bisque head dolls' value and investment potential lies in
F38 068 the brand incised on the back of neck, or where earlier moulds were
F38 069 used, a number or even a symbol. ^The famous dolls by Casimer Bru and
F38 070 his family who founded a dollmaking company in France in the 1860s
F38 071 used a symbol. ^The one used on several of their early dolls, easily
F38 072 **[PLATE**]
F38 073 recognisable with their natural colouring, enormous glass eyes, which
F38 074 give such a soulful look to his lovely bebes, is a circle and a dot!
F38 075    |^Representatives of several well known overseas auction houses
F38 076 who were cruising round Australasia last year may well have raised the
F38 077 consciousness level on the subject of old dolls. ^They were probably
F38 078 trying to find out the whereabouts of at least one rare doll circa
F38 079 1890 made by the mysterious and much sought after \0A Thulier!
F38 080    |^At least one very large version, which actually came out to New
F38 081 Zealand with a migrant's family, who settled in Akaroa is known of.
F38 082    |^Apart from the different mould number and initials, it would
F38 083 have been thought to have been one of the many lovely little girl
F38 084 dolls from the house of Jumeau!
F38 085    |^Two such dolls, dating back to the 1880s, in pristine condition
F38 086 and with lovely pale bisque heads, softly delineated features and
F38 087 superbly dressed, went up for sale at the big American auction house
F38 088 of Theriault's, their prices at *+$3500 and *+$4000 respectively were
F38 089 not very high. ^But they are not particularly rare. ^But what a good
F38 090 investment, if carefully protected and conserved, with the spiralling
F38 091 values of such century old dolls, they will resell for a much larger
F38 092 sum.
F38 093    |^Already one of the Bru dolls mentioned before, delicately
F38 094 featured, and with most soulful, enormous brown glass eyes circa 1875,
F38 095 has been sold again at Theriault's auction, for *+$10,500. ^Turning
F38 096 this sum into New Zealand money and you'd better sit down quietly for
F38 097 a while.
F38 098    |^Rumours have been circulating up and down the country of a
F38 099 private sale of a very special Bru having changed hands for the sum of
F38 100 *+$20,000, within the past 18 months!
F38 101    |^That seems a staggering sum to those who know nothing about the
F38 102 antique doll game, and in fact it's only prices which are rather high
F38 103 which get through to the media. ^Which is probably a good thing, since
F38 104 these days owners of such collectibles, have to be security conscious
F38 105 in a way never hitherto thought of.
F38 106    |^*"Well,**" he or she might say. ^*"I'd still like to collect
F38 107 dolls, and I'd still like them to be an investment, but *2NOT *0at
F38 108 that price. ^What can I do?**"
F38 109    |^Consult long time collectors first of all; if you planned to buy
F38 110 in porkbellies on the commodities market, and resell for a quick
F38 111 profit, you'd certainly go after the services of a clever stockbroker.
F38 112    |^You can buy a selection of much more modestly priced dolls.
F38 113 ^There are many available of the more common German made dolls, some
F38 114 as old as the French dolls, and certainly just as beautiful.
F38 115    |^Right now, in the northern districts of this country, the trend
F38 116 is for the big and beautiful. ^A large doll by such German based
F38 117 companies as Simon & Halbig, many of whose early doll heads were used
F38 118 with French bodies by the way, commands a good price. ^Strangely
F38 119 enough equally lovely dolls by a German company using the same
F38 120 initials on their dolls, but with varying quality, the Schnoeau &
F38 121 Hoffmeister brand, do not seem to command the same high prices.
F38 122 ^Nevertheless a perfect bisque with that brand some 30*?8 in height
F38 123 can sell for as much as *+$1400, with the next size down around 28*?8
F38 124 in height being valued at just on *+$1000.
F38 125    |^Should other brands such as Kley & Hahn, Revalo, Gebruder Knock
F38 126 and even the much more common Armand Marseille mark be found on such
F38 127 large sized dolls, there is currently a keen demand for them with a
F38 128 minimum of *+$900-*+$1200 *- this could be for private sales *- but at
F38 129 auction they can go even higher. ^Because the demand for such dolls is
F38 130 growing and the supply of same is diminishing, you can certainly
F38 131 expect to make money on the eventual sale of such lovely creatures.
F38 132    |^Don't get the impression however, that bisque dolls are the be
F38 133 all and end all!! ^Practically every kind of media **[SIC**] so
F38 134 far discovered, from kaolin in the distant past, to resin fibreglass
F38 135 today, has been used to fashion dolls. ^And many modern dolls
F38 136 already off the production line of various companies, are currently the
F38 137 vogue and the prize the collector seeks.
F38 138    |^The celebrity doll scene is way out in front of the modern doll
F38 139 scramble! ^The old Hollywood stars are once again bringing in the loot
F38 140 in Tinseltown. ^Maybe they've shrunk a little, say between 12-18
F38 141 inches in height! ^Dolls or effigies portraying the famous, the
F38 142 glamorous and the legendary dead are currently proving best sellers
F38 143 for the toy companies.
F38 144    |^Child stars were mainly portrayed in the 1930s when the love
F38 145 affair with celebrity dolls began in America, and it's gaining
F38 146 momentum by the day, until now it's really crazy.
F38 147    |^Famous names in the doll business too are sought after, the
F38 148 Ideal Toy Company has the franchise on the most famous child star of
F38 149 the 1930s Shirley Temple, and versions ranging from a baby doll, to a
F38 150 child of up to eight years old have all been based on the littlest
F38 151 star in Hollywood.
F38 152    |^Made of composition, dolls portraying Deanna Durbin, Judy
F38 153 Garland, Jane Withers, Jackie Coogan and many others, are very sought
F38 154 after additions to the collector. ^Prices of such dolls are heading up
F38 155 and up well over the *+$500 mark in the States.
F38 156    |^You can still get the odd version here for a much lower price
F38 157 though; and you can get a genuine antique doll made of papier mache or
F38 158 composition for a very reasonable price.
F38 159    |^Getting back to the modern dolls though, the best investment
F38 160 among these, are mint in box samples of such stars as the late Marilyn
F38 161 Monroe, Princess Grace, Elizabeth Taylor, James Dean, Mae West and
F38 162 John Wayne. ^Limited editions of many movie stars come out in the
F38 163 United States each year and have a good investment potential.
F38 164    |^Vying with these however, and fetching top dollar in the market
F38 165 place, are black and oriental dolls. ^Black is beautiful, and in some
F38 166 cases rare and very very costly.
F38 167    |^Black bisque dolls, or dolls made of celluloid to portray south
F38 168 sea island people are current favourites in many countries. ^Also a
F38 169 good quality hard plastic *'Pedigree**' walking doll, such as those
F38 170 made in New Zealand and Australia in the 1950s-1960s for Lines
F38 171 Brothers, who had a large network of factories manufacturing hard
F38 172 plastic and other types of dolls and toys in Commonwealth countries,
F38 173 are now finding their way onto the American market. ^Recently a black
F38 174 walking doll by *'Pedigree**' was priced at {0US}*+$145 and considered
F38 175 quite a bargain.
F38 176    |^It's noticeable that many more hard plastic dolls are finding
F38 177 their way into collections, and we ought to appreciate them a bit more
F38 178 than we do. ^Consideration needs to be given to taking care of all the
F38 179 modern dolls, and judicious buying can reap large benefits in a few
F38 180 years from now.
F38 181    |^Theriault's broke new ground in recent years by putting a vast
F38 182 collection of mint in box Barbie dolls up for auction. ^Right now a
F38 183 Black Barbie is a good investment, because not so many of these were
F38 184 manufactured.
F38 185    |^Also the earlier versions in solid vinyl are highly sought after
F38 186 and will repay their owners quite handsomely. ^Preferably mint in
F38 187 their package or box though. ^This seems to be the modern criteria
F38 188 **[SIC**] *- it makes sense to buy two at a time, if you want to
F38 189 give one as a gift, then tuck the other away.
F38 190    |^It all takes a bit of knowhow, and a bit of a gamble too, that
F38 191 you can figure out the odds *- and by putting away the best possible
F38 192 sample of any particular doll, today, you are creating a new heritage
F38 193 *- the treasures of tomorrow.
F38 194 *#
F39 001 **[182 TEXT F39**]
F39 002 |^*4Half Poland's schools for mentally retarded children are in
F39 003 Katowice. ^The area has more circulatory and respiratory diseases and
F39 004 more cancers than the rest of the country. ^Thirty-five percent of
F39 005 children have lead poisoning. ^The culprit is air pollution.
F39 006 |^T*2HE TINY *0East German forest pool was like crystal. ^Sphagnum
F39 007 moss fringed it, and glistened underwater like soft green coral.
F39 008 ^There was no sign of life, no sign of decomposition. ^Submerged
F39 009 golden leaves gleamed as though preserved in perspex. ^Patches of
F39 010 purple heather studded the forest edges. ^Idyllic. ^Until you saw the
F39 011 trees.
F39 012    |^Conifers that were not much more than telephone poles... gaunt,
F39 013 with trunks almost bare of bark and their tops twisted upwards. ^A few
F39 014 skeletal white branches remained, with twigs sprouting from the
F39 015 trunks. ^Many trees had few needles.
F39 016    |^Dead deciduous trees were being cut down and burnt along the
F39 017 roads between Jena and Leipzig. ^Their deaths must have been quick.
F39 018 ^They were covered in leaves, but the leaves were grey and crinkled.
F39 019    |^This was one small area of central Europe, but the ghastly
F39 020 scenario is being repeated from eastern France through the Soviet
F39 021 Union and, to a lesser extent, in North America, China and Japan.
F39 022    |^The cause is air pollution, particularly acid rain, acid mist
F39 023 and fog, and the ensuing soil acidity. ^Though early autumn, it was
F39 024 sunny and warm throughout our two weeks in East Germany. ^But the smog
F39 025 layer obliterated the sun at less than 20 degrees above the horizon in
F39 026 all the southern parts of the country. ^There were no blue horizons,
F39 027 just depressing shades of grey. ^I asked our guide about it, and what
F39 028 was happening to the trees.
F39 029    |^*"We have no problems with dying forests,**" she said. ^*"That's
F39 030 a West German problem, not ours.**" ^But damage has been reported to
F39 031 12% of East German forests and extreme soil acidification has been
F39 032 recorded in the south, according to a 1985 Earthscan publication,
F39 033 *1Acid Earth. ^*0Breeding acid-resistant species, and the expansion of
F39 034 nuclear power figure prominently in this country's steps to cope with
F39 035 air pollution.
F39 036 |^*4T*2HE FIRST WARNINGS *0about damage caused by air pollution came
F39 037 from the Scandinavian countries, downwind from industrial emissions in
F39 038 Britain and northern Europe. ^In the early 1960s, there was alarm
F39 039 about acidified lakes and disappearing freshwater fishing. ^By 1982,
F39 040 Sweden had 18,000 lifeless lakes, twice as many as in 1975.
F39 041    |^Forest damage is now widespread in Scandinavia. ^Finland's
F39 042 forests, in particular, are expected to be in a near-disaster state by
F39 043 the 1990s. ^The increase in destruction is alarming. ^For example,
F39 044 spruce forest damage was first observed in West Germany in 1980. ^By
F39 045 1982, 7.6% of the forests were affected; by 1983, 34%; by 1984 50.2%.
