List of tags and empty categories

POS tags

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

E_S sentence-final punctuation ("end of sentence")
, sentence-internal punctuation
' single quote
" double quote

$ possessive marker
+ joins constituent morphemes in compounds
Example: (N+N mankind)
A
ADJ adjective
ADJR adjective, comparative
ADJS adjective, superlative
ADV adverb
ADVR adverb, comparative
ADVS adverb, superlative
ALSO the words ALSO (except when = AS) and EKE
(the latter only in Middle English)
B
BAG BE, present participle
BE BE, infinitive
BED BE, past (including past subjunctive)
BEI BE, imperative
BEN BE, perfect participle
BEP BE, present (including present subjunctive)
C
C complementizer
CODE non-text material
CONJ coordinating conjunction
D
D determiner
DAG DO, present participle
DAN DO, passive participle (verbal or adjectival)
DO DO, infinitive
DOD DO, past (including past subjunctive)
DOI DO, imperative
DON DO, perfect participle
DOP DO, present (including present subjunctive)
E
ELSE the word ELSE in the collocation OR ELSE
E_S sentence-final punctuation ("end of sentence")
EX existential THERE
F
FOR infinitival FOR
FOR+TO cliticized FOR+TO
FP focus particle
FW foreign word
G
H
HAG HAVE, present participle
HAN HAVE, passive participle (verbal or adjectival)
HV HAVE, infinitive
HVD HAVE, past (including past subjunctive)
HVI HAVE, imperative
HVN HAVE, perfect participle
HVP HAVE, present (including present subjunctive)
I
ID token identification number
INTJ interjection
J
K
L
LB line break
M
MAN indefinite subject pronoun (ME, MAN)
(only in Middle English)
MD modal verb
MD0 modal verb, untensed
N
N common noun, singular
N$ common noun, singular, possessive
NEG negation
NPR proper noun, singular
NPR$ proper noun, singular, possessive
NPRS proper noun, plural
NPRS$ proper noun, plural, possessive
NS common noun, plural
NS$ common noun, plural, possessive
NUM cardinal number
NUM$ cardinal number, possessive
O
ONE the word ONE (except as focus particle)
ONE$ ONE, possessive
OTHER the word OTHER (except as conjunction)
OTHER$ OTHER, nominal use, possessive
OTHERS OTHER, nominal use, plural
OTHERS$ OTHER, nominal use, plural possessive
P
P preposition or subordinating conjunction
PRO personal pronoun
PRO$ possessive pronoun
Q
Q quantifier
Q$ quantifier, possessive
QR quantifier, comparative (MORE, LESS)
QS quantifier, superlative (MOST, LEAST)
R
RP adverbial particle
S
SUCH the word SUCH
T
TO infinitival TO, TIL, and AT
U
V
VAG present participle
VAN passive participle (verbal or adjectival)
VB infinitive, verbs other than BE, DO, HV
VBD past (including past subjunctive)
VBI imperative
VBN perfect participle
VBP present (including present subjunctive)
W
WADV wh-adverb
WARD the morpheme WARD
WD wh-determiner
WPRO wh-pronoun
WPRO$ possessive wh-pronoun
WQ WHETHER introducing indirect questions
X
X tag for unknown part of speech
Y
Z

The parts of an orthographically separated word may be surrounded by tags that are numbered, as described in Splitting and joining words.