F39 046 ^The devastation of German forests was reportedly 5200 \0sq \0km in
F39 047 1984.
F39 048    |^Czechoslovakian newspapers warn that an ecological catastrophe
F39 049 looms. ^Forest damage estimates range from half a million to one
F39 050 million hectares. ^All forests higher than 800 metres above sea level
F39 051 are damaged and up to 300,000\0ha are destroyed.
F39 052    |^Poland is described as *"the world's most polluted country**".
F39 053 ^About 8% (half a million hectares) of forests are damaged. ^Over
F39 054 200,000\0ha of trees are thought to
F39 055 **[PLATE**]
F39 056 have died, while three million hectares are threatened by 1990.
F39 057    |^A third of Swiss trees are damaged, with 8% dead or dying. ^Soil
F39 058 acidity threatens forests that protect mountain towns and villages and
F39 059 as many as 150,000 Swiss may have to leave their homes because of the
F39 060 danger of avalanches and mud-slides, according to the *1Telegraph
F39 061 *0({0UK}) of September 7, 1985. ^Soil instability is not just a Swiss
F39 062 problem *- it is happening in all mountainous areas. ^Capital losses
F39 063 in forestry amounting to nearly *+${0US}2 billion are predicted for
F39 064 the Netherlands.
F39 065    |^Tree diseases are springing up wherever there are high levels of
F39 066 pollutants, especially sulphur dioxide. ^The final cause of death may
F39 067 be from bark beetles, for instance, or armillaria (a honeydew fungus).
F39 068 ^Tree damage appears to have spread fast only because the dying trees
F39 069 represent the final stage of stress problems that have been building
F39 070 up for years. ^Core samplings of damaged trees show they grew a little
F39 071 less each year, but the damage was only obvious when they began to
F39 072 die.
F39 073    |^The quirky patterns of tree death lead to real difficulties in
F39 074 deciding whether various species have particular sensitivities, or
F39 075 whether the entire ecosystem is in trouble. ^Even in the Southern
F39 076 Hemisphere, trees seem to be ailing *- gum die-back in Australia, pine
F39 077 dothistroma in New Zealand.
F39 078    |^*"Localised forest catastrophes have occurred periodically since
F39 079 time
F39 080 **[FIGURE**]
F39 081 immemorial. ^In this century, there was fir die-back in central
F39 082 Europe,**" says \0Dr Udo Benecke, a scientist with the Forest Research
F39 083 Institute in Christchurch. ^A forest ecology specialist, Benecke
F39 084 visited central European forests in 1980 and again in late 1984.
F39 085    |^He thinks enormous amounts of European timber will flood world
F39 086 markets by the 1990s, with lowered prices and competition posing a
F39 087 real threat to New Zealand's new generation timber exports.
F39 088    |^*"Production projections from the Black Forest area of West
F39 089 Germany alone show an estimate**[SIC**] 250% increase over the next
F39 090 seven years. ^This will be twice our current output. ^Switzerland's
F39 091 output could increase by 250% to the equivalent of New Zealand's
F39 092 current cut.**"
F39 093    |^In the long term, however, if there is no reduction in Northern
F39 094 Hemisphere air pollution, there may indeed be advantages for Southern
F39 095 Hemisphere timber producers. ^But timber exporters here appear
F39 096 unexcited by the possibility of radical changes in the market.
F39 097    |^New Zealand Forest Products marketing manager Ross Glucina:
F39 098 *"^We can supply only a very small proportion of world demand. ^Our
F39 099 supplies are strictly finite, and we really don't foresee any
F39 100 problem.**"
F39 101    |^Benecke says conifers and spruce are not the only species under
F39 102 threat. ^*"At first, deciduous broadleaved species were expected to be
F39 103 relatively immune. ^Now it's realised all trees are susceptible,
F39 104 though with varying sensitivities. ^Central Europe's major production
F39 105 hardwood species, beech, is now showing rapid damage.**" ^So are
F39 106 Hungary's holm oaks, Britain's beeches, oaks and yews. ^But the trees
F39 107 are only one symptom of the disease.
F39 108 |^*4C*2HANGES IN THE *0chemical environment are changing the
F39 109 ecosystem, according to Professor Reimer Herrman of Bayreuth
F39 110 University. ^A hydrology specialist, Herrman is in New Zealand under
F39 111 the auspices of the West German Research Council. ^His investigations
F39 112 into trace organics and the ion balance in West Coast waters are in
F39 113 connection with acid water chemistry in Europe.
F39 114    |^That sparkling pool in the East German forest only sparkled
F39 115 because it was acid, he says. ^Sphagnum flourishes in water at {0pH}
F39 116 levels less than 2.8. ^The low {0pH} means there are few organisms and
F39 117 the water is clear.
F39 118    |^What is acid rain? ^What do {0pH} levels mean? ^Every living
F39 119 thing is chemically composed along an alkaline/ acid scale running
F39 120 from {0pH}14 (total alkalinity) down to nought (total acidity). ^Most
F39 121 of us hover happily around the halfway mark and find we manage very
F39 122 well. ^But if our chemical climate is disrupted by the input of acid
F39 123 pollutants, we no longer function properly. ^Wherever it falls, acid
F39 124 rain does harm to living things by altering the chemical composition
F39 125 of their environment. ^Acidification can disrupt nature, from the
F39 126 molecule up to whole populations. ^It works by damaging cell
F39 127 membranes, altering proteins, depressing enzyme activity and reducing
F39 128 reproduction.
F39 129 |*4^A*2CIDIFICATION *0has a complex chemistry. ^Acid rain and mist are
F39 130 formed on a broad base of sulphur dioxide ({0SO*;2**;}) from smelters,
F39 131 thermal power stations, factories and domestic fires, with nitrogen
F39 132 oxides ({0NO*;x**;}), most of which come from motor vehicle emissions.
F39 133    |^Add to this the myriad of chemicals produced and spread by daily
F39 134 human activities *- from pesticides to hair sprays. ^Then calculate
F39 135 the unbelievable mixtures concocted by sunshine and moisture in this
F39 136 noxious mix... you will marvel there are *1any *0trees left alive. ^Or
F39 137 humans, for that matter.
F39 138    |^In dry conditions, pollutants may be carried thousands of
F39 139 kilometres from the point of emission. ^Oxidation and moisture in the
F39 140 air leads to the formation of dilute sulphuric and nitric acids from
F39 141 {0SO*;2**;} and {0NO*;x**;}. ^Airborne iron and manganese speed the
F39 142 production of sulphuric acid.
F39 143    |^All these tax an atmosphere which is increasingly loaded with
F39 144 carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion, a loading now increasing
F39 145 in an exponential curve. ^High levels of {0CO*;2**;} are thought to be
F39 146 a major factor in climatic instability, which also stresses plant
F39 147 life. ^All plants, and trees in particular, absorb {0CO*;2**;} and
F39 148 give off oxygen. ^There is deep scientific concern at the 7.5 million
F39 149 hectares (at least) of tropical rain forest which is logged annually.
F39 150    |^The leaching of basic soil nutrients such as calcium, magnesium,
F39 151 potassium and sodium is a crucial factor in the failure of plant life
F39 152 to flourish in acidic soils.
F39 153 |^*2EVEN THOSE WHO *0pooh-poohed scare stories about acid rain are
F39 154 becoming
F39 155 **[PLATE**]
F39 156 concerned as the deadly role of toxic metals release is realised.
F39 157 ^Rain with {0pH} values of below 4 mobilises metals such as aluminium,
F39 158 lead, cadmium, mercury and copper from the soil. ^All are harmful to
F39 159 living things. ^Of these metals, aluminium, the most common, may be
F39 160 the most sinister. ^It represents about 5% of the Earth's crust.
F39 161 ^Every time you dig your garden, you are turning over minute
F39 162 quantities of invisible aluminium, some of which is soluble in acid
F39 163 conditions.
F39 164    |^\0Dr Douglas Godbold, a soil researcher from Gottingen
F39 165 University, speaking at the 1985 conference of the International Union
F39 166 of Pure and Applied Chemistry, reported that in 1982 the top level of
F39 167 aluminium in West German soils was 30\0mg per litre, but two years
F39 168 later all levels had risen dramatically.
F39 169    |^Reimer Herrman says aluminium is the kiss of death for
F39 170 struggling trees. ^It destroys the fine roots of conifers and the
F39 171 symbiotic fungi important to nutrition.
F39 172 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F39 173 ^Toxic to all plants, toxic to fish at 100 parts per billion, reducing
F39 174 bird reproduction rates, aluminium is associated with Alzheimer's
F39 175 disease in humans, with formerly rare bone complaints, and chronic
F39 176 neuro-physiological disorders.
F39 177    |^Overall costs of acidification can only be dimly perceived.
F39 178 ^There is almost no aspect of life where it does not cause negative
F39 179 effects. ^In human ill-health; in dwindling fisheries; in stock and
F39 180 crop losses; corrosion of buildings, machinery, water mains and tanks;
F39 181 forestry and tourism losses.
F39 182    |^Health indicators in Katowice, Poland's most polluted area,
F39 183 include: 35% of children and adolescents with lead poisoning; 15% more
F39 184 circulatory diseases, 30% more cancers, and 47% more respiratory
F39 185 diseases than the rest of the country. ^Half the country's schools for
F39 186 mentally retarded children are in Katowice.
F39 187    |^Describing the Netherlands situation, Earthscan reports:
F39 188 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F39 189    |^With figures like these, what are the overall European costs of
F39 190 acid deposition damage? ^Such estimates would have to be so
F39 191 far-reaching that they are all but impossible, according to Erik
F39 192 Lykke, director of the {0OECD} Environment Directorate in Paris.
F39 193    |^The cost savings from emission controls are somewhat more
F39 194 certain, even though estimates vary wildly, he says.
F39 195 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F39 196 |^*4A*2BOUT 100 million tonnes of sulphur dioxide are emitted annually
F39 197 throughout the world, 93% in the Northern Hemisphere; 7% in the
F39 198 Southern Hemisphere. ^Hard to believe, but New Zealand unloads about
F39 199 111,000 tonnes annually, with around 82,000 tonnes blowing out to sea,
F39 200 according to studies by \0Dr Tom Clarkson of the Meteorological
F39 201 Service and Roger Holden of the Health Department.
F39 202    |^Clarkson estimates we collect a further 28,000 tonnes of
F39 203 Australian sulphur dioxide emissions. ^The total, on an area basis, is
F39 204 only a 40th of the amount that lands in the worst affected European
F39 205 areas.
F39 206    |^*"Acid rain is not a significant problem here,**" Clarkson says.
F39 207 ^*"It's never likely to be one unless there's a large and completely
F39 208 unpredicted industrialisation or use of high sulphur fuels here or in
F39 209 Australia.**"
F39 210    |^But we should not be too complacent, in the opinion of the New
F39 211 Zealand Clean Air Society. ^*"Although our population is small, it's
F39 212 concentrated in cities where air pollution levels are far from
F39 213 satisfactory. ^Pollution is, generally speaking, getting worse, not
F39 214 better,**" says president Janet Holm.
F39 215    |^Yet the comparative purity of our air
F39 216 **[DIAGRAM**]
F39 217 and water, added to the temperate climate and forests of the South
F39 218 Island, makes us an ideal background monitor for European research on
F39 219 acid rain.
F39 220 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F39 221 says Reimer Herrmann. ^*"There is nowhere in the Northern Hemisphere
F39 222 that is not polluted.**" ^As well as his research, which is being done
F39 223 with Forest Research Institute help, another West German project on
F39 224 the drawing-board is comparing the behaviour of certain tree species
F39 225 here with those in Europe.
F39 226 *#
F40 001 **[183 TEXT F40**]
F40 002 |^*4Tuesday's British documentary goes bravely into the battlefield
F40 003 that is toy marketing, examining the worldwide struggle between the
F40 004 British Sindy and the American Barbie dolls. ^The New Zealand campaign
F40 005 is as fiercely fought as anywhere and television is the main weapon.
F40 006 |^I*2F YOU *0haven't checked out a toyshop lately you could be in for
F40 007 a surprise *- Rosie and Hushabye have gone for a skate. ^Their place
F40 008 has been firmly taken by the queen of the dolls, Barbie, who top sells
F40 009 not just in New Zealand and in the United States but the world over.
F40 010 ^She's made in her thousands and produces millions for her makers.
F40 011    |^At first acquaintance she seems to be a rather vacuously
F40 012 cheerful blonde person with a highly developed fondness for clothes
F40 013 and hairstyling. ^She's apparently going on 18 and has been for 27
F40 014 years since she first hit the market in 1959. ^She's certainly one
F40 015 version of the all-American suburban consumerette and doesn't exactly
F40 016 present many aspects of alternative life styles, despite her
F40 017 undoubtedly numerous *"looks**". ^Okay, she rides horses and has a
F40 018 computer but she doesn't somehow represent life in the fullness of its
F40 019 challenges.
F40 020    |^Is Barbie providing tacky role models for young girls then?
F40 021    |^Bob Blake, sales and marketing manager for her makers, Mattel:
F40 022 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F40 023    |^This is slightly hard to agree with on inspection of Barbie's
F40 024 physique. ^She has undeniably large breasts and the proverbial legs
F40 025 that keep going up *- she looks like an adult male fantasy from just
F40 026 about any angle. ^Scaled up to life size, her legs would be something
F40 027 like 122\0cm long, her waist 68\0cm and her bust 122\0cm (that's
F40 028 48\0in if you're still in imperial for such matters).
F40 029    |^Poor Barbie. ^She spends so much time on her appearance, but
F40 030 where does it get her?
F40 031    |^As child development writer and adult education lecturer at
F40 032 Victoria University Beverley Morris points out, not very far: *"^The
F40 033 real reason Barbie is dressing up in the way she does is to attract a
F40 034 male doll who won't be able to perform.**" ^In fact Ken, Barbie's
F40 035 romantic interest, wears generously proportioned Y-fronts which are
F40 036 part of his body mould and cannot be removed.
F40 037    |^Does it matter that dolls have no genitals?
F40 038    |^Morris: *"^Yes. ^I think it does matter. ^Children don't get
F40 039 sufficient sex education as it is so it must be very mysterious for
F40 040 them to be handling dolls that don't have genital organs *- in fact
F40 041 it's very misleading.
F40 042    |^*"What's more, the whole concept is maintaining the fiction
F40 043 about the romance of living *- you've got to be conventionally
F40 044 beautiful and physically attractive to catch a partner.
F40 045    |^*"It's hard on girls who are still developing and not knowing
F40 046 where their bodies are leading them. ^These dolls are much too slim
F40 047 and could be yet another
F40 048 **[PLATE**]
F40 049 factor contributing to young women thinking they have to diet to be
F40 050 that shape.**"
F40 051    |^The New Zealand Play Centre Federation have available a range of
F40 052 sexed dolls and dolls from a variety of ethnic groups. ^Wellington
F40 053 equipment officer Sally Alman: *"^We feel it's important to have a
F40 054 good range of dolls from many races and of both sexes so children can
F40 055 learn about their bodies. ^We obviously encourage talking and
F40 056 communication with the children about various themes and these would
F40 057 be among them.**"
F40 058    |^Morris would like to see extensive research on children's use of
F40 059 play time and the impact of television on it. ^*"One of my complaints
F40 060 about play, especially for girls, is that it's not physical enough.
F40 061 ^They don't get out there making dens, forts and houses or climbing
F40 062 trees. ^The Barbie doll is an example of something that keeps them
F40 063 inside, continuing what was started at preschool *- girls are neat,
F40 064 tidy, quiet, well-behaved little individuals.
F40 065    |^*"It's keeping them out of the politics of living as far as I'm
F40 066 concerned.**"
F40 067 |^*2SO WHY *0do little girls want such companions? ^It seems the
F40 068 simple answer is that they like what they see on television and that
F40 069 the ads mould their market. ^It seems they do get what they want *-
F40 070 they want what they see.
F40 071    |^For doll selling the articles of faith are that young girls like
F40 072 things pretty, they like putting clothes on whatever it is and they
F40 073 enjoy the hair-combing feature as well. ^So who would have thought a
F40 074 green unicorn with red hair would fit the bill? ^Sick joke? ^No.
F40 075 ^Marketing success? ^Yes.
F40 076    |^Welcome in My Little Pony, currently available in 16 variations
F40 077 and that's not counting the babies and the sea ponies. ^Over 150,000
F40 078 have been sold in New Zealand in the last two years and sales continue
F40 079 to boom.
F40 080    |^*"The whole My Little Pony concept has surprised everybody.
F40 081 ^When it first came out, the trade didn't really see it as a sure-fire
F40 082 winner, but little girls have really taken to it,**" says Jon Thorpe,
F40 083 president of the Toy Distributors Association of New Zealand and
F40 084 managing director of KennerParker, distributors of the ponies.
F40 085    |^*"I'm absolutely sure the television ads have helped
F40 086 significantly in making the thing take off. ^There's no doubt the
F40 087 jingle in the commercial has created a lot of it.**" ^A few quotes
F40 088 from the literature will give the general idea of the concept:
F40 089 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F40 090    |^Getting the picture? ^Most outfits come with four shoes *- this
F40 091 is a clothes horse *- though Sweet Dreams has four hair rollers
F40 092 instead, two for the mane and two for the tail. ^There's a grooming
F40 093 parlour and a show parlour and the stationery, bed quilts, crayons,
F40 094 lunch boxes and clothing are under negotiation. ^The potential for
F40 095 covetousness is enormous!
F40 096    |^Barbie is the same. ^Her whole world is up for grabs. ^One
F40 097 pamphlet helpfully
F40 098 **[PLATE**]
F40 099 illustrates 72 other dolls and their outfits in the range, including
F40 100 wedding of the year (not all available in New Zealand).
F40 101    |^Blake:
F40 102 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F40 103    |^This year the Magic Moves Barbie is the most expensive,
F40 104 retailing at around *+$45, and there are 18 other friends for keen
F40 105 collectors, including several versions of Ken. ^Barbie is also able to
F40 106 have a car and a pony and many other accessories, including a
F40 107 jazzercize centre and a day-to-night home/ office: at home it's that
F40 108 old haircare in the bedroom scene while at work it's a filing cabinet,
F40 109 computer, coffee mug and a candid of Ken.
F40 110    |^Do such doll *"systems**" encourage consumerism?
F40 111    |^Blake: *"^The fact is children are acquisitive, as adults are.
F40 112 ^This is not a learnt pattern. ^It's in the nature of man, rather than
F40 113 in the nature of the toys.**"
F40 114    |^Yes. ^Well.
F40 115 |^*2EVEN IF *0the young girls aren't swayed by television, store toy
F40 116 buyers for the most part are. ^The frequent answer to *"^What do you
F40 117 base stocking decisions on?**" was *"^What's being advertised**".
F40 118 ^Stores do consider suitability and price when filling their shelves
F40 119 but planned television exposure is an over-riding factor.
F40 120    |^Josie Pascoe, senior toy buyer for {0L D} Nathan, one of the
F40 121 country's biggest toy retailers: *"^Advertising certainly does play a
F40 122 big part and it's playing a bigger role each year. ^A toy like
F40 123 transformers would have to be a good example of what's happening.
F40 124 ^It's a toy with a lot of play value but not something that would have
F40 125 been recognised by kids before television advertising. ^We estimate we
F40 126 will sell more of them than any other toy this year *- 20 percent of
F40 127 those go to girls.
F40 128    |^*"Care Bears are another example. ^They were heavily advertised
F40 129 last year. ^They offer no more benefits than any other 13-inch bear
F40 130 but, because of television, their sales were tremendous.**" ^Barbie is
F40 131 {0L D} Nathan's most sold doll, though the same revenue comes in from
F40 132 fewer unit sales of the more expensive Cabbage Patch kids.
F40 133    |^Nobody mentioned market research in New Zealand, though some toy
F40 134 distributors do try a few lines out on friends and family. ^Mostly it
F40 135 seems it's follow the leader to market success.
F40 136    |^Within the general phenomenon, trends come and go. ^Strawberry
F40 137 Shortcake and her smelly clan peaked in trendiness coming up to
F40 138 Christmas 1984, though 1985 went on to be a record. ^The market has
F40 139 since softened, as the jargon goes.
F40 140    |^And even the invincible can waver; the sales phenomenon of the
F40 141 planet has faltered! ^Cabbage Patch kids have peaked in the States,
F40 142 despite having their portraits taken by Andy Warhol.
F40 143    |^There were teething troubles in New Zealand, though there's
F40 144 still room for expansion in the market here. ^Thorpe: *"^Unfortunately
F40 145 we were forced by overseas suppliers to take far more boy dolls than
F40 146 the market here really wanted. ^They kept insisting we couldn't have
F40 147 little girl dolls without little boy dolls but New Zealand girls have
F40 148 shown a clear preference.**"
F40 149    |^KennerParker are now busy performing mass sex-change operations
F40 150 *- under licence, of course.
F40 151    |^As in a growing number of other facets of life the New Zealand
F40 152 toy market is but a microcosm of the United States. ^A *1Wall Street
F40 153 Journal *0report of late last year outlines the situation there:
F40 154 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F40 155    |^Transformers, vehicles that become robots, were voted the New
F40 156 Zealand toy of the year for 1985 and are expected to be so again in
F40 157 1986 (it means they sold the best), and the big three are all well
F40 158 represented here.
F40 159    |^Mattel, the largest toy manufacturers in the world, plan to have
F40 160 15 percent of the New Zealand toy market by the end of this year.
F40 161 ^Barbie at *+$7 million sales will account for half of that. ^Not bad
F40 162 going since they established themselves here only last September.
F40 163 ^Their products were previously peddled by other people under licence.
F40 164    |^With a staff of three *- a receptionist, an accountant and Blake
F40 165 himself *- *"the toys do all the work**", he says.
F40 166    |^Mattel also claim to have bought *+$1 million of \0TV
F40 167 advertising for toys alone this year (that doesn't include games) and
F40 168 have jostled up the ballpark considerably. ^By tradition they start
F40 169 their advertising campaign for the year on January 1, sweeping away
F40 170 from the previous New Zealand rush up to Christmas. ^The other toy
F40 171 companies have joined the fray.