Syntactic tags

Basic syntactic tags

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

A
ADJP adjective phrase

ADJP-LOC locative adjective phrase
ADJP-SPR adjective phrase, secondary predicate
ADJX adjectival constituent, ambiguous projection (ADJ, ADJ', or ADJP)
ADVP adverb phrase
ADVP-DIR directional adverb phrase
ADVP-LOC locative adverb phrase
ADVP-TMP temporal adverb phrase
ADVX adverbial constituent, ambiguous projection (ADV, ADV', or ADVP)
B
C
CONJP conjunction phrase
CP-ADV adverbial clause
CP-CAR clause-adjoined relative
CP-CLF IT cleft
CP-CMP comparative clause
CP-DEG degree complement
CP-EOP empty operator clause
CP-EXL exclamation (direct or indirect)
CP-FRL free relative clause
CP-QUE question (direct or indirect)
CP-QUE-ADV adverbial WHETHER clause
CP-QUE-SBJ indirect question subject
CP-REL relative clause
CP-THT THAT clause
CP-THT-SBJ THAT clause subject
CP-TMC TOUGH movement complement
D
E
F
FRAG sentence fragment
FRENCH French text
G
GREEK Greek text
H
HEBREW Hebrew text
I
INTJP interjection phrase
IP-ABS absolute clause
IP-IMP imperative
IP-INF infinitival complement
IP-INF-ABS absolute infinitive
IP-INF-ADT adjunct infinitive
IP-INF-DEG degree infinitive
IP-INF-PRP purpose infinitive
IP-INF-SBJ infinitival subject
IP-MAT matrix clause
IP-PPL participial clause
IP-PPL-ABS absolute participial clause
IP-PPL-OB1 participial clause object
IP-PPL-SBJ participial clause subject
IP-SMC small clause
IP-SUB subordinate clause
J
K
L
LATIN Latin text
LS list item
M
N
NODE tag in output of CorpusSearch when nodes_only is true
NP noun phrase
NP-ADT adjunct noun phrase
NP-ADV adverbial noun phrase
NP-COM NP complement (corresponding to modern OF phrase)
NP-DIR directional noun phrase
NP-DPS dative of possession in PP
NP-LOC locative noun phrase
NP-LFD left-dislocated noun phrase
NP-MSR measure noun phrase
NP-OB1 first object
NP-OB2 second object
NP-PRN parenthetical or appositive noun phrase
NP-RFL reflexive noun phrase
NP-SBJ noun phrase subject
NP-SPR noun phrase, secondary predicate
NP-TMP temporal noun phrase
NP-VOC vocative noun phrase
NUMP number phrase
NX nominal constituent, ambiguous projection (N, N', or NP)
O
P
PP prepositional phrase
Q
QP quantifier phrase
QTP quotation phrase
QX quantifier phrase, ambiguous projection (Q, Q', or QP)
R
REF reference
RRC reduced relative clause
S
SPANISH Spanish text
T
U
V
VP verb phrase
W
WCP wh- CP (occurs very rarely in pied-piping contexts)
WADJP wh- adjective phrase
WADVP wh- adverb phrase
WIP wh- IP (possible in pied-piping contexts)
WNP wh- noun phrase
WPP wh- prepositional phrase
WQP wh- quantifier phrase
X
XX tag for unknown phrasal category
Y
Z

Extended syntactic tags

The basic syntactic tags listed above can be modified by the following extended tags (also referred to as dash tags).

Suffix tag Definition Example
-LFD left-dislocated constituent ADVP-LOC-LFD left-dislocated locative adverb phrase
-PRN parenthetical or appositive NP-PRN parenthetical or appositive noun phrase
-RSP resumptive constituent NP-SBJ-RSP resumptive subject
-SPE direct speech (only on CP, IP) CP-REL-SPE relative clause, direct speech
IP-MAT-SPE matrix clause, direct speech

Suffix tag	Definition	Example
-LFD	left-dislocated constituent	ADVP-LOC-LFD	left-dislocated locative adverb phrase
-PRN	parenthetical or appositive	NP-PRN	parenthetical or appositive noun phrase
-RSP	resumptive constituent	NP-SBJ-RSP	resumptive subject
-SPE	direct speech (only on CP, IP)	CP-REL-SPE	relative clause, direct speech
IP-MAT-SPE	matrix clause, direct speech

"-#" (a hyphen followed by a numeric index) is used to coindex antecedents and their traces, as well as expletives (overt or empty) that are associated with a clause or noun phrase.