F40 172    |^But there is a certain amount of healthy cynicism within all
F40 173 this. ^Says Sindy's (Barbie's English counterpart) distributor,
F40 174 Fortuna Toys' managing director Nathan Chanesman: *"^I guess you could
F40 175 sell a lump of four-by-two if you advertised it enough. ^If you
F40 176 marketed it properly, every kid on the block would want one.
F40 177    |^*"Look what happened with pet rocks. ^That was a great marketing
F40 178 success. ^But I do think the New Zealand market is a bit more refined,
F40 179 not quite so gullible. ^You couldn't pull some of the silly things
F40 180 that have happened overseas here.**"
F40 181    |^He hastens to add that the New Zealand toy market is far from a
F40 182 dumping ground and says most distributors are extremely caring about
F40 183 their product.
F40 184 **[PLATE**]
F40 185 *<*6WINNING WINES*>
F40 186 |^*1Great wines only come with time and patience and endless effort.
F40 187 ^New Zealand wines are now winning plaudits all over the world for
F40 188 their individuality and quality.
F40 189 *<By Christopher Stevens*>
F40 190 |^*4I*0t has been known for 120 years that New Zealand had winegrowing
F40 191 potential, but delayed by a small population keener on fortified wine
F40 192 and a very close dalliance with prohibition.
F40 193    |^Progress was not helped by the arrival of the disease of
F40 194 phylloxera which almost wiped out the world's vineyards at the end of
F40 195 the last century. ^So it is only in the last 10 years that the world
F40 196 has got over its incredulity that the little country at the end of the
F40 197 world is producing world class wine.
F40 198    |^While the big companies of Montana, Cooks, McWilliams and
F40 199 Corbans produce most of the export wines, New Zealand has its share of
F40 200 necessary boutique wineries. ^In this review, and travelling south, I
F40 201 have taken one winery from each of the main areas with the potential
F40 202 to produce great wine. ^In many cases this is already being done.
F40 203    |^Just north of Auckland is the area of Henderson Valley, Kumeu
F40 204 and Waimauku. ^At the latter is the 16.2\0ha
F40 205 **[PLATE**]
F40 206 winery of Matua Valley Estate, owned by Ross and Bill Spence. ^I first
F40 207 knew them when they were in a tiny shed in 1974, but they are now in a
F40 208 very impressive modern winery and their wines are equally impressive.
F40 209    |^The reason why grapes are grown here is that it is close to the
F40 210 city where nearly half of New Zealand live.
F40 211 *#
F41 001 **[184 TEXT F41**]
F41 002    |^*0In recent years there has been a marked increase in the amount
F41 003 of violent crime committed in urban centres, especially involving rape
F41 004 and sexual assault. ^A significant proportion of this crime is
F41 005 committed within urban parks and a high proportion of sexual offences
F41 006 also occur there. ^As a result, urban parks have become increasingly
F41 007 dangerous to women and unaccompanied children.
F41 008 *<*4Statistical evidence*>
F41 009    |^*0Rape site statistics are not readily available for New Zealand
F41 010 but those that I did find generally supported figures obtained by
F41 011 researchers in the {0US}, Britain and Australia. ^Figures taken from
F41 012 the 1983 Justice Department rape study show that of 54 alleged rapes,
F41 013 14 occurred in a public place. ^This corresponds with overseas figures
F41 014 that show approximately a third of all rapes are committed in urban
F41 015 public spaces.
F41 016    |^A wide variety of possible locations within the general term of
F41 017 urban public spaces are obviously possible. ^Once again precise
F41 018 figures are difficult to obtain. ^The most comprehensive list comes
F41 019 from \0Dr Francis Stoks' doctorial dissertation to the University of
F41 020 Washington (1982) compilation of available figures, bearing in mind
F41 021 that many researchers' statistics were not detailed enough to be
F41 022 included. ^Stoks included both attempted and completed rape figures
F41 023 and shows that 6.4% occurred in parks, 7.4% in wooded areas, 2.5% in
F41 024 public recreation areas, 3.4% in school grounds and 1.5% within vacant
F41 025 lots. ^The complete table of figures are in Table Two.
F41 026    |^Figures obtained from police statistics of sexual offences
F41 027 reported in Christchurch between 31 May 1984 and 3 January 1985,
F41 028 provide a graphic example of how unsafe urban parks and open spaces
F41 029 really are. ^In a period of just over six months, eight urban parks,
F41 030 two city beaches, two motorcamps and five school ground areas were the
F41 031 scene of 14 indecent/ obscene exposure reports and 17 indecent acts/
F41 032 assaults reports. ^Table Three details where the offences occurred.
F41 033 ^All the victims were female and ages ranged from 4 years to 37 years.
F41 034    |^During March 1985 national reported crime figures for the
F41 035 previous year were published showing a rise in *1reported *0sexual
F41 036 offences from 2987 in 1983 to 3277 in 1984, *1reported *0rapes rose
F41 037 from 321 in 1983 to 375 in 1984. ^It would be reasonable to assume
F41 038 that the proportioned number of those offences which occurred in parks
F41 039 also rose. ^It came as no surprise when the Christchurch police issued
F41 040 a warning in March 1985 as to the danger of assault to women walking
F41 041 or jogging in Hagley Park even during daylight hours. ^The resulting
F41 042 concern and anger expressed was also to be expected.
F41 043    |^Christchurch is not alone in having urban parks that are already
F41 044 or rapidly becoming unusable, to a portion of the community. ^The
F41 045 increase in crime is nationwide and the associated fear of urban parks
F41 046 continues to make a mockery of traditional park values.
F41 047 *<*4Theories of park safety*>
F41 048    |^*0Various researchers have approached the problem of urban park
F41 049 crime and differing remedies have been suggested. ^Newman (1972) saw
F41 050 the problem as one of lack of natural surveillance from bordering
F41 051 streets and adjacent residents.
F41 052    |^His suggestion was to design urban parks with narrow dimensions,
F41 053 oblong shapes which allowed residents to see from one side to another.
F41 054 ^He noted the problem with interior areas of large parks but offered
F41 055 no solutions. ^If Newman's suggestions were to be implemented then
F41 056 urban parks would be rather uninteresting spaces, something that park
F41 057 planners strive to avoid. ^Vegetation would be minimal and any
F41 058 variation in ground height, such as mounding would be unacceptable.
F41 059 ^More importantly, Newman's suggestions do not necessarily ensure safe
F41 060 park use.
F41 061    |^Stoks' (1982) study of rape sites in urban public space in
F41 062 Seattle found that in 47.7% of the studied cases, the nearest likely
F41 063 **[PLATE**]
F41 064 overhearer was within less than 23 metres and in 53.8% of the cases so
F41 065 was the nearest likely observer. ^In other words, a park that is
F41 066 highly visible is not necessarily safe from rape.
F41 067    |^A similar approach to Newman's, but one that offers a more
F41 068 comprehensive rationale, is that of Jacobs (1962) in which the theme
F41 069 is still visibility, but as a natural consequence ensuring a greater
F41 070 number of people over a wider time span are using parks. ^She saw
F41 071 successful and safe parks as those which were surrounded by a
F41 072 diversified neighbourhood. ^Neighbourhoods made up of cultural
F41 073 centres, meeting places, restaurants, homes, commercial buildings
F41 074 \0etc.
F41 075    |^In this way parks were continually being used by pedestrians all
F41 076 on differing time schedules, going to work, coming home, going out to
F41 077 dinner, going to meetings \0etc. ^More eyes in the park over a greater
F41 078 time span.
F41 079    |^Jacobs also believed that by reducing the number of similar
F41 080 parks in neighbourhoods people would have to fill up the fewer parks
F41 081 that were left, once again supposedly scaring away the potential
F41 082 offender for fear of being seen. ^As a method of improving park safety
F41 083 Jacobs' ideas would be difficult to implement, they may be the
F41 084 accidental result of urban redevelopment, but as a primary safety move
F41 085 they would be uneconomical.
F41 086    |^Filling the parks may have the effect of reducing some crime as
F41 087 it may reduce the number of opportunities for a criminal to remain
F41 088 unseen. ^But this cannot be taken for granted as Stoks (1982) reveals
F41 089 46.9% of the urban public space rape cases he studied occurred where
F41 090 it was estimated that some five to fifty people were in the vicinity
F41 091 of 90 metres.
F41 092    |^A New Zealand publication *1Planning for Urban Parks and
F41 093 Reserves *0produced by the Town and Country Planning Division of the
F41 094 Ministry of Works and Development, echoes Jacobs' diversification
F41 095 ideas in park planning. ^The siting of a variety of activities within
F41 096 and around the edge of the *"multi-use open space**" including social
F41 097 and cultural facilities, coffee shops, restaurants, schools, sports
F41 098 and games facilities and public transport, is favoured.
F41 099 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F41 100 ^Although the planning objective of engendering community
F41 101 responsibility for its surroundings and therefore the safety of its
F41 102 surroundings is idealistically sound, it does not mean that
F41 103 elimination of violent crime problems with the space follows.
F41 104    |^As shown in Table three, a wide variety of parks are susceptible
F41 105 to crime, the district in which they are situated, the number of
F41 106 houses which surround them and the number of people who populate
F41 107 them.**[SIC**] ^These facts seem to have a minimal effect on whether
F41 108 they will be the scene of violent crime.
F41 109 **[TABLES**]
F41 110 *<*4Present safety measures in urban parks*>
F41 111    |^*0The stance taken by local authority parks and recreation
F41 112 departments regarding park safety from violent crime is rather
F41 113 haphazard. ^If a problem area in an existing park is identified by the
F41 114 police, it is generally at their request that alterations are made.
F41 115 ^Otherwise, commonsense is expected to prevail when routine
F41 116 maintenance is being carried out. ^If a pathway area is dark, then
F41 117 lighting is installed, if an area is becoming overgrown then it is cut
F41 118 and forced back.
F41 119    |^Generally more care is taken with children's play areas,
F41 120 equipment being located in high visibility areas with an absence of
F41 121 walls or other barriers. ^Sometimes as a result of over reaction to
F41 122 the child molestation problem, play areas are barren. ^In the attempt
F41 123 to create an area of high visibility the parks department creates a
F41 124 desert that inevitably sends children looking for more interesting
F41 125 play sites.
F41 126    |^With the creation of new parks a little more care is taken at
F41 127 the design stage. ^The awareness that crime does occur in parks plays
F41 128 a greater role today in direct comparison to many of the early parks.
F41 129 ^But often this awareness extends only to siting of play equipment and
F41 130 toilets and the construction of vandal proof seating and rubbish
F41 131 containers. ^Aesthetics, common sense and the landscape architect's
F41 132 imagination decide the rest.
F41 133    |^Police patrolling of high risk areas, including parks, has
F41 134 always been a function taken for granted by the public. ^The ability
F41 135 of the police to be in the right place at the right time has come
F41 136 under increasing pressure. ^The rapid increase in crime, and the staff
F41 137 shortages over the last few years, have meant that police resources
F41 138 have been stretched to the limit. ^Instead of being able to provide
F41 139 desirable preventative policing they are fighting a rear guard action,
F41 140 which results in more victims than discouraged potential offenders.
F41 141 ^Patrolling on foot through urban parks must be a low priority when
F41 142 the quick response to a call demands the use of vehicles. ^A police
F41 143 warning to women to jog in groups is a clear indication that the
F41 144 police no longer have the resources to ensure safety within parks and
F41 145 that the responsibility for protection as far as they are concerned,
F41 146 lies greatly with the park users themselves.
F41 147    |^The success of present park safety measures must be weighed
F41 148 against the success of the park to fulfill its function. ^A children's
F41 149 play area may be seen as being safe, but hardly successful if children
F41 150 do not use it. ^The inner city park may be a delightful contrast to
F41 151 the cityscape and an asset to the city aesthetically, but it is a
F41 152 dismal failure if people are in fear of assault if they enter it.
F41 153    |^As the police are fighting a rear-guard action so are the parks
F41 154 departments. ^Putting in lighting and removing foliage after the rape
F41 155 has been committed, provides little consolation for the victim and
F41 156 little encouragement for the public to increase their use of the area.
F41 157 ^The responsibility for park safety should not be with the park user
F41 158 and, as discussed, is not with the police. ^It remains for the local
F41 159 authority parks departments to have a closer look at their
F41 160 responsibility to provide safe, accessible areas for the public.
F41 161 *<*4An alternative approach to urban park safety*>
F41 162    |^*0Urban park crime prevention theories and measures discussed in
F41 163 previous chapters all focus on the park as one whole location. ^Jacobs
F41 164 (1962) explores the neighbourhood surrounding the park as an indicator
F41 165 of what will happen within the area. ^The lack of visibility into the
F41 166 park from the outside is the theme of Newman's (1972) discussion.
F41 167    |^Both studies view crime in parks macrospatially and the safety
F41 168 measures undertaken by parks departments also tend to reflect this
F41 169 view. ^An example is the removal of most of the vegetation in the
F41 170 vicinity of children's play equipment.
F41 171    |^The rationale has been, if the offender fears he may be seen
F41 172 then he will move on to somewhere else. ^But as pointed out the fear
F41 173 of being seen does not necessarily reduce the likelihood of rape. ^An
F41 174 alternative approach is to look at what makes a particular site
F41 175 attractive to the offender, retaining *"fear of being seen**" as a
F41 176 variable, but not as an over**[ARB**]-riding factor. ^In this way the
F41 177 microspatial characteristics which make a location a likely rape site,
F41 178 can be identified and applied to park spaces in order to reduce such
F41 179 potential rape sites.
F41 180    |^Stoks' (1982) dissertation *1A Methodology for Assessing Urban
F41 181 Public Places for Danger of Violent Crime *- especially rape,
F41 182 *0catalogues the survey results of 65 urban public place rape sites.
F41 183 ^The precise location of each of the 65 sites was re-established and
F41 184 the physical and environmental variables identifying the site were
F41 185 recorded.
F41 186    |^The variables included weather conditions, characteristics of
F41 187 vegetation types, heights and visual transparency of barriers, type
F41 188 and quality of lighting, ambient noise levels, distance to nearest
F41 189 aural or visual witness, estimate of potential witnesses in the
F41 190 vicinity, size of rape site area, social surveillance characteristics
F41 191 and others.
F41 192    |^From this research a model of the *"urban public place site of
F41 193 completed rape**" was developed. ^The bulk of Stoks' work concentrates
F41 194 on how the model was developed and it is sufficient to say that when
F41 195 the model was applied to five test areas where urban public place
F41 196 rapes had occurred, its predictive accuracy was four exact locations
F41 197 out of five. ^The testing of the model was arranged and validated by
F41 198 the Seattle Police Department, 28 June 1982.
F41 199    |^I have concerned myself with the results of Stoks' model
F41 200 analysis rather than the method used to construct the model.
F41 201    |^The offender's use of location predictors was found in 93% of
F41 202 the 57 applicable cases. ^Location predictors are locations where the
F41 203 offender can reasonably assume a potential victim to be found, this
F41 204 includes bus stops, footpaths, stairways \0etc. ^The offender's
F41 205 knowledge of these locations allows him to predict when the victim
F41 206 will be passing a particular site, where their escape routes may be
F41 207 and from what direction other pedestrians may come.
F41 208 *#
F42 001 **[185 TEXT F42**]
F42 002 |^*4This year has seen the emergence of these largely unremarkable
F42 003 people. ^Who are they, how did they get this way, who's encouraging
F42 004 them... and why?
F42 005 |^*2IT IS OPENING NIGHT *0and the lobby of the Mercury Theatre is
F42 006 teeming with elegantly dressed people all chattering loudly. ^The play
F42 007 they are about to see is *1The Winslow Boy *0which is Edwardian in
F42 008 style and many of the first-nighters have taken the era to heart when
F42 009 considering their wardrobe for the event.
F42 010    |^It should be said that not many of these people have actually
F42 011 paid for their seats. ^It is a performance aimed mainly at critics,
F42 012 theatre directors and friends of the company. ^And only a handful of
F42 013 tickets have been sold in advance to the public. ^The practice is
F42 014 called *"papering the house**" and is designed to reassure doubters
F42 015 that there really is a live audience for theatre and that it can
F42 016 laugh, albeit nervously (*"^Is it a comedy, \2dahling?**"). ^The
F42 017 practice involves sending out dozens of tickets to regulars who can be
F42 018 relied on to turn up as *1claqueurs.
F42 019    |^*0These first-nighters are hugely important to the success of
F42 020 the play *- their reaction and opinion will spread like wildfire
F42 021 through the tight social circles they frequent, for they are generally
F42 022 people of distinction: movers and shakers, the colourful, the
F42 023 personalities, the sophisticats**[SIC**], the connoisseurs. ^The
F42 024 Dilettantes of Auckland. ^Some of them are even celebrities.
F42 025 **[PLATE**]
F42 026 |^*4T*0he Mercury theatre employs two people to make sure that opening
F42 027 nights are a success and to ensure a constant high public profile for
F42 028 the theatre. ^Publicists Maryanne Gardiner and Richard
F42 029 Pamatatau-Davies have drawn up a guest list of people they consider to
F42 030 be necessary for the opening. ^Unfortunately nothing short of
F42 031 Mercurygate would allow that list to be published here. ^The two
F42 032 publicists are themselves strangely shy of publicity in case they are
F42 033 seen to be *"exploiting**" their guests.
F42 034    |^The list has, by necessity, a heavy media slant, but also
F42 035 includes the crew from the ultra-modish hairdressing salon Chagall,
F42 036 politicians Tizard and Shadbolt, dress designer Colin Cole, Auckland
F42 037 Girls' Grammar headmistress Charmaine Pountney, boulevardier Hamish
F42 038 Keith and fellow-publicist Liz Greenslade among many others whose
F42 039 scribbled names I couldn't quite read while the list was waved in
F42 040 front of my nose.
F42 041    |^*"We want a lobby filled with people who make a lot of noise and
F42 042 look wonderful. ^We have another category of people who look even more
F42 043 extreme and who benefit the social image of the Mercury,**" says
F42 044 Maryanne, who's no slouch herself when it comes to bizarre and
F42 045 outlandish couture.
F42 046    |^The Mercury's trick is to give their \5celebutantes a thoroughly
F42 047 good time, instil in them a little fervour for the show and send them
F42 048 out to spread the message.
F42 049    |^The practice of first-nighting reached its public apogee earlier
F42 050 this year at the opening of Mercury opera's *1La Traviata *0when
F42 051 *+$6000 worth of Moet and *+$4000 worth of catering from Food Glorious
F42 052 Food arranged by the sponsor's wife, Stephanie Myers, went down and
F42 053 was much-recorded by the *1Star *0and the *1Herald.
F42 054    |^*0Such an event increases the Mercury's social credibility,
F42 055 which, says Maryanne, while it may not go along with the theatre
F42 056 company's political consciousness, certainly helps pay their wages.
F42 057 ^*"They think sometimes that I'm a social whore,**" she says. ^*"And
F42 058 sure, I could be called a high-class whore, but I believe in the
F42 059 theatre. ^You need guts to go up to some big-noter businessmen and ask
F42 060 for *+$20,000 or even *+$60,000 for the theatre. ^There's plenty in it
F42 061 for them.**"
F42 062    |^One of the dividends in putting up big money for a theatre
F42 063 production is the chance to appear in the inky grey Occasions page of
F42 064 the Thursday *1New Zealand Herald. ^*0Unlike the people pages of some
F42 065 magazines, this page is not for sale.
F42 066    |^It was, I would however, suggest, the not-so-paltry total
F42 067 sponsorship sum of *+$30,000 that landed liquor baron Douglas Myers
F42 068 and since-estranged wife Stephanie (as the *1Auckland Star *0so
F42 069 eloquently refers to her) on the Occasions page when *1La Traviata
F42 070 *0opened.
F42 071 |^*4L*0et us leave the Mercury and its gilded lobbies full of glossy
F42 072 people for a moment and consider briefly the notion of celebrity.
F42 073 ^We'll return in time to Maryanne Gardiner and Richard
F42 074 Pamatatau-Davies, for both have attained a certain amount of fame in
F42 075 their own right.
F42 076    |^Although I suppose that one could be mistaken for thinking so
F42 077 far that this is no more than an extended *"readers' guide to The
F42 078 Ferret**", and that on one level it may seem to be no more than that,
F42 079 there is a reasonably serious reason for this story.
F42 080    |^This year has seen the rise of so-called *"celebrities**" to
F42 081 what those who promote them imagine is popular acceptance. ^Since last
F42 082 summer when pop stars Simon Le Bon and Allanah Currie dominated the
F42 083 normally staid thinking at the *1Auckland Star, *0there has been an
F42 084 unswerving disposition in the country's leading evening newspaper to
F42 085 cover the activities of a small group of *"media stars**" *- fashion
F42 086 designers, models, beauty queens, hairdressers and nightclub owners.
F42 087 ^The *1Star *0and the *1Tonight *0show have woken up to what former
F42 088 *1Woman's Weekly *0editor Jean Wishart knew all along *- the idea that
F42 089 people crave fame, and have innocently, or perhaps knowingly, elevated
F42 090 many undeserving and hitherto unknown people to that position.
F42 091    |^Lately, it seems, people want to become known for their work;
F42 092 whether they are dancers, singers, hairdressers or stockbrokers *- and
F42 093 now, hairbrokers or stockdressers.
F42 094    |^I kid you not *- there is a wee chap in Shortland Street who
F42 095 calls himself a *"hairbroker**".
F42 096    |^Trevor Potter, a man with a Yasser Arafat beard and a Rasputin
F42 097 haircut, has teamed up with Dennis Blair and has opened a hair salon/
F42 098 art gallery. ^The general idea, it seems, is to be in an
F42 099 *"art**[ARB**]-space**" and look at pictures while having your hair
F42 100 *"brokered**".
F42 101    |^Hmm... very strange.
F42 102    |^And very pretentious.
F42 103    |^There is also this idea of seeking fame for its own sake. ^As
F42 104 *1Rolling Stone, *0once a music magazine and now a vehicle for
F42 105 Hollywood publicists, has explained,
F42 106 **[LONG QUOTATION**]
F42 107    |^Some of these people *- famous for being famous *- will shortly
F42 108 come under my inquisitorial eye. ^But allow me first to use a foreign
F42 109 example to explain the notion of pure celebrity.