"=#" (an equals sign followed by a numeric index) is used to coindex gapped clauses with full clauses. See Right node raising, gapping.

Empty categories

0 empty operator
*arb* arbitrary subject in ECM infinitives (as in I have heard *arb* tell)
*con* subject elided under conjunction
*exp* empty expletive subject
*pro* "small pro" subject
*ICH* abbreviation mnemonic for "insert constituent here"; trace of extraposition, scrambling, or other movement that does not fit neatly into the A/A' dichotomy
*T* trace of A'-movement
* trace of A-movement; also default empty category

E_S	sentence-final punctuation ("end of sentence")
,	sentence-internal punctuation
'	single quote
"	double quote
$	possessive marker
+	joins constituent morphemes in compounds Example: (N+N mankind)
A
ADJ	adjective
ADJR	adjective, comparative
ADJS	adjective, superlative
ADV	adverb
ADVR	adverb, comparative
ADVS	adverb, superlative
ALSO	the words ALSO (except when = AS) and EKE (the latter only in Middle English)
B
BAG	BE, present participle
BE	BE, infinitive
BED	BE, past (including past subjunctive)
BEI	BE, imperative
BEN	BE, perfect participle
BEP	BE, present (including present subjunctive)
C
C	complementizer
CODE	non-text material
CONJ	coordinating conjunction
D
D	determiner
DAG	DO, present participle
DAN	DO, passive participle (verbal or adjectival)
DO	DO, infinitive
DOD	DO, past (including past subjunctive)
DOI	DO, imperative
DON	DO, perfect participle
DOP	DO, present (including present subjunctive)
E
ELSE	the word ELSE in the collocation OR ELSE
E_S	sentence-final punctuation ("end of sentence")
EX	existential THERE
F
FOR	infinitival FOR
FOR+TO	cliticized FOR+TO
FP	focus particle
FW	foreign word
G
H
HAG	HAVE, present participle
HAN	HAVE, passive participle (verbal or adjectival)
HV	HAVE, infinitive
HVD	HAVE, past (including past subjunctive)
HVI	HAVE, imperative
HVN	HAVE, perfect participle
HVP	HAVE, present (including present subjunctive)
I
ID	token identification number
INTJ	interjection
J
K
L
LB	line break
M
MAN	indefinite subject pronoun (ME, MAN) (only in Middle English)
MD	modal verb
MD0	modal verb, untensed
N
N	common noun, singular
N$	common noun, singular, possessive
NEG	negation
NPR	proper noun, singular
NPR$	proper noun, singular, possessive
NPRS	proper noun, plural
NPRS$	proper noun, plural, possessive
NS	common noun, plural
NS$	common noun, plural, possessive
NUM	cardinal number
NUM$	cardinal number, possessive
O
ONE	the word ONE (except as focus particle)
ONE$	ONE, possessive
OTHER	the word OTHER (except as conjunction)
OTHER$	OTHER, nominal use, possessive
OTHERS	OTHER, nominal use, plural
OTHERS$	OTHER, nominal use, plural possessive
P
P	preposition or subordinating conjunction
PRO	personal pronoun
PRO$	possessive pronoun
Q
Q	quantifier
Q$	quantifier, possessive
QR	quantifier, comparative (MORE, LESS)
QS	quantifier, superlative (MOST, LEAST)
R
RP	adverbial particle
S
SUCH	the word SUCH
T
TO	infinitival TO, TIL, and AT
U
V
VAG	present participle
VAN	passive participle (verbal or adjectival)
VB	infinitive, verbs other than BE, DO, HV
VBD	past (including past subjunctive)
VBI	imperative
VBN	perfect participle
VBP	present (including present subjunctive)
W
WADV	wh-adverb
WARD	the morpheme WARD
WD	wh-determiner
WPRO	wh-pronoun
WPRO$	possessive wh-pronoun
WQ	WHETHER introducing indirect questions
X
X	tag for unknown part of speech
Y
Z