F42 110    |^Singer and actress Cher is unique. ^She has remained a
F42 111 world-class celebrity for 20 years since her hit song *1I Got You Babe
F42 112 *0and the *1Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour. ^*0Cher has achieved lasting
F42 113 celebrity without the advantage of any commensurate talent. ^She was
F42 114 never a classic beauty or a great singer or actress. ^She was simply
F42 115 famous. ^She was quoted in *1Vanity Fair *0earlier this year as being
F42 116 puzzled by her enduring popularity. ^*"I think people like me, but I'm
F42 117 not exactly sure why. ^I think there are just people that you like.**"
F42 118    |^Fame for fame's sake is not necessarily a dangerous thing.
F42 119 ^There are many who deserve fame, not because of any particular
F42 120 achievements but because of the strength of their personality, their
F42 121 energy, their drive and, moreover, their humanity. ^Sir Edmund Hillary
F42 122 who recently had his life squeezed into 60 minutes of *1This Is Your
F42 123 Life *0is such a person.
F42 124    |^Sir Edmund had to be tricked into appearing on the show, unlike
F42 125 a growing number of others in this town who actively seek publicity,
F42 126 and who thrive on it. ^It has become central to their lives. ^Indeed
F42 127 their very livelihood has become dependent upon their fame.
F42 128 |^*4T*0ake David Hartnell (\2pleeze, someone). ^This man, with his
F42 129 carefully and cleverly crafted photographs of cardboard cutout
F42 130 Hollywood stars, has set himself up as the arbiter of taste when it
F42 131 comes to what people wear.
F42 132    |^How on earth did he ever get to be in that position? ^He has
F42 133 mined his limited celebrity for all it was once worth and swept it
F42 134 along before him, giving it the odd resuscitative action every now and
F42 135 then for more years than most people care to remember.
F42 136    |^Driving a black Honda Silly with black tinted windows says as
F42 137 much about Hartnell as anything else. ^Black windows allude more to a
F42 138 wish to be seen than to any desire for privacy.
F42 139    |^Hartnell isn't the only example. ^But why should anyone seek
F42 140 fame of that sort? ^Possibly it's all wrapped up with the idea of the
F42 141 Me Generation, as Tom Wolfe coined it. ^There are few challenges left
F42 142 in this urban world; achievement has now become a measure of
F42 143 self-worth and gain. ^Have fame and you shall triumph. ^*"The famous
F42 144 keep alive the romance of individualism,**" wrote American John Lahr.
F42 145 ^*"For fame is democracy's vindicative triumph over equality: the name
F42 146 illuminated, the name rewarded, the name tyrannical.**"
F42 147    |^Well, I haven't seen a lot of tyranny around lately, but the man
F42 148 has a point. ^With video technology, fashion magazines eager to find
F42 149 stars, and the *1Auckland Star *0visibly aching each night to make
F42 150 friends, it's much easier, or so it seems, to achieve fame these days,
F42 151 however short-lived. ^And fame, however spurious, after all is
F42 152 preferable to the dull lives of the masses which the *1Star *0in more
F42 153 serious days used to regularly concern itself with. ^Remember Arthur
F42 154 Allan Thomas?
F42 155 **[PLATE**]
F42 156 |^*4E*0verybody has been talking about achievers and yuppies lately,
F42 157 and quite frankly it has become boring. ^In case you didn't know, and
F42 158 I don't wish to preach, achievers are those who play tennis, invest on
F42 159 the stock exchange, drink wine coolers before dinner and have a wallet
F42 160 full of credit cards, mostly gold in colour.
F42 161    |^Here is a typical achiever pair: Steve is blunt, athletic and
F42 162 hearty. ^Anne-Marie drinks cool white wine and talks quietly yet
F42 163 authoritatively about her theory of interior design *- the effort she
F42 164 makes to balance formality with a personal touch. ^Steve drives a
F42 165 {0BMW} 325, Anne-Marie a Fiat Uno 70S. ^They live in Herne Bay.
F42 166    |^I'm afraid to report, Steve and Anne-Marie, that there is a hint
F42 167 of a backlash against you two. ^People on the *"leading edge**" are
F42 168 starting to say, *"^Enough of all this yuppies and achievement and
F42 169 short hair and pin-stripe suits stuff. ^I want to do something
F42 170 outrageous because I feel so stifled by this conservative climate.**"
F42 171    |^Hollywood, that keen observer of social trends, hasn't missed
F42 172 this point either and has already produced one film, due here next
F42 173 year, titled *1Something Wild *0that concerns a banker type character
F42 174 and a bohemian rebel. ^The tide has turned, finally, thankfully.
F42 175 |^*4O*0kay, so we've established that everyone is interested in fame.
F42 176 ^Or nearly everyone. ^Surveys prove it. ^And if they can't be famous
F42 177 themselves, they want, at least, to be *"achievers and emulators**".
F42 178 ^Emulators want the achiever life but they haven't quite cracked the
F42 179 code.
F42 180    |^So how do you achieve this fame?
F42 181    |^First of all, get out of the sharemarket and the lawyer's office
F42 182 and become a model or a hairdresser, because they're the occupations
F42 183 that those who make the big fame decisions are most interested in *-
F42 184 the arbiters of fashion and style at the *1Auckland Star, ChaCha,
F42 185 Woman's Weekly, Fashion Quarterly, More *0and the *1Tonight *0show.
F42 186    |^The *1Sunday News *0used to be the main proponent of the idea of
F42 187 celebrity in New Zealand. ^It was in that tabloid beloved of life's
F42 188 losers that we first read about Graeme Thorne's perm and much other
F42 189 such trivia. ^It was as if successive editors had a list of so-called
F42 190 personalities from which they never really deviated. ^It is probably
F42 191 still pasted up in the news**[ARB**]-room, slowly yellowing under the
F42 192 harsh fluorescent lights. ^My guess is that it includes the old names
F42 193 Ray, Bob, Max, Marilyn, the other Ray and Howard. ^You should know the
F42 194 surnames. ^They've been around for years.
F42 195    |^New lists are being used now by the glossies and inkies, making
F42 196 the *1Sunday News's *0look very passe. ^Now some business people have
F42 197 managed to pick up the *"famous**" tag and appear on the covers of the
F42 198 new investment magazines. ^But business people are, in reality,
F42 199 terribly boring people. ^What have Ron Brierley, Michael Fay or
F42 200 Douglas Myers got that should make them so interesting?
F42 201 *#
F43 001 **[186 TEXT F43**]
F43 002    |^*0In forty-eight days away, the orchestra had performed a total
F43 003 of twenty-three concerts *- a major milestone in the history of the
F43 004 {0NYO} and its parent body. ^Many of the players have since gone on to
F43 005 musical careers as solo artists, several are in overseas orchestras,
F43 006 and six are currently {0NZSO} members: Glenda Craven, Dean Major,
F43 007 Philip Jane (violins), Peter Barber, Michael Cuncannon (violas) and
F43 008 Ken Young (tuba), who summed up the experience: *"it was a marvellous
F43 009 trip, probably the best months of my life**".
F43 010    |^The tour was without doubt the musical event of the year. ^But
F43 011 1975 was important also for a two-month return visit by the popular
F43 012 Israeli conductor Uri Segal, and the recording of Mahler's *1Fourth
F43 013 Symphony *0by {0EMI}, released in 1976. ^The first visits by two other
F43 014 conductors destined to play a significant part in the orchestra's
F43 015 changed circumstances also took place.
F43 016    |^A Russian conductor had pulled out unexpectedly. ^By some quick
F43 017 negotiations over Christmas, disaster was averted, and he was replaced
F43 018 by the brilliant young Japanese conductor Michi Inoue, who had been
F43 019 *"showing up strongly**" in the circuits for the past eighteen months.
F43 020 ^If anyone had a preconceived idea of a Japanese conductor, it would
F43 021 not have been Michi. ^Tall and lithe, with fluid movements attesting
F43 022 the ballet career he had once considered, his ample talent was readily
F43 023 discernible. ^Orchestral playing reached a peak under his direction in
F43 024 the Haydn *1Symphony \0No. 96 *0and *1Schelomo *0by Ernest Bloch, with
F43 025 Wilfred Simenauer as cello soloist. ^He was a conductor to be watched
F43 026 with interest, it was thought.
F43 027    |^The other conductor was a complete contrast. ^English, affable
F43 028 Ron Goodwin, known for his compositions, arrangements, film music and
F43 029 many light-music recordings, was another immediate success. ^It was
F43 030 the first time a series of such light programmes had been toured
F43 031 midyear *- in April *- and the first of this type of presentation: a
F43 032 *"Ron Goodwin Show**". ^His rapport was immediate with both audience
F43 033 and orchestra, who appreciated his musicianship. ^He was another one
F43 034 to watch out for, certain of an invitation back.
F43 035    |^In return for the National Youth Orchestra's tour of China, an
F43 036 exchange visit was made in November by the Shanghai Philharmonic. ^It
F43 037 would not be true to say that the public's imagination was entirely
F43 038 captured by the visitors' performances in Hamilton, Auckland,
F43 039 Christchurch and Wellington. ^Formed in 1954, the orchestra was one of
F43 040 China's major performing groups and included vocal and instrumental
F43 041 soloists, a play-and-sing team, and composing groups. ^At home its
F43 042 performances are given not only in theatres but often in factories,
F43 043 mines, the countryside, and units of the People's Liberation Army *-
F43 044 *"to experience the life of the workers, peasants, soldiers and
F43 045 perform for them**".
F43 046    |^The programme, rather long by our standards, included the
F43 047 revolutionary symphony *1Taking Tiger Mountain by Storm, *0eight
F43 048 selections of arias, and a piano concerto in four movements, *1The
F43 049 Yellow River.
F43 050    |^*0The orchestra had brought with them a large selection of
F43 051 traditional Chinese instruments, and, as a gesture to their host
F43 052 country, Douglas Lilburn's *1Festival Overture *0was played.
F43 053 ^Compositions were never by individuals but by collectives: the Song
F43 054 and Dance Ensemble of Chekiang Province, the Shanghai Philharmonic
F43 055 Society, and so on *- implementing a policy of *"making the past serve
F43 056 the present and foreign things serve China**".
F43 057    |^Soloists that year included two highly individual pianists:
F43 058 Andre*?2 Tchaikowsky and Roger Woodward. ^The latter gave an unusual
F43 059 recital of twentieth-century music, and although only 250 attended it
F43 060 was judged an event of outstanding interest. ^The most unusual props
F43 061 were called for in the opening work, Alison Bauld's *1Concert:
F43 062 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F43 063 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F43 064 **[END INDENTATION**]
F43 065 |^*0The *1Adam Report *0had recommended that the orchestra remain part
F43 066 of the Broadcasting Council, administered by Radio New Zealand. ^Pat
F43 067 Downey, chairman of Radio New Zealand, believing in the *"very
F43 068 intimate relationship with Broadcasting and particularly radio,**" had
F43 069 fought for the orchestra to come under his organisation. ^On 11 April
F43 070 1975 council powers were delegated accordingly:
F43 071 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F43 072 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F43 073 **[END INDENTATION**]
F43 074    |^Everything *- lock, stock and barrel *- became the
F43 075 responsibility of Radio New Zealand.
F43 076 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F43 077 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F43 078 **[END INDENTATION**]
F43 079    |^The relationship between the orchestra and radio had always been
F43 080 close. ^Now, all orchestral functions were controlled by Radio New
F43 081 Zealand. ^Financial matters handled for the past twenty-nine years by
F43 082 head office accounts passed to {0RNZ}'s Finance Department *-
F43 083 inundating it with a whole new set of problems, including orchestral
F43 084 travel claims and pay for 100 extra members.
F43 085    |^By midyear major changes had taken place in Concert Section.
F43 086 ^The value of publicity was recognised in the creation of a new
F43 087 position *- publicity director *- filled by former radio announcer
F43 088 Keith Hambleton. ^Personnel functions for the orchestra would for the
F43 089 first time be handled within the section by Joy Tonks from the
F43 090 Broadcasting Council's Personnel Division, who also had the
F43 091 responsibility of organising the as-yet-unformed {0NZSO} Supporters
F43 092 Club.
F43 093 **[PLATE**]
F43 094    |^A third more important position was yet to be filled *- that of
F43 095 professional manager *- as stipulated in the *1Adam Report. ^*0Filling
F43 096 such a position was not quite as easy as it sounded. ^Discussions
F43 097 began in May 1975, when the board asked for a suitable specification
F43 098 to be drawn, later approving the advertisement for either an artistic
F43 099 director or a general manager. ^But internally there was argument.
F43 100 ^What would such a highly paid executive do? ^There was already a
F43 101 concert manager, and in the present climate of staff reductions and
F43 102 economic difficulties...? ^Finally, and in spite of several arguments
F43 103 against the proposed contract position, advertisements were placed
F43 104 internationally in December with a deadline of March 1976.
F43 105 *<*612*>
F43 106 *<A NEW DIRECTION*>
F43 107    |^*"H*2ERE *0we go again,**" thought broadcasters when, with a
F43 108 pre-election promise to *"put Broadcasting back together again**", the
F43 109 National Government was, in 1975, returned to office. ^Barely had
F43 110 finishing touches been put to the three new broadcasting corporations,
F43 111 when it was announced that they would soon all revert to a single
F43 112 organisation, under one chairman, and one board. ^And where would the
F43 113 orchestra fit in this time?
F43 114    |^Unsettling and counterproductive as such constant political
F43 115 changes might be, the show must go on. ^And, artistically, 1976 was a
F43 116 special year for the orchestra. ^It began in an unusual way, not with
F43 117 Proms but with six *"Goodwin Pops**", reaffirming the popularity of
F43 118 this most relaxed musical host. ^After these came the Proms proper *-
F43 119 twelve concerts *- a mixture of lighter classics, ballet and
F43 120 Broadway-show music, with another favoured conductor, Andre
F43 121 Kostelanetz, and violinist Alfredo Campoli.
F43 122    |^In March there was the first of many visits by distinguished
F43 123 British conductor Sir Charles Groves, who gave two memorable
F43 124 performances of *1Belshazzar's Feast *0and the first New Zealand
F43 125 performance of Benjamin Britten's *1A Spring Symphony. ^*0Later in the
F43 126 year came other conductors: Bruce Hangen from Denver and the popular
F43 127 Walter Susskind, who also premiered a work new to this country, the
F43 128 *1Fourteenth Symphony *0of Shostakovich. ^Franz-Paul Decker, whose
F43 129 youth-orientated concerts *"Baroque to Rock**" did not quite gain
F43 130 local acceptance, was more noteworthy for performances of the Mahler
F43 131 *1Symphony \0No. 2 *0(*"Resurrection**") and Bruckner's *1Symphony
F43 132 \0No. 9, *0a New Zealand first. ^Yet another first-time visitor, Erich
F43 133 Bergel from Romania, appeared with soloists Noel Mangin and the
F43 134 Chinese pianist Fou Ts'ong. ^It was no wonder that subscription sales
F43 135 had made a healthy leap forward.
F43 136    |^But one name on that year's impressive list stood out above all
F43 137 others. ^*"La Stupenda**" herself *- the Australian soprano Dame Joan
F43 138 Sutherland *- one of the world's leading artists. ^The demand for
F43 139 seats was phenomenal, and extra performances had to be arranged. ^Both
F43 140 on stage and off, this great artist impressed everyone with her
F43 141 natural warmth and charm.
F43 142    |^Joan Sutherland was accompanied by her husband, conductor
F43 143 Richard Bonynge, also making his first visit to the orchestra. ^Five
F43 144 months later he was back with the Australian Opera Company for the
F43 145 most important opera tour in this country since that of the Italian
F43 146 Opera in 1949. ^Two operas were performed: Verdi's *1Rigoletto,
F43 147 *0conducted by Richard Bonynge, and *1Jenu*?15fa *0by Janac*?10ek,
F43 148 conducted by Georg Tintner. ^Both were highly successful and
F43 149 beautifully staged performances *- a rare cultural collaboration
F43 150 between the Australian Opera and the {0NZSO} instigated at government
F43 151 level. ^While half of the orchestra accompanied the opera in the pit,
F43 152 smaller centres were toured by Walter Susskind and the remaining
F43 153 players, who then gave ten schools concerts under conductor Dobbs
F43 154 Franks.
F43 155    |^For opera fans it was quite a year. ^Two concert performances of
F43 156 Puccini's opera *1Turandot *0also took place, under an old friend,
F43 157 James Robertson, with soloists Milla Andrew, Angela Shaw, Anthony
F43 158 Benfell and Bruce Carson. ^The opera, which had never before been
F43 159 performed in New Zealand, was chosen to mark its golden jubilee. ^The
F43 160 enthusiasm with which all three operas were greeted confirmed that,
F43 161 although starved for many years since the fall of the New Zealand
F43 162 Opera Company, audiences had not lost their taste for such
F43 163 performances.
F43 164    |^On 22 November the Golden Jubilee of Radio Broadcasting in New
F43 165 Zealand, an event celebrated in other ways throughout the year,
F43 166 culminated in a concert given in association with the Australasian
F43 167 Performing Rights Association ({0APRA}). ^All works but one were by
F43 168 New Zealand composers, who in each case (except Lilburn) conducted the
F43 169 performance:
F43 170 **[LIST**]
F43 171 **[PLATE**]
F43 172 |^Disappointingly this showcase for local composers' works, the
F43 173 largest number ever performed by the orchestra in public performance,
F43 174 did not attract a large audience.
F43 175    |^One of the year's major events was the arrival in June of the
F43 176 orchestra's new concertmaster, Peter Schaffer, with his wife, Zoe
F43 177 Fisher, a horn player, and their eighteen-year-old son, Eric. ^As a
F43 178 result of a massive advertising campaign, nineteen applications had
F43 179 been received: twelve from the {0USA}, three from the {0UK}, one each
F43 180 from Australia, Canada, Germany and New Zealand. ^A committee
F43 181 comprising Beverley Wakem, Geoffrey Newson, Peter Averi (all from
F43 182 Radio New Zealand), Brian Priestman, John Chisholm
F43 183 **[PLATE**]
F43 184 and Douglas Lilburn had short-listed four international applicants.
F43 185    |^The nod had eventually gone to Peter Schaffer, then aged
F43 186 forty-six. ^Born in Germany, his father a vaudeville artist, Schaffer
F43 187 had made his debut as a violinist at the age of eight in Portugal.
F43 188 ^The family had emigrated to the United States in 1939, and Schaffer
F43 189 had studied under tutors including Roman Totenberg, (Alma Trio)
F43 190 Steinberg and Szymon Goldberg. ^At sixteen he had been appointed to
F43 191 the Los Angeles Philharmonic, then the Baltimore Symphony, eventually
F43 192 becoming associate concertmaster, Denver Symphony. ^For the past six
F43 193 years he had held the same position in the San Francisco Symphony, and
F43 194 he was also concertmaster of the San Francisco Opera.
F43 195    |^Pleased as everyone was to welcome the urbane and undoubtedly
F43 196 able new concertmaster, the debt owed to John Chisholm was fully
F43 197 recognised. ^He had accepted an enormous challenge as acting leader
F43 198 and in that time had earned the respect of all by his handling of this
F43 199 difficult and exacting position. ^Even those who, at the time, had
F43 200 questioned his youth and lack of previous experience, now acknowledged
F43 201 his worth. ^John Chisholm was not an applicant for the permanent
F43 202 position, choosing instead to take a well-deserved six-month break in
F43 203 Europe with his cellist wife, Vivien.
F43 204 **[BEGIN INDENTATION**]
F43 205 |**[LONG QUOTATION**]
F43 206 **[END INDENTATION**]
F43 207    |^The transportation of orchestral instruments underwent its most
F43 208 important change in 1976. ^It took eighteen months of negotiations
F43 209 with several different companies, but after thirty years of
F43 210 transportation by railways wagon or uncovered truck *- including
F43 211 hair-raising occasions when instruments had been shunted onto a siding
F43 212 somewhere and a double bass had been dropped from a crane *- the
F43 213 change was made to the private firm of New Zealand Van Lines \0Ltd.
F43 214 ^In the years since, these distinctive articulated vehicles, with the
F43 215 {0NZSO} logo, have become a familiar sight. ^It was a great relief to
F43 216 musicians forced to trust their precious instruments to the dangers of
F43 217 constant travel.
F43 218    |^The {0NZSO} Supporters Club became operational in 1975. ^During
F43 219 his enforced inactivity after the Australian tour, cellist Wilfred
F43 220 Simenauer had used the opportunity to start a supporters club similar
F43 221 to that of the Royal Liverpool Orchestra. ^With {0NZBC} approval, he
F43 222 had set about collecting names and addresses of musical and other
F43 223 groups, before beginning an intensive letter campaign for membership.
F43 224 ^Replies began to come in thick and fast, but by then Simenauer had
F43 225 returned to his orchestral duties. ^A bulging file of unanswered
F43 226 letters was left behind.
F43 227 *#
F44 001 **[187 TEXT F44**]
F44 002    |^*0Bearing in mind the dangers of sending valuable property by
F44 003 sea, Williams resolved to divide his collection into two consignments
F44 004 which were put separately on a boat to Port Nicholson and from there
F44 005 went to Sydney and London. ^They were received by \0Dr Buckland at
F44 006 Oxford who transmitted them almost immediately to Richard Owen. ^He
F44 007 later respected Williams's wishes concerning their ultimate use, and
F44 008 asked Owen that casts be made for distribution to an assortment of
F44 009 museums in England and France, including his own at Oxford.
F44 010    |^Since his first announcement on the Moa and his appeal for more
F44 011 specimens, Richard Owen had established himself as the logical
F44 012 ultimate receiver of Moa bones. ^Insofar as he was destined to become
F44 013 even more involved with fossil New Zealand birds, it is time to take a
F44 014 closer look at the man and his times, for they have a great deal to do
F44 015 with New Zealand zoology.
F44 016    |^For some twenty years Owen held undisputed hegemony over the
F44 017 natural sciences in Britain. ^Narrower in outlook than Banks, and
F44 018 vastly different in style, he nevertheless adopted the same central
F44 019 position, part of the *'hub**' towards which exotic zoological and
F44 020 palaeontological collections must flow. ^He was at once hated, feared
F44 021 and admired, a man who had colleagues and correspondents by the score
F44 022 but few friends. ^If one practised as a serious amateur or a
F44 023 professional in the realms of natural history, an encounter with Owen
F44 024 was almost unavoidable. ^Some, like Gideon Mantell, found that
F44 025 everywhere they turned there was Owen, aloof, deprecatory, and
F44 026 all-powerful in the higher councils of British science.