A
ADJP	adjective phrase
ADJP-LOC	locative adjective phrase
ADJP-SPR	adjective phrase, secondary predicate
ADJX	adjectival constituent, ambiguous projection (ADJ, ADJ', or ADJP)
ADVP	adverb phrase
ADVP-DIR	directional adverb phrase
ADVP-LOC	locative adverb phrase
ADVP-TMP	temporal adverb phrase
ADVX	adverbial constituent, ambiguous projection (ADV, ADV', or ADVP)
B
C
CONJP	conjunction phrase
CP-ADV	adverbial clause
CP-CAR	clause-adjoined relative
CP-CLF	IT cleft
CP-CMP	comparative clause
CP-DEG	degree complement
CP-EOP	empty operator clause
CP-EXL	exclamation (direct or indirect)
CP-FRL	free relative clause
CP-QUE	question (direct or indirect)
CP-QUE-ADV	adverbial WHETHER clause
CP-QUE-SBJ	indirect question subject
CP-REL	relative clause
CP-THT	THAT clause
CP-THT-SBJ	THAT clause subject
CP-TMC	TOUGH movement complement
D
E
F
FRAG	sentence fragment
FRENCH	French text
G
GREEK	Greek text
H
HEBREW	Hebrew text
I
INTJP	interjection phrase
IP-ABS	absolute clause
IP-IMP	imperative
IP-INF	infinitival complement
IP-INF-ABS	absolute infinitive
IP-INF-ADT	adjunct infinitive
IP-INF-DEG	degree infinitive
IP-INF-PRP	purpose infinitive
IP-INF-SBJ	infinitival subject
IP-MAT	matrix clause
IP-PPL	participial clause
IP-PPL-ABS	absolute participial clause
IP-PPL-OB1	participial clause object
IP-PPL-SBJ	participial clause subject
IP-SMC	small clause
IP-SUB	subordinate clause
J
K
L
LATIN	Latin text
LS	list item
M
N
NODE	tag in output of CorpusSearch when nodes_only is true
NP	noun phrase
NP-ADT	adjunct noun phrase
NP-ADV	adverbial noun phrase
NP-COM	NP complement (corresponding to modern OF phrase)
NP-DIR	directional noun phrase
NP-DPS	dative of possession in PP
NP-LOC	locative noun phrase
NP-LFD	left-dislocated noun phrase
NP-MSR	measure noun phrase
NP-OB1	first object
NP-OB2	second object
NP-PRN	parenthetical or appositive noun phrase
NP-RFL	reflexive noun phrase
NP-SBJ	noun phrase subject
NP-SPR	noun phrase, secondary predicate
NP-TMP	temporal noun phrase
NP-VOC	vocative noun phrase
NUMP	number phrase
NX	nominal constituent, ambiguous projection (N, N', or NP)
O
P
PP	prepositional phrase
Q
QP	quantifier phrase
QTP	quotation phrase
QX	quantifier phrase, ambiguous projection (Q, Q', or QP)
R
REF	reference
RRC	reduced relative clause
S
SPANISH	Spanish text
T
U
V
VP	verb phrase
W
WCP	wh- CP (occurs very rarely in pied-piping contexts)
WADJP	wh- adjective phrase
WADVP	wh- adverb phrase
WIP	wh- IP (possible in pied-piping contexts)
WNP	wh- noun phrase
WPP	wh- prepositional phrase
WQP	wh- quantifier phrase
X
XX	tag for unknown phrasal category
Y
Z

0	empty operator
arb	arbitrary subject in ECM infinitives (as in I have heard arb* tell*)
con	subject elided under conjunction
exp	empty expletive subject
pro	"small pro" subject
ICH	abbreviation mnemonic for "insert constituent here"; trace of extraposition, scrambling, or other movement that does not fit neatly into the A/A' dichotomy
T	trace of A'-movement
*	trace of A-movement; also default empty category