F44 027    |^Owen began his career with a training in medicine, but shortly
F44 028 thereafter was persuaded to become an assistant to William Clift, the
F44 029 Conservator of the Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons, where he
F44 030 began by cataloguing the Hunterian collections. ^From there he
F44 031 embarked on a lifetime study of the anatomy of vertebrate and
F44 032 invertebrate animals, in the process becoming Hunterian Professor and
F44 033 then succeeding Clift as Conservator, before becoming Superintendent
F44 034 of the Natural History Department of the British Museum. ^This
F44 035 department later became a museum in its own right as a result of his
F44 036 efforts.
F44 037    |^The science of comparative anatomy had been well developed by
F44 038 the French under Cuvier, but England had no rival figure until Owen
F44 039 started publishing in 1830. ^Two things fortified his career and
F44 040 reputation: the first was the developing science of palaeontology and
F44 041 the second the increasing supply of zoological specimens, fossil and
F44 042 living, from the British colonies *- marsupials from Australia, the
F44 043 fossil reptiles from South Africa, and the kiwi and fossil birds from
F44 044 New Zealand. ^Palaeontology itself was enjoying unprecedented
F44 045 popularity during the middle decades of the 19th century; visions of
F44 046 large and fearsome monsters from the past fired the public imagination
F44 047 and authorities such as Gideon Mantell were in great demand for
F44 048 soire*?2es, \*1conversaziones *0and public lectures. ^For naturalists
F44 049 who were social climbers and craved public attention it was a godsend,
F44 050 their intriguing specimens providing them with an entrance to the
F44 051 salons of the aristocracy. ^The extinct New Zealand birds came
F44 052 fortuitously right in the middle of this period, their discovery
F44 053 coinciding with the presence of Owen and heightened enthusiasm for
F44 054 palaeontology and natural history in general.
F44 055    |^One or two decades earlier, Rule's bone might have been totally
F44 056 ignored. ^Two decades later and the discoveries would have been
F44 057 overshadowed by Darwin and the debate on evolution. ^Instead, there
F44 058 was to be a chain of papers on the extinct birds, ending in a
F44 059 two-volume monograph; they would be looked upon as the *'greatest
F44 060 zoological discovery of our time**'. ^By the time of the appearance of
F44 061 his concluding work on Moas in 1886, Owen's authority had already been
F44 062 undermined by the discussion on evolution and by other smaller
F44 063 defeats. ^But for a time he had the power to bring into the limelight
F44 064 an animal, a fauna and a country. ^Owen, Gray and the Hookers were
F44 065 among the imperial masters of New Zealand natural history and it was
F44 066 part of Owen's skill that when something like Rule's bone turned up,
F44 067 he would quickly recognize its potential and move to make the field
F44 068 *'peculiarly his own**'.
F44 069    |^Owen had to exercise considerable patience before he began to
F44 070 receive any confirmation of his first analysis of Rule's bone. ^This
F44 071 finally arrived in a letter on 10 January, 1843, from the Reverend
F44 072 William Cotton, who confirmed Owen's findings and told him that he had
F44 073 seen the bones collected by Williams (which were in fact specimens
F44 074 collected following Williams's original consignment to England). ^Hard
F44 075 on the heels of this letter the first box of bones sent by Williams
F44 076 arrived on Buckland's doorstep. ^The Prince Regent was notified, His
F44 077 Royal Highness expressing great interest in *'this feathered
F44 078 monster**' and a desire to be kept informed. ^Buckland sent the
F44 079 consignment smartly on to Owen. ^On 19 January the box was opened in
F44 080 the presence of William Broderip and Owen himself. ^Fascinated, they
F44 081 watched as the huge bones came out one by one *- a pelvis, vertebrae,
F44 082 femur *- becoming so preoccupied that the time for their evening meal
F44 083 came and went. ^*'Yesternight we supped upon the mysterious moa**'
F44 084 recalled Broderip in a letter to Buckland the next day.
F44 085    |^The second box arrived as safely as the first in October that
F44 086 year, and again Broderip was present at the Owen house for the
F44 087 opening. ^Following notices in the *1Proceedings, *0Owen described and
F44 088 figured this material in the *1Transactions of the Zoological Society
F44 089 of London, *01844, and Williams was given credit by Owen for his
F44 090 interpretation of the bones: *'wholly unaware that its more immediate
F44 091 affinities had been determined in England**'. ^Owen's attempt to
F44 092 attract specimens by sending copies of his early publication out to
F44 093 New Zealand eventually had effect, although after some time had
F44 094 elapsed. ^Colonel William Wakefield received a letter from the New
F44 095 Zealand Company in London and a copy of Owen's paper late in 1843 and
F44 096 took action immediately to supply specimens. ^While all this was going
F44 097 on another sizeable discovery was about to take place in New Zealand,
F44 098 this time in another part of the country and by a missionary who was
F44 099 already familiar with the fossil birds.
F44 100    |^In May 1843, the Reverend Richard Taylor arrived at Wanganui
F44 101 which was to be the headquarters of his large parish for some years to
F44 102 come. ^A few weeks after his arrival, in July, he was returning along
F44 103 the coast from a trip to South Taranaki when he stopped at Waingongoro
F44 104 to baptize two children. ^He paused for a while on the shore near the
F44 105 mouth of the Waingongoro River and noticed a fragment of bone lying in
F44 106 the sand. ^He was reminded of the bone seen on the East Coast and
F44 107 asked the Maoris what it was. ^*'A Moa's bone,**' was the reply *'what
F44 108 else? ^Look around and you will see plenty of them.**' ^To his
F44 109 astonishment he saw that the sand flat was heaped up into mounds full
F44 110 of Moa skeletons, *'a regular necropolis**'. ^But many of the bones
F44 111 when examined were found to be fragile and disintegrated when touched.
F44 112 ^He emptied out his box of supplies and packed a few handy specimens,
F44 113 intending to return at some later time to make a more comprehensive
F44 114 selection. ^Unfortunately for him, the site was visited in the
F44 115 intervening period by Walter Mantell, who made a large collection of
F44 116 these sub-fossil bird bones to send to his father Gideon Mantell in
F44 117 England. ^It was a great loss for Taylor, although he had well over
F44 118 three years in which to make his return, years in which he placed his
F44 119 pastoral duties ahead of this particular interest in natural history.
F44 120 ^Mantell's collection from Waingongoro was a valuable one, containing
F44 121 species other than Moas and of
F44 122 **[PLATE**]
F44 123 sufficient importance to make them the subject of a separate story to
F44 124 be told later on.
F44 125    |^Over the years Taylor continued to find Moa skeletons on his
F44 126 coastal travels around Wanganui and was once brought a near-perfect
F44 127 specimen, lacking only the skull. ^Eager to find the missing portion
F44 128 he rode off at once to the site, where with great care he unearthed
F44 129 the delicate skull bones. ^Wrapped up and placed in the crown of his
F44 130 hat, the bones seemed safe until Taylor's horse bucked, sending him
F44 131 sprawling on the ground and shattering the bones. ^He hobbled around
F44 132 salvaging what he could for Owen, but once again the full measure of
F44 133 exciting discovery had slipped through his fingers.
F44 134 **[PLATE**]
F44 135    |^While Taylor was making his find at Waingongoro, new Moa sites
F44 136 were being exposed in the South Island where a discovery was made at
F44 137 the mouth of the Waikouaiti River north of Dunedin. ^The first to view
F44 138 this site was possibly Johnny Jones, a whaler and land dealer who
F44 139 established a station at Waikouaiti early in 1840. ^The site was
F44 140 visited during 1843-1844 by the collector Percy Earl, who took his
F44 141 collection back with him to England to offer it for sale to Owen in
F44 142 February 1845. ^Two new species of Moa came from this collection and
F44 143 they were described by Owen in 1846. ^Material from the site was also
F44 144 acquired at about the same time by a \0Dr MacKellar, who sent the
F44 145 bones to Edinburgh University *- a departure from the normal course of
F44 146 events. ^It appears
F44 147 **[PLATE**]
F44 148 that MacKellar was from Sydney and had been given the bones by *'a
F44 149 sailor**' (probably one from the whaling station) during a visit to
F44 150 New Zealand.
F44 151    |^If Owen did not receive Moa bones directly, such was his
F44 152 position of authority and control over the publication of the fossil
F44 153 bird papers that he received material from even the most reluctant of
F44 154 sources. ^Gideon Mantell has already been mentioned in connection with
F44 155 his son's collections from the Waingongoro site, and it was the result
F44 156 of this and later efforts by Walter Mantell in New Zealand that placed
F44 157 the elder Mantell firmly among the followers of the Moa. ^But he was
F44 158 always a planet to Owen's sun, feeling he had the right to lecture on
F44 159 his son's discoveries but not to describe them: *'^I determined to
F44 160 forego the pride and pleasure of describing these new acquisitions,
F44 161 and allow him (Owen) to have the use of all the novelties my son has
F44 162 collected.**' ^If Owen felt he could be generous in appreciation and
F44 163 praise for the work and interest taken by the missionaries and others
F44 164 in the colony, a rival lecturer on the subject on his very doorstep
F44 165 was a different matter, and Mantell was often the victim of bruising
F44 166 encounters in spite of his generosity to Owen in passing on specimens.
F44 167 ^The products of middle class backgrounds, both men
F44 168 **[PLATE**]
F44 169 were snobs and courted the attention of the titled and famous. ^But
F44 170 Mantell was at a severe disadvantage in that the need to keep up his
F44 171 medical practice conflicted with his palaeontological interests,
F44 172 whereas Owen was a professional in this field, albeit a busy one.
F44 173 ^Mantell suffered from a further handicap in the form of a persistent
F44 174 and agonizing spinal condition which was no help in preserving his
F44 175 magnanimity and good humour at the time of Owen's attacks.
F44 176    |^The brief truce which established itself when Mantell first
F44 177 offered Walter's collection
F44 178 **[PLATE**]
F44 179 to Owen was soon broken and the enmity between them reached a peak
F44 180 three years later following a second consignment of bones from New
F44 181 Zealand. ^Earlier in 1846 Walter had also visited the Waikouaiti site,
F44 182 where the outgoing tide had exposed a pair of Moa tibia and feet
F44 183 standing in the mud. ^A whaler, Tommy Chaseland, carefully dug them
F44 184 out and gave them to Mantell who despatched them to his father. ^The
F44 185 two feet were articulated and on 27 February, 1850, Gideon Mantell
F44 186 read a paper on his son's recent collections. ^Owen arrived at the
F44 187 same meeting, also loaded with Moa bones, and *'commented in his usual
F44 188 deprecating manner**', declaring that the feet in Mantell's possession
F44 189 were imperfect, lacking the hind toes, and that he himself possessed a
F44 190 perfect foot which he had described the night before at a meeting of
F44 191 the Zoological Society. ^*'Poor envious man,**' wrote Mantell, but in
F44 192 fact Owen was infuriatingly right, although the hind toe has long been
F44 193 a contentious and difficult problem, only recently resolved.
F44 194 *#